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X-Men: Evolution is an American animated television series about the Marvel Comics superhero team X-Men. For quotes from other X-men series, see "See also" at the bottom of the page. [After Toad, blown into the mansion by Storm's powers, meets Nightcrawler for the first time.] Toad: Whoa! What are you, some kind of ratty plush toy? Nightcrawler: The name's Nightcrawler, and at least I don't reek like unwashed lederhosen. Toad: You blue-furred freak! [As Toad chases Nightcrawler through the mansion, the former hurling insults at the latter.] Nightcrawler: As you say in America, "neener, neener, neener!" Toad: That ain't gonna help you, boy! Nightcrawler: You're so slow, you couldn't catch flies off a windshield! Toad: Fight like a man! Professor Xavier: Yes. The boy is, indeed, gifted. He could be one of us. Storm: Sometimes, Professor, I think your good heart blinds even you from the truth. [Nightcrawler suddenly leaps down the hall, chased by Toad] Toad: I'm gonna rip that pointy tail off, ya fuzzy gecko! Toad: [chasing Nightcrawler] Come here, Wookiee boy! Come on, come over here, don't make me come up there, don't make me, oh, now you're starting to tick me off... Professor Xavier: Todd Tolansky does indeed have the gift of the X-gene. He is welcome to join us, if he so desires. Toad: [still mad at Kurt] The only thing I desire is blue-boy's fuzzy head! Wolverine: I came back 'cause I thought I smelled trouble brewing. [glances at Toad] Of course, it could've just been stink-boy there... Professor Xavier: I wish it was. Welcome home, old friend. We've missed you. Nightcrawler: [checking out the Blackbird] Sehr gut! Is it yours? Please tell me you get to fly it. Cyclops: It's ours. If you stick around long enough, I'll teach you how to pilot this bad boy. Nightcrawler: But...I almost got you guys killed a few minutes ago. Cyclops: Yeah... don't do that again. But look, we all mess up sometimes; I know I do. That's why we're all here: to learn not to make mistakes like that. That's why we'd like you to stay. Nightcrawler: And you don't mind... the way I look? Cyclops: [Laughs] Dude, just don't hassle me about my shades and we'll call it even. Nightcrawler: We have a deal, then. Cyclops: Welcome to the team. Come on, I'll show you where they hide the sodas. [Kitty had just walked away from Avalanche] Avalanche: You can run, but you can't hide. Cause I'm gonna rock your world! Sabretooth: One shall fall by the other's hand. It's our destiny, and we can't change it. Wolverine: I didn't know you went for that philosophy mumbo-jumbo! Cyclops: [to Sabretooth] Hey, hairball! I got your destiny right here! [Wolverine, Cyclops and Nightcrawler beat Sabretooth.] Nightcrawler: Heh! We showed him. We are the X-Men! Wolverine: I don't fight your battles. So don't fight mine. [storms off] Nightcrawler: [to Cyclops] Ahh, he loves us. Cyclops: Oh yeah, big time. Wolverine: Hey, when I give a demo, I give a demo. Cyclops: A demo, as in "demolish", or "demonstration"? Wolverine: The vents were easily breached; gonna have to fix that. Maybe electrifiers, or poison gas sprayers. Storm: Wolverine... Wolverine: Alright, alright...knockout gas, then. Shadowcat: (shudders) Is it just me, or is anybody else, like, seriously freaked by all of this? (everyone stares at her) Oh. Right, it's just me? Great. Nightcrawler: Relax, Kitty; you'll be fine. (he teleports next to her; she gasps) We're right beside you. (he teleports again to the opposite side of her) Popcorn? (Shadowcat screams) Oops. Heh heh, sorry. Next time I'll honk before I 'port. Shadowcat: Whatever. Look, guys, it's getting late. If it's no biggie, I'm gonna, like, drop out. (she phases through the floor) Nightcrawler: Ah. She's fully not into the fuzzy dude. Not that I blame her. Jean Grey: (putting a hand on Nightcrawler's shoulder) Aw, she just needs some time, Kurt. She'll come around. Cyclops: Nice job, Kurt. You'll make a pilot, yet. Nightcrawler: Thanks! (Kurt starts piloting with his feet.) Cyclops: ...or maybe not. Shadowcat: Scott seems so, like, together! So cool and he's kinda cute. Jean Grey: Cute?! Stiff - maybe, exacting - definitely, but... hmm... (looks at Scott) You know, from a certain angle... Nightcrawler: Was? Got a scent? Wolverine: Yeah... I smell fear. Wolverine: (to Kurt, about Kitty) ... and keep an eye on the half-pint here. Shadowcat: Hey! Professor Xavier: Wolverine, it's Nightcrawler. The Rogue has his mind and his abilities. Wolverine: This is my fault. I should never have left the little squirrel in charge! [After Rogue accidentally knocks Kurt out and flees the scene, leaving Shadowcat alone with him.] Shadowcat: Say something, Kurt! Please! Tease me, scare me, anything! Please...don't be dead... Come on, Kitty... okay, what would Wolverine do? I mean, besides dice up, like, half the landscape... Nightcrawler: (finally wakes up and sees the destruction around him)... Looks like I missed quite a party... Shadowcat: Kurt! You're alright! (hugs him) Easy, you fuzzy elf. Everything is going to be just fine. Cyclops: (whispering) "Fuzzy elf"? Cody: (about talking to Rogue) I'm just, you know, picking my moment. Taking it slow. Ty: Cody, I've seen glaciers move faster. Storm: You look a little flush and the forecast isn't good. (blows ice on him) Logan: Now that was cold. [After Blob, lost on his first day in Bayville high, grabs Duncan.] Blob: Hey, you! Where am I supposed to be? Duncan: I don't know. How about a sideshow? [Cyclops and Rogue are sitting together rehearsing their script from Henry VIII.] Cyclops: Do you like me, Kate? Rogue: Pardonnez moi? I cannot tell what is "like me". Cyclops: An angel is like you, Kate, and you are like an angel. Rogue: The girls are right; you are a charmer. Cyclops: Look, I'm just practicing the lines, okay? Rogue: Yeah, I know, it's just that sometimes I wish... Scott: Yeah, wish what? Rogue: Wish I could get close to somebody, but you know what happens when I do! Wolverine: That's it half-pint, keep the ball away from the elf. [After Nightcrawler teleports between Cyclops and Rogue in the middle of rehearsal.] Nightcrawler: Whoa! Er... Tender moment here? Sorry to interrupt. Rogue: I swear, he's like a... an annoying little brother! (the joke is that Kurt, technically, is Rogue's brother - his biological mother is also Rogue's foster mother) Cyclops: “What’s the problem?” Nightcrawler: “Jean’s been napped!” Cyclops: (shocked and angry) “What? !” Cyclops: Teleporter to maximum, Mr. Wagner. Nightcrawler: Aye, Captain! Cyclops: Engage. Rogue: Leave her alone, ya yahoo! Blob: Whatcha gonna do to me? Make me wear bad makeup? Rogue: Didn't Mystique tell you what my power is? Blob: No - 'cause I don't care! (Rogue pulls off her glove and grabs Blob's arm.) Rogue: My power is your power, and I can take more than one! (Rogue tosses Blob using his strength, and blasts him further back with Cyclops' beam. He lands in a pile of junk, but gets up again quickly.) Blob: I got too much power, even for you! You can't hurt me! I'm the Blob! Rogue: Nah, you're just garbage that wanted a date! Now tell you what: I'm taking you out! Storm: Evan, are you alright? I've been concerned about you lately. You know, about the things we've discussed before? Spyke: Yeah, yeah, no problem Auntie O', everything's cool. Storm: Evan, I saw what happened to you out there tonight; when you fell. Spyke: Hey, it's no big deal; I got it under control. Ah... ATCHOO! [the sneeze causes him to spray bone spikes all over the locker room, narrowly missing Storm] Storm: [Unfazed] Bless you. Spyke: [Sniffs] Busted, huh? Storm: Big time. Wolverine: [after Nightcrawler attempts to get pancakes] ELF! [sighs] How many times do I gotta tell ya? Ask and it'll get passed to ya. Nightcrawler: Sorry. I didn't want to interupt you. [teleports back in his chair] Wolverine: That's better. Now mind your manners. [passes the pancakes to Nightcrawler] Nightcrawler: I love the smell of bacon in the morning. Scott: It's really not so bad, Mrs. Daniels. Having special powers can be pretty cool sometimes. Evan: Oh yeah! I'll tell you what, Shades! Let's see what you've got that's so cool! Mrs. Daniels: Evan! Evan: Sorry, Mom. Jean: No really, it's okay. It's just that Scott's powers aren't really what you'd call 'indoor-friendly'. Evan: Okay, whatever. Look, man. I like it right here and I'm not going to some home for freaks! Now if you'll excuse me, I've got some school stuff to take care of. (goes upstairs) Mrs. Daniels: Evan! Jean: Well, that went well! Scott: Yeah. And I thought we were really making a connection there. Mr. Daniels: I apologize for my son, Mr. Summers. He's obviously dealing with a lot right now. I'll talk with him. Jean: (using her power) Hey! He's going out the window. (The group sees Evan going off on his skateboard) Scott: We've really got to work on our sales pitch! Kitty: Eww! Professor! Kurt is, like, totally getting fur in the pool!! Kurt: I am not!! Cyclops: Go to Duncan Matthews' party? Matthews is a jerk. Shadowcat: No he's not. I'd go. Cyclops: No freshmen allowed. Shadowcat: Oh. Matthews is a jerk. Nightcrawler: Hey, chicks dig the fuzzy dude! [to Shadowcat, suggestively] Right? Shadowcat: I'm, like, so out of here. Later. Nightcrawler: Oh yeah, she can't resist. Cyclops: Hey! Watch the tail! (jerks Kurt off of table) Now, see? That's exactly what I'm talking about -- Nightcrawler: You pulled my tail, man! Cyclops: Grow up, Kurt! Nightcrawler: Hey, lighten up, dude! Cyclops: You're always goofing around! Nightcrawler: And you're seriously cramping my style! Cyclops: Listen! Nightcrawler: No, you listen! There's a sound I want you to hear, and it's- (Nightcrawler teleports, leaving Cyclops coughing in a cloud of brimstone.) Cyclops: [To Jean and Evan] Blew it, didn't I? Jean Grey: Oh yeah. Spyke: Totally. Nightcrawler: I knew I should have paid more attention in computer lab. Nightcrawler: It's raining furniture! Nightcrawler: Don't let my looks fool you. I'm a harmless blue fuzzball. [After Cyclops, Spyke, Jean and Shadowcat recover Forge's projector.] Cyclops: Step back. This is going to be messy. Shadowcat: You know, I could just, like, phase through it and short it out quietly? [Cyclops and Spyke look at her blankly.] Oh, right. Forget I mentioned it. [to Jean] Like, what is it with guys and explosions anyway? Forge: Man. You do have that rep. Nightcrawler: I swear, that homie's lingo is so whack. (about Forge as they wander through Middleverse.) Lance: Rogue, Mystique sent us to find you. So are you with us or them? Scott: Mystique? You're working for her? Rogue: Hey, Summers, you got your friends, I got mine. But this ain't my fight, I'm outta here. Nightcrawler: So, how far does this middleverse extend? Forge: Stops just short of the girls locker room, isn't that a burn? Kurt: (to Rogue) What are you doing here? Rogue: Hey, look who's talkin'! At least I didn't blow the place up! Kurt': (seeing a device that she is holding and runs over to take it away from her) Hey, give me that. Rogue: (struggling with Kurt) Back off, blue boy! Who says YOUR in charge here?! Lance: You and me got a date, Pretty Kitty. How about a ride on a concrete coaster? Kitty: Lousy ride, loser! Random kid: Ahhh! A ghost! Blue and hairy demon!! Toad:What is this, abuse the Toad day? Scott: I need to lighten up! (Jean and Kitty gape in shock) Jean: Oh, not you Scott! Kitty: (giggles) Check his temperature! (places her hand on his forehead to check his temperature) Mr. Military's gone soft! Scott: Ok! So we go home, suit up and run a level 3 Danger Room simulation! Jean: (groans) Scott! Kitty: (groans) Give us a break! Nightcrawler: (leans forward) See this is what I mean! Too serious! Scott: Psych! Jean/Kitty: (giggle) Nightcrawler: (smiles) Very nice! There's hope for you yet! Scott: Tell me about it on the way to Matthew's party! Kitty: (grumbles) I still can't go! (folds her arms) I'm, like, a freshman! Scott: (places his arm around her shoulder pulling her in for a hug) You're also one of the X-Men! Jean: (places her hand on Kitty's shoulder making the scene look like a mom, dad and daughter scene) Don't worry! We'll make it happen! Rogue: Scott? Scott? Listen, just hang on, you're gonna be okay. You're gonna be...(looks over edge) Oh man! We're gonna die! Scott: Thanks for the Pep-Talk, Rogue. Thanks. Rogue: I owed it to you. Mystique had me pretty mixed up. Her mind's a tortured mess. But I saw enough to know that you're not my enemy. (sadly) I really thought she cared about me. Scott: (groaning) Hey, she probably does. Sometimes it's really hard to understand adults. They never seem to trust us. (loses consciousness) Rogue: (scared) Scott? Don't pass out. Come on. (nearly in tears) Wake up! Wolverine: We're moving too slow! Spread a little more sunshine would ya? Storm: I'm a weather-witch, not a snow plow. I'm doing the best I can. Rogue: (gasps) It's Mystique! Professor: (telepathically) Scott? Scott! I hope you can hear me! We're on our way! Scott! (normally) He's hurt! Wolverine: Great! How we gonna find him in this white? Scott: X-Men! Coming! Rogue: What? They are? Great! Scott: They can't find us! Rogue: Figures! Then we'll give em something they can find! Open your eyes, Scott! Now! Rogue(To Mystique, as the latter approaches while transformed): Some friendly advice, teach? Don't mess with the Rogue! Logan: Where's your allegiance, kid, us or them? Rogue: (shaking and scared out of her wits) If I don't say you, will I get thrown out of this jet? Logan: Nope, not our style. We've either earned your trust by now or we haven't. Rogue: You. Logan: Welcome to the X-Men. Jean: Which one of your guys has been putting on weight? I can hardly hold you! Cyclops: It's Nightcrawler. Burgers seven days a week will do that to a fella. Nightcrawler: Ah, the breakfast of mutants. Rogue: No trophies for second place. Scott: How'd a southern gal like you learn to handle a snowmobile? Rogue: Lets just say I'm full of surprises. Professor: Rogue? Rogue: It's not my place. Kitty: Sure it is. You're part of the family now. Evan: Yeah, Girl. Tell us what you think. Rogue: Well...I think...No. I've learnt that honesty is very important between people you care about. At least it is to me. Professor: You're right. All of you. I must apologise for keeping the secret from you. But please understand there are many challenges in your future. Secrets...elements of surprise some you are ready to deal with. Some you are not. In the future I will try to do better knowing which is which. Scott: Thanks professor. We're all in this together. It's nice to know we've all got something to learn. That's what makes us X-Men. Evan: (Sabertooth grabs him) We've been expecting you. (Evan pops his spikes) You gotta be sharp if you're gonna mess with the Spyke. Sabertooth: (drops Spyke goes after Kitty) Then I'll take you! Kitty': (Kitty phases Creed flies through) Right. I'm so sure! Sabertooth: knocks Kitty into a tree, goes after her again) Rogue: Back off ugly! Wolverine: Pickin' on kids, Creed? Big mistake! Sabertooth: Yeah, Why? Logan: Cause it really ticks me off! Evan: Come on, Rogue, get with the program. Shake that thing. Rogue: Hey, she's got her moves, I got mine. Kitty: Yeah, girl, you gotta go with it. Y'know, you're like a walkin' zombie or something. Evan: Hey, listen, Rogue, how 'bout you shed those gloves and give K-girl a tap. Kitty and Rogue: What? No way! Evan: Listen to me. Just enough to rip Kitty's moves. Rogue: It might work. Just concentrate on 'em. Kitty: Okay, but you better not, like, lay me out. (Rogue touches her) Rogue: That was, like, pretty icksome! Aw, am I talking like her? [edit] Rogue: [after touching Sabertooth and almost turning into a werewolf] Awww... and I just shaved my legs last night! Logan: Nice. The finishing touch. (to Kitty) And don't give me them puppy dog eyes, half-pint. You're grounded and so are the rest of you! Evan' For how long? Logan: (sighs) I don't know, till She-Wolf there gets a haircut anyway. Rogue: Just when I thought you could not possibly get more pathetic. Kitty: At least I've got a hope of getting cast. Unlike you. Rogue: Think about it. I was made for this play. (catches Spyke filming them) Hey! What are you playin' at Porcupine? I better not see my face on that tape or they're gonna be calling you Spyke-less. Sabertooth: (about Evan, Kitty and Rogue) Three little piggies all alone, Logan you're making this too easy. Toad: (To Evan) Style, charisma... Toad's got it all, yo. So start shootin', already. [First line of the episode. Evan looks down at his failed paper] Evan: Man! Professor Xavier's gonna ground me for the rest of my life! Teacher: Mr. Daniels, could we talk for a moment, please? Admittedly, I asked for a report on the Star Wars programme. However, I wasn't talking about the movie. Evan: [weakly] But I like movies. Teacher: That's fine, but I was expecting a report on the National Space Defense System. Evan: Yeah, I kinda figured that out by my grade. Look, man. Is there anything I can do to make this up? Extra credit? Anything? Teacher: Hmmm...Perhaps there is something. [takes a video camera out of his desk] Evan: Woah! A digicam! 'Teacher: You know, Evan, current events can mean a lot of things to people your age. How would you like to do a film report? Evan: For real? Teacher: You've got it. Project's due at the end of the week. I suggest you get started. Blob: "Group Leader". "Scholastic achievement". That should've been me! Quicksilver: You can't even spell 'scholastic achievement', Blob. Blob: No, but I can spell "doomed"! Which is what that goody-two shoes gang is when I get them alone in the woods! Toad: I can hear it now. [imitates newsreader] "Search and rescue efforts abandoned for missing teens. No traces found". Avalanche: We'll hit them where it hurts most. In public. In front of everyone! (about Blob) Quicksilver: If he slips, we're history! Death by blubberbomb! Avalanche: Fastest way to the top's a straight line, Pietro. Juggernaut: You can't stop the Juggernaut! Wolverine: Forgive me for trying, bub! [The X-Men and the Brotherhood have defeated Juggernaut by working together] Mystique: Now there's something you won't see every day. Professor X: I agree. And that's a shame. Blob: That loser Scott should've lost, and you know it. Pietro: Yeah. Just because he slipped into the bath, the guy went ballistic. Nightcrawler: Slipped?! More like avalanched! (After Jean saves Evan from falling off the cliff) Evan: Woah,... I don't recommend that. Pietro: Cake walk. Our team can take a sauna. I'll get it myself. Kurt: Not if I beat you there. Lance: Better say your farewells 'Sumner', Cause you guys aren't coming back. Scott: Oh, you got something in mind 'Rock Tumbler', cause I... Jean: Scott! Scott: What?! Nothing! I'm just fed up with those delinquents getting away with everything while we're stuck playing by the rules! Lance: Hey! We don't need our powers to beat you! Scott: Aw, fine then. We'll all play it straight and you know what? We'll wave to you from the top! Jean: Good. That's the deal. We're all competing fair; no powers, and I personally am very proud.... (Scott pulls her away) Scott: Come on, Jean! Scott: It felt kinda right, didn't it? Jean: What? Scott: Us and them fighting alongside? Why can't they just stop drawing battlelines in the first place? Jean: Well, it's like what Logan said, "You can't control the will of others." Scott: Well, they'll come around. And you can be their conscience. You're pretty good at it. Jean: (playfully pushes him) Oh... shut up ... (giggles a little bit)... even good guys need a nudge once in a while. Scott: Jean, whenever you think I need it, nudge away. Jean: Yeah, well, Scott's cool. He'll handle it like a group leader should. (Scott blows Lance out of his boat with his powers.) Jean: Or not. Jean: Yeah, at least he gave us a choice. Survival training here or with Wolverine. Rogue: Some choice. Logan: I still say you should have let me handle their survival training. 'Xavier: I gave them that choice, Logan. They felt they had a better chance of surviving the camp. Toad: (about Scott) He stole that first place ribbon! Rogue: You want that ribbon so bad? I'll pin it to your forehead. Kitty: (dropping onto her bag) We're going to die out here. Evan: What about me? I'm a city kid. Rogue: (picking up her stuff) I'm going AWOL, anyone know how to hotwire a school bus? [Professor Xavier is visiting Mystique concerning a recent, disturbing discovery] Professor X: You've been carrying a terrible burden for many years, Mystique. Rogue's recent contact with you seems to have given her some of your darker memories; nightmares about a very unfortunate incident involving an infant. Mystique: You're fishing. You know nothing. Professor X: I know about your relationship with the boy, Mystique. What I don't know is what Magneto did to him. Why did you run that night? Mystique: [Gets up from the desk and walks to the bookcase] Dear, dear Charles. How incredibly frustrating for you; to realise that that amazing mind of yours knows so very little, really. Professor X: What were you two up to in that dreary castle? Was it worth the loss of your son? [Xavier has hit a raw nerve. Mystique drops her book in shock, flooded by memories of what happened that night. Severely rattled, she turns back to Xavier.] Mystique: Get out! Get out now! [Xavier turns to go, then stops at the door.] Professor X: Just in case you're curious: he turned out to be a very fine lad. [Leaves] [Kurt & Kitty find that the plane they hid in is actually flying away.] Shadowcat: Can you transport us to the ground? Nightcrawler: Yeah, right. Like, picture this: bumpety, bumpety, bumpety, bumpety, SPLAT! Too high up and WAY too fast! Shadowcat: (writing in letter) Finding a place to be alone around here is really a matter of timing. Sometimes you have to settle, like when Mr. Logan's around, but that's okay, because he doesn't want to talk to anybody. (she looks up at Logan) Wolverine: What's the matter half-pint? Am I reading too loudly for ya? Shadowcat: No, just enjoying how quiet it is Nightcrawler: (facing off with Sabretooth) Touch me, and you'll find yourself transported two miles into the woods! Sabretooth: Then that's where you'll fall! Wolverine: You caged the wrong animal, bub! Scientist: Stop! This place is going to blow! Wolverine: Let it! Kitty, leave! Shadowcat: Not without you! (Nightcrawler teleports next to her and grabs her wrist) Nightcrawler: No argument this time! (he and Shadowcat both teleport out of the labratory; Sabretooth appears behind Wolverine) Wolverine: Project Weapon X has been terminated! (About the New Mutants) Wolverine: So those are the new recruits? Looks like we got our hands full. Professor: Yes, a spirited bunch, but good kids. However, it's going to be difficult to keep things quiet, and to maintain our anonymity. Wolverine: Not to mention our buildings. We're definately going to need more instructors. And maybe a couple of tanks. [The Brotherhood are standing off to the side at a school assembly] Toad: Man, this bums, yo. Even the flies here think they're better than us. Blob: Yeah. I don't even know what we're doing at school anyway. Quicksilver: But we do know what Lance is doing here. He'd like to get a certain Kitty stuck in a tree. K-I-S-S-I.... [Quicksilver speeds away as Lance tries to hit him, causing him to hit Toad instead] Rogue: I'm about to feel really big and stupid, if you know what I mean. (toward Blob, as she prepares to absorb his power.) Note: Jean's mental abilities of telepathy and telekinesis being drastically augmented to tremendously incalculable power levels is foreshadowing the inevitable emergence of the almighty Phoenix Force entity lying within her subconscious mind. Nightcrawler: What is going on up there? Shadowcat: Yeah, is Jean all right? Charles: No, she's not. Her powers are evolving too rapidly for her too control. [Boom-Boom is selected first for the simulated cliff rescue operation, with Nightcrawler as the victim.] Boom-Boom: Yeah! Look out below! Boom-Boom's bombing in! Nightcrawler: I'm going to die... (Boom-Boom is lowered to Nightcrawler's position.) Boom-Boom: Hey, cutie! Nightcrawler: Hi. I have to know: are you insane? (Boom-Boom carelessly sweeps Nightcrawler into the stretcher with her foot.) Nightcrawler: Ow! I'm an injured victim, not a log! Boom-Boom: "Nightcrawler", huh? That name's just not working for you, I'm sorry. Whoa! How about, "Wild Blue Yonder Boy"? Nightcrawler: You are insane. Nightcrawler: Aha! You forgot to strap me in! Ten points off! (to Boom-Boom, after he pretends to fall off the stretcher.) [Dr. Hank McCoy is suffering a fit in the school bathroom. He is reciting Shakespeare to try and soothe himself.] Hank McCoy: For... in that sleep of... death... what dreams may come when- aaagghh!- we have shuffled off this mortal- coil... AAaagh-MUST give us pause! Hnn-THERE'S... the respect that makes calamity... of SO LONG LIFE!! GAAAGH!!! [tears the sink off the wall in reflex] Beast:[groaning] I still look like a monster. Shadowcat: Hello? Oh, Lance. Hey, I got it, Bobby! Get off the phone! Sorry. So what's going on? Oh. Yeah right, I can totally see us walking around the mall together. What makes you think I wanna- [Nightcrawler clears his throat; Shadowcats looks, gasps, and sees at a muscular Nightcrawler] Nightcrawler: Hey, Kitty. Shadowcat: Uh, hey let me think about it. I'll call you back. (she hangs up and laughs) What have you done to yourself? [Nightcrawler walks over to her] Nightcrawler: I've been working out. Can you tell? [his muscular form disappears back to his regular form] Oh bummer. [he walks out of Shadowcat's room; Shadowcat laughs] Shadowcat: You shouldn't be messing with your image inducer, Kurt. Beast: [Looking around at all of the melted snow from the mutant snowball fight] Well, so much for our winter wonderland. I can see now that teaching mutants will require entirely different skills. Nightcrawler: Hey. Welcome back, sailor. Cyclops (grinning): Uh, thanks... ma'am. Nightcrawler: Ma'am? What's that suppose to mean? [he looks in the mirror to see a feminine version of him; he gasps] Professor! Professor Xavier: I'm sorry. I couldn't resist. [he, Jean, and Cyclops laugh and so does Nightcrawler] Spyke: [to an overweight Kurt] Dude, lay off the burger bombs. Shadowcat (noticing Kurt holding a mistletoe above her head): Kurt! In your dreams! Nightcrawler: All in the holiday spirit! (he closes his eyes and puckers his lips) Shadowcat (standing up and running away): Kurt! Knock it off! (Nightcrawler chases her) Nightcrawler: Come on, Kitty! Just one little kiss? Pleeaase? [Nightcrawler and Shadowcat run past Professor Xavier and Wolverine] Professor Xavier: Ah, to be young again. Wolverine: Yeah... glad that's over. Beast: Be not forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have entertained angels unawares. Professor Xavier: Shakespeare? Beast: The Bible. Cyclops: You mean he's some kind of demon? Rogue(sarcastically): Yeah, right! Beast: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy." Rogue: Now that's Shakespeare. (About Angel and his recent vigilantism.) [About letting Avalanche join the X-Men.] Cyclops: Professor, I think this is a mistake. I know Lance; he wouldn't do this unless he wanted something. Professor X: Yes, I agree. What he wants, is to be near Kitty. Cyclops: But- Professor X: I believe he's genuine about his feelings for her. And maybe, that's a good beginning. Now, let's give him a chance. Professor X: Well, fortunately, there's no official mention of the incident. The military must believe it was a UFO sighting, so they are, no doubt, covering it up. Nightcrawler: Now all I've got to do is wax the X-Jet and my probation is history. (eyes the X-Jet) Oh man! This is gonna take a lot of wax! Professor X: That's all right, Kurt. Consider your probation over. (As Kurt celebrates, Xavier turns toward the new arrivals) Yours, however, is just beginning. And you can start by cleaning the X-Jet. [Wolverine and Nightcrawler escape from a pack of vicious reptilian demons in the "bamf" dimension.] Wolverine: Well I'd say they were pretty hostile. Wouldn't you? Boom-Boom: Oh, come on! I don't look that bad! (to Toad and Blob, who scream at the sight of a "bamf" demon, just as she exits the washroom.) [The demons attack guests at the Bayville High Dance. One goes for Kurt and Amanda.] Amanda: Kurt! Get us out of here! Nightcrawler: How? We're trapped! Amanda: Make us disappear! Hurry! I've seen you do it! Please! Amanda: You know, blue really is my favorite color. (to Nightcrawler, after he reveals his true physical form to her.) [After Beast returns from his chaotic nightly rampage.] Beast: I don't know what to say... I am so sorry about this. Professor Xavier: Well, it was bound to happen. Beast: What do you mean? Professor Xavier: What was it the last time... You attended a drive-in movie, hidden in the bed of a pick-up truck? Shadowcat: How much do you know about the Redwoods? Iceman: Only that they make great hot tubs. Beast: Journey? Where can you go when you can't be seen by the public? (to Professor Xavier, after he is advised to go on a trip to find himself.) [After Beast announces his pick of students for an impromptu field trip to Redwood Forest.] Iceman: Me? But my grades are improving! Beast: Uh-huh. With the speed of a glacier. You, too, Evan. Spyke: Aw, come on, teach! Can't I do my studying somewhere else! Like going to the park! There's green stuff there! (Beast looms in on Spyke in a mock-threatening way, cornering him by the door.) Spyke: ...do these forests have sidewalks? [After Sunspot finishes covering the X-Jet in an ample amount of branches.] Wolfsbane: It was plenty camouflaged! Sunspot: A few more branches couldn't hurt. Wolfsbane: I smell overachiever issues. Beast: Send me an e-mail, and I'll take your complaint under "advisement". (to Spyke, as the latter protests at the beginning of the trek.) Beast: This is not who I am. Shadowcat: Maybe it's who you're meant to be. Beast: You can't go back either, huh? (to a stranded fish beached on the side of a river.) [After Beast assigns the students to find five different types of rocks.] Wolfsbane: Five samples. I guess a go getter like you will bring back ten. Sunspot: Maybe twelve. You see, the first five are like a cake; the rest are like the icing. And I like icing. Wolfsbane: I thought you were putting on a little weight. Big Foot Fanatic: ...is he wearing trunks? (about Beast, whom has been accidentally caught on tape and mistaken as Big Foot.) Big Foot Fanatic: It looks like we've got ourselves the real McCoy. (about Beast, after the expedition successfully captures him.) [Two hunters are searching for Bigfoot, using whistles that replicate animal calls] Hunter 1: Where I can I get one of those? Hunter 2: Bigfoot trading post. Ask for Mulder [Beast swings in the trees above them while The X-Files theme plays] Big Foot Research Scientist: This is a wonder of Nature! It is our duty to respect it! Hunter 1: What? It's not like we're going to make a rug out of it! Hunter 2: A coat, maybe, but not a rug. (about the captive Beast, after the hunters comment how much Big Foot will be worth in the market.) Big Foot Research Scientist: Good Heavens! You can speak! (to a captive Beast, as the latter attempts to strike up a friendly intellectual conversation with him.) [After Boom-Boom barges into the bathroom without knocking, effectively interrupting Toad.] Toad: Man! I take one shower a month, and still I get no privacy! Boom Boom: Here, you dropped the soap. [She drops bombs into the bath, causing water to spill out along with a screaming Todd] Boom Boom: [to Blob, who is walking upstairs] Ya know, Freddie, mohawks are so last century. [to Avalanche, who is rummaging around in the fridge] Lance! Any gas in your jeep? Avalanche: Yeah. Why? [Boom Boom drives off in Lance's jeep] Avalanche: She's taken my ride! Magma: Look, didn't your mother teach you not to pick on girls?! Chop Shop Boss: Oh, yeah. Yeah, too bad I never listened to her. Boom Boom: Well, guess what, braindead? She was right! And here's why! [Cyclops and Nightcrawler are on a stake-out watching for the girls] Nightcrawler: Blue Boy to Tracker One. Do you read? The pigeons are leaving the roost. Cyclops: Kurt, I'm right here... and why are you talking like that? Boom-Boom: Let me guess: you must be Mistic. Mystique: Try Mystique. This is my home, and my rules. Rule Number One: Move out of my room. Think you can handle that, Bam-Bam? Mystique: Gentlemen, meet your new secret weapon. Quicksilver: Wanda?! Scarlet Witch: Pietro?! [Scarlet Witch goes into a rage and starts using her powers against the Brotherhood.] Toad: Ex-girlfriend? Quicksilver: Worse! She's my sister! Toad: Your sister? Lance: Whoa! You two need some serious family councilling! Boom-Boom: Room's all yours, Mys-tique! [after blowing up said room with her time bombs.] Shadowcat: ... So? What does it need? Nightcrawler: Something to wash out the taste. [about the rubbery muffins Shadowcat made for Home Economics class.] Shadowcat: Ok, how do these taste after my last six batches? Nightcrawler: Well, better do as he says. [Nightcrawler teleports, dropping Kitty's muffin, which cracks the floor tiles] Shadowcat: [to Cyclops] Muffin? Toad: Oooh, beautiful and bad. (at Scarlet Witch, after she hexes a number of pursuing troops.) Toad: Just the type of girl that makes a guy want to... brush his teeth. (about Scarlet Witch, after she forcefully snubs him.) Rogue: Normal? Look at me – I look fat! Do I look that fat to you? Wolverine: Pipe down, will ya? We're tryin' to keep a low profile. Rogue: Well I am not buyin' these cupcakes. (about the news broadcast revealing her as a mutant.) [After Nightcrawler teleports upside-down, but attains reception on the pocket television he is carrying.] Nightcrawler: Oh, man! I'm trapped here! Nightcrawler: Do you mind? You're in my personal space! (to Shadowcat, as she phases halfway through him to get a better view of the television.) (Nightcrawler, along with Shadowcat, teleports into an attacking helicopter.) Nightcrawler: Hi! I'm Nightcrawler, and this is Shadowcat. Shadowcat: And this is your weapons system. (Shadowcat phases through the controls, short-circuiting them.) Both: (Waving.) Bye! Juggernaut: What are you trying to do? Embarass me to death? Come on, gimme your best shot! Cyclops: You know, that's just what I had in mind. [starts to use his eye blasts against Juggernaut] Juggernaut: You think that fancy visor's gonna stop me?! NOTHING stops me! I'M RAW POWER!!! Cyclops: Yeah? You want it raw, tough guy? Then take it RAW! [removes his visor and uses his powers at full force] [After the X-Men defeat the Juggernaut and save the dam.] Senator: Er... what did they just do? Storm: What they were trained to do: use their powers for good. President: My fellow Americans - all my fellow Americans, human and mutant - I stand before you now to clear the X-Men of all wrongdoing in the giant Sentinel robot disaster. The real criminal suspect behind the Sentinel weapon has been arrested and charged. This has caught us all by surprise, but isn't reason for any of us to judge people solely by their differences. To put it as simply as I can, we need to learn more. We need to be open-minded. And we need to give this mutant question more time. Train Driver: [to police officer, showing him Juggernaut in train] See, I told you. He jumped on at Roseburg and look at the size of him! Officer: All right step on out here big guy! Nice and easy Juggernaut: [sighs] You do not want to do this. Officer: [takes his beating stick] Get out of there now and identify yourself! Juggernaut: [puts on helmet] Hm, you want to know who I am? [gets up and jumps through roof of train car] Juggernaut! [pushes them aside and walks off] Duncan: Jean, I want you to know: This doesn't change a thing. Jean: It doesn't? Duncan: Of Course Not. I'm prepared to overlook your problem. Jean: Problem? Duncan: Yeah. We could really use your mind-reading powers to good use, like during exams... Jean: You...you lug head! We are so through! Colossus: When you tire of the discrimination, Magneto offers you the chance to join him. Wolverine: So I can become a lackey like you?! Colossus: I am not a lackey! I... I have no choice. Blob: We don't go anywhere we ain't wanted. Toad: Since when? Toad: If you can't be cool, be feared. My momma always told me that! Kid: Hey, what's your special power? Can you, like, read my mind? Rogue: Yeah, like I could find it. Shadowcat: This is the real you, isn't it?! You're nothing but a hood! Avalanche: Right. I'll never be good enough for you! Note: Scott and Jean's platonic feelings for each other strengthens into pure romance. Cyclops: Logan, have you ever... you know... really cared for someone? Wolverine: Pliers. Cyclops: [tosses wire strippers] I mean, you felt it so strong you couldn't even get the words out? Wolverine: Yeah, once. Most beautiful bike I ever saw. I was so speechless someone else bought her. [groans] Not wire strippers, pliers! Use your eyes, kid! Cyclops: Problem is, how's the guy supposed to know if the girl feels the same way? Wolverine: Look, here's how I see it: I'd like to finish this job before New Years. So if you don't tell her, I will. Quicksilver: May I remind you losers that Magneto put me in charge of this group for a reason? The only chance you have of joining his new group is if you guys can prove you can work together as a team. And that, my friends, takes leadership. Strong, deicsive, fearless- WANDA! Don't tell her I'm here! [Quicksilver hides in a closet as Scarlet Witch storms into the Brotherhood home.] Toad: Babycakes, you've come back to me. Scarlet Witch: Where is he?! Toad: Pietro? He's in the closet. Quicksilver: Thanks a lot, wart boy! Nightcrawler: That was a delicious dinner, Mrs. Sefton. Amanda's Mother: Well, it was sweet of you to offer to do the dishes. Amanda: Oh, Kurt is very considerate. He gets good grades, too. And he has the nicest friends. [Immediately before Toad crashes into the Sefton cottage and tries to steal Nightcrawler's portable holo-projector.] [After Toad accidentally slips into the sink.] Toad: EW! I touched soap! [Toad has destroyed Amanda's house and stolen Kurt's image inducer, revealing his true self] Amanda: [weakly] So, who wants dessert? Jamie: Come on, Kitty, just wear it for a while. Kitty: Jamie, I said no. (Jamie makes a sad face) Kitty: Oh alright, but this does not mean we're on a date. Jamie: It doesn't? {places corsage on kitty} Kitty: Listen, you were the only one who didn't have plans. Besides you're, like, 12 years old. Jamie: But Roberto lent me his suit and everything. He expects a full report. Kitty: Jamie! (Cyclops and Jean Grey show outright affection for each other.) Shadowcat: Oh, man. Are they for real? Nightcrawler: [imitating] "Jean, darling, please accept this croissant as a symbol of my love." Shadowcat: "Oh, Scott... you have such a way with pastry..." Deborah Risman: My job there [HYDRA] was to create a weapon. The perfect weapon. Based on data HYDRA had stolen from a project codenamed: Weapon X. But I failed. Time and time again. Twenty-two times to be precise. Twenty-three was the charm once we realized where to look for the answers. It was you, Weapon...uh, Wolverine. Your healing factor was the key. Therefore, we... acquired your DNA. Wolverine: You...cloned me? Deborah Risman: Not entirely. I had to make a few genetic variations. Unfortunately, that caused some...instability. X-23 became volatile. Dangerous. Our efforts to breed out emotions left behind...explosive anger. I succeeded in creating the ultimate weapon. Wolverine: But then you couldn't control it. Deborah Risman: She's out there, somewhere. And she must be found. Deborah Risman: HYDRA molded her from birth. Removing all distractions. Isolating her from all attachments...or love. Wolverine: And yet you just let it all happen. Deborah Risman: It was made very clear that I could leave if I disapproved. For her sake, I chose to stay. We trained her how to blend in naturally with others. But when she watched children having fun, witnessed loving families... unexpected hostilities emerged. When she was twelve... they put her through the Weapon X process. Wolverine: Enough! She's a child, not a weapon! [Growls] How do you sleep at night? Deborah Risman: I don't. To help her. To try and undo some of the damage I've done. Wolverine: [taking over training from Beast] The course has a new objective today. New mutants: [collective groan] Wolverine: It's called....Mutant Dodgeball. New mutants: [collective cheer] Iceman: Yes! I am so good at this game! Wolverine: Oh, and extra credit for anyone who takes out the ice cube. Iceman: What?! Professor Xavier: Why the change of tactics, Logan? Wolverine: Sometimes, you gotta let kids just be kids. (After Gambit breaks up a fight between Wolverine and Sabertooth.) Gambit: "Look, it ain't about you two pitbulls! Let's go find Rogue." (Gambit, Sabertooth, and Wolverine are tracking Rogue on a snowy mountain) Sabertooth: (Sniffs) Wolverine: (Sniffs) "Hm, three of them, and since I can't detect a third scent, it must be Mystique." Gambit: "How 'bout you guys stop sniffin' everything and follow the footprints!" (Shadowcat and Nightcrawler under the Sphinx) Shadowcat: (To Nightcrawler) "I think we're close. Why don't you go up and join the Professor? I'll look for the others." Nightcrawler: (Regarding Colossus) And leave you alone with Steel Face? Forget it, he shouldn't be trusted." Shadowcat: "Oh, he's not that bad, kind of a softy if you ask me. He's just so quiet." Colossus: (After breaking through a wall to regroup with them) "I, I grew concerned." (Gambit, Sabertooth, and Wolverine just fended off a mental attack by Mesmaro) Wolverine: "Xavier's mental blocks just saved our lives." Sabertooth: (To Wolverine) "Especally yours, Mesmero was telling me to push you off the mountain. Problem is; I'm still tempted." Gambit: "Do me a favor, why don't you both jump off the mountain!" Toad: Hello, McFly! (to Mystique, now a stone statue, as he raps on her head.) [a reference to the Back to the Future trilogy; Biff does this when he is annoyed with the McFlys.] Nightcrawler: If you don't help her, this will haunt you for the rest of your life. Prove that you're not like her. (to Rogue, in persuading her to save Mystique.) Toad: Never fear, people, the Brotherhood has arrived. We'll stop that runaway train. Bystander: Yeah, but what about the other train? Quicksilver: Uh... What other train? Bystander: Radio says one's coming the other way carrying eight tankers of gasoline. Avalanche: Yea THIS"LL go out with a bang. Magma: Hey! Accidents happen. Like, if I "accidentally" dropped this, it will "accidentally" burn a hole right through your car. (to Duncan, as he threatens Cannonball.) Duncan: Get away from there, or I'll show you how accidents can go both ways! Spyke: As for you: threatening little girls? You're lucky I just damaged your car. Duncan: Yeah? And you think you're going to get away with messing up my ride? Spyke: Well, I guess the question is: What are you going to do about it? (Duncan's two companions run away in fear) Spyke: Go ahead. Make your call. Spread the word. Tell them the mutants of Bayville are off-limits to hate crime, as of now. (Spyke jumps into the sewers, shooting off two flaming arrows that blow up Duncan's car) Duncan: (Into phone) Get me the police! Wolverine: When did the porcupine start shooting flaming arrows? Did I miss an upgrade notice or something? Wolverine: Maybe it slipped your notice, Chuck, but I'm not exactly the model of restraint. Wolverine: Alright, I'll try to sweet talk the kid into not smacking down creeps and thugs who deserve it. But you'll be lucky if I don't end up joining him myself. Beast: We, scientists, have a special term for that called "I don't know..." Kid: I'm starting to think the old lady next door might actually be one. (during the news channel coverage on the public's reaction toward mutants.) Farmer: What's a mutant? (during the news channel coverage on the public's reaction toward mutants.) Jean Grey: Duncan, don't do this. Duncan: Save it, Jean. My days of listening to you are over. Jean Grey: And my days of putting up with you are over! [After Dorian Leech suddenly causes all the power to go out, including mutant power.] Cyclops: ...That kid! he's somehow supressing the energy around here. Including mutant powers. Wolverine: [Wincing in pain] Yeah... how nice. [Wolverine invades the Acolyte base and threatens Pyro.] Wolverine: I'm looking for Gambit. Pyro: Watch it, mate. You're wrinkling the uniform! [Pyro forms a fiery dragon and uses it to attack Wolverine.] Pyro: I'm real glad you dropped by, since I've been bored outta my skull! [Wolverine eventually manages to destroy Pyro's flame-thrower, defeating the dragon. He then grabs Pyro.] Wolverine: Where's your buddies?! Pyro: Since Magneto's gone, Colossus bailed and went back to Russia, Sabretooth's out playing with a big ball of yarn somewhere, and Gambit didn't leave a note on the fridge. [Wolverine slams him back into his chair and walks away.] Rogue: What is it with you and cards? Gambit: Oh, it's like having fifty-two explosives in one little pocket. I always save her for last. Rogue: Queen of Hearts? Gambit: My lucky lady. She's gotten me out of a lot of jams. Rogue: Then I need a deck of those. [After Rogue dangles Gambit halfway out of the train with an iron bar.] Rogue: I don't like getting pushed in any direction. Got it? Gambit: Point taken. Now here's mine. [uses his power to charge the train car with kinetic energy] Pull me in, or I blow this boxcar off the tracks. (Rogue finally takes back the bar and pulls Gambit in.) Rogue: You're just crazy enough to do it. Gambit: We do what we have to, right cherie? Gambit: I'm not afraid. Go ahead: absorb my thoughts. See for yourself that I mean you no harm. Rogue: Like I want you inside my head. Gambit's foster father: (after Storm winds some crooks away) That chick can control the weather! Rogue: Meet my family. Gambit: Rogue... Rogue: Don't. You just did the wrong thing for the right reasons. Gambit: So, what now? Rogue: I'm going back with the X-Men. I don't care what you do. Gambit: Sure, you don't. Gambit: You'll be fine, cherie. You've got people looking out for you. Mesmero: Apocalypse will trigger the dormant X gene in the normal population, turning most into mutants. Storm: what do you mean "most"? Mesmero: Some will not survive the wave of evolution. [Xavier and Apocalypse communicate telepathically. An amusing note is that despite sounding very different, both characters are voiced by David Kaye] Professor Xavier: I am Charles Xavier. Apocalypse: I know who you are. Professor Xavier: Then you know I've merely come to talk. To discuss what you're planning, and-- Apocalypse: I have planned nothing. I am but an instrument of destiny. Professor Xavier: But it's a destiny of destruction. Apocalypse: The future came to me in that craft. I have embraced it, and merged with its technology so that I may lead the evolution of the human race. Professor Xavier: The human race does not need your help. Apocalypse: Hmmph! Since when has mankind ever known what it needs? Professor Xavier: You have to know that somehow, you will be stopped. Apocalypse: What I know is... it will not be by you. Wolverine: Okay, teams, this is it. Everything you've ever learned about yourselves. Your strengths and your limits It all comes down to this very moment. Tonight we're the world's last, best hope to stop this madman. So we're gonna trash those pyramids any way we can, no matter who we gotta go through to do it. Jean (telepathically): Professor, listen to me. Apocalypse has somehow taken control of you. He's making you go against everything you ever believed in, everything you devoted your life
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The moving industry has standard sized boxes that are best to use during your move if you can get them from a local mover or moving supply house. These include wardrobes (comes with a bar across the top to hang clothes on), dish packs (for dishes! ), large, medium and book cartons (small). There are also mirror/picture cartons for mirrors, pictures, glass table tops and other fragile, large, flat objects and matress cartons for matresses. Don't forget that someone has to pick the box up after you pack it - don't load heavy objects in a large carton. You may also want to use bond paper boxes from your workplace, which are good for holding books and other small heavy items. All staples in top and bottom box flaps (not the staples on one side of the box that hold it together) of other kinds of boxes should be removed so as to safeguard surfaces such as wood floors, counter tops, and furniture where cartons may be stacked prior to pickup and after delivery. Packer’s tape is best for sealing your boxes shut but be sure to get a good grade of it because cheaper grades tend to break unexpectedly. Make sure the bottom of the box it well taped. Please view this handy guide to help when sealing your boxes.Titan Removals and Storage Cardiff Box Packing Guide Use bunched up clean paper or bubble wrap to pack your fragiles. Bunched up paper is considered the best of all wrappings for cushioning as opposed to hard to handle peanuts that can shift around in the box or bubble wrap that loses its cushioning power if some of the bubbles break. Plastic wrap is great for keeping lids on things or keeping furniture drawers or doors shut without using tape and leaving its hard to remove residue on the finish. File cabinets and big plastic storage bins are good candidates for this treatment.
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James Stephens (9 February 1880 – 26 December 1950) was an Irish novelist, broadcaster and poet, now best known for his fantasy novel The Crock of Gold. James Joyce thought so highly of him he considered asking him to complete Finnegans Wake. Curiosity will conquer fear even more than bravery will. The Crock of Gold (Charleston: BiblioBazaar, [1912] 2006) p. 13. Finality is death. Perfection is finality. Nothing is perfect. There are lumps in it. The Crock of Gold (Charleston: BiblioBazaar, [1912] 2006) p. 27. Because our lives are cowardly and sly, Because we do not dare to take or give, Because we scowl and pass each other by, We do not live; we do not dare to live. "The Road", line 1, in Songs from the Clay (London: Macmillan, 1915) p. 97. If I asked her master he'd give me a cask a day; But she, with the beer at hand, not a gill would arrange! May she marry a ghost and bear him a kitten, and may The High King of Glory permit her to get the mange. "A Glass of Beer" (1918), line 9, in Collected Poems (London: Macmillan, 1954) p. 185. I would think Until I found Something I can never find; – Something Lying On the ground, In the bottom Of my mind. "The Goat Paths", line 89, in Collected Poems (London: Macmillan, 1954) p. 6. The duty of a lyrical poet is not to express or explain, it is to intensify life. Collected Poems (London: Macmillan, 1954) p. xii. Speech and prose are not the same thing. They have different wave-lengths, for speech moves at the speed of light, where prose moves at the speed of the alphabet, and must be consecutive and grammatical and word-perfect. Prose cannot gesticulate. Speech can sometimes do nothing else. "Finnegans Wake", in James, Seamas & Jacques: Unpublished Writings (London: Macmillan, 1964) p. 161. Wikipedia has an article about: James Stephens (author) Wikisource has original works written by or about: James Stephens Wikimedia Commons has media related to: James Stephens List of books by Stephens, James, {1882-1950) at Project Gutenberg.
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This section of the book contains all the code used in the tutorials. The code below must be appended to every program before it can be assembled. It contains the equate direcitives that assign labels to all the hardware addresses and related constants. This is done both to avoid repetition and also to ensure consistent labelling of registers throughout this book. This is a standard block of assembler directives that give names to constants and memory addresses of all the registers in the system. Notice that some addresses such as $1F00 have several labels. This allows the programmer to use the one most appropriate to the task being performed as an aid to making readable code. For example, if all the PVI registers are being initialised to 0, use pvi; if setting up object 1 shape and position use 'object1' etc. ; HARDWARE DEFINITIONS ; updated 11 Jan 2021 ;============================================================ ; PROCESSOR CONSTANTS ; ------------------- carrybit equ $01 compare equ $02 withcarry equ $08 registerselect equ $10 intinhibit equ $20 stackpointer equ $07 sense equ $80 flag equ $40 ; EFFECTS REGISTER ; ---------------- effects equ $1e80 ; BUTTONS ; -------- player1keys147c equ $1E88 ;player1 keypad, bits: 1,4,7,clear,x,x,x,x player1keys2580 equ $1E89 ;player1 keypad, bits: 2,5,8,0,x,x,x,x player1keys369e equ $1E8A ;player1 keypad, bits: 3,6,9,enter,x,x,x,x player2keys147c equ $1E8C ;player2 keypad, bits: 1,4,7,clear,x,x,x,x player2keys2580 equ $1E8D ;player2 keypad, bits: 2,5,8,0,x,x,x,x player2keys369e equ $1E8E ;player2 keypad, bits: 3,6,9,enter,x,x,x,x keymask123 equ $80 ;top row of keys keymask456 equ $40 keymask789 equ $20 keymaskc0e equ $10 ;bottom row of keys console equ $1E8B ;start and select buttons on console consolestart equ $40 consoleselect equ $80 ; PVI ADDRESSES AND CONSTANTS ; --------------------------- pvi equ $1F00 object1 equ $1F00 shape1 equ $1F00 hc1 equ $1F0A ; hc = Horizontal Coordinate hcd1 equ $1F0B ; hcd = Horizontal Coordinate Duplicate hcb1 equ $1F0B ; hcb = ditto (Signetics datasheet name) vc1 equ $1F0C ; vc = Vertical Coordinate voff1 equ $1F0D ; voff = Vertical Offset vcb1 equ $1F0D ; vcb = ditto (Signetics datasheet name) object2 equ $1F10 shape2 equ $1F10 hc2 equ $1F1A hcd2 equ $1F1B hcb2 equ $1FCB vc2 equ $1F1C voff2 equ $1F1D vcb2 equ $1F1D object3 equ $1F20 shape3 equ $1F20 hc3 equ $1F2A hcd3 equ $1F2B hcb3 equ $1F2B vc3 equ $1F2C voff3 equ $1F2D vcb3 equ $1F2D object4 equ $1F40 shape4 equ $1F40 hc4 equ $1F4A hcd4 equ $1F4B hcb4 equ $1F4B vc4 equ $1F4C voff4 equ $1F4D vcb4 equ $1F4D grid equ $1F80 ; background grid vbars equ $1F80 ; vertical bar definitions hbars equ $1FA8 ; horizontal bar extensions objectsize equ $1FC0 colours12 equ $1FC1 ; colour objects 1,2 colours34 equ $1FC2 ; colour objects 3,4 coloursback equ $1FC6 ; background grid colour / background grid enable / screen colour backgnd equ $1FC6 ; deprecated pitch equ $1FC7 scoreformat equ $1FC3 score12 equ $1FC8 score34 equ $1FC9 objectstatus equ $1FCA ; object-background collision / object complete obj1complete equ $08 obj2complete equ $04 obj3complete equ $02 obj4complete equ $01 collisions equ $1FCB ; VRLE / inter-object collision vrle equ $40 adpot1 equ $1FCC adpot2 equ $1FCD
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Friday, August 31, 2007 In just over 24 hours, the Mega Millions lottery jackpot in the United States has risen to US$330,000,000 to make it the third largest lottery jackpot in the world. On Thursday, the jackpot was at $325 million and it still could rise before the drawing takes place tonight at 8:00 p.m. (pacific time), 11:00 p.m. (eastern time). Twelve states in the U.S. participate in the lottery and the odds of at least one person winning the jackpot are one in 175,711,536. It costs just one dollar to purchase a ticket and if you win, you can receive the winnings in sums of 36,000 for every million won, each year, or receive it all in one lump sum which totals just under $200 million before taxes. On March 6, 2007, the Mega Millions jackpot of US$390 million, the highest lottery jackpot ever in the world, was paid out to two individuals who lived in Georgia and New Jersey. If no one wins Friday's jackpot, which will have rolled over 16 times without a single winner, it could break the record for the largest lottery jackpot ever. "'Mega Millions' lottery nears record high in US" — Wikinews, August 30, 2007 "Jackpot of 12-State Mega Millions Lotto Hits $330 Million" — FOX News, August 31, 2007 "Mega Millions Official website" — Mega Millions, August 31, 2007 Kathy Uek. "$330M Mega Millions jackpot creates buzz" — MetroWest Daily News, August 30, 2007
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Confusion (from Latin confusĭo, -ōnis, noun of action from confundere "to pour together", or "to mingle together" also "to confuse") is the state of being bewildered or unclear in one’s mind about something. All the perplexities, confusion and distress in America arise, not from defects in their Constitution or Confederation, not from want of honor or virtue, so much as from the downright ignorance of the nature of coin, credit and circulation. John Adams, in Michael A. Kirchubel Vile Acts of Evil - Volume 1 - Banking in America, Mike Kirchubel, 2009, p. 246 Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: and he that believeth on him shall not be confounded. Anonymous, in First Epistle of Peter 2:6 (traditionally attributed to Saint Peter); this starts one of the passages through which the Society of Friends indicate divine sanction of the universal priesthood of all believers. When time itself shall be no more, And all things in confusion hurl'd, Music shall then exert it's power, And sound survive the ruins of the world Joseph Addison, in Song for St. Cecilia's Day (1692) Should the whole frame of Nature round him break, In ruin and confusion hurled, He, unconcerned, would hear the mighty crack, And stand secure amidst a falling world. Joseph Addison, in a translation of Horace, Odes, Book III, ode iii. If we seek the liberation of the people by means of a lie, we will surely grow confused, go astray, and lose sight of our objective, and if we have any influence at all on the people we will lead them astray as well — in other words, we will be acting in the spirit of reaction and to its benefit. Mikhail Bakunin, in God and the State (1871; publ. 1882) Whatever I learned, Whatever I knew, Seems like those faded years of childhood that flew, Away in some dilemma, Always in some confusion, The purpose of this life, Seems like an illusion! Mehek Bassi, in Unveiling Our Illusion: New Moon/ Solar Eclipse, 29 April 2014 Gratitude unlocks the fullness of life. It turns what we have into enough, and more. It turns denial into acceptance, chaos to order, confusion to clarity. It can turn a meal into a feast, a house into a home, a stranger into a friend. Melody Beattie, in The Art of Being: 101 Ways to Practice Purpose in Your Life, Penguin, 17 April 2008, p. 92 Let nothing be called natural In an age of bloody confusion, Ordered disorder, planned caprice, And dehumanized humanity, lest all things Be held unalterable! Bertolt Brecht, in The Exception and the Rule (1937), Prologue Times of great calamity and confusion have been productive for the greatest minds. The purest ore is produced from the hottest furnace. The brightest thunder-bolt is elicited from the darkest storm. Charles Caleb Colton, in History of Logan County and Ohio: Containing a History of the State of Ohio ..., O.L. Baskin, 1880, p. 577 Should feel happy, should feel glad I'm alive and it can't be bad But back on planet Earth they shatter the illusion The world's going 'round in a state of confusion Ray Davies, in "State of Confusion" on State of Confusion (1983) by The Kinks Lyin' awake in a cold, cold sweat Am I overdrawn, am I going in debt? It gets worse, the older that you get No escape from the state of confusion I'm in State of confusion I'm in Ray Davies, in "State of Confusion" on State of Confusion (1983) by The Kinks What is important is to spread confusion, not eliminate it. Salvador Dalí, in Steven J. Simske Meta-Algorithmics: Patterns for Robust, Low Cost, High Quality Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 28 May 2013, p. 272 Men tighten the knot of confusion Into perfect misunderstanding. T.S. Eliot, The Family Reunion (1939) A perfection of means, and confusion of aims, seems to be our main problem. Albert Einstein, in Anuradha Kataria Democracy on Trial, All Rise!, Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 84 Confusion of goals and perfection of means seems, in my opinion, to characterize our age. Albert Einstein, in Anslie H. Abraham Why Evil Rules - If God Is...: A Question of Believers and Non-Believers Alike, Xlibris Corporation, 13-Apr-2011, p. 9 History and experience tell us that moral progress comes not in comfortable and complacent times, but out of trial and confusion. Gerald R. Ford, in Joy Ashe Gene Defense: A Fictional Genetic Thriller, Xlibris Corporation, 22 October 2010, p. 263 In spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart. I simply can't build up my hopes on a foundation consisting of confusion, misery and death. Anne Frank, in Memorable Quotations: Jewish Writers of the Past, iUniverse, 2003, p. 37 Confusion occurs, growing up in the cold world. Curtis Jackson, "Hate it or Love It" (January 2005) For almost a quarter of a century the affairs of the world and its ideas have been in indescribable confusion. In most cases the confusion of ideas is manifest without the aid of polemic or controversy. It is simple evidence of the chaotic state of the world. We will never be brought to confusion, even in such a baffling and muddled world as ours, if we have a faith in a God of love as the ultimate power in the universe. The words "God is love" have this deep meaning: that everything that is against love is ultimately doomed and damned. Halford E. Luccock, in "Keeping Life Out of Confusion" (1938) The friend who can be silent with us in a moment of despair or confusion, who can stay with us in an hour of grief and bereavement, who can tolerate not knowing... not healing, not curing... that is a friend who cares. Henri Nouwen, in Larry Chang Wisdom for the Soul: Five Millennia of Prescriptions for Spiritual Healing, Gnosophia Publishers, 2006, p. 326 Chaos is a name for any order that produces confusion in our minds. George Santayana, in Larry Chang Wisdom for the Soul: Five Millennia of Prescriptions for Spiritual Healing, Gnosophia Publishers, 2006, p. 117 In any election, only a percentage of the people vote. Those who can't vote because of age or other disqualifications, and those who don't vote because of confusion, apathy, or disgust at a Tweedledum-Tweedledummer choice can hardly be said to have any voice in the passage of the laws which govern them. Nor can the individuals as yet unborn, who will be ruled by those laws in the future. Linda & Morris Tannehill, Ch. 4, "Government—An Unnecessary Evil", The Market for Liberty (1970), pp. 33–34. If the Great Way perishes there will morality and duty. When cleverness and knowledge arise great lies will flourish. When relatives fall out with one another there will be filial duty and love. When states are in confusion there will be faithful servants. Lao Tzu, in Brian Weatherley An Essential Part of Being’, Tao Are You, 12 November 2010 Willingness to change is a strength, even if it means plunging part of the company into total confusion for a while. Jack Welch, in Prof. Dr. Patricia Klarner, The Rhythm of Change: A Longitudinal Analysis of the European Insurance Industry, Springer, 12-Aug-2010, p. 1 The one who knows he is confused is not that confused. al. (Penguin: 1996), p. 103 Realize Thought Understanding Wikipedia has an article about: Confusion Look up confusion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Chiyoda (千代田) Ward is the center of Tokyo and in many ways the center of all Japan. A mere 12 km2 houses the Imperial Palace, the Diet, the ministries of Kasumigaseki, the corporate headquarters of Marunouchi, the controversial Yasukuni Shrine... and still has room left over for the shopping districts of Akihabara, Jinbōchō and Kanda. 35.680833139.7669441 Tokyo Station (東京駅 Tōkyō-eki), the hub for all Shinkansen trains, lies to the east side of Chiyoda. Note that the Shinkansen exits are on the Yaesu side in Chuo Ward; to get to the Marunouchi side in Chiyoda Ward, you want to cross over to the west exit. The west side of the station is something of a sight in itself as it reflects the station's original World War I-era architecture. The JR Yamanote line (light green) passes through Tokyo Station in a loop around the center of the city, and the JR Chuo line (orange) and Sobu line (yellow) bisect the loop horizontally. Yurakucho, Akihabara, Kanda (on the Yamanote) and Ochanomizu, Yotsuya (on the Chuo) are among the train stations located within the ward. Narita Express trains from Narita Airport stop at Tokyo (¥2940, 53 min) on the Sobu platforms. The JR Keiyo Line services Tokyo station, and it transports passengers to destinations such as Kasai Rinkai Park, Tokyo Disney Resort, the Makuhari Messe, and destinations on the Boso peninsula via through services. Trains also frequently run through onto the Musashino Line to Saitama and western Tokyo, although some of these areas are reached faster via other lines. However, the platforms are located south of the main station complex. It was built for a new Shinkansen line, which is why it was built at an equal distance between Tokyo and Yurakucho stations. It can be a long walk to reach the rest of the train lines (even farther than transferring to the Tozai Line at Otemachi! ), therefore in some cases it may be easier to walk to Yurakucho station. 35.684697139.7659642 Otemachi Station (大手町駅 Ōtemachi-eki), shared by five subway lines, is by far the largest subway station in Tokyo and sprawls under multiple city blocks underneath the Marunouchi district between Tokyo Station and the Imperial Palace. Transferring from, say, the Hanzomon Line to the Toei Mita Line here involves navigating a gauntlet of escalators and walking well over a kilometer. Tokyo and Otemachi station are connected to each other via underground passageways. Nijubashimae Station on the Chiyoda Line is also connected to Tokyo station, and is much closer to it than the line's own Otemachi station, although passengers riding the Romancecar service will still need to use Otemachi. Many subway lines crisscross the district. These include the Marunouchi Line (red) (to Shinjuku), the Hanzomon Line (purple) (to Shibuya), the Hibiya Line (gray) (to Roppongi), the Tozai Line (blue) (to Nakano), and the Chiyoda Line (green) (to Harajuku). The nearby Toei Asakusa Line (pink) stops slightly to the east at Kyobashi and Nihonbashi, on which Keikyu Line trains run through to Haneda Airport (¥650, about 35 minutes). Airport Limousine buses run from Narita to Tokyo Station every 10 to 20 minutes via the Tokyo City Air Terminal (11⁄2-2 hours depending on traffic, ¥3000), and less frequently to area hotels. From Haneda, buses run every 30 to 40 minutes (about 45 minutes in duration, depending on traffic, ¥900). 35.6825139.75211 Imperial Palace (皇居 Kōkyo), ☏ +81 3-3213-1111. Surrounded by a series of moats and high walls, the site of the former Edo Castle has been the official residence of the Japanese imperial family since 1868. Reputedly the most expensive square kilometre in the world, which during the height of Japan's bubble was estimated to be worth slightly more than California. Unfortunately, the inner palace gardens and buildings are closed to the general public except on the second day of the New Year (January 2) and the Emperor's birthday (February 23), when the imperial family makes a public appearance. However, foreigners can also apply online[1] to join a free guided tour (M-F at 10:00 and 13:30). If you're feeling lucky, you can also try just showing up at the Imperial Household Agency office located in the northwest corner of the Imperial Palace Park, which is open 09:00-12:00, 13:00-14:00; if there's space, you can join a tour on the same day. Tours are conducted only in Japanese, but electronic audio guides (in English) will be lent to foreign visitors free of charge. At the end of the tour, visitors wishing to enter the East Gardens (see next entry) will be given entrance cards and allowed through to the gardens via a private gate, allowing them to bypass the lines at the main Ōte-mon entrance; pay attention to the announcement in Japanese and queue up as directed. (updated Jan 2020) 35.68703139.757292 Imperial Palace East Garden. Open daily except Mondays and Fridays. Kept in impeccable shape, the gardens of the Imperial Palace are particularly beautiful during the March and April plum and cherry blossom seasons. Entrance is free through a number of gates; you will be given a plastic entrance card at the gate, which you are obliged to return upon leaving; most visitors use the Ōte-mon (大手門) gate near the Ōtemachi subway station (exit C10). Also an easy walking distance from Tokyo station. 35.691528139.7510593 Kitanomaru Park (北の丸公園, kita-no-maru kōen). Connected to the East Gardens on the north side is this park. Offering much of the same, it is a convenient way to get to Yasukuni Shrine. The park also houses the Nippon Budōkan (日本武道館), which regularly stages martial arts competitions and live concerts, as well as the Kagaku Gijyutsukan (科学技術館, Science museum). 35.69421139.747944 Chidoriga-fuchi Moat (千鳥ヶ淵), on the northwest side of the Imperial gardens grounds. One of, if not the most prominent cherry blossom site in Tokyo, and attracts throngs of people in its March-to-April peak season. It is located just across the street from Yasukuni-shrine. Rowboats are also available for one to row along a limited portion of the moat at ¥500 for 30 minutes, ¥1000 for an hour and at a slightly more expensive rate during cherry blossom periods. 35.69513139.743335 Yūshūkan War Memorial Museum (遊就館) (adjacent to the shrine). An odd collection of military paraphernalia (including human torpedoes and letters from kamikaze pilots) and one-sided (allegedly revisionist according to the Chinese, Koreans and other Asian countries except Taiwan) descriptions of Imperial Japan and World War II, but it can be pretty confronting at times. The museum includes a small military history book and model shop. Adult ¥1000, post-secondary student ¥500, high school student ¥300, child free. (updated Aug 2020) 35.698036139.7655336 Holy Resurrection Cathedral (ニコライ堂 Nikorai-do), ☏ +81 3-3291-1885. A beautifully-restored 1800s-vintage Russian Orthodox cathedral located near Ochanomizu Station on the Chuo Line. Use the Hijiribashi exit. The Hijiribashi bridge by the exit is one of the better looking bridges in Tokyo and looks moderately attractive when lit-up at night. 35.701944139.7677787 Kanda Shrine (神田明神 Kanda-myojin), A block north across the river from Ochanomizu station. This shrine has a history dating back to the 8th century and had been highly regarded under the Edo shogunate. The current red-pillared structure has been rebuilt after being completely destroyed in the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The Kanda Matsuri festival, which takes place in mid-May every other year is one of the largest in Tokyo and is a sight to behold. Arrive before noon or the shrine gets packed with spectators. 35.674722139.7395838 Hie Shrine (日枝神社, Hie Jinja) (on the opposite side of the Imperial garden; a five-minute walk from Kokkai-gijidō-mae station on the Metro Chiyoda line), ☏ +81 3-3581-2471. Another prominent shrine in Tokyo. Located atop a little hill at the edge of the area. Reached by a steep flight of stairs under a veritable tunnel of orange torii, the shrine grounds are an oasis of tranquility in the middle of Tokyo and, in good weather, a popular place for a lunchtime picnic. The Sanno Matsuri (山王祭) festival it hosts in June is counted among the 3 Great festival of Tokyo, featuring the usual panoply of music, dancing, yatai stalls and sake. 35.694167139.7430569 Yasukuni Shrine (靖國神社 Yasukuni-jinja), 3-1-1 Kudan-kita, ☏ +81 3-3261-8326. A controversial shrine to Japan's war dead, housing the souls of some 2.5 million people killed in Japan's wars — including convicted war criminals executed by the Allies. A favorite haunt of right-wing groups in black loudspeaker-equipped trucks, and often visited by Japanese and Taiwanese politicians, drawing sharp criticisms from neighbors China and South Korea in the process. Consider keeping your visit to the shrine secret if you have Chinese or Korean friends or relatives. Open daily and free entrance adjacent to Metro Hanzomon line Kudanshita station, or cross the bridge north from Kitanomaru Park. Festivals take place most notably in mid-July and mid-October, which can attract as many people and vendors as it does on New Year's Day when the Japanese come to pray for a prosperous year. It can also get quite crowded during cherry blossom season. Japan's administrative center, located around Kasumigaseki and Nagatachō in the southwestern corner of Chiyoda, is full of very un-picturesque buildings. One exception is the Ministry of Justice (exit 5 from Sakuradamon, Yurakuchō Line), a beautiful 1800s-vintage building that would make any European capital proud. The National Diet Building (Kokkai-gijidō-mae, Marunouchi Line) may also be worth a photo, although its architecture is rather uninspiring compared to other national assemblies' -- even the Tokyo Metropolitan Government has cooler-looking accommodations in Shinjuku. 35.690553139.75464210 Tokyo National Museum of Modern Art (東京国立近代美術館, Tōkyō Kokuritsu Kindai Bijutsukan), 3-1 Kitanomaru-kōen (Closest to Takebashi station on the Tōzai subway line), ☏ +81 3-5777-8600. Tu-Th Sa-Su 10:30-17:00, F 10:30-20:00, closed M. With a modest permanent collection on display and regularly changing exhibitions, MOMAT is a nice place to kill a couple of hours after you've seen the Imperial Palace across the road. Entry to the nearby Crafts Gallery is included in the price. ¥420 for adults, ¥130 for students and children under 15 free. Admission is also free on May 18, November 3 and the first Sunday of every month. Special exhibits extra. 35.676372139.76090811 Idemitsu Museum of Arts (出光美術館, Idemitsu Bijutsukan), On the 9th floor of the Imperial Theatre building (on the East side of the Imperial gardens), ☏ +81 35777 8600. Daily 10:00-17:00 (until 19:00 on Fridays). Has a noteworthy collection centering on Japanese traditional arts. ¥1000 for adults. (updated Jun 2018) 35.676925139.764212 Tokyo International Forum (東京国際フォーラム, Tōkyō Kokusai Fōramu), located in front of Yurakuchō station, ☏ +81 3-5221-9000. A massive, modern exhibition centre used for concerts, conventions and the like. On weekdays there are usually several food wagons selling boxed lunches, but aside from this there may not be much of interest to the casual tourist -- except, of course, the impressive design. The atrium may be the most well-known symbol of the building, and one is able to stroll up the long, spiral walkway that runs along its glass-and-steel walls. The Tokyo Tourist Info Center, which used to be here, has been relocated to Shinjuku. 35.6972139.770313 mAAch ecute Kanda Manseibashi, Kanda-Sudachō 1-25-4, ☏ +81 3-3257-8910. A historic train station that's been converted into a shopping mall. Besides interesting shops and cafes, there's also a library and history exhibits about the station, including a large diorama showing the area around the station as it was in 1912 when it opened. 35.681389139.74305614 National Theatre of Japan (国立劇場, Kokuritsu Gekijō) (walking distance from either Hanzomon or Nagatacho stations of the Metro Hanzomon lines et. al. ), ☏ +81 3-3265-7411. For those interested in theatre arts, the Kokuritsu Gekijyo holds performances in traditional arts ranging from Kabuki, Noh drama, Bunraku puppet theatre, etc. You may want to check the schedule and make a reservation beforehand. 35.676107139.74458715 National Diet Building (国会議事堂). Housing Japan's bicameral legislature, it was built in the 1920s. The most recognizable symbol of the Japanese government, it was built from Japanese building materials, features a pyramidal roof and is surrounded with green areas. The nearby free Kensei Kinenkan (between the Diet and the water) has a nice view on it, and tons of political artefacts to satisfy those interested in Japanese politics. (updated Oct 2015) Visit one of the three major shrines (Kanda Myojin, Hie Jinja or Yasukuni Shrine) during the New Year holiday if you happen to be visiting, or immerse yourself in one of the major festivals which takes place during the year. There are no restrictions on entry regardless of religious belief or background. As stated in the See section, cherry blossoms can be viewed in various places around the Imperial Palace gardens. Also, many people take advantage of the fact that no public roads enter the palace grounds (and thus, no red lights for pedestrians) for a little jogging around the garden's outer ring (which may take roughly an hour to walk around). However, since most of central Chiyoda Ward is office buildings, it is virtually lifeless after sundown as most of the population leaves for the suburbs. Central Chiyoda doesn't offer much in the way of shopping, but the eastern side has three areas of interest: Akihabara for electronics and anime-related goods of all kinds, covered in a separate article. Jimbōchō (神保町), Metro Hanzomon/Tōei Shinjuku/Tōei Mita Jimbōchō station. A district specializing in new and used books — mostly in Japanese, but some in English and other languages. Scores of used book or antique book shops line the main streets of Hakusan Dōri (白山道り), Yasukuni Dōri (靖国道り), and Kanda Suzuran Dōri (神田すずらん通り), as well the numerous back alleys. Some stores specialize in subjects such as religion, architecture, or screenplays, while others handle a general range of subjects. Some shops specialize in various erotic material, including used pornography. Kanda (神田) and Ochanomizu (お茶の水) Stations. For musical instruments and sports equipment. These districts tend to have their largest stores along major streets. The area close to Ochanomizu stations is full of music shops, at least 30 of them with shiny instruments and music blaring throughout the day. Some other shopping areas include: The Marunouchi business district hassome high-end boutiques such as Tiffany's, Gaultier, Sergio Rossi etc. lining the street from the Marunouchi building to Yurakuchō, but there is a feeling that it's not quite "there" yet, compared to the repertoires of the Ginza or Omotesando shopping districts. 35.675524139.7629161 Bic Camera. A huge, six-floor electronics store in front of JR Yurakucho Station, selling everything from household appliances to contact lenses. There is even a small movie theater on the 7th and 8th floors showing lesser-known Japanese and foreign films. Perhaps a good place for a one-stop shop if you are not able to spend time exploring the streets of Akihabara. (updated Oct 2015) 35.683888139.7664012 Maruzen bookshop (In the Oazo building in front of Tokyo Station). It may be your best bet to look for English books in Tokyo, including a "Books on Japan" section. If you don't find what you are looking for here, you probably won't have much luck looking elsewhere. (updated Oct 2015) 35.679734139.7650463 KITTE (JP Tower), 2-7-2 Marunouchi. 11:00-23:00. The former Japan Post headquarters have been renovated into a trendy building with many shops and restaurants. The top roof is an open garden giving an amazing view on Tokyo Station, perfect for watching bullet trains come and go. (updated May 2015) Among the expensive clubs and restaurants spilling over from the Ginza, an offbeat dining option is the yakitori stalls under the train tracks near JR Yurakucho station. A throwback to old Tokyo, this is where businessmen unwind with yakitori (grilled chicken) on skewers and a couple of nama biiru (draft beers) after a hard day. At least ¥2000 for a few beers and a half dozen skewers. As the Jimbocho and Ochanomizu areas house dozens of major colleges and universities, the area is filled with cheap restaurants, fast food joints and cafes of all kinds. There is also a high density of curry restaurants. The Marunouchi Building and Shin-Marunouchi Building in front of Tokyo station are your best bet for a decent meal in the Marunouchi area, especially on the weekend when most other buildings are closed. Various restaurants from Italian to Hawaiian to Sushi are situated inside, but the bill may be a bit pricy for a casual lunch. 35.67471139.760631 [dead link] Peter, 24th Floor, Hotel Peninsula (Private lift from hotel lobby), ☏ +81 3-6270 2763. Restaurant with amazing views of Imperial Palace and excellent service. Lunch seems the best value. Kobe beef from 23,500¥. Dress code: casual. Lunch from ¥4900. 35.68532139.761392 Tokyo Sundubu. Cheap and classy Korean food just in front of the Imperial Palace East Gardens. They serve hot tofu-based soups with rice. You can choose from not spicy at all to very spicy. ¥1000 lunch/dinner. (updated May 2015) 35.684271139.7648733 Yamaya (やまや). For lunch you should get a bowl of rice with mentaiko (semi-spicy red fish eggs). Their specialty for dinner is motsunabe (tripe soup). ¥1000 lunch, ¥3000 dinner. (updated Sep 2015) Green Ochanomizu Hotel, Kanda-Awajicho 2-6 (5 minutes from JR Ochanomizu Station and near the center of the Yamanote Line), ☏ +81 3 3255-4161. Green Hotel Ochanomizu is an extremely accommodating hotel, perfect for the traveler who prefers a quiet sanctuary in the hustle and bustle. Ochanomizu station itself is but two stops from both Tokyo and Shinjuku, via the Rapid Chuo Line service, both of which are on Yamanote. Broadband access is free in most rooms. Singles at around ¥8400 and doubles at ¥9500. Tokyo Central Youth Hostel, 1-1 Kagurakashi, Shinjuku-ku (in the far east end of Shinjuku, far from its station, and just in the north of Chiyoda, 800 m away from the Imperial Palace area), ☏ +81 3-3235-1107, fax: +81 3-3267-4000, [email protected]. Located on the 18th and 19th floors of a high-rise, with great views over the city (including a hot tub and baths overlooking the lights and skyscrapers of Shinjuku) and comfortable rooms. Formerly known as Tokyo International Hostel. ¥4050. 35.681253139.7659971 Tokyo Station Hotel, Marunouchi 1-chome 9-1, ☏ +81 3-3231-2511. If you ever wanted to sleep in a train station, then this might be the place to do it. This convenient hotel makes up a part of the 1914 red-brick building that is the terminal station of all but one of the country's Shinkansen lines. It is within easy walking distance of the Imperial Palace, and you can simply walk out of the lobby and make a U-turn to catch a train like the Yamanote line. Citibank ATM is a few minutes' walk away in Ōtemachi. Before being closed for renovations, the rates were ¥11600/15000/17300 singles, ¥19600/26600/30000 twins, ¥26600 double, ¥34700 triple (including taxes). 10% discount with an active Japan Rail Pass or JR East Rail Pass. Imperial Hotel Tokyo (帝国ホテル Teikoku Hoteru), Uchisaiwaicho 1-1-1, ☏ +81 3 3504-1251. Never mind upstarts like the Park Hyatt, this is the grand old dame of Tokyo's hotels with over 115 years of history behind it and legendary service fit for an Emperor. Standard rooms are musty, but the refurbished Imperial Floor rooms are nice. The hotel overlooks Hibiya Park and is only a short walk from the Imperial Palace and the Ginza. ¥43,000 and higher. 35.681008139.7341272 The New Otani, Kioicho 4-1, ☏ +81 3 3265-1111. The flagship of the international New Otani chain, and one of the largest hotels in Tokyo, with a variety of shops and restaurants under its roof. Convenient for business travellers, as it is located within an easy walk of Akasaka, Nagatacho, and other international business districts; less convenient for tourists, although somewhat close to Roppongi, Shinjuku, and other play areas. ¥36,000 and up. Ascott Marunouchi Tokyo, 1-1-1 Otemachi, ☏ +81 3 5208-2001, [email protected]. A range of apartments with access to the swimming pool, rooftop terrace, gym, reading lounge, business centre and meeting rooms. The Tokyo Tourist Information Center has moved from Yurakucho's International Forum to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building in Shinjuku. On occasion, menacing black vans with fluttering "Rising Sun" flags and Imperial chrysanthemum logos may screech militaristic propaganda around the Yasukuni Shrine and near the Nagatacho/Kasumigaseki areas. With xenophobic right-wing attitudes financed by the yakuza (Japan's mafia) and tacit police cooperation, foreigners may get baleful looks from the sunglassed toughs running the show, but they are not a real danger unless actively provoked. Smoking on the major streets and sidewalks is prohibited by law in Chiyoda Ward. Although generally not strictly enforced, if you get unlucky, fines go up to ¥20,000. There are smokers' gardens at the end of some main streets and behind some of the skyscrapers where you can light up legally. The glitzy stores of the Ginza and the business district of Akasaka (not a bad choice for lunch) are within easy walking distance from southern Chiyoda.
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Saturday, June 7, 2008 African politicians met at the 2008 World Economic Forum on Africa, where they discussed a variety of issues, including the current situation in Zimbabwe. Simba Makoni, a former finance minister in Zimbabwe, said the chance of a free election in Zimbabwe was low: “Conditions have been created in the country as a whole, but particularly in the rural areas, where there is no prospect of any semblance of a free and fair election.” The Secretary General of the main opposition party in Zimbabwe, the Movement for Democratic Change, also criticized the upcoming elections, saying that they were “merely legitimizing the kleptocracy.” He continued his speech to the forum. "The regime is increasing the decibels of insanity. At every level it is telling the international community in a loud and clear voice that it is not prepared to play by the rules, it is not prepared to listen to logic, and most importantly it is not prepared to listen to democracy and the voice of its people.” "Possible future priorities for World Economic Forum on Africa outlined" — Xinhua, June 6, 2008 "Zimbabwe: Opposition Leaders Gloomy on Run-off Election" — All Africa, June 6, 2008
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City and North Adelaide is the central business district of Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. When referring to the term City alone – it generally does not include North Adelaide, but the "City of Adelaide" would include North Adelaide. The Adelaide Metro train system has four main lines, with two additional branch lines. When travelling from the north: The Outer Harbor Line, which comes up from the Le Fevre Peninsula in the northwest of the city via Port Adelaide and Glanville. The Gawler Line, from Gawler Central in the north , through Ovingham, Mawson Lakes, Salisbury and Elizabeth. When travelling from the south: The electrified Seaford Line, which extends from Seaford in the far south of the city, via the beachside suburb of Brighton and Noarlunga Centre. The picturesque Belair Line which extends from Belair in the Adelaide foothills through Blackwood and the inner southeastern suburbs of the city. The Belair line is useful when coming from Belair National Park. There are no expressways leading into the city and North Adelaide, but rather they turn into ground roads just before they enter. From Adelaide Hills, take the M1 South-East Freeway down the hills and then continue on Glen Osmond Rd and into the city. From the southern suburbs such as McLaren Vale, head north on A13 Main North Road until the M2 Southern Expressway interchange. Once you're at the interchange, exit and head on the entire expressway up north until St. Marys. Once at St. Marys, continue on A2 South Road, until R1 (Ring Road 1) which loops around the city and North Adelaide From Gawler, take the M2 Northern Expressway and North-South Motorway down to the city From Port Adelaide, take the A9 Port River Expressway and then exit onto M2 North-South Motorway and head down south to the city. -34.917972138.6117041 The Adelaide Botanic Garden. The gardens are quiet and relaxing even though they're in the heart of the city. They contain many large grassed areas ideal for relaxing, and just outside the gardens are the city parklands where ball games and picnics can be held. There is a cafe in the gardens and a conservatory. Free. (updated Nov 2019) -34.91694138.612312 Bicentennial Conservatory. This is a worthwhile place to visit, it simulates a tropical rainforest micro-eco system, complete with mist falling from the roof. The space accommodates a number of full size rainforest trees and lowland rainforest plants from northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and the nearby Pacific Islands, many of which are at risk or endangered in their natural habitats. Be warned, it is warm and humid inside. All walkways have full wheelchair access. Free entry. -34.91277138.594053 Montefiore Hill (North Adelaide). Provides a spectacular view of the city, especially at night. -34.92145138.600894 North Terrace. Driving east from West Terrace will take you past the new Royal Adelaide Hospital, the University of South Australia's City West campus, the new University of Adelaide's medical school, the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), the Adelaide Convention Centre, the Casino (Railway Station below), Parliament House, Government House, the State Library of South Australia, Migration Museum (free entry), Art Gallery of South Australia (free entry), the University of Adelaide, the University of South Australia's City East campus, the site of the old Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the Botanic Gardens. It is an attractive, tree-lined boulevard in a South Australian colonial tradition. -34.92278138.605725 Rundle Lantern light display, Cnr Rundle St and Pulteney St. From dusk to midnight every night with 750 light panels. -34.912784138.606246 Adelaide Zoo, Frome Road. The only place in the southern hemisphere to see giant pandas. The zoo also boasts meerkats, lions, tigers, a family of capybaras and some quokkas. -34.9198138.6027 Migration Museum, 82 Kintore Ave (north of the State Library). Daily 10AM-5PM, closed Good Friday and 25 Dec. The museums showcases stories of immigrants to South Australia throughout history with photos, stories and items. -34.921138.6048 Art Gallery of South Australia, North Terrace (half-way between Kintore Ave and Frome Rd, between the South Australian Museum and the University of Adelaide. ), ☏ +61 8 8207-7000, [email protected]. Daily 10AM-5PM, except 25 Dec. Great place to see art of all genres. Free cloakroom/baggage store. Free. -34.9207138.60319 South Australian Museum, North Terrace (next to the Art Gallery of South Australia). Daily 10AM-5PM, except Good Friday and 25 Dec. Best collection Australian Aboriginal collection in the world and the largely Victorian Pacific cultures gallery is neat too. Free. -34.919444138.61416710 National Wine Centre, cnr of Botanic and Hackney Rd, Hackney, ☏ +61 8 8303-3355, fax: +61 8 8303-7444, [email protected]. M-F 9AM-5PM, Sa Su & public holidays; tours & tastings 10AM-5PM. A part of the University of Adelaide, here you can learn more about Australian viticulture, wine and food in general and there's of course also wine bar. -34.92407138.6103111 Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute, 253 Grenfell St. M-Sa 10AM-5PM, closed Sunday & Public Holidays. Here you can experience many kinds of Aboriginal art and culture. There are music, dance and theatre performances and exhibitions of visual art. (updated Jul 2018) -34.917779138.584812 Adelaide Gaol (Adelaide Jail), 18 Gaol Rd, ☏ +61 8 8231 4062. 10AM–4PM. Historic jail that was built in the 1840s, modelled on jails similar to the ones found in the UK and Ireland. (updated Nov 2021) -34.91547138.596621 Adelaide Oval. During the summer months get down to the Adelaide Oval for a cricket match. Australia plays host to a couple of touring nations each summer and they will play a few matches at this beautiful ground which is just minutes from the city centre. Tickets for internationals tend to be snapped up quickly, but domestic matches are frequent and equally exciting. AFL, the peak league for professional Australian Rules Football. Home games for the local teams the Adelaide Crows and Port Adelaide Power are played at Adelaide Oval in North Adelaide. Getting tickets shouldn't be a problem - check out the AFL website for more details. SANFL, the state Aussie Rules league, has 5 games per weekend at a number of locations throughout the city and suburbs. Norwood Oval, home of the Redlegs, is situated on the Parade in Norwood which is home to a variety of restaurant, café and pub options for after the game. Adelaide United (soccer), Hindmarsh Stadium. -34.92345138.598092 Format Collective, 15 Peel St (off Hindley St). A two-storey performance space with a permanent zine store. Hosts small art shows, some of the more experimental gigs, discussion panels and performance art. Much of this is concentrated in the yearly Format Festival which is on at the same time as the Fringe Festival and is considered a more experimental alternative, although there are things on all year round. Known for its hipsters, Japanese beer, and nostalgic games of four-square. One of the best times of the year to visit is during Mad March, when a multitude of festivals and events are held. These include the Adelaide Fringe, the Clipsal 500 Car race, the Adelaide Festival, WOMADdelaide and the Adelaide Cup horseracing carnival. -34.92767138.618533 Adelaide 500 (Superloop Adelaide 500). During mid-March, the Adelaide 500 supercar racing event is very popular, sporting massive street parties, huge concert line-ups and many fanatic Adelaidians. (updated Nov 2019) -34.92343138.595654 Adelaide Fringe Festival. During late Feb-March, the Fringe Festival (second largest of its type in the world) and Festival of Arts bring the city alive with music, arts, dance and culture from all over the world. Both are large and very popular events visited by people from all over the world. -34.91417138.610565 WOMADelaide (World of Music Arts and Dance). A hugely popular music festival now held every year in March. People come here from all over Australia and overseas. It shows Adelaide at its very best. -34.9412138.608346 Haigh's Chocolate Factory, 154 Greenhill Rd, Unley Park. M-Sa 11AM, 1PM and 2PM. A factory tour. Haigh's was established in 1915 and is one of the best chocolate makers in Australia. 5 minutes from the CBD, the tour will give you a glimpse on how this fine chocolate is made and they give free samples. Free but bookings essential. -34.921192138.5971137 The Adelaide Casino, North Terrace (Next to Adelaide station). Adjoining the Festival and Convention centres. Adelaide Casino is South Australia's only licensed casino, and offers not just great gaming, but also three restaurants, and four bars, including the Oasis bar and Grandstand sports bar. Valet parking is also available. (updated Feb 2020) -34.9235138.6041 Adelaide Arcade, 112/118 Grenfell St, ☏ +61 8 8223 5522. A heritage shopping arcade which has a fine collection of boutiques and specialist shopping such as numismatics, antiques and chocolatiers in a Victorian (the era, not the state) style building. (updated Jan 2022) -34.9229138.6022 Rundle Mall, Rundle Street, ☏ +61 8 8203 7200. A pedestrian-only shopping strip with many arcades and side streets coming off it. The mall is parallel to North Terrace and contains over 800 shops. It is one of Adelaide's biggest malls, and the mall is open all days of the week. -34.9297138.59813 The Central Market (between Grote and Gouger St, west of Victoria Sq). Tu-Sa. All your fresh fruit and veggies under one Victorian roof. You can borrow a shopping cart from Coles Supermarket next door to stop your arms being pulled from their sockets by all the goodies you'll buy. It's not just vegetarians that will salivate here since foods and non-foods of every variety compete for the best displays. Cheap multi-storey parking adjacent. -34.9297138.59594 Chinatown. A pedestrian-only area (Moonta St) adjacent to Central Market. (updated Mar 2019) -34.9291138.61255 City East IGA, 116 Hutt St, ☏ +61 8 8223 1112. Won best IGA Supermarket in SA for its amazing food range, including Greek, Italian, Chinese and Indian. While it may come to a surprise for some, Adelaide too caters to virtually most tastes and price range. Adelaide has one of the largest number of restaurants and cafes per person in Australia and most of the best are in the city or North Adelaide. Gouger Street, Chinatown and the Central Market precinct is a multicultural food and wine paradise. Best known in Adelaide for good quality Asian food at a reasonable price, Gouger Street attracts a wide range of clientele from lawyers and public servants from the adjacent courts and State government precinct to new migrants. Chinatown and Gouger St is the hub of Chinese cuisine and culture in Adelaide and there are a wide range of Chinese restaurants along the strip. Other Asian cuisines are also featured including Thai, Vietnamese and Indian. On the northern side of Gouger St, the Adelaide Central Market has a great range of hawker style food stalls as well as a few older European cafes. The last decade has also seen the emergence of high-end dining on Gouger St, with a number of more expensive options joining the long standing and locally famed Argentinian restaurant, Gaucho's. Rundle Street and the East End is the traditional hub of Italian and Greek cuisine in Adelaide, but there are also newer Chinese, Thai and Japanese restaurants. Like Gouger St, it has options across the spectrum of budgets, with the western end of the street closer to Adelaide University catering more to the budget end while the eastern end is more upmarket. The East End laneways off of Rundle Street have a range of smaller, quirkier cafes - Ebenezer Place, Bent Street and Union Street all have a few alternative options. Waymouth Street and Pirie Street have emerged as new eating destinations over the last decade, particularly for an upmarket lunch. Waymouth Street, on the western side of King William Street, has a range of high end cafes, bistros and bars, while Pirie Street has a few new cafes. Hindley Street is best known for its bars and nightlife, but has a range of multicultural food options, particularly Middle Eastern and Asian. The Leigh Street and Bank Street laneways have also emerged as dining destinations in their own right. Hutt Street is smaller scale and offers a small variety of upmarket restaurants that please most tastes, and also has a wide variety of gourmet shops and supermarkets. The South West Corner of the City's square mile, south of the Gouger Street precinct, is more residential but includes some of Adelaide's most interesting dining experiences sprinkled among the heritage homes and apartments. An eclectic mix of small restaurants and cafes make Melbourne Street an interesting place to eat. The variety of take-aways, pubs, cafes, bakeries and restaurants that line most of O'Connell Street means you won't be wanting. A local speciality to try is the AB, a dish consisted of shredded yiros meat on top of hot chips and topped with chilli sauce, tomato sauce, barbecue sauce and garlic sauce, of which there are two shops that claim to have invented the dish; The Blue & White Cafe and North Adelaide Burger Bar. There are a lot of budget eateries in Adelaide. They don't usually look like much from the outside but most have something going for them - the reason that they are still in business. It pays to look through menus plastered onto doors. Cheap eats should be anywhere from $8–14 for a main, and no more. -34.90631138.608451 Elephant walk, 76 Melbourne St, ☏ +61 8 8267-2006. Particularly interesting because it is a small, cosy cafe which is very dimly lit. Each booth is separated by straw screens so you can't really see the other patrons. It opens at 8PM and if they're full, you'll have to wait outside for a table. -34.92301138.609412 Nano Cafe, 23 Ebenezer Pl (in East End), ☏ +61 8 8227 0468. Daily. Italian home-style food, great breakfast, good coffee, value for money, breakfast & lunch only, fresh daily. $5.80-15. -34.92905138.596013 Dumpling King, 95 Grote St. Plates of 10-15 dumplings, steamed/fried, pork/chicken and prawn, for $6.80-7.80. (updated Mar 2019) -34.92979138.595934 Food courts off of Moonta St. Many different Asian cuisines at cheap prices. All you can fit on your plate for varying prices plus made to order food. (updated Mar 2019) -34.9324138.58865 Hawker's Corner, 141 West Terrace (cnr Wright St.). Much the same as the food courts but open at night. Cheap but tasty with a wide range of food. (updated Mar 2019) -34.92221138.607716 Amalfi, 29 Frome St, ☏ +61 8 8223 1948. This little Italian place just off Rundle St has a loyal following and is usually jam packed. It has an inventive range of pizzas and pastas, with quality a cut above the other Italian cafes filling Rundle St. -34.9058138.5967 Fellini, 102 O'Connell, ☏ +61 8 8239 2235. This St. Large North Adelaide cafe is packed to the rafters every weekend. The menu is Italian-based pasta, pizza and so on, but what keeps the punters coming back is the large size of the menu and inventiveness of the dishes. -34.9302138.59318 Hotaru Japanese Restaurant, 162 Gouger St, ☏ +61 8 8410 2838. Cosy Japanese restaurant with wonderful food, particularly the fresh sashimi, various sushi rolls and the grilled eggplant. Home-made sesame ice cream and green tea ice cream. Hotaru is off the main Gouger St area. -34.92363138.60479 Jasmin, 31 Hindmarsh Sq, ☏ +61 8 8223 7837. One of Adelaide's best Indian restaurants. Beautifully decorated, with classical music playing and impeccable service. The very hot curries (vindaloo and tindaloo) are especially good. You might also consider trying the mixed entree or orange sponge cake. -34.9283138.594110 Nu Thai, 117 Gouger St, ☏ +61 8 8410 2288. Slightly more expensive than Regent, with a more adventurous menu. They have a huge blackboard inside with a long list of specials which change regularly. -34.9037138.5948811 Regent Thai, 165 O'Connell St, ☏ +61 8 8239 0927. Excellent and consistent standard Thai menu. The friendly proprietor Chang was a refugee from the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. Try the oysters in coriander sauce, the red curry chicken, or ask for a whole fish steamed with ginger and shallots. Its sister restaurant at Glenelg, Phuket, is worth checking out as well. Mains $13-18.. -34.9205138.596712 Shiki Restaurant, North Terrace (Intercontinental Hotel Adelaide), ☏ +61 8 8231 2382. Japanese restaurant with a nice atmosphere in one of Adelaide's premier hotels. Mainly known for its teppanyaki but also serves other Japanese dishes like sushi, sashimi and tempura. There are pubs and bars dotted all around the CBD, but a few districts are worth singling out. Rundle Street and its neighbouring area known simply as "The East End" have a number of popular pubs. Hindley St used to be notorious as the seedy home of Adelaide's strip clubs and bikie bars, but it, and "The West End" have undergone a renaissance. The eastern end of Hindley Street is more mainstream, whereas the western end, west of Morphett Street has a few trendier and more alternative venues. The seedy places are still there, but so too is a university campus and a number of trendy bars and clubs. Also important are Gouger Street and its many restaurants but with an increasing number of bars and pubs. O'Connell Street is home to a few of North Adelaide's popular pubs. There are also many bars in the suburbs of Adelaide which usually are busier on Thursday and Friday evenings. Quite a lot of the locals will go to the hotels in the suburbs on Thursday and Friday evenings, and go into the Adelaide CBD on Saturday evenings. As a rule, pubs seem to be located in hotels. -34.9209138.59741 Grandstand, North Terrace (Adelaide Casino, North Ter. ), ☏ +61 8 8212 2811. Su-Th 10AM-late, F Sa 11AM-5:30AM. Situated on the 1st floor of Adelaide Casino, Grandstand is Adelaide's premier venue for watching all live sporting events. Featuring several TV screens showing all the action from Fox Sports, Setanta and Main Event, Grandstand also has full Keno and TAB facilities. A bar menu is also available, as are regular great drink promotions. -34.92369138.608542 Crown & Anchor, 196 Grenfell St, ☏ +61 8 8223 3212. M-W 11AM-3AM, Th-Sa 11AM-4AM. Situated just off Rundle St, this Adelaide institution is often referred to as "The Cranker", or less kindly, the "Crowd of Wankers" attracts those of an alternative bent. Goths, metalheads, punks and hippies all mingle in this multi-roomed venue, sipping beer. But don't worry, piercings and tattoos aren't essential to have a good time. Music playing could be just about anything. -34.92327138.591683 Worldsend, 208 Hindley St, ☏ +61 8 8231 9137. M-F 11AM-late, Sa 4PM-late, Su closed. Serves food all day. This lively pub features a beer garden and a solid restaurant. The crowd is generally early to mid 20s, many from the nearby Hindley Street campus of the University of South Australia. While it definitely has a strong pub feel, the music is more like a bar, with live jazz and funk, house and drum'n'bass (rather than rock) the order of the day. -34.92237138.608764 The Exeter, 246 Rundle St, ☏ +61 8 8223 2623. This friendly old-school pub is much frequented by students from nearby Adelaide University and TAFE. At night, it has an alternative feel drawing crowds from all areas. Two back rooms contain a great little restaurant. The curry nights on Wednesday and Thursday are popular. Small music venue, mostly showcasing live alternative bands. M-Su 11AM-late. -34.9075138.59675 The Archer, 60 O'Connell St, ☏ +61 8 8361 9300. Modern, hip feel and a large range of beers on tap. Be aware that it has to close earlier than most places (usually midnight) due to residential noise restrictions. -34.9263138.5926 The Cumberland Arms (The Cumby), 205 Waymouth St, ☏ +61 8 8231 3577. M 9AM-midnight, Tu 9AM-1AM, W-Th 9AM-3AM, F Sa 6PM-4AM, Su 6PM-2AM. In a strip of bars and clubs along the southern end of Light Square adjacent to Hindley St. The Cumberland was bought out and refurbished some years ago. Nowadays it's a cozy spot which does a good job of being all things to all people. The front bar areas conceal a dance floor within, where a DJ is invariably playing house, and an outdoor area around the side. The popularity of "The Cumby" is cyclic, but if it's not happening, one of the adjacent places will be. -34.92607138.591027 The Grace Emily, 232 Waymouth St ((Opposite "The Cumberland)), ☏ +61 8 8231 5500. The Grace has plenty of trinkets behind and around the bar to keep one's eyeballs busy whilst nursing a Coopers or bloody mary. Local, interstate and overseas bands play most nights. Every Monday night Billy Bob's BBQ Jam sees a variety of local bands strut their stuff to impress the crowd with 3 or 4 songs (though perhaps more by popular demand) whilst a sausage sizzle out the beer garden feeds the hordes - a highlight of an otherwise quiet evening in Adelaide. -34.92275138.60748 The Austral, 205 Rundle St. Rundle St. On the main street for shopping and nightlife in Adelaide, which is really the same long street as Hindley St but with a different name either side of King William Road, and the pedestrian only Rundle Mall in the middle. The Austral is the unofficial backpackers pub of choice. -34.9318138.606379 The Original Coopers Alehouse (also known by the original name still on the front facade The Earl of Aberdeen), 316 Pulteney St (10 minute walk from the Rundle St-Pulteney St intersection), ☏ +61 8 8223 6433. The only pub to hold the complete range of Coopers beers on tap, including the Vintage Ale. Also serves good food, including schnitzels and pizzas, in the attached Arnou Woodfired at the Earl restaurant. -34.92259138.6106310 The Stag, 299 Rundle St (cnr of Rundle and East Tce). More up market establishment, with good views of the parklands from the al fresco seating, good range of drinks and weekly live music. The second floor balcony literally overlooked the old Formula 1 street circuit and was always crammed with race fans. With the shortened Clipsal 500 course this is no longer possible, but still a good place to go after the days races. -34.92581138.5969811 The Union Hotel, 70 Waymouth St Adelaide, ☏ +61 8 8231 2144, [email protected]. Open most days 11AM-1AM. Good value meals every night including cheap pizza night every Monday. On Friday nights the crazy is dialed up with Generation Pop, a mix of pop music from retro to modern and very popular with the after work crowd (7:30PM-1AM). Saturdays is Get Back, Adelaide's only weekly retro dance club playing music from the 1950s-80s (8PM-1AM). Entry is free to both nights. Crowd is a healthy mix of ages, even after dark. (updated Jul 2018) -34.92421138.5974912 Zhivago, 155 Waymouth St. This West End bar attracts a friendly, relaxed, mid-20s crowd. -34.9226138.6041813 First Lounge Bar & Restaurant, 128 Rundle Mall (in the Richmond Hotel), ☏ +61 8 8223 4044. The only nightspot on Rundle Mall. First started life as a chilled out cocktail bar, but rapidly became popular as an after-work spot on Fridays, and could now also be filed under "clubs". On weekends they are packed out and play commercial house, but on weeknights it reverts to the original cocktail bar atmosphere. -34.92237138.6096414 Fumo Blu, 270 Rundle St, ☏ +61 8 8232 2533. Below ground cocktail lounge in the heart of Rundle St. -34.9231138.594615 Rocket Bar, 142 Hindley St, ☏ +61 8 8212 7433. Inconspicuously located off Hindley St (it's a door with a sign above it). Live venue hosting international/interstate and local alternative indie acts. Also home to indie/alternative Modular nights and Abracadabra on Fridays. Open every weekend until late. -34.92351138.5921816 Jive, 181 Hindley St. Open every weekend and sometimes during the week.. 300-person capacity mainly live venue that hosts local and interstate rock/alternative/indie acts. Also home to indie/alternative dance club Gosh! on Saturdays after the bands. There is a choice of backpacker accommodation around the central bus station. -34.92624138.594631 Adelaide Central YHA, 135 Waymouth St, ☏ +61 8 8414-3010, fax: +61 8 8414-3015, [email protected]. $75, en suite: $90, dorm: $25.50 (YHA/Hostelling International members 10% discount).. -34.9329138.61272 Adelaide Travellers Inn, 220 Hutt St, ☏ +61 8 8224-0753, [email protected]. Nomads Mad card members receive $2 off per night or their 7th night free. -34.92279138.60743 The Austral, 205 Rundle St, ☏ +61 8 8223-4660. The Austral is a pub which provides accommodation upstairs from the bar area. Rooms are clean and fairly quiet despite the bar downstairs, although the mattresses aren't great quality. Bathrooms are shared. Close to Adelaide's centre. Double $55, single $35. -34.92372138.599814 Blue Galah, 62 King William St, ☏ +61 8 8231-9295, toll-free: 1800 221 529, fax: +61 8 8231-9598, [email protected]. Just one block from Rundle St Mall but no smoking rules not enforced so best to avoid if you do not carry your own gas mask/filtration system. Not the cleanest or quietest place but has a great bar with balcony overlooking King William St and CBD. Wi-Fi: $5/day, $15/wk. Dorm: $24 (weekly rates too); private single/twin/double: $70. -34.93145138.60425 Hostel 109, 109 Carrington St, ☏ +61 8 8223-1771. Small, quiet, modern, secure & centrally located. Very clean. Free internet. -34.92647138.590136 My Place Adelaide, 257 Waymouth St, ☏ +61 8 8221 5299, toll-free: 1800 221 529, [email protected]. Very clean, good social vibe, free breakfast & free bus to Glenelg beach. BBQ nights, beach volleyball & soccer organised. -34.92329138.596327 Plaza Hotel, 85 Hindley St, ☏ +61 8 8231-6371, fax: +61 8 8231-2055, [email protected]. Double $72, single $66. -34.92644138.595918 Shakespeare International Hostel, 123 Waymouth St (150m north of Bicycle SA free bike hire & central bus station), ☏ +61 8 8231-7655, toll-free: 1800 556 889, fax: +61 8 8211-6867, [email protected]. Check-in: noon, check-out: 9:30AM. Good compromise between cleanliness and price, this hostel attracts an eclectic mix of long term residents and tour parties leaving early from the nearby bus station. Has a large lounge for socialising and the kitchen is kept surprisingly clean. Will not store passports safely so, if this is a concern, pay a bit more at the YHA a few doors down. -34.92539138.599419 Ambassadors Hotel, 107 King William Street, ☏ +61 8 8231 4331. Midrange hotel in the heart of the city in a historic building. Great bar. (updated Sep 2017) -34.9243138.608410 Mantra on Frome, 88 Frome St, ☏ +61 8 8223 9000, toll-free: 1300 987 604, fax: +61 8 8223 9014, [email protected]. 4-star apartment hotel. 72 studio, 1, 2 and 3 bedroom apartments, most with private balconies, fully-equipped kitchens and laundry facilities. All have living and dining areas with cableTV and in-house movies. -34.92491138.6046611 Mantra Hindmarsh Square, 55-67 Hindmarsh Sq, ☏ +61 8 8412 3333, toll-free: 1300 987 604, fax: +61 8 8412 3344, [email protected]. Short stroll from the Rundle Mall and Rundle Street dining precinct. 179 studios, 1 & 2 bedroom A/C suites with kitchenette, bathroom and laundry facilities. Some suites also offer a private balcony with views across the city. -34.92364138.5900912 BreakFree on Hindley, 255 Hindley St, ☏ +61 8 8217 2500, toll-free: 1300 987 604, fax: +61 8 8217 2519, [email protected]. 142 self-contained studio and 2-bedroom apartments in West End. Well-appointed spacious apartments with modern amenities. -34.93089138.5897113 BreakFree Directors Studios, 259 Gouger St, ☏ +61 8 8213 2500, toll-free: 1300 987 604, fax: +61 8 8213 2519, [email protected]. Boutique hotel within proximity to the CBD, Central Market and restaurants. Holiday Inn Express Adelaide City Centre, 30 Blyth St, ☏ +61 8 8112 3000, [email protected]. Comfortable, but at the start of the seedy end of Hindley Street. rates from $107. -34.9246138.599914 Quest Adelaide Central (Quest on King William), 82 King William St, ☏ +61 8 8217 5000, fax: +61 8 8217 5050, [email protected]. Serviced apartments available for short-term or long term rental. 1-bedroom apartments from $145 short-term or $135 for long-term rentals. -34.922138.605415 Mansions on Pulteney (Quest Mansions), 21 Pulteney St, ☏ +61 8 8232 0033, fax: +61 8 8223-4559, [email protected]. Serviced apartments available for short-term or long term rental. Studio apartments $138 short-term, $111 long-term. 1-bedroom apartments from $196 short-term, $158 for long-term rentals. -34.936138.588916 Rydges South Park Adelaide, 1 South Terrace (next to the southern parklands), toll-free: 1300 857 922. Views to the Adelaide Hills and features 97 rooms with 9 spa suites. -34.92214138.5944117 Oaks Embassy, 96 North Terrace, ☏ +61 8 8124 9900, [email protected]. In CBD, This property contains a range of apartments with free Wi-Fi,indoor heated swimming pool access, gymnasium and parking facilities. (updated May 2017) -34.92688138.5935818 iStay Precinct, 185 Morphett Street, ☏ +61 7 3246 1732, [email protected]. A collection of 1 and 2 bedroom apartments with kitchen and laundry facilities, Jacuzzi, an indoor heated pool, spa, and steam room. (updated May 2017) -34.929534138.59877319 Hilton Adelaide, 233 Victoria Sq, ☏ +61 8 8217 2000, fax: +61 8 8217 2001, [email protected]. Deluxe king sized rooms from $250/night. -34.92695138.6001820 Adina Grand Adelaide Treasury (formerly Grand Adelaide Treasury), 2 Flinders St, ☏ +61 8 8112 0000, fax: +61 8 8112 0199, [email protected]. 80 studio rooms and 1-2 bedroom apartments in the former State Treasury building. The hotel overlooks Victoria Square and is only minutes to Rundle Mall and Adelaide Central Market. Studio rooms from $210. -34.92611138.5974721 Peppers Waymouth Hotel (formerly Rendezvous Grand Hotel Adelaide), 55 Waymouth St (Central business district), ☏ +61 8 8115 8888, [email protected]. -34.92198138.5985722 Stamford Plaza Adelaide, 150 North Ter, ☏ +61 8 8461 1111, fax: +61 8 8231 7572, [email protected]. Queen sized rooms from $225. -34.92066138.5965723 InterContinental Adelaide, North Terrace, ☏ +61 8 8238 2400. $344. (updated Mar 2016) -34.92318138.6062624 Pullman Adelaide Hotel (formerly Crowne Plaza Adelaide), 16 Hindmarsh Square, ☏ +61 8 8206 8888. There are Telstra payphones thruout the city and North Adelaide, and 5G connection is generally the standard in this area. Free public Wi-Fi can be found at any library, and is not too hard to find.
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Course Title: Introduction to Mechanical Engineering Lecture Topic: Engineering Estimation Instructor: Dr. Constantine Tarawneh Institution: The University of Texas-Pan American Course Objectives Primary Objectives- By the next class period students will be able to: Perform some basic engineering estimation. Perform basic engineering unit conversions. Understand the importance of estimation in engineering applications. Sub Objectives- The objectives will require that students be able to: Identify basic conversion factors for common engineering and scientific units. Apply knowledge gained from previous courses to the problem at hand. Difficulties- Students may have difficulty: Identifying appropriate units and conversion factors. Relating unconventional units to standard units. Real-World Contexts- There are many ways that students can use this material in the real-world, such as: Estimating amount of refrigerant leakage from common air-conditioning devices. Relating unconventional units to common units for use in engineering applications. Model of Knowledge Concept Map Identify common conversion factors needed in everyday engineering applications. Relate unconventional units to standard scientific and engineering units. Apply knowledge gained from previous courses to perform basic engineering estimations. Understand the importance of being able to perform basic engineering estimations as a first step towards solving more complex engineering problems. Content Priorities Enduring Understanding Understand how to perform fundamental engineering estimations. Important to Do and Know Become familiar with the common engineering units and conversion factors. Worth Being Familiar with Relations between conventional and unconventional units. Assessment of Learning Formative Assessment In Class (groups) Discussion of the three basic systems of units (SI, US Customary, and English) Discussion of the basic engineering units Discussion of the common unit conversion factors Discussion of the differences between conventional and unconventional units Homework (individual) Attempt several estimation problems derived from engineering applications. Summative Assessment In class quizzes. In class exams. OBJECTIVE By the next class period, students will be able to: Perform basic engineering estimations related to their field of study. Understand the importance of engineering estimation as a first step towards solving more complex engineering problems. The objectives will require that students be able to: Be familiar with the basic engineering units and unit conversion factors in the three different unit systems. Relate conventional units to unconventional units as part of the engineering estimation techniques. THE CHALLENGE Oh no! My 1987 Toyota Corolla needs R22 refrigerant!!! You live in Edinburg, TX where the weather is warm all year long and extremely hot in the summer. You notice in January that your car air-conditioner is not working as efficiently as it used to but you ignore the problem since the air-conditioner is still working and the weather is not that hot yet. The problem persists and you notice that the performance of the air-conditioner is getting systematically worst. In July, you take your car for a check up and the mechanic tells you that you have a refrigerant leak at a rate of one drop every three minutes. The mechanic also explains that since your car is an older model it uses R22 refrigerant which can't be purchased in the US anymore. The mechanic explains that he can fix the leak but you will have to provide him with R22 refrigerant which can only be purchased from Mexico City. You would like to estimate the amount of refrigerant that has leaked from your car-refrigeration system before you purchase because you do not want to make the trip to Mexico City and not buy enough refrigerant or buy more than you need (consider that one gallon of R22 Refrigerant costs $80 and that they only sell it in half gallon increments). GENERATE IDEAS Students will have to come up with logical assumptions that will help them solve this estimation problem. Students will research independently for ways to estimate the total amount of refrigerant that has leaked over the past six months. Students will research independently for ways to convert the volume of refrigerant lost from number of drops to gallons. Students will have to explore the accuracy of different techniques used to measure volume by conducting simple experiments. MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES Students will discuss their different ideas through brain storming before performing experiments. RESEARCH & REVISE Once experiments are performed and data is collected, students will share their results and discuss differences in the techniques utilized to measure volume and their methodologies for converting the number of drops to gallons. Based on the shared information, some students might want to revise their estimates based on the new shared information. TEST YOUR METTLE Students will compare their estimates and discuss variations in their results. Students will also explore the effects of their assumptions on the obtained estimate and check the validity of their answers. Questions like: "Does this estimate seem reasonable?" or "How many gallons are needed to completely fill the cars air-conditioning unit?" should be investigated and answered. Furthermore, in order to maximize the benefits of this exercise, an examination of the accuracy of the different techniques used to obtain the estimates should be performed. GO PUBLIC Three representative groups of students will be selected to present to the rest of the class the methodologies they followed to obtain their estimates. The three groups presenting will contain the best estimate, a reasonable estimate, and a poor estimate but this will only be known to the instructor. After the groups share their results, the class will be asked to evaluate the various estimates and discuss their accuracy. After a thorough discussion among the students in the classroom, the instructor will reveal the most efficient procedure to attain the best estimate and will discuss the shortcomings of other methods followed. At this point, some time will be set aside for final comments and conclusions. How many days are there in a year? How many minutes are there in a day? How many systems of units are there? What are the most common units of volume that you know? How many liters are there in a gallon? How many liters are there in a cubic foot? Is there a direct conversion between number of drops and gallons? How can you measure the volume of a liquid? Mention as many methods or techniques as you know. What factors affect the accuracy of measurements? How can you improve the accuracy of measurements? In the challenge presented earlier, what are the major sources of error that will affect your estimation? What can you do to improve the accuracy of your estimate? How can you determine the accuracy of digital and analog devices? What is the difference between accidental (random) and systematic errors in measuring devices? What is the difference between accuracy and precision? When is engineering estimation acceptable?
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Jussi Kristian Halla-aho (born April 27, 1971) is a Finnish politician and member of parliament representing the True Finns. Regarding the homosexual at Tehtaanpuisto park I briefly considered getting my gun from the upstairs and shooting him in the head. Would the gratification from it exceed the annoyance of serving time in jail? Violence is these days a very undervalued method of solving problems. Jussi Halla-aho (2003), published in the blog Scripta Katuhäirinnästä, October 17, 2003 Retroactively opposing the Holocaust is nicer and easier than getting involved in solving present-day problems. It is nice to accuse the Germans because cosi fan tutti. Armenians are irrelevant, because Armenians don’t own Hollywood and the American media. Jussi Halla-aho (2004), published in the blog Scripta Kansanmurhista ja niiden muistamisesta, January 28, 2004 The only measurable and therefore undebatably existing human value is the instrumental value of an individual. There can be a justified hierarchy of individuals based on how much the removal of their talents or skills would weaken the community. Jussi Halla-aho (2005), published in the blog Scripta Ihmisarvosta, April 13, 2005 I am throughly confused as to why muslims have such a great desire to inflict pain on those who are in a weaker position, such as animals, children and women. I think this pattern is pretty clear. Why do muslims jump around ululating with their dicks hard whenever heads get chopped off or someone gets whipped? Jussi Halla-aho (2005), published in the blog Scripta Mietteitä kansainvaelluksesta, April 20, 2005 It is hard for me to think about a lower reptile in the universe than a Scandinavian social democrat. The most slimy subscpecies of this reptile is the Swedish social democrat. Jussi Halla-aho (2006), published in the blog Scripta Sosiaalidemokraatin selkäranka, March 23, 2006 From the Leftist point of view isolated ghettoes mainly populated by isolated immigrant groups are an ideal solution. Complete dependency on the political left makes the immigrant population loyal supporters of the left. Because the ghettoes are isolated, they only disturb the image of well-being in Sweden to an extent that can be covered up with effective media self-censorship and “education”. At the same time the dependence of the political Left on the ghettoes not only prevents it from taking any effective measures to stop the ghettoization (you cannot criticize your voters) but also makes stopping the ghettoization undesirable. Jussi Halla-aho (2006), published in the blog Gates of Vienna Multicultural Discourse in Finland and Sweden, August 30, 2006 The ruling Left milks the working Swedes to maintain a predominantly idle immigrant population, who thankfully vote for the Left. Swedish society has to support two parasites, each living in a symbiotic relationship with the other. That is, in this particular game of thought. Jussi Halla-aho (2006), translation published in the blog Multicultural Discourse in Finland and Sweden, August 30, 2006 Why do the voters let all this happen? It is because Westerners like to be ‘good’ people and believe that their fellow men are equally good people. It is because they have humane values.” “It is because the moral and ethical values of Western man have made him helpless in the face of wickedness and immorality. Jussi Halla-aho (2006), translation published in the blog Multicultural Discourse in Finland and Sweden, August 30, 2006 All muslims are not terrorist, but in an European perspective this is irrelevant. What is relevant is that all terrorists are muslim. Jussi Halla-aho (2006), published in the blog Scripta Islamin yleisestä ja erityisestä suvaitsevaisuudesta, September 21, 2006 Amount of rapes are increasing. Because therefore more and more women will be raped, my earnest wish is that right women will be raped by predators choosing their victims randomly. Green-left-winger reformers and their voters. Rather them than others. Nothing else will work for them, but multiculture that hits their own ankle. Jussi Halla-aho (2006), published in the blog Scripta [original finnish text] in http://www.halla-aho.com/scripta/monikulttuurisuus_ja_nainen.html, December 20, 2006 Regarding the controversial article “Society consists of people”, it is a fact that negroes or negroid, Sub-Saharan persons live in something resembling a western society only in places where order is kept by a white system of violent dominance (police, army and the justice system). It is likewise a fact that the so-called western structures start to crumble and sinking towards the typical African state of being starts immediately as blacks reach a majority or dominant position. Examples of this include post-independence Haiti and post-apartheid South Africa. Jussi Halla-aho (2007), published in the blog Scripta Lisäyksiä edelliseen, May 9, 2007 An Afro who gets dragged into Helsinki from an African savannah pollutes no less with his conspicuous consumption than an ethnic Finn. He will probably pollute more because moving from the stone age directly into the modern world deprives him of ecological conscience typical of a western human being. Jussi Halla-aho (2007), published in the blog Scripta Hyvää kesää!, June 21, 2007 The fact that we do not have a demonstrable gun problem disturbs our “progressives” in a terrible manner. For years they have been dying for something like Jokela to happen. So that they can yell triumphantly: “We told you, didn’t we!” This is their great moment. Like vultures they are feeding on the corpses of those who died at Jokela. As a gunowner I find that annoying. As a human being I find it repulsive. Jussi Halla-aho (2007), published in the blog Gates of Vienna Inter Arma, November 30, 2007 Prophet Mohammed was a pedophile and Islam is a religion sanctifying pedophilia, it is indeed a pedophile religion. Pedophilia is the will of Allah. Jussi Halla-aho (2008), published in the blog Scripta Muutama täky Illmanin Mikalle, June 6, 2008 Robbing bystanders and living parasitically on tax money is a national, perhaps even genetical special trait of the Somalis. Jussi Halla-aho (2008), published in the blog Scripta Muutama täky Illmanin Mikalle, June 6, 2008 Halla-aho was condemned for hate speech by Finland’s Supreme Court in June 2012 due to the above two quotes. However, I try not to think that way, because not all the women are like Virtanen, Biaudet and Filatov. Rapes will eventually get more frequent. Because, this being the case, more women will be raped anyway, I sincerely hope that the predators who randomly pick their victims would catch the right women meaning green-left liberals and their voters. It is rather them than someone else. For them nothing else works except if they get to taste their own multicultural medicine. Jussi Halla-aho (2008), published in the blog Vasarahammer Multiculturalism and Woman, October 19, 2008 It is justified to consider the Nürnberg trials a farce. Guilt was decided in advance, and the justifications for the sentences were absurd. For an example Alber Speer (an architect) got a long sentence since he knew about the holocaust but didn't try to prevent it. As if a person living in a dictatorship should fight against the dictatorship even if it costs his life. Jussi Halla-aho (2010), on Hommaforum, November 16, 2010. What is needed in Greece right now is a military junta, which would not need public approval and could use tanks against strikers and demonstrators. Jussi Halla-aho on Facebook in 2011. Halla-aho was suspended for two weeks by his parliamentary group in June 2011 due to this quote on Greece. The migration of peoples destroys Europe, but it also ruins the Third World. The shovelling of money that has lasted for half a century into a bottomless well called Africa has led to nothing but increasing misery. Half a century of cultural enrichment in Europe has led to nothing but ghettos and the unprecedented popularity of extreme right-wing parties — perhaps surprisingly, exactly where the culture has been most enriched. I believe that removing this misery is really not the objective, which would for example force the Africans to survive on their own and to strike back at their dictators, who live on “development cooperation”. The Western intellectual zeitgeist is dependent on the misery in Africa. An intellectual needs someone to pamper, because that’s what makes the intellectual necessary. The thought of an independent but truly different African is, to him, intolerable, because only a miserable, helpless and dependent (but of course, similar enough to be understandable and lovable) African offers him a chance to be “good”. He can be “good” only if there is a rising mass of “evil” that is tired of the apathy and begging of the Third World. Jussi Halla-aho (2012), published in the blog Gates of Vienna Then the Darkness Will Begin, August 16, 2012. (Note: J.H-A has never published anything in the G.o.V. Translations, publications and quotations have been made by other people) A culture where a) little girls are gang raped b) raped little girls are murdered in order to protect the community’s honour is dark barbarism of such an extent that is difficult for a Western person to understand. Further cognitive dissonance is caused for the tolerantly aware by maintaining their faith in the wonderfulness of the Islamic culture and, in general, the equality of all cultures. That’s why discussion of the actual subject is avoided like the plague, and attention is moved to something that has nothing at all to do with the subject, for example, to the under-representation of women in stock-listed companies, or domestic violence. Jussi Halla-aho (2012), published in the blog Gates of Vienna Some thoughts about honour violence, September 01, 2012. (Note: J.H-A has never published anything in the G.o.V. Translations, publications and quotations have been made by other people) Wikipedia has an article about: Jussi Halla-aho
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The Punisher is a 2005 action game which stars the Marvel Comics antihero, The Punisher. After his family was murdered by the mafia, Frank Castle devoted his life to the punishment of criminals. Players take control of the vigilante hero to track down criminals and kill them. The game's story is a loose mixture of the 2004 film, as well as the 2000 mini-series, Welcome Back, Frank. Frank: [During the opening movie before the Crackhouse] New York City. Forget the things you've heard about the place. About the "New" New York. Hell's Kitchen is called Clinton. Park... Full of tourists. But it's not real. The old New York is waiting just below the surface. There's nothing to help you when the darkness falls. You're laid open so the world can rummage in your guts. Just because the mayor chased away the monsters, chased them to Brooklyn and the Bronx, don't think this place has changed. Not in it's heart. Not where it lives. Do not fall in New York City. No one's gonna catch you. Detective Soap: It's just like Ulysses fighting that lion in Roman legend: cut off one head, and two more appear! Molly: Soap, that's Hercules fighting the Hydra, and it's a Greek legend. Detective Soap: Yeah, whatever, it's still a good metaphor. Frank: Analogy. Detective Soap: Whatever! Mortician: All this blood, I'll never get it from between the floorboards. [he sees the Punisher] Mortician: It's you! The Punisher! Don't shoot! I'm the mortician, I own this establishment. I'd like to thank you for everything you've done for me these past few years. Your handiwork has put my three kids through college! Well, I suppose you have more people to punish. Mob member: You're gonna burn in Hell! Frank: been to Hell, now I'm back. Yakuza member: You dig your own grave! Frank: I dug mine long ago. Wikipedia has an article about: The Punisher (2005 video game)
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127 Hours is a 2010 film, based on a true story, about a mountain climber who becomes trapped under a boulder while canyoneering alone near Moab, Utah and resorts to desperate measures in order to survive. Directed by Danny Boyle. Written by Danny Boyle and Simon Beaufoy, based on the book Between a Rock and a Hard Place by Aron Ralston. There is no force more powerful than the will to live. (taglines) What you're looking at there is my arm, going into the rock... and there it is, stuck. It's been without circulation for 24 hours. It's pretty well gone. If the color doesn't come across on the video, it's grey and blue. Unnhhhhh.......I can't take it in my ass anymore. God, I am praying to you for guidance. I'm trapped in Blue John Canyon - you probably know that - and I don't know what I am supposed to do. I've tried everything I can think of. I need some new ideas. Please show me a sign. [long pause] OK, then, God, since you're apparently busy: Devil, if you're listening, I need some help here. I'll trade you my arm, my soul, whatever you want. Just get me out of here. You want me never to climb again, I can give that up. Just show me the dotted line. I've been thinking about what my friend Rob in Aspen says to me several... frequently... Several times that, confusingly, 'It's not what you do but who you are'. I kind of got hung up on that a lot, because I always thought who I was, was very much wrapped up with what I did. That I was happy because of the things that I did that made me happy. If things you do make you happy, then they can also make you unhappy. I think that's why I found myself being as ambitious and energetic - [The wind interrupts him and he shivers and mutters] It's cold... this place is an ice-box at night... And killing winds. [speaks louder] - to do all the outings that I did. Good morning, everyone! It's 6:45 Tuesday morning in BJ Canyon! The weather is great. I figure by now that Leona, my housemate - Hi, Leona! - has missed me hopefully since I didn't show up last night. Another hour and a half they'll miss me for not showing up at work... Hi, Brion at work! Best case scenario is they notify the police and after a 24 hour hold they file a report, a missing person's report. Which means noon tomorrow it's official that I'm gone. I do still have the tiniest bit of water left. Well, actually, I've resorted... I've had a couple pretty good gulps of urine that I saved in my Camelbak. I sort of let it distill... It tastes like hell. So, it's 70 hours since I left on my bike from Horseshoe Trailhead during which time I have consumed 3 liters of water, a couple of mouthfuls of piss... [pauses a couple of seconds] Did I say the weather is great? Well, it is. Though flash floods potential is still present. There's four-prong major canyons upstream from me that all converge in this 3 foot wide gap where I am. The rock I pulled down on top of me, it was put there by flood. Still, I'd get a drink. [pauses again, while he drinks and shudders] Mom, Dad, I really love you guys. I wanted to take this time to say the times we've spent together have been awesome. I haven't appreciated you in my own the way I know I could. Mom, I love you. I wish I'd returned all of your calls, ever. I really have lived this last year. I wish I had learned some lessons more astutely, more rapidly, than I did. I love you. I'll always be with you. This next part may not be for all viewers at home. It's a little after eight. At precisely eight o'clock I took my last sip of clean water... and... hide your eyes, Mom... I made an attempt - a short career in surgery, as it turned out - those knives are just not anywhere close to the task. I've got about an inch-wide gash in my arm that goes about a half inch deep. I cut down through the skin and the fatty tissue, and through some of the muscle. I think I cut a tendon, but I'm not sure. I'll never saw through the bones with this knife. I tried, anyways. It really just didn't go well. The tourniquet is relaxed at this point. Which actually is a little bothersome, considering I'm not bleeding that bad, barely at all. It's so weird. You'd expect to definitely see more pulsing and bleeding, but oh well. I'm really fucked now. I'm out of water. God, it's Aron again. I still need some help. It's getting bad here. I'm out of water and food. Listen. Give me the strength not to do anything against myself. I want to see this through, whatever. I did this Aron. I created this. The boulder did what it was here to do. It was waiting for me but it did the only natural thing it could do. I chose to come here, I chose to do this descent by myself. I chose not to tell anyone where I was going. I chose to turn away from the women who were there to keep me from getting in this trouble. I wanted it to be like this. Look how far I came to find this spot. It's not that I'm getting what I deserve - I'm getting what I wanted. Good morning everyone! It is seven o’clock here, in Canyonlands, U.S.A. And this morning, on the boulder, we have a very special guest, self-proclaimed American super hero... Aron Ralston! Let’s hear it from Aron! Hi, oh, gosh, it’s, it’s a real pleasure to be here, thank you. Thank you. Hey, can I say “hi” to my mom and dad? Mom and dad? Mustn’t forget mom and dad, right Aron? Yeah, that’s right. Hey mom. I’m really sorry I... I didn’t answer the phone the other night. If I had I would have told you where I was going and then... I probably wouldn’t be here right now. That’s for sure! But like I always say: “Your supreme selfishness, is our gain”. Thank you Aron. Anyone else you’d like to say “hi” to? Brian at work. - Hi, Aron. Hey, I probably won’t be making it in to work today. Ha-ha-ha. Get a load of this guy! Oh, wait, hold on. We’ve got a question coming in from another Aron, in Loser Canyon, Utah. Aron asks: Am I right in thinking even if Brian from work notifies the police, they’ll put a 24-hour hold on it before they file a missing persons report, which means you won’t become officially missing until midday Wednesday at the earliest? Yeah, you’re right on the money there, Aron. Which means, I’ll probably be dead by then. Aron, from Loser Canyon, Utah, how do you know so much? Well, I’ll tell you how I know so much. I volunteer for the rescue service. You see, I’m some kind of a... well a big fucking heart hero. And I can do everything on my own, you see? I do see! Now... is it true that despite, or maybe because you’re a big fucking heart hero, you didn’t tell anyone where you were going? Oh, Yeah, that’s absolutely correct. Anyone? Anyone. Oops. Oops. Oops. There is no force more powerful than the will to live. Every Second Counts James Franco - Aron Ralston Amber Tamblyn - Megan McBride Kate Mara - Kristi Moore Clémence Poésy - Rana Lizzy Caplan - Sonja Ralston Treat Williams - Larry Ralston Kate Burton - Donna Ralston Wikipedia has an article about: 127 Hours 127 Hours quotes at the Internet Movie Database 127 Hours at Rotten Tomatoes The official [1] site
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on Ubuntu sudo apt-get install clang llvm Hardware/Operating system Azure VM | Standard NC6_Promo (6 vcpus, 56 GiB memory) Tesla K80, which has compute capability 3.7. You can find out what card you got via lshw -C display; you can find out the compute capability of your card https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus . Linux (ubuntu 18.04) sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential sudo apt install cmake sudo apt install -y libelf-dev libffi-dev sudo apt install -y pkg-config Install CUDA 10.2 , using instructions https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads?target_os=Linux⌖_arch=x86_64⌖_distro=Ubuntu⌖_version=1804⌖_type=debnetwork wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/cuda-ubuntu1804.pin sudo mv cuda-ubuntu1804.pin /etc/apt/preferences.d/cuda-repository-pin-600 sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/ /" sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install cuda After installation, export two environment variables, vim ~/.bashrc to add two lines export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/bin/ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/lib/ Assuming you are in your home directory cd git clone https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project.git mkdir build cd build/ cmake -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" \ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="X86;NVPTX" \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../llvm \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37 \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=35,37,50,52,60,61,70,75 \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ \ -G "Unix Makefiles" ../llvm-project/llvm time make -j time make -j install Explanation for configuration options -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc // the C compiler used to compile clang/llvm, GCC -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ // the C++ compiler used to compile clang/llvm: G++ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD=X86;PowerPC;NVPTX;AMDGPU // explicitly specify target devices to support, Intel ,Nvidia, IBM, and AMD CPUs or GPUs -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_70 // default GPU computing capability version to support, https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus lists such information. -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 // all GPU computing capability versions to build in libomptarget Other optional options -DGCC_INSTALL_PREFIX=${GCC_PATH} -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/gcc -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/g++ -DCMAKE_Fortran_COMPILER=${GCC_PATH}/bin/gfortran -DCUDA_PATH= // this option should be automatically set if cuda is in your search path -DCUDA_TOOLKIT_ROOT_DIR= // this option should be automatically set if cuda is in your search path -DOPENMP_ENABLE_LIBOMPTARGET=ON // this should be on by default -DLIBOMP_FORTRAN_MODULES=ON -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF // turn off shared libs More examples cmake -G Ninja -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/Users/abc/llvm-research/inst-10.0.1 -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ../llvm/ ninja -j8 ninja install add the path to the installed clang, vim ~/.bashrc export PATH=~/llvm/bin:$PATH export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=~/llvm/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH cd build-openmp cd build-openmp/ cmake -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang;clang-tools-extra;libcxx;libcxxabi;lld;openmp" \ -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \ -DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD="X86;NVPTX" \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../llvm \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37 \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=35,37,50,52,60,61,70,75 \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++ \ -G "Unix Makefiles" ../llvm-project/llvm make -j make -j install Optional options, explictly turn on bitcode lib, and the compiler/linker to build it -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_ENABLE_BCLIB=true -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_CUDA_COMPILER=${PREFIX}/bin/clang -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_BC_LINKER=${PREFIX}/bin/llvm-link Hardware/Operating system Azure VM | Standard NC6_Promo (6 vcpus, 56 GiB memory) Tesla K80, which has compute capability 3.7. You can find out what card you got via lshw -C display; you can find out the compute capability of your card here. Linux (ubuntu 18.04) sudo apt update sudo apt install build-essential sudo apt install cmake sudo apt install -y libelf-dev libffi-dev sudo apt install -y pkg-config Install CUDA 10.2 , using instructions https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads?target_os=Linux⌖_arch=x86_64⌖_distro=Ubuntu⌖_version=1804⌖_type=debnetwork Assuming you current path is /home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm wget https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/cuda-ubuntu1804.pin sudo mv cuda-ubuntu1804.pin /etc/apt/preferences.d/cuda-repository-pin-600 sudo apt-key adv --fetch-keys https://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/7fa2af80.pub sudo add-apt-repository "deb http://developer.download.nvidia.com/compute/cuda/repos/ubuntu1804/x86_64/ /" sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get -y install cuda After installation, export two environment variables, vim ~/.bashrc to add two lines export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/bin/ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/cuda-10.2/lib/ Three steps to download, untar, and put them into the right locations. wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/llvm-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/clang-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/openmp-10.0.0.src.tar.xz wget https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/releases/download/llvmorg-10.0.0/compiler-rt-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf llvm-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf clang-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf openmp-10.0.0.src.tar.xz tar xf compiler-rt-10.0.0.src.tar.xz mv clang-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/tools/clang mv openmp-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/openmp mv compiler-rt-10.0.0.src llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/compiler-rt In the end, the directory layout should look like llvm-10.0.0.src tools/clang projects/openmp projects/compiler-rt You need to know the Compute Capability version of your GPU. https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus lists such information. For example, some typical GPUs and their CC versions are: Tesla K80 3.7, sm_37 Tesla P100 6.0, sm_37 Tesla V100 7.0, sm_37 mkdir build cd build # this step is to generate a make file using cmake. picking gcc/g++ as the compiler cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../install \ -DCLANG_OPENMP_NVPTX_DEFAULT_ARCH=sm_37 \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=gcc \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 ../llvm-10.0.0.src # the screen output of the step above should show the following info: # -- Found LIBOMPTARGET_DEP_CUDA_DRIVER: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcuda.so # -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building offloading runtime library libomptarget. # -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building CUDA offloading plugin. # -- LIBOMPTARGET: Building x86_64 offloading plugin. make -j6 make install -j6 After the installation, you should expand your PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH again export PATH=$PATH:/home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm/install/bin export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm/install/lib You should use the freshly installed clang to rebuild the OpenMP runtime library cd /home/ubuntu/omp5-gpu-llvm mkdir build-openmp cd build-openmp cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$(pwd)/../install \ -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=$(pwd)/../install/bin/clang \ -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=$(pwd)/../install/bin/clang++ \ -DLIBOMPTARGET_NVPTX_COMPUTE_CAPABILITIES=37,60,70 \ ../llvm-10.0.0.src/projects/openmp make -j6 make install -j6 save the following code into a file named ongpu.c #include #include int main() { int runningOnGPU = 0; /* Test if GPU is available using OpenMP4.5 */ #pragma omp target map(from:runningOnGPU) { if (omp_is_initial_device() == 0) runningOnGPU = 1; } /* If still running on CPU, GPU must not be available */ if (runningOnGPU) printf("### Able to use the GPU! ### \n"); else printf("### Unable to use the GPU, using CPU! ###\n"); return 0; } Compile and run it clang -fopenmp -fopenmp-targets=nvptx64-nvidia-cuda ongpu.c ./a.out ### Able to use the GPU! ### ./a.out: error while loading shared libraries: libomp.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory solution export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/pathTo/installed-llvm/lib OpenMP 5 GPU offloading instructions [Fabio]: https://github.com/devitocodes/devito/wiki/OpenMP-5-GPU-offloading-instructions--%5BFabio%5D Clang_with_OpenMP_Offloading_to_NVIDIA_GPUs: https://hpc-wiki.info/hpc/Building_LLVM/Clang_with_OpenMP_Offloading_to_NVIDIA_GPUs OpenMP 5 GPU offloading instructions with Clang 11 [Italo] https://github.com/devitocodes/devito/wiki/OpenMP-5-GPU-offloading-instructions-with-Clang-11-%5BItalo%5D a docker file showing LLVM installation: https://github.com/freeCompilerCamp/play-with-compiler/blob/master/dockerfiles/dind/Dockerfile.llvm10
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ScrapBook is an add-on for Firefox used for download management and bookmarking purposes, created by user Gomita. This extension is especially useful to create off line version of your favorite web pages. Installed Firefox is a prerequisite to use the ScrapBook Open your Firefox and visit the addon page Click "Add to Firefox" and after it the "Install Now" button Restart your Firefox ScrapBook menu appears at the top row between "Bookmarks" and "Tools" To save a single page click ScrapBook > Capture Page To save multiple pages or entire websites click ScrapBook > Capture Page As... Check all file extensions you want to save Choose how many consecutive webpages you want to download (pages linked to one you are currently viewing). Start the download process and right after quickly pause it Uncheck all pages you don't want to be downloaded. You can use also the "Filter" options Start ScrapBook again and let it do the job For easy orientation you could create a table of contents page, and then download pages to "depth" 1 You can open the dowloaded page and use "DOM eraser tool" (lower right corner) to erase parts of pages you don't need home page ScrapbookTutorial-1.2
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Student categories are used to classify students depending on various legal and constitutional entitlements like "Affirmative Actions", "SC/ST", "OBC" etc. You can create as many as you wish but remember to create a category "general" to group students who do not fall in the other special groups. Click the General Settings | Manage Student Categories and create these categories. You can create "subjects" that a student should attend as part of the curriculum. Subjects can be either compulsory or elective. In case of our play school let us create a single subject "Play". For larger schools and colleges you might want to create subjects like "Physics", "Chemistry", "Maths", "Electronics". Click the General Settings | Manage Subjects. Subjects are created for each batch, choose the batch for which you want to create the subjects and create them. Similarly create Elective Subjects. The only difference is that for the cumpulsory subject Fedena automatically assigns all the students but for elective subjects you will have to assign the students yourself based on the elective they have opted for. Since we haven't created any students as yet we will revist this at a later stage. This is all that you need to have Fedena ready to accept your first batch of students.
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The physical parts of a computer system that you can see and touch such as the keyboard,mouse and mouse are called hardware.There are four main categories of computer hardware: Input devices: used to enter data into the computer Processing devices: manipulate the data Storage device: store data and programs Output devices: show results of the process An input device is hardware component that allows you to enter the data or instruction into the computer. There are many manual/automatic input devices. Most widelu used input devices are: Keyboard Point devices 2d/3d scanners keyboard Keyboard is the most commonly used input devices. The basic mechanical keyboard relies on springed keys being pressed down to complete an electrical circuit. This circuit then transmits a binary signal to the computer to represent the key pressed. scanner Here are the steps that a scanner goes through when it scans a document: The document is placed on the glass plate and the cover is closed. The inside of the cover in most scanners is flat white, although a few are black. The cover provides a uniform background that the scanner software can use as a reference point for determining the size of the document being scanned. Most flatbed scanners allow the cover to be removed for scanning a bulky object, such as a page in a thick book. A lamp is used to illuminate the document. The lamp in newer scanners is either a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) or a xenon lamp, while older scanners may have a standard fluorescent lamp. The entire mechanism (mirrors, lens, filter and CCD array) make up the scan head. The scan head is moved slowly across the document by a belt that is attached to a stepper motor. The scan head is attached to a stabilizer bar to ensure that there is no wobble or deviation in the pass. Pass means that the scan head has completed a single complete scan of the document. The image of the document is reflected by an angled mirror to another mirror. In some scanners, there are only two mirrors while others use a three mirror approach. Each mirror is slightly curved to focus the image it reflects onto a smaller surface. The last mirror reflects the image onto a lens. The lens focuses the image through a filter on the CCD array. The filter and lens arrangement vary based on the scanner. Some scanners use a three pass scanning method. Each pass uses a different color filter (red, green or blue) between the lens and CCD array. After the three passes are completed, the scanner software assembles the three filtered images into a single full-color image. finger print technology Fingerprint recognition or fingerprint authentication refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints. Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify individuals and verify their identity. Retina scanner Retina scanner is used to record the pattern of blood vessels at the back of someone eyes.
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Gyeongsan is a city of 240,000 people in North Gyeongsang. It is a suburb of Daegu. Gyeongsan City is in the southern central region of Gyeongsangbuk-do, and is adjacent to Daegu Metropolitan City to the west, Cheongdo-gun to the south, and Yeongcheon-si to the northeast. Gyeongsan City, at the eastern end of the Daegu Basin, is a key point for traffic passing through the Gyeongbu Line, Daegu Line Railroad, Gyeongbu Expressway, and National Route 4 (Industrial Road). Therefore, it serves as a gateway to Daegu from the southeastern regions of Pohang, Gyeongju, Ulsan, and Busan. In addition, Gyeongsan City has a strong character as a suburb of a large city within the daily living area of Daegu as it is connected with Daegu Metropolitan City. Due to such locational characteristics, Gyeongsan City can be said to be a suburb of urban and agricultural complex metropolitan area that performs various functions such as suburban agricultural area, suburban academy city area, and suburban residential and industrial area. Far East is 128° 58’ East longitude ⇒ Maenam-ri, Yongseong-myeon Far west is 128° 41’ east longitude ⇒ Sanjeon-ri, Namcheon-myeon Far south is 35° 42’ north latitude ⇒ Hadori, Namcheon-myeon Far north is 35° 59' north latitude ⇒ Daehan-ri, Wachon-myeon Gatbawi Rock Gyeongsan Municipal Museum Daegu Catholic University Museum Daegu Country Club Daegu University Central Museum Daegu Haany University Museum Samseonghyeon History and Culture Museum Yeungnam University Museum Inter-Burgo Country Club
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Wednesday, January 17, 2007 Apple's lawyers are reportedly pursuing legal action against persons whom they claim are wrongfully using icons, interfaces, and other copyright- or patent-protected materials from its new iPhone on other smart phones, which may have features similar to the iPhone's. Apple has also reportedly contacted at least one blogger who posted screenshots of iPhone icons with "cease and desist" requests, although it should be noted that in the one reported case referenced below, the blogger had also posted a download link to an interface containing features allegedly appropriated from the iPhone. Apple's new gadget was demonstrated at Macworld 2007. Protecting intellectual property can involve a balance between (among other things) allowing some unauthorized use of such material in order to obtain "free promotion" of a company or product, and preventing competitors from "piggybacking" upon original research or upon an established reputation. "Cisco sues Apple for iPhone trademark" — Wikinews, January 17, 2007 "Apple introduces iPhone and Apple TV" — Wikinews, January 12, 2007 "Apple Always Protects Its Products" — Gadgets4boys, January 17, 2007 Stuart Miles. "Apple's lawyers attack bloggers over iPhone icons" — Uk.news.yahoo.com, January 15, 2007
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Yulin (榆林; Yúlín) is a city in Shaanxi Province. Yulin was a garrison town along the Great Wall of China. The town now survives on the extraction of oil found locally. There is daily flight connection to Beijing, Xi'an, and a new Airport has been in place since 2007 which is around 17KM to city center. You can take shuttle bus (25 RMB) or Taxi (40RMB+) to go to city center. Direct train is connecting to Beijing, Xi'an, Shanghai and surrounding cities now. Location - corner of Yuyangzhong Road and Xinjian South Road. Shenmu - takes about 3 hours Xi'an - takes about 8 hours Yan'an - takes about 4 hours Yinchuan - takes about 8 hours 38.334707100937109.718494115011 Hongshi Gorge (红石峡; Hóngshíxiá; lit. Red Stone Gorge), Beiyuemiao Village, Yuyang Town, Yuyang District (榆阳区榆阳镇北岳庙村) (500m before Zhenbeitai; take bus no. 3 and get off at either Zhenbeitai or the Hongshi Reservoir - you can catch the bus from Changcheng North Road, near the Yulin North Bus Station), ☏ +86 912 3531177. 07:00-19:00. Houses 44 cave dwellings, lush garden-like atmosphere, pagodas and massive inscriptions on the cliffsides. ¥30. 38.337507750195109.728259864932 Zhenbei Platform (镇北台; Zhènběitái; lit. Suppress The North Platform), Xibao Highway, Yuyang District (榆阳区西包公路) (7km north of town; take either bus no. 3 or bus no. 5), ☏ +86 912 3821359. 07:30-19:30. One of the largest guard towers on the Ming Great Wall. ¥30. 38.291324123352109.715319448133 North Shaanxi History and Culture Museum (陕北历史文化博物馆, 陕北历史文化博物馆), Ground floor, Run Run Shaw Science & Technology Building, Yulin University, 4 Chongwen Road, Yuyang District (榆阳区崇文路4号 榆林学院校内逸夫科技楼一楼) (bus nos. 2 and 13), ☏ +86 912 3891138, +86 912 3891611, +86 912 3891361. 08:30-11:30, 14:30-17:30, closed on weekends. Free. (updated Jan 2021) Yulin Old Town (榆林古城), Yuyang District (榆阳区). Well preserved with all the old hutongs and courtyards still preserved. Fragrant Cloud Temple (Xiangyun Si) and Bring Gladness Temple (Daixing Si) are hidden in among the hutongs, like jewels among the flowers. 38.290975882045109.752236680984 Daixing Temple (戴兴寺), 19 Jiefang Shang Lane (解放上巷19号) (take bus no. 4 and get off at the Hemorrhoids and Fistula Hospital (痔瘘医院); the temple is near the Yulin No. 10 High School). (updated Jan 2021) 38.293545450694109.747693302935 Kaige Tower (凯歌楼), 3 Wayagao Lane (瓦窑沟巷3号) (200 meters south of the Yulin Drum Tower; on Beida Street (北大街)), ☏ +86 912 3285588. (updated Jan 2021) 38.280456225105109.758405457466 Lingxiao Pagoda (凌霄塔), Shangjun North Road (上郡北路) (opposite Yulin Yangguang Hospital, south of Zhenyuan Gate). (updated Jan 2021) 38.283024530596109.754341058347 Wenchang Pavilion (文昌阁), 216 Nanda Street (南大街216号) (take bus no. 4, 9 or 19 and get off at Yuyang East Road; the Pavilion is just north of Zhenyuan Gate). (updated Jan 2021) 38.299379200594109.752603725798 Wuliang Temple (无量寺), Intersection of Taoyuan Road and Tuofeng North Road (桃源路与驼峰北路交叉口) (bus no. 6 stops just outside the temple). (updated Jan 2021) 38.290090465635109.753091294149 Xiangyun Temple (香云寺) (take bus no. 4 and get off at the city transport administration office (市运管处) on Tuofeng South Road - the temple is about 260 meters northwest of the bus stop). (updated Jan 2021) 38.287415104609109.7512706639510 Xinming Tower (新明楼, Xingming Tower 星明楼), Nanda Street (南大街), ☏ +86 912 3252210. (updated Jan 2021) 38.295362024695109.7469568169111 Yulin Drum Tower (榆林鼓楼), 35 Renmin Road East (人民东路35号) (take bus no. 1, 2, 4, 10, 15 or 16 and get off near the intersection of Renmin East Road and Xinjian North Road), ☏ +86 912 3260495. 07:00-23:00. (updated Jan 2021) Puhui Hotel (Puhui Binguan), Xinjian North Road, ☏ +86 912 3260605. Xiangrui Hotel (Xiangrui Zhaodaisuo), Caolarouzhong Lane. Yingbin Hostel (Yingbin Lushe), 123 Diyi Road, ☏ +86 912 3282635. Ruixiang Hotel (Ruixiang Binguan), Sifangtai Lane, ☏ +86 912 3254366. Yuylu Hotel (Yuylu Binguan), Shanglang North Road. Shenmu Yan'an
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Scenarios are one of the most popular and persuasive methods used in Futures Studies. Government planners, corporate strategists and military analysts use them in order to aid decision-making. The term scenario was introduced into planning and decision-making by Herman Kahn in connection with military and strategic studies done by RAND in the 1950s. A scenario can be defined as: "A rich and detailed portrait of a plausible future world, one sufficiently vivid that a planner can clearly see and comprehend the problems, challenges and opportunities that such an environment would present." A scenario is not a specific forecast of the future, but a plausible description of what might happen. Scenarios are like stories built around carefully constructed plots based on trends and events. They assist in selection of strategies, identification of possible futures, making people aware of uncertainties and opening up their imagination and initiating learning processes. On this wiki, an important element of scenarios is backcasting, that is working back from a possible outcome such as 'a robot in every home', to the enabling steps that are likely to precede it - 'robot surgery'. Our scenarios aim to show event strings that lead to particular destinations - and to be more informative and more plausible for it. Although scenario planning is a rewarding method it is also very demanding. The difficulties in its use can arise from a lack of clear focus, purpose or directions. As a result too many scenario stories can be created and/or their content may not be directly related to the strategic question. So, to be useful as a strategic tool, additional material related to a scenario is needed. Indeed, scenarios should be drawn up to provide insight into particular questions. Questions may be ones such as: What should we do about this possibility? Do we want to encourage it or discourage it, and do we have the tools to do so? What is the likely range of variation on this scenario? Do we have a litmus test to tell us which 'regime' of this scenario we are heading into? What actions should this trigger? In this way a scenario changes from being mere entertainment into being a strategic tool. The original form of scenario planning often used a matrix of factors to analyse. For example, suppose I am setting up a company for making robots, two of the many factors to consider around demand for the product are: Is the demand likely to be high in level or low? Is the demand likely to be continuous or arrive in bursts? This leads to a matrix with four cells, each of which requires slightly different strategy. Sometimes these are given names: Boutique - low demand, constant demand. Commando - low demand, fluctuating demand. Pipeline - high demand, constant demand. Armada - high demand, fluctuating demand. Given these four destinations, I can formulate a strategy to address each such market. If in addition I have a litmus test which tells me which regime the market is heading towards, I can plan ahead. In Shell's scenario planning, the process presented two contrasting scenarios for review each with a carefully chosen mix of factors. In the Shell approach the two scenarios are required to be equally likely, and between them to cover all the 'event strings'/drivers. Ideally they should not be obvious opposites, which might bias their acceptance by users, so the choice of 'neutral' titles is important. For example, Shell's two scenarios at the beginning of the 1990s were titled 'Sustainable World' and 'Global Mercantilism'. In practice this requirement posed few problems for the great majority, 85%, of those in the survey; who easily produced 'balanced' scenarios. The remaining 15% mainly fell into the expected trap of 'good versus bad'. The scenario based planning methodology is an analytic framework tool used for ordering one's perceptions about alternate future environments in which today's decisions might play out. Scenario planning is NOT a predictive mechanism, but a way to manage uncertainty today. Scenario analysis is a process of analysing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes or scenarios (using expert judgment, rather than quantitative forecasts). Each scenario developed tells a story about an "alternative" future world and encourages those who explore it to "stretch" their imaginations and suspend their preconceived judgments in order to develop a perspective on complex events contained in that world. Existing or newly formulated strategies and policies can then be tested against the future scenarios. The method is a powerful planning tool because it is based on the idea that the future is unpredictable; it enables one to ask what the future might hold and to identify relevant actions that can be taken today, no matter how the future turns out. Scenario analysis is one the most popular and widely used method in futures studies and foresighting. Future fluency A discussion of scenrio planning, Visions of the future, backcasting, and the effect of a scenrio on current choices. Technological capacity scenarios Integrated future scenarios Scenario Development using Computer Aided Morphological Analysis. From the Swedish Morphological Society Futures Studies using Morphological Analysis. For the UN University Millennium Project. ScenarioThinking.org — a wiki with 200+ driving forces and a lot of future scenarios. Scenario planning resources - a collection of links to articles, scenarios and other resources related to scenario thinking.
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8/25/09 Where has society’s lust for ownership and possession stemmed from? In past days and cultures, there has been an understanding of a balance and sharing. The evolution of current society turned to an individual mindset of ownership and self enlightenment. It is so inherently rooted in all facets of life; change in my view looks dismal. At which point will the human race awake to what is truly important? Will it be a recession and depression before restructure of community enlightenment? When I speak of community I am of coarse talking about the global and earth biotic community. Every living and natural component of the earth is intertwined in a delicate weave; we have pushed to the brink of unraveling. We as humans must find ourselves connecting with our community members. The idea has been discussed from the dawn of civilization, whether man stewards the land or conquers it. Obviously stewarding is a healthier way of looking at it, but this instills the notion that we are different and above the land that feeds us, quenches our thirst and gives us purpose, gives us life. The balance has been broken! Problems have arisen unforeseen by past generations, inconceivable by past cultures, despicable by past societies. The individual has evolved in such a way to gather knowledge and wisdom from past generations take these ideas and apply them to every day life. We can reason as to what is better for the individual, the family and the greater whole. What must it take to change our perception of the natural world? To where we look deep into our psyche and conscience and find the true belonging of our race and our person. We have great power of mind, and undoubtedly we can use it to further progress our connection and understanding of the world supporting humanity. 9/1/09 Community When looking at the intricate complexities of the natural and biotic world it is hard to see a simple addition equation. All that goes into making up a community which is directly reliant on one another must be more than addition. The statement has been made about various things including the natural world that the total worth of something is only the sum of all its parts. Humans have a way of putting a problem or an idea into something that can be broken down and simplified in order to understand it better. I see this happening often with science, math, etc. because these things are easier to accept and perceive in our brains. What is not easy is seeing the complexities as a whole, and understanding the intricate balance between each creature. There are no separate parts in nature. Without just one part there would be no sum to nature, it would crumble into something unusable by humans and on return humanity would fail. There is an idea that when everything comes together in unison to function with seemingly no purpose so much more is created. As one focuses on the greater picture a different understanding is necessary. A respect stems from the complexities and the beauty of the entire system. There is a beating heart and a thriving soul to the biotic community, which is hard to conceive in our modern understanding and conceptualization of things. How must we get over this? What will help us see the total inherent worth of something that is seen to benefit us and help us gain economic prosperity? As individuals see that economic prosperity is not the way to happiness and in turn detaches us from our life force, they may begin to realize they are apart of the whole community. 9/14/09 community more than the sum of all the parts (revised) Leopold’s writings convey that there is much more to everything, specifically nature, than just the quantitative and mechanical forces. As it is expressed in many locations within A Sand County Almanac and The Land Ethic, inherent worth stems from more than the material makeup of the biotic community. Leopold was a Holist, and agreed with Aristotle’s idea that, “the whole is greater than the some of all its parts.” As an ecologist Leopold believed of the chemical makeup of all living creatures and the biotic community. It is an abstract biological concept which stems from the relationship between all living creatures, and will infuse humans with an interest to view nature more in depth. This is a key moral transition in Leopold’s eyes, and could be the link for humans to truly connect to the natural environment. As so far, in the evolution of human community, we have found that ethics is seen to reside behind the idea that everyone is interconnected. Individuals have there own qualities but when people bond together there is something more, a community; if which functions effectively provides security, wellbeing, and purpose to life. The biotic community functions no differently. There is competition for a spot within the system, but cooperation between the individuals makes it functional. As humans have created a separate social community and become reliant on each other there is an important aspect to remember; our physical presence has a place in the biotic community. Our place is along side the trees, the birds, and the insects, all playing an equal role in the function of the natural world. “The biotic community is so complex that its workings may never be fully understood,” (Leopold 241). While science in its modernity can break things down into the simplest form, the natural interconnection and interdependence is intricately purposeful. Leopold’s land pyramid simplifies the relationship everything has to one another, but truly each and every critter holds within the vitality of the biotic community. With all the parts simply added together or pilled on top of each other, there would be no interconnectedness, hence no community, or survival. opposition to leopold- reductionism A Reductionist makes an oppositional argument towards Leopold’s claim; in first saying, all things can be broken down into the most basic structure, atoms. From here all things can be understood in the way they interact with each other and how they travel through space. Much of the human thought has followed this idea of reduction, forced upon them by modern science. This simplified method of looking at systems makes an understanding of individuals which can be conceptualized by all. Everything can be quantified and understood by the chemical makeup and the physical properties it holds within its self. There is no real proof to the claim; something is more than just a conglomeration of atoms or animals. These are not tangible ideas that one can touch, feel and directly see. Something can only be real when your physical senses detect it. An abstract idea such as personality, as in an individual, or cooperative interdependence in a community can not be proven. Can you believe in something, love it, or respect it when it can not be defined? A reductionist would say that these abstract ideas, which are not easily defined, are romanticized to an extent where it is unbelievable and not concrete; holism is too debatable and there is no one answer. 9/21/09 Rant on climate change It is impossible in the 21st century to go about daily life without hearing stories, research, or claims that our world is changing more drastically than ever. Much of the time it includes human induced issues such as climate change. It is undoubtedly obvious to me that our current predicament is the result of to many centuries of humans living beyond our means. From the first evidence reveled about or impact towards the global climate I knew that something must change. Sure looking at the evidence it seems as though the human community must rectify our mistakes of the past, and reverse as far as we can, our way of living. I think that it is important for us (as humans) to move past our current lifestyle to one where we cooperate with the biotic world. Our progress thus far as humans has been greatly focused on material needs and want pushed from many facets of society. I really do think in order to accomplish a greater respect and view towards what life is we as a species needs to asses how we conduct daily life. While I think change is necessary, I think it should not be done to on such a humanistic view so important to “progress”. More and more I am seeing the egotistical mindset of climate mitigation. Yes we created or invoked the dilemma our race is now facing, but the way in which we are going about dealing with it is all wrong. The world will outlive us, earth is far beyond our small existence. It is humbling to look at how insignificant our population really is. In the billion and trillion year life span of the earth, species will die off and new ones emerge. It must be recognized that humans will cease to exist in time regardless of what we do or do not accomplish. Instead of looking at how to save the earth, we must first look at how to save ourselves, and humanity. Some people might look at this as selfish, but on the contrary if the individual realizes what is truly important in our short lives, that is a mere fraction that of earth, we will gain much more. This is where a more spiritual view of our existence comes in to play. Physical life is cherished more than almost all things in the popular mindset of society, but is there more? It could be said by many that beyond life on earth there is nothing, which could be true. I also could say it is true a small portion of humanity search for something more. This is a fundamental problem as to the way we treat our earth. This along with our vision of what is important to physical life on earth must be reviewed as a way to mitigate climate change. Let humans focus on progress in happiness instead of progress in development. This is all a life question that takes a lot of effort to implement in oneself. It is easy to continue on the same flat path and bypass trails more steep or rocky, but one never gets as far and is never excited to see what the next summit has to offer the eye. Self realization is the fix to our current predicament against climate change. Human transcendence might not end up “saving the earth” but the earth does not need saving. The earth’s intricacies, values, and complexities are infinite. To match this argument I believe that the human mind and spirit is not different, it has just not been realized by us. In order to understand the extent of the earth we must realize the extent of the mind. 9/27/09 "beauty?" The vast space that separates land forms in Arizona has an effect on the human psyche. One of humbling nature almost overwhelms the senses. Still as I wander through the landscape of Arizona there is no idea of emptiness. The intricacies and complicated relationships of every little ecosystem are infinite. Every individual and system extend far past the material composition, there is something greater that gives it existence and purpose. As a whole, the universe and all of its intricacies and connections between every part explain the infinite properties of nature. With in all of the intricacies in nature, beauty is found and explored through personal worth. Given the idea that the universe and earth is not created to human needs is humbling and can be seen through the smallest of connections and reliance’s in nature. Understanding that the universe has a far greater purpose than to sustain human existence is an essential part of finding what is truly beautiful within your self. For beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Or is beauty inherent in all things? Is nature beautiful and man just has to be showed it true value? It must be seen and perceived through the human eye for us to make sense of what nature really truly means and intends to tell us. Is what is being said the backing behind beauty? Or is what we hear the truth for beauty. I say it is a combination; there is something there that is truly beautiful but it must be recognized for its worth to unveil. The greater purpose of nature and the intricate connections it has is beauty in its self, but who is there to recognize this. Again the sublime humbling powers of this woven web of life give tribute to a greater purpose of all things to live and succeed. How is it that our (human race) seems to be the only one that questions the truth and reasons for being? All other creatures almost seem to accept life through all aspects weather it be pain, love, sorrow, beauty, sublime, or inherent worth. Should we as humans simply accept this fact that we are not in the center of existence and accept our existence as is? Look at what has come of the human race and the world from our search of the truth, the meaning of life. Much has been destroyed and much overlooked in our selfish attempts to become something greater arches Just north of Moab a national park captures the attention of thousands of visitors per day. Arches National park, oh the beauty, the stunning complexities of natural processes. A direct result of many thousands of years in the making combined with many variables make the creation of these natural bridges possible. The creation of rock just to be eroded? The natural processes, do they have purpose? Is it a concrete natural law that creates these rocks so they can be sculpted into humbling molds? Nature seems to drum to its own beat, and dance to it as if not to impress anything. Being impressed is an understatement, being humbled cannot begin to explain my feelings, for the dance has rhythm. Oh, the sound of nature, the trickle of water which erodes the sandstone one granule at a time is true harmony. Harmony which I feel within my soul towards the true spirit of nature. This is how humanity is supposed to feel; one with its creator, nurtured by Mother Nature, safe, and alive. All senses are alive and searching for something new, my mind is calm yet stimulated, content for what is given to me by nature. I have gained a respect for nature over the years but am quickly reminded of the power it holds within itself and over me. I am deeply mumbled over the sublime and powerful nature of the thriving environment. Its purposes are not clear to me, but love, beauty, happiness, and respect become apparent while in its presence, and maybe this simplicity is nature’s purpose. To instill values in the soul, deeply yet quietly. Society has made humanity forget what Mother Nature has to offer. She holds all the answers to ones predicaments and can be one to offer great advice, as long as he willing to listen. Where man has been built up into a pile of rock, over time he will be chiseled down into a work of art, an arch, a bridge over the gap of society and nature. Aspens We live in a special place, the south west, Northern Arizona has much to offer the eye and mind. One of the many seasons is the precursor to winter, one which tells the trees to loose there leaves and store the water in its roots. In the process of leaves being transformed into soil they ripen on the tree into an array of splendid colors. The aspens in particular create a display on the peaks which stir deep emotion. I drive my truck as far away from people as possible park and then continue to run from society. I am attempting to learn something new for I cannot focus with constant chatter. Here it is peaceful; here nobody is telling me what to do and how to act, only am I receiving suggestions on how to enjoy the moment. I find this a wonderful place to drop all thoughts and clear the mind of everyday clutter. We are social creatures and thrive within certain social conditions. Innovation, progression, and stimulation are all things important to society and modern day culture. All these things can be found in thy self as well. in fact the importance of digging into the soul and exploring what is important is something not done by many anymore. I suggest that this is not a selfish action and in fact a way to enrich others and their lives. In this way it is not a selfish action to spend time by you and self reflect. More individuals should take it upon themselves to reflect! More Aspen Stories There is an aspen grove in heart prairie of the San Francisco Peaks that I hold very dear to my heart. It is such a beautiful place that really tells a story of the land. The grove is one of the first indicators of fall when the leaves change to an amazing array of colors, containing great depth and texture. In monsoon season the grove reflects the joy from the plants to be alive and fed by the clouds, by bursting into growth combating each other in a surprisingly peaceful fight for space and light. In the winter when snow blankets the landscape there is a calm peaceful silence that engulfing the atmosphere providing comfort and a sense of safety, like the grove will protect you from the harsh climate. These things are what bring me back to the aspen grove so frequently. I can go by myself and not feel alone at all, even though there is not a person for miles. I also love to run through the aspens as fast as I can, racing my friend to the bouncy log, we have “bounce offs” to see who can stay on the longest. These are the things that can make me feel like a kid, where all my troubles are lost and the joys of life are simple and easy to obtain. Sitting on a rock in the middle of nowhere letting the breeze take all the stress and troubles of life while in deep meditation, it was never so easy to clear your mind. Thinking about how the grove spawned out of a fire which destroyed the land quite a while ago gives me hope showing the possibility of new growth and creation after death and destruction. It really puts into perspective the circle of life from the death of one thing there is life in another. Spending time in the woods reminds me that we are really truly apart of nature, we were created by It over millions of years, I believe this is forgotten and the separation between humans and nature continues to grow. When I think of going to this place warmth fills my body and I can’t help my spirit from lifting. When I am angry or mad I can escape to my “happy place” and the world seems to slow towards a pace more comfortable and pleasant. Then this thought of its vulnerability to the developing world soaks in and the idea is crushing. A pain seeps in and weights my sole down lower than it was before. My initial reaction to development of my sacred land would be irrational, but I can not say exactly what it would be. But after I pondered my options I believe I would try and fight it any legal way possible. Development of unique places like these is what separates the human culture from the very thing that created us and maintains our existence. Communicating with others who feel the same, whether it is about the same grove or the desert lands in southern Arizona, is one of the first steps that would need to be taken. Gather support and lobby, express the importance of the land not only to human but to the ecosystem that was thriving. A set of track homes can be built anywhere but to create an aspen grove this intricate and beautiful takes many years with perfect, natural conditions, and still the grove would not be the same, it is truly irreplaceable. These are the places we have to protect, not just huge national parks but smaller green spaces that are easily accessible for activities just like I enjoy partaking in. Now a days it is all to common hearing about kids suffering from nature deficit disorder, where they have no connection to the natural world, and suffer mundane lives in front of television screens. The only way I see the human race fighting this disorder is finding the simple yet important aspects of nature as a starting point. Then move toward an understanding of all things in our complex system as connected, becoming interwoven within the natural world once again one aspen grove at a time. history For much of history man has been focused in a selfish manor, egocentrically looking at the world as it gives worth and use to him. There are only manifestations of the earth as it pertains to man and his mindfulness of the earth. It is easy to look at everything in existence through ones own eyes and mind, for this is an easier way of making sense of the world. In reality our consciousness and mind is but a small fraction of the truth of existence. It goes back to understanding that the world was created for mankind to steward the earth, which to me is an outdated stance on life. Over billions of years processes have taken place slowly evolving to produce mankind. Once man has died off the earth and the universe will continue to change and evolve as if we were just a parasite of little to know worth. To believe that earth was created for humans simply depreciates the true worth and intricate complexities of the higher laws of nature. When looking at how complex every system within natures system it becomes more apparent there are infinite connections and processes far beyond our understanding. As if everything was built in a tower of laws and parts, and the infinite magnitude and connection intricacies pay homage to our insignificant existence. Is there a way to find ourselves among such a larger existence? We must accept that we are deep within, and quit fighting against the laws and processes which created us. Self actualization has been something that came about relatively recent in the scopes of the world’s existence. Now that humans have gained the power of ideas and self governing law, where feeling and emotion takes priority over mother earth, how do we regain our connection to earth? Thoreau claims we are to live the good life of virtue. Where our priorities are to nature and in fact virtue is found just there. Lurking in the laws of nature which have been broken by humankind living outside of our means, making our own ideas more important than those, of nature is virtue. We must ground ourselves to what is real and true and not what is manifested by our own minds, laws of nature if followed can guide us toward a life of quality. view of nature Humans have an interesting outlook upon the natural world. All too often it is ignored and looked at as a novelty, luxury, or a hindrance to society. Somehow the importance of self and society has contributed to a disconnect from what is truly important. This egocentric view of the world is very selfish and does not take into account the holist view. Our way of conceiving anthropocentric life takes into account a broad view, from where a holist perspective is necessary for understanding. The human experience is understood through our feelings, concepts, thoughts, and lawful principals. As we wander through life all these aspects are pieced together so that we can make sense of a greater purpose within existence. Just as the experience of human life stems from a holist greater picture, so does the natural world. From the beginning of society man has struggled with existence, slowly developing ideas and concepts that govern life; in turn we have evolved into diverse social beings. The natural world is no different, stemming from a single homogenous point and expanding its capacity to cradle diversity in life. And within the diversity we see connection between each part. To think that all things came from one single point there must be something which holds all things together in a relationship. The same movement from homogeneity to diversity represents chaos to order a duality that in turn gives birth to reasonableness in the world, systematicity. Order and connectivity takes into account qualitative as well as quantitative properties; for if every thing is broken down into the simplest form there is no difference in quality or quantity, there must be no soul. Global Climate Change: Effects on Birds in the South West Just as the canary in the mind shaft warns against change in environmental conditions, birds show early signs in responding to global climate change. Migrating birds are changing habits to compensate for higher global temperatures, by moving north every year. Still many birds are arriving at their summer home and missing the hatching of many bugs and blooming of many plants. This slight off set could have drastic effects on the greater ecosystem. Here in the south west where temperature is expected to rise with decreased precipitation, local bird species and migrating bird species could be drastically affected in their life styles. The ecological services birds provide to an ecosystem are quite significant and maintain a balance of everything. When looking at the interconnection of all living things it is important to see the relationships of the whole. The temperature rise will change a whole bunch of biological processes and inevitably change the living patterns of birds along with every other species in the system. How can we mitigate this? This is a question that I do not see having a direct answer. Yes we should look at stopping more green house gasses and mitigating humans impact on the global climate, but there is nothing we can do to stop the species from moving. They are migrating and moving there range for very specific reasons, for their survival. When they move they will leave important niches and invade other ecosystems but it is a matter of survival. The way I see it is many species are going to go extinct and many will change there locations, but in the long run the earth will be here and continue to evolve when humans have whipped themselves out. Our egocentric approach to climate change got us into this mess and will not get us out. Walnut Canyon; man in nature As I left town west driving towards walnut canyon, thoughts were in my mind of work, school and unimportant matters of life in the 21st century. As I started to get farther out of town I started to leave those thoughts behind, but once I arrived at the ruin sight of the ancient Sinagua people those thoughts were gone. Since it has been so long since I had been there, I hiked along the rim trail to check out the exhibits and refresh my mind with a little history lesson. What a gorgeous view, not only was this a good location for an ancient tribe to live for protection and resources, but how stunning. Northern Arizona is truly a special place and these little side canyons are testament to this. Walnut Canyon is a spectacular place, carving down through the rock layers uncovering history. There is an abundant amount of plant and animal life contributing to the diverse ecosystem. It is remote and where accessible to us, not to generations 700 years ago. These are the contributing factors for why the Sinagua people decided to reside in this area. As I hike down the trail towards the main set of ruins there was energy in the atmosphere that really induced thought. As with any time I approach ruins of past cultures, I try to imagine what the location was like when it was full of people, when it was alive. Now it is like a ghost town; quiet and almost eerie. Even though it is empty, I sense energy within this location. The dwellings were relatively intact for being vacant 700 years; the general structure still resides in the cliffs. All of these dwellings and all of the artifacts tell a story about the cultures residing in the area before us. I think it is important to study the cultures of previous times in order to understand our present and future. All things build on one another and intricate connections reside within each and every object. History is no different in the way humans gain ideas, values and feelings toward the land. It is critical for our generation to be conscience of the practices of other individuals, in doing this; we can not only make sense of our current situation but learn from enlightened groups. One thing that man has struggled with is living in harmony with nature. Since the dawn of man we have been apart of the living processes in a very real and harsh way. The preservation of the land has meant the preservation of the people and the culture. The Sinagua people struggled with this, but were able to survive without outside amenities for a sustained amount of time. Modern day man has lived in Northern Arizona for a couple hundred years, but done so subsidized by the rest of the earth and humanity. I suggest that we take a close look, and examine these cultures’ way of life in understanding the balance man and nature must have to provide life to use both. In examining how the Sinagua people lived in this canyon, we can draw conclusions on how humanity can live within our finite world find the roots Emerson, Thoreau, Leopold, Muir, are Austin all famous transcendentalist that have changed the minds of many in terms of how humans ought to live. How we look at the picture of life on earth and value it beyond property, or single entities for human consumption. We must look upon the earth as having inherent worth with beauty and sublime properties. These are not things that we can simply replace with other values; they are aspects of nature that are not found anywhere else. I suggest we take a good hard look at what is truly important to live a good life of purpose and meaning. It is a state of the natural of which we came; we are a direct product of an intricate world beyond our senses. Can we take a step back and just understand that it is beyond us and even beyond our ability to comprehend the whole? It is egocentric to assume we know all about the world? Or even try to put laws and principles behind what we see and feel? Humans will continue to attempt to make sense of the world in a way that only humans can understand. Our perceptions of nature is skewed and twisted from the truth and in this view we have destroyed our connection what is reality and important. How do we regain this connection? Just as Emerson, Leopold, Muir, Thoreau, and the like have started to regain a connection to nature by experience all man must do the same. Every individual must find it for himself and experience nature first hand. Find the beauty and experience the sublime of what life is really like. Reconnect to our roots in the natural world. Go to nature; feel it, touch it, smell it, be it
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This page has been listed as needing cleanup since 2007-09-06. Fingersmith is a three-part BBC mini-series that was televised in 2005. The story, which is an adaptation of Sarah Waters' Man Booker Prize nominated novel of the same name, follows the meeting of two very different young women and what madness ensues. Directed by Aisling Walsh, it stars Sally Hawkins, Imelda Staunton, Elaine Cassidy, Rupert Evans and Charles Dance. Sue Trinder: Country! I never knew there was so much of it. Mile after bleedin' mile. [Sue & Maud discussing Maud's impending wedding night in bed.] Maud Lilly: I...I know some things from books. Sue Trinder: How can you know it from books? Maud Lilly: You're right, I know nothing, nothing, nothing. Maud Lilly: It's...a curious...wanting thing. [after Maud and Susan's first kiss] Sue Trinder: If I'd have said I love you, she'd have said it back. And then everything would have been different. I might have saved her... I might have found a way to keep her from her fate. Dr. Christie: ...the overexposure of women to literature breeds unnatural fancies... Sue Trinder: [caressing Maud's manuscript that has fallen to the floor] What's it say? Maud Lilly: They're full of words saying...how I want you...how...I love you. Maud: Sue, leave now! Sue: You'd like me to do that, wouldn’t you? Maud: You don't know what's really happened. Sue: I know you've got my clothes! You've got even my bleeding bangles! Why? Isn’t your fortune enough? Isn’t what you did to me enough? Maud: Please go... Sue: They put me in the mad house, Mrs. Sucksby! Maud: You planned to put me there! Sue: Oh, I wish I had! Maud: To cheat me...to kill me? Sue: I will, I will, I will kill you! Maud: Have you come to kill me? Sue: No, Maud. How could I harm you? I know everything. Maud: No, you know nothing, you don’t know me at all. I’m not the good, sweet girl you thought I was... This...is what I am. Sue: You pearl. You pearl. Maud: [guiding Sue's hand to her crotch] You done it before. For the sake of tonight, we weren't dreaming, were we? Sue: That was only to start you off Maud: [kissing her] Were we? Richard "Gentleman" Rivers: [to Maud] You think life is hard with money? You should try it without! Wikipedia has an article about: Fingersmith (TV serial) Fingersmith quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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XREF arrayName maxSub1 maxSub2 AS dataType The XREF statement declares an array, and associates the array with the memory pointed to by a particular long-integer variable, called the "link variable." You can use XREF to cause any arbitrary block of memory to be treated as an array. This is especially useful when you need to dynamically create an array whose size can't be determined until runtime, or when you want to impose an array structure on data that was created outside of your FB program. The link variable must be a simple (non-array, non-field) long-integer variable which has the same name as the array (ignoring any type-identifier suffix). For example, if you specify the following: XREF diameter#(3,7) The compiler creates a long-integer variable called diameter&. When you run the program, you should set diameter& equal to some appropriate memory address (you do this after the XREF statement); FB then assumes that the diameter#() array begins at that address. When you examine elements in the array, they are retrieved from the memory pointed to by diameter&. When you alter elements in the array, the memory pointed to by diameter& is altered. The first subscript is arbitrary The maxSub1, maxSub2 etc. values must be positive static integer expressions. However, since XREF does not actually allocate any memory, the declared subscripts are used somewhat differently than in a DIM statement. The second and subsequent subscripts (if any) determine the internal structure of the array, and they should exactly match the internal layout of the elements pointed to by the link variable. But the value of the first subscript (maxSub1) is basically ignored, and may be arbitrarily set to any value greater than zero. When you actually reference the array elements, you can use subscript values that are larger than maxSub1, as long as they reference valid elements within the block of memory pointed to by the link variable. XREF is a non-executable statement, so you can't change its effect by putting it inside a conditional-execution structure such as LONG IF...END IF. However, you can conditionally include it or exclude it from the program by putting it inside a COMPILE LONG IF...COMPILE END IF block. The XREF statement should appear somewhere above the first line where the array is referenced. XREFs will not behave properly when used with handles. XREF myHandleList(100) AS HANDLE : REM will not work! DIM; XREF
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Imperialism broadly denotes an expansion of a state’s power involving territorial, political, or economic control over other areas or peoples. Contemporary understanding of imperialism primarily refers to the dominance exerted overseas by European empires in the 19th and 20th century. Most generally, imperialism is associated with a power imbalance between two states. Doyle characterizes imperialism as a relationship between a dominating metropolitan centre and the peripheral territory it controls. Profound inequality between metropole and periphery is implicit in this definition, which has been employed by scholars such as Edward Said. Furthermore, imperialism can exist without direct rule over foreign territories, instead it can exercise control in political, economic, or social spheres. Notably, Said outlines how imperialism can be generated through culture and knowledge by conceptualizing the colonized population as an inferior ‘other’, thus reinforcing a dichotomy of identities. Imperialist legacy remains present in museums around the world and is thus an important issue to address. Art historians such as Alice Procter, who established the 'Uncomfortable Art Tours', aim to challenge how information is displayed in museums and to highlight their imperialistic nature demonstrating the contemporary relevance of this issue. Accordingly, we will observe the way in which museums are still used to create divisions in people's minds. This subconscious division, as conceptualised by John Willinsky, is between different cultures, based on race, religion or gender. This claim is supported by Galtung's findings regarding the psychological effect of imperialism on human behaviour. His study suggests that imperialism creates a differing basic psyche between students from countries that benefit from imperialism, and students coming from negatively impacted countries. Students from countries which benefit are more inclined to be autonomous, whilst students from negatively impacted countries are more dependent. It is this division that maintains the strength of imperialist ideologies within a society, one group believing they are superior to another and so should dominate. We will argue that museums, through architecture, categorisation, displays and appropriation, are one tool used to help further enforce these psychological divisions. To illustrate the existing imperialist nature of museums we will examine three museums and the way in which their particular features create the divisions within people’s minds that Willinsky describes. As a past example, The Great Exhibition, a Victorian international exhibition of culture and industry was used to display the technological, political, and intellectual project of Western imperialist powers and, in doing so 'insisted on the perfectibility of all peoples (under European guidance)'. The culture that was chosen to be displayed to the world was one of progress and innovation, as opposed to any parts of British culture which might tarnish Britain's reputation. This shows how institutions were utilised to assert the superiority of the Western, European or even 'white' culture, over other cultures which imperialists desired control over. The superiority of Western culture that was displayed, is one way in which divisions were created in people's minds between the 'superior' intellect of West versus East, or civilised peoples versus savages. The exclusion of the frontier wars in the Australian War Memorial supports Willinksy’s argument as it creates a psychological division of the inferiority of the Australian aborigines and the British colonialists. The memorial was opened in 1941 and aims to commemorate the country's soldiers that died during the wars that make up its history. The museum primarily focuses on Anzac history and conveniently excludes the frontier battles between the Australian aborigines and colonial police, soldiers and settlers which serve as a historical example of colonialist racial violence. Additionally, in 2018 the Australian government has spent over $600 million on a four year commemoration service known as Anzac 100 , which makes their failure to remember the aborigines even more severe. As it is estimated that approximately 20,000 indigenous Australians died between 1978 to 1928 as part of the frontier conflicts, one must question the reasons behind the museum's disinterest in the events. As argued by historian Michael MacKernan the museum's exclusion of the battles suggests that "the particular part of the story is too confronting or too uncomfortable" to be mentioned, therefore creating even greater controversy around the subject. This omission therefore illustrates the presence of imperialism in the museum as it aims to disregard the racist nature of the British colonialists. Moreover, the exclusion of the battles doesn't display the oppressive quality of the violent settlement of the British colonialists in Australia. It thus indirectly portrays the settlers as superior as they are almost exempted of their crimes through the fact that they are not being mentioned. This has the effect of validating their actions and thus creating a division between the colonists and the aborigines. The British Museum emerged as a direct consequence of politics, as successful colonial expeditions provided ‘exotic’ objects to be displayed as indicative of the Empire’s power. Therefore incapable of being neutral, this exhibition space is intrinsically laden with imperialist implications which (whether purposefully or inadvertently) recontextualise the objects. In recent years there has been an increase in requests for the repatriation of artefacts made by former colonies, which at the time were unable to withstand “the original removal of historical objects”. In contrast to other institutions, the BM has remained obstinate in its response to such requests, arguing the collection in its current constellation and location, permits maximum benefit for the most amount of people. In this way the BM maintains its position as an “appropriate custodian” to these objects, subsequently implying the source nations as incapable of housing their own artefacts and dependent on Britain. As the political relationship between these states to Western powers has changed, however, the refusal to return artefacts, perpetuates feelings of suppression, serving as a constant reminder of their removal. To this extent denying repatriation reinforces the psychological divide in visitors as described by Willinsky as it prohibits interpretations by the source nations of their own artefacts, instead imposing an imperial, eurocentric lens on much of their cultural heritage. This is further demonstrated by the general movement of objects from former colonies to Britain, the “civilised centre”, defining the former as peripheral and thus inferior to the latter. As these objects are integral to the cultivation of national identity and pride, it follows that a separation from these objects could be detrimental to a nation’s self-worth. The issue of imperialism in museums naturally incorporates the disciplines of politics, art history and anthropology. In order to better understand the extent to which imperialism is still present in contemporary museums we considered the psychological effects imperialism has. This was supportive of Willinsky’s point that imperialism creates divisions within people’s minds. We explored these divisions both with past examples, and in the contemporary world. It was found that in both old and new museums, whether intentional or not, a dichotomy between Western and ‘other’ cultures remains present. It seems important then that, like Alice Procter, we don’t consider imperialism as something of the past but continue to challenge the divisive narrative it continually presents us with. Kumar K. Imperialism. In: Klosko G, editor. The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy [Internet]. Oxford University Press; 2011 [cited 2018 Nov 26]. p. 2-5. Available from: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199238804-e-39. Howe S. Empire: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press; 2002. Doyle MW. Empires. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1986. Said E. Culture and Imperialism [Internet]. New York: Vintage Books; 1994 [cited 2018 Nov 27]. p. 9. Available from: https://janeaustensummer.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/culture_and_imperialism.pdf Duara P. Modern Imperialism. In: Bentley JH, editor. The Oxford Handbook of World History [Internet]. Oxford University Press; 2011 [cited 2018 Nov 26]. p. 8. Available from: http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235810.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199235810-e-22. Said E. Orientalism [Internet]. New York: Vintage Books; 1979 [cited 2018 Dec 3]. p. 39–46. Available from: https://monoskop.org/images/4/4e/Said_Edward_Orientalism_1979.pdf Procter A. Museums are hiding their imperial pasts- which is why my tours are needed. The Guardian. 23 Apr 2018 [cited: 29 Nov 2018]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/23/museums-imperialist-pasts-uncomfortable-art-tours-slavery-colonialism Willinsky, John. Learning to Divide the World. University of Minnesota Press; 1998. Eckhardt W. and Young C. Psychology of Imperialism. Peace Research. January 1975. Volume 7 42-44. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23684973.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Af9c6847fa6719ed6918b521d079a806f&seq=1 Buchli, Victor. The Material Culture Reader. Oxford: Berg Publishers; 2001. Daley P. Why does the Australian War Memorial ignore the frontier war?. The Guardian. 12 Sep 2013 [cited: 29 Nov 2018]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/12/australian-war-memorial-ignores-frontier-war Daley P. Australia's frontier war killings still conveniently escape official memory. The Guardian. 8 Jun 2018 [cited: 29 Nov 2018]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2018/jun/08/australias-frontier-war-killings-still-conveniently-escape-official-memory Duthie, Emilie. The British Museum: An Imperial Museum in a Post-Imperial World. Public History Review. 2011; 18: 12-25 Svašek, Maruška. Museums: Space, Materiality and the Politics of Display. In: Mitchell, John P. (ed.) Anthropology, Art and Cultural Production. Pluto Press; 2007. p.123-153.
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Report on the factor structure of one multi-item, multi-dimensional survey instrument using exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis. In addition to the generic guidelines, this report should include: 5%. Title/Abstract: : Provide a succint overview of the study. Sumarise the study's purpose, method, findings, and implications in less than 150 words. 10%. Introduction: Clearly introduce the topic and the hypotheses: 5%. Background: Briefly introduce the topic (student satisfaction or time management) and background literature about its dimensionality (factor structure). 5%. Research questions: Propose logically-derived research question(s) (which are addressed in the Results) - in its simplest form, the research question is likely to be e.g., "What is the underlying factor structure for university students' satisfaction with their university experience?" 10%. Method: Clearly explain how the study was conducted: Participants: Not application (do not include) 10%. Instrumentation Describe and explain the instrumentation - this should include the entire survey, but focus primarily on the instrumentation used in the current study (i.e., student satisfaction or time management). Procedure: Not applicable (do not include) 50%. Results: Appropriate tests conducted and reported in APA style: 50%. Describe and present an EFA which identifies the number of factors, total variance explained, factor loadings and communalities, reliabilities for each factor, and correlations between the factors. Describe initial models but only present the results for the final analysis which is likely to drop several items from the initial step. Explain which items were dropped and why. Item-correlations should be included in an Appendix. 25%. Discussion: Explain results and implications: Explain what the analysis found out about the research question(s) e.g., What do the factors measure and represent? How 'good' is the factor structure? Are there alternative models that could be considered? How reliable are each of the factors? How correlated are the factors? What can be recommended e.g., how could the measure be improved? Either the Time Management or the University Student Satisfaction variables Follow the steps in Tutorial 3 - Exploratory factor analysis and the relevant section in the SPSS textbook Table 1 - Factor loadings and communalities Table 2 - Factor names and definitions, with number of items, and Cronbach's alpha Table 3 - Factor correlations (depending on number of factors, this could be reported in text instead). Yes A common confusion is to calculate Cronbach's alpha for all items rather than separately for each factor Follow the steps in Tutorial 3 - Internal consistency and the relevant section in the SPSS textbook Repeat for each set of items which represent a factor See Tutorial 3 - Composite scores Create composite scores for each factor Analyze - Bivariate - enter composite scores No Generally 2, but this may vary depending on the scale of measurement - what is meaningful/useful without being unnecessarily detailed? See item correlations Word count Many assignments went over the maximum word count and thus received penalties APA style Formatting of citations was often not correct e.g., for three or more authors, after initial citation, use First author surname et al., year User ampersands (&) inside brackets for citations and use the word "and" when outside brackets Use Australian spelling e.g., many students are using American spelling for words such as organisation (Australian) / organization (American) Font size and type (should be Times New Roman 12 pt) Numbers were often not formatted correctly, e.g., for numbers under 10, report in words, e.g., five surveys Spaces should be used either side of symbols which replace words (e.g., p < .05 instead of p<.05) Abstract Generally, well done. In general, do not include references unless they are particularly pertinent to the study Introduction Quite often there were no literature review of previous research or theory about the factor structure of the target multi-dimensional construct Research questions were generally clear and appropriate. Method Generally well done. An example item could often have been a helpful addition. Quite often it was not explained how the items were developed. Results Generally, well done. Generally, people reported finding between three and five or six satisfaction, with probably around four being most common. Some models were presented based on all items, rather than eliminating complex items or items with low primary loadings and/or high cross-loadings A few models were overzealous in removing items, resulting in models with a small number of items. Correlations between factors were often not presented. Item numbers generally don't mean much to an external reader - be more descriptive. Table captions could sometimes have been explicit e.g., "Correlations Between the Factors" -> "Correlations Between the Four University Satisfaction Factors" Round results for factor loadings and correlations to two decimal places Rank items by primary factor loading in factor loading table Discussion Generally, well done. References It was rare for references to be formatted in complete APA style, although mostly APA style here was quite good. Appendices Generally, well done.
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For other uses, see John Adams (disambiguation). John Adams (30 October 1735 – 4 July 1826) was an American lawyer, author, statesman, and diplomat. He served as the second President of the United States (1797–1801), the first Vice President (1789–1797), and as a Founding Father was a leader of American independence from Great Britain. Adams was a political theorist in the Age of Enlightenment who promoted republicanism and a strong central government. His innovative ideas were frequently published. He was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent, particularly with his wife and key advisor Abigail. He was the father of John Quincy Adams. There are few people in this world with whom I can converse. As quoted in Complete Book of U.S. Presidents (1984), by William A. DeGregorio, pp. 19–20 I can treat all with decency and civility, and converse with them, when it is necessary, on points of business. But I am never happy in their company. As quoted in Complete Book of U.S. Presidents (1984), by William A. DeGregorio, pp. 19–20 There was a physical quality in us resembling the power of electricity or of the magnet, by which when a pair approached within a striking distance they flew together like the needle to the pole or like two objects in electric experiments. As quoted in Complete Book of U.S. Presidents (1984), by William A. DeGregorio, pp. 19–20 Tis impossible to judge with much Precision of the true Motives and Qualities of human Actions, or of the Propriety of Rules contrived to govern them, without considering with like Attention, all the Passions, Appetites, Affections in Nature from which they flow. An intimate Knowledge therefore of the intellectual and moral World is the sole foundation on which a stable structure of Knowledge can be erected. Letter to Jonathan Sewall (October 1759) Tis impossible to avail our selves of the genuine Powers of Eloquence, without examining in their Elements and first Principles, the Force and Harmony of Numbers, as employed by the Poets and orators of ancient and modern times, and without considering the natural Powers of Imagination, and the Disposition of Mankind to Metaphor and figure, which will require the Knowledge of the true Principles of Grammar, and Rhetoric, and of the best classical Authors. Now to what higher object, to what greater Character, can any Mortal aspire, than to be possessed of all this Knowledge, well digested, and ready at Command, to assist the feeble and Friendless, to discountenance the haughty and lawless, to procure Redress of Wrongs, the Advancement of Right, to assert and maintain Liberty and Virtue, to discourage and abolish Tyranny and Vice? Letter to Jonathan Sewall (October 1759) Major Greene this evening fell into some conversation with me about the Divinity and satisfaction of Jesus Christ. All the argument he advanced was, "that a mere creature or finite being could not make satisfaction to infinite justice for any crimes," and that "these things are very mysterious." Thus mystery is made a convenient cover for absurdity. Entry of 13 February 1756 in Charles Francis Adams, The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author, Notes, and Illustrations vol. 2 (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850) 4, Google Books, 13 December 2010, web [1] "17. Wednesday. A fine morning. Proceeded on my journey towards Braintree. Stopped to see Mr. Haven, of Dedham, who told me, very civilly, he supposed I took my faith on trust from Dr. Mayhew, and added, that he believed the doctrine of satisfaction of Jesus Christ to be essential to Christianity, and that he would not believe this satisfaction unless he believed the Divinity of Christ. Mr. Balch was there too, and observed, he would not be a Christian if he did not believe mysteries of the gospel; that he could bear with an Arminian, but when, Dr. Mayhew they denied the Divinity and satisfaction of Christ, he had no more to do with them; that he knew to make of Dr. Mayhew's two discourses upon the expected of all things. They gave him an idea of a cart whose wanted greasing; it rumbled on in a hoarse, rough manner; there was a good deal of ingenious talk in them, but it was thrown together in a jumbled, confused order. He believed the Doctor wrote them in a great panic. He added further that Arminians, however stiffly they maintain their opinions in health, always, he takes notice, retract when they come to die, and choose to die Calvinists. Set out for Braintree, and arrived about sunset." Entry for 17 February 1756 in Charles Francis Adams, The Works of John Adams vol. 2, 10-1 Spent an hour in the beginning of the evening at Major Gardiner's, where it was thought that the design of Christianity was not to make men good riddle-solvers, or good mystery-mongers, but good men, good magistrates, and good subjects, good husbands and good wives, good parents and good children, good masters and good servants. The following questions may be answered some time or other, namely, — Where do we find a precept in the Gospel requiring Ecclesiastical Synods? Convocations? Councils? Decrees? Creeds? Confessions? Oaths? Subscriptions? and whole cart-loads of other trumpery that we find religion incumbered with in these days? (18 February 1756) No man is entirely free from weakness and imperfection in this life. Men of the most exalted genius and active minds are generally most perfect slaves to the love of fame. They sometimes descend to as mean tricks and artifices in pursuit of honor or reputation as the miser descends to in pursuit of gold. (19 February 1756) Suppose a nation in some distant region should take the Bible for their only law book and every member should regulate his conduct by the precepts there exhibited. . . .What a Eutopia - What a Paradise would this region be! (22 February 1756) A pen is certainly an excellent instrument to fix a man's attention and to inflame his ambition. (14 November 1760) This is the most magnificent movement of all! There is a dignity, a majesty, a sublimity, in this last effort of the patriots that I greatly admire. The people should never rise without doing something to be remembered — something notable and striking. This destruction of the tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, intrepid and inflexible, and it must have so important consequences, and so lasting, that I can't but consider it as an epocha in history! On the Boston Tea Party (17 December 1773) Virtue is not always amiable. Integrity is sometimes ruined by prejudices and by passions. (9 February 1779) By my physical constitution I am but an ordinary man ... Yet some great events, some cutting expressions, some mean hypocracies, have at times thrown this assemblage of sloth, sleep, and littleness into rage like a lion. (26 April 1779) The Christian religion is, above all the religions that ever prevailed or existed in ancient or modern times, the religion of wisdom, virtue, equity, and humanity, let the blackguard Paine say what he will; it is resignation to God, it is goodness itself to man. (26 July 1796). Tacitus appears to have been as great an enthusiast as Petrarch for the revival of the republic and universal empire. He has exerted the vengeance of history upon the emperors, but has veiled the conspiracies against them, and the incorrigible corruption of the people which probably provoked their most atrocious cruelties. Tyranny can scarcely be practised upon a virtuous and wise people. (31 July 1796) It is folly to anticipate evils, and madness to create imaginary ones. (4 August 1796) Omnium rerum domina, virtus. Virtue is the mistress of all things. Virtue is the master of all things. Therefore a nation that should never do wrong must necessarily govern the world. The might of virtue, the power of virtue, is not a very common topic, not so common as it should be. (6 August 1796) If you were a tear in my eyes l would not cry for I risk losing you. (Junior Zakeyo)20th A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law (1765) A native of America who cannot read and write is as rare an appearance as a Jacobite or a Roman Catholic, that is, as rare as a comet or an earthquake. The preservation of the means of knowledge among the lowest ranks is of more importance to the public than all the property of all the rich men in the country. I always consider the settlement of America with reverence and wonder, as the opening of a grand scene and design in providence, for the illumination of the ignorant and the emancipation of the slavish part of mankind all over the earth. The poor people, it is true, have been much less successful than the great. They have seldom found either leisure or opportunity to form a union and exert their strength; ignorant as they were of arts and letters, they have seldom been able to frame and support a regular opposition. This, however, has been known by the great to be the temper of mankind; and they have accordingly labored, in all ages, to wrest from the populace, as they are contemptuously called, the knowledge of their rights and wrongs, and the power to assert the former or redress the latter. I say RIGHTS, for such they have, undoubtedly, antecedent to all earthly government, — Rights, that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws — Rights, derived from the great Legislator of the universe. Liberty must at all hazards be supported. We have a right to it, derived from our Maker. But if we had not, our fathers have earned and bought it for us, at the expense of their ease, their estates, their pleasure, and their blood. Liberty cannot be preserved without a general knowledge among the people, who have a right, from the frame of their nature, to knowledge, as their great Creator, who does nothing in vain, has given them understandings, and a desire to know; but besides this, they have a right, an indisputable, unalienable, indefeasible, divine right to that most dreaded and envied kind of knowledge, I mean, of the characters and conduct of their rulers. Rulers are no more than attorneys, agents, and trustees, of the people; and if the cause, the interest, and trust, is insidiously betrayed, or wantonly trifled away, the people have a right to revoke the authority that they themselves have deputed, and to constitute other and better agents, attorneys and trustees. The jaws of power are always open to devour, and her arm is always stretched out, if possible, to destroy the freedom of thinking, speaking, and writing. Be not intimidated, therefore, by any terrors, from publishing with the utmost freedom, whatever can be warranted by the laws of your country; nor suffer yourselves to be wheedled out of your liberties by any pretenses of politeness, delicacy, or decency. These, as they are often used, are but three different names for hypocrisy, chicanery, and cowardice. Let us banish for ever from our minds, my countrymen, all such unworthy ideas of the king, his ministry, and parliament. Let us not suppose that all are become luxurious, effeminate, and unreasonable, on the other side the water, as many designing persons would insinuate. Let us presume, what is in fact true, that the spirit of liberty is as ardent as ever among the body of the nation, though a few individuals may be corrupted. Let us tenderly and kindly cherish, therefore, the means of knowledge. Let us dare to read, think, speak, and write. Let every order and degree among the people rouse their attention and animate their resolution. Let them all become attentive to the grounds and principles of government, ecclesiastical and civil. Let us study the law of nature; search into the spirit of the British constitution; read the histories of ancient ages; contemplate the great examples of Greece and Rome; set before us the conduct of our own British ancestors, who have defended for us the inherent rights of mankind against foreign and domestic tyrants and usurpers, against arbitrary kings and cruel priests, in short, against the gates of earth and hell. Let the pulpit resound with the doctrines and sentiments of religious liberty. Let us hear the danger of thralldom to our consciences from ignorance, extreme poverty, and dependence, in short, from civil and political slavery. Let us see delineated before us the true map of man. Let us hear the dignity of his nature, and the noble rank he holds among the works of God, that consenting to slavery is a sacrilegious breach of trust, as offensive in the sight of God as it is derogatory from our own honor or interest or happiness, and that God Almighty has promulgated from heaven, liberty, peace, and good-will to man! Let the bar proclaim, "the laws, the rights, the generous plan of power" delivered down from remote antiquity, inform the world of the mighty struggles and numberless sacrifices made by our ancestors in defense of freedom. Let it be known, that British liberties are not the grants of princes or parliaments, but original rights, conditions of original contracts, coequal with prerogative, and coeval with government; that many of our rights are inherent and essential, agreed on as maxims, and established as preliminaries, even before a parliament existed. Let them search for the foundations of British laws and government in the frame of human nature, in the constitution of the intellectual and moral world. There let us see that truth, liberty, justice, and benevolence, are its everlasting basis; and if these could be removed, the superstructure is overthrown of course. Let every declamation turn upon the beauty of liberty and virtue, and the deformity, turpitude, and malignity, of slavery and vice. Let the public disputations become researches into the grounds and nature and ends of government, and the means of preserving the good and demolishing the evil. Let the dialogues, and all the exercises, become the instruments of impressing on the tender mind, and of spreading and distributing far and wide, the ideas of Righteousness and the sensations of freedom. In a word, let every sluice of knowledge be opened and set a-flowing. The encroachments upon liberty in the reigns of the first James and the first Charles, by turning the general attention of learned men to government, are said to have produced the greatest number of consummate statesmen which has ever been seen in any age or nation. There seems to be a direct and formal design on foot, to enslave all America. This, however, must be done by degrees. The first step that is intended, seems to be an entire subversion of the whole system of our fathers, by the introduction of the canon and feudal law into America. The canon and feudal systems, though greatly mutilated in England, are not yet destroyed. Like the temples and palaces in which the great contrivers of them once worshipped and inhabited, they exist in ruins; and much of the domineering spirit of them still remains. The designs and labors of a certain society, to introduce the former of them into America, have been well exposed to the public by a writer of great abilities; and the further attempts to the same purpose, that may be made by that society, or by the ministry or parliament, I leave to the conjectures of the thoughtful. These are not the vapors of a melancholy mind, nor the effusions of envy, disappointed ambition, nor of a spirit of opposition to government, but the emanations of a heart that burns for its country's welfare. No one of any feeling, born and educated in this once happy country, can consider the numerous distresses, the gross indignities, the barbarous ignorance, the haughty usurpations, that we have reason to fear are meditating for ourselves, our children, our neighbors, in short, for all our countrymen and all their posterity, without the utmost agonies of heart and many tears. We find, in the rules laid down by the greatest English Judges, who have been the brightest of mankind; We are to look upon it as more beneficial, that many guilty persons should escape unpunished, than one innocent person should suffer. The reason is, because it’s of more importance to community, that innocence should be protected, than it is, that guilt should be punished; for guilt and crimes are so frequent in the world, that all of them cannot be punished; and many times they happen in such a manner, that it is not of much consequence to the public, whether they are punished or not. But when innocence itself, is brought to the bar and condemned, especially to die, the subject will exclaim, it is immaterial to me, whether I behave well or ill; for virtue itself, is no security. And if such a sentiment as this, should take place in the mind of the subject, there would be an end to all security what so ever. In Adams' Argument for the Defense in the case of Rex v. Wemms: Suffolk Superior Court, Boston, 3-4 December, 1770; source "The Adams Papers", http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/ There is danger from all men. The only maxim of a free government ought to be to trust no man living with power to endanger the public liberty. Notes for an oration at Braintree (Spring 1772) But a Constitution of Government once changed from Freedom, can never be restored. Liberty, once lost, is lost forever. Letter to Abigail Adams (7 July 1775) But America is a great, unwieldy Body. Its Progress must be slow. It is like a large Fleet sailing under Convoy. The fleetest Sailors must wait for the dullest and slowest. Like a Coach and six—the swiftest Horses must be slackened and the slowest quickened, that all may keep an even Pace. Letter to Abigail Adams (17 July 1775); in L. H. Butterfield, ed., Adams Family Correspondence (1963), vol. 1, p. 216 This book is a long conference of God, the angels, and Mahomet, which that false prophet very grossly invented; sometimes he introduceth God, who speaketh to him, and teacheth him his law, then an angel, among the prophets, and frequently maketh God to speak in the plural. ... Thou wilt wonder that such absurdities have infected the best part of the world, and wilt avouch, that the knowledge of what is contained in this book, will render that law contemptible ... John Adams: John Adams Library (Boston Public Library) BRL; Du Ryer, André, ca. 1580-ca. 1660, tr; Adams, John, 1735-1826, former owner, "[[[:Template:Reference archive]] The Koran : commonly called the Alcoran of Mahomet (1806)]," Springfield [Mass.] : Printed by Henry Brewer, for Isaiah Thomas, Jun. Human nature with all its infirmities and depravation is still capable of great things. It is capable of attaining to degrees of wisdom and goodness, which we have reason to believe, appear as respectable in the estimation of superior intelligences. Education makes a greater difference between man and man, than nature has made between man and brute. The virtues and powers to which men may be trained, by early education and constant discipline, are truly sublime and astonishing. Newton and Locke are examples of the deep sagacity which may be acquired by long habits of thinking and study. Letter to Abigail Adams (29 October 1775), published Letters of John Adams, Addressed to His Wife, Vol. 1 (1841), ed. Charles Francis Adams, p. 72 There is, in the human Breast, a social Affection, which extends to our whole Species. Letter to Abigail Adams (19 October 1775). Reprinted in I ADAMS FAMILY CORRESPONDENCE 318 (L. Butterfield ed. 1963). I agree with you that in politics the middle way is none at all. Letter to Horatio Gates (23 March 1776) Let them revere nothing but religion, morality and liberty. Letter to Abigail Adams (15 April 1776) [2] Is there no way for two friendly souls to converse together, although the bodies are 400 miles off? Yes, by letter. But I want a better communication. I want to hear your think, or to see your thoughts. The conclusion of your letter makes my heart throb more than a cannonade would. You bid me burn your letters. But I must forget you first. Letter to Abigail Adams (28 April 1776) There is something very unnatural and odious in a government a thousand leagues off. A whole government of our own choice, managed by persons whom we love, revere, and can confide in, has charms in it for which men will fight. Letter to Abigail Adams (17 May 1776) Objects of the most Stupendous Magnitude, Measures in which the Lives and Liberties of Millions, born and unborn are most essentially interested, are now before Us. We are in the very midst of a Revolution, the most compleat, unexpected, and remarkable of any in the History of Nations. A few Matters must be dispatched before I can return. Every Colony must be induced to institute a perfect Government. All the Colonies must confederate together, in some solemn Compact. The Colonies must be declared free and independent states, and Embassadors, must be Sent abroad to foreign Courts, to solicit their Acknowledgment of Us, as Sovereign States, and to form with them, at least with some of them commercial Treaties of Friendship and Alliance. When these Things shall be once well finished, or in a Way of being so, I shall think that I have answered the End of my Creation, and sing with Pleasure my Nunc Dimittes, or if it should be the Will of Heaven that I should live a little longer, return to my Farm and Family, ride Circuits, plead Law, or judge Causes, just as you please. Letter to William Cushing (9 June 1776). Statesmen, my dear Sir, may plan and speculate for Liberty, but it is Religion and Morality alone, which can establish the Principles upon which Freedom can securely stand. The only foundation of a free Constitution is pure Virtue, and if this cannot be inspired into our People in a greater Measure than they have it now, They may change their Rulers and the forms of Government, but they will not obtain a lasting Liberty. They will only exchange Tyrants and Tyrannies. Letter to Zabdiel Adams (21 June 1776) Yesterday the greatest question was decided which ever was debated in America; and a greater perhaps never was, nor will be, decided among men. A resolution was passed without one dissenting colony, "that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." On the decision to proclaim independence from British rule, which was made on 2 July 1776, in a letter to Abigail Adams (3 July 1776), published in The Adams Papers: Adams Family Correspondence (2007) edited by Margaret A. Hogan I am well aware of the Toil and Blood and Treasure, that it will cost Us to maintain this Declaration, and support and defend these States. Yet through all the Gloom I can see the Rays of ravishing Light and Glory. I can see that the End is more than worth all the Means. And that Posterity will triumph in that Days Transaction, even although We should rue it, which I trust in God We shall not. Letter to Abigail Adams (3 July 1776), published in The Adams Papers: Adams Family Correspondence (2007) edited by Margaret A. Hogan I am surprised at the suddenness as well as the greatness of this revolution... It is the will of Heaven that the two countries should be sundered forever. It may be the will of Heaven that America shall suffer calamities still more wasting, and distresses yet more dreadful. If this is to be the case it will have this good effect at least. It will inspire us with many virtues which we have not, and correct many errors, follies, and vices which threaten to disturb, dishonor, and destroy us. The furnace of affliction produces refinement in states as well as individuals. And the new Governments we are assuming in every part will require a purification from our vices, and an augmentation of our virtues, or they will be no blessings. The people will have unbounded power, and the people are extremely addicted to corruption and venality, as well as the great. But I must submit all my hopes and fears to an overruling Providence, in which, unfashionable as the faith may be, I firmly believe. Letter to Abigail Adams (3 July 1776) The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epocha in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forevermore. Letter to Abigail Adams (3 July 1776); because of the official adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence two days later, the fourth of July rather than the second, became known as the U.S. Independence Day I long for rural and domestic scenes, for the warbling of Birds and the Prattle of my Children. Don't you think I am somewhat poetical this morning, for one of my Years, and considering the Gravity, and Insipidity of my Employment? — As much as I converse with Sages and Heroes, they have very little of my Love or Admiration. I should prefer the Delights of a Garden to the Dominion of a World. Letter to Abigail Adams (16 March 1777) Posterity! You will never know, how much it cost the present generation, to preserve your Freedom! — I hope you will make a good use of it. — if you do not, I shall repent in Heaven, that I ever took half the pains to preserve it. — Letter to Abigail Adams (27 April 1777), published as Letter CXI in Letters of John Adams, Addressed to His Wife (1841) edited by Charles Francis Adams, p. 218 I believe there is no one Principle, which predominates in human Nature so much in every Stage of Life, from the Cradle to the Grave, in Males and females, old and young, black and white, rich and poor, high and low, as this Passion for Superiority. Letter to Abigail Adams (22 May 1777), as quoted in And the War Came: The Slavery Quarrel and the American Civil War, by Donald J. Meyers In 1770, Adams defended the British soldiers who were charged with committing murder at the Boston Massacre ...it is more importance to the community, that innocence be protected, than it is, that guilt be punished; for guilt and crimes are so frequent in the world, that all of them cannot be punished; and many times they happen in such a manner, that it is not of much consequence to the public, whether they are punished or not. But when innocence itself, is brought to the bar and condemned, especially to die, the subject will exclaim, it is immaterial to me whether I behave well or ill, for virtue itself is no security. And if such a sentiment as this should take place in the mind of the subject, there would be an end to all security whatsoever. We have been entertained with a great variety of phrases, to avoid calling this sort of people a mob. Some call them shavers, some call them geniuses. The plain English is, gentlemen, most probably a motley rabble of saucy boys, negroes and mulattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tars. Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passion, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence... The law no passion can disturb. 'Tis void of desire and fear, lust and anger. 'Tis mens sine affectu, written reason, retaining some measure of the divine perfection. It does not enjoin that which pleases a weak, frail man, but, without any regard to persons, commands that which is good and punishes evil in all, whether rich or poor, high or low. 'Tis deaf, inexorable, inflexible. On the one hand it is inexorable to the cries and lamentations of the prisoners; on the other it is deaf, deaf as an adder to the clamors of the populace. Novanglus; or, A History of the Dispute with America, From Its Origin, in 1754, to the Present Time. first published in the Boston Gazette Nip the shoots of arbitrary power in the bud, is the only maxim which can ever preserve the liberties of any people. No. 3 We are told: "It is a universal truth, that he that would excite a rebellion, is at heart as great a tyrant as ever wielded the iron rod of oppression." Be it so. We are not exciting a rebellion. Opposition, nay, open, avowed resistance by arms, against usurpation and lawless violence, is not rebellion by the law of God or the land. Resistance to lawful authority makes rebellion. ... Remember the frank Veteran acknowledges, that "the word rebel is a convertible term." No. 5 A government of laws, and not of men. No. 7; this was incorporated into the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 Metaphysicians and politicians may dispute forever, but they will never find any other moral principle or foundation of rule or obedience, than the consent of governors and governed. No. 7 Letter to George Wythe, April 1776 We ought to consider what is the end of government, before we determine which is the best form. Upon this point all speculative politicians will agree, that the happiness of society is the end of government, as all Divines and moral Philosophers will agree that the happiness of the individual is the end of man. From this principle it will follow, that the form of government which communicates ease, comfort, security, or, in one word, happiness, to the greatest number of persons, and in the greatest degree, is the best. Fear is the foundation of most governments; but it is so sordid and brutal a passion, and renders men in whose breasts it predominates so stupid and miserable, that Americans will not be likely to approve of any political institution which is founded on it. When annual elections end, there slavery begins. Laws for the liberal education of youth, especially of the lower class of people, are so extremely wise and useful, that, to a humane and generous mind, no expense for this purpose would be thought extravagant. The judicial power ought to be distinct from both the legislative and executive, and independent upon both, that so it may be a check upon both, as both should be checks upon that. The science of government it is my duty to study, more than all other sciences; the arts of legislation and administration and negotiation ought to take the place of, indeed exclude, in a manner, all other arts. I must study politics and war, that our sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy. Our sons ought to study mathematics and philosophy, geography, natural history and naval architecture, navigation, commerce and agriculture in order to give their children a right to study painting, poetry, music, architecture, statuary, tapestry and porcelain. Letter to Abigail Adams (12 May 1780) There is nothing which I dread so much as a division of the republic into two great parties, each arranged under its leader, and concerting measures in opposition to each other. This, in my humble apprehension, is to be dreaded as the greatest political evil under our Constitution. Letter to Jonathan Jackson (2 October 1780), "The Works of John Adams", vol 9, p. 511 The invasion of Georgia and South Carolina is the first. But why should the invasion of these two States affect the credit of the thirteen, more than the invasion of any two others? Massachusetts and Rhode Island have been invaded by armies much more formidable. New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, have been all invaded before. But what has been the issue? Not conquest, not submission. On the contrary, all those States have learned the art of war and the habits of submission to military discipline, and have got themselves well armed, nay, clothed and furnished with a great deal of hard money by these very invasions. And what is more than all the rest, they have got over the fears and terrors that are always occasioned by a first invasion, and are a worse enemy than the English; and besides, they have had such experience of the tyranny and cruelty of the English as have made them more resolute than ever against the English government. Now, why should not the invasion of Georgia and Carolina have the same effects? It is very certain, in the opinion of the Americans themselves, that it will. Besides, the unexampled cruelty of Cornwallis has been enough to revolt even negroes; it has been such as will make the English objects of greater horror there than in any of the other States. Letter to Baron Van Der Capellen (21 January 1781), Amsterdam. Great Britain has been moving earth and hell to obtain allies against us, yet it is improper in us to propose an alliance! Great Britain has borrowed all the superfluous wealth of Europe, in Italy, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, and some in France, to murder us, yet it is dishonorable in us to propose to borrow money! By heaven, I would make a bargain with all Europe, if it lay with me. Let all Europe stand still, neither lend men nor money nor ships to England nor America, and let them fight it out alone. I would give my share of millions for such a bargain. America is treated unfairly and ungenerously by Europe. But thus it is, mankind will be servile to tyrannical masters, and basely devoted to vile idols. Letter to B. Franklin (16 April 1781), Leyden. You will never be alone with a poet in your pocket. Letter to John Quincy Adams (14 May 1781) Thanks be to God, that he gave me Stubborness, when I know I am right. Letter to Edmund Jenings, 27 September 1782, also quoted in John Adams (2008) by David McCullough, p. 272 Neither my father or mother, grandfather or grandmother, great grandfather or great grandmother, nor any other relation that I know of, or care a farthing for, has been in England these one hundred and fifty years; so that you see I have not one drop of blood in my veins but what is American. To an ambassador (1785), as quoted in The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: Autobiography (1851), by Charles F. Adams, p. 392. All the perplexities, confusions, and distresses in America arise, not from defects in their constitution or confederation, not from a want of honor or virtue, so much as from downright ignorance of the nature of coin, credit, and circulation. Letter to Thomas Jefferson (23 August 1787), The Works of John Adams. The new Government has my best Wishes and most fervent Prayers, for its Success and Prosperity: but whether I shall have any Thing more to do with it, besides praying for it, depends on the future suffrages of Freemen. Letter to Thomas Jefferson (2 January 1789), The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Letter to John Jay (28 March 1786), written with Thomas Jefferson. We took the liberty to make some enquiries concerning the ground of their pretentions to make war upon nations who had done them no injury, and observed that we considered all mankind as our friends who had done us no wrong, nor had given us any provocation. The Ambassador answered us that it was founded on the laws of their Prophet; that it was written in their Koran; that all nations who should not have acknowledged their authority were sinners; that it was their right and duty to make war upon them wherever they could be found, and to make slaves of all they could take as prisoners; and that every Mussulman who was slain in battle was sure to go to Paradise. He said, also, that the man who was the first to board a vessel had one slave over and above his share, and that when they sprang to the deck of an enemy's ship, every sailor held a dagger in each hand and a third in his mouth; which usually struck such terror into the foe that they cried out for quarter at once. That it was a law that the first who boarded an Enemy’s Vessell should have one slave. Concerning an interview in London with the ambassador from Tripoli, Sidi Haji Abdul Rahman Adja. A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America (3 Volumes, 1787), republished in the 10 volume The Works of John Adams (1850 - 1856) edited Charles Francis Adams The rich, the well-born, and the able, acquire an influence among the people that will soon be too much for simple honesty and plain sense, in a house of representatives. The most illustrious of them must, therefore, be separated from the mass, and placed by themselves in a senate; this is, to all honest and useful intents, an ostracism. Vol. I, Preface, p. xi The English nation, for their improvements in the theory of government, has, at least, more merit with the human race than any other among the moderns. The late most beautiful and liberal speculations of many writers, in various parts of Europe, are manifestly derived from English sources. Americans, too, ought for ever to acknowledge their obligations to English writers, or rather have as good a right to indulge a pride in the recollection of them as the inhabitants of the three kingdoms. The original plantation of our country was occasioned, her continual growth has been promoted, and her present liberties have been established by these generous theories. Ch. 1 Marchamont Nedham : The Right Constitution of a Commonwealth Examined" The militia and sovereignty are inseparable. In the English constitution, if the whole nation were a militia, there would be a militia to defend the crown, the lords, or the commons, if either were attacked. The crown, though it commands them, has no power to use them improperly, because it cannot pay or subsist them without the consent of the lords and commons; but if the militia are to obey a sovereignty in a single assembly, it is commanded, paid, and subsisted, and a standing army, too, may be raised, paid, and subsisted, by the vote of a majority; the militia, then, must all obey the sovereign majority, or divide, and part follow the majority, and part the minority. This last case is civil war; but, until it comes to this, the whole militia may be employed by the majority in any degree of tyranny and oppression over the minority. The constitution furnishes no resource or remedy; nothing affords a chance of relief but rebellion and civil war. If this terminates in favor of the minority, they will tyrannize in their turn, exasperated by revenge, in addition to ambition and avarice; if the majority prevail, their domination becomes more cruel, and soon ends in one despot. It must be made a sacred maxim, that the militia obey the executive power, which represents the whole people in the execution of laws. To suppose arms in the hands of citizens, to be used at individual discretion, except in private self-defence, or by partial orders of towns, counties, or districts of a state, is to demolish every constitution, and lay the laws prostrate, so that liberty can be enjoyed by no man; it is a dissolution of the government. The fundamental law of the militia is, that it be created, directed, and commanded by the laws, and ever for the support of the laws. Ch. 3 Marchamont Nedham : Errors of Government and Rules of Policy" Sixth Rule Children should be educated and instructed in the principles of freedom. Ch. 3 Marchamont Nedham : Errors of Government and Rules of Policy" Seventh Rule The moment the idea is admitted into society, that property is not as sacred as the law of God, and that there is not a force of law and public justice to protect it, anarchy and tyranny commence. If "Thou shall not covet," and "Thou shall not steal," are not commandments of Heaven, they must be made inviolable precepts in every society, before it can be civilized or made free. Ch. 1 Marchamont Nedham : The Right Constitution of a Commonwealth Examined The right of a nation to kill a tyrant, in cases of necessity, can no more be doubted, than to hang a robber, or kill a flea. But killing one tyrant only makes way for worse, unless the people have sense, spirit and honesty enough to establish and support a constitution guarded at all points against the tyranny of the one, the few, and the many. Let it be the study, therefore, of lawgivers and philosophers, to enlighten the people's understandings and improve their morals, by good and general education; to enable them to comprehend the scheme of government, and to know upon what points their liberties depend; to dissipate those vulgar prejudices and popular superstitions that oppose themselves to good government; and to teach them that obedience to the laws is as indispensable in them as in lords and kings. Ch. 18 A single assembly will never be a steady guardian of the laws, if Machiavel is right, when he says, Men are never good but through necessity: on the contrary, when good and evil are left to their choice, they will not fail to throw every thing into disorder and confusion. Hunger and poverty may make men industrious, but laws only can make them good; for, if men were so of themselves, there would be no occasion for laws; but, as the case is far otherwise, they are absolutely necessary. Vol. I, letter XXVI Ch. 4 Opinions of Philosophers : Dr. Price The proposition, that the people are the best keepers of their own liberties, is not true; they are the worst conceivable; they are no keepers at all; they can neither judge, act, think, or will, as a political body. This is attributed to Adams in The Life of Thomas Jefferson (1858) by Henry Stephens Randall, p. 587 There never was yet a people who must not have somebody or something to represent the dignity of the state, the majesty of the people, call it what you will — a doge, an avoyer, an archon, a president, a consul, a syndic; this becomes at once an object of ambition and dispute, and, in time, of division, faction, sedition, and rebellion. Letter LV: Conclusion The History of our Revolution will be one continued Lye from one end to the other. The essence of the whole will be that Dr. Franklins electrical Rod, smote the Earth and out sprung General Washington. That Franklin electrified him with his rod—and thence forward these two conducted all the Policy, Negotiations, Legislatures and War. Letter to Benjamin Rush, 4 April 1790. Alexander Biddle, Old Family Letters, Series A (Philadelphia: 1892), p. 55 My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived; and as I can do neither good nor evil, I must be borne away by others and meet the common fate. On the Vice-Presidency of the United States, in a letter to Abigail Adams (19 December 1793). I read my eyes out and can't read half enough. ... The more one reads the more one sees we have to read. Letter to Abigail Adams (28 December 1794), Adams Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society The consequences arising from the continual accumulation of public debts in other countries ought to admonish us to be careful to prevent their growth in our own. First Address to Congress (23 November 1797) [N]o pretext, arising from religious opinions, shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries. Treaty with the bey of Tunis (1797). While our country remains untainted with the principles and manners which are now producing desolation in so many parts of the world; while she continues sincere, and incapable of insidious and impious policy, we shall have the strongest reason to rejoice in the local destination assigned us by Providence. But should the people of America once become capable of that deep simulation towards one another, and towards foreign nations, which assumes the language of justice and moderation, while it is practising iniquity and extravagance, and displays in the most captivating manner the charming pictures of candour, frankness, and sincerity, while it is rioting in rapine and insolence, this country will be the most miserable habitation in the world. Because we have no government, armed with power, capable of contending with human passions, unbridled by morality and religion. Avarice, ambition, revenge and licentiousness would break the strongest cords of our Constitution, as a whale goes through a net. Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other. Oaths in this country are as yet universally considered as sacred obligations. That which you have taken, and so solemnly repeated on that venerable ground, is an ample pledge of your sincerity and devotion to your country and its government. Letter to the Officers of the First Brigade of the Third Division of the Militia of Massachusetts, 11 October 1798, in Revolutionary Services and Civil Life of General William Hull (New York, 1848), pp 265-6. There are some differences in the version that appeared in The Works of John Adams (Boston, 1854), vol. 9, pp. 228-9, most notably the words "or gallantry" instead of "and licentiousness". I have thought proper to recommend, and I do hereby recommend accordingly, that Thursday, the 25th day of April next, be observed throughout the United States of America as a day of solemn humiliation, fasting, and prayer; that the citizens on that day abstain as far as may be from their secular occupations, devote the time to the sacred duties of religion in public and in private; that they call to mind our numerous offenses against the Most High God, confess them before Him with the sincerest penitence, implore His pardoning mercy, through the Great Mediator and Redeemer, for our past transgressions, and that through the grace of His Holy Spirit we may be disposed and enabled to yield a more suitable obedience to His righteous requisitions in time to come; that He would interpose to arrest the progress of that impiety and licentiousness in principle and practice so offensive to Himself and so ruinous to mankind; that He would make us deeply sensible that "righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people;" that He would turn us from our transgressions and turn His displeasure from us; that He would withhold us from unreasonable discontent, from disunion, faction, sedition, and insurrection; that He would preserve our country from the desolating sword; that He would save our cities and towns from a repetition of those awful pestilential visitations under which they have lately suffered so severely, and that the health of our inhabitants generally may be precious in His sight; that He would favor us with fruitful seasons and so bless the labors of the husbandman as that there may be food in abundance for man and beast; that He would prosper our commerce, manufactures, and fisheries, and give success to the people in all their lawful industry and enterprise; that He would smile on our colleges, academies, schools, and seminaries of learning, and make them nurseries of sound science, morals, and religion; that He would bless all magistrates, from the highest to the lowest, give them the true spirit of their station, make them a terror to evil doers and a praise to them that do well; that He would preside over the councils of the nation at this critical period, enlighten them to a just discernment of the public interest, and save them from mistake, division, and discord; that He would make succeed our preparations for defense and bless our armaments by land and by sea; that He would put an end to the effusion of human blood and the accumulation of human misery among the contending nations of the earth by disposing them to justice, to equity, to benevolence, and to peace; and that he would extend the blessings of knowledge, of true liberty, and of pure and undefiled religion throughout the world. Presidential proclamation of a national day of fasting and prayer (6 March 1799) Although neither nation has been brought to admit that they were chargeable with the first infraction, yet no American can forget the carrying
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Saturday, December 15, 2012 Recently, Wikinews spent time with with Australian Paralympic skier Lincoln Budge who was in Copper Mountain, Colorado for this week's IPC Nor-Am Cup. ((Wikinews)) I'm interviewing Lincoln Budge, one of Australia's development team skiers, who is here at the IPC [International Paralympic Committee] Nor-Am Cup and you're not skiing today? Lincoln Budge: Well I skied first run. ((WN)) Ooh, a DNF [Did not finish]. Lincoln Budge: DNF, so nothing else for the rest of the afternoon now. ((WN)) So how have you preformed in the past days? Lincoln Budge: I've done pretty well in the previous days. I've finished every race till now which has been good, I've improved my points on what I've had previously, so I'm progressing slowly and, yeah, it's good. ((WN)) What classification are you? Lincoln Budge: LW11. ((WN)) Are you shooting for Sochi or are you just kind of developing now with the idea of the next one [Winter Paralympics] in 2018? Lincoln Budge: I'd like to go to Sochi, but realistically it's probably not going to happen, I've only been skiing for three years, so. Yeah. ((WN)) And you're from some town that's really hard to pronounce in Australia. Lincoln Budge: Yes, Yackandandah. ((WN)) What state is this in? Lincoln Budge: Victoria, north east Victoria ((WN)) So Victoria is the state that produces all the great Australian skiers? Lincoln Budge: Correct, Victoria is the state to be in. ((WN)) How long have you been in the development team? Lincoln Budge: Been skiing for almost three years now. ((WN)) On the development team or just period? Lincoln Budge: Period but I pretty much got onto the development team [...] days in[? ], so all my skiing has been with the team. ((WN)) You never considered doing the nordic skiing? Lincoln Budge: No way. [laughs] That's way too much dedication. ((WN)) Where do you like to ski and which, like Super G, Slalom, is your favourite? Lincoln Budge: Down hill would be the one I've enjoyed most so far. It's fast, obviously, a speed event, and the whole build-up to it, 's really fun and I enjoy the speed events. ((WN)) Where do you like to ski? Are you one of these people likes to come to the US, or do you think Victoria's got the best ski fields in the world? Lincoln Budge: US is pretty good, I've sort of skied quite a few hills. I've based somewhere different each year so far. [...] I don't really have a preferred one. ((WN)) Considering how expensive skiing is, do you think you're getting adequate support from everyone to enable you to continue your ski career? Lincoln Budge: Yeah, at the moment I'm getting good support from the team and everyone, which is really good and hopefully financially I can keep doing it into the future. ((WN)) As someone watching skiing: can you throw your monoski over your shoulder and transport it that way? Lincoln Budge: I can if I want to but I've got a set of wheels that I clip the rig into so I can push it around more easily than putting it on me shoulder. I cart skis[?] around on my shoulder, but I've got a set of wheels, just to make it easier. ((WN)) Ok, thank you very very much. "Wikinews interviews Australian sit skier Victoria Pendergast" — Wikinews, December 15, 2012 "Wikinews interviews Australian Paralympic skiers Jessica Gallagher and Eric Bickerton" — Wikinews, December 11, 2012 "Wikinews interviews Australian blind Paralympic skier Melissa Perrine" — Wikinews, December 10, 2012 "Wikinews interviews Australian Paralympic skier Andrew Bor" — Wikinews, December 11, 2012 "Wikinews interviews Australian Paralympic skiers Toby Kane, Cameron Rahles Rahbula, and Mitchell Gourley" — Wikinews, December 14, 2012
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The name "Afrikaans" means literally "African". Afrikaans has its roots in 17th-century Dutch, but has since developed its own distinctive character and flavour in the three centuries that it developed mostly in South Africa and in parts of Namibia. Being a Germanic language, it is closely related to Dutch, English and to a lesser extent German. Compare the following: English: I eat an apple. Afrikaans: Ek eet 'n appel. Dutch: Ik eet een appel. German: Ich esse einen Apfel. English has many more words of a Latin or French origin than Afrikaans, but a more archaic word can often show the similarities between the two languages. English: hound, fowl, house, milk Afrikaans: hond, voël, huis, melk Most interestingly, consider these two sentences: My hand is in warm water. My pen is in my hand. These two sentences can be either English or Afrikaans, and both have exactly the same meaning in both languages. But despite this, Afrikaans has significant differences from English. It might not be as easy to learn for an English speaker as, say, Esperanto, but it is still considered a relatively easy language to learn, and is advocated by some as a good introduction to learning Dutch and other Germanic languages in general. Afrikaans and Dutch are very closely related and are more or less mutually understandable. More about that here. Dutch's grammar is a bit more complex than Afrikaans', but they share a lot of the same vocabulary, albeit with slightly different spellings and pronunciations. Comparing Afrikaans and Dutch is somewhat like comparing Norwegian Bokmål and Danish. It is a commonly held belief that Afrikaans people tend to understand Dutch quite well, and Dutch people generally need more time to understand Afrikaans. The truth of this claim may vary from individual to individual. Some Afrikaans people claim to understand written Dutch better than spoken Dutch. Afrikaans is seen by some in a negative light because it was the language promoted by the apartheid regime. Some even claim that it should be forgotten. We acknowledge the terrible atrocities of that regime but still regard Afrikaans language and culture as beautiful and worthy of preservation. However, with regard to the sentiment of preservation of the language and culture, there remains an underlying tone of segregation as illustrated by the special interest groups: Afriforum; Solidariteit and the AfrikanerBond amongst others. The underlying segregationist sentiments of Afrikaner language and cultural proponents are along the lines of Hendrik Verwoerd's assertion of Apartheid as: 'Good Neighbourliness', which can be seen in the fact of the majority of Afrikaans Speakers being what, in South Africa, are called 'Coloured' people who are then represented as a minority in Afrikaans institutions and media such as the television channel KYKNET, radio RSG and newspapers like BEELD, Volksblad and magazines HUISGENOOT and ROOIROSE. What one sees then is that there is a concerted, if not wholly deliberate effort to present Afrikaans as the language of the majority of White South Africans in the same way that it had been prioritised in the 20th Century to aid the White Afrikaner Nationalism of the National Party; in its infancy in the 1910s to its introduction and preservation of Apartheid from 1948 until the introduction of the 1996 South African Constitution with its ideal of the equality of all languages. Besides, more than half of the speakers of the language are not white and were victims of the regime's many manipulations, including ripping apart families and forcefully moving whole communities. As has been stated in the preceding paragraph, the complexity of understanding Afrikaans social presence in South Africa is dependent upon understanding what the language has been and what the attempts at it's rehabilitation are; while there remains an element of Afrikaner society that looks upon the history of Afrikaner people and the attending atrocities as something to look back upon, fondly, it is this aspect of the culture and the people that undercuts whatever is being done to disillusion afrikaans-speakers of claims of its superiority and importance over other South African languages if not English itself. Additonally, some of the first literary works in Afrikaans were translations of holy Islamic texts by Abu Bakr Effendi that were used by the Muslim Cape slave population. Hence, the language can be equally be described as the language of the oppressed. Indeed, while there may be those who delude themselves in thinking that Afrikaans is the 'language of the oppressed', one cannot simply ignore the social environment in which 'the oppressed' came to speak Afrikaans in the first place as slaves who tried to manoeuvre their way across the Dutch language of their Slave masters. Afrikaans, then comes to be used as a way to distinguish those who created an identity out of propagating slavery and anti-equality in the Cape and further oppression down the centuries. How Afrikaans comes to be a Language in 21st Century South Africa is a fraught 200+ years history Several English words, such as "commando" and "aardvark", are of Afrikaans origin. The Arabic script has been used to write Afrikaans. Afrikaans is the only Indo-European language to have developed in Africa. Afrikaans is the most commonly used language among non-black South Africans. <>
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Anderson is a small city in the Nine-County Region of Indiana, home to a nice downtown and the impressive Paramount Theatre. The city was named after Chief William "Adam" Anderson who was part Delaware Indian and platted around 1827. Things were all well and good for the people of Anderson until the second half of the 20th century. Then the keystones of the economy like GM pulled out or started to fold and smiles disappeared off faces pretty fast as empty storefronts popped up. Be aware that smoking cigarettes indoors is legal in Anderson, and some restaurants do not have enclosed smoking areas. The Indianapolis International Airport is an hour car ride South-East of Anderson. 40.108611-85.6130561 Anderson Municipal Airport (AID IATA). This is good if you're coming in your own airplane. (updated Dec 2020) 40.10493-85.678632 Greyhound Bus Station (AID IATA), 1109 Main St, ☏ +1 765-646-5747. For more regular folks. Driving is probably your best option. A total solar eclipse on Monday 8 April 2024 starts at 3:07PM local time and lasts 4 min. 40.10471-85.678981 Paramount Theatre. Opened in 1929 and originally owned by Paramount Pictures with a starry sky-type atmosphere on the ceiling, one of only 12 such theaters in the US and Canada, then also with a Spanish village-themed auditorium. Occupies a central piece of the downtown skyline. (updated Dec 2020) 40.106389-85.6802782 Anderson Center for the Arts. (updated Dec 2020) 40.10927-85.677923 Gruenewald Historic House, 626 Main St, ☏ +1 765 648-6875. Italianate/Second Empire-style house that was built in 1873 on a plot that was an original part of the townsite. (updated Nov 2021) 40.0887-85.69651 Anderson Speedway, 1311 Martin Lthr Kng Jr Blvd, ☏ +1 765 642-0206. (updated Dec 2020) 40.100386-85.6207222 Mounds State Park, 4306 Mounds Rd, ☏ +1 765 642-6627. Discover prehistoric mounds for religious and astronomical ceremonies going back to approximately 160 BC by the Adena-Hopewell people. Also find here a nature center and nature trails to explore the botany and fauna of the region. (updated Dec 2020) 40.0692-85.63863 Harrah's Hoosier Park Racing & Casino, 4500 Dan Patch Cir, ☏ +1 800 526-7223. Racino (racetrack/casino), courtesy of Harrah's. (updated Dec 2020) 40.1163-85.66124 Macholtz Stadium, Miracle Ave (located on Anderson University), ☏ +1 800 428-6414. Home of the Anderson Ravens' athletics and sporting events. (updated Dec 2020) 40.03015-85.657945 Indy Scream Park, 5211 S New Columbus Rd, ☏ +1 317 218-9515. A fairly embellished scare park that is open from early September to early November. (updated Nov 2021) 40.06097-85.701131 Good's Candy Shop, 1423 W. 53rd St, toll-free: +1-866-375-0309. M-Sa 10AM-9PM, Su 1PM-9PM. Large sweet shop that looks like it's made of chocolate! You can't miss this place - look for the giant candy box sign outside. Family owned and operated, see how the favorite snacks are made - from truffles to fudge, chocolate covered nuts, hand dipped goodies and so forth. They also have a coffee shop! King Gyro's, 915 S Scatterfield Rd, ☏ +1 765 640-4260. One of the only places to get a gyro in Anderson, typically served with lamb, cucumber-garlic sauce, lettuce, tomato, and onion. King Gyro's also serves regular American fast food, like hamburgers. Customers always note King Gyro's quality food and low prices. 40.09435-85.659311 Lemon Drop, 1701 Mounds Rd, ☏ +1 765 644-9055. M-Sa 10:30AM-9PM. An old-fashion burger joint, cozy and comfortable. Visitors remember the bright yellow paint, the toy train running around the ceiling, and the burgers on toast (they do have buns though). 40.05192-85.655421 Quality Inn & Suites Anderson I-69, 1836 E 64th St, ☏ +1 765 641-9980. Has an indoor pool. If you have a room overlooking the cemetery, you can just pull the curtain shut. (updated Nov 2021) 40.11887-85.609962 Anderson/Muncie KOA, 3230 E CR 75 N, ☏ +1 765 378-5909. Has cabins available along with bike rentals and firewood if you want to build a campfire. (updated Nov 2021) There is also the campground at Mounds State Park.
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The formation of substantives from verbs and vice versa has given rise to a great many controversies among interlinguists, particularly between Couturat on the one hand and the defenders of the Esperanto system de Saussure and Aymonier on the other hand. Much of the dust raised in these discussions might, however, have been avoided had it not been for the curious fact that both sides agreed in taking one important point for granted, namely that all substantives, whether derived from verbs or not, must necessarily end in -o as decreed by Zamenhof. Hence all their difficulties, and their one point of agreement was really through the irony of fate the reason why they had to disagree so fundamentally. As we shall see, some of their chief difficulties disappear as soon as we give up that dogma and admit other endings in substantives. But that does not mean giving up all and any distinctive endings, only these should not serve to mark parts of speech as such, but be used as real derivative or formative elements. The first of these endings is in Novial the same as in Esp and Ido, namely -o, but in our system it serves to denote substantives immediately derived from or connected with a verb and meaning the simple act or state denoted by the verb (nexus-substantives). In this function the ending is not entirely a priori, being found in Italian and Spanish in some substantives of that class, corresponding to verbs in -are -ar, e.g. I uso, gusto, voto, guasto, bacio, bagno, etc., corresponding to usare, etc. The simplest case is that in which we have only one substantive, namely the verbal substantive in -o. In most corresponding words English does not distinguish the infinite from the substantive in form. The verb may end in -a; thus we have a/o-words, e.g. sonja/o dream, basia/o kiss, marcha/o, promena/o walk, komensa/o begin, plora/o weep, pena/o take the trouble, odora/o smell, aranja/o, kalkula/o, desira/o, riska/o, espera/o hope, klosa/o, revela/o, duta/o doubt, judika judge, judiko judgement, helpa/o, fala/o fall. Next we have verbs in -e, sb in -o, e/o-words: respekte respekto; inspekte/o, reflekte/o, introdukte/o, sugeste/o, diskuse/o, opine/o think, have an opinion, atrakte/o, neglekte/o. While in the classes treated so far the final vowel of the verb (a, e) disappears before -o, we must keep i and u when we derive substantives in -o; thuse we have i/io-words and u/uo-words: aboli abolish, abolio the act of abolishing, demoli/io, puni/io, nutri/io, establi/io, defini/io, mari/io, expedi/io, suposi/io, komposi/io, disposi/io, edi/io, edit, editing, senti/io feel, veni/io come, dormi/io sleep. Distribu distribute, distribuo distributing, kontribu/uo, konstitu/uo, restitu/uo, substitu/uo, evolu/uo, revu/uo, intervu/uo, solu/uo solve, the act of solving, resolu/uo, disolu/uo, absolu/uo, polu/uo pollute, -ing, diminu/uo, distribu/uo, perseku/uo, proseku/uo. Somewhat more complicated are those cases in which we have first a substantive in -e, then a verb derived from it and ending in -a, and finally a verbal substantive formed in the usual way in -o. These e/a/o-words constitute a most important class in N, and we must give a great many examples. In numerous words the original sb means an instrument, and the verb the natural use made of that instrument: thus brose a brush, brosa to brush (I brush, etc. ), broso the simple act of brushing (as in "my hat wants a brush"). In the same way: texe loom, texa weave, mile mill, mila grind, skrue screw, berse cradle, bersa rock, -o, klefe key, -a lock, -o, mesure measure (tape or yard for measuring), -a vb, mesuro measurement, katene chain, venene venom, poison, parfume, spise spice, telefone, kovre cover, veste article of clothing, violine (-o play on the v.), flute, bisikle. Further examples of e/a/o-words: Rule roll (e.g. of paper, F rouleau), vb rula; vbsb rulo (E roll, rolling, F roulement, D das rollen). For the first sb Ido-dictionaries have rulilo, rulbloko, rulajo--rather unnatural formations. The word rule should be kept distinct from role, F rôle--etymologically the same word. Glue/a/o; fume/a/o smoke (the latter the act of smoking; I want a smoke after dinner); ombre/a/o shade; grupe/a/o; folie leaf, folia turn over the leaves, folio (which may also be kept as a technical term for one format); plase/a/o place; parte part, parta divide, share; drinke; kolore (kolorates = coloured people), forme, fabrike manufactory; makule stain, limite, eforte, karese, dekrete, argumente, komplimente, note, adrese (li letre es adresat a vu; not in all the meanings of E address), honore, dolore pain, questione, funktione, date, motive, pause, nombre, nome, plante. Kante song, -a sing, -o singing, danse/a/o, konsilie advice, kritike criticism, critique. Rakonte story: li rakonte perdad kelkum in li rakonto, the tale lost in the telling. Vote: in li voto (kand on vota), li presidente have du votes. Kopie copy, kopia, kopio copying. Nive snow (what falls or has fallen), niva vb, nivo snowing, snowy weather; correspondingly grele/a/o hail, pluve/a/o rain. Sange blood, sanga bleed, sango bleeding; spute/a/o spit, sudore/a/o sweat, urine/a/o. Gute drop, -a drip, trickle, -o; milke, milka to milk, milko milking. There can be no conflict between this non-personal way of using the three endings e/a/o and the use of the endings e/o/a to denote common sex, male and female in the case of living beings, for the two classes of words are easily kept apart by their natural meanings and there is no occasion to derive verbs in -a immediately from words denoting living beings. We see the difference most clearly, perhaps, when we observe that one and the same stem may in national languages be used in two ways: words in -grafe mean persons, when there is no apparatus or instrument: geografe, etnografe (-o, -a, if sex is insisted upon)--but if there is an apparatus called in this way, the word belongs to the non-personal class: telegrafe (the apparatus), telegrafa vb, telegrafo telegraphing, and then of course telegrafere (-o, -a) or telegrafiste (-o, -a) to indicate the operator. In both cases we have derivatives in -ia for the science or art: geografia, telegrafia. (But this definition does not assist us in all cases: stenografa vb, -grafo the act, -grafere or -iste; biografa and ortografa in the same way, to write the biography of or to write orthographically; with bibliografia, -iiste there seems to be no necessity for a word in -grafe or -a; autografi adj, with -fum.) The formation of verbs from substantives by the simple substitution of -a for the final vowel should not be tolerated except where there cannot be the slightest doubt as to the meaning of the verb thus created. In a language destines to be understood easily by people with the most diverging linguistic habits in their mother-tongues, all those idiomatic usages should be avoided which abound in all national languages with regard to verbs derived from substantives. We must therefore admit only such obvious formations as those instanced above, but should be afraid of such formations as those in E to stone (1) kill by means of stones, (2) free fruit from stones, or to wing (1) provide with wings, (2) wound in the wing; cf. also D kalben to calve, but ochsen to work like an ox. Where the meaning is clearly to provide with, the suffix -isa should be used (see Verbal Suffixes), thus armisa arm, D bewaffnen. (For if we said arma, parallelism with brosa, etc., would rather suggest the meaning 'use weapons against'.) Kronisa from krone 'crown' would therefore seem correct for 'to crown' (with kroniso coronation), but it must be admitted that 'to provide with a crown' is no fully adequate description of a coronation, and the formation krona with vbsb krono is less dangerous in our system than in Ido. Anyhow the system does not tolerate immediate verbal formations in -a from words denoting human beings, if only because with them -a is the mark of feminine sex; thus we can have no rega = to be king or rule. It is claimed that this system is both clearer and more natural than those of Esp and Ido. Couturat felt that the free and easy way in which Esp formed sbs from vbs, and inversely, was wanting in precision, and therefore devised a series of new endings, some of them taken naturally enough from existing languages; he also restricted the field of "immediate derivation" by very severe rules. But he did not see clearly enough that his set of endings were not numerous enough to do justice to the infinite variety of human life and speech, and some of his formations are cumbrous and unnatural. As the relation of a key to the act of locking cannot be expressed by immediate derivation according to his system, he must either take klefar as the verb: then klefo is locking and klefilo a key (thus in the first edition) - or else start from klefo key, then 'to lock' is klefagar and 'locking' klefago (thus later). It is in many cases purely arbitrary, whether we start from the verb or from the name of the instrument, and Idists are hard put to it to remember whether a brush is broso or brosilo and to brush brosagar or brosar. The suffix -agar seems to vague in many words (martelagar as a transitive verb), and on the other hand -izar 'to supply with' seems often wrong: ombrizar to shade, motivizar state the motives of; it may be all right to derive nomizar from nomo name and give it the meaning "donner un nom à", but if nomar is then defined as "dire le nom de quelqu'un", it seems wrong to have the simple nomo, for the name and the act of saying the name are not identical. The suffix -ifar is also used curiously, for sangifar to bleed is not on a par with panifar to make bread. In writing Ido one is constantly confronted with the problem: am I here logical justified in using the immediate formation, or should I use a suffix and which? Skribo, skriburo, skribajo; vundo, vunduro; rezulto, rezultajo; impedo, impedivo, impedilo; edito, edituro, editado; grupar, grupifar, grupigar, grupizar . . .; which is it to be? For mill the dictionaries give muelilo, mueleyo, muelerio, mueldomo: the starting-point is muelar grind. For the sb milk we find lakto, for the vb another root melkar from D. But if Ido's rules are too strict, those of Esp are undoubtedly too lax, as they allow any substantive to be made into a verb simply by changing the ending, and vice versa, without taking the meaning into account; each writer may thus follow the practice of his native language or his own individual fancy. Further, if from krono sb we form kroni vb to crown, what are we to do with the verbal sb coronation? Krono would be parallel to admiro for admiration and a hundred others, but of course one and the same form cannot be allowed to mean both crown and coronation. So Esperantists take the form kronado, in spite of the fact that the suffix -ad- otherwise indicates the repeated or lasting verbal action: kronado thus should mean a repeated or lasting coronation. Or else, if -ad- is allowed to mean verbal action without the notion of repetition, kronado is correct for coronation, but then we miss a suffix for repeated action. Esp theorists admit -ad- in both meanings, but if kronado is coronation, it would seem necessary to admit the possibility of having kronadado for repeated coronation, bearing the same relation to kronado as pafado to pafo shooting. It seems contrary to Z's ordinary practice to admit -ad- in the two senses. Anyhow we get out of all these dilemmas by not requiring -o in all substantives. To form so-called "abstracts" (i.e. in my terminology predicative nexus-words) from adjectives we use the suffix -ESO, because Couturat is right: goodness means really 'the fact of being good'. This eso is thus the verbal sb belonging to es, but it may also be considered as a reflex of the suffix found in F rich-esse (E riches), faiblesse, etc. Thus richeso, febleso, vereso truth, utileso utility, blindeso, etc. Note that in national languages such words often acquire a concrete meaning: this should not be imitated, and verum and vereso should be kept distinct, see Neuter. The suffix -eso may be added to a passive participle: li venkateso de Napoleon da Wellington = li venko de Wellington super N. (defeat-victory). Where one suffix suffices, Occ has several: altess, veritá, libertá, longore, maladie, coquetterie. No rules are given, nor can any be given, except this: first learn a few national languages, then you know from them which suffix to use. And even then the learner may hesitate, for to F longueur (whence longore) corresponds I lunghezza with the same suffix that leads to altess. Or is each Occidentalist free in every particular case to select the ending that pleases him best? The simple -o is not the only suffix needed in our IAL to form substantives from verbs; another one is found very frequently in international words, namely the suffix in E opin-ion, admir-at-ion, defin-it-ion, sol-ut-ion. In order to obtain the forms best known in the civilized world, the rule in N is that the suffix -IONE takes the form -atione if the verb ends in -a, -itione if the verb ends in -i, and -utione if the verb ends in -u. This rule may also be stated in this way that -ione is added to the passive participle of all verbs except those ending in -e, in which -ione instead of the final -e. Examples: opine: opinione; diskuse: diskusione; satisfakte: satisfaktione; forma: formatione; isola: isolatione; expedi: expeditione; puni: punitione; evolu: evolutione; diminu: diminutione. As for the meaning of the words formed in -ione, they do not like those in -o denote simply the action of the verb, but partly the result (as a whole) or the resulting state, partly the way or manner in which something is done: komunikatione, ilustratione, institutione, fortifikatione, explikatione, opinione, edukatione, rekreatione, modifikatione, konstruktione, inventione, etc. "Li letres es in lon posesione": here it would not be natural to say poseso (the act of possessing). "Lo okupad se longitem per li soluo del probleme e finalim trovad li korekte solutione." It is possible to distinguish between expedio (the sending off) and expeditione, dediko and dedikatione (the words through which li dediko is expressed). "After multi-yari kolekto (kolektado) lo have nun belisi kolektione de piktures." "After pluri definios lo finalim arivad al sekuenti definitione." Aditione, subtraktione, multiplikatione, divisione are four branches of arithmetic; adio the (single) act of adding. Sometimes the international usage has fixed one particular meaning on the -ion words, which is not always easy to define, but which generally is more complex than the mere -o-meaning: "per li siviliso de barbares on ofte dona a les nur li mali partes del sivilisatione." We speak of giving satisfaction and therefore say dona satisfaktione: it would not be natural to say dona satisfakto, for give the act of satisfying has no proper sense. Compare also polutione and koruptione with poluo and korupto; konvikto is the action of converying a konviktione to someone else. While lekto is 'reading' (me lekte I read), lektione means lesson or lecture. Some words in -ione are taken over in N ready-made without any corresponding verb from which they can be derived according to these rules, e.g. okasione, emotione, sektione, funktione--some of these are themselves starting-points for new formations (vb -a). The same is the case to some extent in Ido, which has not -iono or -ationo as derivative suffix, but which has a certain number of words in -iono besides some in -aco, vb -acar, taken from national-language words in -ation in half-Russian dress, due to Zamenhof: formaco from formation (R formatsia), operaco, naraco; similarly atenco (= N atentione from atente). In other cases Ido has changed Esp -io into -iono: naciono, profesiono, prepoziciono, but without consistency: religio, ambicio. Esp as usual is even less consistent: by the side of nacio, misio, etc., it has kondicxo, okazo, and even haladzo exhalation (!). Note that sometimes E -ion has a different meaning: precision is N presiseso. When the product of the action is specially meant, as distinct from the way in which it is done, the ending should not be -ione, but -um added to the passive participle: fabrikatum manufactured article, kreatum, kontributum, printatum printed matter, trovatum a find, kopiatum a thing copied (distinct from kopie the copy). Cf. Neuter, on plural in -us. Ido has the suffix -uro joined to verbal roots to denote the result or product as distinct from the act itself. We take this in the form -URE, but its use in N is much more restricted, because in many cases either the original word in -e or else a neuter participle suffices, as just remarked. But in the following cases the use of -ure is legitimate: pikture, painting, a (painted) picture, skulpture piece of sculpture, inventure, fotografure photo (while the thing photographed is fotografatum), texure thing woven. To form names of persons occupied in some sort there are two international suffixes -ERE (D E Sc -er, F -eur)--representing also L -or and its equivalents in modern languages--and -ISTE, both of course with the sex-forms -a, -o. The former -ere is more general in its application and is used, e.g., in bakere, akompanere, charmere, rakontere, redaktere, judikere judge, ambasadere, juvelere, bankere, misionere, etc. The suffix is used also for animals and certain plants: reptere reptile, rodere rodent, klimere climbing plant. In most, but not all, cases we have a verb from which the -ere word is derived. The second suffix, -iste, serves chiefly to form words from other substantives; it is used exclusively for human beings, in the first place for adherents of a doctrine, a system, or a party, thus generally corresponding to a word in -isme: ateiste, sosialiste, idealiste, metodiste, monarkiste, etc. Then it is used of those occupied in certain professions or sciences: artiste, dentiste, okuliste, logikiste, sientiste, spesialiste. Kantiste may be used for a professional singer, kantere for an amateur, but this distinction cannot be carried through, and in some cases the two suffixes may be used indiscriminately. -ISME ateisme, etc. As a variant of -ere we may consider -IERE, which is used to denote a person or thing characterized by a certain object or considered as its bearer: kurasiere, rentiere man of private means, pomiere apple-tree, sigariere cigar-holder, kandeliere candlestick. Milioniera female millionaire. -ARIE denotes the recipient of an action, the person for whom something is destined: sendarie addressee, pagarie payee (-o, -a). -ILO, an Esp suffix taken from certain Slavic words like pravilo rudder, combined with D schlüss-el key, from schliessen shut, E gird-le; it is used to denote a tool or instrument for doing what is indicated by a verb: skriptilo any kind of writing instrument, ludilo plaything, sondilo sounding-line, probe, komunikilo means of communicating, ornilo ornament. Note that our e/a/o-words make it possible to have simpler forms for many Esp and Ido ilo-words; in N -ilo is used only where it is absolutely necessary to start from the verb. Note also the technical words in -tor with the same meaning: transformatore, motore, traktore, ventilatore; these, however, do not justify a Novial suffix -ore or -tore to be added to any stem, as these words are too special. -IA denotes the domain, province, or country of someone. It is used for the names of countries: Anglia England (Angle Englishman or -woman), Fransia, Rusia; in some cases the name is formed from the name of a town: Luxemburgia from Luxembourg, Aljeria from Alger (and some names with this ending must be taken as non-derived for our purposes: Austria, Australia, whence the inhabitant -iane). Further, patria native country, and from emperero emperor, rego king, duko duke, episkopo bishop we form the words empereria empire, regia kingdom, dukia duchy, episkopia diocese, etc. A further application is seen when from words like filosofe, geologe, astronome, anatome, we form words for the spiritual domain of these men, i.e. their sciences: filosofia, geologia, astronomia, anatomia, etc. From printere printer, lavere launder, chapelere hatmaker, we form printeria printing-office, laveria laundry, chapeleria hat factory, etc. And finally from such a word as pomiere apple-tree we may form pomieria apple-orchard. Cf. kompania, Consonants above. -TORIE place where something is done: laboratorie, lavatorie, observatorie, dormitorie, auditorie. (Sanatorie should properly be sanisatorie.) Koquatorie kitchen. -AJE something made of, consisting of, having the character of: lanaje woollen goods, lignaje woodwork, infantaje childish act (F enfantillage), plantaje plantation (F D plantage), boskaje boscage, plumaje plumage, kruelage (act of) cruelty. Idists will please notice that this suffix does not cover their -ajo, which is mostly expressed by our -um: grasum, komunikatum, komunikendum. -EDE, a kind of combination of F -ée (cuillerée spoonful) and S -ada (cucharada), is used to denote the quantity which fills something: kulierede, manuede handful, bokede mouthful. -ARO a modification of the suffix L -arium (herbarium), I S -ario, F -aire (vocabulaire), E -ary (glossary) to denote a collection, group, set of things or person; it is generally a comprehensive term: homaro mankind, formularo comprehensive formulary, vortaro the whole vocabulary of a language or the stock of words available, libraro library. (N.B. -arie is used in a different sense, see above.) -IDE descendant, originally taken from Greek Atreide, son of Atreus, Peleide, extended in modern times to Napoleonide, etc. We may say regide (-o, -a) for one of royal birth, and also Semide, Israelide, though it is more in accordance with international usage to say Semite, Israelite, which are not formed with any of our suffixes and are rather to be considered as ready-made words taken over as wholes, like dinamite synamite, melanite and other chemical terms with the same ending. For Abderite we say Abderane, for Moabite Moabane, for Jacobite Jacobane, etc. -YUNE, from the adj yuni young, is used as a suffix in compounds like bovyune (-o, -a) calf, hanyune chick, katyuno male kitten, etc. In some cases diminutives may be used in the same sense, but we may say, for instance, that a grown pony is a kavalete, though not a kavalyune.
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Victor Lebrun (1882 – 1979) was a French Esperantist writer and a Tolstoyan. Trans. Victor P. Epp. Lulu.com, 2005. ISBN 1-4116-6733-6 The fate of all founders of moral and religious schools did not escape Tolstoy. He had three types of disciples: those of one type looked after their own internal improvement and had, so to say, a poor opinion of all practical actions. They are the followers of the letter of the law. Very rarely does one encounter persons like this among Tolstoyans. Those of another type left their studies or privileged situations and went to live among the people, maintaining themselves by farming or the trades. They are the men of goodwill on humankind's labor front. Those of the third and final type do not reject their special skills, through which they serve the people and true progress. They are the friends of the people. pp. 51–52 In the spiritual world, just as in the physical world, nothing is lost. Where an ember quietly glows, even a breeze can fan a blaze. Just as he instructed me, Tolstoy's powerful call touched millions of hearts and intellects. p. 58 “Leo Nicolayevich, what is madness?” I asked him ... The reply followed. “It is selfishness,” he explained, “the narrowing of one's attention to oneself and afterward to any single idea.” pp. 94–95 Nature is like a woman worthy of being placed on a pedestal. In order fully to understand and appreciate her, it is necessary to live with her a long time in intimate proximity. p. 104 Persistent and undiscerning almost to the point of criminality as far as resources were concerned, this woman [Sophia Tolstaya] was of immeasurable hindrance to her husband, her children and humankind as a whole. p. 123 A genius, an eighty-two year-old thinker and author, loved and respected by the whole world, having to flee like a criminal from his own home! To flee from the bottomless abyss created between persons having dissimilar guiding instincts! Through the cold impenetrable autumn night, Tolstoy ran alone to the nearest stable through the large apple orchard. And behind him, the terrifying specter of being caught and again made to drown in the insufferable surroundings in which he had been suffocated for all of thirty years! Before him, finally, lay moral freedom, so long and so earnestly awaited! Finally, the possibility, though not for long, though only until death, of relief from the pressures on his mind! The possibility of carrying out his much revered duty before his conscience and before toiling humankind! He had been hindered in life. Now he can at last succeed in dying with dignity. pp. 139–140 During this summer [of 1906] the strain between Father and Mother grew deeper. ... A young Tolstoyan by the name of Lebrun, whom Father loved very much, lived with us at this time and helped Father. Alexandra Tolstoy, Tolstoy: A Life of My Father, trans. Elizabeth R. Hapgood (Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1953), pp. 448–449. Leo Tolstoy by Victor Lebrun on Google Books Victor Lebrun on Esperanto Wikipedia Victor Lebrun on Italian Wikipedia
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A quieter part of the ancient Marais neighbourhood which is centred in the 4th, the 3rd is possibly one of the best places to live in Paris. There are several good open air markets and lots of great local designer clothing stores. The museums of the 3rd are among the best anywhere, including the Musée Picasso which contains both the master's works and his collections, and the almost undefinable Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers which has on display the first prototypes of almost every important invention, including the first monoplane, numerous artifacts from the creation of the Statue of Liberty, and of course, Foucault's Pendulum. Arts et Métiers 3 11 station is probably the most convenient for the Musée des Arts et Métiers, but also within easy walking distance of all the attractions of the 3rd. République 3 5 8 9 11 station is on the northern edge of the 3rd arrondissement, but superbly well-connected and therefore highly convenient 48.860322.358571 Les Archives Nationales (French Archives). The Archives Nationales have one of the largest and most important archival collections in the world, a testimony to the very ancient nature of the French state which has been in existence for more than twelve centuries already. 48.8611112.3552782 Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme (Museum of Jewish Art and History), 71, rue du Temple, ☏ +33 1 53 01 86 60. The largest French museum of Jewish art and history 48.85752.3622223 Musée Carnavalet, 23, rue de Sévigné (Métro: Saint-Paul 1 or Chemin Vert 8 , Bus 29, 69, 76, 96), ☏ +33 1 44 59 58 58, fax: +33 1 44 59 58 11. Contained within two historic houses (hotels), the museum explores the history of Paris through objects in over 140 separate rooms. Free entry to the permanent collection. 48.8581942.3613894 Musée Cognacq-Jay, 8 rue Elzévir (Métro: Saint-Paul), ☏ +33 1 40 27 07 21. 48.8661112.3552785 Musée des Arts et Métiers (Museum of Arts and Trades), 60, rue Réaumur (Métro: Arts et Métiers, Réaumur-Sébastopol, Bus 20, 38, 39, 47). Tu-Su, 10:00-18:00, Th until 21:30, closed M and public holidays. An industrial design museum in Paris that houses the collection of the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (National Conservatory of Arts and Industry), which was founded in 1794 as a repository for the preservation of scientific instruments and inventions. 48.8597312.3624396 Musée Picasso, 5, rue de Thorigny (Métro: Saint-Paul 1 or Chemin Vert 8 ), ☏ +33 1 42 71 25 21. 09:30-18:00, W-M & 09:30-20:00 on Th, except during winter when closing time is always 17:30. Most of the works by Picasso and others which were in the master's possession at the time of his death are now on display here. 48.85912.36197 Musée de la Serrure (Musée Bricard), 1, rue de la Perle (Métro: Chemin-Vert), ☏ +33 1 42 77 79 62. 48.511922.213238 Foundation Henri Cartier-Bresson, 79 rue des Archives (Filles du Calvaire, Arts et Metiers), ☏ +33 1 40 61 50 50. Tu-Su 11:00 to 19:00. The Foundation of Henri Cartier-Bresson is a private foundation for public use and for the memories and conservation of the photographer Henri Cartier Bresson and his wife Martine Franck. There are permanent displays and three major expositions planned each year. Admission €9, €5 reduced. (updated Sep 2019) There's a lot of stuff to buy in the 3rd, mainly in the side streets of the upper Marais down near the 4th. Of particular interest are the large number of men's clothing stores on rue de Turenne. Au Réparateur de Bicyclettes, 44, boul de Sébastopol (Métro: Rambuteau), ☏ +33 1 48 04 51 19. M-Sa, 10:00-20:00. If you would rather have a funkier bike than the ones you can rent from the RATP you would do a lot worse than checking out this little bicycle repair shop which also offers a wide range of new and used bikes. Their specialty in new bikes is Dutch and English bicycles, but some of the really nice ones are by the American company, Scott. Used bikes, €75+. Marché du Temple. Camille, 24, rue des Francs-Bourgeois, ☏ +33 1 42 72 20 50. Fantastic fresh French food. It is worth the wait. €40. Chez Jenny, 39, boul du Temple, ☏ +33 1 44 54 39 00. A super popular spot with young Parisians. The food must be good for it to be so consistently packed. Chez Janou, 2, Rue Roger Verlhomme, ☏ +33 1 42 72 28 41. Chez Janou has such a pretty location that it's worth an evening visit just for that. But the food and atmosphere are also amazing. Vegetarians be warned, the tortellini is not the token veggie dish; there isn't one. €18. Page 35, 4, rue du Parc Royal, ☏ +33 1 44 54 35 35. The name apparently refers to some section of some newspaper or another apparently with social listings. The carte features fantastic crêpe opportunities making this a must for lunch or lingering over a carafe or two of the house wine. €8. Le Pamphlet, 38, rue Debelleyme, ☏ +33 1 42 72 39 24. Elaborate cuisine at very reasonable prices in a romantic fine dining setting. €50. Le Petit Marché, 9, rue de Béarn (Métro: Chemin Vert), ☏ +33 1 42 72 06 67. Daily, noon-02:00. This is one of those charming little Parisian bistros which is off on its own a little. The wait staff couldn't possibly be friendlier so this is a good place to bring people to show them how nice Parisian dining can be. The food is in a higher class than the price range, and the folks who work here have an easy collegial or even familial way with each other, and with frequent guests. Le Potager du Marais, 22 rue Rambuteau (Métro: Les Halles), ☏ +33 1 42 74 24 66. A 100% vegetarian restaurant specialized in re-creating the French country dining experience without any of the meat. Menus for around 15 Euro. Andy Wahloo, 69 rue des Gravilliers, ☏ +33 1 42 71 20 38. Andy Wahloo apparently means "I don't have anything" in Arabic. The Moroccan artist who owns this place certainly means it as a play on words having done the decor as a Moorish take on Andy Warhol. Les Arts et Métiers, 51 rue Turbigo, ☏ +33 1 48 87 83 25. An updated but otherwise standard Brasserie, the draw here is the crowd: young trendy locals love the place. L'Attirail, 9, rue du Maire, ☏ +33 1 42 72 44 42. Cool bar/club with concerts ranging from Jazz Manouche to contemporary swing. Café des Musées, 49, rue de Turenne, ☏ +33 1 42 72 96 17. A bog standard and absolutely unpretentious bistro, the des Musées is a great place to cool your heels over a glass or two of red or white after stomping around the Marais all day. Café Solo, 6, rue Dupuis. On a newly car-free street, the Solo has a huge music collection which they are in the process of selling off at €6 per CD. Les Enfants Rouge, 9, rue de Beauce, ☏ +33 1 48 87 80 61. This one is makes for another tough call between the Eat and Drink sections. It's a completely traditional French bistro with a popular bar in the evenings. Léonard, 57, rue De Turbigo, ☏ +33 1 48 04 07 55. If you like trendy décor this is your joint. Free Wi-Fi. La Perle, rue Vieille du Temple/rue de la Perle. A small corner café-bar well-known to the trendy people of Le Marais. Dozens of young and old people gather here every evening, especially on weekends. There are also few other cool bars to enjoy on the rue Vieille du Temple. The Quiet Man, 5, rue des Haudriettes, ☏ +33 1 48 04 02 77. This Irish pub has sessions and Irish music almost (but not quite) nightly. The atmosphere is tops for the genre. La Villa Kéops, 58, boul Sébastopol, ☏ +33 1 40 27 99 92. The motif is Egyptian, while the clientele appears to be almost entirely gay men. Free Wi-Fi. Hôtel du Marais (My Hotel), 2bis, rue Commines (Métro: Saint-Sébastien-Froissart), ☏ +33 1 48 87 78 27. This little place has two names which can be a little confusing. It gets mixed reviews but some people love it and the location is hard to beat. Doubles, €70-88. Austin's Arts et Metiers Hôtel, 6, rue Montgolfier (Métro: Arts-et-Métiers), ☏ +33 1 42 77 17 61. The rooms are small (as usual) and kept very clean. You are best off asking for something facing the front since the central courtyard is not very attractive. Particularly the 6th floor rooms are said to be quite nice. Doubles, €120.
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He was an architect of the Modern Argentine Movement. Williams was born in 1913 and died in 1984. For his work he received several prizes, in Argentina and abroad. He is considered to be one of the most important architects of the first half of the 20th century, known by his writings of urbanism, his modern designs and for having designed “The House on the creek”, also known as “House of the Bridge". The house is in the city of Mar del Plata and it is a box with form of prism located in a curved bridge that was crossing the creek. Williams wanted to incorporate the house into the nature and that was a part of the beautiful forest. He did this house for his father, the composer Albert Williams. After the death of the musician the house was left. It was burnt and suffered acts of vandalism. At present the house is restored and put again in value, it was inaugurated and opened for the public after decades, in January 2013. Le Corbusier considered Williams an extraordinary architect. He admired him and he asked Curuchet if Williams could direct the building. Amancio Williams directed the unique house projected by the great teacher of architecture Le Corbusier in Latin America and that it is located in our city: The beautiful one “House Curuchet”. He could interpret and materialize perfectly the ideas of Le Corbusier for building the house.
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Teachers and students have identifiable styles of talking to each other that linguists call a register. A register is a pattern of vocabulary, grammar, and expressions or comments that people associate with a social role. A familiar example is the “baby-talk” register often used to speak to an infant. Its features—simple repeated words and nonsense syllables, and exaggerated changes in pitch—mark the speaker as an adult and mark the listener as an infant. The classroom language register works the same way; it helps indicate who the teacher is and who the student is. Teachers and students use the register more in some situations than in others, but its use is common enough that most people in our society have no trouble recognizing it when they hear it. In the following scene, for example, the speakers are labeled only with letters of the alphabet; yet figuring out who is the teacher and who are the students is not difficult: A: All right now, I want your eyes up here. All eyes on me, please. B, are you ready to work? We are going to try a new kind of math problem today. It’s called long division. Does anyone know what long division is? C, what do you think it is? C: Division with bigger numbers? A: Any other ideas? D? E (not D): Division by two digits. A: ...I only call on people who raise their hands. D, can you help with the answer? D: Division with remainders. A: Close. Actually you’re both partly right. In this scene Person A must surely be the teacher because he or she uses a lot of procedural and control talk, and because he or she introduces a new curriculum topic, long division. The other Persons (B, C, D, and E) must be students because they only respond to questions, and because they individually say relatively little compared to Person A. In general, effective classroom communication depends on understanding how features of the classroom talk register like these operate during actual class times. In the following sections therefore we describe details of classroom talk, and then follow with suggestions about how to use the register as effectively as possible. In both of these sections we assume that the better the communication, the better the learning and thinking displayed by students. For convenience we divide classroom talk into two parts, teacher talk and student talk. Although teacher talk varies somewhat with the tasks or purposes at hand, it also has uniformities that occur across a range of situations. Using detailed observations of discourse in science activities, for example, Jay Lemke identified all of the following strategies from observations of teachers’ classroom talk (1990). Each strategy simultaneously influences the course of discussion and focuses students’ attention, and in these ways also helps indirectly to insure appropriate classroom behavior: Nominating, terminating, and interrupting speakers: Teachers often choose who gets to speak. (“Jose, what do you think about X?”). On the other hand, they often bring an end to a student’s turn at speaking as well, or even interrupt the student before he or she finishes. (“Thanks; we need to move on now.”) Marking importance or irrelevance: Teachers sometimes indicate that an idea is important (“That’s a good idea, Lyla.”). On the other hand, they sometimes also indicate that an idea is not crucial or important (“Your right, but that’s not quite the answer I was looking for.”), or fully relevant (“We’re talking about the book Wuthering Heights, not the movie that you may have seen.”). Marking importance and relevance obviously helps a teacher to reinforce key content. But the strategy can also serve to improve relationships among students if the teacher deliberately marks or highlights an idea offered by a quiet or shy student (O’Connor & Michaels, 1996; Cohen, et al., 2004) In that case marking importance can build both a student’s confidence and the student’s status in the eyes of classmates. Signaling boundaries between activities: Teachers declare when an activity is over and a new one is starting—an example of the procedural talk that we discussed earlier. (“We need to move on. Put away your spelling and find your math books.”). In addition to clarifying procedures, though, signaling boundaries can also insure appropriate classroom behavior. Ending an activity can sometimes help restore order among students who have become overly energetic, and shifting to a new activity can sometimes restore motivation to students who have become bored or tired. Asking “test” questions and evaluating students’ responses: Teachers often ask test questions--questions to which they already know the answer. Then they evaluate the quality or correctness of the students’ answers (Teacher: “How much is 6 x 7 ? Student: “42.” Teacher: “That’s right.”). Test-questions obviously help teachers to assess students’ learning, but they also mark the teacher as the expert in the classroom, and therefore as a person entitled to control the flow of discourse. There are additional features of teacher-talk that are not unique to teachers. These primarily function to make teachers’ comments more comprehensible, especially when spoken to a group, but they also help to mark a person who uses them as a teacher (Black, 2004): Exaggerated changes in pitch: When busy teaching, teachers tend to exaggerate changes in the pitch of their voice—reminiscent of the “sing-song” style of adults when directing speech to infants. Exaggerated pitch changes are especially characteristic of teachers of young students, but they happen at all grade levels. Careful enunciation: In class teachers tend to speak more slowly, clearly, and carefully than when conversing with a friend. The style makes a speaker sound somewhat formal, especially when combined with formal vocabulary and grammar, mentioned next. Formal vocabulary and grammar: Teachers tend to use vocabulary and grammar that is more formally polite and correct, and that uses relatively few slang or casual expressions. (Instead of saying “Get out your stuff,” they more likely say, “Please get out your materials.”) The formality creates a businesslike distance between teachers and students—hopefully one conducive to getting work done, rather than one that seems simply cold or uncaring. The touch of formality also makes teachers sound a bit more intelligent or intellectual than in casual conversation, and in this way reinforces their authority in the classroom. Children and youth also use a characteristic speech register when they are in a classroom and playing the role of students in the presence of a teacher. Their register—student talk—differs somewhat from the teacher’s because of their obvious differences in responsibilities, levels of knowledge, and relationships with each other and with the teacher. Student-talk and teacher-talk are similar in that both involve language strategies that guide content and procedures, and that sometimes seek to limit the inappropriate behavior of others. Compared to teachers’, though, students’ language strategies often pursue these goals a bit more indirectly. Agenda enforcement: Sometimes students interrupt a discussion to ask about or remind others, and especially the teacher, of an agreed-on agenda. If the teacher tells students to open their text to an incorrect page, for example, a student may raise her hand to correct the teacher—or even do so without raising a hand. This communication strategy is one of more public, direct ways that students influence activities in the classroom, but its power is limited, since it does not create new activities, but simply returns the class to activities agreed on previously. Digression attempts: During a discussion or activity, a student asks a question or makes a statement that is not relevant to the task at hand. While the teacher is leading students in a discussion of a story that they read, for example, a student raises his hand and asks, “Mr. X, when does recess begin?” Side talk: One student talks to another student, either to be sociable (“Did you see that movie last week?”) or to get information needed for the current assigned task (“What page are we on?”). Sometimes side talk also serves to control or limit fellow students’ behavior, and in this way functions like control-talk by teachers (as when a student whispers, “Shhh! I’m trying to listen” or “Go ahead and ask her!”). The ability of such talk to influence classmates’ behavior is real, but limited, since students generally do not have as much authority as teachers. Calling out: A student speaks out of turn without being recognized by the teacher. The student’s comment may or may not be relevant to the ongoing task or topic, and the teacher may or may not acknowledge or respond to it. Whether ignored or not, however, calling out may change the direction of a discussion by influencing fellow students’ thinking or behavior, or by triggering procedural and control talk by the teacher (“Jason, it’s not your turn; I only call on students who raise their hands.”). Answering a question with a question: Instead of answering a teacher’s “test” question directly, the student responds with a question of her own, either for clarification or as a stalling tactic (“Do you mean X?”). Either way, the effect is to shift the discussion or questioning to content or topics that are safer and more familiar. Silence: The student says nothing in response to a speaker’s comments or to an invitation to speak. The speaker could be either the teacher or a fellow student. The silence makes the speaker less likely to continue the current topic, and more likely to seek a new one. Eye contact, gaze aversion, and posture: The student looks directly at the teacher while the teacher is speaking, or else deliberately averts gaze. The student may also adopt any of a variety of postures while sitting (sit up straight vs. slouching). As we discussed earlier in this chapter, the timing of eye gaze depends partly on cultural expectations that the student brings to school. But it may also represent a deliberate choice by the student—a message to the teacher and to classmates. The same can be said about sitting posture. In classroom situations, listening is conventionally indicated by looking directly at the teacher, and either sitting up straight or leaning slightly forward. Although these behaviors can be faked, they tend to indicate and to be taken as showing interest in and acceptance of what a speaker is saying. By engaging in or avoiding these behaviors, therefore, students can sometimes influence the length and direction of a discussion or activity. (back to Chapter 12...) Lemke, J. (1990). Talking science: Language, learning, and values. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. O’Connor, M. & Michael, S. (1996). Shifting participant frameworks: Orchestrating thinking practices in group discussion. In D. Hicks (Ed. ), Discourse, learning, and schooling (pp. 63-103). Cohen, E., Brody, C., & Sapon-Shevin, M. (2004). Teaching cooperative learning. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. Black, L. (2004). Teacher-pupil talk in whole-class discussions and processes of social positioning in primary classrooms. Language and Education, 18(1), 347-360.
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Personality and happiness: What is the relationship between personality and happiness? Personality factors such as extraversion and neuroticism have significant effects, both positive and negative, on an individual's level of happiness. These factors are part of "The Big Five" personality factors. By understanding the relationship between personality and happiness we can address issues, for example depression and anxiety, that are often caused by introversion or neuroticism. This is important as once we have an understanding of how two things relate to each other, in this case personality and happiness, we can begin to identify solutions for the negative effects, and ways to increase the positive effects of this relationship. Key questions: What is the relationship between personality and happiness? What is personality? What is happiness? Why is it relevant? [Provide more detail] Personality is defined by Larsen and Buss (2010), as cited in Mayer (2015) as "the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments." There are 5 personality factors known as "The Big Five", these factors are, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience. These factors are important in determining the relationship between personality and happiness. The Big Five factors are used alongside the Subjective Happiness Scale by Aziz, Mustaffa, Samah, and Yusof (2014) as a tool to relate personality to happiness. Extraversion and neuroticism are widely researched and are important factors in determining the relationship between personality and happiness. These traits are can be seen among people of different cultures (Pishva, Ghaleban, Moradi, & Hoseini, 2011). "The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire" (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975 as cited in Brebner et al. 1995) "The Structure of Temperament Questionnaire" (Rusalov, 1989 as cited in Brebner et al. 1995) [Provide more detail] According to Rojas (2002), as cited in Salary and Shaieri (2013) “Nehon defined happiness as a set of cognitive emotions and evaluations of life and it considers it as a degree of individual’s quality of life and generally evaluates it positively.” There are three variables that researchers have been looking at. These are: (a) situational variables, (b) social variables, and (c) personality variables. "Happiness is theoretically conceptualised as a process rather than a state" (Pelechano, Gonzalez-Leandro, Garcia, & Moran, 2013) There are two main measures of happiness that are used by researchers. These are: "The Oxford Happiness Inventory" (Argyle et al., 1989 as cited in Brebner et al. 1995) "The Personal State Questionnaire" (Brebner, 1990 as cited in Brebner et al. 1995) [Provide more detail] Researchers have been using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Oxford Happiness Inventory to determine the relationship between personality and happiness (Salary & Shaieri, 2013; Pishva, Ghalebhan, Moradi, & Hoseini, 2011). However, Brebner et al. 1995 used six measures to identify the relationship between personality and happiness. These measures are: (a) The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, (b) "Structure of Temperament Questionnaire", (c) The Oxford Happiness Inventory, (d) The Personal State Questionnaire, (e) The Life Orientation Test, and (f) The Optimism Questionnaire. The results of these tests have shown that there is a positive correlation between extraversion and happiness, and a negative correlation between neuroticism and happiness (Pishva et al. 2011)[Provide more detail]. According to DeNeve and Cooper (1998), as cited in Pishva et al. (2011), "emotional stability, conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness- usually in that order- predispose individuals towards happiness." According to Pelechano et al. (2013) "neuroticism or emotional instability is the root of [the] psychology of anxiety and depression, while extroversion has been associated with positive social affect, present in the search for, and the enjoyment of, social interaction." Introversion is defined in the Oxford Dictionary of Psychology (2015) as "a predominant concern with one's own thoughts and feelings rather than the outside world and social interaction, characterized by traits such as reserve, passivity, and silence." Extraversion is defined in the Oxford Dictionary of Psychology (2015) as "one of the Big Five personality factors... characterized by traits such as sociability and assertiveness." 1 Which of the following personality factors is not associated with happiness? 2 Which of the following is NOT a test for happiness? In conclusion, there is a relationship between personality and happiness. The effect of this relationship is dependent on the personality factor that we are focusing on. For example, neuroticism/introversion has a negative effect on an individuals happiness, whereas, extroversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness all have positive effects on an individual's happiness. Further research is required to determine ways to use this knowledge to help reduce the depressive effects associated with neuroticism and introversion[vague]. Synthetic happiness (Book chapter, 2017) Meaning and happiness (Book chapter, 2017) Time perspective and happiness (Book chapter, 2017) Personality (Wikipedia) Happiness (Wikipedia) Eysenck personality questionnaire (Wikipedia) Structure of temperament questionnaire (Wikipedia) Aziz, R., Mustaffa, S., Samah, A. N., & Yusof, R. (2014). Personality and happiness among academicians in Malaysia. "Procedia- Social and Behavioural Sciences", "116", 4209-4212. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.918 Brebner, J., Donaldson, J., Kirby, N., & Ward, L. (1995). Relationships between happiness and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 251-258. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00022-X Colman, A. M. (Ed.). (2015) The Oxford dictionary of psychology (4th ed.). Kirkpatrick, B. L. (2015). "Personality and happiness" (Undergraduate honors theses, University of San Diego). Retrieved from http://digital.sandiego.edu/honors_theses/3 Mayer, J., D. (2015). The personality systems framework: Current theory and development. "Journal of Research in Personality", "56", 4-14. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.11.003 Pelechano, V., Gonzalez-Leandro, P., Garcia, L., & Moran, C. (2013). Is it possible to be too happy? Happiness, personality and psychopathology. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13, 18-24. doi:10.1016/S1697-2600(13)70003-6 Pishva, N., Ghalehban, M., Moradi, A., & Hoseini, L. (2011). Personality and happiness. "Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences", "30", 429-432. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.084 Salary, S., & Shaieri, M. R. (2013). Study of relationship between happiness and dimensions of psychosis, neurosis and personality extraversion. "Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences", "84", 1143-1148. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.716 A key to happiness (American Psychological Society) Personality (American Psychological Society) Oxford happiness questionnaire (The Guardian, 2014) Personal state questionnaire (Brebner et al. 1995)
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Small investors panic and lose money in a bank run because the bank has insufficient liquidity to pay them all at the same time. Any level None Any Explanation of bank runs (multiple equilibria). Possible preventative measures. There is a computerized version of this experiment available on the Exeter games site. You can quickly log in as a subject to try out this group participation experiment, by pretending to be one of the original participants in a real session. You may also find the sample instructions helpful. Students play together as a group of small investors who all have money on deposit at the same bank. Each investor has to decide whether to withdraw his/her money today or wait until tomorrow. Some investors are 'impatient' and have a higher utility today, whereas others are 'patient' and have a higher utility tomorrow. The bank has kept some of the money as cash in hand but the rest is invested in an illiquid asset that does not pay out until tomorrow, with a penalty for early withdrawal today. There is enough money to pay everyone in full provided sufficient of the patient investors decide to wait until tomorrow. Otherwise the money runs out and the bank pays as many investors as it can, with priority being given to those who decided to withdraw today. There is an equilibrium where the patient investors all wait until tomorrow and a second one where they all withdraw today, this latter being a bank run when some investors are not paid because they all try to withdraw early. In the default setup, 5 impatient investors and 5 patient investors each invest £1, total £10. Investors choose between withdrawing £1 today or £2 tomorrow. Payoffs represent the investors' utility. Receiving £1 today is worth £1 to both impatient and patient investors. Receiving £2 tomorrow is worth £0.50 to impatient investors and £2 to patient investors. The bank has £5 in cash and £5 invested, with a return on each £1 invested of £0.50 today or £2 tomorrow. There is still some money left to pay investors tomorrow provided no more than two patient investors decide to withdraw today. A bank run is almost inevitable if the bank gets only £0.20 today and £1.10 tomorrow for each £1 invested. Now the money runs out altogether if only one patient investor panics and decides to withdraw today. The bank can prevent a run by suspending payments for today once 5 investors have been paid. If more than 5 investors decide to withdraw today, the bank picks 5 of them at random to be paid; all others who wanted their money today are made to come back tomorrow instead, when they are paid alongside those who preferred to wait originally. So it is possible that some impatient investors will be paid tomorrow if one or more patient investors decide to withdraw today. There was a 'bank run' on hedge funds due to the problems with subprime mortgages. See Paul Krugman: It's A Miserable Life.
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{\mathbf Disclaimer}: This is a work in progress... \\ The force due to drag in 2D is given by F d = 1 2 C d ρ A v 2 {\displaystyle F_{d}={\frac {1}{2}}C_{d}\rho Av^{2}} Unlike the 1D case, which uses the absolute value, the direction of the drag force in 2D is taken into account by the magnitude of the velocity times the component velocities such that the x and y components of the drag force are F d x = − 1 2 C d ρ A x ̇ x ̇ 2 + y ̇ 2 {\displaystyle F_{d}^{x}=-{\frac {1}{2}}C_{d}\rho A{\dot {x}}{\sqrt {{\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2}}}} F d y = − 1 2 C d ρ A y ̇ x ̇ 2 + y ̇ 2 {\displaystyle F_{d}^{y}=-{\frac {1}{2}}C_{d}\rho A{\dot {y}}{\sqrt {{\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2}}}} The equations of motion for this problem are x ̇ = x ̇ {\displaystyle {\dot {x}}={\dot {x}}} y ̇ = y ̇ {\displaystyle {\dot {y}}={\dot {y}}} x ̈ = F d x + T m cos α {\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}=F_{d}^{x}+{\frac {T}{m}}\cos \alpha } y ̈ = F d y + T m sin α {\displaystyle {\ddot {y}}=F_{d}^{y}+{\frac {T}{m}}\sin \alpha } where T is the applied Torque in Newtons, α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the angle of applied torque counter clockwise from the negative x-axis and m {\displaystyle m} is the mass of the airship. The performance measure for the minimum energy problem assuming there is no effort required to change the angle of attack J = ∫ 0 t f T 2 m 2 d t {\displaystyle J=\int _{0}^{t_{f}}{\frac {T^{2}}{m^{2}}}dt} The Hamiltonian for this optimal control problem H = T 2 m 2 + p 1 x ̇ + p 2 y ̇ + p 3 ( F d x + T m cos α ) + p 4 ( F d y + T m sin α ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}={\frac {T^{2}}{m^{2}}}+p_{1}{\dot {x}}+p_{2}{\dot {y}}+p_{3}\left(F_{d}^{x}+{\frac {T}{m}}\cos \alpha \right)+p_{4}\left(F_{d}^{y}+{\frac {T}{m}}\sin \alpha \right)} The neccessary conditions for the unconstrained control inputs ∂ H ∂ α = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial \alpha }}=0} ∂ H ∂ T = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial T}}=0} \\ ∂ H ∂ α = − p 3 T m sin α + p 4 T m cos α = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial \alpha }}=-p_{3}{\frac {T}{m}}\sin \alpha +p_{4}{\frac {T}{m}}\cos \alpha =0} p 4 T m cos α = p 3 T m sin α {\displaystyle {\frac {p_{4}T}{m}}\cos \alpha ={\frac {p_{3}T}{m}}\sin \alpha } p 4 p 3 = sin α cos α {\displaystyle {\frac {p_{4}}{p_{3}}}={\frac {\sin \alpha }{\cos \alpha }}} tan α = p 4 p 3 {\displaystyle \tan \alpha ={\frac {p_{4}}{p_{3}}}} ∂ H ∂ T = 2 T m 2 + p 3 m cos α + p 4 m s i n α = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial T}}={\frac {2T}{m^{2}}}+{\frac {p_{3}}{m}}\cos {\alpha }+{\frac {p_{4}}{m}}{sin\alpha }=0} 2 T m + p 3 cos α + p 4 s i n α = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {2T}{m}}+p_{3}\cos {\alpha }+p_{4}{sin\alpha }=0} 2 T m = − ( p 3 cos α + p 4 s i n α ) {\displaystyle {\frac {2T}{m}}=-\left(p_{3}\cos {\alpha }+p_{4}{sin\alpha }\right)} T = − m 2 ( p 3 cos α + p 4 s i n α ) {\displaystyle T=-{\frac {m}{2}}\left(p_{3}\cos {\alpha }+p_{4}{sin\alpha }\right)} The neccessary conditions for the costates are p 1 ̇ = − ∂ H ∂ x = 0 {\displaystyle {\dot {p_{1}}}=-{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial x}}=0} p 2 ̇ = − ∂ H ∂ y = 0 {\displaystyle {\dot {p_{2}}}=-{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial y}}=0} p 3 ̇ = − ∂ H ∂ x ̇ = − p 1 + 1 2 p 3 C d ρ A x ̇ 2 + y ̇ 2 + p 3 C d ρ A x ̇ 2 x ̇ 2 + y ̇ 2 + p 4 C d ρ A x ̇ y ̇ x ̇ 2 + y ̇ 2 {\displaystyle {\dot {p_{3}}}=-{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial {\dot {x}}}}=-p_{1}+{\frac {1}{2}}p_{3}C_{d}\rho A{\sqrt {{\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2}}}+{\frac {p_{3}C_{d}\rho A{\dot {x}}^{2}}{\sqrt {{\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2}}}}+{\frac {p_{4}C_{d}\rho A{\dot {x}}{\dot {y}}}{\sqrt {{\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2}}}}} p 4 ̇ = − ∂ H ∂ y ̇ = − p 2 + 1 2 p 4 C d ρ A x ̇ 2 + y ̇ 2 + p 4 C d ρ A y ̇ 2 x ̇ 2 + y ̇ 2 + p 3 C d ρ A x ̇ y ̇ x ̇ 2 + y ̇ 2 {\displaystyle {\dot {p_{4}}}=-{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial {\dot {y}}}}=-p_{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}p_{4}C_{d}\rho A{\sqrt {{\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2}}}+{\frac {p_{4}C_{d}\rho A{\dot {y}}^{2}}{\sqrt {{\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2}}}}+{\frac {p_{3}C_{d}\rho A{\dot {x}}{\dot {y}}}{\sqrt {{\dot {x}}^{2}+{\dot {y}}^{2}}}}}
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8. - JULY, 1943 - No. 2. Proprietor - A. G. HULL Technical Editor - J. W. Straede, B.Sc. Ltd., 117 Reservoir Street, Sydney, N.S.W., for the proprietor of the "Australasian Radio World," 117 Reservoir St., Sydney (Footnote P.28) CONTENTS: CONSTRUCTIONAL - Power Amplifier for Batteries . . . . 5 T.R.F. for Local Hi-Fi . . . . 7 Forty-Watt Amplifier . . . . 11 Battery Charger from Speaker Parts . . . . 13 Design for Transposed Aerials . . . . 15 TECHNICAL - With Radiomen of the Air Force . . . . 6 Television . . . . 9 The Effects of Load Impedance . . . . 17 SHORT-WAVE SECTION - Short-wave Review . . . . 21 Notes and Observations . . . . 22 New Stations . . . . 23 Allied and Neutral Countries Short-wave Schedules . . . . 24 THE SERVICE PAGES - Answers . . . . 26 Editorial It has been announced that a National Security order has been issued which provides that radio repairmen are to be licensed and zoned. All persons engaged in repairing or servicing radio sets who have not applied for a licence should do so before July 19. Applications should be addressed to the State Deputy Director of the Department of War Organisation of Industry at your capital city. It should be noted that those who do radio work in their spare time, or are capable of doing so, are invited to register and will be officially encouraged to carry on with work of this kind. At the moment of writing the full details of the scheme, and especially in regard to its control of radio component parts, have not been revealed, but it is evident that radio servicing is at last to receive the attention it warrants. We strongly advise all of our readers to make a point of sending in their names for registration immediately, as failure to register now may have far-reaching effects in the future.
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Kahramanmaraş, which used to be known as Maraş, is a city in Turkey, located on the crossroad of southern, eastern and southeastern Turkey. Kahramanmaraş is the capital city of Kahramanmaraş Province in southeastern Turkey. The city lies on a plain at the foot of the Taurus Mountains and has a population of 400,100 (2010). The region is best known for its production of salep, a flour made from dried orchid tubers, and its distinctive ice cream. Turkish Airlines operates daily direct flights from Istanbul, and Anadolu Jet operates direct flights from Ankara. As of 2019, there are no rail services to Kahramanmaras. Nearest train station is in the small town of Türkoğlu, 20 kilometers south, which is served by one train per day on the Adana-Elâzığ route. Adana - 2 hours (230 km) Gaziantep - 55 minutes (80 km) Available from every city in Turkey In the city of Kahramanmaras you can travel with the dolmuş minibuses (Fare: 1.25 TL), public urban buses (Halk otobüsü) (Fare: 1.15 TL) or taxi. The Castle Of Kahramanmaras The Covered Bazaar of Kahramanmaras Pinarbasi Ulu Mosque Kahramanmaras Zoo - Hanefi Mahcicek Ave. Ungut/Kahramanmaras Eshab-ı Kehf (Seven Sleepers) - Afşin/Kahramanmaras Taş Medrese — An Islamic center of learning close to Ulu Mosque Dongel Caves — Kahramanmaras - Kayseri road (57 km) Tekir/Kahramanmaras Kahramanmaras Museum on Azerbaycan Blv. — a small archaeological museum containing a diverse array of artifacts, most notably including a large Hittite collection. Walk around at Trabzon Ave. Covered Bazaar: A must see. A big bazaar, where you can buy clothes, presents, etc. There are also a lot of lounges where you can sit. Soups: Tarhana, Eşkili Soup, Döğmeli Mercimekli Soup, Yoğurtlu Döğmeli Soup and Maraş Paçası Koftes (Burgers): Simit Köftesi, Kısır Köftesi, Içli Köfte, Sömelek Köfte, Suluyağlı Köfte, Eşkili Köfte, Yoğurtlu Köfte, Yavan köfte, Eşkili Aya Köftesi. Kebabs Ice Cream - In Yasar Patiserie Trabzon Ave. Baklava Cinaralti Kebab (Azerbaycan Ave.) Cumhuriyet Lokantasi (Covered Bazaar) Antepli Lahmacun (Binevler/Kahramanmaras) Selale Park Café (Trabzon Ave.) Kasap Ibrahim (Hukumet Ave.) Kucuk Ev Kebab (Trabzon Ave.) Yenisehir Lokantasi (Trabzon Ave.) Turaç (Sait Zaifoglu Ave. Orman St. No: 101) Sezal Restaurant (Hanefi Mahcicek Ave. near Kahramanmaras Zoo) The open-air café at Selale Park is good for a relief and some shade while watching the city during a summer day. All patisseries and cafes in Trabzon Ave. are attractive. Arıkan Oteli (Azerbaycan Ave.) Buyuk Kahramanmaras Oteli (Trabzon Ave.) Ramada Hotel (4*) (Hanefi Mahcicek Ave. No:286 Ungut/Kahramanmaras) [1] Arsan Hotel (4*) (South Highway - Gaziantep Highway Arsancenter Kahramanmaras) [2] Kahramanmaras is one of the safest cities in Turkey for its size. There are no slums or districts you should avoid. In general, you can visit any part of the city at any time of the day without taking many risks — just use your common sense. At night, though, it is wise to avoid parks, as well as the area within and around Ulu Mosque and Castle. The drug scene at Castle hangs out there during the day, but they do not care at all about tourists. Just ignore them and they will ignore you. Andirin Baskonus Yesilgoz Tekir Dongel Caves
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The Far Southeast Side of Chicago is a huge section of Chicago with only one large tourist draw: the Pullman Historic District. Most travelers will literally just pass over this district on the Chicago Skyway, but look closely and something may catch your eye. The Far Southeast side is vast, but has a much lower population density than the rest of the city and consequently less to offer a visitor in terms of amenities and attractions. As it is so big, it is easier to think of the Far Southeast Side in terms of its neighborhoods. Greater Pullman (Pullman, Roseland, West Pullman, Riverdale) is the one dish on the menu for 99% of the Far Southeast Side's visitors. It is home to the Historic Pullman District, important to American history for its early planned industrial/railroad community and subsequent strikes and socialist activism, as well as its attractive and unique architecture. Southeast Shore (South Chicago, South Deering, East Side, Hegewisch) is a once prosperous industrial region around the mouth of the Calumet River ("The Port of Chicago") that imploded along with Chicago's steel industry. Today it is one of the least populous areas of Chicago and ranges from industrial to failed-post-industrial in character. The East Side is the most urban section of this vast expanse and has a nice commercial center along 106th St. Hegewisch is a particularly odd neighborhood — it is cut off from the rest of the city by Calumet Lake and huge manufacturing districts. As a result, the neighborhood feels almost like an independent, small, Midwestern industrial town (and indeed, a certain mayor not long ago forgot it was part of the city). Though the area has few urban attractions, the Southeast Shore does offer outdoor opportunities around Wolf Lake and Eggers Woods. (But if you are adverse to factory-vistas on the horizon, you may choose to overlook these attractions.) The history of Pullman — the first modernist planned community in the United States — is a tragic one. George Pullman, the founder, was a liberal railroad tycoon with a reputation as a "welfare capitalist." He founded the Pullman company town with the intention of creating a perfect industrial community which would avoid the vice and extreme poverty found in urban industrial communities and therefore also avoid related worker unrest. To accomplish his goal, he built a very attractive landscaped town in the countryside to the south of Chicago. The company provided wages significantly higher than national averages and state-of-the-art utilities. He met widespread acclaim for his town, including an award for the "World's Most Perfect Town", and visitors came to see Pullman (and the World's Fair Columbian Exposition) from places as far away as Europe. A lesson in paternalism and central planning, Pullman controlled nearly every aspect of his resident workers lives. A famous quote sums up this paternalism problem nicely, "We are born in a Pullman house, fed from the Pullman shop, taught in the Pullman school, catechized in the Pullman church, and when we die we shall be buried in the Pullman cemetery and go to the Pullman Hell." The failures of the Pullman company town foreshadowed later 20th-century planned communities which had similarly good intentions, but disastrous effects (e.g., the Ida B Wells housing projects of Bronzeville). Following the severe 1893 economic downturn, Pullman company wages decreased while housing and utility costs remained the same, prompting large-scale violence and strikes known collectively as The Pullman Strike. The strike shut down the Chicago rail system, effectively cutting off all transportation in the western half of the U.S. President Grover Cleveland ended the strike by sending in 2,000 U.S. Army troops, the result of which left 13 strikers dead and many more injured. The Pullman Strike played a significant role in U.S. labor and civil rights history, as A. Phillip Randolph would later rise to prominence in both areas of activism by organizing the largely African-American "Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters," a union for the employees of the Pullman Company. Having attained some prominence, Randolph went on to become one of the nation's foremost advocates of civil rights for African-Americans. His achievements and the history of African-Americans in U.S. labor are celebrated today in Pullman's A. Phillip Randolph Museum. Since the 1970s the Pullman neighborhood, especially the historic district, has gentrified and experienced a racial shift as wealthier, white Chicagoans moved into the neighborhood, attracted by the rich architecture and history. Sites and homes of historical interest are being painstakingly (and slowly) restored. The neighborhood has a very quiet, sleepy feel, so be sure to visit either on a tour or while the museum and visitor center are open, or you might leave disappointed. The CTA is not a great way to get to the Far Southeast, as there is only the 95th/Dan Ryan stop in the north of Roseland, far away from everything and anything of interest. The Metra Electric Line is the best public transportation bet for traveling to the Far Southeast as it has numerous stops in convenient locations. The Pullman/111th St and Kensington/115th St stops on the main line are located right next to the Pullman Historic District. The Metra Electric also stops in South Chicago on a separate branch from Downtown with several stops at major street before ending at 93rd Street in South Chicago. The South Shore serves Hegewisch via the first and only stop in Illinois not shared with Metra on the way to South Bend, Indiana. It also stops at Kensington/115th St on inbound trips to Chicago from Indiana. To an extent, buses can get you from point to point in the district, but there are no good routes coming here from the city center. If arriving by the CTA Red Line, you can take bus #111 from the 95th/Dan Ryan stop straight to the Pullman Historic District. On the southeast side bus #30 runs between South Chicago East Side and Hegewisch along South Chicago Ave, Ewing Ave and Avenue O serving both the end of the Metra at 93rd Street and the South Shore Line at Hegewisch. East-west transportation is difficult, owing to the industrial wasteland (and Lake Calumet) in the middle. Since this is the least densely populated section of Chicago, a car is the most convenient method of travel. Free on-street parking is plentiful. The most important highway for getting around is route I-94 along the Dan Ryan Expy and further south along the Bishop Ford Fwy. Exit at 111th for Historic Pullman or to get to Michigan Ave in Roseland, otherwise 95th and 103rd (to 106th) are useful to cross over to the East Side, and 130th is the exit of choice for Hegwisch. The Chicago Skyway is the other main highway, which cuts across the East Side on its way to Indiana. Exits 108 (Anthony Ave/92nd St) and 110 (Indianapolis Blvd/US-20/US-41) will both let you off on the East Side, from which Historic Pullman and Hegwisch are both relatively easy drives. US-41, which cuts through the northeastern section of the East Side, is the old pre-Skyway route along the lake, and is way slower, but a good deal more interesting (and toll-free). It connects up with Lake Shore Drive farther north. 103rd/106th, and 130th Streets are the main roads for traversing the industrial wastelands lying between the western and eastern neighborhoods in the south of the district. A Philip Randolph/Pullman Porter Museum, 10406 S Maryland Ave, ☏ +1-773-928-3935. Open April-Dec 1, Th-Sa 11AM-4PM and in Feb for scheduled Black History events.. The museum, a tribute to A. Phillip Randolph, focuses on African-American culture and history, the Pullman Historic District, and U.S. Labor history. The interior has a big and rare manual tracker Organ. Admission $5. Greenstone Church, 11211 S Saint Lawrence Ave, ☏ +1-773-785-1492. A landmark church in the heart of the historic Pullman community. It was initially intended to be a Unitarian church, where all the workers would go to service. That did not catch on and the church sat empty for years before becoming a Presbyterian and then Methodist church. 41.69112-87.609891 Pullman National Monument Information Center, 11141 S Cottage Grove Ave, ☏ +1-773-785-8901, fax: +1-773-785-8182, [email protected]. T-Su 11AM-3PM. The first stop to any Pullman visit houses a 20 minute video about the town's history, several exhibits, and a gift shop. Offers guided walking tours every first Sunday of the month, as well as events and self-guided tour brochures. Be sure to head around to the back of the building (North side) to check out the impressive mural, "Visual Interpretations of Pullman," which depicts the former Pullman Arcade building coupled with an interpretation of the Pullman town and its laborers. 2 hour guided walking tours: 7$, 5$ (seniors), 4$ (students). Hotel Florence, 11111 S Forrestville Ave, ☏ +1 773-660-2341. By appointment M-F 10AM-4PM. The Hotel Florence, named after Pullman's favorite daughter, is the most splendid building in the district. It was built in 1881 to accommodate visitors from all over the United States and Europe who came to see Pullman's "perfect town." The hotel is closed as it is going through a $1.2 million restoration and renovation program, but interior tours, focused on the restoration itself, can be arranged through the Historic Pullman Foundation. 41.7078-87.52452 Illinois-Indiana State Line Boundary Marker, Avenue G, near 103rd St (located on the Illinois-Indiana State Boundary Line). An Obelisk marking the State Line between Illinois and Indiana near Lake Michigan just south of Calumet Park and beach along a small road leading to the front gate of the State Line Generating Station. Market Square (Two blocks east of the Visitor Center at the intersection of E 112th St and S Champlain Ave). Market Square is just lovely. The Market Hall, which served as a grocery store, is being restored as it has suffered from several fires over the years. 41.834436-87.6222253 Pilgrim Baptist Church of South Chicago, 3235 E 91st St, ☏ +1-773-374-3888. The Church from the Blues Brothers where James Brown played the lively reverend. Pullman Clock Tower and Factory, 111th St and Cottage Grove Ave (just north of the Hotel Florence), ☏ +1-773-660-2341. One of the world's most beautiful factories is undergoing a $3.4 million restoration, after it was badly damaged in 1998 by an arsonist. 90 minute guided tours, which focus on the restoration itself, are available by advance appointment. Southeast Historical Museum, 9801 S Avenue G (in the Calumet Park Fieldhouse), ☏ +1-312-747-6039. Th 1PM-4PM. A small history museum with exhibits celebrating the area's once mighty steel industry and Labor history. Annual Historic Pullman House Tour, ☏ +1-773-785-8901. October 11AM-5PM. Includes a tour of about eight historic Pullman district homes as well as the visitor center and Greenstone Church. Advance reservations strongly recommended, as the highly popular tour sells out quickly. $20, $17 (seniors or advance purchase). Harborside International Golf Center, 11001 S Doty Ave, ☏ +1-312-782-7837. Open 1 Apr–30 Nov, sunrise-sunset. 36 holes of golf on the shores of Lake Calumet with some classic Far South views of the distant skyline and nearby decaying steel mills. Lighted driving range. 18 holes $82 weekdays, $95 weekends, $57 twilight. 41.6669-87.53251 William W Powers State Recreation Area (Wolf Lake), 12949 S Avenue O (entrance at 126th St and Avenue O), ☏ +1-773-646-3270. sunrise-sunset, office: M-F 8AM-4PM. A conservation area around large Wolf Lake that is a study in contrasts between the industrial surroundings and the local cattails. It's a surprisingly good spot for fishing and even some hunting. In the winter, come here for ice skating and ice fishing. (updated Oct 2017) Method Soapbox factory tour, [email protected]. Wednesdays. Group tours of a colorful soap factory. Schedule at least a week in advance. (updated Mar 2021) [formerly dead link] New Sound Gospel Records and Tapes, 10723 S Halsted St, ☏ +1-773-445-1899. Tu Th-F 10AM-7PM, Sa 10AM-6PM. A huge collection of new and used gospel records, tapes, CDs, and sheet music. Also sells gospel-related clothing and instruments. Not a lot of four-star dining in these parts, but if you know what to look for, some of the best eating in the city is to be had in its far southeast reaches. The undisputed king of the donut is here, as is the long-reigning champion of shrimp shacks (Old Fashioned Donuts and Calumet Fisheries). Hand-Burgers has a good claim to the title of "best burger in the city." And if you like pupusas, or more generally Central American cuisine, it's time to make the trek. Harold's Chicken Shack #35, 12700 S Halsted St, ☏ +1-773-785-4153. This particular location of the great South Side fried chicken chain is an exceptional find for one reason — a drive thru window! As always, cheap, usually a little dirty, and always delicious. $2-5. Old Fashioned Donuts, 11248 S Michigan Ave, ☏ +1-773-995-7420. M-Sa 6AM-6PM. Michigan Ave in Roseland is far out o the way, and not a pleasant place for a stroll, but this nearly 40 year old establishment is worth the trek for some of the freshest, most mouth-watering donuts you'll ever have. Old Fashioned Donuts is written up in the main Chicago papers every year as having the best donuts in the city (Dat Donuts is a mere tribute band). $0.20-2. Skyway Doghouse, 9480 S Ewing Ave, ☏ +1-773-731-2000. Su noon-8PM daily. This is about as far from the city center as you can get, but this ramshackle little hot dog stand serves up some of Chicago's best hot dogs. They've got a drive thru, and there are usually a couple hungry squad cars "refueling" in the line. The picnic tables outside are a great place to soak up the local atmosphere, watching riced-out cars and other hungry patrons roll by. $2-4. Calumet Fisheries, 3259 E 95th St, ☏ +1-773-933-9855. Su-W 10AM-9:45PM, Th 9AM-9:30PM, F-Sa 9AM-9:45PM. One of the last great waterside shrimp and fish shacks from the glory days of the Port of Chicago. Calumet Fisheries offers all sorts of breaded and fried seafood, but the slow-smoked offerings might be the top draw. They recognize this too — they advertise their smoked chubs as "fish crack." The atmosphere here is just right too, it's right by the 95th St bridge (which the Blues Brothers jumped in their car), and boasts some serious industrial vistas. Featured on Anthony Bourdain's show. $7-18. The Cal Harbor Restaurant, 546 E 115th St, ☏ +1-773-264-5435. M-Sa 5:30AM-5:45PM, Su 6AM-5:45PM. Serving the historic Pullman neighborhood, a classic South Side diner with all that entails. 3-9$. Hienie's Shrimp House, 10359 S Torrence Ave, ☏ +1-773-734-8400. Su-Th 11AM-midnight, F-Sa 11AM-1AM. Hienie's has been around for decades (albeit not in the same spot) and proudly upholds grand tradition of roadside shacks full of fried seafood and chicken catering to industrial workers. Their shrimp and gizzards are simply outstanding, and their hot sauce is beloved enough by the East Siders that it's made its way into local grocery stores. Any way you slice it, the piping hot, cholesterol laden, made to order food here will be great, but it's best enjoyed on the hood of your car while gazing off into the nearby smokestacks. $4-17. Ranch Steak House, 11147 S Michigan Ave, ☏ +1-773-264-0320. M-F 7AM-3PM, Sa-Su 7AM-7PM. This steak house, despite the inauspicious location, in which true restaurants with table service are extremely rare, is actually quite good and strikingly cheaper than what you would pay for comparable food downtown. $10-15. Pudgy's Pizzeria, 13460 S Baltimore Ave, ☏ +1-773-646-4199. Su-Th 4PM-11PM, F-Sa 4PM-midnight. There are a lot of good pizzerias in Hegwisch, most of them bearing a name oddly similar to Pudgy's, but this is the great one. The Chicago-style thin crust pizzas here hold up well against the best in the city, with the famous entree being the garlic-drenched "Bob's Mistake." Downsides include high prices (for thin crust) and very limited seating — just two small tables, usually taken up by people waiting for their order. $5-30. If you're in Pullman and in the mood for a beer, you're in for more trouble than you would think. The famous Pullman Pub closed not too long ago under mysterious circumstances (asking a local about this is a very good way to start a conversation). If you like an early afternoon tipple, try the Frank Loyd Wright-style golf course club house off of 111th Street just before I-94 (open April through October); the Cal Harbor also has a bar, which is sometimes open, sometimes not. Otherwise head over to the better options on the East Side on 106th or in Hegewisch. Club 81, Too, 13157 S Avenue M, ☏ +1-773-646-4292. The bar at the end of Chicago. Seriously, if you stumble out the wrong way, you'll fall into Wolf Lake. Old-timey moose-head decor might make you long for those bygone days of a fine cigar with your evening's whiskey, but even without the smoke, this is a great place for a beer with the establishment's legendary fish fry or Polish food. Crow Bar Inc., 4001 E 106th St, ☏ +1 -73-768-6985. Probably the nicest neighborhood bar on the East Side (although, that said, the nicest bar in East Side is called Crow Bar), with strong drinks, friendly clientele, and sports on the television. Amazingly you can smoke here, despite the ban, as the owner openly flouts it, keeping a "smoking tip jar" as a collection for paying the fines. It's also not a bad place to grab a corned beef sandwich. Small World Inn, 3325 E 106th St, ☏ +1-773-721-2727. This would seem to be yet another run of the Mill workingman's watering hole, except for the fact that it has served as a Yugoslav-American cultural center for decades. A drink here is a pleasant occasion, but focus on the menu — the Serbian cevapcicci (cheh-VAHP-chee-chee) will open your eyes to sausage possibilities you never knew existed. Entrees: $3-8. Steve's Lounge, 13200 S Baltimore Ave, ☏ +1-773-646-1071. Tu-F 2PM-close, Sa-Su 3PM-close. One of the favorite (and most prominently-located) bars in Hegewisch, renowned not simply for being a nice laid-back bar, but also for their legendary fried chicken. Their dining area is only open on Fridays 4PM-8PM, but you can get the fried chicken to go whenever you like if you call ahead of time. None of the Far Southeast Side's hotels are very nice and they are far from most of what you want to see in the city, so think carefully about whether it might make sense to stay elsewhere before you book a room. Skyway Motel, 9132 S Stony Island Ave, ☏ +1-773-221-6600. Offers king-size beds, televisions, clock radios, and some furniture. $50 for ten hours, $66 overnight. Royal Castle Motel, 45 W 103rd St, ☏ +1-773-468-8100. Just off State Street in Roseland. $50 for ten hours, $60 overnight. There are four public libraries in the Far Southeast Side, all offering free public internet access: Hegewisch Library, 3048 E 130th St, ☏ +1-773-747-0046. M,W 10AM-6PM, Tu,Th noon-8PM, F-Sa 9AM-5PM. Pullman Library, 11001 S Indiana Ave, ☏ +1-312-747-2033. M,W 10AM-6PM, Tu,Th noon-8PM, F-Sa 9AM-5PM. South Chicago Library, 9055 S Houston Ave, ☏ +1-312-747-8065. Vodak East Side Library, 3710 E 106th St, ☏ +1-312-747-5500. Avoiding high crime areas in the Far Southeast Side is very simple: basically anything west of the Bishop Ford Fwy aside from Historic Pullman is gangland territory (although, obviously, that varies widely from block to block). It is unlikely that any visitors would find themselves in the far-flung and benighted communities of Riverdale, West Pullman, and Roseland, aside from the steady stream of foodie pilgrims to Old Fashioned Donuts. But if you are there for reasons other than sightseeing, stick to main streets and avoid walking around at night and you should be fine. All areas east of the Bishop Ford, on the other hand, often look gritty, but this is because they are poor — not crime ridden. Hegewisch and East Side are some of the safest communities in the area. Travelers interested in the Labor history of Chicago should also mosey on over to the Back of the Yards neighborhood on the Southwest Side, former home to the sprawling Union Stockyards made infamous by Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Pullman was not the only utopian planned industrial community in these parts. Just across the Indiana border is Marktown, a community modeled on an English village, but surrounded on all sides by three steel plants and the world's largest oil refinery.
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When master and one slave (the golden slave) are installed and configured and now we want to scale up this configuration to more slaves by replicating the exact configuration of the golden slave. Installing and configuring the OS on each machine manually is cumbersome and prone to error. However, nodes are identical, so why not just copy everything we need? This process is called cloning. We first setup a so-called golden node or model node and then transfer the system to other slave machines. Each new node will come with one new entry in the head node's DHCP server file (/etc/dhcpd.conf) and /etc/hosts file. For preparation, make sure that in /etc/fstab and in the /boot/grub/menu.lst, there are no physical addresses of hardware (e.g. a hard disk), as they will be different among the nodes. All hardware should be addressed by their subdirectory in /dev which you can see in the output when you type mount. I used low level R/W with dd and piping to and from netcat, respectively on machine to clone from and machine to clone to, as described in a howto. We clone using convert and copy (dd) and netcat (nc). On the golden slave (or an identical clone) you run: node1# dd if=/dev/hda conv=sync,noerror bs=64k | nc -l 5000 On the completely blank soon-to-be-slave you run: node2# nc 192.168.1.1 5000 | dd of=/dev/hda bs=64k where 192.168.1.1 is the ip of the golden slave. This presupposes the disk of soon-to-be slave is at least as big as the disk in the golden slave. This took several hours time (it said 158GB read/written), but it worked.
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Marshallville is a village in Wayne County in Northeast Ohio. The population was 826 at the 2000 census. The village has a total area of 0.6 mi2, all land. Route 94 runs north to south through town; interchanging at 585 and continuing into Wadsworth, North Royalton, Parma, and Cleveland to the north, and interchanging in Dalton and continuing into Amish country to the south. Car, Walk, Bike A total solar eclipse on Monday 8 April 2024 starts at 3:14PM local time and lasts two minutes. Countryside Amish Marshallville Historical Society, 4 E Church St, ☏ +1 330-885-2212. (updated Nov 2018) Double Gold King Farm - Horse stables and riding, 10634 Akron Rd, +1 330 855-5583 40.885278-81.7463891 Johnson Woods State Nature Preserve. (updated Nov 2018) Marshallville Historical Days. An annual event that started over 200 years ago. (updated Nov 2018) Clinton Grocery, 2 S Main St, ☏ +1 330 855-2421. Marshallville Packing Company, 50 E Market St, ☏ +1 330 855-2871. Double Gold King Farm, 10634 Akron Rd, ☏ +1 330 855-5583. Nancy's Draperies, 57 S Main St, toll-free: +1-800-787-7751. Kahrig's Kookin' & Krafts, 8772 Akron Rd, ☏ +1 330 669-3783. Heavenly Hash Diner, 1 N Main St, ☏ +1 330 855-5422. Sams Pizza, 32 N Main St, ☏ +1 330 855-7171. 40.90115-81.729951 Marshallville Meats. (updated Nov 2018) Bars in nearby Orrville. Camelot Camping Grounds, 17837 Warwick Rd, ☏ +1 330 855-5225. Orrville (west) Wooster (west) Cleveland (north) Akron (northeast) Canton (east) Amish Country
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This lesson covers HTML document structure, including content, semantic elements, navigation, and form elements. Mozilla: Learn HTML Wikipedia: Semantic HTML W3: Labeling Form Controls W3Schools: HTML Exercises Includes table tags; h1-h6; p; br; hr; div; span; ul; ol; li. The HTML element represents tabular data — that is, information presented in a two-dimensional table comprised of rows and columns of cells containing data. The , , and elements are required. Example: Heading 1 Heading 2 Data 1 Data 1 Data 1 Data 1 Footer 1 Footer 2 The HTML – elements represent six levels of section headings. is the highest section level and is the lowest. Example: Heading Level 1 Heading Level 2 Heading Level 3 Heading Level 4 Heading Level 5 Heading Level 6 The HTML element represents a paragraph of text. Example: Paragraph. The HTML (break) element produces a line break in text. Example: Linebreak. The HTML (horizontal rule) element produces a horizontal line between elements. Example: Horizontal Separator The HTML element is a generic block-level container for flow content. It has no effect on the content or layout until styled using CSS. Example: A floating paragraph. The HTML element is a generic inline container for phrasing content, which does not inherently represent anything, but may be used for styling or other attributes. Example: Cursive text in a paragraph. The HTML element represents an unordered list of items, typically rendered as a bulleted list. Example: one two three The HTML element represents an ordered list of items, typically rendered as a numbered list. Example: one two three The HTML element is used to represent an item in a list. It must be contained in a parent or element. Examples above. Includes semantic tags; header; nav; section; article; aside; footer; details; summary; figure; caption. Semantic HTML is the use of HTML markup to reinforce the semantics, or meaning, of the information in webpages and web applications rather than merely to define its presentation or look. The HTML element represents introductory content. The HTML element represents a section of a page whose purpose is to provide navigation links. The HTML element represents a standalone section, which doesn't have a more specific semantic element to represent it. The HTML element represents a self-contained composition in a document, page, application, or site, which is intended to be independently distributable or reusable. The HTML element represents a portion of a document whose content is only indirectly related to the document's main content. The HTML element represents a footer for its nearest sectioning content or sectioning root element. The HTML element is used to create a disclosure widget in which information is visible only when the widget is toggled into an "open" state. The HTML element is used as a summary, caption, or legend for the content of a element. The HTML element represents self-contained content, frequently with a caption. The HTML element represents a caption or a legend associated with a figure or an illustration described by the rest of the data of the element which is its immediate ancestor. Examples: display always display when opened / expanded content caption Includes image links; a; target; bookmark; relative versus absolute links; navigating simple folder hierarchies. The HTML element embeds an image into the document. Examples: The HTML element (or anchor element) creates a hyperlink to other web pages, files, locations within the same page, email addresses, or any other URL. Examples: link text Specifies where to display the linked URL. It is a name of, or keyword for, a browsing context: a tab, window, or . The following keywords have special meanings: _self: Load the URL into the same browsing context as the current one. This is the default behavior. _blank: Load the URL into a new browsing context. This is usually a tab, but users can configure browsers to use new windows instead. _parent: Load the URL into the parent browsing context of the current one. If there is no parent, this behaves the same way as _self. _top: Load the URL into the top-level browsing context (that is, the "highest" browsing context that is an ancestor of the current one, and has no parent). If there is no parent, this behaves the same way as _self. Example: Opens in a new tab or new window. An element ID preceded by a hash mark (#) specifies an internal target location within the current document or another document. Example: bookmark link bookmark link ... Bookmark Target Relative links are relative to the path of the current page. Absolute links specify a full document location (fully-qualified server name and file path). Examples: relative link relative path link absolute link Includes form attributes; action; method; submission methods; accessibility; input types and restrictions; select; textarea; button; output; option; datalist; fieldset. The HTML element represents a document section that contains interactive controls to submit information to a web server. Example: Name: The form action attribute specifies the URI of the page that will process submitted form information. Example: Name: The form method attribute specifies the HTTP method that the browser uses to submit the form. Possible values are: post: Corresponds to the HTTP POST method ; form data are included in the body of the form and sent to the server. get: Corresponds to the HTTP GET method; form data are appended to the action attribute URI with a '?' as separator. Examples: Name: Name: The HTML element is used to create interactive controls for web-based forms in order to accept data from the user. Input types include: checkbox: A check box allowing single values to be selected/deselected. color: A control for specifying a color. date: A control for entering a date (year, month, and day, with no time). email: A field for editing an e-mail address. file: A control that lets the user select a file. hidden: A control that is not displayed but whose value is submitted to the server. image: A graphical submit button. number: A control for entering a number. password: A single-line text field whose value is obscured. radio: A radio button, allowing a single value to be selected out of multiple choices. range: A control for entering a number whose exact value is not important. reset: A button that resets the contents of the form to default values. search: A single-line text field for entering search strings. submit: A button that submits the form. tel: A control for entering a telephone number. text: A single-line text field. url: A field for entering a URL. Examples: checkbox: color: date: email: file: hidden: number: password: radio: one two range: text: The HTML element represents a control that provides a menu of options. Examples: dropdown: one two three list: one two three multiple: one two three The HTML element represents a multi-line plain-text editing control. Example: textarea The HTML element represents a clickable button. Button elements are much easier to style than input elements. Example: Submit The HTML element is a container element into which a site or app can inject the results of a calculation or the outcome of a user action. Example: Tip calculator Bill Amount: Tip Percentage: Tip: 0 The HTML element is used to define an item contained in a , an , or a element. See examples above for select or below for datalist. The HTML element contains a set of elements that represent the values available for other controls. Example: datalist: The HTML element is used to group several controls as well as labels within a web form. Example: radio: one two Microsoft: Exam 98-383 Introduction to Programming using HTML and CSS Mozilla: table Mozilla: Heading Elements Mozilla: p Mozilla: br Mozilla: br Mozilla: div Mozilla: span Mozilla: ul Mozilla: ol Mozilla: li Wikipedia: Semantic HTML Mozilla: header Mozilla: nav Mozilla: section Mozilla: article Mozilla: aside Mozilla: footer Mozilla: detail Mozilla: summary Mozilla: figure Mozilla: caption Mozilla: img Mozilla: a Mozilla: a Mozilla: a Mozilla: form Mozilla: form Mozilla: form Mozilla: input Mozilla: select Mozilla: textarea Mozilla: button Mozilla: output Mozilla: option Mozilla: datalist Mozilla: fieldset ← Understand CSS Fundamentals Exam 98-383: Introduction to Programming using HTML and CSS Present Multimedia Using HTML →
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श्री गुरु चरण सरज राज , निज मनु मुकुर सुधारे | बरनौ रघुबर बिमल जासु , जो धयक फल चारे || बुधिहिएँ तनु जानके , सुमेराव पवन -कुमार | बल बूढी विद्या देहु मोहे , हरहु कलेस बिकार || Hindu festivals are numerous and held throughout the year. The themes or reason for celebrating can range from an event in a Deity's life to a deed of a Mythological Hero. The festivals are held according to dates reckoned by the Hindu calendar which has been used since 1000 BCE. This calendar uses one complete cycle of the moon to represent a month. This means that the Hindu religious year only has 354 days. It takes 365 days for the Earth to complete one solar cycle and to compensate for the difference the Hindu calendar adds an extra month after every 30 months. This is a Religious Calendar used to determine festival dates and in their everyday lives, Hindus use the Gregorian Calendar. Holi (Festival of Colour) is held between February and March and lasts for two days. The festival is of ancient Aryan origin and was originally called Holika. According to Hinduism, Prahlada upset his father, Hiranyakashipu, by his continuance of the worship of Vishnu. Hiranyakashipu's sister, Holika was given the task of placing Prahlada into a fire as punishment. Holika, who had a magical shawl that made her impervious to fire was burnt to death but Prahlada emerged from the fire unharmed. Vishnu had demonstrated his desire to help those who worship him. In essence it is a "spring rites" festival that all Hindus celebrate without distinction to caste, sex or age. Participants throw coloured water and powder over each other and the use of bawdy language and provocative acts is a common feature of this festival. The Holi festival is also a celebration of the god Kama-deva. The provocative nature of the festival is a reflection of the passions that Kama-deva is said to represent. Spring is traditionally believed to start the next day. The festival starts with bonfires being lighted on the eve of Holi and Hindus symbolically throw something that represents the year gone by into the bonfires. There are Holi songs that are sung and the Dholak drums are played. The throwing of coloured powder and water starts on the second day (Dhulhendi). The many themes of the festival: renewal, sexual desire and the triumph of good, is found with variations all over India. The festival is mentioned in the Vedas and Puranas and is represented in Indian art. Diwali, also known as the Festival of Light,is held between October and November and lasts for five days. This festival heralds in the Hindu New Year. It is celebrated by the lighting of oil lamps that are floated on rivers, placed outside houses or temples. The symbolism of the oil lamp, is one of illumination of the soul (Atman). Fireworks, paper lanterns, the sharing of sweets and worship also form part of the celebration. Diwali is also a Harvest festival; the season for growing crops has ended and winter is about to commence. In Ancient India this meant the closing of annual business accounts and a time to offer prayers for a bountiful crop next year. Hindus also celebrate the story of King Rama's return to his kingdom Ayodhya after a fourteen year exile and the lighting of ghee (clarified butter) lamps by the people of Ayodhya in celebration. King Rama is considered by Hindus to be the seventh avatar of Vishnu and a standard of virtue and morality. Indian scholars have speculated that Rama may have been an early great King of India who was later deified. Makar Sankranti is a festival that marks the end of winter and the start of the agricultural growing season . It is held on the 14th January (Gregorian Calendar) and is associated with the Sun deity: Pratyaksha-Brahman. The Makar Sankranti is a solar festival and the lunar Hindu calendar doesn't determine its date therefore it is one of the few festivals held on the same day every year. The Gita reveals that Lord Krishna took for his first disciple, the manifested Sun divinity Pratyaksha-Brahman. The festival is celebrated all over India under many names and with reigonal customs determining the rites. For Hindus that make the pilgrimage to the river Ganges during this festival; it is considered an auspicious act to bathe in the holy river during the festival. In the Punjab, Makar Sankranti is celebrated with bonfires and in Gujarat, kite flying has become very popular. Kumbh Mela is a pilgrimage festival. It draws together millions of Hindus to the holy rivers where it is held every twelve years. Hindu holy men from all the different sects attend and some suspend their ascetic practices to be there. For Hindus it is considered auspicious to be blessed by the holy men during this festival. To bathe in the rivers associated with the festival is believed by Hindus to cleanse the soul of past sins. The festival is held when Jupiter and the Sun and Moon are in a particular alignment. The date of its origin is lost in time but it is recorded in Puranic literature therfore making it an ancient ritual. Kumbh is the Sanskrit word for "pot" and Mela means "festival". The reference is in relation to a "pot of nectar" that was the creation of ancient Gods and demons who sought immortality. The nectar was considered so precious and valuable that the Gods hid it in four places. Some of the nectar was spilled at each place therefore consecrating the land and Hindus attend with the belief that the festival loca
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Ehud R. Toledano is professor of Middle East history at Tel Aviv University and the current director of the Program in Ottoman & Turkish Studies. Toledano, Ehud R. As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East. United Kingdom, Yale University Press, 2007. Human bondage in it's various forms existed in almost all known historical societies and cultures. Since biblical times all monotheist religions have sanctioned slavery, although they did try to mitigate its harsh realities; other belief systems were not free from various forms of enslavement either. An initial obstacle to an open and honest treatment of enslavement in Ottoman and other Islamic societies is the "attitude hurdle". Writers about Islamic societies in general have been sensitive ...to any shred of criticism be it hedged , balanced or even implied. The orientalist tradition.. in Middle eastern studies has been seen...deprecating towards Arabs and Muslims. Too often the debate over history of enslavement has been suppressed by reluctance of Arab and Muslim writers to engage in an open discussion...about human bondage. Excepting modern Turkish scholarship and a few contributions from scholars in Arab countries the work produced by Arabs and Muslims has been apologetic and polemical. By leveling the moral playing field, we in know way wish to suspend judgement with regard to enslavement, nor do we advocate an abdication of responsibility...enslavement was wide spread and universally acceptable in historic societies , we do not shy from condemning it as reprehensible regardless of where and by whom it was practiced. In the early 1980s when my first work on Ottoman slave trade in 19th century was published I was keenly aware of the sensitivity of the subject and actively sought not to offend any of my readers...even in domestic slavery situations, especially when women were concerned, it would be quite inappropriate to describe their experience of enslavement as mild....Simply put the powerful (here Ottomans and Arabs) stand accused of bestowing on the unwilling powerless (here enslaved Africans) the questionable benefits.. Wikipedia has an article about: Ehud R. Toledano
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Daniel A. Wren (born January 8, 1932) is an American business theorist and Emeritus Professor at the University of Oklahoma, known from his 1972 book coauthored with Arthur G. Bedeian, entitled "The evolution of management thought." Mooney's unpublished paper “The Science of Industrial Organization” (1929) portrays GM's multidivisional organization's use of the line-staff concept in organizing overseas assembly plants. Here I compare General Motors with Ford Motor Company, which had first-mover advantages overseas, and examine how each company organized and managed their international operations. “Linking pins,” a social-science concept, illustrates how GM's organizational hierarchy achieved vertical coordination of effort. Daniel A. Wren, "James D. Mooney and General Motors' Multinational Operations, 1922–1940." Business History Review 87.03 (2013): 515-543 : Article abstract Daniel A. Wren & Arthur G. Bedeian (1972). 6th ed. 2009. Management as an activity has always existed to make people’s desires through organized effort. Management facilitates the efforts of people in organized groups and arises when people seek to cooperate to achieve goals. p. 11-12 (in 1972 edition) Although the Gordon and Howell report noted the diversity of approaches to the study of management, it was Harold Koontz who delineated the differences and applied the catchy label ‘‘management theory jungle.’’ p. 413 As open systems, organizations faced an environment that might be placid and benevolent, or turbulent and harsh. Economic, social, political, and technological changes could come rapidly or slowly, and some organizational arrangements might be better able to cope with the changing environment than others. Could it be that there was no one way to structure an organization that design was influenced by environmental factors and could vary, depending on technology? Joan Woodward (1916–1971) took this contingency view, classified organizations by the complexity of the technology used in producing goods, and found that it influenced an organization’s structure. Her classification, ranging from less complex (1) to more advanced (3), consisted of (1) unit and small-batch production systems that produced made-to-order and customized products to meet consumers’ needs; (2) large-batch and mass production, which involved a fairly standardized or uniform product with but few variations in its final appearance; and (3) long-run continuous-process production, which involved a standard product manufactured by moving through a predictable series of steps. p. 462-3 (in 2009 edition) Arthur G. Bedeian, and Daniel A. Wren. "Most influential management books of the 20th Century." Organizational Dynamics 29.3 (2001), The Management of Innovation (1961) [by Tom Burns and George M. Stalker is]... the first major attempt to deal with the nature of organization-environment relations and identify the types of organizational structure and managerial practices that are appropriate for different environmental condition. Introduced the mechanistic-organic polarity (never a dichotomy) to the management lexicon. p. 224. Historian Daniel A. Wren says that operations research/ management science has "... roots in scientific management." Like Taylor and the Gilbreths, today's management scientists use research and analysis to find optimal solutions to management problems. Modern-day management scientists, of course, use much more sophisticated mathematical tools and computers. And management science's goal is not to try to find a “science of management” but “to use scientific analysis and tools to solve management problems.” Gary Dessler, Jean Phillips (2008) Managing Now, p. 16: About the Management Science Approach Wren and Bedeian 2008 is the most important management history book, and it is the one most widely used as a primary source in courses on management history. David D. Van Fleet Management History, 2014. Wikipedia has an article about: Daniel A. Wren
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Wednesday, March 12, 2008 Australia Related articles 12 November 2021: 33-year old charged with murder of Dalibor Pantic 10 November 2021: Wikinews interviews RSL Australia for Remembrance Day 2021 5 November 2021: Australian Fair Work Commission rules that farm workers on piece rate entitled to minimum wage 3 October 2021: Rosemary Cousin, Greens candidate in South Gippsland, Australia, speaks to Wikinews about democracy, transport, forests and other local issues 3 October 2021: Australia: Wikinews interviews Les Harmer, South Gippsland local election candidate Location of Australia Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Former Australian Prime Minister, John Howard has criticised the Rudd Labor government for apologising to the Stolen Generations in parliament last month. Mr Howard was prime minister before the election last year. Mr Howard's successor, opposition leader and leader of the Liberal party, Brendan Nelson supported the apology, making a speech of his own in parliament. The apology was unanimously supported by the House of Representatives. While speaking to students at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard, the former Prime Minister defended his decision not to apologise to indigenous Australians during his 11 years in office. "I do not believe, as a matter of principle, that one generation can accept responsibility for the acts of an earlier generation. I don't accept that as a matter of principle," Mr Howard said. "In some cases, children were wrongly removed; in other cases, they were removed for good reason; in other cases, they were given up; and in other cases, the judgment on the removal is obscure or difficult to make." Mr Howard said the apology was dangerous as it led many to believe that the government had "ticked the box" on indigenous issues in Australia. "The third reason I wasn't in favour of it was that it seems to me that there is a real danger that when we do something like that, there's a psychological reaction of the indigenous box has been ticked, and we've solved the problem," "The commitment to do practical things such as reducing the gap between the life expectancy of indigenous Australians and other Australians, which is unacceptably high, is pushed into the background," the former PM told listeners. Mr Howard said there had been a failure over the past few decades to address indigenous affairs. "I think we persevered for too long with the notion of separate development. I think the only way the indigenous people of Australia can get what we call a fair go is for them to become part of the mainstream of the community and get the benefits and opportunities available from mainstream Australian society, whilst recognising ... the particular and special place of the indigenous culture in the life of the country," said Mr Howard. Mr Howard rejected suggestions from a member of the audience that his refusal to apologise to indigenous Australians and refusing to sign the Kyoto Protocol lost his government the election. "The first lesson I learned is you win some, you lose some," "I did have the opportunity of winning four elections," said Mr Howard. "Australian Parliament apologises to the Stolen Generations" — Wikinews, February 13, 2008 "Australian parliament to apologise to Stolen Generations" — Wikinews, February 11, 2008 Anne Davies. "Nothing to say sorry for: Howard" — The Sydney Morning Herald, March 12, 2008 David Nason. "I made us proud: Howard" — The Australian, March 12, 2008
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Guru Nanak Dev Ji (Guru Nānak) (15 April 1469 -22 September 1539) is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. Sikhs believe that all subsequent Gurus possessed Guru Nanak's divinity and religious authority. Guru Nanak may be referred to by other titles such as Baba Nanak or Nanak Shah. Sikhs acknowledge Guru Nanak to be the founder of their religion and the composer of hymns found in their sacred scripture Guru Granth Sahib. The Sikh literature janam-sākhī (life stories) is the main source for the details of Guru Nanak's life. Guru Nanak was born in 1469 in the village of Rāi Bhoi dī Talvandī (now called Nankana Sahib) in the Punjab to a family that belonged to the Hindu Khatrī caste. His father, Mehta Kalyan Das Bedi, was a patwari (accountant) for the village of Talwandi; employed by a local Muslim landlord, *Rai Bular Bhatti. Guru Nanak's mother was called Tripta Devi and his elder sister, Bebe Nanaki. Guru Nanak's family belonged to the Bedi clan. The word Bedi means "those who study the Vedas". A series of events during Guru Nanak's childhood led many to recognise his affinity with religious matters. At a very young age he is said to have surprised his teachers with his questions about God. He also refused the 'Janaeu' (sacred thread) that is traditionally given to a Hindu child who is ready to be initiated into the religious community. Guru Nanak was nine years old when this ceremony took place and when the Hindu priest asked Guru Nanak for the reasons of his refusal, Guru Nanak replied: Though men commit countless thefts, countless adulteries, utter countless falsehoods and countless words of abuse; though they commit countless robberies and villainies night and day against their fellow creatures; yet the cotton thread is spun, and the Brahman cometh to twist it. For the ceremony they kill a goat and cook and eat it, and everybody then says 'Put on the Janaeu'. When it becomes old, it is thrown away, and another is put on. Nanak, the string breaketh not if it is strong. (Asa di Var, Mohalla 1) The priest in utter despair asked, What kind of sacred thread O Nanak, would you wear? The Guru replied: Out of the cotton of compassion spin the thread of contentment. Tie knots of continence. Give it a twist of truth. That would make a Janaeu for the soul, if thou have it, O Brahman, put it on me. Such a thread once worn will never break nor get soiled, burnt or lost. The man who wears such a thread is blessed. After the disappearance of Guru Nanak both Hindus and Muslims laid their claim to the Holy Body of Sri Guru Nanak Sahib but when they lifted the sheet covering the Sacred Body there was no trace of the Holy Body. Only fragrant flowers could be found which they distributed amongst themselves. Jaspal, Brig Partap Singh (2019). Eternal Glory of Guru Nanak. India: Partridge. ISBN 978-1-4828-3615-8.
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Grandia II is an RPG by GameArts. It was first released in 2000 for the Sega Dreamcast, but in 2002, it was re-released for the Playstation 2 and home computer. Man what're they doing in there?! This is why i hate church - everything takes foreeeever. "Weak and frail"? Uh-huh. Just don't forget to feed him and change his litter twice a day. I'm sorry, were you waiting for me to give a damn? 'Does not the light of the sun shine even now? Does not the land await the return of its true god? May the Light come quickly.' Does not Ryudo tire of this? Does he not want to put his fist through this book? May his suffering end quickly. I'm sorry but that's not vague enough for me. Could you be a little less specific? Well well. Look what the slavish devotion to sanctimonious bloodshed dragged in. What brings you here - or did I answer myself? But, if I listened to every piece of good advice I heard, I'd have killed all of you already and run off with your gold. People deal with depression differently. Some sleep. Others write. Others suck food down their throats like garbage chutes. A thought carries far on the wings of a prayer. Ryudo: What about the wings? Elena: Forgive me, I do not wish to remember. Ryudo: We're missing something here. You must be able to remember - or did the clouds of incense fog your memory? Elena: Do you assume...? Ryudo: Hey, I'm not presuming to know what goes on behind closed doors, sister. I'm just saying you were there... Bah. Hopeless. Elena: You do not understand. Ryudo: Because I'm not sophisticated enough? Because I don't fall over myself to be the first in line at the temple doors? Elena: Now you mock me. Ryudo: No, I've been mocking you for the last half hour. A little slow to notice, aren't we? Ryudo: What is this "purify" thing? For some reason, I doubt those knights are packing soap and bubble bath in that armour. Roan: ... She means to kill them. I remember one city that was burnt to the ground by the Cathedral Knights. Ryudo: ... That's some strong bubble bath. Wikipedia has an article about: Grandia II
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It is estimated that around 20-25% of the world's adult population have the metabolic syndrome and the incidence of metabolic syndrome is on the rise. Metabolic syndrome is the clustering of metabolic abnormalities which include: insulin resistance, central obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. The more abnormalities evident in an individual, the more likely they are to die of cardiovascular complications than their healthy counterparts. Exercise is widely encouraged for ameliorating such abnormalities. According to the new International Diabetes Federation definition, for a person to be defined as having the metabolic syndrome they must have: Central obesity (defined as waist circumference with ethnicity specific values) plus any two of the following four factors: This study examined at a small group of metabolic syndrome patients and exposed them to either continuous moderate exercise or aerobic interval training 3 times a week for 16 weeks. The main goal was to assess the effect of exercise intensity on the metabolic syndrome. The study found that the intensity of exercise is an important factor for reversing the risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Although intensity of exercise is an important factor, the optimal level of exercise to prevent and treat the metabolic syndrome still remains unclear and further research is required to determine how to slow the current epidemic. No ideal Pharmaceutical remedies are available as yet. This study was carried out by academics from the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging and Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and the Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio; Department of Cardiology and Anaesthesia and Emergency Medicine, St Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; and Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. A number of grants from the Norwegian council of Cardiovascular Disease, the Norwegian Research Council, Funds for Cardiovascular and Medical Research at St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, and the Torstein Erbo's Foundation, Trondheim. The National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Agriculture also supported this work. The research carried out was a clinical laboratory study which took place at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway. The study compared moderate and high intensity exercise with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with the metabolic syndrome. This involved selecting patients from a large pool of individuals who were randomised and stratified (by age and sex) into either the aerobic interval training group, the continuous moderate exercise group or the control group. Thirty-two metabolic syndrome patients age, (52.3 ± 3.7) Similar body weights, body mass indexes (BMI), hip-to-waist ratios, blood plasma parameters and blood pressures. Patients were informed to continue taking any prescribed medications and diets remained unaltered. After 16 weeks of the exercise programme supervised by an exercise physiologist, a clinical follow-up took place. Having completed the study, the research suggests that aerobic interval training was superior to steady exercise in reversing the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. The primary outcome variables were: A loss of 3-4%, respectively in body weight and BMI Reduction in waist circumference by 5-6 centimetres in both groups, respectively. Overall, aerobic interval training was proven to be superior to steady exercise to reduce the key risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, as well as: Increasing aerobic capacity (VO2max) by 35% Increasing endothelial function by 9% Increased availability of nitric oxide 36% ± 3% Oxidised LDL decreased by 17% Decrease in lipogenesis Improved fasting blood glucose levels Improved insulin sensitivity and β-cell function Increase in HDL cholesterol Reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (10 and 6 mm.Hg) Increased mitochondrial biogenesis Increased fat mobilisation However, neither of the exercise intensities was able to alter triglycerides, insulin, microalbuminuria, total cholesterol, LDL, C-peptide or haemoglobin. A number of participants with the metabolic syndrome were no longer classified as having it post intervention. The researchers understood that the study demonstrates that both aerobic interval training and steady exercise have beneficial effects on the physiological abnormalities associated with the metabolic syndrome. Aerobic interval training, however, was superior to moderate continuous exercise having an advantageous effect in improving the risk factors defining metabolic syndrome. This study demonstrates that exercise-induced reductions in risk factors favourable for metabolic syndrome were alleviated by both interval training and steady exercise. However, high intensity training was superior to continuous moderate exercisein reversing the risk factors related to the syndrome. Exercise training was able to substantially improve: Increase aerobic fitness Reduce total and abdominal obesity Increase lean body mass Overall, improvements in risk factors were modest and the research denotes the efficacy of high intensity training in particular as a highly beneficial prevention strategy relative to other current exercise interventions. Therefore, aerobic interval training is an effective and affordable strategy to combat the metabolic syndrome and there is a growing body of research that demonstrates interval training as an effective alternative to continuous moderate exercise. This study suggests that there is a strong evidence for vigorous physical activity to help reduced risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Further research is encouraged due to the small numbers of participants and lack of variation of ethnicity, age, exercise dose in this particular study. The role of exercise for managing metabolic syndrome is of growing importance as the metabolic syndrome pandemic becomes more prevalent. This study identifies that aerobic interval training has the potential to reduce or delay cardiovascular disease, diabetes and the multiple risk factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome. The findings of this research may have beneficial implications in rehabilitating patients with metabolic syndrome. For further information regarding exercise and the metabolic syndrome contact your health care professional or visit: International Diabetes Federation Consensus Worldwide Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome - https://www.idf.org/webdata/docs/IDF_Meta_def_final.pdf Metabolic Syndrome Pandemic - http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/28/4/629.full Physiological Adaptations to Low-Volume, High Intensity Interval Training in Health and Disease - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.224725/full Federation ID. IDF worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. 2010. Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Apr;28(4):629-636. Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, Stolen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, Loennechen JP, Al-Share QY, Skogvoll E, Slordahl SA, Kemi OJ, Najjar SM, Wisloff U. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation. 2008 Jul 22;118(4):346-354. Stewart KJ, Bacher AC, Turner K, Lim JG, Hees PS, Shapiro EP, Tayback M, Ouyang P. Exercise and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome in older adults. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28(1):9-18 Stensvold D, Tjonna AE, Skaug EA, Aspenes S, Stolen T, Wisloff U, Slordahl SA. Strength training versus aerobic interval training to modify risk factors of metabolic syndrome. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Apr;108(4):804-810. Haram PM, Kemi OJ, Lee SJ, Bendheim MO, Al-Share QY, Waldum HL, Gilligan LJ, Koch LG, Britton SL, Najjar SM, Wisloff U. Aerobic interval training vs. continuous moderate exercise in the metabolic syndrome of rats artificially selected for low aerobic capacity. Cardiovasc Res. 2009 Mar 1;81(4):723-732. Gibala MJ, Little JP, MacDonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low‐volume, high‐intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol (Lond ). 2012;590(5):1077-1084.
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Saturday, December 8, 2007 Fire fighters in the United Kingdom used a hand grinder to remove a metal ring from a man's penis 2 days ago. They had been summoned after doctors at the Royal Wigan Infirmary in Greater Manchester became worried that the man may have required amputation of the penis as the ring was cutting off the blood flow. The man had been taken to the infirmary's Accident and Emergency department, where attempts were made to cut through the ring. However, this failed as hospital cutting equipment was not strong enough to sever the hard metal the ring was made of. Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service responded to the call made at around 12.10 GMT Thursday, after the penis started swelling up. Two fire fighters spent twenty minutes cutting the ring off the then anaesthetised man, who is in his 40s. The mini hand grinder used for the job is more regularly used for tasks such as cutting through padlocks. A thin sheet of metal was placed around the man's penis to protect it during the operation. It is thought that the ring had originally been cut off the end of a pipe. "Fire crew aid in penis operation" — BBC News Online, December 6, 2007 "Metal ring stuck on man's penis" — The Sun, December 6, 2007 "Man's lucky penis escape" — Wigan Observer, December 6, 2007
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After the Three Views were composed in the 17th century, many authors have come up with their own lists of Japanese sites and attractions. While there are countless lists and variations thereof, here is a selection of the best-known ones: Sankei (三景). The most famous list of them all, attributed to scholar Hayashi Gahō back in 1643. They follow the Snow-Moon-Flower (雪月花) aesthetic with Amanohashidate representing the snow (雪), Matsushima representing the moon (月), and Miyajima representing the flower (花), although the "flowers" are said to actually be the autumn leaves. Amanohashidate, Kyoto Matsushima, Miyagi Miyajima, Hiroshima 日本新三景 Onuma, Hokkaido Miho no Matsubara, Shizuoka Yaba Valley, Oita 三大夜景 Sandaiyakei Hakodate seen from Mount Hakodate Kobe and Osaka Bay seen from Mount Rokko Nagasaki seen from Mount Inasa 新三大夜景 Shin-sandaiyakei Kitakyushu seen from Mount Sarakurayama, Nara seen from Mount Wakakusayama Yamanashi seen from Fuefuki River Fruit Park 三名城 Sanmeijō. A list written by Ogyu Sorai in the Edo Period. He chose these three castles as the top among those designed by Kato Kiyomasa and Todo Takatora who he considered to be the best castle designers. All three are modern reconstructions, since Kumamoto Castle burned down during the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion and Nagoya and Osaka Castles were destroyed during World War II. Nagoya Castle Nagoya, Aichi Osaka Castle Osaka, Osaka Kumamoto Castle Kumamoto, Kumamoto 三大山城 Sandaiyamashiro Bitchu Matsuyama Castle Takahashi Iwamura Castle Iwamura Takatori Castle Takatori 三大平山城 Sandaihiroyamashiro. Himeji Castle in Himeji, Hyogo Matsuyama Castle in Matsuyama, Ehime Tsuyama Castle in Tsuyama, Okayama 三名園 Sanmeien It is unclear when these gardens were chosen or by whom. The first recorded list dates back to 1899, but a postcard bought by Shiki Masaoka from his visit to Korakuen Garden in 1891 has "Korakuen Garden, Number 1 of the Top 3 Gardens" written on the back. It is widely believed that the gardens follow the "Snow-Moon-Flower" (雪月花) aesthetic coined by a famous Chinese poem by Bai Juyi. Kenrokuen Garden, famous for its snowy scenery, represents the "Snow" (雪), Korakuen Garden, which to this day has an autumn moon-viewing event, represents the "Moon"(月), and Kairakuen, known for its early spring plum blossoms, represents the "Flower" (花). In addition, each of the gardens are strolling gardens built by famous daimyo (The Tokugawa built Kairakuen, the Ikeda built Korakuen, and the Maeda built Kenrokuen) which is also believed to have played a role in which gardens were given the prestigious designation. Kairakuen, Mito, Ibaraki Kenrokuen, Kanazawa, Ishikawa Kōrakuen, Okayama, Okayama 三大祭 Sandaisai Gion Matsuri, Kyoto Tenjin Matsuri, Osaka Kanda and Sannō Matsuri, Tokyo The Nebuta Matsuri of Aomori is often considered to be one of the top three festivals, but it is actually only listed as one of the top three festivals of the Tohoku region (below). 東北三大祭り Nebuta Matsuri Aomori, Aomori Kanto Matsuri Akita, Akita Tanabata Matsuri Sendai, Miyagi 京都三大祭 Gion Matsuri Aoi Matsuri Jidai Matsuri 四国三大祭り Awa Odori (Tokushima) Yosakoi Festival (Kochi) Niihama Taiko Festival (Niihama) 日本三大盆踊り Nishimonai Festival (Ugo, Akita) Gujo Odori (Gujo, Gifu) Awa Odori (Tokushima, Tokushima) 日本三大花火 Omagari Fireworks (Daisen, Akita) Tsuchiura All Japan Fireworks (Tsuchiura, Ibaraki) Nagaoka Fireworks (Nagaoka, Niigata) Certainly one of the more hotly contested categories. (No pun intended). 三大温泉 Sandaionsen Atami, Shizuoka Beppu, Oita Shirahama, Wakayama 三名泉 Sanmeisen. Authored by Hayashi Razan, father of Hayashi Gahō. Arima Onsen, Hyogo Gero Onsen, Gifu Kusatsu Onsen, Gunma 三古湯 Sankosen Dogo Onsen, Ehime Arima Onsen, Hyogo Shirahama, Wakayama 扶桑三名湯 Fusō-sanmeiyu. Fusō is a poetic name for Japan and this one is credited to traveling haiku poet Matsuo Basho. Arima Onsen, Hyogo Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa Kusatsu Onsen, Gunma 三大稲荷 Sandai Inari Fushimi Inari Shrine, Kyoto Toyokawa Inari Shrine, Aichi Saijō Inari, Okayama or Yūtoku Inari Shrine, Kashima As the head of all Inari shrines, Fushimi Inari Shrine is naturally one of the top three, but there is little historical or present consensus on the others. After Fushimi Inari, the list varies depending on the source. Takekoma Shrine in Iwanuma and Kasuma Inari Shrine in Kasama are also suggested by some. 三大天神 Sandai Tenjin Kitano Tenman-gū in Kyoto, Kyoto Dazaifu Tenman-gū in Dazaifu, Fukuoka Hōfu Tenman-gū in Hofu, Yamaguchi All Tenjin (Tenmangu) shrines are dedicated to the worship of Sugawara Michizane. This top three list actually highlights his exile from Kyoto to Dazaifu. Along the way, he stopped in Hofu and built the first Tenjin shrine. Official dedication of shrines to him began after his death when a series of natural disasters and tragedies in the capital were believed to be caused by his restless soul seeking vengeance for his unjust exile. Kitano Tenmangu was built to pacify him. 三八幡 San Hachiman Usa Hachimangu Shrine (Usa, Oita) Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine (Yawata, Kyoto) Hakozaki Hachimangu Shrine (Fukuoka, Fukuoka) 三大鳥居 Sandai Torii Omiwa Shrine (Sakurai, Nara) Itsukushima Shrine (Miyajima, Hiroshima) Kehi Shrine (Tsuruga, Fukui) 三大霊場 sandai-reijo Mount Koya Mount Hiei Mount Osore 奥州三霊場 Ōshū sanreijō are the three most famous pilgrimage sites in the ancient land of Oku (奥), now known as Tohoku. Kinkasan Mount Osore Dewa Sanzan 三大大仏 Sandai-daibutsu Todaiji, Nara Kotokuin, Kamakura Daibutsuji, Takaoka 三名塔 Sanmeitō Horyuji, Ikaruga, Nara Daigoji, Kyoto, Kyoto Rurikoji, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 三長谷 Sanhase Hasedera (Sakurai, Nara) Hasedera (Kamakura, Kanagawa) Hasedera (Nagano, Nagano) 三名山 Sanmeizan (Three Famous Mountains), also 三霊山 Sanreizan (Three Sacred Mountains) Mount Fuji Mount Haku Mount Tate 三大秘境 Sandaihikkyō Shirakawa-go, Gifu Iya Valley, Tokushima Shiiba, Miyazaki 三大渓谷 Kiyotsu Gorge, Niigata Kurobe Gorge, Toyama Osugi Gorge, Mie 日本三大鍾乳洞 Akiyoshi-do (Akiyoshidai, Yamaguchi) Ryuga-do (Kami, Kochi) Ryusen-do Cave (Iwaizumi, Iwate) 日本三名瀑 Nachi Falls Kegon Falls Fukuroda Falls 三大松原 Sandai-matsubara Miho no Matsubara (Shizuoka, Shizuoka) Niji no Matsubara (Karatsu, Saga) Kehi no Matsubara (Tsuruga, Fukui) 日本三大酒処 Fushimi, Kyoto Nada, Kobe Saijō, Higashihiroshima 日本三大漆器 Kainan, Wakayama Aizu-Wakamatsu, Fukushima Wajima, Ishikawa 三大中華街 Sandai-chūkagai Yokohama Chūkagai, Yokohama Shinchi-Chūkagai, Nagasaki Nankinmachi, Kobe 三大そば Sandai-soba' Wanko Soba (Morioka/Hanamaki, Iwate) Izumo Soba (Izumo, Shimane) Togakushi Soba (Nagano, Nagano) 三大ラーメン Sandai-raamen Sapporo Ramen (Sapporo, Hokkaido) Kitakata Ramen (Kitakata, Fukushima) Hakata Ramen (Fukuoka, Fukuoka) 三大うどん Sandai-udon Sanuki Udon (Takamatsu, Kagawa) Inaniwa Udon (Yuzawa, Akita) Mizusawa Udon (Shibukawa, Gunma) 三大和牛 Sandai-wagyu Kobe Beef (Kobe, Hyogo) Omi Beef (Shiga) Matsusaka Beef (Matsusaka, Mie) Some sources also claim Yonezawa Beef (Yonezawa) is one of the top three beefs.
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This page is an TODO state. anyone is free to complete/contribute to it. For now (2010-06-11) it contains random notes I've been collecting through the time. TODO is a mark meaning "to do" ("TODO" is automatically recognized by some editing tools as a pending tasks). Next link provides a quick script to rescan the SCSI bus in Linux. There is a simpler way that most of the time will work properly: echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan An slightly more complex script example for a Qlogic card: #!/bin/bash for HBA in `ls -A /proc/scsi/qla2xxx/` do echo "scsi-qlascan" > /proc/scsi/qla2xxx/${HBA} done Alternatively iscsiadm can be used if available: iscsiadm -t discovery --type sendtargets --portal iscsiadm -t node --targename -- portal --login Amognst other documents available on the net Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Online Storage Reconfiguration Guide can also be a useful help. Dmidecode reports information about your system's hardware as described in your system BIOS according to the SMBIOS/DMI standard (see a sample output). This information typically includes system manufacturer, model name, serial number, BIOS version, asset tag as well as a lot of other details of varying level of interest and reliability depending on the manufacturer. This will often include usage status for the CPU sockets, expansion slots (e.g. AGP, PCI, ISA) and memory module slots, and the list of I/O ports (e.g. serial, parallel, USB). What is IPMI? The Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) specification defines a set of interfaces for platform management. It is implemented by a large number of hardware manufacturers to support system management on motherboards. The features of IPMI that most users will be interested in are sensor monitoring (i.e. CPU temperatures, fan speeds), remote power control, and serial-over-LAN (SOL). What is FreeIPMI? FreeIPMI provides in-band and out-of-band IPMI software based on the IPMI v1.5/2.0 specification. FreeIPMI provides tools and libraries for users to access and read IPMI sensor readings, system event log (SEL) entries, serial-over-LAN (SOL), remote power control functions, field replaceable unit (FRU) device information, and more. More information about FreeIPMI can be found at the FreeIPMI webpage at: http://www.gnu.org/software/freeipmi/index.html ************************************************************************ ~# smartctl -d cciss,0 -a /dev/cciss/c0d0 smartctl version 5.38 [i686-pc-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce Allen Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/ Device: HP DH072ABAA6 Version: HPD7 Serial number: 3PD19ZMN0000983153B8 Device type: disk Transport protocol: SAS Local Time is: Sat Jul 19 20:09:09 2008 CEST Device supports SMART and is Enabled Temperature Warning Enabled SMART Health Status: OK Current Drive Temperature: 29 C Drive Trip Temperature: 68 C Elements in grown defect list: 0 Vendor (Seagate) cache information Blocks sent to initiator = 899299930 Blocks received from initiator = 14843797 Blocks read from cache and sent to initiator = 3793967485 Number of read and write commands whose size <= segment size = 48565840 Number of read and write commands whose size > segment size = 0 Vendor (Seagate/Hitachi) factory information number of hours powered up = 945.00 number of minutes until next internal SMART test = 7 Error counter log: Errors Corrected by Total Correction Gigabytes Total ECC rereads/ errors algorithm processed uncorrected fast | delayed rewrites corrected invocations [10^9 bytes] errors read: 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0 write: 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0 Non-medium error count: 0 No self-tests have been logged Long (extended) Self Test duration: 840 seconds [14.0 minutes] ************************************************************************ ~# smartctl -d cciss,1 -a /dev/cciss/c0d0 smartctl version 5.38 [i686-pc-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce Allen Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/ Device: HP DH072ABAA6 Version: HPD7 Serial number: 3PD19ZPV000098315CX2 Device type: disk Transport protocol: SAS Local Time is: Sat Jul 19 20:09:12 2008 CEST Device supports SMART and is Enabled Temperature Warning Enabled SMART Health Status: OK Current Drive Temperature: 30 C Drive Trip Temperature: 68 C Elements in grown defect list: 0 Vendor (Seagate) cache information Blocks sent to initiator = 920490987 Blocks received from initiator = 14368268 Blocks read from cache and sent to initiator = 3755437180 Number of read and write commands whose size <= segment size = 48820139 Number of read and write commands whose size > segment size = 0 Vendor (Seagate/Hitachi) factory information number of hours powered up = 945.02 number of minutes until next internal SMART test = 8 Error counter log: Errors Corrected by Total Correction Gigabytes Total ECC rereads/ errors algorithm processed uncorrected fast | delayed rewrites corrected invocations [10^9 bytes] errors read: 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0 write: 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0 Non-medium error count: 0 No self-tests have been logged Long (extended) Self Test duration: 840 seconds [14.0 minutes] ************************************************************************ ~# smartctl -d cciss,2 -a /dev/cciss/c0d0 smartctl version 5.38 [i686-pc-linux-gnu] Copyright (C) 2002-8 Bruce Allen Home page is http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net/ Device: HP DH072ABAA6 Version: HPD7 Serial number: 3PD1A0SD000098300K39 Device type: disk Transport protocol: SAS Local Time is: Sat Jul 19 20:09:15 2008 CEST Device supports SMART and is Enabled Temperature Warning Enabled SMART Health Status: OK Current Drive Temperature: 31 C Drive Trip Temperature: 68 C Elements in grown defect list: 0 Vendor (Seagate) cache information Blocks sent to initiator = 913141941 Blocks received from initiator = 11455509 Blocks read from cache and sent to initiator = 3697098775 Number of read and write commands whose size <= segment size = 49159966 Number of read and write commands whose size > segment size = 0 Vendor (Seagate/Hitachi) factory information number of hours powered up = 944.93 number of minutes until next internal SMART test = 18 Error counter log: Errors Corrected by Total Correction Gigabytes Total ECC rereads/ errors algorithm processed uncorrected fast | delayed rewrites corrected invocations [10^9 bytes] errors read: 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0 write: 0 0 0 0 0 0.000 0 Non-medium error count: 0 No self-tests have been logged Long (extended) Self Test duration: 840 seconds [14.0 minutes] Installing OMSA fro hardware monitorization in Dell Servers: OMSA allows to monitor the health of RAIDs, motherboard/disk/chasis temperature, alarm generation, set/modify BIOS, watch installed devices, To install under Debian: 1.- Add to /etc/apt/sources.list the next line: deb ftp://ftp.sara.nl/pub/sara-omsa dell sara 2.- Execute apt-get update && apt-get install dellomsa That install OMSA in /opt/dell. 3.- To boot the system: ~# /opt/dell/srvadmin/dataeng/bin/dsm_sa_datamgr32d -run ~# /opt/dell/srvadmin/dataeng/bin/dsm_sa_eventmgr32d -run To check the health of the disc connected to controller 0: ~# /etc/delloma.d/oma/bin/omreport.sh storage pdisk controller=0 The output will look similar to: List of Physical Disks on Controller PERC 4e/Di (Embedded) Controller PERC 4e/Di (Embedded) ID : 0:0 Status : Ok Name : Physical Disk 0:0 State : Online Failure Predicted : No Progress : Not Applicable Type : SCSI Capacity : 68.24 GB (73274490880 bytes) Used RAID Disk Space : 68.24 GB (73274490880 bytes) Available RAID Disk Space : 0.00 GB (0 bytes) Hot Spare : No Vendor ID : MAXTOR Product ID : ATLAS10K5_73SCA Revision : JNZY Serial No. : J20KVCTK Negotiated Speed : 320 Capable Speed : 320 Manufacture Day : Not Available Manufacture Week : Not Available Manufacture Year : Not Available SAS Address : Not Available ID : 0:1 Status : Ok Name : Physical Disk 0:1 State : Online Failure Predicted : No Progress : Not Applicable Type : SCSI Capacity : 68.24 GB (73274490880 bytes) Used RAID Disk Space : 68.24 GB (73274490880 bytes) Available RAID Disk Space : 0.00 GB (0 bytes) Hot Spare : No Vendor ID : MAXTOR Product ID : ATLAS10K5_73SCA Revision : JNZY Serial No. : J20KV5RK Negotiated Speed : 320 Capable Speed : 320 Manufacture Day : Not Available Manufacture Week : Not Available Manufacture Year : Not Available SAS Address : Not Available ID : 0:2 Status : Ok Name : Physical Disk 0:2 State : Online Failure Predicted : No Progress : Not Applicable Type : SCSI Capacity : 68.24 GB (73274490880 bytes) Used RAID Disk Space : 68.24 GB (73274490880 bytes) Available RAID Disk Space : 0.00 GB (0 bytes) Hot Spare : No Vendor ID : MAXTOR Product ID : ATLAS10K5_73SCA Revision : JNZY Serial No. : J20KTS8K Negotiated Speed : 320 Capable Speed : 320 Manufacture Day : Not Available Manufacture Week : Not Available Manufacture Year : Not Available SAS Address : Not Available To check the state/configuration of the RAID: ~# /etc/delloma.d/oma/bin/omreport.sh storage vdisk controller=0 That will look like: Virtual Disk 0 on Controller PERC 4e/Di (Embedded) Controller PERC 4e/Di (Embedded) ID : 0 Status : Ok Name : Virtual Disk 0 State : Ready Progress : Not Applicable Layout : RAID-5 Size : 136.48 GB (146548981760 bytes) Device Name : /dev/sda Type : SCSI Read Policy : Adaptive Read Ahead Write Policy : Write Back Cache Policy : Direct I/O Stripe Element Size : 64 KB To get an summary of the server: ~# /etc/delloma.d/oma/bin/omreport.sh system summary System Summary ------------------ Software Profile ------------------ Systems Management Name : Information not available. Version : 3.2.0 Description : Systems Management Software Operating System Name : Linux Version : Kernel 2.6.18.2 (i686) System Time : Sun Nov 25 18:30:37 2007 System Bootup Time : Fri Oct 12 15:20:31 2007 -------- System -------- System Host Name : MySuperServidor System Location : Please set the value --------------------- Main System Chassis --------------------- Chassis Information Chassis Model : PowerEdge 2850 Chassis Service Tag : Chassis Lock : Present Chassis Asset Tag : Processor 1 Processor Manufacturer : Intel Processor Family : Xeon Processor Version : Model 4 Stepping 3 Current Speed : 3200 MHz Maximum Speed : 3600 MHz External Clock Speed : 800 MHz Voltage : 1400 mV Processor 2 Processor Manufacturer : Intel Processor Family : Xeon Processor Version : Model 4 Stepping 3 Current Speed : 3200 MHz Maximum Speed : 3600 MHz External Clock Speed : 800 MHz Voltage : 1400 mV Memory Total Installed Capacity : 2048 MB Memory Available to the OS : 2023 MB Total Maximum Capacity : 16384 MB Memory Array Count : 1 Memory Array 1 Location : System Board or Motherboard Use : System Memory Installed Capacity : 2048 MB Maximum Capacity : 16384 MB Slots Available : 6 Slots Used : 2 ECC Type : Multibit ECC Slot PCI1 Adapter : [Not Occupied] Type : PCI X Data Bus Width : 64 Bits Speed : 133 MHz Slot Length : Long Voltage Supply : 3.3 Volts Slot PCI2 Adapter : [Not Occupied] Type : PCI X Data Bus Width : 64 Bits Speed : 133 MHz Slot Length : Long Voltage Supply : 3.3 Volts Slot PCI3 Adapter : PRO/100 S Server Adapter Type : PCI X Data Bus Width : 64 Bits Speed : 133 MHz Slot Length : Short Voltage Supply : 3.3 Volts BIOS Information Manufacturer : Dell Inc. Version : A04 Release Date : 09/22/2005 -------------- Network Data -------------- IP Address Data IP Address 0 : 192.168.2.2 IP Address 1 : 192.168.0.115 -------------------- Storage Enclosures -------------------- Storage Enclosures Name : Backplane Service Tag : 62P00P8
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Lecture 1 - State diagrams and the nature of physical laws Lecture 2 - Newton's laws, principle of least action Lecture 3 - Euler-Lagrange equations, symmetry and conservation laws Lecture 4 - Symmetry and conservation Laws Lecture 5 - Lagrangians and Hamiltonians Lecture 6 - Hamilton's equations Lecture 7 - Liouville’s theorem Lecture 8 - Motion in an electromagnetic field Lecture 9 - Poisson brackets formulation Lecture 1 Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Lecture 5 Lecture 6 Lecture 7 Lecture 8 Lecture 9 Lecture 10 Lecture 1 - Inertial reference frames Lecture 2 - Principle of least action Lecture 3 - Invariance of the laws of nature Lecture 4 - Lagrangian mechanics Lecture 5 - Conservation of charge and momentum Lecture 6 - Relativistic wave equation and conservation laws Lecture 7 - Invariance under gauge transformations Lecture 8 - Gauge theory Lecture 1 - Newtonian Gravity and the equivalence principle Lecture 2 - Tidal forces and curvature Lecture 3 - Essential tools: tensors and the metric Lecture 4 - Tensor mechanics Lecture 5 - Covariant differentiation and geodesics Lecture 6 - The flat space of special relativity Lecture 7 - The Riemannian curvature tensor Lecture 8 - Equations of motion in curved space Lecture 9 - Gravitation in the Newtonian approximation Lecture 10 - Energy-momentum tensor and Einstein's equations Lecture 11 - Accelerated coordinates Lecture 12 - World lines and Schwarzschild solution Lecture 1 - Geometry of the expanding universe Lecture 2 - Newtonian and Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology Lecture 3 - Structure of the universe Lecture 4 - Background microwave radiation Lecture 5 - Cosmological curvature Lecture 6 - Surface of last scattering Lecture 7 - Cosmological inflation Lecture 8 - Big omega Lecture 1 - Conservation of information, energy, entropy, and temperature Lecture 2 - The mathematics of statistical mechanics Lecture 3 - The Boltzman distribution and fluctuations Lecture 4 - Helmholtz free energy and the partition function Lecture 5 - Diatomic molecules and black hole thermodynamics Lecture 6 - Second law of thermodynamics Lecture 7 - Harmonic oscillators and quantum states Lecture 8 - Magnets Lecture 9 - Phase transitions and chemical potential Lecture 10 - Thermal radiation and inflation
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Central Alberta is part of Alberta, located between the cities of Calgary and Edmonton. The eastern portion is largely agricultural, while the western portion is part of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Central Alberta stretches across the middle of Alberta from the foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the prairies in the east. 52.268055555556-113.811111111111 Red Deer — largest city in Central Alberta with over 100,000 inhabitants, midway between Calgary and Edmonton 53.024722222222-112.824166666672 Camrose — a college town with Norwegian heritage and about 18,000 people 53.5817-116.4343 Edson — main town on the Yellowhead Highway between Edmonton and Jasper with around 8,400 people. 53.278333333333-110.0054 Lloydminster — agricultural city of 31,000 that straddles the border with Saskatchewan 52.3753-114.9225 Rocky Mountain House — this is the eastern gateway to David Thompson Country and also the site of a reconstructed fur trading post 51.7972-114.6416 Sundre — small, emerging resort town of 2,700 located in the Rocky Mountain foothills 52.3083-114.0967 Sylvan Lake — a lakeside resort town with a provincial park, a marina, a boardwalk lined with shops, and around 15,000 inhabitants 53.4928-112.0528 Vegreville — agricultural town of 5,700, home to the world's largest pysanka (Ukrainian Easter egg) and jumping off point to Kalyna Country 52.969443888889-113.376943888899 Wetaskiwin — population of 13,000 inhabitants is home to a major museum of transportation and industry, the Reynolds-Alberta Museum. 53.949847-112.1623761 Kalyna Country – Alberta's Ukrainian ethnic enclave which includes many small farming villages 53.030277777778-114.063333333332 Pigeon Lake − popular recreational lake south of Edmonton Central Alberta is made up of small towns and rural landscapes stretching from prairie plateaus in the east to foothills in the west. It is primarily agricultural in the east and forested in the west as it transitions to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Central Alberta includes: Foothills: Traditional ranching country and with forested area increasing to the north. Many of the roads through this area were placed on older established foot or horse paths, such as the historic Cowboy Trail (Hwy 22), one of Alberta's most scenic roads. Parkland: Alberta's boreal and aspen parkland run in north-south strips across the province. Parkland is mainly rolling green hills, pastures, and large sections of mixed forest. A fertile area consists of agricultural areas with small groves of trees. The low coulees and high plateaus have been reforested by area ranchers and farmers. Prairies: Rural farms, small and medium towns lay along or near Alberta's busiest highway corridor between the cities of Calgary (south) and Edmonton (north) The prairie towns grew up in the late 1800s around stations of the Calgary-Edmonton Railway. The first residents came as homesteaders and opened businesses around the stations to cash in on travellers passing through. The railway still runs through the centre of each town and is surrounded entirely by ranches and farms, raising flowers, grains, buffalo, elk, sheep, horses, cattle, and chickens. International flights are available to the Calgary and Edmonton airports, which are on the north and south ends of their respective cities. Red Deer has a regional airport with connections to Calgary. Central Alberta is not served by passenger rail: the nearest Via Rail station is in Edmonton. The spine of Central Alberta is Highway 2, which connects Calgary and Edmonton. Highway 22 (Cowboy Trail) runs along the eastern edge of the foothills and continues into the ranch lands of Southern Alberta. Highway 11 (David Thompson Highway) connects Central Alberta to Banff National Park and the Icefields Parkway, while Highways 12 and 13 connect to Saskatchewan. Red Arrow and sister brand Ebus offer direct service from Red Deer to Edmonton or Calgary. Rider Express runs buses from Saskatoon, to Lloydminster, Vegreville and Edmonton. Aside from the corridors from Edmonton through Red Deer to Calgary, and Edmonton through Vegreville to Lloydminster, you'll find little by way of public transportation. You'll need a car or a bike to get around. The scenery is really the thing to see: the views of the Rocky Mountains are the highlight. The Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site contains the remains of several early 19th-century fur trade forts. Herds of wild horses inhabit the fields and slopes of the lower Rocky Mountains. You can also see them at a rescue facility west of Sundre. Kalyna Country is a living museum of Austrian, Polish, Romanian, and especially Ukrainian settlement and immigration. The Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village 50 km east of Edmonton on Highway 16 has over 30 historic buildings. The Vegreville Pysanka, constructed of thousands of aluminium pieces, is a 9-m-tall Ukrainian Easter egg. Go camping in one of the many provincial parks. Take a guided horse-back tour of Rocky Mountain Foothills near Nordegg. Visit one of many small-town museums for some local history. Float or paddle one of several main rivers (Pembina River Provincial Park and Red Lodge Provincial Park are especially popular for this). Go mountain biking at Baseline Mountain near Rocky Mountain House or Willmore Park near Edson. Or in winter try cross-country skiing at Hornbeck Forest Recreation Area near Edson. Watch a hockey game in Red Deer at the Westerner Park Centrium. This is beef ranching country, try the steak! Craft beer. Wear bright orange whenever out in the wilderness in the autumn, as this is hunting season. This way you won't be mistaken for a deer.
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Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Sunday, April 25, 2010 Paul Schäfer died at 88 from cardiac-respiratory arrest on early Saturday morning in a Chilean prison hospital. Schäfer was the founder and former leader of Colonia Dignidad, an enclave used for torturing and exterminating political prisoners during Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship. Hr was convicted for sexually abusing 26 children for years, and retained thousands of people under his own tyrannical regime, that worked as an aside territory in the country, where people spoke the German language. Jorge Zepeda, magistrate who investigated the crimes made in Colonia Dignidad, reported that Schäfer was unconscious when he died. He was to stay in prison for 33 years. Hernán Fernández, one of the lawyers against Colonia Dignidad, said that Schäfer's death should help to accelerate the judiciary processes. Chilean President Sebastián Piñera said, "Paul Schäfer will be judged by the divine justice." Schäfer was born in 1921, in Siegburg, Germany. He was a non-commissioned Nazi officer, who moved to Chile after the Second World War, evading accusations of sexual abuse of minors. He established an organization in a rural area of Chile, in favour of the poor people, located 400 kilometers south of Santiago, to the border of Argentina. He named this place Villa Babiera. He began his rule of this area in 1961; he established a private tyrannical regime, where almost 300 Germans worked for decades without pay. Men and women were segregated, and people who tried to escape were killed. Adults and children considered it an "honour" for Schäfer to chose to have sex with them. When Pinochet's regime ended, Schäfer escaped from Chile in 1996 to avoid being imprisoned, after he came under investigation for human rights violations and abuse to minors. He was detained in Argentina, and then extradited back to Chile in 2005. Since then he was imprisoned. Colonia Dignidad still exists, though without the power they had before, less secluded and with new leaders. "Chile cult leader Schaefer dies in Chile prison" — BBC News, April 24, 2010 Alexei Barrionuevo. "Paul Schaefer, German Guilty of Chile Child Abuse, Dies at 89" — New York Times, April 24, 2010 "Muere nazi que creó una Colonia Dignidad, un "Estado dentro del ..." — EFE, April 24, 2010 (Spanish) "Muere el nazi pederasta Paul Schaefer" — El Economista, April 24, 2010 (Spanish) Manuel Délano. "Muere en Chile Paul Schäfer, fundador de Colonia Dignidad" — El Mundo, April 25, 2010 (Spanish) "Piñera: "Paul Schaefer será juzgado por la justicia divina"" — Peru21, April 24, 2010 (Spanish)
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Mercedes is the capital of the department of Soriano, Uruguay, located at the north of the department, on the south bank of Rio Negro. The city has 41,975 inhabitants (2011). It's a quiet town that offers water activities such as fishing and water sports, attractive natural landscapes and an interesting cultural agenda. The city is connected by national highways No. 2, 14 and 21: : from the southeast connects with Route 1 from Montevideo → Cardona → Rosario, and from the north Fray Bentos ← Gualeguaychú (Argentina) through the Argentina National Route 136, crossing the General San Martin International Bridge. : from the east communicates with Durazno → Trinidad (across Route 3). : Mercedes connects from the south with Carmelo → Colonia del Sacramento → Nueva Palmira → Dolores. The city is connected to several neighboring cities and Montevideo through regular bus services that depart and arrive at the Mercedes Terminal, located in the southern part of the city, in front of Plaza Artigas. On the website of the terminal can be consulted available bus services and their frequency. Mercedes has a small airport: -33.24924-58.07391 Departmental Aerodrome Ricardo Detomasi (OACI: SUME) Since the city is small and covers little area, very often to go from one place to another place of the city is enough by going on foot. To go to farther destinations or the outskirts of the city is worth to use a transport service. Mercedes has taxi and remise services that cover the entire city: Taxi 1313, ☏ +598 4532 1313. Taxi Guigou, ☏ +598 4532 3157. Fono Taxi, ☏ +598 4533 0300. Taxi Plaza Independencia, ☏ +598 4532 2001. Remises del Hum, ☏ +598 4532 0100. Remises Mercedes, ☏ +598 4532 5800. -33.248377-58.0338181 Library and Pinacotheca Eusebio Gimenez, Eusebio Gimenez s/n esq. 28 de Febrero. (updated Jan 2016) -33.246317-58.0483062 Guernica Park (Delimited by the mouth of the Dacá creek, Rio Negro and Zorrilla de San Martin Av.). (updated Jan 2016) -33.248679-58.0300823 Catedral Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes, Manuel Antonio de Castro y Careaga st. w/n between Cristobal Colón st. and Gral. José Artigas st. (facing plaza Independencia). -33.255268-58.0280024 Centro Histórico y Geográfico de Soriano, Gral. Artigas st. 618 between Eduardo Casagrande and Pedro Blanes Viale st., [email protected]. Wed 9:00-11:00. -33.249389-58.0283715 Casa de la Cultura, Wilson Ferreira Aldunate st. and Ituzaingó st., ☏ +598 4532 2201. Mon to Fri from 7:30 to 18:30 hs, Sat and Sun from 8 to 12 and from 17 to 21 hs. -33.257919-58.0228246 Estadio Luis Koster. To see some football (soccer) matches. -33.243082-58.0652517 Castillo Mauá. 09:00-17:00. It is the center of the old ranch that purchased the Baron of Mauá the mid nineteenth century. It has a vineyard. Free. (updated Jan 2016) Birdwatching in the Rio Negro. (updated Jan 2016) -33.24924-58.07391 Paragliding (Escuela Alfa Parapente), ☏ +598 98 300 063. The flights depart from the Departmental Aerodrome Ricardo Detomasi. The flight costs U$1000, the learning course costs US$700.. (updated Jan 2016) -33.250636-58.07772 Complejo Polideportivo Ciudad de Mercedes (next door Aeródromo Departamental Ricardo Detomasi), [email protected]. It is a racetrack for different categories of competition vehicles, such as automobiles or motorcycles. It has food services. -33.250195-58.0290291 Ta-Ta Hiper Mercedes, Gral. José Artigas 341 esq. José Enrique Rodó, ☏ +598 4533 0427. Mon to Sun from 8 to 22 hs.. -33.257144-58.0281112 Mercedes Shopping, Don Bosco 734, ☏ +598 4533 0510, [email protected]. Shops and bus terminal. -33.244424-58.032381 Restaurante Martiniano, José Batlle y Ordoñez Av. w/n between 18 de Julio st. and Cristobal Colón st., ☏ +598 4532 2649. (updated Jan 2016) -33.248467-58.0290972 Parrillada La Vaca, Manuel Antonio de Castro y Careaga st 780, ☏ +598 4532 8774. -33.248428-58.0286573 Parrillada La Churrasquera, Manuel Antonio de Castro y Careaga st w/n almost Ituzaingó st, ☏ +598 4532 4036. -33.247667-58.0299961 Beep Bar, Eusebio Gimenez 731 (facing at north of the plaza Independencia), ☏ +598 99 250 665. (updated Oct 2017) -33.2451-58.03091 Mercedes Rambla Hotel, Asencio Av. 728, ☏ +598 4533 0696, [email protected]. from US$55 per night. -33.247869-58.0295962 Gran Hotel Brisas del Hum, Gral. José Artigas 209 (facing Plaza Independencia), ☏ +598 4532 9794. US$71 to 98. -33.253733-58.040781 Hospital de Mercedes, Florencio Sánchez 204, ☏ +598 4532 2177 (int. 179), [email protected]. Secretariat of Tourism (Secretaría de Turismo), ☏ +598 4532 2201 (int. 2503), [email protected].
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← May 27, 2006 May 29, 2006 → May 28 edit The time is 19:00 (UTC) on May 28th, 2006, and this is Audio Wikinews News Briefs. South Pacific Two more major earthquakes about 30-minutes apart, have struck in the countries of Papua New Guinea and Tonga, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The two quakes are not believed to be related. Tunisia Activists from Tunisia's only independent human-rights body have been assaulted by the police in that country, according to reports. Witnesses say the roads leading to the Tunisia Human Rights League were blocked by plainclothes policemen who insulted and kicked activists who attempted to breach the cordon. Lebanon Lebanese officials have stated that jets from Israel have bombed the bases of a Palestinian militant group near Beirut. Reports say missiles were fired at camps run by the PFLP a few hours after an Israeli soldier was hurt when a rocket which was fired from Lebanon hit an army base near the Israeli town of Safed. Australia The Liberal and National parties in Queensland have moved towards unification following separate meetings today. In most states of Australia and at the federal level the two parties co-operate with each other to form a coalition. United States Stardust is a NASA space capsule that collected samples from comet Wild 2 in deep space and landed back on Earth on January 15, 2006. It was decided that distributed computing would be used to "discover" the samples the capsule collected. The project is called Stardust@home. United States A father and his two sons are dead after he threw them off the Loews Hotel balcony 15 floors above the ground in Miami, Florida, and then jumped off the balcony himself. Sports – Formula 1 Fernando Alonso won the FIA Formula-1 Monaco Grand Prix for the first time in his career today. edit
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Sinharaja Forest Reserve is a national park in Sri Lanka. The forest is of international significance and has been designated a Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Sinharaja rainforest is a UNESCO world heritage site which expands to over 33 kilometers. The forest reserve is an impressive landmark, which covers 89 km2 in total. The reserve is home many varieties of plants and animals, many endemic to the country. Sinharaja is infested with leeches, so long clothing and leech repellent containing picaridin or DEET is recommended. Apart from that, the forest is home to over 30 endemic birds and reptiles. Many rare creatures such as the Sri Lankan bay owl and the Serendib scops owl can be found inside the rainforest. Snakes such as the green viper are quite common in the area. The best time to visit the forest is between December and early April or between August and September. The three entrances to Forest Reserve are (1) the Kudawa entrance, which is the main and most used, (2) the Pitadeniya entrance, and (3) the least-used Morning Side entrance. This is one of the more remote destinations, so check schedules if using public transport. There have been problems at the Pitadeniya entrance with guides scamming tourists. For the main Kudawa entrance, you'll have to take a bus from Hatton bus station for Avissawella. It will take 21⁄2 hours and cost Rs. 100. From Avissawella, continue by bus to Ratnapura. It will take an hour and costs Rs. 60. From Ratnapura, take another bus for Kalawana (Rs. 70). From Kalawana, take a bus to the small village of Kudawa (Rs. 60). From Kudawa, it's about a half mile and slightly uphill walk to the northern entrance of the reserve. The entrance to the forest is Rs. 500 per person. You should hire a guide from Kudawa or Weddagala, which are en-route to Kudawa when coming from Kalawana. You'll need a permit to enter the forest area. It can be obtained from the entrances along with the entry ticket. An ID card or passport will be required to obtain entry. The rain forest is not suitable for vehicle tours, so be prepared to walk. Wear sturdy boots and long trousers to protect against leeches and snakes. Bring binoculars as you will have plenty of opportunities to use them. Birdwatching – Sinharaja is known as the only place to find all the endemic birds of Sri Lanka. Sturdy, comfortable hiking boots Long thick socks Shorts Shirt Cap/hat Insect repellent contining DEET or picaridin mobile phone Food Binoculars camera There is a small shop at the main entrance, where you can purchase drinks, snacks, and insect repellent. Don't forget to bring food and water as there is no restaurant or shop inside the forest area. Take all your rubbish home with you. Eating inside the forest is possible only in the rest huts. Picking fruit from trees and bringing in food packaging that you will be tempted to litter is prohibited. Drinks can only be taken in a reusable bottle, "unsafe" or "temporary" bottles (soft drink bottles) are not allowed. Bring plenty of water. The area surrounding the forest contains a few rest houses and hotels. Eco Villa - Sinharaja, Temple Road, Deniyaya, ☏ +94 412273367, [email protected]. Check-in: 6AM, check-out: 11PM. Bed & breakfast with tour guide available. US$30. (updated Nov 2016) Sinharaja is a very large rain-forest. There has been several spottings of a leopard and an elephant inside. It is important that you go with a travel guide. Many varieties of venomous snakes are present, wearing boots for protection and taking a stick would be best when walking on the narrow paths. Do not bathe in any streams unless your guide says it is safe. A wild elephant attacked a village near Sinharaja in 2019. It is advised to stay with your guide at all times.
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Monday, August 10, 2009 Disasters and accidents Related articles 23 October 2021: Rust movie set accident leaves one person dead 26 July 2021: Floods in central China kill 25 25 July 2021: Heavy monsoon rains kill over 100 in India, many thousands evacuated 22 July 2021: Bomb techs erred in South Los Angeles explosion, says city police department chief 17 July 2021: Floods in Europe kills over 150, hundreds reportedly missing Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Tsunami warnings were issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and later canceled after a magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck the Andaman Islands near India. The quake struck 260 kilometers (160 miles) North of Port Blair in the Andaman Islands at approximately 1:55 a.m. local time with a depth of 33.1km (20.6 miles). The United States Geological Survey (USGS) says it's likely the quake was an aftershock to the deadly magnitude 9.1 earthquake in 2004 that triggered a massive tsunami killing nearly 230,000 people. The warnings had applied to Myanmar, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The NOAA indicated the risk of a tsunami was 'moderate to high', but no waves were reported in any of the areas indicated in the warning. "Sea level readings indicate that a significant tsunami was not generated. Therefore the tsunami watch issued by this center has been canceled," said the NOAA earlier in a statement on its website. Minutes after the quake, at 2:07 a.m. Indian time, the USGS said a magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck 31 kilometers (19 miles) south-southwest of Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, with a depth of 26.8 km (16.7 miles). However, officials in Japan put the quake at a magnitude 6.6. A tsunami watch was also issued for the area and a short time later small, a two foot rise in sea level was reported in the Tsuruga Bay area. A 10 inch rise in sea level was also reported in Yaizu City. As a precaution, Japanese officials have shut down at least two units, reactor No. 4 and 5 at the nuclear power facility in Hamaoka to perform a safety check. Alarms inside the plant indicated a possible radiation leak inside reactor 5, but officials say no radiation has been detected outside containment. According to Japan's Trade Ministry, both reactors shut down automatically after sensors detected the quake. Area trains have also been stopped. This was the second earthquake in Japan in two days, following an earlier one that measured 6.9 near Tokyo. There are no reports of major damage with either quake. In Japan, some windows broke and roof tiles dislodged from roofs. Spokesman for the USGS, Paul Caruso, says both quakes appear to be unrelated. Minor injuries were reported in Japan due to falling objects, but there are no reports of any deaths. Singer, songwriter and actress Jessica Simpson, who flew to Japan over the weekend, is also safe after feeling the shaking. "Thought I was hallucinating during a 6.6 earthquake in Japan. I have never felt anything like this in my life," said Simpson from via her Twitter account. Indonesia has also seen an earthquake, a 5.7 magnitude that occurred 74km from Wewak at 1:46 a.m. local time on Monday. Mari Yamaguchi. "Earthquakes shake Tokyo area, Indian Ocean" — Associated Press, August 10, 2009 "Tsunami bulletin number 004" — NOAA, August 10, 2009 "Tsunami warning cancelled after quake off India's Andaman" — Reuters, August 10, 2009 Jessica Simpson. "Tweet from Jessica Simpson" — Twitter, August 10, 2009 "No tsunami has yet been observed" — Energy Bangla, August 10, 2009 Osamu Tsukimori. "Chubu Elec halts nuclear plant after Japan quake" — Reuters, August 10, 2009 Mark Tannenbaum. "Earthquake Hits Indian Ocean, Tsunami Warning Issued (Correct)" — Bloomberg, August 10, 2009 Aaron Sheldrick. "Magnitude-6.6 Earthquake Hits off Japan; Tsunami Strikes Coast" — Bloomberg, August 10, 2009 "Strong earthquake shakes Tokyo area" — Associated Press, August 10, 2009 "Two major earthquakes hit; tsunami warnings in effect" — BNO News, August 10, 2009 "Tsunami Watch Issued After 7.6 Earthquake" — Sky News, August 10, 2009 "Powerful earthquake hits Tokyo" — Belfast Telegraph, August 9, 2009 "5.7-Magnitude Quake Hits Eastern Indonesia" — wsj.com, August 10, 2009 "Magnitude 6.4 - Near the South coast of Honshu Japan" — USGS, August 10, 2009 "Ground shaking worst in Shizuoka Prefecture around 150 KM west of Tokyo" — Reuters, August 10, 2009 "Tsunami bulletin number 001" — NOAA, August 10, 2009 "Magnitude 7.6 - Andaman Islands, India" — USGS, August 10, 2009 "Tsunami Alert Page" — NOAA, As per August 10, 2009
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Daugavpils is the second largest city in Latvia, after Riga. It is a delightfully charming, spacious, green city. Despite its quaint atmosphere and low prices, the city offers modern conveniences and services. An ice-hall, bowling centre and modern hotels have been built and diverse entertainment options have appeared throughout the city. The city was first mentioned in 1275, when the Order of Life built a castle, the Dünaburg, on the Daugava River. The present location of the city originated in the 16th century 20 km away from the original settlement, which was destroyed. In 1582, Dünaburg received the city rights. Latgale belonged to the Polish-Lithuanian empire back then. During the Polish-Russian War (1654-1667), the city fell under Russian rule, and was renamed Borisoglebsk (Борисоглебск) (1656-1667). After the end of Russian rule, it came under Polish rule again. In 1772, Latgale joined the tsarist Russia in the aftermaths of the Polish divisions. In 1811, Dünaburg was strengthened with a fortress. Together with the rest of Latgale, the city was under the Polotsk Government, which was reassigned in 1802 to the Vitebsk Government. In 1893, Dünaburg was renamed Dvinsk. The city was at the front in both world wars, and suffered serious damage then. In December 1919, Polish and Latvian troops defeated the Red Army, which made an important step towards the Latvian independence, which came in 1920. The city was called Daugavpils and belonged to Latvia since then. With the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in 1939 between Germany and the Soviet Union, the independent Latvia fell under the influence of the Soviet Union. In June 1940, the Red Army entered Latvia, and in August 1940 it became part of the Soviet Union. In 1941, the city was re-taken by German troops. Since 1945, when the town belonged to the Latvian Socialist Soviet republic, Daugavpils underwent a large-scale industrialization and became a garrison city. 55.870817126.51736341 Daugavpils Tourist Information Center, 22a Rīgas St, ☏ +371 65422818, fax: +371 65422818, [email protected]. 1188.lv provides up-to-date bus and train schedules, route planner and prices. Buses from Riga to Daugavpils leave every two hours. The web page of Rīgas Starptautiskā autoosta (Riga Bus Station) has up to date schedules and fares. 55.87493726.5275341 Daugavpils railway station, 47 Stacijas St. Pasažieru Vilciens (Passenger Train) runs the passenger train services in Latvia. (updated Jun 2020) Riga-Daugavpils trains operate four times a day; Riga-Gomel, and Russia trains also operate. Daugavpils is also accessible by train going from Vilnius to Saint Petersburg. The drive from Riga takes 3-31⁄2 hours. The European highway E262 from Kaunas, Lithuania that crosses Daugavpils and goes to Russia. AirBaltic, the flag carrier airline for Latvia, offers a free coach from between Riga Airport and Daugavpils to its passengers. The bus AirBaltic bus line to Daugavpils is BT001 (there are other buses going in totally different directions, like Tartu in Estonia) and takes 3 hours 25 minutes between the airport and Daugavpils, stopping in Jekabpils on the way. The buses run at nighttime after/before all the flights - the bus from the airport to Daugavpils departs at 23:30 and arrives at 02:55, while the return journey to the airport begins at 03:45 in Daugavpils with arrival at the airport at 07:10. Daugavpils Lidosta (Daugavpils Airport) ☏ +371 65475306. The former Soviet air base in Lociki (12 km northeast of Daugavpils) has been renovated, but as of 2017 there are no flights. 55.88754826.5206082 SIA Daugavpils autobusu parks (DAP) (Daugavpils Bus Station), Kārklu iela 24, ☏ +371 65429245, [email protected]. You can go to any part of the city by bus. Tickets are about €0.50. 55.87133826.5250653 Bus Station Daugavpils, Viestura iela 10, ☏ +371 65422507, +371 65429866, +371 65423000. Daugavpils has three tram routes operating within the city. Tickets are about €0.50. Daugavpils Tramvaju uzņēmums (Daugavpils Tram company), 18.novembra ielā 183, ☏ +371 65433632, +371 65434614, +371 65446705, fax: +371 65434203, [email protected]. Yandex Go SIA ”HOF” (Daugavpils Taxi) ☏ +372 6542 2222, available 24 hours a day. Taxi stops Rīgas iela 9 (hypermaket 'Rimi') Aveņu iela 33 (supermarket 'Mego') intersection of Piekrasties iela and Raipoles iela (supermarket 'Maxima X') intersection of Jatnieku iela and Mendeļejeva iela near hotel 'Latgola' Fares (can change without notice): Day tariff: €0.57/km Night tariff: €0.79/km 55.88294626.4951851 Daugavpils fortress, Daugavas iela 38. The unique Daugavpils fortress is the biggest in Europe. It has withstood many many wars and remains virtually unchanged since its construction in the 19th century. More information: https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/daugavpils-fortress 19th-century architecture (in the center between the Daugava River and the railway station.). Historical centre. The historical centre of the city consists of 80 cultural-historical objects presents itself a specific monument of urban construction. One may be amazed by variety of architecture styles of the buildings, the red clay bricked façades of peculiar form recognized as Latgale baroque. Jaunbūve. The church ensemble Jaunbūve, the Church Hill included churches of four confessions, contributes a lot to very special panorama of the city of Daugavpils. 55.87882326.5154492 Sport complex, [email protected]. M–F 08–23:00, Sa–Su 09–22:00. Daugavpils may also be proud of its sport complex. Ice Hall and the open-air swimming pool, one of the biggest open-air swimming pools in the Baltic countries, are the real pride of the city. 55.87040326.5209313 "Ebreji Daugavpilī un Latgalē" muzejs un ekspozīcija (Jews of Daugavpils and Latgale Museum), Cietokšņa iela 38, ☏ +371 29548760, [email protected]. 55.8740626.5100144 Latgales Zoodārza. Small indoor aquarium. €0.60 per person. (updated Oct 2017) Daugavpils is more endowed with water space than other cities of Latvia. There are 15 lakes, 8 rivers and numerous brooks its territory. In spite of this the climate is the most continental of the country. Forests and parks make up the green area with a square of approximately 10 400 ha. 55.93134826.7160685 Naujene Local History Museum (Naujenes novadpētniecības muzejs), 1 Skolas iela, Naujene, ☏ +371 65471321, +371 29468988, [email protected]. M–F 08:00-17:00. The museum focuses on nature, history and ethnography of the Daugavpils district. Adults €1, children €0.5. (updated Feb 2015) With good reason the fortress, which was built as a fortification for the western border of the Russian Empire, can be considered the symbol of Daugavpils. The Classicism-style fortress was consecrated by Russia’s tsar in 1833. In later years the tsarist, Latvian and Soviet Armies were stationed there. The fortress is now under the supervision of the local municipality and Real Estates Agency as a cultural and historical monument. The Daugava protecting dam, which stretches 6 km along the river and at its highest points reaches 9 m, is another singular landmark. It was built in 1841, and is still protecting the city from flood waters. On accordance with the town-building plan, confirmed by the tsar in 1826. Daugavpils center and its street network took shape in the early 19th century. The features of the styles peculiar to this historical period have been preserved in Riga street, the main street of the city center. A characteristic feature of buildings is Classicism-style red brick houses with ornamentation of various styles. The house at 8 Riga street, which now houses the Daugavpils Local Arts and History Museum, has preserved its original architecture almost unaltered. The house was built in the second half of the 19th century. Its decoration of colorful glazed files is completely original. All entrances to the house have small glass-covered open-work metal roofs. More than a hundred years ago a 3-ha park was laid out in the center of the city. The park is now called Dubrovin’s Park as it was created with great assistance and support of Pavel Dubrovin, the first head of the city. It has been a rest place popular with the townspeople for years. Between Riga and Saules streets there is Vienības nams (Unity House), designed in plain architectonic forms: prisms and cubes. The many halls and rooms of this building house a theater, the city central library, several shops and cafes. All the principal cultural activities of the city take place here. In the early 1980s Riga street, in which several buildings of historical and architectural value are situated, was one of the first cities in Latvia which was made pedestrians-only. The most significant events in Daugavpils history are immortalized in various monuments and memorial places. The soldiers killed in World War I are buried in Old Believers, Orthodox and Lutheran cemeteries. The Latvian army soldiers, killed in fights for freedom, are buried in the Lutheran cemetery. Their graves there as well as the Polish army soldier’ graves in Satiksmes iela testify to the events relating to history of the independent Latvian state. A 13-m-tall reinforced concrete cross has been erected in Satiksmes iela to commemorate the events. A memorial stone to the citizens of Daugavpils, deported to Siberia in 1941 and 1945, is erected in Pumpura Park. The burial places of the Soviet and German soldiers in Dubrovin’s park, in the Garrison cemetery, in the Griva, Communal and Orthodox cemeteries as well as the graves of the victims of fascism in the Mežciems cemetery are memorial places to those who were killed in World War II. 55.91927426.6286871 Stropi. The northeast part of the city, Stropi, is a popular recreational area located near the Big Stropu Lake (Lielais Stropu ezers). 55.870826.5170132 The Daugavpils Musical and Drama Theater (Daugavpils Latviešu kultūras centrs), Rīgas iela 22a, ☏ +371 65426000. Located in the Unity House (1937) in the city center. 55.87886226.5454673 Daugavpils Spidveja centr (Speedway Grand Prix of Latvia), Jelgavas iela 54, ☏ +371 65438807. Daugavpils has a race track 'Daugavpils Spidveja centr'. So go check out some races. 55.8720626.5299314 Ledus Halle, Stacijas iela 45a, ☏ +371 65407191, [email protected]. M–F 09:00–04:00. Want to go skating? Daugavpils has an amazing ice hall. 55.87306226.5184265 Orange Bowling, Cietokšņa street 60, [email protected]. Bowling alley, billiard tables and air hockey. (updated Oct 2017) Saunas. Visit a lot of traditional saunas. City center, Viestura iela 8. But if you want to go bowling or shoot some pool. You can also walk on the Daugavpils main street Rigas iela. It is amazing. Finally just take a walk around the city and you will see lots of amazing and beautiful things. All around the city you can find many large and small supermarkets, shopping centers, or just stores. 55.87457426.5184291 Daugavpils Tirgus (Market), Cietokšņa 60, ☏ +371 65428252. Restorāns “Gubernators”, Lāčplēša ielā 10, ☏ +371 65422455. Su-Th 11:00-00:00, F-Sa 11:00-01:00. Country-themed restaurant displaying moose heads and other kitschy stuff and serving traditional fare like Rulechka and Telega. It also has a great selection of beers from Latvia and the Czech Republic on tap. Bistro “Grill Niko”, Viestura 25 – 1a, ☏ +371 25 466 166. Pizza and kebabs and such. Kafejnīca “Pasaules brīnumi”, Vienības ielā 17, ☏ +371 26 077 657. Su-Th 10:00-22:00, F-Sa 10:00-23:00. This cafe/diner serves tastefully prepared dishes like pasta and cutlet. Kafejnīca “Pīlādzis”, Zilupes iela 50, Rēzekne, ☏ +371 26 519 272. Kind of like a farmhouse eatery. Kafejnīca “Mego”, Saules iela 59/61, ☏ +371 65 422 065. daily 08:00-19:00. Something like a cafe/canteen serving affordable dishes. Restorāns “Plaza”, Ģimnāzijas ielā 46 (at the Park Hotel Degauvpils), ☏ +371 65404910. Continental fare served on one of the top floors of the hotel, with a view of the city. Lidadis Park, restorāns, Rīgas ielā 14, ☏ +371 65476660. This dining establishment serves aesthetic meals in an dining room with subdued lighting and dark wood molding. Bārs “Loby”, Ģimnāzijas 46 (1st floor of Park Hotel Degauvpils), ☏ +371 65404912. big cushioned chairs to sit in and drinks and food are available here. Taller, nakts klubs, Viestura ielā 59, ☏ +371 65 424 983. Restaurant/bar that puts on lively weekend shows with performances, neon lights, dancing, etc. Vēsma Gastrobārs, Rīgas ielā 49, ☏ +371 22 009 991. Su-Th 12:00-10:00, F-Sa 12:00-00:00. Sushi bar and regular bar. 55.86537926.5341281 Hotel Erfolg, Nometņu iela 25A, ☏ +371 25912250, [email protected]. Not perfectly rated, but the best budget option. From €8. (updated Oct 2017) 55.87032426.5155352 Hotel "Rebir", Vienības iela 19, ☏ +371 65421857, +371 20372009, fax: +371 65424747, [email protected]. From €20. 55.87624826.5448663 Hotel "Hotel Dinaburg", Dobeles iela 39, ☏ +371 65453010, +371 22332243, fax: +371 65424747, [email protected]. From €33. 55.87189726.5171594 Hotel "Park Hotel Latgola", Gimnazijas iela 46, ☏ +371 65404900. A three-star hotel. From €38. 55.87329326.5257465 Hotel "Leo", Krāslavas iela 58, ☏ +371 65426565, +371 65420003, [email protected]. From €40. 55.87373426.5342066 Hotel "Villa Ksenija", Varšavas iela 17, ☏ +371 65434317. From €84. Wi-Fi Internet is available almost in all cafes, hotels and restaurants in the centre of the city. For example in Park Hotel Latgola, City Centre, Vesma cafe and many others. Also there are computers with the free Internet available in the halls of Ice Hall and Hospital. There are some internet cafes near the old university building on Saules street. Latgale region – Daugavpils is a good point from which to explore the towns and countryside of the surrounding region. Onwards travel into Lithuania, Belarus, and/or Russia is easy due to Daugavpils' close location to the border of these three countries.
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Willoughby is a town in Lake County in Ohio. Willoughby Area Welcome Center, 2 Public Square, ☏ +1 440 942-1905, [email protected]. (updated Jan 2019) I90 runs through Willoughby. 41.6839-81.38971 Lost Nation Airport. (updated Nov 2018) 41.58-81.41921 Squire's Castle. The ruins of a manor house. (updated Nov 2018) 41.625278-81.3622222 Kirtland Temple, 7809 Joseph Street, Kirtland. The first temple of the Latter Day Saint movement, dedicated by Joseph Smith in 1836. The temple is now operated by the Community of Christ which offers tours of the building. (updated Jul 2020) North Chagrin Reservation. (updated Nov 2018) 41.7-81.3951 Willoughby Municipal Park. A park on the edge of Lake Erie (updated Nov 2018) The Fine Arts Association, 38660 Mentor Ave, ☏ +1 440-951-7500. (updated Nov 2018) 41.64109-81.435782 Lake County Captains. A local minor league baseball team. (updated Jan 2019) Enchanted Grove, 4122 Erie St. A new age shop. (updated Nov 2018) 41.6928-81.39961 [dead link] Brandt's Candies, 1238 Lost Nation Rd, ☏ +1 440 942-1016. (updated Nov 2018) 41.64077-81.40542 Sol, 38257 Glenn Ave, ☏ +1 440 918-1596. (updated Jan 2019) 41.64144-81.408073 [dead link] Lure Bistro & Sushi Bar, 38040 Third St, ☏ +1 440 951-8862. (updated Jan 2019) 41.6403-81.40651 Ballantine, 4113 Erie St, ☏ +1 440-942-5151. Gastropub (updated Nov 2018) 41.64137-81.406512 Barrio Tacos, 4061 Erie, ☏ +1 440-856-1400. (updated Nov 2018) 41.6449-81.40663 Spirits in Willoughby, 3872 Erie St, ☏ +1 440-525-5699. (updated Nov 2018) 41.64151-81.405464 Willoughby Brewing Company, ☏ +1 440 975-0202. (updated Jan 2019) 41.60627-81.436851 Courtyard Cleveland Willoughby, 35103 Maplegrove Rd, ☏ +1 440-530-1100. (updated Oct 2016) 41.63994-81.407592 Homestead House Bed & Breakfast, 38111 W Spaulding St. (updated Nov 2018) 41.6394-81.40741 Willoughby Public Library, 30 Public Sq, ☏ +1-440-942-3200. (updated Apr 2020) 41.642-81.40722 Willoughby Post Office. (updated Nov 2018) Explore Cleveland or head up to Erie or Buffalo.
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3LM charged with having negligently ridden a motor cycle and causing serious injury BEFORE THE COURTS. Prahran. MONDAY, MAY 17. Before Messrs. McKinnon (chairman), Bangs, Hislop, Sargeant, Walker and Captain Russell, J's.P. MOTOR CYCLE AND BICYCLE. Brian Jermyn Masters, of 20 Sutherland-road, Armadale, and draughtsman at the Public Works department, was charged with having negligently ridden a motor cycle. Subinspector Kane prosecuted. The evidence for the prosecution was that Miss Lena Jennings, tailoress, of 74 Peel-street, Windsor, on the morning of April 22, was riding on her bicycle to business along Upton-road towards High-street. Defendant was riding his motor cycle in High-street towards St. Kilda-road. When Miss Jennings was about to cross High-street defendant's motor cycle collided with her bicycle, knocking Miss Jennings to the ground. She was unconscious for six hours, and was laid up for over two weeks. After Miss Jennings was thrown her machine was carried by the motor cycle about 35 yards, and about 15 yards further on the motor cycle pulled up. The defence was that Miss Jennings rode into High-street at a fast rate, with her head down, and that both machines, in an endeavour to avoid a collision, swerved to the right. The Bench found the charge proved, and imposed a fine of £5, with 17s. costs. 3LM is organising secretary of WIA Malvern Wireless Notes for Amateurs. . . . THE WEEK'S NEWS A general meeting of the Victorian Division was held on Tuesday night at the School of Natural Philosophy, Melbourne University, when a paper on "Atmospheric Electricity" was read by Mr. Hercus. The paper was prepared by Mr. Kitson, who, unfortunately, was unable to deliver it, owing to a severe cold. A well-attended meeting of the Malvern section was held in the A.N.A. Hall, Prahran, on Monday evening, when a lecture on "Elementary Valve Theory" was delivered by Mr. Court. This section has still room for a few more members, and those wishing to join should communicate with Mr. B. J. Masters, 16 Sutherland road, Armadale. Until further notice, Mr T. P. Court, 4 Sorrett avenue, Malvern, is acting as honorary general secretary of the Victorian Division of the Institute, vice Mr G. W. Steane resigned. All clubs desiring affiliation with the institute should communicate with the organising secretary, Mr B. J. Masters, 443 Little Collins street, Melbourne. WIA Malvern now operating its own broadcasting station, callsign 3LM, not clear whether the station was actually owned by Masters or whether he took over the callsign subsequently Wireless Notes for Amateurs. . . . THE WEEK'S NEWS. . . . The Malvern Club transmitter is now in full swing. A new aerial will be erected on Saturday, next by a working bee. Reports on transmissions will be greatly appreciated. (Call sign 3LM). 3LM appointed one of five honorary radio inspectors for Melbourne (Armadale district) PROGRESS IN WIRELESS. By METRE. . . . Radio Clubs. Satisfactory progress was shown in the report of the president (Mr. R. P. Whalley) at the first half yearly meeting of the Brighton Wireless Club on January 10. Though the club has been in existence for only eight months, it has a membership of 89, and apparatus worth about £40 in the club's room. Gross receipts for the period since the formation of the club have amounted to £79, while the term was finished with a credit balance in the bank of £10. The election of of office bearers of the Canterbury Wireless Club will be held at a meeting of the club at the Canterbury Bowling Club rooms tonight. Later an exhibition of an automatic code transmitter for teaching purposes will be held. At the meeting of the Essendon club tonight, Mr. M. Howden will deliver a lecture on shortwave reception. At the election of office-bearers held on January 10, Mr. A. Kelly was elected president of the club, and Messrs. Gilbert and Rivers vice-presidents Mr. J. C. Outhred was re-elected to the position of hon. secretary. Honorary Radio Inspectors. Five honorary radio inspectors have been appointed by the Postmaster-General's department to examine experimental wireless stations to see that the terms of experimental licenses are observed. Each club has nominated one member to act as radio inspector for the club's district, and it is understood that other nominations are to be considered. The inspectors so far appointed are Messrs. J. Masters (Armadale), M. Howden (Box Hill), R. W. Bryson (Kew), Rogers (Hawthorn), and Payne and Watts (Geelong). "BEFORE THE COURTS.". The Prahran Telegraph (Victoria, Australia) 54, (2796): p. 6. 22 May 1915. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76600312. Retrieved 10 September 2021. "Wireless". The Herald (Victoria, Australia) (14533): p. 20. 13 December 1923. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article243504632. Retrieved 10 September 2021. "Wireless". The Herald (Victoria, Australia) (14,562): p. 18. 17 January 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article243752086. Retrieved 10 September 2021. The Argus (Melbourne) (Victoria, Australia) (24,170): p. 12. 24 January 1924. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1919906. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
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In the context of software engineering, software quality measures how well software is designed (quality of design), and how well the software conforms to that design (quality of conformance), although there are several different definitions. It is often described as the 'fitness for purpose' of a piece of software. Whereas quality of conformance is concerned with implementation (see Software Quality Assurance), quality of design measures how valid the design and requirements are in creating a worthwhile product. One of the challenges of software quality is that "everyone feels they understand it". Software quality may be defined as conformance to explicitly stated functional and performance requirements, explicitly documented development standards and implicit characteristics that are expected of all professionally developed software. The three key points in this definition: Software requirements are the foundations from which quality is measured. Lack of conformance to requirement is lack of quality. Specified standards define a set of development criteria that guide the manager is software engineering. If criteria are not followed lack of quality will usually result. A set of implicit requirements often goes unmentioned, for example ease of use, maintainability etc. If software confirms to its explicit requirement but fails to meet implicit requirements, software quality is suspected. A definition in Steve McConnell's Code Complete divides software into two pieces: internal and external quality characteristics. External quality characteristics are those parts of a product that face its users, where internal quality characteristics are those that do not. Another definition by Dr. Tom DeMarco says "a product's quality is a function of how much it changes the world for the better." This can be interpreted as meaning that user satisfaction is more important than anything in determining software quality. Another definition, coined by Gerald Weinberg in Quality Software Management: Systems Thinking, is "Quality is value to some person." This definition stresses that quality is inherently subjective - different people will experience the quality of the same software very differently. One strength of this definition is the questions it invites software teams to consider, such as "Who are the people we want to value our software?" and "What will be valuable to them?" Correctness Product quality conformance to requirements or program specification; related to Reliability Scalability Completeness Absence of bugs Fault-tolerance Extensibility Maintainability Documentation The Consortium for IT Software Quality (CISQ) was launched in 2009 to standardize the measurement of software product quality. The Consortium's goal is to bring together industry executives from Global 2000 IT organizations, system integrators, outsourcers, and package vendors to jointly address the challenge of standardizing the measurement of IT software quality and to promote a market-based ecosystem to support its deployment. A computer has no concept of "well-written" source code. However, from a human point of view source code can be written in a way that has an effect on the effort needed to comprehend its behavior. Many source code programming style guides, which often stress readability and usually language-specific conventions are aimed at reducing the cost of source code maintenance. Some of the issues that affect code quality include: Readability Ease of maintenance, testing, debugging, fixing, modification and portability Low complexity Low resource consumption: memory, CPU Number of compilation or lint warnings Robust input validation and error handling, established by software fault injection Methods to improve the quality: Refactoring Code Inspection or software review Documenting code Software reliability is an important facet of software quality. It is defined as "the probability of failure-free operation of a computer program in a specified environment for a specified time". One of reliability's distinguishing characteristics is that it is objective, measurable, and can be estimated, whereas much of software quality is subjective criteria. This distinction is especially important in the discipline of Software Quality Assurance. These measured criteria are typically called software metrics. With software embedded into many devices today, software failure has caused more than inconvenience. Software errors have even caused human fatalities. The causes have ranged from poorly designed user interfaces to direct programming errors. An example of a programming error that lead to multiple deaths is discussed in Dr. Leveson's paper [1] (PDF). This has resulted in requirements for development of some types software. In the United States, both the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have requirements for software development. The need for a means to objectively determine software reliability comes from the desire to apply the techniques of contemporary engineering fields to the development of software. That desire is a result of the common observation, by both lay-persons and specialists, that computer software does not work the way it ought to. In other words, software is seen to exhibit undesirable behaviour, up to and including outright failure, with consequences for the data which is processed, the machinery on which the software runs, and by extension the people and materials which those machines might negatively affect. The more critical the application of the software to economic and production processes, or to life-sustaining systems, the more important is the need to assess the software's reliability. Regardless of the criticality of any single software application, it is also more and more frequently observed that software has penetrated deeply into most every aspect of modern life through the technology we use. It is only expected that this infiltration will continue, along with an accompanying dependency on the software by the systems which maintain our society. As software becomes more and more crucial to the operation of the systems on which we depend, the argument goes, it only follows that the software should offer a concomitant level of dependability. In other words, the software should behave in the way it is intended, or even better, in the way it should. The circular logic of the preceding sentence is not accidental—it is meant to illustrate a fundamental problem in the issue of measuring software reliability, which is the difficulty of determining, in advance, exactly how the software is intended to operate. The problem seems to stem from a common conceptual error in the consideration of software, which is that software in some sense takes on a role which would otherwise be filled by a human being. This is a problem on two levels. Firstly, most modern software performs work which a human could never perform, especially at the high level of reliability that is often expected from software in comparison to humans. Secondly, software is fundamentally incapable of most of the mental capabilities of humans which separate them from mere mechanisms: qualities such as adaptability, general-purpose knowledge, a sense of conceptual and functional context, and common sense. Nevertheless, most software programs could safely be considered to have a particular, even singular purpose. If the possibility can be allowed that said purpose can be well or even completely defined, it should present a means for at least considering objectively whether the software is, in fact, reliable, by comparing the expected outcome to the actual outcome of running the software in a given environment, with given data. Unfortunately, it is still not known whether it is possible to exhaustively determine either the expected outcome or the actual outcome of the entire set of possible environment and input data to a given program, without which it is probably impossible to determine the program's reliability with any certainty. However, various attempts are in the works to attempt to rein in the vastness of the space of software's environmental and input variables, both for actual programs and theoretical descriptions of programs. Such attempts to improve software reliability can be applied at different stages of a program's development, in the case of real software. These stages principally include: requirements, design, programming, testing, and runtime evaluation. The study of theoretical software reliability is predominantly concerned with the concept of correctness, a mathematical field of computer science which is an outgrowth of language and automata theory. A program cannot be expected to work as desired if the developers of the program do not, in fact, know the program's desired behaviour in advance, or if they cannot at least determine its desired behaviour in parallel with development, in sufficient detail. What level of detail is considered sufficient is hotly debated. The idea of perfect detail is attractive, but may be impractical, if not actually impossible. This is because the desired behaviour tends to change as the possible range of the behaviour is determined through actual attempts, or more accurately, failed attempts, to achieve it. Whether a program's desired behaviour can be successfully specified in advance is a moot point if the behaviour cannot be specified at all, and this is the focus of attempts to formalize the process of creating requirements for new software projects. In situ with the formalization effort is an attempt to help inform non-specialists, particularly non-programmers, who commission software projects without sufficient knowledge of what computer software is in fact capable. Communicating this knowledge is made more difficult by the fact that, as hinted above, even programmers cannot always know in advance what is actually possible for software in advance of trying. While requirements are meant to specify what a program should do, design is meant, at least at a high level, to specify how the program should do it. The usefulness of design is also questioned by some, but those who look to formalize the process of ensuring reliability often offer good software design processes as the most significant means to accomplish it. Software design usually involves the use of more abstract and general means of specifying the parts of the software and what they do. As such, it can be seen as a way to break a large program down into many smaller programs, such that those smaller pieces together do the work of the whole program. The purposes of high-level design are as follows. It separates what are considered to be problems of architecture, or overall program concept and structure, from problems of actual coding, which solve problems of actual data processing. It applies additional constraints to the development process by narrowing the scope of the smaller software components, and thereby—it is hoped—removing variables which could increase the likelihood of programming errors. It provides a program template, including the specification of interfaces, which can be shared by different teams of developers working on disparate parts, such that they can know in advance how each of their contributions will interface with those of the other teams. Finally, and perhaps most controversially, it specifies the program independently of the implementation language or languages, thereby removing language-specific biases and limitations which would otherwise creep into the design, perhaps unwittingly on the part of programmer-designers. The history of computer programming language development can often be best understood in the light of attempts to master the complexity of computer programs, which otherwise becomes more difficult to understand in proportion (perhaps exponentially) to the size of the programs. (Another way of looking at the evolution of programming languages is simply as a way of getting the computer to do more and more of the work, but this may be a different way of saying the same thing). Lack of understanding of a program's overall structure and functionality is a sure way to fail to detect errors in the program, and thus the use of better languages should, conversely, reduce the number of errors by enabling a better understanding. Improvements in languages tend to provide incrementally what software design has attempted to do in one fell swoop: consider the software at ever greater levels of abstraction. Such inventions as statement, sub-routine, file, class, template, library, component and more have allowed the arrangement of a program's parts to be specified using abstractions such as layers, hierarchies and modules, which provide structure at different granularities, so that from any point of view the program's code can be imagined to be orderly and comprehensible. In addition, improvements in languages have enabled more exact control over the shape and use of data elements, culminating in the abstract data type. These data types can be specified to a very fine degree, including how and when they are accessed, and even the state of the data before and after it is accessed.. Many programming languages such as C and Java require the program "source code" to be translated in to a form that can be executed by a computer. This translation is done by a program called a compiler. Additional operations may be involved to associate, bind, link or package files together in order to create a usable runtime configuration of the software application. The totality of the compiling and assembly process is generically called "building" the software. The software build is critical to software quality because if any of the generated files are incorrect the software build is likely to fail. And, if the incorrect version of a program is inadvertently used, then testing can lead to false results. Software builds are typically done in work area unrelated to the runtime area, such as the application server. For this reason, a deployment step is needed to physically transfer the software build products to the runtime area. The deployment procedure may also involve technical parameters, which, if set incorrectly, can also prevent software testing from beginning. For example, a Java application server may have options for parent-first or parent-last class loading. Using the incorrect parameter can cause the application to fail to execute on the application server. The technical activities supporting software quality including build, deployment, change control and reporting are collectively known as Software configuration management. A number of software tools have arisen to help meet the challenges of configuration management including file control tools and build control tools. Software testing, when done correctly, can increase overall software quality of conformance by testing that the product conforms to its requirements. Testing includes, but is not limited to: Unit Testing Functional Testing Regression Testing Performance Testing Failover Testing Usability Testing A number of agile methodologies use testing early in the development cycle to ensure quality in their products. For example, the test-driven development practice, where tests are written before the code they will test, is used in Extreme Programming to ensure quality. runtime reliability determinations are similar to tests, but go beyond simple confirmation of behaviour to the evaluation of qualities such as performance and interoperability with other code or particular hardware configurations. A software quality factor is a non-functional requirement for a software program which is not called up by the customer's contract, but nevertheless is a desirable requirement which enhances the quality of the software program. Note that none of these factors are binary; that is, they are not “either you have it or you don’t” traits. Rather, they are characteristics that one seeks to maximize in one’s software to optimize its quality. So rather than asking whether a software product “has” factor x, ask instead the degree to which it does (or does not). Some software quality factors are listed here: Understandability Clarity of purpose. This goes further than just a statement of purpose; all of the design and user documentation must be clearly written so that it is easily understandable. This is obviously subjective in that the user context must be taken into account: for instance, if the software product is to be used by software engineers it is not required to be understandable to the layman. Completeness Presence of all constituent parts, with each part fully developed. This means that if the code calls a subroutine from an external library, the software package must provide reference to that library and all required parameters must be passed. All required input data must also be available. Conciseness Minimization of excessive or redundant information or processing. This is important where memory capacity is limited, and it is generally considered good practice to keep lines of code to a minimum. It can be improved by replacing repeated functionality by one subroutine or function which achieves that functionality. It also applies to documents. Portability Ability to be run well and easily on multiple computer configurations. Portability can mean both between different hardware—such as running on a PC as well as a smartphone—and between different operating systems—such as running on both Mac OS X and GNU/Linux. Consistency Uniformity in notation, symbology, appearance, and terminology within itself. Maintainability Propensity to facilitate updates to satisfy new requirements. Thus the software product that is maintainable should be well-documented, should not be complex, and should have spare capacity for memory, storage and processor utilization and other resources. Testability Disposition to support acceptance criteria and evaluation of performance. Such a characteristic must be built-in during the design phase if the product is to be easily testable; a complex design leads to poor testability. Usability Convenience and practicality of use. This is affected by such things as the human-computer interface. The component of the software that has most impact on this is the user interface (UI), which for best usability is usually graphical (i.e. a GUI). Reliability Ability to be expected to perform its intended functions satisfactorily. This implies a time factor in that a reliable product is expected to perform correctly over a period of time. It also encompasses environmental considerations in that the product is required to perform correctly in whatever conditions it finds itself (sometimes termed robustness). Efficiency Fulfillment of purpose without waste of resources, such as memory, space and processor utilization, network bandwidth, time, etc. Security Ability to protect data against unauthorized access and to withstand malicious or inadvertent interference with its operations. Besides the presence of appropriate security mechanisms such as authentication, access control and encryption, security also implies resilience in the face of malicious, intelligent and adaptive attackers. There are varied perspectives within the field on measurement. There are a great many measures that are valued by some professionals—or in some contexts, that are decried as harmful by others. Some believe that quantitative measures of software quality are essential. Others believe that contexts where quantitative measures are useful are quite rare, and so prefer qualitative measures. Several leaders in the field of software testing have written about the difficulty of measuring what we truly want to measure well. One example of a popular metric is the number of faults encountered in the software. Software that contains few faults is considered by some to have higher quality than software that contains many faults. Questions that can help determine the usefulness of this metric in a particular context include: What constitutes “many faults?” Does this differ depending upon the purpose of the software (e.g., blogging software vs. navigational software)? Does this take into account the size and complexity of the software? Does this account for the importance of the bugs (and the importance to the stakeholders of the people those bugs bug)? Does one try to weight this metric by the severity of the fault, or the incidence of users it affects? If so, how? And if not, how does one know that 100 faults discovered is better than 1000? If the count of faults being discovered is shrinking, how do I know what that means? For example, does that mean that the product is now higher quality than it was before? Or that this is a smaller/less ambitious change than before? Or that fewer tester-hours have gone into the project than before? Or that this project was tested by less skilled testers than before? Or that the team has discovered that fewer faults reported is in their interest? This last question points to an especially difficult one to manage. All software quality metrics are in some sense measures of human behavior, since humans create software. If a team discovers that they will benefit from a drop in the number of reported bugs, there is a strong tendency for the team to start reporting fewer defects. That may mean that email begins to circumvent the bug tracking system, or that four or five bugs get lumped into one bug report, or that testers learn not to report minor annoyances. The difficulty is measuring what we mean to measure, without creating incentives for software programmers and testers to consciously or unconsciously “game” the measurements. Software quality factors cannot be measured because of their vague definitions. It is necessary to find measurements, or metrics, which can be used to quantify them as non-functional requirements. For example, reliability is a software quality factor, but cannot be evaluated in its own right. However, there are related attributes to reliability, which can indeed be measured. Some such attributes are mean time to failure, rate of failure occurrence, and availability of the system. Similarly, an attribute of portability is the number of target-dependent statements in a program. A scheme that could be used for evaluating software quality factors is given below. For every characteristic, there are a set of questions which are relevant to that characteristic. Some type of scoring formula could be developed based on the answers to these questions, from which a measurement of the characteristic can be obtained. Are variable names descriptive of the physical or functional property represented? Do uniquely recognisable functions contain adequate comments so that their purpose is clear? Are deviations from forward logical flow adequately commented? Are all elements of an array functionally related?.... Are all necessary components available? Does any process fail for lack of resources or programming? Are all potential pathways through the code accounted for, including proper error handling? Is all code reachable? Is any code redundant? How many statements within loops could be placed outside the loop, thus reducing computation time? Are branch decisions too complex? Does the program depend upon system or library routines unique to a particular installation? Have machine-dependent statements been flagged and commented? Has dependency on internal bit representation of alphanumeric or special characters been avoided? How much effort would be required to transfer the program from one hardware/software system or environment to another? Is one variable name used to represent different logical or physical entities in the program? Does the program contain only one representation for any given physical or mathematical constant? Are functionally similar arithmetic expressions similarly constructed? Is a consistent scheme used for indentation, nomenclature, the color palette, fonts and other visual elements? Has some memory capacity been reserved for future expansion? Is the design cohesive—i.e., does each module have distinct, recognizable functionality? Does the software allow for a change in data structures (object-oriented designs are more likely to allow for this)? If the code is procedure-based (rather than object-oriented), is a change likely to require restructuring the main program, or just a module? Are complex structures employed in the code? Does the detailed design contain clear pseudo-code? Is the pseudo-code at a higher level of abstraction than the code? If tasking is used in concurrent designs, are schemes available for providing adequate test cases? Is a GUI used? Is there adequate on-line help? Is a user manual provided? Are meaningful error messages provided? Are loop indexes range-tested? Is input data checked for range errors? Is divide-by-zero avoided? Is exception handling provided? It is the probability that the software performs its intended functions correctly in a specified period of time under stated operation conditions, but there could also be a problem with the requirement document... Have functions been optimized for speed? Have repeatedly used blocks of code been formed into subroutines? Has the program been checked for memory leaks or overflow errors? Does the software protect itself and its data against unauthorized access and use? Does it allow its operator to enforce security policies? Are security mechanisms appropriate, adequate and correctly implemented? Can the software withstand attacks that can be anticipated in its intended environment? In addition to the technical qualities of software, the end user's experience also determines the quality of software. This aspect of software quality is called usability. It is hard to quantify the usability of a given software product. Some important questions to be asked are: Is the user interface intuitive (self-explanatory/self-documenting)? Is it easy to perform simple operations? Is it feasible to perform complex operations? Does the software give sensible error messages? Do widgets behave as expected? Is the software well documented? Is the user interface responsive or too slow? Also, the availability of (free or paid) support may factor into the usability of the software. Notes Pressman 2005, p. 746 Pressman 2005, p. 388 Crosby, P., Quality is Free, McGraw-Hill, 1979 McConnell 1993, p. 558 DeMarco, T., Management Can Make Quality (Im)possible, Cutter IT Summit, Boston, April 1999 J.D. Musa, A. Iannino, and K. Okumoto, Engineering and Managing Software with Reliability Measures, McGraw-Hill, 1987 Pressman 2005, p. 762 ISTQB - What is software testing? Cem Kaner http://www.kaner.com/pdfs/metrics2004.pdf Douglass Hoffman http://www.softwarequalitymethods.com/Papers/DarkMets%20Paper.pdf Bibliography McConnell, Steve (1993), Code Complete (First ed. ), Microsoft Press Pressman, Scott (2005), Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach (Sixth, International ed. ), McGraw-Hill Education International Organization for Standardization. Software Engineering—Product Quality—Part 1: Quality Model. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. ISO/IEC 9126-1:2001(E). Diomidis Spinellis. Code Quality: The Open Source Perspective. Addison Wesley, Boston, MA, 2006. Ho-Won Jung, Seung-Gweon Kim, and Chang-Sin Chung. Measuring software product quality: A survey of ISO/IEC 9126. IEEE Software, 21(5):10–13, September/October 2004. Stephen H. Kan. Metrics and Models in Software Quality Engineering. Addison-Wesley, Boston, MA, second edition, 2002. Robert L. Glass. Building Quality Software. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1992. Roland Petrasch, "The Definition of‚ Software Quality’: A Practical Approach", ISSRE, 1999 Linux: Fewer Bugs Than Rivals Wired Magazine, 2004
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Welcome to the learning project on North Carolina during World War I! W.V. Tomb was a white American male born in Missouri in 1877; he was about 40 when he became a commanding naval officer. His records include a war diary while he was on convoy duty in the Atlantic during World War I. Although the war diary records did not provide much insight into William Victor Tomb’s personal perspective on the war, it provided a primary source to portray the more impersonal and objective aspects of war duty. He died in Los Angeles, CA in 1941. James Hamilton Tomb, William’s father, was the chief engineer of the Confederate and Brazilian navies as well as an officer of the Western and Norfolk Railroad (“Profile Detail”). His father’s history of being a well-establish and international naval commander during the Civil Was as well as in Brazil (“Profile Detail”), is most likely what lead William Victor Tomb and his brother to becoming a naval commander as well. William Victor Tomb was assigned to the Destroyer Force Atlantic Fleet to serve as commander for the USS Maumee (AO2), one of the six destroyers in the first American destroyer detachment to arrive at Queenstown Ireland. He also received the Navy Cross honor from the president for distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the U.S.S. DAMS during World War I. Tomb’s war diary provides accounts that describe big losses for the Germans, like the sinking of a U-Boat, while he was on convoy duty in the Atlantic during World War I. Although the war diary records did not provide much insight into William Victor Tomb’s personal perspective on the war, it provided a primary source to portray the more impersonal and objective aspects of war duty. Other ships that were mentioned frequently in Tomb’s War Diary were the courageous acts of the USS Davis and the USS Fanning, these ships along with the USS Maumee made history in the ending of World War I. The Fanning was also impressive, as mentioned in Tomb’s War Diary on October 1917, “a German submarine was spotted and if it were not for the quick attack by the Fanning, it would have undoubtedly attempted to torpedo the Maumee”. According to Herman Whitake, a shipmate who wrote his account of the naval war during World War I, “[The periscope] was raised in that instant scarcely a foot above the water, but it was picked up by the sharp young eyes of the lookout on the Fanning. The submarine had submerged at once; but, rushing along its wake, the Fanning dropped a depth-mine that wrecked the motors, damaged the oil leads, blew off the rudder, tipped the stern up, and sent the ‘sub’ down on a headlong dive of fully two hundred feet” (pg 22). This action taken by the Fanning was a notable moment in Tomb’s War Diary. Maumee Tomb’s ship, the Maumee itself humbly made history when it became the first ship to refuel another ship at sea. Without this event, the six U.S. Navy destroyers would not have been able to sail all the way to the U.K. without the need to stop at a port. At-sea refueling kept the Navy a force to be reckoned with during World War I, this meant that Navy warfighters in the 100 years since could receive food, mail, and other replenishments as well as continue to carry out other missions rather than pulling into a port. According to Jim George, a Combat Logistics Force Program Manager for the U.S. Navy, the Maumee changed the efficiency of the U.S. Navy for the better. Artifacts cited consisted of a song dedicated to the Maumee navy ship valorizing its history as an “old faithful” of sorts and a war journal that took place between the times of July 1917-August 1918. The song represented the patriotism and pride in American tradition and militia, continuing the American cultural tradition of wartime pride. The Maumee song was about how this old faithful of a ship was going to take down the Hun. According to the records of the Office of Chief of Naval Operations, the USS Davis originally served as a patrol and escort duty but began to become a force of rescue for survivors of torpedoed vessels. Most notably, in May of 1918 she rescued 35 members of the German submarine U-108 after it collided with the British ship Olympic. This not only rescued the prisoners that the Germans were holding, but also took the Germans as prisoners and turned them over to the British military authorities at Milford Haven. Each individual page may link to other North Carolinians involved in the war, or a suggested reading selection. For example: The Documenting the American South project at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill [War Diary 1917-1918], in the James Hamilton Tomb Papers, #723, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. n.p. Military Times. “Valor Awards”. A Gannet Company, n.d. Web. January 15 2015. [War Diary 1917-1918], in the James Hamilton Tomb Papers, #723, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [War Diary 1917-1918], in the James Hamilton Tomb Papers, #723, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Whitake, Herman. Hunting the German Shark: The American Navy in the Underseas War. New York City: The Independent. November, 1918. George, Jim. “Ninety-seven years of Navy underway replenishments.”U.S. Navy’s Military Sealift Command. Military Sealift Command. May 2014. February 2015. <> [Maumee Song], in the James Hamilton Tomb Papers, #723, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Office of Chief of Naval Operations. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Volume II 1963 C-F Carriers, Confederate Forces by Office of Chief of Naval Operations.Washington D.C.: Department of the Navy. 1963. Print.
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Reading Release Notes is one of the best way to be updated and learn about a software. So you can read complete Release Notes or this filtered summary. OpenSSH 8.2 FEATURE: Add FIDO/U2F Support OpenSSH 8.1, released in October 2019 ssh, sshd, ssh-agent: add protection for private keys at rest in RAM against speculation and memory side-channel attacks like Spectre, Meltdown and Rambleed. OpenSSH 8.0, released in April 2019 SECURITY: CVE-2019-6111 related to scp tool and protocol allowing to overwrite arbitrary files in the scp client target directory OpenSSH 7.9, released in October 2018 allow key revocation lists (KRLs) to revoke keys specified by SHA256 hash OpenSSH 7.8, released in August 2018 Incompatible changes: ssh-keygen write OpenSSH format private keys by default instead of using OpenSSL's PEM format. OpenSSH 7.7, released in February 2018 FEATURE: Add "expiry-time" option in sshd for authorized_keys files to allow for expiring keys. OpenSSH 7.6, released in October 2017 FEATURE: Add RemoteCommand option FEATURE: Add SyslogFacility option to ssh matching the equivalent option in sshd FEATURE: ssh client reverse dynamic forwarding -R OpenSSH 7.5, released in March 2017 BUGFIX: This is a mainly a bugfix release. OpenSSH 7.4, released Template:Release date and age sshd(8): Add a sshd_config DisableForwarding option OpenSSH 7.3, released August 01, 2016 FEATURE: Adds ProxyJump option (-J) FEATURE: Add an Include directive for ssh_config(5) files OpenSSH 7.1: August 20, 2015 This is a bugfix release. OpenSSH 7.0: August 11, 2015 The focus of this release is primarily to deprecate weak, legacy and unsafe cryptography. OpenSSH 6.9: July 1, 2015 BUGFIX: This is primarily a bugfix release. OpenSSH 6.8: March 18, 2015 Added new [email protected] extension to facilitate public key discovery and rotation for trusted hosts (for transition from DSA to Ed25519 public host keys) AuthenticationMethods=publickey,publickey to require that users authenticate using two different public keys OpenSSH 6.7: October 6, 2014 The default set of ciphers and MACs has been altered to remove unsafe algorithms. In particular, CBC ciphers and arcfour* are disabled by default. Compile-time option to not depend on OpenSSL Add support for Unix domain socket forwarding OpenSSH 6.6: March 16, 2014 This is primarily a bugfix release. OpenSSH 6.5: January 30, 2014 Added new ssh-ed25519 and [email protected] public key types (available since 2005 but more popular since some suspicious that NSA had chosen values that gave them an advantage in factoring public-keys) Added new [email protected] transport cipher Added [email protected] key exchange FEATURE: ssh, added Match keyword for ssh_config that allows conditional configuration to be applied FEATURE: client-side hostname canonicalisation: CanonicalDomains, CanonicalizeFallbackLocal, CanonicalizeHostname, CanonicalizeMaxDots and CanonicalizePermittedCNAMEs. Add a new private key format that uses a bcrypt KDF OpenSSH 6.4: November 8, 2013 This release fixes a security bug with AES-GCM OpenSSH 6.3: September 13, 2013 This release is predominantly a bugfix release OpenSSH 6.2: March 22, 2013 Add a GCM-mode for the AES cipher, similar to RFC 5647 Added support for encrypt-then-mac MAC modes Added support for multiple required authentication methods Added support for Key Revocation Lists (KRL) OpenSSH 6.1: August 29, 2012 This is primarily a bugfix release. Enables pre-auth sandboxing by default Finds ECDSA keys in ssh-keyscan and SSHFP DNS records by default now OpenSSH 6.0: April 22, 2012 This is primarily a bugfix release. OpenSSH 5.9: September 6, 2011 Introduce sandboxing of the pre-auth privilege separated child OpenSSH 5.8: February 4, 2011 OpenSSH 5.7: January 24, 2011 Added support for elliptic curve cryptography for key exchange as well as host/user keys, per RFC 5656 OpenSSH 5.6: August 23, 2010 Added a ControlPersistoption to ssh_config OpenSSH 5.5: April 16, 2010 OpenSSH 5.4: March 8, 2010 Disabled SSH protocol 1 default support. Clients and servers must now explicitly enable it. Added PKCS11 authentication support for ssh(1) (-I pkcs11) Added Certificate based authentication Added "Netcat mode" for ssh(1) (-W host:port). Similar to "-L tunnel", but forwards instead stdin and stdout. This allows, for example, using ssh(1) itself as a ssh(1) ProxyCommand to route connections via intermediate servers, without the need for nc(1) on the server machine. Added the ability to revoke public keys in sshd(8) and ssh(1). While it was already possible to remove the keys from authorised lists, revoked keys will now trigger a warning if used. OpenSSH 5.3: October 1, 2009 OpenSSH 5.2: February 23, 2009 OpenSSH 5.1: July 21, 2008 Added a MaxSessions option to sshd_config OpenSSH 5.0: April 3, 2008 OpenSSH 4.9: March 30, 2008 Added chroot support for sshd(8) Create an internal SFTP server for easier use of the chroot functionality OpenSSH 4.7: September 4, 2007 OpenSSH 4.6: March 9, 2007 OpenSSH 4.5: November 7, 2006 OpenSSH 4.4: September 27, 2006 OpenSSH 4.3: February 1, 2006 Added OSI layer 2/3 tun-based VPN (-w option on ssh(1)) OpenSSH 4.2: September 1, 2005 OpenSSH 4.1: May 26, 2005 OpenSSH 4.0: March 9, 2005 OpenSSH 3.9: August 18, 2004 Implement session multiplexing. ControlMaster option Added a MaxAuthTries option to sshd, allowing control over the maximum number of authentication attempts permitted per connection Added IdentitiesOnly option to ssh which specifies that it should use keys specified in ssh_config, rather than any keys in ssh-agent Re-introduce support for PAM password authentication OpenSSH 3.8: February 24, 2004 OpenSSH 3.7.1: September 16, 2003 OpenSSH 3.7: September 16, 2003 rhosts authentication has been removed in ssh(1) and sshd(8). OpenSSH 3.6.1: April 1, 2003 OpenSSH 3.6: March 31, 2003 OpenSSH 3.5: October 14, 2002 OpenSSH 3.4: June 26, 2002 OpenSSH 3.0: Improved Kerberos support in protocol v1 (KerbIV and KerbV) OpenSSH 2.9.9: OpenSSH 2.5.1p1: February 19, 2001 SkeyAuthentication absoleted, use ChallengeResponseAuthentication instead. OpenSSH 1.2.2p1: March 5, 2000 w:Openssh https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-8.2 https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-8.1 https://www.openssh.com/releasenotes.html#8.1 http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-8.0 https://www.openssh.com/releasenotes.html#8.0 https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-6111 http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.9 http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.8 http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.7 http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.6 http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.5 http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.4 http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-7.3 "OpenSSH 7.1 Release Notes". openssh.com. 2015-08-20. Retrieved 2015-09-01. "OpenSSH 7.0 Release Notes". openssh.com. 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2015-08-18. "OpenSSH 6.9 Release Notes". openssh.com. 2015-07-01. Retrieved 2015-08-12. Murenin, Constantine A. (2015-02-01). Soulskill (ed.). "OpenSSH Will Feature Key Discovery and Rotation For Easier Switching To Ed25519". Slashdot. Retrieved 2015-02-01. https://lwn.net/Article s/637147/ Murenin, Constantine A. (2014-04-30). Soulskill (ed.). "OpenSSH No Longer Has To Depend On OpenSSL". Slashdot. Retrieved 2014-12-26. http://www.openssh.com/txt/release-6.5 https://www.openssh.com/releasenotes.html#6.5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve25519#Popularity Miller, Damien (2013-12-02). "ssh/PROTOCOL.chacha20poly1305". BSD Cross Reference, OpenBSD src/usr.bin/. Retrieved 2014-12-26. Murenin, Constantine A. (2013-12-11). Unknown Lamer (ed.). "OpenSSH Has a New Cipher — Chacha20-poly1305 — from D.J. Bernstein". Slashdot. Retrieved 2014-12-26. https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-6.5 http://blog.djm.net.au/2014/01/hostname-canonicalisation-in-openssh.html https://github.com/openssh/openssh-portable/commit/0faf747e2f77f0f7083bcd59cbed30c4b5448444 https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-6.4 https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-3.9 https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-3.0 https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-2.9.9 https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-2.5.1p1 https://www.openssh.com/txt/release-1.2.2p1
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Mount Ostrog is a monastery and site of pilgrimage in Central Montenegro. The most interesting thing is the monastery placed at Mount Ostrog. You can take a bus to Nikšić, they run from Podgorica or from Budva via Podgorica. Tell the driver you are going to the Ostrog Monastery, he will stop in the correct place. From there, you can take a cab for around €10, you can bargain, or hike. It is 8 km of a beautiful walk. It is not difficult as there is a car road, but not recommended when it is very warm. The final part of the way are stone stairs. The monastery is not far from the rail line that links Podgorica with Nikšić. Trains are rather infrequent (5 per day, each way) so you should plan accordingly by talking into account the walking time between the station and the monastery. Official timetable is found here. Train ticket from Podgorica is 1,80 €. Get off at Ostrog station (about 45 minutes from Podgorica) and follow the path that crosses the rail line 200 meters away. From there take a left and follow the hiking path with signs "Ostrog" or "ОСТРОГ". The hike is 2 kms to the base monastery and main car park, and 3.5 kms to the cliff monastery. The hike up is pretty steep but manageable, the path goes through a beautiful forest with plenty of shade. You won't be able to buy a ticket back at Ostrog station but the train conductor will sell you one on board. Eating options are few, but surprisingly good. Kolibe (in the town of Bogetici near the bottom of the mountain), ☏ +382 67 88 81 89. Serves tasty Montenegrin dishes in a scenic restaurant overlooking the valley; accommodation is available too. Kafe Restoran Sv Petka Ostrog (in the immediate area of the monastery, hemmed in between shops selling religious nicknacks). It has traditional food, salads, and burgers Restoran Tvrdos (in the immediate area of the monastery, hemmed in between shops selling religious nicknacks). Offers diners a pleasant outdoor seating area and grilled dishes. Ostrog Monastery's guest house, Bogetići bb, 81400 Niksic, ☏ +382 20 81 11 33, +38220811040, +38268330336, [email protected]. The monastery has clean single-sex dorms (29 rooms with 210 beds in total). €5 per person. Kolibe (in the town of Bogetici near the bottom of the mountain), ☏ +382 67 88 81 89. The motel consists of bungalows i.e. apartments and rooms. There are 5 bungalows and eight rooms. The bungalows were built of wood. They are equipped with: air-conditioner, mini bar, internet, SAT TV. Two bungalows have four beds and three are with five beds. Two triple rooms and six twin rooms are situated above the restaurant. They are equipped with air conditioner and SAT TV. The bathrooms are not in the rooms, but separated in the hall. Also, automobile race, cycling are organized near the motel.
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Potato Reducing the ground until completely free from root-weeds helps in potato husbandry; though in many seasons one cannot complete these operations without losing the proper time for planting, which never ought to come after the first of May, if circumstances do not absolutely prevent it. Cutting the seed into small slips does not provide any advantage, for the strength of the stem at the outset depends in direct proportion upon the vigor and power of the seed-plant. Accordingly, make the seed plant large, rarely smaller than the fourth-part of the potato; and in the case of small seed-potatoes one may profitably use half of the potato. At all events, rather err in using over-large seed than in making it too small; because, by the first error, no great loss can ever be sustained; whereas, by the other, a feeble and late crop may result. With properly cut seed, it requires from ten to twelve hundredweight of potatoes to plant an acre (1.2 to 1.5 t/ha) of ground, where the rows lie twenty-seven inches (700 mm) apart; but this quantity depends greatly upon the size of the potatoes used; large potatoes may require a greater weight, but the extra quantity will abundantly pay off in the superiority of the crop which large seed usually produces. Cultivation should go twelve inches deep, if the soil will allow it; after this, the gardener should open a hole (about six inches (150 mm) deep and not more than twelve inches (300 mm) in diameter). There are two common alternate methods of growing potatoes by the amateur gardener. The first is container growing. One seed potato should be placed 15cm (6in) deep in a container which is 30cm (1ft) or more in diameter. Normal potting compost can be used. The amount of potatoes will obviously be small, but it's fun for the small garden. The second method is to cover the planting area for early varieties with black polythene, simply held down with earth or bricks. The potatoes are planted at normal depth by cutting a '+' shaped hole in the plastic and planting with a trowel. The advantages are that the soil is warmed by the black polythene, giving the young plants protection from frost. The potatoes should be ready for harvest a couple of weeks earlier than normal. ==Propagation==why potato is not a root Potatoes are ready for harvest when the foliage first starts to die and turn yellow. Early (new) potatoes can be lifted earlier (no earlier than June) to get the very tastiest potatoes. In this case, harvest them about a week after the potato plant flowers first appear. New potatoes only produce a couple of handfuls of potatoes per plant, so dig up the whole plant. Maincrop potatoes will be ready for harvest in mid-Autumn (start of September at the earliest). For all potatoes, dig them up from the side of the ridge (a fork or spade are both fine) to avoid damaging the potatoes. The foliage can be placed on the compost heap only if it completely free from disease - if not, burn it. If you don't need all the potatoes from a plant at one time or if you want a few early in the season, simply burrow around the roots with your hands and remove the potatoes you need. The remaining potatoes will continue to grow. Remove any soil clinging to the potatoes and leave them on the soil for a few hours to dry out - if they are stored damp, they will rot. Leaving them on the soil surface in the sun will harden the skin slightly, doubling the storage time - this is especially important for maincrop potatoes. Store the potatoes in boxes or sacks, checking them every few days, removing all but those in good condition. Damaged or blemished potatoes should be eaten immediately. One word of caution, some potato flowers may well turn to berries which are definitely poisonous. Eaten in sufficient amounts the berries can be fatal. You may wish to remove them if children are likely to see them. Store up potatoes for winter and spring use; and as one should keep them as long through summer as possible, make every endeavor to preserve them from frost, and from sprouting in the spring months. For frost protection, cover them well with straw when lodged in a house, and by a thick coat of earth when deposited in a pit; to prevent sprouting, pick them carefully at different times, when they begin to sprout, and dry them sufficiently by exposure to the sun, or by a gentle toast of a kiln. Potatoes grown from stock certified as free from disease and planted in soil not occupied by potatoes the previous season, are relatively free from pests and diseases. The most common ailments to affect potatoes are potato blight (see next paragraph), scab, slugs, and wireworm. There is little protection available that can effectively solve these problems. Potato blight has two phases - the first attacks the leaves, the second attacks the potatoes themselves. If your potatoes are attacked by the blight, there is no cure. However, cut the foliage back to 5cm (2in) from the ground at the first signs of infection. This will prevent the blight from getting to the potatoes themselves. With no foliage, the potatoes will not give of their best, but they will continue to grow for a month or so.
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A client purchase materials say metal sheets measured in metric cubes (M3) and sells them in another UOM (Unit of Measure) say Square Feet sheets (SF). To show the UOM quantities and relative prices easily during the sales and cost estimation process To manage such selling and purchasing prices for all materials efficiently in the system The challenge is to incorporate such requirement into an Open Source ERP Application suite A Sales Order enters the order in Qty (no of crates) and a Callout code converts to the target UOM Integrating with the PriceList Schema and Sales/Purchase modules Client purchase material measured in M3 according to the supplying vendor or seller. The Quantity of that material (XY) is converted to SFS which will give another Qty thus: XY = A(M3) <> B(SF) For example XY = Formula is M3= T(m) x W(m) x L(m) MSF= W(ft) x L(ft) / 1,000 Where: T = Thickness W = WIdth L = Length Base Price is stored in Purchase PriceList What is normally maintained from the supplying vendor Prices are shown in respective UOMs Selling price is thus converted and displayed as a virtual column Price Selling(M3) = a Price Purchase(M3) = a X 0.9 Margin = 10% Virtual Selling (SFS) = a X T / 10.7497 Virtual Purchase (SFS) = 0.9 X a X T / 10.7497 $a * T / 10.7497 Price multiplies by Thickness divide by Area conversion factor from metric unit to imperial unit for surface area Next, we have to deploy a POC using an Open Source ERP such as ADempiere The POC needs to demonstrate the operation of a Sales Order showing the above price and virtual price Some necessary cusomisation to cover gap if any Changes done are minimal. Further complete presentation of requirement is elaborated further after this. Buying and selling price virtual columns adding in the M_ProductPrice table CV_BuyPrice NUMBER(10,2) CV_SellPrice NUMBER(10,2) SQL to extract corresponding values according to the formula. Using thickness value during Product Setup via Attribute Set Setup Pricelist record Setup Product Record Setup Atribute instance for T X L X W Create DB virtual column Apply SQL formula to column Config AD Window/Tab/Column for Sales Order Detail Lines to show virtual columns Virtual columns to show both buying and selling price Replicate in Project(Order) for Sales margin planning Launch Application Call up a Sales Order window Select BPartner Select Pricelist Go to OrderLine Detail Tab Select Product ID View displayed prices, both base and virtual Complete and print out Sales Order Return to Open Source ERP
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Conclusions in Congress are often underrated by competitors, but are extremely important in the organization of one's speech. Debaters should keep a relatively accurate mental clock, so that in the last 15-20 seconds of the speech there is time for a solid conclusion. Running out of time and being gaveled down without a conclusion can impact the scoring of a speech, particularly in the "Organization and Unity" category. The conclusion can, and should, be either memorized or extemporaneous. When writing a conclusion, keep in mind the three R's: Restate claims, Rephrase thesis, and Refer to introduction. Example: (for A Bill to Ban Anonymous Campaign Contributions) Introduction: Imagine a string puppet, dressed in a suit with a red or blue tie. The strings that control its movements are so fine that they are barely noticeable to anyone who just takes a glance. The puppet seems to make its own decisions; where to go, what to say, even how to present itself. However, hanging just above the puppet is the puppet master, controlling its every motion with fine, but very durable strings. Imagine that this puppet controls our government. This is precisely what is happening with transparency in campaign contributions; those who support the legislatures’ campaigns become those legislatures’ puppet masters. We must affirm this bill to require campaign contributors to remain anonymous to reduce the impact campaign donors have on our government, and for the sake of our legislatures. Conclusion: We mustn’t cut the strings that control our string puppets. Rather, we should hand the controller to the American people, and allow them to urge the right decision along to better our government. I urge you all to stand in strong affirmation of this bill to require campaign contributors to remain anonymous, as it will decrease the influence of contributors on government officials and benefit those officials in office. In the conclusion, the claims were restated in the rephrased thesis, and a connection was made back to the introduction. For this particular speech, the conclusion was effective in continuing the analogy made in the introduction, which is a key method of persuasion.
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Belitung (locally called Belitong, formerly Billiton) is one of the two main islands of the Bangka-Belitung province in Indonesia. While its big brother, Bangka, has developed as an economic center, Belitung generally remains a sleepy island. But you may consider that quiet an advantage for a resort destination which can serve as a weekend getaway from the hectic life in Jakarta, or as an alternative to Bali, if it seems too crowded for you. You might not expect it from the island whose tin mines gave their name to Australian mining giant BHP Billiton, but Belitung is one of the nicest islands in Southeast Asia. The island was pretty much asleep, underrated, and was known only for its tin commodity. But it ultimately became famous in 2008 after the movie Laskar Pelangi (Rainbow Troops), which was one of Indonesia's most watched movies, as it portrays the struggling life of some of the island's poor children in a remote school...and the unspoiled beauty of its nature. A few years coming, resorts are built, beaches are cleaned, and the island ultimately puts itself in the map as a tropical paradise. Unlike the infamous Bali, everything is still laid back. You'll barely find nightclubs, party resorts or any obvious signs of Western culture. Pristine white sand beaches look out on a turquoise sea filled with great snorkeling and a fantastic display of offshore islands. Check out Tanjung Kelayang and Tanjung Tinggi for world class beaches without the hustle and bustle now found at beaches of this caliber anywhere else. Natural features include white sand fringed coconut plantations, elaborate granite rock formations and long temporary sand bars as smooth as powdered sugar. Offshore islands are a long swim distance from the beach but colorful local fishing boats will take you on an island tour. The main town, Tanjung Pandan, is on its west side and has adequate facilities for a small town. It's best to visit the island during the dry season as is most other places in Indonesia (April-September). The sun shines more often than the rain pours. It is less stormy and as a result, the shallow reefs at the outlying islands are clear enough to be snorkeled in and the waves are less (but still sometimes because of prevailing winds) choppy during your island hopping cruise. Make sure to apply sunscreen even though you are not tanning (few, if any, tans), as the UV index at the beaches is often horrendous and can result in sunburn. There are two major cities in Belitung on each other side of the island: Tanjung Pandan is the largest town and has adequate facilities for a small city. There is a museum, a harbor, and a commercial beach Manggar is on the east side. A city of coffee shops & undisturbed beaches without the giant rocks like its northern counterpart. Gantung at the interior east is where the Laskar Pelangi movie was set. -2.745556107.7547221 H.A.S. Hananjoeddin Airport (TJQ IATA Buluh Tumbang Airport). This is the only airport serving the island. Sriwijaya Air, Garuda Indonesia and Citilink will take you from Jakarta in 50 minutes with 6 daily flights. Wings Air and Sriwijaya Air connects the island with neighboring Bangka from Pangkalpinang airport twice daily. Most flights arrive in the morning, so that you can see (nearly) everything the island has to offer and leave by the following day. Be aware that seats tend to quickly fill up during a Saturday (and back to Jakarta on Sunday), June and July, days before and after Lebaran (as most flights to other Indonesian destinations do), Chinese New Year and Tomb Sweeping Day (Ching Ming). There is transportation to towns across the island by taxi, either official or unofficial. Street Taxi (see Get Around) is the only legal taxi company operating throughout the island. They use meters for rides and claims itself as the cheapest option, but it is highly recommended to reserve by calling when or before you arrive. If you stick to unofficial cabs, be sure to haggle furiously or you will be ripped off. A ride to downtown Tanjung Pandan should cost about Rp50,000 in less than half an hour, up to Rp85,000 to other destinations. If you are traveling using a coach provided by your tour or have pre-arranged your transportation, most likely they will be standing by. Most visitors arriving by ferry come from the neighboring Bangka Island at Pangkalpinang harbor. The Express Bahari has 3 classes of service for a range between Rp 200,000 and Rp 400,000 and will take 4-5 hours, depending on weather. There is a high risk of cancellation during the rainy season, so plan ahead. It is also possible to get on a ferry from Jakarta, Cirebon or Pontianak (Kalimantan), but might take more than 12 hours. Belitung is small enough - about 4/5 the size of Bali - that more or less any point on the island can be reached in under two hours from Tanjung Pandan. As public transportation on the island is hard to find and the only practical way of moving around is by taxi, or rent a car or a motorcycle. Expect to be asked for Rp400,000 - Rp600,000 per day (all inclusive) for a good car with driver. A common and fair deal for both parts is between Rp600,000 and Rp800,000 for the whole weekend including airport drop-off the last morning. Keep in mind that with that they have enough for the whole month; overpaying only causes greed. Motorcycle rentals are even easier, typically available for Rp80,000 per day + Rp25,000 for the delivery to the airport (excluding petrol). Alternatively, a local can take you aboard an ojek (motorcycle taxi) for generally Rp25,000 to the nearest point of attraction. Street Taxi, ☏ +62 822 8301 5555, +62 878 964 78835. The only legal taxi company in the island. Claims to have the cheapest fare to everywhere around the island because of their use of meters. Drivers are courteous and wear batik brown or orange uniform. However the fleet size is small and consequently, it is advisable to book at least 24 hours in advance. They also provide a 7-seater rent car that you can pick at the airport only if you call ahead. Belitung Car Rental, tanjung pandan belitung, ☏ +62 853-1555-5288, [email protected]. Registered company that offers airport pickup and dropoff and free rental dropoff to your hotel if you are staying in the main town. They also apparently offer insurance, which some other operators do not offer. (updated Nov 2015) If you don't want even the slightest hassle, there are a number of tour companies that can take you on a group tour to the whole island, up to a duration of 4 days and 3 nights. They will most often provide everything, including transportation, hotel, and meal recommendations. All people of Belitung Island have proficiency of Bahasa Indonesia as the lingua franca of the country it rests in, Indonesia. But the local dialect sometimes makes things go complicated yet amusing, with word shortenings and quick speeches, inquire if you need to make yourself clear. A large minority of the population is Chinese Hakka, with a somewhat good grasp of Mandarin. It's not uncommon to see such languages spoken when fellow Chinese descents do meet until a long talk follows, even in a formal situation. English is spoken only within hotels, tourist areas or high school students, even then expect only basic or fair proficiency. The north side of the island has white powdery beaches. -2.5502107.71651 Tanjung Tinggi Beach. The most famous beach in Belitung. White sand & granite rocks of all sizes alternating, left you wonder where all these lumps of boulders came from. You can even climb on them or enter the gaps of the giant rocks. -2.5557107.66832 Tanjung Kelayang Beach (The northwest side of the island). There are 2 sides on the beach: the mainly sandy east, or the more rocky west. The rock formations are not as big, but some of them are in the middle of the sea and qualifies as islands. Fisherman boats are waiting on the east side if you wish for an island-hopping tour (no rocks on the vegetated islands). -2.5927107.63793 Tanjung Binga Beach (West side of the island). Not a very scenic beach, no white powdery sand or rocks, but there's a marina full of fishing boats. This is the primary departure point for island hopping tours to the northwest islands, especially Lengkuas Island. -2.7372107.62584 Tanjung Pendam Beach. So called the city beach of Tanjung Pandan. It's where the city locals typically go during the weekend to watch the sunset, play at the playground or dine at the seafood restaurants. -3.236107.63655 Penyabong Beach. An enchanting beauty at the island's southern coast if you are bored with rigid rocks. There is a giant organized flat row of stones that everyone can step in. -2.761108.2626 Burung Mandi Beach. If you are bored with rocks, any rocks, this is the place. More quiet, more laid back. Literally means "bathing bird", it faces a mountain for its namesake. There is a Buddhist temple as a landmark, the largest in the island. Most of the island-hopping activities are at the northwest side of the island, still with their white beaches. Each island has its own unique rock formations. Even though most islands other than the list below would consist of standalone rocks only (with sand during low tide), it is still a good idea to at least get a picture of this mesmerizing feature. Most boats depart from Tanjung Binga beach. -2.5296107.61517 Lengkuas Island. An outlying island famous for its century-old lighthouse that is still active to this day, get up its 18 flights of stairs to capture the image of the whole outlying island(s). You can also walk on the rock formations on the shallow water, swim or snorkel to see the reefs and fishes. At the sandy beach, you are facing Aji Island, reachable by swimming or by boat. -2.549107.65098 Kepayang Island. A great place to dive, a resort open for a visit, and a marine conservation where baby turtles are bred until old enough to plunge into the open seas and coral gardens are restored. -2.5676107.62619 Burung Island. Known for its rock formations that shapes like a bird. Nothing else very scenic but the water is calm enough for a swim. -2.5885107.624210 Pulau Lutung. Actually they are two islands, but at low tide you can walk between the two. The south side of the bigger island has a cape of sand half the size of a football pitch and no rocks. At low tide, your boat will even take you to a heap of sand (geographically called a shoal, locally called Pulau Pasir) that you can step on and spot starfishes before it's gone back to sea. -3.1672107.666711 Batu Baginde. A unique bulging formation of two granite rocks, as if they were husband and wife. -2.7379107.68212 Kaolin Lake. This is what is left of a kaolinite mine. A lake with blue water and white rocks around it deceives you as if you are near the Poles or a volcano crater. -2.9674108.164113 Museum Kata Andrea Hirata, Jl. Sudirman, Simpang Pasar Gantung, Belitung Timur, Indonesia. The author of Laskar Pelangi sequel, Andrea Hirata, erected Indonesia's literature museum here. Behind the scenes of Belitung in year 1978 with his memorabilia, and a corner of tin mining equipments. Periodically, Andrea himself comes to his hometown giving art and band lessons to local community. -2.962108.15514 Replica of Muhammadiyah Primary School, Lenggang, Gantung. If you did watch Laskar Pelangi, you will find this place memorable. Remember the struggle and fun of the author (Ikal) and 9 other children taught by one single teacher (Ms. Muslimah). The real school was destroyed by wear and tear to its roots so a replica was built and used for the movie. -2.767107.85715 Gurok Beraye, Dusun Air Pegantungan, Kacang Botor village, Badau. The waterfall was sourced from Belitung's highest point, Mount Tajam (510 above sea level). Be careful along the way for deep gorges but the journey is worth the beauty. The water falls to a wide lake perfect for a swim. -2.786108.23616 Lake Mempayak, Kelapa Kampit. Used to be called "open pit" by mining company BHP Billiton, the mine is now abandoned. What still lefts is a beautiful brown ground, green lake and trees, and locals mining by traditional equipment. The road that leads here is not very good. Downtown Tanjung Pandan is quite interesting due to the many Dutch Colonial buildings and shop houses. Most of the governmental buildings are the original Dutch buildings and the old Dutch tin mining housing compound is still kept up. Traditional Bugis fishing craft and an odd assortment of other boats make the wharf and fish market an interesting place, certainly for your nose, to visit. Cultural Belitung has a rich diversity of people. Check out the cool Malay-style wooden houses that may remind you of the Caribbean or the Bugis traditional raised houses that are half dock to dry fish. A Chinese Buddhist temple is said to be one of the oldest in Indonesia, built by the survivors of an ancient Chinese trading vessel. Balinese transmigrants have a thriving community that carries on Bali's traditions and religion. During the island hopping tour, do not waste the opportunity to enjoy the pristine blue sea! At the beach, climb its monolith stones to your best high. In the water, go for a swim or snorkel above its rich species of reefs and fishes. Further from the island(s), go fishing and you can often get a medium to large-sized fish. -2.54107.6321 Batu Malang Penyu. At the waters between Lengkuas and Kepayang Island, it is a prime spot for both snorkeling and diving in Belitung, with colorful corals in between schools of fish. A nearby shipwreck is also worth visiting. It is one of the two places in the world where you can dive between granite rocks, the other is at Seychelles on the other side of the Indian Ocean. -2.795107.8492 Batu Mentas Conservation Center. A conservation center at the foot of Mount Tajam. A few last meters to the entrance is still of soil but what awaits at its end will awe you. Go tubing along the river (like rafting but with individual buoys), see the endangered tarsius, stroll around the green forest or do the outbound activities. You can also swim at the shallow river with small fishes. It also houses a restaurant and a resort. Weekdays: free, Weekends: Rp5,000. ATMs from foreign banks are yet to make their way into the island. if you wish to draw some money, get to the ATMs provided by BCA, BRI, or Bank Sumsel Babel, although the latter is highly unlikely to accept any foreign cards. There are no money exchanges as foreign visitors are still scarce and there are no international flights. Exchange all your foreign money into Rupiah at Jakarta before your departure. The souvenir industry at Belitung is still at its infancy: There are only a handful of specialty shops at the island, while most still blend in with ordinary shops that locals often visit. If you do find one, look for these items: Tektite: Locally known as Batu Satam, the stone is widely used for gems or jewelry. The rock was formed by asteroids falling on tin ground, resulting in its black color and smooth groove. Crackers or Kerupuk: These are not rice crackers. The main ingredient is seafood: a choice of fish, shrimp, or even squid. Terasi: fresh shrimp paste, wrapped with woven leaves. Fish floss: The unique feature compared to other areas' produce is its slight spiciness, thus it is locally called Sambal Lingkong. Perfect accompaniment with rice. Shells: No, you cannot take the shells direct from the beaches. But there are designers that display items that takes shell art to the next level. Here are a few places to shop which is, as most other attractions, mostly located at Tanjung Pandan: -2.7397107.63261 Barata, Jl. Veteran No. 1, Tanjung Pandan. The largest (and perhaps the only) mall in Belitung. -2.7394107.63622 Galeri KUMKM Belitung, Jl.Sriwijaya, Tanjung Pandan. This is the market where small designers sell their product to fame. The most complete collection of souvenirs, they have all of the above. -2.726107.62883 Toko Oleh-oleh Keluarga OK, Jl. Patimura, Tanjung Pandan. Locally produced bags, fashion, and shell arts. If you buy the crackers in bulks, they have a special wrapping box for your convenience. Even if it is a small island, Belitung has its own local delicacy that will delight your palate during your visit: Gangan: A fish soup with curry and pineapple. Perfect to soothe your throat and a zest source of energy Otak-otak Ikan: fish cake, white and chewy, not fried. Usually packed in leaves, with chili sauce as its condiment (bearable spiciness to western standards). Mie Belitung: even Belitung has its own version of noodle dish. It is noodles with sweet gravy of spices and shrimp, topped with cucumbers, tofu, potatoes, and dried shrimp. Complement with gnetum gnemon crackers. In selected stalls, the dish is served on a big leaf to enhance the aroma. Seafood is common; fish, shrimp, and squid are the main dish at virtually every restaurant, including species you might have never heard of at other areas across the country. The more premium ones will also serve crabs and oysters (sorry, no lobsters!). Vegetables can act as a substitute and most have at least one dish made mostly of this ingredient. Most eating options consists of wooden or simple stalls with ample seating area and kitchen at its backdoor, which is by far the best bet in terms of hygiene. When dining in open areas though, flies are a nuisance and will try to distract your quiet meal. The cost of a standard meal for a group of four is very low to Jakarta's standard. Typically it will cost you Rp 300,000, assuming rice with three or four platters for communal consumption. Top up your meal with tea or orange juice — not the typical orange, but the white glassy key lime. -2.8546108.28821 Fega Restaurant, Jl. Assalam No. 10, Manggar, ☏ +62 719 91114. A restaurant that has a view of the lake emptying into the sea. Have a taste of the fish head gangan, seafood, or a snack with your coffee. -2.741107.63162 Dapur Sakato, Jl. Depati Gegedek, Tanjung Pandan. Where there are Padang (Minangkabau) people, there is always a restaurant of their cuisine. Does not have the typical prominent roof, but a more premium feel. from Rp40,000. -2.7396107.6343 Mie Belitung Atep, Jl. Sriwijaya No. 27 (near the roundabout, before the billboard), ☏ +62 719 21464. Since 1973, this stall has attracted numerous national celebrities to stop by, even the former president Megawati. Specialties are the Mie Belitung, and the key lime juice. Cheap but you might need two to fill you up. from Rp10,000. -2.7382107.63684 Mie Yamin Achoi, Jl. Madura 1, Tanjung Pandan. If you want meat, that is their main ingredient for their noodle dish (bakmi), but they also have the Mie Belitung. from Rp8,000. -2.7396107.63565 RM Diva, Jl. Sriwijaya 27, Tanjung Pandan. Has seafood, but much more options if you are bored with it. -2.7307107.63936 RM Mutiara, Jl. Wahab Aziz No. 7. Crowded, but has premium seafood options: crab, fish, and squid. They have the gangan, choose between whole fish or fish head. Dishes from Rp 50,000. -2.7346107.63057 RM Belitong Tempo Duluk, Jl. Lettu Mat Daud, Tanjung Pandan. Also a typical restaurant with local food, but with a more premium and hygienic feel. Knick knacks and recipes from the old days of the island. If you want a temporary relief from seafood, an increasing number of Western appetites are building up — easy to find at Tanjung Pandan; near to none at other areas but hotels. -2.7396107.63688 Brosis, Jl. Sriwijaya. Notable for its ice cream shop and has Western food. -2.7393107.63499 Kentucky Fried Chicken, Jl. Sriwijaya Square. Want a temporary relief to Western food? Shift yourself to its fried chicken from this fast food restaurant. -2.7393107.627610 Unique Bistro & Karaoke. Common Indonesian food and to some extent, western food. Live music each night and karaoke room. There are no general signs of party and nightlife within the island. Karaoke bars, despite its enticing name as a youth's night resort, actually do not serve alcoholic drinks. A notable exception is the bar at some hotels, such as Mama Mia's at the Kepayang Island cottages, that cater mostly to high-end and foreign tourists. Do stop by Manggar at the east side for its unbeknownst coffee culture. Warkop (coffee shops) are abundant at every corner and that's where the population meets, for a siesta or a social talk. -2.851108.28691 Warung Kopi Atet, Jalan Manggar, Manggar. Perhaps the most famous coffee shop. Accompany your cup of Joe (or cup of tea) with snacks,eggs, or indomie (the infamous instant noodle brand). one cup from Rp5,000. -2.7403107.63382 Sriwijaya Shop, ☏ +62 719 21202. There is actually no name for the shop but it houses a travel agent (the front display says they sell Sriwijaya Air tickets) and sells local snacks. On a hot day, as is always the case, sit here and enjoy a refreshing shaved ice (sekoteng) with jelly, red or green beans and other toppings, condensed milk and syrup. As the number of visitors dramatically grow, hotels are sprouting all around the region. From the cheap to a presidential suite, you'll never run out of choice! Most hotel options are at Tanjung Pandan, as it is the typical starting point for tourists to explore what Belitung has to offer. Not all hotels appear on your typical booking sites though. -2.6061107.63181 Bukit Berahu, Tanjung Bingga. Decent cottages with shower, AC, TV and minibar. A bit worn down but OK for a night or two. Access to the cottages is a long walk down some steps to an isolated beach area. Nice and quiet but at night can be a bit eerie as it is so isolated and none of the staff sleeps at the office upstairs - you will be on your own! Maybe some concerns on safety. The office on top of the hill has a restaurant with sprawling views of the ocean, although opinions of the food there are mixed. If you do not wish to stay, you still can go down the beach, mingle at the swimming pool or grab a bite at its restaurant! from Rp300,000. -2.7377107.63132 [dead link] Central City Hotel, Jl. Veteran no.7, Tanjung Pandan. It may look like a small hotel from the outside, but there is a huge pond with fountain in front of the rooms! No windows in your room and not sound-proof. from Rp250,000. -2.5598107.66993 Kelayang Beach Cottages, Jln Raya Tanjung Kelayang. Run by a Western-Indonesian couple and family. 8 bungalows with air-con and fan only. Very basic: a bed with mosquito net, a bathroom with an Asian-style squat toilet, a mandi (water tank) shower. Can be noisy due to traffic from the nearby road and the small fishermen's harbor by the cottages. The Mama Mia's restaurant can arrange island hopping tours or water sports. They serve alcohol! Rp 300,000 (air con), Rp 200,000 (fan). -2.7423107.62864 Lux Melati Hotel, ln Melati No 72, Tanjung Pandan. Large hotel, basic rooms with air-con, TV, and shower. Less than five minutes away on foot to Tanjung Pendam beach or the Tanjung Pandan city center. from Rp300,000. -2.7423107.63295 Martani Hotel, Jl. Yos Sudarso no.18, Tanjung Pandan, ☏ +62 719 21432. Subpar hotel in a central location. Room with simple breakfast. Family room has a home theater system! Doubles from Rp120,000, family from Rp400,000. -2.7298107.62856 Pondok Impian 2, Jl. Patimura no. 8 Tanjung Pandan. Midway between downtown Tanjung Pandan and Tanjung Binga beach. Quaint exotic exterior, adequate facilities for a star hotel, superb view. Breakfast was on par with price. You cannot plunge into the beach directly from the hotel though. From Rp250,000. -2.8709108.25717 Oasis Hotel, Jl. Raya Gantung no. 1 Manggar, Damar. Basic hotel at the east coast, close to the Burung Mandi Beach. From Rp 300,000. -2.7486107.65338 Demuon Hotel, Jl. Jendral Sudirman No. 30, Tanjung Pandan, ☏ +62 719 23200. A simple hotel inland away from downtown Tanjung Pandan. Rooms only. Spacious room with minimum design and adequate amenities. From Rp400,000. -2.7282107.62869 BW Suite Belitung, Jl. Pattimura, Tanjung Pandan, ☏ +62 719 23898. The largest and one of the best places to stay in Belitung. If you want a high unobstructed view of the sunset, this is where you'll find it. Western standard hotel service, large restaurant for a buffet, a swimming pool and bar overlooking the sunset. Doubles from Rp 600,000 per night. -2.7249107.628910 Grand Pelangi Resort, Jl. Pattimura, Tanjung Pandan, ☏ +62 719 25552. A lower profile hotel that overlooks the western beach, but still close to Tanjung Pandan. Has a restaurant, karaoke room, swimming pool, and you can rent a car or motorcycle. Doubles from Rp 500,000. -2.74107.626111 Grand Hatika Hotel, Jl. Kemuning No. A16, ☏ +62 719 22678. Huge hotel facing Tanjung Pendam Beach. Adequate rooms, small pool, and restaurant. WiFi at lobby only. Be aware of the loud live music at the beach every night! -2.742107.649812 Green Village Hotel, Jl. Ahmad Yani No. 4 Tanjung Pandan, ☏ +62 719 24135. Inland, away from downtown Tanjung Pandan, makes this hotel lucky enough to offer bungalows for its residence. Garden style hotel, with multiple swimming pools, a restaurant and some gazebos, and an indoor karaoke room. Weekdays from Rp650,000; Weekends from Rp800,000. -2.8525108.289113 Guest Hotel Manggar, Jl. Eks Bioskop Mega, Lipat Kajang 2, Manggar. If you are stuck, or decided to tuck yourself at the east coast, this is the best accommodation available. Limited number of rooms, but modern and fancy. doubles from Rp500,000. -2.737107.642614 MaxOne Belstar, Jl. Sriwijaya, Tanjung Pandan. Chic and modern designed hotel, at the suburbs of Tanjung Pandan. Has an in-house restaurant. (updated Jul 2015) -3.144107.6315 Arumdalu Private Resort, Jl. Batu Lubang, Membalong, ☏ +62 816 807 389. A private 10-room resort at the south. Restaurant serving organic food, batik workshop, private pool at your room, your very own beach and garden, a pyramid wedding chapel by the beach to proclaim the vow. Perfect for a quiet honeymoon. From Rp6,000,000. -2.7202107.629216 Bahamas, Jl. Pattimura No.1, Air Saga ,Tanjung Pandan, ☏ +62 719 22252. Comfortable open-air hotel with 78 rooms overlooking a nice beach. Very easy to coordinate trips from the hotel to locations around the island. Twins from Rp700,000; doubles from Rp900,000. -2.74107.632217 Billiton Hotel & Klub, Jl. Depati Gegedek No. 50, ☏ +62 719 22887. A quiet sanctuary right at the center of bustling Tanjung Pandan. High end resort with a pool and its own restaurant. Perfect for honeymooners, but a bit far from the famous beaches. Twins from Rp800,000, doubles from Rp900,000, suites Rp2,500,000 (all includes breakfast). -2.5473107.650818 Kepayang Island Cottages, Kepayang Island. The only piece of sanctuary of its kind outside the mainland. It has a choice of exotic safari tents, wooden bungalows, or modest cottages. All overlooks the sandy beach with only a number of rocks. Tent:Rp850,000/night, Bungalow:Rp450,000/night, Cottage:Rp300,000/night. -2.562107.704419 Lor-In Belitung, Tanjung Tinggi, ☏ +62 719 24100. 20 air-conditioned cottages overlooking one of the island's best beaches. Has a pool, a restaurant, typically resort-like. The bathrooms are outdoors (not communal though). The drawback is its remote location from other attractions. Doubles from Rp900,000; suites from Rp1,800,000. By and large, Belitung is low on crime and natural disasters. The only concern for you might be the weather. Torrential rains during the rainy season (October-March) can result in reduced visibility, road ponding, and choppy sea travel. It is advisable not to travel during this period. Electricity infrastructure has been developed following the dramatically increasing number of visitors. Blackouts can still happen though, but much spottier than it used to be and usually does not go long for hours. Although main roads are well-lit, some of the more minor roads are not very well lit and may pass through villages (Kampong or Desa) or rural areas where the locals seem to take a very casual approach to road safety. Drive slow and watch out for erratically piloted motorbikes, pedestrians and livestock. Inside Tanjung Pandan and Manggar, watch out for errors in the road arrows - they may lead you into wrong lanes or into barricades. The area is predominantly Muslim. -2.7408107.63041 Gereja Katolik Regina Pacis, Jl. Depati Gegedek, Tanjung Pandan. The only Catholic church in the island. Frequently crowded during Sunday Mass at 7AM. -2.7427107.62642 Masjid Al-Ikhram, Jl. Kemuning, Tanjung Pandan. One of the oldest mosques in the island. Bangka: the neighbor island to the west, Bangka boasts many white sand beaches and a few interesting Chinese temples.
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Hagåtña (pronounced huh-GAHT-nya) is the capital of Guam. It is the island's second smallest village in both area and population. Hagåtña is the seat of local government and one of the island's major commercial districts. It has a population of only 1,100, but the surrounding metropolitan area is much larger. Formerly known as Agana in English, Hagåtña (also spelled as Hagatna on various publications) is now known by its original name in the native Chamorro language, which was restored in 1998. It is speculated that Hagåtña roughly translates as "related to Agat" or "more/better Agat," Agat being a southern Guamanian village where the founders of Hagåtña are thought to have migrated from. From the 18th through mid-20th century, it was Guam's population center; but following heavy bombardment during World War II, much of the village was destroyed and a majority of Hagåtna's population permanently relocated to neighboring villages. It was rebuilt to include large government and office buildings, and storefronts. 13.483889144.7972221 Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport (GUM IATA). (updated Aug 2021) The main airline serving Guam is United Airlines, which offers non-stop service to Honolulu and Tokyo with onward connections from either airport to Los Angeles, Chicago, Denver, Houston, Newark, San Francisco, and Washington-Dulles. It also offers non-stop flights from Guam to most major cities in Japan, Hong Kong, Palau, Manila and Cebu in the Philippines, and many of the Federated States of Micronesia. All other service to Guam is through East Asia on Delta Air Lines, and JAL (both serving Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya), Jeju Air (Seoul), Jin Air (Seoul), Korean Air (Seoul and Osaka), ANA (Osaka), China Airlines (Taipei), Eva Air (Taipei) and Philippine Airlines (Manila). 13.473503144.7477671 Fort Santa Agueda, Fort Ct (off Hwy 7). Ruins of a Spanish fort. Built around 1800. The United States used it as a signal station until 1933. During World War II, when Guam was oocupied by the Japanese military, it was converted to a gun emplacement. From Fort Santa Agueda, there is a great view of Guam. (updated Feb 2021) 13.475416144.7308282 Pacific War Museum, 6th St, ☏ +1 671-477-8355. (updated Nov 2021) 13.476257144.7496291 MainStreet Delicatessen & Bakery, Herman Cortez Ave (between Aspinall Ave and Padre Polomo), ☏ +1 671 479 3354. M-F 6AM-2PM, closed Sa Su. Donuts, baked goods, and sandwiches. (updated Feb 2021) 13.475961144.7506161 Carabao Brewing, 140 Aspinall Ave, ☏ +1 671 969 2337. Tu-Sa 11:30AM-10PM, Su noon-6PM, closed M. Brewery. Also serves food. (updated Feb 2021) 13.475897144.750592 Hava Java Café, 148 Aspinall Ave, ☏ +1 671 477 0600. M-Th Sa 6:30AM-4PM, ; 6:30AM-5PM, closed Su. Coffee shop. Also serves sandwiches.
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Copyright means that someone, somewhere has the legal and automatic right to manage the ways that written or recorded material is used by other people. The copyright symbol with a date and name is merely a courtesy to help - its absence does not imply it is not copyright. Curiously, even Wikiversity material is copyrighted! We have to deliberately agree that anyone can use or copy material, and even then we can limit that concession for example by insisting it is not sold or published for profit. w:All rights reserved means that to use material, it is necessary to contact the copyright holder (usually the author) and comply with any instructions (usually provide an attribution and pay a fee). Failure is a 'civil wrong' that may mean going to court and being ordered to pay compensation. Creative Commons offers a range of permissions, and is one of several legal definitions for w:shareware w:Public Domain: copyright expires after a time, then anyone can do anything with that material. The period varies: in some countries, material produced by public authorities is public domain immediately it is published, while other material produced by commercial corporations copyright restrictions may be extended to 100 years or more If you put a picture of yourself online, who owns it? If you post a picture on Facebook, who owns the picture? What other 'free use' copyright organizations are there (copyleft, GNU....)? Intellectual property (Wikipedia) Copyright (Wikipedia) All rights reserved Copyleft (Wikipedia) Creative Commons Public domain /Law: studies in copyright law. Open academia in practice
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Unit: Sculpture Lesson: Self-Portrait Relief Sculpture Grade Level: High School Overview: This project is introduced as a “self-portrait” project in which the students create their own self-image onto a piece of paper. They will then use this “self-portrait” to create a three-dimensional relief sculpture, using the medium of clay. Allotted Time: 2 1⁄2 weeks (on block-scheduling—90 minutes/class period) Teacher Materials: Computer (slideshow) Projector White Board (or the like, used as projection screen) Photocopier Paper Kiln Student Materials: Paper Drawing/Painting Supplies Pens Pencils Paint Markers Pastels Canvas Cloth Surface Clay Clay Tools Rolling Pin Bowls of Water Glazes/Underglazes (and/or acrylic paints) Day by Day Procedure: Week 1: Self-Portrait Day 1 20 Minutes: Explain the concept of self-portraits, defined by Merriam-Webster Online as “a portrait of oneself done by oneself,” noting that they can be as literal or figurative as the artist desires. Present a slideshow presentation consisting of many different types of self-portraits, emphasizing the fact that the artist can be as creative as they like in portraying their own image. Effective Pictorial Examples: Chuck Close, Study for Self-Portrait, 1968 Photo realism Vincent van Gogh, Self-Portrait, 1889 True-to-life, realistic representation Pierre Bonnard, Self-Portrait in the Bathroom Mirror, 1939 Realistic representation—less detailed and more conceptual Picasso, Self-Portrait, 1907 Simplified self-image in the style of cubism Jenny Dubnau, Self-Portrait as Liar, 2005 Exaggerated features Fred Mandell, Self-Portrait, 2001 Non-traditional Additional picture resources can be found at: http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/s/self-portrait.html 5 Minutes: Pass out supplies (paper and drawing/painting materials) 5 Minutes: Answer any questions 50 Minutes: Have students brainstorm and draw a couple of preliminary self-portrait sketches. Walk around the class and observe, answering any questions that may arise while giving suggestions and constructive criticism. 10 Minutes: Clean up and pack up. Day 2 10 Minutes: Review the previous day’s info-session, allowing the floor to be open for questions. 5 Minutes: Pass out drawing/painting supplies 65 Minutes: Student work-time—Walk around the classroom and observe, once again answering questions while giving suggestions and constructive criticism. 10 Minutes: Clean up and pack up. Days 3, 4 Student work-time. Day 5 Self-Portraits due. Before assigning the next part of the project, make sure to photocopy each of the students’ self-portraits, having both the original and photocopy ready to give back to the students for the following portion. Week 2: Relief Sculpture Day 1 20 Minutes: Give a brief PowerPoint presentation outlining the concept of creating a relief sculpture, which is, as noted by Slobodkin in the book Sculpture: Principles and Practice, simply the objective of “creat[ing] within a materially limited area the illusion of a full-bodied shape.” Once again, use pictures as examples to back up your explanation. Effective Pictorial Examples: http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/quercia/quercia.html 10-15 Minutes: Inform the students that they are to make a relief sculpture from their previously drawn self-portraits. Then, demonstrate the process of making a relief sculpture. 5 Minutes: Pass out all Supplies (clay, clay tools, etc.) 40 Minutes: Student work-time—Walk around the classroom and observe, once again answering questions while giving suggestions and constructive criticism. 10 Minutes: Clean up and pack up. Days 2, 3 Student work-time. Days 4, 5 Students should be underglazing their pieces and have them ready for bisque firing. Week 3: Finishing Touches Days 1, 2 Students overglaze their pieces, having them ready for firing. Day 3 All projects are due. Resource: Slobodkin, Louis. Sculpture: Principles and Practice. New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1949.
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The return statement causes execution to jump from the current function to whatever function called the current function. An optional a result (return variable) can be returned. A function may have more than one return statement (but returning the same type). Syntax return; return value; Within the body of the function, the return statement should NOT return a pointer or a reference that has the address in memory of a local variable that was declared within the function, because as soon as the function exits, all local variables are destroyed and your pointer or reference will be pointing to some place in memory which you no longer own, so you cannot guarantee its contents. If the object to which a pointer refers is destroyed, the pointer is said to be a dangling pointer until it is given a new value; any use of the value of such a pointer is invalid. Having a dangling pointer like that is dangerous; pointers or references to local variables must not be allowed to escape the function in which those local (aka automatic) variables live. However, within the body of your function, if your pointer or reference has the address in memory of a data type, struct, or class that you dynamically allocated the memory for, using the new operator, then returning said pointer or reference would be reasonable: SOMETYPE *MyFunc() //returning a pointer that has a dynamically { //allocated memory address is valid code int *p = new int[5]; //... return p; } In most cases, a better approach in that case would be to return an object such as a smart pointer which could manage the memory; explicit memory management using widely distributed calls to new and delete (or malloc and free) is tedious, verbose and error prone. At the very least, functions which return dynamically allocated resources should be carefully documented. See this book's section on memory management for more details. const SOMETYPE *MyFunc(int *p) { //... return p; } In this case the SOMETYPE object pointed to by the returned pointer may not be modified, and if SOMETYPE is a class then only const member functions may be called on the SOMETYPE object. If such a const return value is a pointer or a reference to a class then we cannot call non-const methods on that pointer or reference since that would break our agreement not to change it.
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An extension of Imaginary Numbers, complex numbers allow us to combine real numbers with imaginary numbers to produce meaningful results from manipulating and changing things around. This page covers very basic imaginary number ideas. Before starting this, there are some prior knowledge that this page calls upon. Below is a list of the most notable prerequisites that you will need to understand what is going on. Imaginary Numbers The Unit Circle Radians Cubic Functions A complex number is part of the set of complex numbers which we represent as the symbol, C {\displaystyle \displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . Thus any complex number is part of this set C {\displaystyle \displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . Suppose we have complex number, z {\displaystyle \displaystyle z} . Now since its a complex number we can say that, z {\displaystyle \displaystyle z} is part of the set of complex numbers, C {\displaystyle \displaystyle \mathbb {C} } , which we write as z ∈ C {\displaystyle \displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} } Now the general formula for our complex number, or any complex number, can be written as: z = a + b i {\displaystyle \displaystyle z=a+bi} where a {\displaystyle \displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle \displaystyle b} are real numbers i.e. a {\displaystyle \displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle \displaystyle b} in the set of real numbers, R {\displaystyle \displaystyle \mathbb {R} } , which we can again write as a , b ∈ R {\displaystyle \displaystyle a,b\in \mathbb {R} } . The complex number is made up of two parts. They are: The real part, which is a {\displaystyle \displaystyle a} (We can show this as R e a l ( z ) = a {\displaystyle \displaystyle Real(z)=\displaystyle a} ) The imaginary part, the number in front of the i {\displaystyle \displaystyle i} , which is b {\displaystyle \displaystyle b} (We can show this as I m a g i n a r y ( z ) = b {\displaystyle \displaystyle Imaginary(z)=b} ) This is how we connect the real part with the imaginary part. There are different forms of expressing a complex number, but this form is called the Cartesian Form (because its like how we show real numbers on the Cartesian plane ( x , y {\displaystyle x,y} )) An important idea in complex numbers is the conjugate of a complex number. This is simply the opposite of a complex number and is rather easy to figure out. Lets take our previous complex number, z {\displaystyle \displaystyle z} . We already know what this is ( z = a + b i {\displaystyle \displaystyle z=a+bi} ), so the conjugate of it would be: z ̄ = a − b i {\displaystyle {\bar {z}}=a-bi} We simply change the sign in front of the imaginary part to get our conjugate for z {\displaystyle \displaystyle z} . Pretty simple. The conjugate of z {\displaystyle \displaystyle z} is shown with a special symbol, z ̄ {\displaystyle \displaystyle {\bar {z}}} . It is the variable for our complex number with a bar over it. This is the conjugate. There are various operations that one can do with complex numbers. Here we demonstrate the 4 basic operations fundamental to the area. Here we suppose that: z 1 = a + b i {\displaystyle z_{1}=a+bi} z 2 = x + y i {\displaystyle z_{2}=x+yi} Adding complex numbers is just like adding two different expressions in algebra. No tricks here. z 1 + z 2 = a + b i + x + y i {\displaystyle \displaystyle z_{1}+z_{2}=a+bi+x+yi} = ( a + x ) + ( b + y ) i {\displaystyle \displaystyle =(a+x)+(b+y)i} Note: We put the real parts in one bracket and the imaginary parts in another. This is just done to make it simpler to understand. In a real question, add them together e.g. z 1 = 1 + i {\displaystyle z_{1}=1+i} and z 2 = 6 + 13 i {\displaystyle z_{2}=6+13i} z 1 + z 2 = 1 + i + 6 + 13 i = ( 1 + 6 ) + ( 1 + 13 ) i {\displaystyle z_{1}+z_{2}=1+i+6+13i=(1+6)+(1+13)i} 7 + 14 i = 7 ( 1 + 2 i ) {\displaystyle 7+14i=7(1+2i)} Subtracting is the opposite process. Be wary of the negative sign however. z 1 − z 2 = ( a + b i ) − ( x + y i ) = a + b i − x − y i {\displaystyle \displaystyle z_{1}-z_{2}=(a+bi)-(x+yi)=a+bi-x-yi} = ( a − x ) + ( b − y ) i {\displaystyle \displaystyle =(a-x)+(b-y)i} e.g. z 1 = 2 − 3 i {\displaystyle z_{1}=2-3i} and z 2 = 4 + i {\displaystyle z_{2}=4+i} z 1 − z 2 = 2 − 3 i − ( 4 + i ) = 2 − 3 i − 4 − i {\displaystyle z_{1}-z_{2}=2-3i-(4+i)=2-3i-4-i} = ( 2 − 4 ) + ( − 3 − 1 ) i = − 2 − 4 i = − 2 ( 1 + 2 i ) {\displaystyle =(2-4)+(-3-1)i=-2-4i=-2(1+2i)} Unlike addition or subtraction, multiplying imaginary numbers isn't as straightforward. We, however, still use the FOIL technique to multiply the two numbers (treating them like expressions). What usually happens is that we multiply an imaginary part by another imaginary part, giving us a negative result. Remember: i 2 = − 1 {\displaystyle \displaystyle i^{2}=-1} z 1 × z 2 = ( a + b i ) × ( x + y i ) = a ( x + y i ) + b i ( x + y i ) {\displaystyle \displaystyle z_{1}\times z_{2}=(a+bi)\times (x+yi)=a(x+yi)+bi(x+yi)} = a x + a y i + b x + b y i 2 = a x + a y i + b x i − b y {\displaystyle \displaystyle =ax+ayi+bx+byi^{2}=ax+ayi+bxi-by} = ( a x − b y ) + ( a y + b x ) i {\displaystyle \displaystyle =(ax-by)+(ay+bx)i} We can show the multiplication of z 1 {\displaystyle z_{1}} and z 2 {\displaystyle z_{2}} as z 1 z 2 . {\displaystyle \displaystyle z_{1}z_{2}.} Remember to be careful when squaring i {\displaystyle \displaystyle i} . Division differs from the previous operations in that it requires knowledge of the conjugate of complex numbers. We can express the division of two complex numbers as: z 1 z 2 = x + y i a + b i {\displaystyle \displaystyle {\frac {z_{1}}{z_{2}}}={\frac {x+yi}{a+bi}}} Using this we must make the denominator (the number at the bottom) a real number. That is we need to multiply the fraction by the conjugate of z 2 {\displaystyle \displaystyle z_{2}} . Here is a step by step process: Find the conjugate of the denominator: In our case, the denominator is z 2 {\displaystyle \displaystyle z_{2}} , which is a + b i {\displaystyle \displaystyle a+bi} . z ̄ 2 {\displaystyle \displaystyle {\bar {z}}_{2}} is a − b i {\displaystyle \displaystyle a-bi} . That is our conjugate. Multiply the top and bottom by the conjugate: x + y i a + b i × a − b i a − b i {\displaystyle \displaystyle {\frac {x+yi}{a+bi}}\times {\frac {a-bi}{a-bi}}} Multiply like normal: x + y i a + b i × a − b i a − b i = x ( a − b i ) + y i ( a − b i ) a ( a − b i ) + b i ( a − b i ) {\displaystyle \displaystyle {\frac {x+yi}{a+bi}}\times {\frac {a-bi}{a-bi}}={\frac {x(a-bi)+yi(a-bi)}{a(a-bi)+bi(a-bi)}}} Answer: a x − b x i + a y i − b y i 2 a 2 − a b i + a b i − b 2 i 2 = ( a x + b y ) + ( a y − b x ) i a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle \displaystyle {\frac {ax-bxi+ayi-byi^{2}}{a^{2}-abi+abi-b^{2}i^{2}}}={\frac {(ax+by)+(ay-bx)i}{a^{2}+b^{2}}}} Note the denominator in our answer. It has some significance later. Raising a complex number to a power is done in the same way that we raise a power of an expression in normal algebra, but in keep in mind to be wary of the powers of i {\displaystyle i} . z 1 2 = ( x + y i ) 2 = x 2 + y 2 i 2 + 2 x y i {\displaystyle z_{1}^{2}=(x+yi)^{2}=x^{2}+y^{2}i^{2}+2xyi} = x 2 − y 2 + 2 x y i {\displaystyle =x^{2}-y^{2}+2xyi} Here a few questions to help you remember. Practice makes perfect. Let: z 1 = 3 + 4 i {\displaystyle z_{1}=3+4i} z 2 = 7 + 2 i {\displaystyle z_{2}=7+2i} 1 z 1 + z 2 {\displaystyle z_{1}+z_{2}} . 2 z 1 z 2 {\displaystyle z_{1}z_{2}} 3 z 1 − z 2 ̄ {\displaystyle z_{1}-{\bar {z_{2}}}} 4 ( z 1 − z 2 ̄ ) ( z 2 − z 1 ̄ ) {\displaystyle (z_{1}-{\bar {z_{2}}})(z_{2}-{\bar {z_{1}}})} 5 z 1 z 2 ̄ {\displaystyle {\frac {z_{1}}{\bar {z_{2}}}}} Solving polynomials in the real plane is rather simple and is something covered in Algebra. For example, we can easily solve x 3 − 8 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{3}-8=0} , which is x = 2 {\displaystyle x=2} . However, sometimes we encounter polynomials where there seems to be no real solutions. For example take the quadraticː x 2 + 4 x + 5 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{2}+4x+5=0} Now if we were to use the quadratic formula, a curious error occurs in the discriminant part. Remember the discriminant of an equation is given byː Δ = b 2 − 4 a c {\displaystyle \Delta =b^{2}-4ac} Now if you recall, if Δ < 0 {\displaystyle \Delta <0} , there were no real solutions (The emphasis on 'real' since in the complex plane, there exist solutions). Subbing in our coefficients, we getː Δ = 16 − 4 × 5 × 1 = 16 − 20 = − 4 {\displaystyle \Delta =16-4\times 5\times 1=16-20=-4} Nothing strange here apart from the equation seemingly having no real solutions. When using the quadratic equation we getː x = − 4 ± − 4 2 {\displaystyle x={\frac {-4\pm {\sqrt {-4}}}{2}}} Wait what? − 4 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {-4}}} has no real solutions since you cannot square root a negative. Right? Well in the complex plane you can, since the idea of i {\displaystyle i} is built upon the idea that i = − 1 {\displaystyle i={\sqrt {-1}}} . We can express − 4 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {-4}}} as 4 × − 1 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {4}}\times {\sqrt {-1}}} which is 2 i {\displaystyle 2i} . Now we have solutions for this equationː x = 4 ± 2 i 2 = 2 ± i {\displaystyle x={\frac {4\pm 2i}{2}}=2\pm i} And those our answers. Using the complex plane, we can solve polynomials that have no real solutions. There are a few techniques we can employ to solve polynomials in the complex plane. In the real plane, you cannot really factorizeː a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}} But in the complex plane we can assume that b 2 {\displaystyle b^{2}} can be written as − ( b i ) 2 {\displaystyle -(bi)^{2}} , which when expanded gives usː − b 2 × i 2 = − b 2 × − 1 = b 2 {\displaystyle -b^{2}\times i^{2}=-b^{2}\times -1=b^{2}} . So we can show the sum of two squares asː a 2 − ( b i ) 2 {\displaystyle a^{2}-(bi)^{2}} Which is the difference of two squares soː a 2 + b 2 = a 2 − ( b i ) 2 = ( a + b i ) ( a − b i ) {\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}=a^{2}-(bi)^{2}=(a+bi)(a-bi)} e.g. Solve x 2 + 4 {\displaystyle x^{2}+4} = 0 Now we can arrange the equation asː x 2 = − 4 {\displaystyle x^{2}=-4} And then square root it to get our answerː x = ± 2 i {\displaystyle x=\pm 2i} But we can use the sum of perfect squares to also do this x 2 + 4 = ( x 2 + − 4 ) ( x 2 − − 4 ) = ( x + 2 i ) ( x − 2 i ) {\displaystyle x^{2}+4=({\sqrt {x^{2}}}+{\sqrt {-4}})({\sqrt {x^{2}}}-{\sqrt {-4}})=(x+2i)(x-2i)} And soː x = ± 2 i {\displaystyle x=\pm 2i} We can apply this technique of quadratic substitution to simplify polynomials where only even coefficients exist, such as x 4 + x 2 + 4 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{4}+x^{2}+4=0} . Lets use an example to understand how we do thisː z 4 + 2 z 2 − 15 = 0 {\displaystyle z^{4}+2z^{2}-15=0} We can express these coefficients as powers of 2 (hence the quadratic substitution idea). Lets take a variable, say m {\displaystyle m} , and say that m = z 2 {\displaystyle m=z^{2}} ( z 2 ) 2 + 2 ( z 2 ) − 15 = m 2 + 2 m − 15 {\displaystyle (z^{2})^{2}+2(z^{2})-15=m^{2}+2m-15} Now we can solve this like any normal quadraticː m 2 + 2 m − 15 = ( m + 5 ) ( m − 3 ) {\displaystyle m^{2}+2m-15=(m+5)(m-3)} soː m = − 5 , m = 3 {\displaystyle m=-5,m=3} But remember that m = z 2 {\displaystyle m=z^{2}} , so we have one more step to doː z 2 = − 5 , z 2 = 3 {\displaystyle z^{2}=-5,z^{2}=3} And now we square root, remembering to express any negative square root as a positive square root with i {\displaystyle i} ( − 9 = 9 × − 1 = 3 i {\displaystyle {\sqrt {-9}}={\sqrt {9}}\times {\sqrt {-1}}=3i} ) z = ± 5 i , z = ± 3 {\displaystyle z=\pm {\sqrt {5}}i,z=\pm {\sqrt {3}}} Generally used for polynomials with an even number of terms, we can group like terms together (similar to what we do when factoring non-monic trinomials in quadratics). Take the equationː 2 z 3 − 3 z 2 + 16 z − 24 = 0 {\displaystyle 2z^{3}-3z^{2}+16z-24=0} We can group like terms together based on coefficients. Through careful rearranging and finding the HCF we can find thatː 2 z 3 + 16 z − 3 z 2 − 24 = 2 z ( z 2 + 8 ) − 3 ( z 2 + 8 ) = ( 2 z − 3 ) ( z 2 + 8 ) {\displaystyle 2z^{3}+16z-3z^{2}-24=2z(z^{2}+8)-3(z^{2}+8)=(2z-3)(z^{2}+8)} Now we can simply solve using the Null Factor Lawː 2 z − 3 = 0 {\displaystyle 2z-3=0} z = 3 2 {\displaystyle z={\frac {3}{2}}} z 2 = − 8 {\displaystyle z^{2}=-8} z = − 8 = ± 2 2 i {\displaystyle z={\sqrt {-8}}=\pm 2{\sqrt {2}}i} And that's the solutions. Just to make sure you've found all the solutions, take into account what type of polynomial it is (cubic, quadratic, quartic, etc.). Here a cubic will have 3 solutions which we have found. Just like the methods we use when solving polynomials, we can apply the factor theorem to solving polynomials over C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . Remember the factor theoremː If ( x − a ) {\displaystyle (x-a)} is a factor of the polynomial, P ( x ) {\displaystyle P(x)} , then P ( a ) = 0 {\displaystyle P(a)=0} . In complex numbers, we can use this idea to not only prove that something is a factor, but then using division to find a quadratic factor of a polynomial. For example takeː z 3 + i z 2 + 2 i {\displaystyle z^{3}+iz^{2}+2i} and ( z − i ) {\displaystyle (z-i)} is a factor. First we sub in i {\displaystyle i} for z {\displaystyle z} . i 3 + i × i 2 + 2 i = − i × − i ∗ i + 2 i = − 2 i + 2 i = 0 {\displaystyle i^{3}+i\times i^{2}+2i=-i\times -i*i+2i=-2i+2i=0} So we know definitely ( z − i ) {\displaystyle (z-i)} is a factor. Now all we do is divide by this factor (it may be a bit tricky doing this with complex numbers but remember to apply the same rules and watch out for i 2 {\displaystyle i^{2}} ) ( z − i ) ( z 2 + 2 i z − 2 ) = 0 {\displaystyle (z-i)(z^{2}+2iz-2)=0} Now we simply solve the quadratic. Using Complete The Square (same process as with real numbers, but be careful of that i 2 {\displaystyle i^{2}} and also remember that ( a + b i ) 2 = a 2 + 2 a b i − b 2 {\displaystyle (a+bi)^{2}=a^{2}+2abi-b^{2}} ) We end up withː ( z + i ) 2 − 3 = 0 {\displaystyle (z+i)^{2}-3=0} ( z + i ) 2 = 3 {\displaystyle (z+i)^{2}=3} z + i = ± 3 {\displaystyle z+i=\pm {\sqrt {3}}} z = ± 3 − i {\displaystyle z=\pm {\sqrt {3}}-i} And now we have solved our equation. z = i , 3 − i , − 3 − i {\displaystyle z=i,{\sqrt {3}}-i,-{\sqrt {3}}-i} A really major part of solving polynomials over C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } is the conjugate root theorem. This idea is unique to complex numbers, thanks to the special properties of i {\displaystyle i} . It is important to note that this idea only applies to polynomials which have REAL coefficients, so x 3 + 2 i x 2 + 3 {\displaystyle x^{3}+2ix^{2}+3} can't really have conjugate complex pairs. The theorem statesː If z = a + b i {\displaystyle z=a+bi} is a root of polynomial, P ( x ) {\displaystyle P(x)} , then so is the conjugate, z ̄ = a − b i {\displaystyle {\bar {z}}=a-bi} If ( z − a − b i ) {\displaystyle (z-a-bi)} is a factor of polynomial of, P ( x ) {\displaystyle P(x)} , then so is the conjugate factor, ( z − a + b i ) {\displaystyle (z-a+bi)} This has major implications in the way we solve polynomials, causing us to see that every polynomial can be viewed as the product of some factors and the conjugate pairs of two or more conjugate numbers. It also allows us to deduce quickly the other roots of a polynomial without a lengthy process. In complex numbers, we have to find a way to represent these geometrically in order to do various manipulations. The solution to this problem is through Argand diagrams. In general, Argand diagrams can be described as Cartesian planes which have been repurposed to fit the idea of complex numbers. Here, the x {\displaystyle x} -axis becomes the 'real axis' and the y {\displaystyle y} -axis becomes the 'imaginary axis'. Using the Cartesian form, we can plot the locations of our complex numbers on the plane. Suppose we have the complex number, z {\displaystyle z} , be a + b i {\displaystyle a+bi} . We would plot it as in the image shown. Notice how the value for R e ( z ) = a {\displaystyle Re(z)=a} and the value for I m ( z ) = b {\displaystyle Im(z)=b} are plotted. They correspond to a value on their respective axis, a {\displaystyle a} being plotted at the same value as the real part and b {\displaystyle b} plotted as the same value as the imaginary part. The Argand Diagram shares many similarities with the way the Cartesian plane works, in the way that the complex numbers are plotted. In fact, the form of a complex number, a + b i {\displaystyle a+bi} , is called Cartesian or Rectangular form, because of this. There are other forms of complex number representations, one of which is polar form. Polar form is a new way at looking how we describe the location of a point on any plane, not just the Argand Diagram. In Cartesian, we usually describe the location of a point based on two values which when drawn perpendicular from their respective axis, intersect at that point. In polar form however, we describe a point based on its distance from the origin and the angle it has from the positive x-direction. We can apply polar form to many coordinate systems but for now, let's stick to complex numbers. We usually right the coordinates of a complex number in Cartesian form as: a + b i {\displaystyle a+bi} In polar form however, we describe the location of a complex number as the distance from origin and angle (called an argument) from the positive x axis: z = r ( c o s ( θ ) + s i n ( θ ) i ) {\displaystyle z=r(cos(\theta )+sin(\theta )i)} or z = r c i s θ {\displaystyle z=rcis\theta } Now what do all these numbers mean? If you covered unit circles, its evident that c o s ( θ ) {\displaystyle cos(\theta )} can be a representation of the x {\displaystyle x} -coordinate (which in this case is the real number) and s i n ( θ ) {\displaystyle sin(\theta )} can be a representation of the y {\displaystyle y} -coordinate, (which in this case is the imaginary part. Thus that's our first part solved. With r {\displaystyle r} , that's the modulus function, which gives us the distance from origin. We can solve what r {\displaystyle r} is and what θ {\displaystyle \theta } is using the equation: r = a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle r={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}} θ = a r c t a n ( b a ) {\displaystyle \theta =arctan({\frac {b}{a}})} Now, the equation for r {\displaystyle r} looks familiar. Its actually Pythagoras' Theorem, which we are using to determine the length of point from the origin, by taking our side lengths as a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} . We actually did this before and was the multiplication of a complex number and its conjugate: z z ̄ = ( a + b i ) ( a − b i ) = a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle z{\bar {z}}=(a+bi)(a-bi)=a^{2}+b^{2}} However, this is taken further and square rooted. We call this the modulus of a function, i.e. the distance it has from the origin. We write this as: | z | = a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle |z|={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}} Notice how the modulus of a number uses the symbol, | x | {\displaystyle |x|} . This is called the absolute value or modulus function, and its definition is consistent with what we did here. Now, the θ {\displaystyle \theta } , is what we call the argument of z {\displaystyle z} and we right this using radians, rather than degrees. To figure out the argument of say, complex number z {\displaystyle z} ( A r g ( z ) {\displaystyle Arg(z)} ), we do the following: Figure out in what quadrant the complex number lies in: We can figure this out by simply looking at the signs of the real and imaginary part of the complex number and relating it to the way that we figure out if an ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} coordinate is in what quadrant. Assignment: In our complex number, a + b i {\displaystyle a+bi} , we can relate the trig identities of cos θ {\displaystyle \cos \theta } and sin θ {\displaystyle \sin \theta } to their appropriate parts (real, imaginary). This is where the knowledge of the unit circle comes in handy, since we can imagine that a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} as x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} , and in a unit circle, x = cos θ {\displaystyle x=\cos \theta } and y = sin θ {\displaystyle y=\sin \theta } . Through this we can equate to find the argument. Use CAST: Now using CAST we can perform the necessary calculations to find the appropriate angle for our argument. Remember step 1, Figure out what quadrant the complex number lies in? This is where we use it. We can use arctan ( b a ) {\displaystyle \arctan({\frac {b}{a}})} but rather we can figure out θ {\displaystyle \theta } by using cos {\displaystyle \cos } and sin {\displaystyle \sin } . To figure out θ {\displaystyle \theta } by doing this we simply do: θ = arccos ( a r ) {\displaystyle \theta =\arccos({\frac {a}{r}})} θ = arcsin ( b r ) {\displaystyle \theta =\arcsin({\frac {b}{r}})} θ = arctan ( b a ) {\displaystyle \theta =\arctan({\frac {b}{a}})} Compare and deduce: Now that we have 3 theta values, we can work out the argument of the complex number is. A positive value means the angle will be in an anti-clockwise direction from 0 whereas a negative angle value is from 0 degrees in a clockwise direction (Remember CAST) Answer: Give the answer in radians. To convert from degrees to radians use the formula: r = ( π 180 ) × θ {\displaystyle r=({\frac {\pi }{180}})\times \theta } Argument of z {\displaystyle z} , has now been found. We can now write our complex number, z {\displaystyle z} as: z = r c i s θ {\displaystyle z=rcis\theta } Converting from cartesian to polar is rather complicated but through these steps you can do so. Take the complex number: z = 1 + i {\displaystyle z=1+i} Remember that | z | = a 2 + b 2 {\displaystyle |z|={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}} . Subbing the real, 1 {\displaystyle 1} , and the imaginary, 1 {\displaystyle 1} , values for a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} . So the modulus of z {\displaystyle z} is 1 2 + 1 2 = 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1^{2}+1^{2}}}={\sqrt {2}}} So | z | {\displaystyle |z|} is 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} . Now that we have the modulus, all we need now is the argument, the θ {\displaystyle \theta } . First figure out which quadrant it we can find the complex number in. R e ( z ) {\displaystyle Re(z)} and I m ( z ) {\displaystyle Im(z)} are both positive values so our complex number lies in Quadrant 1. Now we use CAST. Since z {\displaystyle z} is in Quadrant one, the cos {\displaystyle \cos } and sin {\displaystyle \sin } values will be positive. arccos ( 1 2 ) = 45 ∘ {\displaystyle \arccos({\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}})=45^{\circ }} arcsin ( 1 2 ) = 45 ∘ {\displaystyle \arcsin({\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}})=45^{\circ }} So our argument is 45 ∘ {\displaystyle 45^{\circ }} . However, when dealing with polar form, we want to express this as radians. So we can use our formula, π 180 × θ {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{180}}\times \theta } . π 180 × 45 ∘ = 45 π 180 = π 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{180}}\times 45^{\circ }={\frac {45\pi }{180}}={\frac {\pi }{4}}} So that's our argument, π 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{4}}} , in radians. So now we can write out our complex number in polar formː z = 2 c i s π 4 {\displaystyle z={\sqrt {2}}cis{\frac {\pi }{4}}} Conversion from polar to cartesian is that we apply somewhat the opposite process to our polar form. Suppose we have the complex number in polar formː z = 2 c i s ( 7 π 4 ) {\displaystyle z=2cis({\frac {7\pi }{4}})} Now if we use our intuition and some knowledge of the unit circle (its heavily recommended to know about the unit circle before reading this), we find that 7 π 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {7\pi }{4}}} is in fact in the 4th quadrant. So in our cartesian form, I m ( z ) {\displaystyle Im(z)} will be negative and R e ( z ) {\displaystyle Re(z)} will be positive. Now we could just go straight ahead and work out the cos {\displaystyle \cos } and sin {\displaystyle \sin } values for it, but if we use our knowledge of reference angles, we can find that the reference angle for this is π 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{4}}} . Now we can go ahead and work out the two parts of z {\displaystyle z} . R e ( z ) = 2 × cos 45 ∘ = 2 × 2 2 = 2 {\displaystyle Re(z)=2\times \cos 45^{\circ }=2\times {\frac {\sqrt {2}}{2}}={\sqrt {2}}} I m ( z ) = 2 × − sin 45 ∘ = − 2 {\displaystyle Im(z)=2\times -\sin 45^{\circ }=-{\sqrt {2}}} Remember CAST. This is why the sin {\displaystyle \sin } was negative when working out I m ( z ) {\displaystyle Im(z)} . So now our complex number in cartesian form isː z = 2 − 2 i = 2 ( 1 − i ) {\displaystyle z={\sqrt {2}}-{\sqrt {2}}i={\sqrt {2}}(1-i)} In polar form, we are only limited to multiplying and dividing polar forms of complex numbers. Addition or subtraction requires us to convert to cartesian form. For our examples we will be usingː z 1 = r 1 c i s ( θ 1 ) {\displaystyle z_{1}=r_{1}cis(\theta _{1})} z 2 = r 2 c i s ( θ 2 ) {\displaystyle z_{2}=r_{2}cis(\theta _{2})} When multiplying, simply multiply the modulus and add the angles z 1 z 2 = r 1 r 2 c i s ( θ 2 + θ 1 ) {\displaystyle z_{1}z_{2}=r_{1}r_{2}cis(\theta _{2}+\theta _{1})} When dividing we use the same idea, dividing the modulus and subtracting the angles z 1 z 2 = r 1 r 2 c i s ( θ 2 − θ 1 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {z_{1}}{z_{2}}}={\frac {r_{1}}{r_{2}}}cis(\theta _{2}-\theta _{1})} When discussing powers in polar form, we can use De Moivre's Formula (named after French Mathematician Abraham de Moivre) . When raising the complex number, z {\displaystyle z} , to a power in polar form we simply doː z n = r n c i s ( n θ ) {\displaystyle z^{n}=r^{n}cis(n\theta )} Its a simplification of multiplying the complex number multiple times (which was what powers are essentially). Using De Moivre's formula, we can find the roots of a polynomial. Now there are two ways to find roots of a polynomial, either through the rectangular method or the polar form method. Rectangular method uses the idea of squaring a complex number ( x + y i ) {\displaystyle (x+yi)} . Lets take an exampleː Solve z 2 = 5 − 12 i {\displaystyle z^{2}=5-12i} Now, z 2 = 5 − 12 i {\displaystyle z^{2}=5-12i} , however z {\displaystyle z} must've been derived from z = x + y i {\displaystyle z=x+yi} . So lets see what z 2 {\displaystyle z^{2}} looks like if z = x + y i {\displaystyle z=x+yi} z 2 = ( x + y i ) 2 {\displaystyle z^{2}=(x+yi)^{2}} = x 2 − y 2 + 2 x y i {\displaystyle =x^{2}-y^{2}+2xyi} Now we end up with this expanded form. Notice that we can also call this a complex number since there are 2 parts, a real part and an imaginary part. So what we can do, is equate the real and imaginary parts and solve like a normal equation for x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} . x 2 − y 2 = 5 {\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{2}=5} 2 x y = 12 {\displaystyle 2xy=12} We can remove the i {\displaystyle i} since its unnecessary. Now we solve like a simultaneous equation. Start with 2 x y = 12 {\displaystyle 2xy=12} and sub it into x 2 − y 2 = 5 {\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{2}=5} 2 x y = − 12 ⟶ x y = − 6 {\displaystyle 2xy=-12\longrightarrow xy=-6} (divide by 2) y = − 6 x {\displaystyle y={\frac {-6}{x}}} (rearranging it to make y the subject) x 2 − y 2 = 5 → {\displaystyle x^{2}-y^{2}=5\rightarrow } x 2 − ( − 6 x ) 2 = 5 {\displaystyle x^{2}-({\frac {-6}{x}})^{2}=5} (subbing in our known y value) x 2 − 36 x 2 = 5 → x 4 − 36 = 5 x 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}-{\frac {36}{x^{2}}}=5\rightarrow x^{4}-36=5x^{2}} (rationalising everything) x 4 − 5 x 2 − 36 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{4}-5x^{2}-36=0} (we've reached a quartic. We can use quadratic substitution). Let m = x 2 {\displaystyle m=x^{2}} m 2 − 5 m − 36 = 0 → ( m − 9 ) ( m + 4 ) = 0 {\displaystyle m^{2}-5m-36=0\rightarrow (m-9)(m+4)=0} m = 9 , m = − 4 → x 2 = 9 , x 2 = − 4 {\displaystyle m=9,m=-4\rightarrow x^{2}=9,x^{2}=-4} (remember that m = x 2 {\displaystyle m=x^{2}} ) x = ± 3 {\displaystyle x=\pm 3} (remember, x {\displaystyle x} , is our real part of the complex number z {\displaystyle z} so we don't include x 2 = − 4 {\displaystyle x^{2}=-4} which would yield, x = ± 2 i {\displaystyle x=\pm 2i} ) y = ± 2 {\displaystyle y=\pm 2} (using the values of positive and negative x {\displaystyle x} , we find the values of y {\displaystyle y} ) So now we've found the answer (after a very long process) that the roots of z 2 {\displaystyle z^{2}} , areː z = 3 − 2 i {\displaystyle z=3-2i} z = − 3 + 2 i {\displaystyle z=-3+2i} Which we can express asː z = ± ( 3 − 2 i ) {\displaystyle z=\pm (3-2i)} Although cartesian form yields a very comfortable looking answer, it takes a long and tedious process to do so. However, using polar form, we can find the roots rather easily using De Moivre's Formula. Lets explain using an exampleː Solve z 3 = 8 c i s ( 2 π 3 ) {\displaystyle z^{3}=8cis({\frac {2\pi }{3}})} Now De Moivre's theorem states that when raising a number by a powerː z n = r n c i s ( n θ ) {\displaystyle z^{n}=r^{n}cis(n\theta )} If we can use this idea and apply it to our equation The set of complex numbers is denoted C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . A complex number z ∈ C {\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} } can be written in Cartesian coordinates as z = a + i b {\displaystyle z=a+ib} where a , b ∈ R {\displaystyle a,b\in \mathbb {R} } . a {\displaystyle a} is called the 'real part' of z {\displaystyle z} and b {\displaystyle b} is called the 'imaginary part' of z {\displaystyle z} . These can also be written in a trigonometric polar form, as z = r ( cos ( θ ) + i sin ( θ ) ) {\displaystyle z=r(\cos(\vartheta )+i\sin(\vartheta ))} where r ∈ R {\displaystyle r\in \mathbb {R} } is the 'magnitude' of z {\displaystyle z} and θ ∈ [ − π , π ) {\displaystyle \vartheta \in [-\pi ,\pi )} is called the 'argument' of z {\displaystyle z} . These two forms are related by the equations r = a 2 + b 2 θ = arctan ( b a ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}r&={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}\\\vartheta &=\arctan \left({\frac {b}{a}}\right).\end{aligned}}} The trigonometric polar form can also be written as z = r e i θ {\displaystyle z=re^{i\vartheta }} by using Euler's Identity e i θ = cos ( θ ) + i sin ( θ ) . {\displaystyle e^{i\vartheta }=\cos(\vartheta )+i\sin(\vartheta ).} Coordination z = x + y i {\displaystyle z=x+yi} in Cartesian form, z = | z | ( cos θ + i sin θ ) {\displaystyle z=|z|(\cos \vartheta +i\sin \theta )} in trigonometric polar form, z = | z | e i θ {\displaystyle z=|z|e^{i\vartheta }\,} in polar exponential form. A complex number z ∗ ∈ C {\displaystyle z^{*}\in \mathbb {C} } is a complex conjugate of a number z ∈ C {\displaystyle z\in \mathbb {C} } if and only if z ⋅ z ∗ = 1. {\displaystyle z\cdot z^{*}=1.} If a complex number z {\displaystyle z} is written as z = a + i b {\displaystyle z=a+ib} , then the conjugate is z ∗ = a − i b . {\displaystyle z^{*}=a-ib.} Equivalently in polar form if z = r e i θ {\displaystyle z=re^{i\vartheta }} then z ∗ = r e − i θ = r ( cos ( θ ) − i sin ( θ ) ) . {\displaystyle z^{*}=re^{-i\vartheta }=r(\cos(\vartheta )-i\sin(\vartheta )).} Operation on complex number and its conjugate z ⋅ z ∗ = | z | ∠ e i θ ⋅ | z | ∠ e − i θ = | z | 2 e i ( θ − θ ) = | z | 2 e 0 = | z | 2 {\displaystyle z\cdot z^{*}=|z|\angle e^{i\vartheta }\cdot |z|\angle e^{-i\vartheta }=|z|^{2}e^{i(\vartheta -\vartheta )}=|z|^{2}e^{0}=|z|^{2}} z z ∗ = | z | e i θ | z | e − i θ = e 2 i θ {\displaystyle {\frac {z}{z^{*}}}={\frac {|z|e^{i\vartheta }}{|z|e^{-i\vartheta }}}=e^{2i\vartheta }} Operation on 2 different complex numbers z 1 ⋅ z 2 = | z 1 | e i θ 1 ⋅ | z 1 | e i θ 2 = | z 1 z 2 | e i ( θ 1 + θ 2 ) {\displaystyle z_{1}\cdot z_{2}=|z_{1}|e^{i\vartheta _{1}}\cdot |z_{1}|e^{i\vartheta _{2}}=|z_{1}z_{2}|e^{i(\vartheta _{1}+\vartheta _{2})}} z 1 z 2 = | z 1 | e i θ 1 | z 2 | e i θ 2 = | z 1 z 2 | e i ( θ 1 − θ 2 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {z_{1}}{z_{2}}}={\frac {|z_{1}|e^{i\vartheta _{1}}}{|z_{2}|e^{i\vartheta _{2}}}}=\left|{\frac {z_{1}}{z_{2}}}\right|e^{i(\vartheta _{1}-\vartheta _{2})}} A careful analysis of the power series for the exponential, sine, and cosine functions reveals the marvelous e i θ = cos θ + i sin θ {\displaystyle e^{i\theta }=\cos \theta +i\sin \theta \,} of which there is the famous case (for θ = π): e i π = − 1 {\displaystyle e^{i\pi }=-1\,} More generally, x + y i = r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) = r e i θ {\displaystyle x+yi=r(\cos \theta +i\sin \theta )=re^{i\theta }\,} ( cos ( x ) + i sin ( x ) ) n = cos ( n x ) + i sin ( n x ) {\displaystyle (\cos(x)+i\sin(x))^{n}=\cos(nx)+i\sin(nx)} for any real x {\displaystyle x} and integer n {\displaystyle n} . This result is known as . The higher mathematical functions (often called "transcendental functions"), like exponential, log, sine, cosine, etc., can be defined in terms of power series (Taylor series). They can be extended to handle complex arguments in a completely natural way, so these functions are defined over the complex plane. They are in fact "complex analytic functions". Many standard functions can be extended to the complex numbers, and may well be analytic (the most notable exception is the logarithm). Since the power series coefficients of the common functions are real, they work naturally with conjugates. For example: sin ( z ̄ ) = sin ( z ) ̄ {\displaystyle \sin({\overline {z}})={\overline {\sin(z)}}\,} log ( z ̄ ) = log ( z ) ̄ {\displaystyle \log({\overline {z}})={\overline {\log(z)}}\,} Complex number z = x + y i {\displaystyle z=x+yi} . In Rectangular plane z = z ∠ θ {\displaystyle z=z\angle \theta } . In Polar plane z = z ( cos θ + i sin θ ) {\displaystyle z=z(\cos \theta +i\sin \theta )} . In trigonometry z = z e j θ {\displaystyle z=ze^{j\theta }\,} . In Complex plane Complex conjugate number z ∗ = x − y i {\displaystyle z^{*}=x-yi} . In Rectangular plane z ∗ = z ∠ − θ {\displaystyle z^{*}=z\angle -\theta } . In Polar plane z ∗ = z ∗ ( cos θ − i sin θ ) {\displaystyle z^{*}=z^{*}(\cos \theta -i\sin \theta )} . In trigonometry angle z ∗ = z ∗ e j θ {\displaystyle z^{*}=z^{*}e^{j\theta }\,} . In Complex plane Videos Imaginary Numbers are Real [Part 1ː Introduction] by Welch Labs Complex Roots of Polynomials by MathsStatUNSW "Complex Numbers".
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This page is for quotes about Oklahoma Sooners athletic teams. The Oklahoma Sooners represent the University of Oklahoma in intercollegiate athletics. "I’m not much on staying up at night. I’m not a big worry guy regardless of who we’re playing. It’s just that you respect how hard they play." Stoops, Bob. Milian, Jorge (2007-09-03). Bob Stoops Talks Miami-Oklahoma. Retrieved on 2007-09-03. "Just do your job. You don't have to be Superman. Just do what you are capable of doing and let the guys around you support you." Stoops, Bob on quarterback Sam Bradford. Tramel, Jimmie (2007-09-04). Big 12: Coach Speak (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-09-04. "...a great Oklahoma football team. Um...wow! Very, very impressive." Dodge, Todd on his team's 10-79 loss to Oklahoma. Rohde, John (2007-09-02). "Stoops would have liked a running clock down stretch". Retrieved on 2007-09-04. "Oklahoma is, they're Oklahoma. It doesn't matter what their ranking is. I mean, whether they're 0-4 or 4-0 like they are right now, they're going to be Oklahoma. ...Regardless of their ranking, we know it's going to be a really tough battle." Hawkins, Dan. Ringo, Kyle (2007-09-24). "Buffs vow not to be intimidated by OU". BuffZone.com. Retrieved on 2007-09-25. "But the two head coaches bring vastly divergent philosophies to the table, and it seems to be a pivotal reason that OU has won four conference titles in Stoops' previous eight seasons, while Texas has won just one in Brown's nine. Stoops calls a spade a spade. Mack calls it an elongated tool for digging soil." Bohls, Kirk on the coaching philosophy of Mack Brown and Bob Stoops. Bohls, Kirk (2007-10-05). "Stoops, Brown polar opposites : One demands accountability; other pats backs". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. "Everybody has their opinion on how you ought to run your team. When they get theirs, they can run it how they want, and we'll run ours how we like. It's seems to be OK. It's worked out all right for us." Stoops, Bob. Hoover, John E. (2007-10-31). "Surplus of playmakers" (PDF). Tulsa World. Wikipedia has an article about: Oklahoma Sooners athletics
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Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Wednesday, July 14, 2010 In her first election promise, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard specifically offered parents tax breaks of up to A$800 to cover the school uniforms of their children. Gillard aims to pledge $220 million over four years to expand the current tax breaks to cover refunds each worth $390 for primary school uniforms and $779 for high school uniforms, as well as refunds for other school equipment like texts books and computers. "We all know that uniforms can be an expensive part of sending kids to school, but this change, along with the existing refund for textbooks and computers, will help families with that cost," stated Gillard. This comes amongst heavy speculation that a federal election is to be called in the coming days. Education Minister Simon Crean stated that the new proposal is an “important recognition of the cost of school uniforms and it builds on something that we have established in Government but intend extending if we're [re-]elected ...” As it stands, 1.7 million Australian children are assisted by the current tax breaks; this proposal could extend coverage to an additional million children. The tax breaks will not be available until after the lodging of the 2012–13 tax returns. Joe Kelly. "Julia Gillard promises tax break for school uniforms as election looms" — The Australian, July 13, 2010 Stefanie Balogh. "Julia Gillard promises rebates for school uniforms" — The Courier Mail, July 13, 2010
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Tuesday, January 30, 2007 The primary camera on the Hubble Space Telescope has shut down and is likely to only be restored to partial functionality, according to reports from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The camera on the telescope, known as the "Advanced Camera for Surveys" or ACS, can be reactivated but will be restored to only one-third of its operating capacity. The restoration will probably take place in mid-February. The camera shut down over the weekend, probably due to a failure of its backup power supply. It was the third such shutdown of the camera in the past calendar year. The camera had been operating on its backup power since June 30, 2006, when engineers switched from the primary power supply ("Side A") to the backup ("Side B") due to a malfunction. A review board was convened on January 29 to assess all options and to decide on a course of action. Their findings will be reported to NASA on March 2, 2007. The ACS, developed jointly by four American agencies, was installed in March of 2002. It is a system of three cameras, filters, and dispersers which act to detect wavelengths of light ranging from near-infrared to ultraviolet. It is a system that was designed to last five years, according to Preston Burch, associate director and program manager for the Hubble Space Telescope. NASA also indicated that the other four main systems on the telescope remain unaffected and functioning normally. Research work will resume this week using those systems. A scheduled mission to the space telescope in 2008 is expected to deliver instruments to further upgrade the capabilities of the telescope. It is not known what the effect of the ACS failure will have on the scheduled mission. Burch said in a press release posted on the NASA main website, "It is important that the review board conduct a thorough investigation that will allow us to determine if there are any changes needed in the new instruments that will be installed on the upcoming servicing mission so that we can be sure of maximizing the telescope's scientific output. We are continuing to make excellent progress in our preparations for the servicing mission, which is presently targeted to fly in September 2008." "Primary camera on Hubble Space Telescope shuts down" — foxnews.com, January 29, 2007 NASA. "Engineers Investigate Issue on Hubble Space Telescope" — nasa.gov, January 29, 2007
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RollBots (2009) is an animated television seried created by MCM. It has previously won a Gemini award in Canada. Lance: I saaaaaaaid! (Slips and tumbles head over heals off-screen and we hear a loud crash.) Off-screen person Hey! My lugnuts! Lance Bbbbbbbt. You're in big trouble bot-boy. When I say cycle down I... (Slips on a lugnut and falls flat on his back. He then picks it up and eats it.) Hmm. Silicone surprise. Lance:Now you stand...(Is cut off by Captain Pounder who is walking in the room) Pounder:(To Spin) Ah, you must be Spin. Spin: (Enthusiastically) Sure am! Pounder:(Looks at Lance and rolls eyes) Lance, what are you doing? Lance:(Nervous) Umm. Apprehending a criminal Sir? Pounder:That's no criminal. Say hello to Spin, our newest cadet. Spin:(To Lance) Hey there. Sweet! (Grabs what's in Lance's hand at that moment) Lance:Huh!? What!? Spin: Whoo, this is so cool! Do I get cuffs too? Lance: No! (Knocks the laser cuffs out of Spins hands and accidentally traps himself in them and can't get them off.) Um, Captain, could you...? Pounder: (Sighs and deactivates the cuffs, thereby freeing Lance.) Pounder: (Referring to Spin, whom he and Lance are discussing.) Well, he's enthusiastic. Lance: (exhasparated) He can't be, what he isn't! Pounder: Sure he can Lance! You're not a clown-bot, but ya still act like one! (Chuckles slightly) Spin: What!? But, that's a job for a boring old bot-dweeb Penny: (From off-screen) Gee, thanks. (Camera turns to Penny who is leaning on her heel with her hands on her hips.) Spin: Oh, and you're... Penny: A boring old bot-dweeb. But you can call me Penny Lance (In a teasing voice) Excellent! Two outcasts doing outcast work! (Skips off to somewhere) Have fun. Lance:(Zooms up to the monitor and stutters) R-r-r-robbers? Spin: (Excited) Robbers!? Lance: (Talking to Spin while typing) Slow your roll, rookie. That kind of work is for 'real' keizatsu. Not some- (turns around to find Spin gone.) What!? Where did he!? Oooh nooo. Lance: This is horrible! He's not ready to go out there and, and, oh noo. What if Captain Pounder finds out!? Penny: Ugh! Chill out Lance, come on! Manx: Botch, we gotta split up, meet me back at the hide out! Botch: (Grumbling) Open her recharge. Manx: Botch, roll out, now! (Hits him forward while they're rolling.) Botch: Fine! Whatevah. Manc: Macro. Drag that canister of money back to the hide out. Macro: The hideout? I thought we were going back to Zetag. Manx: (Annoyed) Ergh. Yes, yes, that's the hide out! Go back there! Do ya' think you can handle that!? Macro: I think soooooooooo! (Accidentally drives the transport into a dipped passage) Manx: What a dork-bot. Botch: Ya' slowed me down, but ya' can't stop the Botch! Penny: (On her comm-link to Lance) Lance, have you cuffed Manx yet? (Looks up to see Lance flying over-head, screaming.) I guess not. Macro: (After Lance accidentally hits his transport vehicle while still flying. To Lance's disappearing form) Hey Keizatsu, watch where you're falling! Now where was I going? Oh yeah! Zetag! Huh, better hurry. (Drives off without noticing the canister has slipped off the back of the vehicle and is now rolling away.) Manx:Macro, what the sprockets are you doing!? Macro: Well, I thought we needed hostages, so- Manx: (Holding where the bridge of her nose would be.) Macro, how many times do we need to go over this? We don't, need, hostages! Spin: (After being flung back by one of Pounder's thunder punches.) Aaaaaaaaaaaah. Pounder: Spin, you didn't block it! Spin: (After climbing back on the platform. Panting) Who, could have dodged, that? (One of the cop-bots are trying to climb back up to the platform.) Pounder: You're doing great, you're almost there! (The cop-bot falls and lands on top of the dangling pounder.) Cop-bot: Oops, sorry! (He climbs back up while Pounder looks off-screen with an annoyed look on his face.) Tinny: (To Captain Pounder)Hey, have you ever thought about Lance on this track? (A short montage of memories shows Lance going through the obstacle course and getting injured at every point Spin was able to overcome easily) Pounder: I think it's better he stays behind the desk. Manx: What, are you wearing? Macro: A disguise? (Manx facepalms) Botch:(snickers) I can hardly recognize ya'. (Laughs hysterically) Macro: Well, when you said we're robbing the mint I thought I should get a disguise. Heh. Manx: Shh. No more talking. Lance: Okay you three, that's enough evil...-doer-planning. Penny:Spin, Lance sounds as if he's in trouble! Spin: Relax Penny. Lance probably just got his foot caught in a trash chute again. Lance:(flying overhead) Help meeeeeee! Spin: Or not. Spin:(sees Lance go flying) Wow, that's some trip. Penny: Can you make it? Spin: Make it? I eat gravity for breakfast. Lance: (hits a building) Ouch. (hits another building) Pain. (hits yet another building) Why me? Spin: (falls and hits the side of a building) Ahh. That's gonna hurt tomorrow. Manx: We get into the mint through those doors. Macro: But, they're closed. Botch: Doors can open bit-brain. Manx: You figured that out by yourself huh? Alright, look sharp! Here comes the next shipment. Okay, when the doors open, we jump on. Three! Two! (the doors open and hit Macro in the face) Macro: Ooh, this plan, hurts. Manx: Not as much as it's gonna hurt if you mess up again! Spin:Ohh, sounds like someone didn't have his megachino this morning. Penny: You should see him when he's angry. Manx: Here it comes, get ready. Macro: Will this hurt as bad as the last time? Manx: Only if you keep asking stupid questions! Macro:Uhh, Manx... (points to kei'zatsu coming down the trax) Manx: Yeah, I see him. (All three hide beind the open doors until the officer passes, but the doors close again.) Botch: He's gone. Macro: What do we do now? Manx: (looks at the closed doors) We wait. Manx: Now! Botch: Here we go! (they all grab onto the doors and jump inside when they close) Botch: Heh heh, that was kinda' cool. Macro:(looks around while walking and runs into a pole) Ow. Manx: How do you even manage to stay functional!? Macro: Umm... Uh, oh!... Uhh, I got nothing. Manx: (facepalms) Grr, start loading! Spin: Will he make it? Koto: My patients always make it, (looks at Penny) because I only work with the best kuzuri in town. Penny: I- Koto: Ah! Don't get all mushy on me, I still don't like your attitude. If you hadn't saved the mayor's assistant I would have never let you in here! Spin: Umm, technically speaking, we let ourselves in here. Penny: (elbows Spin) Spin! Koto: When you get tired of mediocrity at the FCPD, consider coming back to your tribe. Now then, let's see how we did with your friend here. (re-activates Lance who starts talking nonsense) Lance:Green, seven-house, toast, widdlywoo swing! Spin: Did you guys leave something out? (Koto hits Lance on the head and he goes back to normal) Lance: Eep! Manxs is gonna' rob the mint! Have you been napping all this time? Get rolling rookie! Spin: It was so much nicer when he didn't make any sense. Tinny: Spin's not coming, he's at the Hub getting recharged! Oops. Botch: Ooohhh. So Spin's at the Hub is he? Tinny: Did I say the Hub? I meant the Hub, ling, tons, Hublingtons! Y-you know, the famous Hublington's fine dining establishment. Heh heh heh. Let me go! Manx: The Hub huh? Sure thing. I'll be back in a flash! (Throws two pulse flares that explode off-screen. Camera turns to Vertex who is standing a few feet away.) Vertex: Was that necessary? Tinny: (Looks around at various objects in the construction yard and then back at Botch and Macro while coming up with a plan.) Huh. I'm not going anywhere with you creeps! (Jumps up and throws a piece of scrap at Macro's head.) Macro: (Smirking) Huh. Is that the best you got? Tinny: (Looking up) No. (Looks on while his plan is set into action by him throwing the piece of metal which eventually causes a big metal pipe to land on Macro and Botch's heads.) That is! Macro: Er-r-r-r-r. That's, pretty good. (He and Botch both collapse at the same time.) Manx: (into her comm. link to Vertex.) Vertex, I'm in the Hub. Security wasn't an issue. (A brief flash to a pair of keizatsu falling through the sky. Presumably from when Manx knocked them off the trax.) Penny: (Off-screen as the camera zooms in on the arcade.) Hey, have you kids seen Tinny? Bot-tot #1: Yeah, he's out catching criminals! Penny: Macro and Botch. Which way did he go? Bot-tots #'s 1 and 2: (Both point in opposite directions.) That-a-way! Penny: (Turns around and rolls eyes.) Great. Botch You like playing games huh rug-bot? Okay, tag! (Launches his grappling hook but accidentally hooks a passing transport vehicle.) Macro:What? (Grabs Botch and they both get pulled away by the transport.) Waaaaahhh! Botch: Hold still! (Unhooks his grappler and they both fall flat on their faces into the trax.) Urgh, I think we lost 'im. (They both look up and see Tinny hanging on to a flying vehicle and screaming.) Macro: (Points up at Tinny.) Hah, there 'e is! Botch: Time to get 'im down! (Launches his grappler again but only grabs the pole Tinny was hanging on to because Tinny let go at the last second.) Oh no. Whaaaa-! (Gets pulled into a wall by the vehicle. Then falls and hits numerous buildings and walls before finally hitting the ground.) Eeeeeer. I don't get paid enough for this. (Hears a horn and turns around, only to get hit by a transport.) (Manx walks into the room but turns around when she hears a voice.) Off-screen kuzuri: Is someone helping you? (Camera angle turns and we see the kuzuri.) Manx: Uh, yeah. Kuzuri, uh, I forget his name. Kuzuri Ah, I see, a memory chip issue. Come with me. (Pushes Manx into the med-bay despite Manx's attempts at escaping.) Vertex: (Off-screen as the camera zooms in on Zetag estate.) First, you grappled a courier. (Camera angle changes to inside Zetag.) Then, you grappled a cargo ship!? Botch: (Nervous) Well, ya' had to be there. Vertex: (Menacingly) Get to the Hub. Botch: Okay! We're on our way! (He and Macro run off to get to the Hub.) Kuzuri: (To Manx who is in an energy chamber) Hmmm. You have an unusually high energy level. Manx: I, eat well in the morning and get plenty of exercise. (Looks at her hand where she accidentally started charging up a pulse flare and put it out before he can see.) Kuzuri: Hmm. I need a second opinion. Wait here. (Turns and exits the room.) Manx (Unplugs herself from the chamber and walks toward a data pad.) Let's see what we can find out about our friend Spin. Spin: (Speaking a line which he repeats throught the series.) I passed careful three trax ago. Kuzuri: (To Manx) Hey! You shouldn't be moving around. Manx: (Forms a pulse flare while she sparks with purple energy.) Oh no? Kuzuri: That extra energy you're carrying has welded some critical fuses. Manx: Really? Kuzuri Mmmm. One wrong move, and your circuits could fry. Manx: You mean, I'm really sick? (Extinguishes her pulse flare while her shoulders sag.) Kuzuri: Ooh. Absoluetely. (Turns and pushes a button on a machine while Manx looks pensive.) Manx: (Zooms up and yells in the two kuzuri's faces) Then do something! (Turns them around and pushes them towards the door.) Macro: A trash port? Yuck! Do we have to go in there? Botch: Vertex wants us in the Hub. Can you think of a better way!? (Camera turns to see the same fuzata that Spin borrowed a transport from earlier zooming down the road in his reclaimed vehicle.) Macro: Well I'd rather take a flyin' leap off the trax than go in through there. (The fuzata vehicle hits Macro and Botch off the trax while the vehicle and its driver get away without a scratch.) I didn't mean it! (He and Botch go flying off the trax and hit one of the Hub's balconies.) Koto: Well, it looks like out patient pulled through. Penny: (Referring to Spin) With a little help from our other patient. Spin: Hey, I'm not a patient! I'm just getting a little, after-surge, recharge. Koto: I still don't understand it, but your circuitry checks out okay. Spin: Maybe you just read my schematic wrong. Had your eyes checked lately Doc.? Penny: Meh, he's making bad jokes, Spin's definitely going to be back to normal. Announcer: Chief Koto needed in the ER. Chief Koto, ER. (Scene turns to Macro, Botch, and Manx. Each in their own healing pod, side-by-side.) Vertex: (Through Manx's comm. link.) Botch! Macro! Manx! Where are you? (Koto grab's Manx's arm and deactivates her comm.) Koto: You're in my healing bay, and you need rest! Botch: Ooohhh. Did he just disconnect Vertex? Macro: Uh, I think so. Botch: Uh, I think we better stay at the Hub over-night. Kuzuri: Power boost! Charge to 900! Clear! (Pulls a lever that sends volts of energy surging through the 'bots.) Macro: (Laughing) That tickles, do it again! Botch: (As the camera zooms away from the Hub.) Well, I guess we won't be needing to steal power anymore. No, no, w-w-wait. Come on guys! Mayor Aria: I am happy to announce that the keizatsu tribe will be the proud beta-testers for this upgrade cycle! Spin: (whispering) Is that anything like being a crash-test dummy? Mayor Aria: (glaring) You were saying? Spin: I'll take that as a yes. Spin: That sounds ominous. Mayor Aria: You were saying? Spin: (embarrassed) Uh, I said, that sounds awesome. (turns and looks the other way) Spin: Bolts! I think that Do-Right Module is messing with my servos! I'm all creaky. Penny: Nah, the modules work on a whole different system, it's just your imagination. Spin: Then my imagination is making a creaking noise. Penny: Spin, what happened? Spin: I don't know. I was about to speed up when my body just, fused! Old-bot: Leave the driving to the experts sonny. Penny: I think we're getting shocked every time we do something that's against the law. Spin: Against the law? Since when has it been against the law to yell!? (gets shocked) Oooow. Penny: Remember the noise by-law the mayor passed a few cycles ago? Spin: Oh right. I always ignored that one... because I was yelling so much! Haha. (gets shocked again) Ooow! Macro: Botch, why do you look so mad? Botch: This is not my mad face, it's my tryin'-to-think-of-a-plan-face. This is my mad face! (Penny falls off the trax after being electrified) Macro: Did you see that? (Spin falls shortly after trying to help Penny) Botch: Keizatsu seem to be dropping like fly-bots. Macro: No. Botch: It means (laughing) PARTY TIME! (He and Macro fist bump but he hits Macro's mace with his hand.) Ooow! Macro: Oops, sorry. (Botch growls while scowling at Macro) Hey, there's your mad face! Penny: Lance, you have to tell us how to get rid of these malfunctioning do-wrong modules. Lance: What!? I have not been having a single problem with my module, and you shouldn't be either. (Ignoring Penny who is trying to protest) Besides, you cant just pull these chips out, you have to file a bug report with the tensai! Now, back to work! Penny: But, Errgh! (to Spin) These chips are supposed to stop bad behavior right? Spin: So they say. Penny: Then Lance's chip isn't working. Spin: Let's give the tensai a try. 12210- ooh, what's the last number again? Off-screen voice: 6 Spin: Right, 6! Zilla: Hello? Spin: Hi there. Zilla: Aand who is this? Spin: It's Spin, we met at the presinct. Zilla: And where are you now? Spin: I'm in the quartz sector around the, (turns around to find that they have been standing a few feet away from them the whole time) gah! How did you do that!? Zilla: (into his comm.) What? Spin: Uum, never mind. Penny: And why are you- (turns off comm.) And why are you still speaking into your comm.? Zilla: And what is the nature of your call today? Spin: These Do-right module chips are a nightmare. They must be defective or something. Zilla: Oh they're not defective, they're doing exactly what they're supposed to do. Spin: They're supposed to zap us!? Zilla: (Looks at Bug) Absolutely. Painful zaps if I remember the specs. Spin: That's insane! Zilla: Don't blame us, it's not our design. We had a nice curdle upgrade ready, but the mayor insisted we do her project instead. Penny: (to Bug and Zilla directly) So wait- Zilla: To who am I speaking please? Penny: (turns on her comm.) Ugh, this is Penny. Zilla: Aand, how can I help you? Speeder: Yaaahooo! Spin: Hey, that's my line! A child speeder: Wooohoo! Spin: (reaches over the edge to help a bot-tot and gets zapped by the module) Oh come on, what did I do wrong? Bot-tot: Umm, help? Spin: Can you reach my hand? I can't reach over the edge without getting a shock. Bot-tot: That makes no sense. Spin: You said it. Botch: Hey keizatsu, howzit hanging? Spin: (who is hanging onto the edge of a platform) Ah bolts. (gets shocked) Bot-tot: Like this is kind of the worst rescue ever. (Spin looks down to see Bug and Zilla conversing) Spin: Hey (gets shocked) you two, do you think you could help us out here!? (gets shocked again) (Bug and Zilla converse for a moment) Bug: Hold on tight and don't look down! Does that help!? Spin: Yeah, thanks. (gets shocked again) Botch: (Hands Macro a gigantic screw) Here ya' go champ, make sure to fall-ow through. Bot-tot: If you plan on saving us, I think now might be a good time. Spin: ( to the Bot-tot) Let go. (gets shocked) Bot-tot: No way! Spin: Let go before we get hit! (gets shocked yet again) Bot-tot: (pauses) Okay! (they both let go at the same time) (Spin puts a cuff-puck field around the bot-tot and jumps from building to building, landing right next to the bot-tot) Bot-tot: (after being released) You know, I guess that was a pretty good rescue after all. Bug: (Over his comm. )That was really impressive. Can you do that again? Spin: Why you lit- (gets shocked) Bug: Bravo. (Spin tries to get him again but gets shocked again)Excellent. (Spin tried once again, but gets shocked once again) Zilla: It gets better every time. (Spin is still being shocked) Bug: I liked it better the first time. Spin: (to Penny over his comm.) Whatever you do do, do it fast. Bug: Make a note, he just said, doo doo. Pounder: (To Macro) It's just you and me squeeze-toy! Macro: He seems, mad. Botch: And you seem like a bit-brain, but who's counting? Macro: Hey Botch, how do you look for something invisible? Botch: I don't know, use your invisible brain! Spin: (two bot-tots are playing in the background) Pikea!? Here boy! I know! (Gets out his unactivated boomstick) Hey Pikea, wanna play catch? (One of the bot-tots makes a crazy symbol. Spin then throws the boomstick which the invisible Pikea catches.) Spin: Gotcha! (Leaps at Pikea and misses while the fangbot is playing with the botmod.) Bad doggy! (Pikea whimpers, drops the bot-mod and runs off, bumping into a random fuzata on his way.) Gross! Fang-bot slobber! Vertex: (while looking through the sound-scaper) Hmm, the beast looks strangely familiar. Macro: Oh that's Spin, he's a keizatsu. Vertex: Not that beast you imbecile, the invisible one in the cage. Macro: Oh yeah, heh, I didn't see him. Manx: (to Botch and Maro) Okay go! Umm, a little to the left. (the sound-scaper fizzes out) What's wrong with this... piece of garbage! Vertex: Manx! Report to my office, now. Manx: Duty calls. See ya later boys. Botch: Manxy, ya' can't just leave us here. How are we gonna find the dog? (Pikea bites him in the butt) Macro: I think he found you Botch. Botch: (to Macro) My energy grappler will stun the fangbot. Then you reach down his throat and pull out the bot-mod. It's fool-proof! Macro: Uh, I don't know Botch. Botch: What are you waitin' for? Go! Macro: Umm, okay. (Pikea bites him multiple times) Botch: Let's get outta here! Macro: Your plan may be fool-proof, but it's not butt-proof! Zilla: Still no luck deciphering the coordinates sir. Penny: Did you try an inter-digital-deplexor-filter? I've got a lock on the coordinates. Putting it on the main screen... Bug and Zilla: Whoa, fantastic. (simultaniusly) Geek girls rock! Penny: (over comm.) Spin, you're going to have to slow down and take a left at the next redirect. Spin: No way Penny, I've got wide open trax and it's smooth rolling. Penny: Uhh, but you're about to hit a- Spin: Construction zone!? Penny: Hey Spin, maybe next time do what I tell ya'. You know the drill for late 'bots. Spin: Yeah I know, bring the lugnuts. Penny: Mmm, I like silicone processor chips. Captain Pounder: And I like my crew doing their job. Macro: Ooh, hey, Manx, let's get lugnuts! Manx: We're on the job Macro. Botch: Come on, I'm starvin' too. Manx: Okay, I'll just call Vertex and tell him you two need a lugnut break! Macro: Uh, move it! We've got a job to do! Captain Pounder: For the last time Cable, our systems are in great shape! Chief Cable: Hah, your presinct hasn't had an upgrade in cycles Pounder. You barely even have a crew to run it, let alone maintain it. Captain Pounder: There's nothing wrong with my presict! Chief Cable: Look, we've got space at the fire hall. Brand-new equipment too. You can move into our basement, join forces. Captain Pounder: Your basement!? Chief Cable: Ha, even that's a move-up from what you're runnin' here. And besides, with me in charge, you can run your little boot-camps more often. Captain Pounder: You!? In charge If there's one thing that will never, ever happen it's- (The two argue on and on loud enough for all of the officers to hear.) Chief Cable: That's a zoboshi alarm! Captain Pounder: No, it's a keizatsu alarm. Chief Cable: We don't need keizatsu on a fire call! Captain Pounder: You do if there's a crime! Penny: Fire downtown! Lance: Oh, we're out of lugnuts!? Already!? Umm, Penny, watch my station. I have to go... out, for a little while. Penny: Lance, you can't take a break just to get lugnuts. Lance: But this is an emergency! Spin: You're right Lance, an emergency. I've got you covered! Penny: But Spin! Pounder is so going to... Bust your bot-mods. Penny: Spin, what are you doing? Spin: Getting Lance's lugnuts of course. Penny: That's funny, because it looks like you're going in the wrong direction. Spin: Monitor the control board!? But everybody else is at the Koppa Festival! Why can't I go? Lance: Because, it's my call and I say that the newest rookie handles the control board, during the festival. Penny: It's not so bad Spin, I had to do it when I was a rookie, that's how I realized I love doing the board. But do you know what I love even more? Spin: What? Penny: Shopping! Macro: Hey, once we get the thingy Vertex wants, then can I try to win a stuffed bot? Manx: I'm not even going to dignify that with an answer. Macro: So, is that a yes? Manx: Just stop talking. Lance: The tripod of koppa! So majestic! Every year, I promise myself that I won't cry. (Starts crying) Penny: Come on weepy-weeperson, it's time to shop till we drop. (cracks knuckles) Look out anyone who gets in my way! Wikipedia has an article about: Rollbots
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Sunday, September 6, 2009 Crime and law Related articles 15 November 2021: Former Japanese princess Mako Komuro moves to New York with commoner husband 14 November 2021: Grand jury indicts former White House advisor Steve Bannon for contempt of Congress 12 November 2021: 33-year old charged with murder of Dalibor Pantic 23 October 2021: Rust movie set accident leaves one person dead 11 October 2021: FBI arrests nuclear engineer and wife on charges of espionage Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article In Wamsutter, Wyoming, US, a fire crew were trying to put out a fire of a wine truck on a highway when they received an unexpected surprise. Wine corks started to burst out of the wreckage as bottles started to explode from the heat. Wyoming Highway Patrol Lt. Scott Keane said: "The corks were popping out of the bottles like the old Jiffy Pop (popcorn) we grew up with. My trooper got hit in the arm with one." But luckily, as Keane commented, no one was killed or seriously injured and the truck driver managed to escape the fire, which occurred on Thursday after a crash on Interstate 80. The intensity of the fire caused the tires on the trailer to melt down and the trailer to burn down to its wheel axles, damaging 75 feet of pavement in the process. Keane stated that the cause of the fire was likely to be either a locked brake or a hub malfunction. It is currently unknown what the value of the loss in the fire was. The Wyoming Department of Transportation have commented that there was nothing left of the cab or trailer and the remaining bottles of wine from Oregon and Washington had disappeared overnight. "Crews dodge flying corks in wine truck fire" — MSNBC, September 6, 2009 "Crews dodge flying corks in Wyo. wine truck fire" — ABC 13 National News, September 6, 2009 "Firefighters dodge flying corks in wine truck fire" — Seattle Post Intelligencer, September 5, 2009
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When a government imposes tax on particular goods, this action would have effects on equilibrium price and quantity. Basically, a tax is money collected by a government from businesses or individuals directly or indirectly against services provided to the community. A tax which we will deal in today's lecture is Sales tax or tax that occur when there is exchange of goods. Specific Tax is a unit-quantity tax placed on goods. For example, a tax of $5 placed on a certain good would mean a buyer/seller pays $5 as tax to government for every unit traded. A marginal tax on sale of a given good will shift the supply curve to the left until the vertical distance between the two supply curves is equal to the per unit tax, given that other things remain equal. This will increase the market price (the price consumers buy a given good), and decrease the pay received by the sellers. Alternatively, a marginal tax on consumption will shift the demand curve to the left, given that other things remain equal. This will increase the market price (price paid by consumers), and decrease the pay received by sellers by the same amount as if the tax had been imposed on the sellers. The end result is that no matter who is taxed, the sellers get less paid, though the consumers pay more. Tax increases the price of a good; it makes it more expensive. In economic terms, it causes demand for a good to reduce. Also, the desire of the producers (suppliers) will not be realized (fully) as their ability to earn adequate revenue slows down. However, most governments understand the impact of tax on demand and supply, so they try to support producers by providing them some incentives. A government may also introduce subsidy to sustain demand in cases where a given good is highly essential. Taxation is necessary for welfare of any nation. Ad Valorem Tax is a tax based on value of goods or assets usually presented in term of percentage. tax has an effect of reducing the consumption of goods and services as it led to an increase in the prices.
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Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes 1 packet of flat crispy puris (available in Indian groceries) 2 lb or 500 g puffed rice (kurmura/murmura - available in Indian groceries) 1 lb 125-250 g plain sev (Indian fried snack, looks like noodles) 2 teaspoon chat masala 1 teaspoon chili powder 2 potatoes (boiled) 1 big red onion 1/2 bunch coriander (cilantro) leaves Lemon juice or raw mango (chopped) salt to taste 1/2 bunch coriander (cilantro) leaves 1/2 bunch mint leaves 2 big garlic cloves 10-12 green chilies salt to taste 1/2 cup pulp of dates (soak dates in hot water for 1/2 hr , grind them and strain) 1/4 cup tamarind pulp 1 tablespoon jaggery or sugar 2 teaspoon chili powder 2 teaspoon cumin seeds Mix together puffed rice and sev. Add chat masala, salt and chili powder. Chop onion and raw mango finely. Dice potatoes. Chop coriander (Cilantro) leaves. Add onions, raw mango pieces (or lemon juice), potatoes and coriander (Cilantro) leaves to the puffed rice and sev mixture and mix gently with the hands. Grind the items for the spicy and sweet chutneys to a fine paste using some water. Just before serving, mix in spicy chutney and sweet chutney into the above mixture. Put some mixture in individual plates, top with some more sev and chutneys (if desired). Garnish with coriander (Cilantro) leaves. Serve with crunchy puris.
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The first meter stamps appeared in 1927. All stamps are inscribed “POLSKA” alone or with “POCZTA”. Early, pre-WW2, meter stamps contained a meter number with prefix based on the meter model. Later the meter number was dropped and a license number with prefix based on the town replaced it. Poland had one native meter manufacturer, UKA, which produced a small number of machines right before WW2. Additionally Postalia produced the “Junior 100” and “Junior 200” models locally in the town of Mera-Elzab during the 1970s. Catalog values are not provided for many of the listed types because of insufficient data. Some of these could be quite rare. The stamps are grouped according to frank design, inscription, and use: A - round design with squares in corners B – frame with three vertical lines and triangular notches at each side C - single-line outer frame with inner frame around value figures D - horizontal frank with frame line across bottom only E - eight-sided frank F - upright rectangle with triangular notches in sides G - single-line outer frame, no inner frame H - frameless or unengraved designs PO - special purpose stamps, used only in post offices PV - stamp from public, self-service vending machine GO - German occupation issues, inscribed “GENERAL GOUVERNMENT” (A) and "DANZIG" (B) NOTE: For specialized information about the meter stamps of Poland see Polskie Frankatury Mechaniczne by Tadeusz Hampel, Lodz, 1992. The listings in this chapter were heavily influenced by Mr. Hampel’s work. The illustrations of frank frames without value figures and town mark are taken from the Hampel catalog. A1. Universal “Midget” (FV-3 or 5), 1927. Inscribed “POCZTA” at top and “POLSKA” at bottom. Eagle tail feathers are closed. Values in small boxes at each corner. M#, with prefix “A”, “B” or “C”, at bottom of TM. Prefix "A" is the most common with "C" being scarce. TM: DC Values: 5 gr, 10, 15, 25, 30, 50, 90, 1zt, 1.10 [$10] Values: 20 gr, 40, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80 [$15] a. M# prefix inside frank in plain sanserif font rather than fancy italic as shown A2. Universal “Midget” (FV-3 or 5), 1928. As Type A1 but eagle tail feathers are open. Meter number prefixes "A", "B", and "C" are fairly evenly distributed. Values: 5gr, 10, 15, 25, 30, 50, 60, 90, 1zt, 1.10. [$10] Values: 20gr, 35, 40, 55, 65, 75, 1,20 . [$15] BA1. Universal “Midget” (FV-3 or 5), 1929. Small frank ~ 22 x 25 mm. M# and prefix in upper corners. “Denomination indicator “GR.” or “ZŁOTY” at bottom between value figures. TM: DC Values: 5gr, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, 90, 1zŁ, 1.10 [$10] Values: 20, 30, 45, 55, 60, 65, 1.20 [$15] BA2. Hasler “F22” (MV), 1930. Very large frank with ribbons in top corners, eagle boxed in center. 5-digit impression counter number high between TM and frank. M# with “H” prefix small at top between ribbons and in bottom of TM. Denomination indicator below value figures at bottom center. A. Eagle with crown, with “GR.” (pre-war) [$25] B. Eagle w/o crown, with “ZŁ.”[$35] C. Eagle w/o crown, with “GR” (postwar)[$35] TM: DC, SC V/F: 00 a. Official government use. Government office name appears above the town mark. The impression counter number is low rather than high between the TM and frank. (shown above right) BA3. Hasler “F22” (MV), 1933. Similar to Type BA2 but smaller. 5-digit S# at top between TM and frank. Denomination indicator in bottom corners. A. Eagle with crown, with “GR.” (pre-war)[$25] B. Eagle w/o crown, with “GR” (post-war)[$30] TM: DC, SC V/F: 00 BA4. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1931. Straight line across top. Large outline eagle at bottom. M# or L# in bottom corners. Value figures above eagle. Denomination indicator at both sides of value figures. A. Eagle with crown, with “GR” B. Eagle without crown, with “GR” C. With “ZŁ” D. With “Gr.” E. With “gr.”. [$5] F. With “ZŁ” at left, “GR” at right[$10] G. With ZŁ” at left, “gr” at right[$10] H. Blank at left, “GR” at right [$10] I. “GR” at left, blank at right [$10] J. Blank at both sides[$10] K. Redrawn eagle, plainer with little interior detail TM: DC, SC V/F: 000 (A,G) 000 (A) a. With four (not three) vertical lines at the sides[$20] b. Solid blocks in lower corners instead of L# NOTE: Type BA4 is known printed in black, purple, and green as well as red. Black is relatively common. Purple and green are rare. BA5. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1931. As Type BA4 but interior of eagle fully drawn. A. Eagle with crown, with “GR” [$5] B. Eagle without crown, with “GR” C. With “ZŁ” D. Blank at both sides [$5] TM: DC, SC V/F: 000 (A,G) 000 (A) a. Eagle somewhat smaller and with fewer interior lines. b. Non-standard size: entire impression, including slogan, greater than 190mm wide [Scarce, value unknown] BA6. Universal “Multi-Value” (MV), 1935. Very similar to Type BA4, but spacing between TM and frank approximately 20 mm, much narrower than on Type BA3. M# known with prefixes "D", "E", and "MV". A. Eagle with crown With “GR”[$5] B. TM lowered with 5-digit S# above. Eagle with crown. With “GR”[$10] C. Date and value figures on same level. Eagle without crown. With “GR”[$20] D. TM lowered with 5-digit S# above. Eagle without crown. With “GR”[$20] E. Date and value figures on same level. Eagle with crown. With “ZŁ”[$10] F. TM lowered with 5-digit S# above. Eagle with crown. With “ZŁ”[$20] G. Date and value figures on same level. Eagle without crown. With “Gr.”[$20] H. TM lowered with 5-digit S# above. Eagle without crown. With “Gr.”[$20] TM: DC, SC V/F: 00 (A) 000 (A) 000 (A) a. TM lowered but without S# above BA7. Uka (MV), 1938. [$50] Very similar to Type BA6A but with narrower spacing, approximately 10 mm. Value figures are oval. M# prefixes D1, D3, D4, and U1-11 known. A. Date figures 3-31⁄2 mm tall B. Date figures 21⁄2 mm tall TM: DC V/F: 000 BA8. Francotyp “B” (MV), 1948. [$10] Very similar to Type BA4 but spacing slightly narrower, and value figures are slightly taller, 6 mm vs. 5 mm for Type BA4. Date with stops after D and M. A. With “ZŁ” B. With “GR” (shown) TM: SC V/F: 000 (A,G) a. Date figures vertical reading up without stops, M# FC07. This appears to be from a hybrid machine cobbled together locally. a BA9. Francotyp “AN" ("D") (MV), 1948. [$15] Very similar to Types BA4 and BA8 but spacing narrower, approximately 67 mm between centers of date and value figures. Wirth or without S#. A. With “ZŁ” B. With “GR” TM: SC V/F: 000 (G) BA10. Francotyp “AN" ("D") (MV). [$25] As Type BA9 but eagle is much smaller. Wirth or without S#. A. With “ZŁ” B. With “ZŁ” at left, “GR” at right TM: SC V/F: 000 (G) BA11. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1960. [$25] As Type BA4 but eagle is smaller, and frank is narrower. Wider spacing between centers of date and value figures, 74-77 mm. V/F: 000 (G) BA12. Hasler “F88” (MV), 1956. [$35] Frank with small eagle. TM is 8 mm from the frank. TM: SC V/F: 000 BA13. Satas (MV), 1958. [$25] Large eagle. Straight-line town mark. V/F: 0oo BA14. Satas “Rotary” (MV), 1966. As Type BA13 but TM: SC. V/F: 0oo BA15. Postalia (MV), 1959. Narrow spacing, ~ 6-8 mm, between TM and frank. A. With “GR” at right B. With “ZŁ” at left C. Without denomination indicator D. As C but inner line at right shortened to make room for value digit TM: SC, DC V/F: 0000 00000 000.00 a. Solid blocks in lower corners instead of L# BA16. Postalia “Junior” (MV), 1974. [$35] Very similar to Type BA14 but spacing 10-12 mm. With “GR” inside vertical lines at right. One meter known. V/F: 0000 BA17. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1956. [$25] Frank very tall, ~ 39-41 mm. With “GR” at sides. A. Frank 39 mm tall. Eagle as on Type BA3 (shown) B. Re-engraved. Frank 41 mm tall. Eagle narrower than on A TM: SC V/F: 000 BB1. Postalia (MV), 1972. Eagle at top center. “GR” breaks inner right frame lines at right. TM: SC V/F: 0000 BC1. Franctoyp “C” (MV), 1974. Large outline eagle at bottom. “GR” at both sides of value figures. V/F: 000 BC2. As Type BC1 but interior of eagle fully drawn. A. With “GR” B. With “ZŁ” [$5] V/F: 000 BC3. Postalia (MV), 1983. “POLSKA” below two frame lines at top. With “ZŁ.” At bottom center. V/F: 0000 BD1. Postalia (MV), 1969. Eagle at top center. A. “GR” breaks inner frame line at right B. “GR” breaks all three frame lines at right C. “ZŁ” at left and “GR” at right D. Blank at both sides E. Blank at both sides, but inner line at right shortened F. Blank at both sides, but all frame lines at right shortened TM: DC, SC, nil with date V/F: 0000 00000 a. With license number above "POLSKA" as well as at bottom of TM: "Kt-kg9" and "Kt-kt-9" seen b. Circular TM within box, and with inner box around date BD2. Postalia (MV), 1977. With “ZŁ” at top center. Panel line above “POLSKA” is complete. TM: SC A. Side lines complete B. Inner side lines at right shortened V/F: 0000 BD3. Frama (MV), 1975. Small eagle at top center. Outer frame lines at sides unbroken. A. “GR” breaks inner lines at right B. Blank at both sides, but all frame lines at right broken V/F: 0000 BD4. Small design with eagle at top center. Frame lines broken at both sides. TM: SC V/F: 0oo CA1. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1946. Complete inner box around value figures. “ZŁ” at sides between outer frame lines and value box. V/F: 000 (A) CA2. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1948. Similar to Type CA1 but value box is wider with “ZŁ” below both lower corners. TM: DC V/F: 000 (G) CB1. Krag (MV), 1975. Complete inner box centered to left. A. “POLSKA” 24 mm wide. With “ZŁ GR” B. “POLSKA” 20 mm wide. With “ZŁ GR” C. “POLSKA” 20 mm wide. With “ZŁ.” centered D. “POLSKA” 17 mm wide. With “ZŁ.” centered E. With lower case “zŁ gr” TM: SC V/F: 0000 00000 a. As 'D', with break in top line of inner box below "POLSKA" a CB2. Krag (MV). As Type CB1C but value box centered to right instead of left. TM: SC V/F: 000 0000 CB3. Krag (MV). “Polska” in lower case letters. Value box without left side. TM: SC V/F: 0000 CB4. Krag (MV). Value box centered to right. Space between inner box and sides of frank are solid. TM: DC V/F: 0000 CB5. Krag (MV). Frank with simulated perforation outer frame line. Chain-like ornaments along right side and bottom. “GR” at center right. TM: SC V/F: 0000 CB6. Krag (MV). With straight parallel lines running up left side and across bottom. TM: SC A. Lines form right angles at lower right B. Pattern of dots at lower right V/F: 0000 CB7. Small frank with inner box broken at both sides. Outer frame line open at left. V/F: 0oo CB8. Both inner box and outer frame line complete at left and broken at right. V/F: 0oo CC1. Krag (MV), 1976. “ZŁ GR” at top. Top and bottom of inner box are thick. TM: SC V/F: 0000 CC2. Krag (MV). Eagle at top. Two parallel vertical lines between inner box and right frame line. V/F: 0000 CC3. Krag (MV). Eagle at top. Two thick parallel lines across top and down right side broken by the eagle at top and “GR” at right. TM: DC V/F: 0000 CC4. Small frank with unengraved bar across top. V/F: 0oo D1. Pitney Bowes “5300” (MV), 1973. “POLSKA” 8 mm tall. TM: SC V/F: ≋0.00 D2. “POLSKA” 5 mm tall. TM: DC V/F: ≋0.00 E1. Frama (MV), 1973. One meter only, used during the World Philatelic Exhibition “Poznan 73”. TM: DC V/F: 0000 F1. Hasler “F88” (MV), 1971. “POLSKA” and bottom panel tall. A. Frank 25 x 31 mm (shown) B. Frank 29 x 31 mm C. Frank 31 x 32 mm TM: DC V/F: 0000 0000oo 0000.oo F2. Krag (MV). Frank 25 x 30. “POLSKA” and bottom panel short. TM: SC V/F: 0000 NOTE: Stamps similar in appearance to those of sub-group GA but with hour figure between the TM and the frank are Post Office Type PO1. GA1. Satas (MV). Small frank with simulated perforation frame line open at sides. TM: SL V/F: 0oo GA2. Frank with straight outer frame line open at right only. A. “G/R” stacked at left and at right B. “ZŁ. Gr” at bottom above “POLSKA” C. With no denomination indicator TM: SC V/F: 0oo GB1. Satas “R” (MV), 1961. Small frank with “G/R” stacked at left and at right. TM: SC V/F: 0oo GB2. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1967. Large square frank. V/F: 000 (A) GB3. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1971. Tall, narrow frank with ‘POCZTA” above “POLSKA” at top. Eagle at lower center. “GR” at right of value figures. TM: SC V/F: 000 (A,G) GC1. Satas “R” (MV), 1975. Eagle at top flanked by “ZŁ” and “GR”. TM: SC V/F: 0oo GD1. Universal “MultiValue” (MV), 1971. Frank nearly square, 29-30 x 30-31 mm. Outline eagle at bottom with “ZŁ” and “GR” flanking value figures. TM: DC V/F: 00 GD2. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1974. Similar to Type GD1 but larger, 31-32 x 36-37 mm. Eagle will inner lines at bottom. TM: SC V/F: 000 (G) GD3. Tall, narrow frank with eagle at bottom V/F: ? GD4. Plain frank with “ZŁ” at bottom. A. Frank small ~ 24-25 x 31-32 mm B. Frank medium ~ 26-27 x 33 mm C. Frank large ~ 29-30 x 35 mm TM: SC V/F: 000 (A,G) GD5. Small frank with break at right side. Eagle at bottom. TM: SC V/F: ? GD6. Small frank with break at right side. “ZŁ" at bottom. A. Frank with no breaks (“POLSKA” 3 or 4 mm tall) B. Frank with break in right side C. Frank with breaks in both sides TM: SC V/F: 0oo 00.oo 0000 GD7. Postalia “Junior” (MV). Plain rectangle with “ZŁ” above break in bottom frame line. Spacing ~12 mm between TM and frank. “POLSKA” large. Frank 23.5-24 x 30 mm. Date figures ~3 mm. TM: SC V/F: 000 0.00 00.00 GD8. Very similar to Type GD7 but spacing between TM and frank narrower, ~8 mm. Frank size variable, 24-25 x 30-32. Date figures short, ~2 mm. TM: SC, DC V/F: 00 0000 00.00 00000 GD9. Frame complete at bottom. Frank considerably variable in size from 15 to 28 mm wide, from 24 to 32 mm tall. “POLSKA” also variable in size. TM: ≋00 0000 00.00 00000 000.00 000000 0000.00 a. TM is rectangle with rounded corners GD10. Postalia (MV). Nearly square frank, 24-25 x 25 mm., complete at bottom below “ZŁ”. With “GR” at right of value figures. TM: DC V/F: 00000 GD11. Krag (MV). Frank 24 x 29 mm. “POLSKA” 18-19 mm wide. “ZŁ” at bottom center. TM: SC V/F: 0000 GD12. Krag (MV). Frank larger than for Type GD11, 26-28 x 32-33 mm. “POLSKA” variable, 18-24 mm wide Date figures with stops centered between Y, M and D. A. “GR” at bottom center B. “ZŁ” or “ZŁ.” at bottom center C. “Lower case “zŁ” at bottom center D. “ZŁ” at bottom left TM: SC V/F: 0000 GD12.1. Krag (MV). Frank as Type GD12B but with break at bottom center. "POLSKA" wide. Date figures widely spaced and without stops. TM: SC V/F: 00,00 GD13. Krag (MV). Similar to Type GD12 but “POLSKA” centered to left. A. “zŁ” at center right, blank at bottom B. “zŁ gr” at bottom TM: SC V/F: 0000 GD14. Krag (MV). Very thick outer frame line broken at the bottom of the sides for “zŁ” at left and “gr” at right. TM: SC V/F: 0000 GD15. Krag (MV). “POLSKA” in panel at top, and “ZŁ” in panel at bottom. A. With eagle at right of value figures B. Without eagle TM: SC V/F: 0000 GD16. Pitney Bowes-GB "6300" (MV). Frank is small square with break in center of bottom. A. With “ZŁ” inside break in bottom frame line B. With “ZŁ” above break in bottom frame line V/F: ≋000 GD17. Pitney Bowes "6300" series (probably) (MV). Frank is small square with complete frame line at bottom. With “ZŁ” above bottom frame line. V/F: 00.00 GD18. Small frank slightly wider than tall. With “ZŁ” in break in center of bottom frame line. TM: SC V/F: ≋0000 GD19. Similar in size to Type GD18 but frame line complete at bottom, and date and value figures are on the same level. With “ZŁ” above bottom frame line. TM: SC V/F: ≋0.00 ≋0000 GD20. Pitney Bowes–GB “6300” (MV). Frank is very wide. With “ZŁ” above bottom frame line. TM: DC V/F: ≋0000 GD21. Frank is taller than wide, 24 x 30 mm, with “ZŁ” above break in bottom frame line. TM: SC V/F: ≋0.00 00000 GD22. Frank is very similar to Type GD21 but slightly narrow at 22-23 mm. With “ZŁ” above break in bottom frame line. TM: SC V/F: ≋0.00 NOTE: Examples with slogan in color different from that of the stamp are frequently found. GD23. Frank is small square with “ZŁ” above break in bottom frame line. TM: SC V/F: ≋0.00 GD24. Frank is 25 x 27 mm with “ZŁ” above break in bottom frame line. TM: SC V/F: ≋00.00 GD25. Frank 25 x 30 mm, with “ZŁ” above break in bottom frame line. A. Frank 25 x 30 mm B. As A but with breaks in both upper corners C. Smaller frank, 25 x 26 mm TM: SC, DC V/F: 0000 00.00 00000 a. Date without stops GD26. Date widely spaced without stops. A. Frank 22-23 x 29-30 mm, break in bottom frame line B. Frank 26 mm square, bottom frame line complete TM: SC V/F: ≋0.00 GE1. Satas (MV), 1956. Frank 19-20 x 23-24 mm, with breaks at both sides. “ZŁ” + eagle + “Gr.” Across top, “POLSKA” centered at bottom flanked by identification prefix and number. TM: SL V/F: 0.oo GE2. Satas “R” (MV), 1956. As Type GE1 with “POLSKA” flanked by ID information. A. Frank with break in right side B. Frank with break in left side (not shown) C. Frank with breaks in both sides D. Frank without breaks TM: SC, DC V/F: 0.oo a. As A, stars instead of ID data at sides of “POLSKA” a GE3. Similar to Type GE2 but date figures are tall and value figures are all same size. Frank without breaks. TM: DC V/F: 0.00 GE4. Satas (MV). Frank as Type GE1 but “POLSKA” at bottom left with ID number at right. Frank with breaks in both sides. TM: SL V/F: 0.oo GE5. “POLSKA” at bottom left with ID number at right. Frank with break in right side. TM: SC V/F: 0.oo GE6. Satas “R” , “Baby” (MV). Frank with large “POLSKA” alone at bottom without ID number. A. Frank with breaks in both sides (shown) B. Frank with break in right side (shown) C. Frank without breaks D. Frank with break in left side TM: DC, SC V/F: 0.oo 0.00 GE7. Similar to Type GE6 but date figures are tall and value figures are all same size. Frank without breaks. TM: DC V/F: 0.00 GE8. Postalia “D2/D3” (MV), 1975. Large “POLSKA” alone at bottom without ID number. A. "POLSKA" 10 mm wide, L# at sides (shown) B. Larger "POLSKA" filling bottom of frank TM: SC, DC V/F: 00 000 0000 GE9. Hasler “F88” (MV), 1961. Very similar to Type GE8 but date and value figures different. TM: SC V/F: 000 GE10. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1968. “POLSKA” large at bottom. A. Frank 20-21 x 24-25 mm (shown) B. Frank 20 x 28 mm TM: DC, SC V/F: 000 (A,G) GE11. Postalia (MV). Narrow frank, 20-21 x 30-31 mm. Eagle alone at top. Without currency indicator. TM: SC V/F: 00 GE12. Krag (MV). Eagle at top flanked by “ZŁ” and “Gr”. A. Frank 28-29 x 32-33 mm, “POLSKA” 17 mm wide flanked by ID prefix and number B. Frank 26-28 x 32-34 mm. Larger “POLSKA” without ID number at bottom TM: SC V/F: 0000 GE13. Frank similar to Type GE12 but smaller, 25 x 29-30 mm. TM: SC V/F: 0000 GE14. Postalia (MV). “ZŁ” and “GR” at sides of value figures. “POLSKA” in panel at bottom. TM: DC V/F: 0000 GE15. Krag (MV). Similar to Type GE12 but eagle alone at the top. A. With "Gr" at right of value figures B. Without "Gr" (shown) C. Narrow frank, “ZŁ” outside frank at left (shown) TM: SC V/F: 0000 GE16. Krag (MV). Similar to Type GE15 but “ZŁ” and “Gr” at the top without eagle. TM: SC V/F: 0000 GE17. Krag (MV). Frank nearly square ~26-28 mm. Without eagle. “GR” at right of value figures. TM: SC V/F: 0000 a. With line added at top above frank a NOTE: Some impressions often show what appear to be portions of a frame. Types H6 and H12 below are good examples. H1. Frameless frank with “POCZTA” above and “POLSKA” below value figures. TM: SC V/F: 0.oo H2. Satas (MV). Frameless frank with “POCZTA/POLSKA” above value figures and ID prefix and number flanking “–*–“ below. TM: SL V/F: 0.oo H3. Krag (MV). Frameless frank with “POLSKA” above and “ZŁ.” below value figures. TM: SC V/F: 0000 H4. Postalia (MV). As Type H3 but lower case “Polska” at top. TM: SC V/F: 0000 H5. Krag (MV). Frameless frank with “ZŁ Gr” above and “POLSKA” (with serifs) below value figures. TM: SC V/F: 0000 H6. Krag (MV). Frameless frank with eagle at top, "POLSKA" at bottom. A. “ZŁ” at right B. “GR” at right, smaller “POLSKA” TM: SC V/F: 0000 H7. Postalia (MV). Frameless frank with no eagle. “GR” at right, small “POLSKA” at bottom. TM: DC V/F: 0000 H8. Postalia (MV). Frameless frank, value figures only. TM: DC V/F: 0000 H9. Solid unengraved frame with break in right side. TM: SC unengraved. V/F: 0.oo H10 Krag (MV). Solid unengraved frame with value box centered to the right. TM: SC V/F: 0000 H11. Krag (MV). Solid unengraved frame with value box centered to the left. TM: SC V/F: 0000 H12. Frameless frank with “POLSK[A]” at top, “ZŁ” at bottom. TM: SC V/F: 00.00 PO1. Camp (MV), 1974. [$25] Small frank with simulated-perforation border broken in center of both sides. Used between Oct 1974 and May 1975 at two Post Offices in Warsaw. TM: SC V/F: 000 The stamp at right, previously cataloged as Type PO2, is a variable rate vending machine stamp that can be used at any time like traditional postage stamps. It is not a meter stamp. PO2. Unknown (digital), 1998 or earlier. [Possibly scarce, value unknown] A. Date as YY/MM/DD B. Date as DDMMYY V/F: 0.00 zŁ PV1. Perm (MV). [$200] Frank with plain single line frame, value figures at top and “ZŁ./OPŁACONO” at bottom. “R” (boxed) and vertical number between TM and frank. Used for registered mail only. TM: SC V/F: 0oo PV2. Centurion Technologies, Mera Sustemy, and an unidentified company, "AutoPost" (digital/thermal), June 2012. Frank with rectangle, slightly wider than tall, at right and a horizontal 2D bar code at lower left. The rectangle contains a logo above "Poczta Polska" at top and the value figures and an ID number at bottom. At center are the location name at top and the mail class, date, time, and another ID number at bottom. What is probably a postal code is at top left. With or without mail class above the 2D barcode. A. Printed on small self-adhesive labels. Used for routine mail. B. Printed at top right of large postal address form with barcode or barcodes at bottom left. Used for registered or other tracked mail. C. Printed at bottom left of large postal address form with tall barcode at upper right. Used for parcel post. V/F: 0.00 zl 000.00 zl NOTE. The stamps from the machines of the three companies are virtually identical in appearance. GO-A1. Francotyp “AN” ("D") (MV), 1942. [$150] Frank with inner value box. Eagle above and “General-/Gouvernement” in oval letters below value box. Approximately 68 mm between centers of date and value figures. Only three machines used this die. TM: SC V/F: 000 GO-A2. Spacing wider that for Type GO-A1, 77-78 mm between centers of date and value figures. A. Without impression counter number above slogan (as shown) [$150] B. Impression counter number at top between TM and frank (one machine only) [$200] TM: DC V/F: 000 GO-A3. [$250] As Type GO-A2 but “General-/Gouvernement” is in gothic letters. One machine only. All examples reported are printed in carmine-pink. TM: DC V/F: 000 Stamps used in the Free City of Danzig before it was absorbed by Germany in 1939 and then into Poland in 1945. All stamps inscribed “FREIE STADT DANZIG”. For stamps between late 1939 and 1945, see GERMANY. GO-B1. Francotyp “B” (MV), 1926. [$100] Frank convex at top/bottom, concave at sides. Spacing between centers of date and value figures ~74-75 mm. Large S# centered between TM and frank. One meter only. TM: SC V/F: 000 GO-B2. Francotyp “A” (MV), 1928. [$15] Spacing narrower, ~59-62 mm, between centers of date and value figures. S# either high or centered between TM and frank. TM: SC V/F: 000 GO-B3. Spacing ~77-79 mm between centers of date and value figures. Width of frank variable between 34 and 36 mm. S# high or nil. Value figures smaller than with Type 1. A. Frank 27-28 mm tall, 34-36 mm wide. Space between inner and outer frame lines 5.5 mm [$10] B. Frank 25-26 mm tall. Space between inner and outer frame lines 4 mm [$15] C. Frank as A, but inscriptions “FREI STADT” and “DANZIG” wider. One meter known [$100] TM: SC V/F: 000 GO-B4. Francotyp “C” (MV), 1937. [$25] Upright rectangle, shield between lions at bottom. Spacing ~77-79 mm between centers of date and value figures. S# high or nil. TM: SC V/F: 000 (A,G) GO-B5. Francotyp “AN” (MV). [$25] As Type 4 but narrower spacing. Without S#. TM: SC V/F: 000 Return to main catalog ⇒ International Postage Meter Stamp Catalog Return to top ⇒ Poland
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The Man Who Changed His Mind is a 1936 film about a brilliant but unstable scientist experimenting with transferring minds, who becomes vengeful when his magnate patron withdraws his support. Directed by Robert Stevenson. Written by John L. Balderston. I was the leading surgeon in Genoa - the greatest authority upon the human brain, until I told them something about their own brains. Then they said I was mad. Look at me. Am I mad? I meant my work to be given to the world to be used for the common good, but they wouldn't have it! They wouldn't believe me... they laughed. All right, I'll keep it for myself, and I'll use it for my own ends. The name is Clayton. One of the doctor's more hopeless cases. Come in! Most of me is dead. The rest of me is damned. Dr. Clare Wyatt: You didn't like me coming here, didn't you? Clayton: You don't like me! Dr. Clare Wyatt: I'm sorry for you. Clayton: I wonder which revolts you most - my miserable body or my perverted mind. Clayton: This may amuse you. [gives Laurience a newspaper with a gossipy article about his experiments.] Dr. Laurience: You told them all this! Clayton: Me? Why me? Dr. Laurience: How should I know? Your mind is just as twisted as your body. Don't forget, if I leave out one injection... Clayton: I don't mind dying, but to be accused of journalism! Dr. Clare Wyatt: Why did you send for me? You might have had an experienced scientist. Dr. Laurience: I don't want experienced scientists. Their minds are set. Like trains they run only to the terminus and back again to the beginning. and back. But I remember you in Genoa. You were so young. You had faith in what was new and courage to face things, and now you shall work with me here, and I shall show you strange things about the mind of man. You will follow me without fear. Dr. Clare Wyatt: Without fear. Boris Karloff — Dr. Laurience Anna Lee — Dr. Clare Wyatt John Loder — Dick Haslewood Frank Cellier — Lord Haslewood Donald Calthrop — Clayton Wikipedia has an article about: The Man Who Changed His Mind The Man Who Changed His Mind quotes at the Internet Movie Database
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Jane Eyre: The Musical (2000), based on the novel by Charlotte Brontë. Music and lyrics by Paul Gordon, book and additional lyrics by John Caird. When all she wants to do is...fly. Over mountains, over oceans, how her restlessness stirs. For she longs for her liberty, when will liberty be hers? Jane Eyre She saves me when I can't be saved, frees me but I'm still enslaved. Now I battle what I most adore. Oh, let me sail away, get lost at sea and make this vow: what my heart wants I will not allow. For as the sirens call the sailors, she calls to me. Mr. Rochester There's no sight so sad, no stench so bad, as that of a naughty girl. No crime so grave, as children who misbehave. When a girl can't be saved, God hears her plea, but he leaves her soul...to me! Mr. Brocklehurst Love is like a virus, we're infected with. You're so naive. Wouldn't it be wonderful if life were just as you perceived? Women are inhuman...worthless...course and savage, on the average. Never to be trusted, completely maladjusted....it's true. But if I had thought things through...I might have been as good...as you." Edward Fairfax Rochester Jane Eyre...why don't you just kill yourself? John Reed Jane, there is a place for you. And, Jane, it is here with me, to live in this house, to stand as my wife. Jane, you are my second self, and Jane, don't you see the truth that you are the heart of my life! Mr. Rochester Jane, I've been dealt a blow. I've been dealt a blow, Jane! Mr. Rochester When I lay myself down to sleep tonight I pray I might know why God has tempered judgment not with mercy, but with sorrow. Let the world forsake me, let them do their worst, I will withstand it all, they will not break me. There is another world that watches us, I'm not afraid. Young Jane and Jane Eyre She found me handsome, my opera dancer. And like a fool I believed it was true I held the world inside my hands, a man full in his prime, when she left me for another, pierced my heart a second time. Mr. Rochester I cannot sleep. I cannot breathe. I cry his tears. I sense the secrets of his past. I feel his fears. Jane Eyre Orphan, orphan, parents dead! Stupid, stupid in the head! Ugly, ugly, ugly face! Why don't you learn to know your PLACE! John Reed Wikipedia has an article about: Jane Eyre (musical)
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Doctor Who — Incarnations of The Doctor : 1st - 2nd - 3rd - 4th - 5th - 6th - 7th - 8th - War - 9th - 10th - 11th - 12th - 13th Companions : Jack Harkness · Martha Jones · Donna Noble · Clara Oswald · Amy Pond · Bill Potts · River Song · Rose Tyler · Rory Williams Adversaries : Cybermen · Daleks · The Great Intelligence · The Master · Rassilon The Doctor is the primary character of the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. A Time Lord from the planet of Gallifrey, they explores time and space with various traveling companions in their TARDIS. When a Time Lord's body is sufficiently injured as to cause death, a new one can be regenerated, retaining all the memories of the old, but with a different appearance, and some altered personality traits. This page presents some of the more interesting quotes from the series made by the Doctor in all of their various incarnations. (November 1963 - October 1966) Have you ever thought what it's like to be wanderers in the Fourth Dimension? Have you? To be exiles? An Unearthly Child [1.1] (23 November -14 December 1963) Fear makes companions of us all. An Unearthly Child [1.1] (23 November -14 December 1963) As we learn about each other, so we learn about ourselves. The Edge of Destruction [1.3] (8 - 15 February 1964) I don't believe that man was made to be controlled by machines. Machines can make laws, but they can not preserve justice. Only human beings can do that. The Keys of Marinus [1.5] (11 April - 16 May 1964) It all started out as a mild curiosity in the junkyard, and now it's turned out to be quite a great spirit of adventure. The Sensorites [1.7] (20 June - 1 August 1964) Our lives are important — at least to us — and as we see, so we learn... Our destiny is in the stars, so let's go and search for it. The Reign of Terror [1.8] (8 August - 12 September 1964) One day, I shall come back. Yes, I shall come back. Until then, there must be no regrets, no tears, no anxieties. Just go forward in all your beliefs and prove to me that I am not mistaken in mine. The Dalek Invasion Of Earth [2.2] (21 November to 26 December 1964) So you're my replacements. Humph. A dandy and a clown. The Three Doctors [10.1] (30 December 1972 - 20 January 1973) I suddenly realised what the old proverb meant: "To lose is to win, and he who wins shall lose!" It was all part of Rassilon's trap to find out who wanted immortality and put him out of the way! He knew very well that immortality was a curse, NOT a blessing! The Five Doctors [20.7] (23 November 1983) Well then, here we go... the long way around. Twice Upon a Time [10.13] (25 December 2017) (November 1966 - June 1969) Slower! SLOWER! Concentrate on one thing! ONE thing! The Power of the Daleks [4.3] (5 November - 10 December 1966) I'd like to see a butterfly fit into a chrysalis case after it spreads its wings. The Power of the Daleks [4.3] (5 November - 10 December 1966) Life depends on change, and renewal. The Power of the Daleks [4.3] (5 November - 10 December 1966) There are some corners of the universe which have bred the most terrible things. Things that act against everything we believe in. They must be fought! The Moonbase [4.6] (11 February - 4 March 1967) I am not a student of human nature. I am a professor of a far wider academy of which human nature is merely a part. The Evil of the Daleks [4.9] (20 May - 1 July 1967) We've done exactly as you calculated, haven't we? The Tomb of the Cybermen [5.1] (2 September - 23 September 1967) The power cable generated an electrical field and confused their tiny metal minds. You might almost say they've had a complete metal breakdown. The Tomb of the Cybermen [5.1] (2 September - 23 September 1967) People spend all their time making nice things and then other people come along and break them. The Enemy of the World [5.4] (23 December 1967 - 27 January 1968) An unintelligent enemy is far less dangerous than an intelligent one, Jamie. Just act stupid. Do you think you can manage that? The Dominators [6.1] (10 August - 7 September 1968) We're nowhere. The Mind Robber [6.2] (14 September - 12 October 1968) I hate computers and refuse to be bullied by them! The Invasion [6.3] (2 November - 21 December 1968) I do tend to get involved. The War Games [6.7] (19 April - 21 June 1969) Keep it confused, feed it with useless information — I wonder if I have a television set handy? The Three Doctors [1Wc0.1] (30 December 1972 - 20 January 1973) (January 1970 - June 1974) My dear Miss Shaw, I never report myself anywhere, particularly not forthwith. Spearhead from Space [7.1] (3 January - 24 January 1970) I reversed the polarity of the neutron flow. The Sea Devils [9.3] (26 February - 1 April 1972) Well, I'll tell you something that should be of vital interest to you. That you, Sir, are a NITWIT! Inferno [7.4] (9 May - 20 June 1970) Obviously the Time Lords have programmed the TARDIS always to return to Earth. It seems that I'm some sort of galactic yo-yo! The Claws of Axos [8.3] (13 March - 3 April 1971) It's all quite simple — I am he and he is me! The Three Doctors [10.1] (30 December 1972 - 20 January 1973) Allow me to congratulate you, sir. You have the most totally closed mind that I've ever encountered. Frontier in Space [10.3] (24 February - 31 March 1973) Courage isn't just a matter of not being frightened, you know. It's being afraid and doing what you have to do anyway. Planet of the Daleks [10.4] (7 April - 12 May 1973) A straight line may be the shortest distance between two points, but it is by no means the most interesting. The Time Warrior [11.1] (15 December 1973 - 5 January 1974) A tear, Sarah Jane? No, don't cry. While there's life there's... (Dies) w:Planet of the Spiders [11.5] (4 May 1974 - 8 June 1974) (June 1974 - March 1981) Have a Jelly Baby. Catch phrase used in many programs, offering jelly babies to friends and foes. Shut up, K-9! Catch phrase, used in many programs when talking with the robotic dog K-9. You may be a doctor. But I'm the Doctor. The definite article, you might say. Robot [12.1] (28 December 1974 - 18 January 1975) There's no point being grown-up if you can't be childish sometimes. Robot [12.1] (28 December 1974 - 18 January 1975) Never cared much for the word "impregnable." Sounds a bit too much like "unsinkable." Robot [12.1] (28 December 1974 - 18 January 1975) Homo sapiens. What an inventive, invincible species. It's only a few million years since they crawled up out of the mud and learned to walk. Puny, defenceless bipeds. They've survived flood, famine and plague. They've survived cosmic wars and holocausts. And now, here they are, out among the stars, waiting to begin a new life. Ready to outsit eternity. They're indomitable. The Ark in Space [12.2] (25 January - 15 February 1975) Excuse me, can you help me? I'm a spy. Genesis of the Daleks [12.4] (8 March - 12 April 1975) Failed? No, not really. You see, I know that although the Daleks will create havoc and destruction for millions of years, I know also that out of their evil must come something good. Genesis of the Daleks [12.4] (8 March - 12 April 1975) Who's the homicidal maniac? Revenge of the Cybermen [12.5] (19 April - 10 May 1975) I'm a Time Lord...I'm not a human being; I walk in eternity... Pyramids of Mars [13.3] (25 October - 15 November 1975) Something's going on contrary to the laws of the universe. I must find out what! Pyramids of Mars [13.3] (25 October - 15 November 1975) Deactivating a generator loop without the correct key is like repairing a watch with a hammer and chisel. One false move and you'll never know the time again. Pyramids of Mars [13.3] (25 October - 15 November 1975) The Doctor's not here. He's at large somewhere in the complex! The Android Invasion [13.4] (22 November - 13 December 1975) Do you think I don't know the difference between an internal fault and an external influence! No, no, no, there's something going on here. Some dirty work they won't touch with their lily white hands! The Brain of Morbius [13.5] (3 January - 24 January 1976) If you don't stop wallowing in self-pity, I'll bite your nose. The Brain of Morbius [13.5] (3 January - 24 January 1976) You thought I was dead, didn't you? ... You're always making that mistake. The Brain of Morbius [13.5] (3 January - 24 January 1976) You humans have got such limited, little minds. I don't know why I like you so much. The Masque of Mandragora [14.1] (4 September - 25 September 1976) All right! I confess, I confess. — I confess to your being a bigger idiot than I thought. The Deadly Assassin [14.3] (30 October - 20 November 1976) The very powerful and the very stupid have one thing in common. They don't alter their views to fit the facts. They alter the facts to fit their views. Which can be uncomfortable if you happen to be one of the facts that needs altering. The Face of Evil [14.4] (1 January - 22 January 1977) Answers are easy. It's asking the right questions which is hard. The Face of Evil [14.4] (1 January - 22 January 1977) Now drop your weapons, or I'll kill him with this deadly jelly baby! The Face of Evil [14.4] (1 January - 22 January 1977) I'm the Doctor. Who are you, and why are you shooting at me? The Face of Evil [14.4] (1 January - 22 January 1977) I never carry weapons. If people see you mean them no harm, they never hurt you — nine times out of ten... The Robots of Death [14.5] (29 January - 19 February 1977) To the rational mind, nothing is inexplicable; only unexplained. The Robots of Death [14.5] (29 January - 19 February 1977) That's trans-dimensional engineering; a key Time Lord discovery! The Robots of Death [14.5] (29 January - 19 February 1977) Were you trying to attract my attention? The Talons of Weng-Chiang [14.6] (26 February - 2 April 1977) Listen! It's the muffin man! Come on. I'll buy you all muffins. The Talons of Weng-Chiang [14.6] (26 February - 2 April 1977) The localised condition of planetary atmospheric condensation caused a malfunction in the visual orientation circuits. Or to put it another way, we got lost in the fog. Horror of Fang Rock [15.1] (3 September - 24 September 1977) the Doctor: I'll call you Romana Romana: I don't like Romana the Doctor: It's either Romana or Fred! Romana: Alright, call me Fred. the Doctor: Good. Come on, Romana. w:The Ribos Operation [16.1] (2 September - 23 September 1978) Where's your joy in life? Where's your optimism? ... Whenever you go into a new situation, you must always believe the best until you find out exactly what the situation's all about. Then, believe the worst. The Armageddon Factor [16.6] (20 January - 24 February 1979) Sometimes my brilliance astonishes even me. The Invisible Enemy [15.2] (1 October to 22 October 1977) Someone once tried to build a machine as efficient as the brain. The only problem was, it would have had to be bigger than London — do you remember London? — and powered by the entire European grid. And that was just a human brain. Mine's much more complex. The Invisible Enemy [15.2] (1 October to 22 October 1977) The Key to Time is still in my possession. Rage all you like! The Invisible Enemy [15.2] (1 October to 22 October 1977) I'm a very dangerous fellow when I don't know what I'm doing. Destiny of the Daleks [17.1] (1 September - 22 September 1979) I wouldn't make a very good criminal, would I? City of Death [17.2] (29 September 1979 - 20 October 1979) I suppose you could say the yoke's on him if you were the sort of person who said that sort of thing which fortunately I'm not. The Creature From the Pit [17.3] (27 October - 17 November 1979) You know K-9, sometimes I think I'm wasted just rushing about the universe saving planets from destruction. With a talent like mine I might have been a great slow bowler. The Horns of Nimon [17.5] (22 December 1979 - 12 January 1980) Don't cross your bridges before they're hatched. The Leisure Hive [18.1] (30 August - 20 September 1980) What can't be cured must be endured. ... Oh don't listen to me. I never do. The Keeper of Traken [18.6] (31 January - 21 February 1981) It's the end. But the moment has been prepared for. Logopolis [18.7] (28 February - 21 March 1981) (March 1981 - March 1984) Why are Earth people so parochial? The Visitation [19.4] (15 February - 23 February 1982) For some people, small, beautiful events is what life is all about! Earthshock [19.6] (8 March - 16 March 1982) The illusion is always one of normality. Time-Flight [19.7] (22 March - 30 March 1982) You know how it is; you put things off for a day and next thing you know, it's a hundred years later. Arc of Infinity [20.1] (3 January - 12 January 1983) Oh, marvellous. You're going to kill me. What a finely tuned response to the situation. Frontios [21.3] (26 January - 3 February 1984) (March 1984 - September 1987) You were expecting someone else? The Caves of Androzani [21.6] (8 March -16 March 1984) A little gratitude wouldn't irretrievably damage my ego. Attack of the Cybermen [22.1] (5 January - 12 January 1985) What's the use of a good quotation if you can't change it? The Two Doctors [22.4] (16 February - 2 March 1985) Small though it is, the human brain can be quite effective when working at full efficiency — not unlike myself! The Two Doctors [22.4] (16 February - 2 March 1985) Planets come and go. Stars perish. Matter disperses, coalesces, forms into other patterns, other worlds. Nothing can be eternal. The Mysterious Planet [23.1] (6 September - 27 September 1986) In all my travelling throughout the universe, I have battled against evil, against power-mad conspirators. I should have stayed here. The oldest civilisation: decadent, degenerate, and rotten to the core. Power-mad conspirators, Daleks, Sontarans, Cybermen — they're still in the nursery compared to us. Ten million years of absolute power. That's what it takes to be really corrupt. The Ultimate Foe [23.4] (29 November - 6 December 1986) (September 1987 - December 1989 + May 1996) Every dogma has its day. Time and the Rani [24.1] (7 September - 28 September 1987) Love has never been noted for its rationality. Delta and the Bannermen [24.3] (2 November - 16 November 1987) A stitch in time... takes up space. Delta and the Bannermen [24.3] (2 November - 16 November 1987) Your species has the most amazing capacity for self-deception, matched only by its ingenuity when trying to destroy itself. Remembrance of the Daleks [25.1] (5 October - 26 October 1988) Time Lords have an infinite capacity for pretension. Remembrance of the Daleks [25.1] (5 October - 26 October 1988) Earl Sigma: You're a nice guy Doctor, but a little weird. The Doctor: I don't know about the little... The Happiness Patrol [25.2] (2 November - 16 November 1988) Anybody remotely interesting is mad in some way. The Greatest Show In The Galaxy [25.4] (14 December 1988 - 4 January 1989) Among all the varied wonders of the universe, there's nothing so firmly clamped shut as the military mind. Battlefield [26.1] (6 September - 27 September 1989) All is change, all is movement. Ghost Light [26.2] (4 October - 18 October 1989) There are worlds out there where the sky is burning, and the sea's asleep, and the rivers dream; people made of smoke and cities made of song. Somewhere there's danger, somewhere there's injustice, somewhere else the tea's getting cold. Come on, Ace. Survival [26.4] (22 November - 6 December 1989 I am not like you. Doctor Who (1996 TV film) (12 May 1996) (May 1996 & November 2013) Who am I? WHO — AM — I? Awakening with amnesia, after regenerating, in Doctor Who (12 May 1996) Grace, I came back to life before your eyes. I held back death. Look, I can't make your dream come true forever, but I can make it come true today. Doctor Who (12 May 1996) I love humans. Always seeing patterns in things that aren't there. Doctor Who (12 May 1996) Back of the ship....Because the front crashes first. Think it through. Explaing to Cass where they're going and why, in The Night of the Doctor (14 November 2013) Physician, heal thyself. The Night of the Doctor (14 November 2013) This incarnation does not use the name "The Doctor", as the Eighth Doctor, facing death, chose to regenerate as a "Warrior" to fight in the Time Wars (May 2013 & November 2013) No more. Graffiti left as writing on a wall, in The Day of the Doctor (23 November 2013) Why is there never a big red button? Trying to figure out how the Moment works in The Day of the Doctor (23 November 2013) If you have been inside my head, then you know what I have seen. The suffering. Every moment in time and space is burning. It must end, and I intend to end it the only way I can. To the Moment in The Day of the Doctor (23 November 2013) Oh, the pointing again. They're screwdrivers! What are you going to do, assemble a cabinet at them? To two other incarnations of the Doctor who are holding out their Sonic Screwdrivers when confronted by armed adversaries. The Day of the Doctor (23 November 2013) Anyone lose a fez? After stepping through the Time Fissure in The Day of the Doctor (23 November 2013) Great men are forged in fire. It is the privilege of lesser men to light the flame. Whatever the cost. Preparing to use the Moment, in The Day of the Doctor (23 November 2013) Never give up. Never give in. The Day of the Doctor (23 November 2013) "What I did, I did without choice, in the name of peace and sanity." To the 11th Doctor in his time stream "The Name of the Doctor" (18 May 2013) (March 2005 - June 2005) RUN Rose [1.1] (26 March 2005) Nice to meet you Rose Tyler; Run for you life Rose [1.1] (26 March 2005) Rose: So what you’re saying is, the whole world revolves around you? The Doctor: Sort of, yeah. Rose: You’re full of it. The Doctor: Sort of, yeah. Rose [1.1] (26 March 2005) It's like when you're a kid. The first time they tell you that the world's turning and you just can't quite believe it 'cause everything looks like it's standin' still. I can feel it; the turn of the Earth. The ground beneath our feet is spinnin' at 1,000 miles an hour and the entire planet is hurtling around the sun at 67,000 miles an hour, and I can feel it. We're fallin' through space, you and me, clinging to the skin of this tiny little world, and if we let go... That's who I am. Rose [1.1] (26 March 2005) Lots of planets have a north Rose [1.1] (26 March 2005) The paper's slightly psychic, makes them see whatever I want them to see. The End of the World [1.2] (2 April 2005) You lot. You spend all your time thinking about dying, like you're going to get killed by eggs, or beef, or global warming, or asteroids. But you never take time to imagine the impossible: that maybe you survive. The End of the World [1.2] (2 April 2005) I'm a Time Lord. I'm the last of the Time Lords. They're all gone. I'm the only survivor. I'm left travelling on my own, 'cause there's no one else. The End of the World [1.2] (2 April 2005) I love a happy medium! The Unquiet Dead [1.3] (9 April 2005) You think you know your own name? How stupid are you? Aliens of London [1.4] (16 April 2005) Well, you can stay there if you want! ... But right now there's this plasma storm brewing in the Horsehead Nebula. Fires are burning ten million miles wide! I could fly the TARDIS right into the heart of it and ride the shockwave all the way out. Hurtled right across the sky and end up anywhere! Your choice. World War Three [1.5] (23 April 2005) You're right: I am dangerous, I don't want anyone following me. World War Three [1.5] (23 April 2005) The stuff of nightmares, reduced to an exhibit. I'm getting old. Dalek [1.6] (30 April 2005) The last of the great space dustbins How does it feel? Dalek [1.6] (30 April 2005) We're not the same! I'm not the... No, wait, maybe we are... Yeah, right, yeah, okay. You've got a point 'cause I know what to do. I know what should happen. I know what you deserve. Exterminate! Dalek [1.6] (30 April 2005) The Doctor: All right then. If you want orders, follow this one. [pause] The Doctor: Kill yourself. Dalek: The Daleks must survive! The Doctor: The Daleks have failed! Why don't you finish the job, and make the Daleks extinct? Rid the universe of your filth! Why don't you just die? Dalek: [evenly] You would make a good Dalek. Dalek [1.6] (30 April 2005) broken, broken, hairdryer Dalek [1.6] (30 April 2005) Get in the church Fathers day [1.8] (12 may 2005) Rose, I'm trying to resonate concrete the doctor dances (26 may 2005) Everybody lives, Rose. Just this once...Everybody lives!! Exultant after saving all the Nanogene-infected Londoners in The Doctor Dances [1.10] (28 May 2005) The Doctor: No! 'Cause this is what I'm gonna do — I'm gonna rescue her! I'm gonna save Rose Tyler from the middle of the Dalek fleet, and then I'm gonna save the Earth, and then — just to finish you off — I'm gonna wipe every last stinking Dalek out of the sky! Dalek: But you have no weapons! No defenses! No plan! The Doctor: Yeah! And doesn't that scare you to death? Rose? Rose I'm coming to get you Bad Wolf [1.12] (11 June 2005) Rose, now listen; this is important. If this message is activated, then it can only mean one thing. We must be in danger, and I mean fatal. I'm dead, or about to die any second with no chance of escape. And that's okay — hope it's a good death. But I promised to look after you, and that's what I'm doing. The TARDIS is taking you home. And I bet you're fussing and moaning now — typical! But hold on and just listen a bit more. The TARDIS can never return for me. Emergency Programme One means I'm facing an enemy that should never get their hands on this machine. So this is what you should do: let the TARDIS die. Just let this old box gather dust. No one can open it; no one will even notice it. Let it become a strange little thing standing on a street corner. And over the years, the world will move on and the box will be buried. And if you wanna remember me, then you can do one thing, that's all, one thing — Have a good life. Do that for me, Rose. Have a fantastic life. The Parting of the Ways [1.13] (18 June 2005) Rose: I can see everything. All that is. All that was. All that ever could be. The Doctor: That's what I see, all the time. And doesn't it drive you mad? The Parting of the Ways [1.13] (18 June 2005) Time Lords have this little trick, it's sort of a way of cheating death. Except... it means I'm going to change. And you're not going to see me again... Not like this. Not with this daft old face. And before I go ... before I go, I just want to tell you: you were fantastic. Absolutely fantastic. And do you know what? So was I! The Parting of the Ways [1.13] (18 June 2005) (June 2005 - January 2010) Allons-y! Repeated multiple times by the Tenth Doctor throughout the series Think you've seen it all? Think again. Outside those doors, we might see anything. We could find new worlds, terrifying monsters, impossible things. And if you come with me... nothing will ever be the same again! Series 2 Trailer (2005) You can spend the rest of your life with me, but I can't spend the rest of mine with you. I have to live on. Alone. That's the curse of the Time Lords. School Reunion [2.3] (29 April 2006) I've seen fake gods and bad gods and demi gods and would-be gods; out of all that, out of that whole pantheon, if I believe in one thing... just one thing... I believe in her. The Satan Pit [2.9] (10 June 2006) Never say never ever. Fear Her [2.11] (24 June 2006) Something in the air. Something's coming. A storm's approaching... Fear Her [2.11] (24 June 2006) Crossing into established events is strictly forbidden. Except for cheap tricks. Smith and Jones [3.1] (31 March 2007) I'll tell you what then, don't... step on any butterflies. What have butterflies ever done to you? The Shakespeare Code [3.2] (7 April 2007) The naming won't work on me. The Shakespeare Code [3.2] (7 April 2007) The shape of the Globe gives words power, but you're the wordsmith! The one true genius; the only one clever enough to do it. ... Trust yourself. When you're locked away in your room, the words just come, don't they, like magic. Words, the right sound, the right shape, the right rhythm, words that last forever. That's what you do, Will. You choose perfect words. Do it. Improvise! The Shakespeare Code [3.2] (7 April 2007) I'm not just a Time Lord, I'm the last of the Time Lords. Gridlock [3.3] (14 April 2007) There was a war. A Time War. The Last Great Time War. My people fought a race called the Daleks, for the sake of all creation. And they lost. We lost. Everyone lost. They're all gone now. Gridlock [3.3] (14 April 2007) Daleks are bad enough at any time, but right now they're vulnerable. And that makes them more dangerous than ever. Evolution of the Daleks [3.5] (28 April 2007) There have been too many deaths today; way too many people have died. Brand new creatures and wise old men and age-old enemies, and I tell you, I tell you right now, I am not having one more death! Evolution of the Daleks [3.5] (28 April 2007) Black tie... Whenever I wear this, something bad always happens. The Lazarus Experiment [3.6] (5 May 2007) Some people live more in twenty years than others do in eighty. It's not the time that matters, it's the person. The Lazarus Experiment [3.6] (5 May 2007) There's no such thing as an ordinary human. The Lazarus Experiment [3.6] (5 May 2007) I'm old enough to know that a longer life isn't always a better one. In the end, you just get tired. Tired of the struggle. Tired of losing everyone that matters to you. Tired of watching everything you love turn to dust. If you live long enough, Lazarus, the only certainty left is that you'll end up alone. The Lazarus Experiment [3.6] (5 May 2007) People don't understand time. It's not what you think it is. ... People assume that time is a strict progression of cause to effect... but actually, from a non-linear, non-subjective viewpoint, it's more like a big ball of wibbly-wobbly... timey-wimey... stuff. Blink [3.10] (9 June 2007) Fascinating race, the Weeping Angels. The only psychopaths in the universe to kill you nicely. No mess, no fuss, they just zap you into the past and let you live to death. The rest of your life used up and blown away in the blink of an eye. You die in the past, and in the present they consume the energy of all the days you might have had, all your stolen moments. They're creatures of the abstract. They live off potential energy. ...... the Angels are coming for you, but listen—your life could depend on this—don't blink. Don't even blink. Blink and you're dead. They are fast, faster than you could believe. Don't turn your back, don't look away, and don't blink. Good luck. Blink [3.10] (9 June 2007) Yeah, listen, listen, got to dash... things happening. Well... four things. Well... four things and a lizard. Blink [3.10] (9 June 2007) We're at the end of the universe. Okay?! Right at the edge of knowledge itself! And you're busy... blogging! Utopia [3.11] (16 June 2007) I've had a whole year to tune myself into the psychic network and integrate with its matrices. Last of the Time Lords [3.13] (30 June 2007) You wouldn't listen. Because you know what I'm going to say... I forgive you. Last of the Time Lords [3.13] (30 June 2007) All my love to long ago. Time Crash (16 November 2007) Brilliant. Take me to your leader. I've always wanted to say that! Voyage of the Damned [4.X] (25 December 2007) Before you ask, that fire had nothing to do with me. Well, a little bit. The Fires of Pompeii [4.2] (12 April 2008) I am... Spartacus. The Fires of Pompeii [4.2] (12 April 2008) Donna: You are completely impossible! The Doctor: Not impossible... just a bit unlikely. The Doctor's Daughter [4.6] (10 May 2008) These books are from your future. If you read ahead, it will spoil all the surprises. Like peeping at the end. ... I try to keep you away from major plot developments. Which, to be honest, I seem to be really bad at. Silence in the Library [4.8] (31 May 2008) Almost every species in the universe has an irrational fear of the dark, but they're wrong, because it's not irrational. It's Vashta Nerada ... It's what's in the dark. It's what's always in the dark. Silence in the Library [4.8] (31 May 2008) Don't play games with me. You just killed someone I liked and that is not a safe place to stand! I'm the Doctor and you're in the biggest Library in the universe. Look me up. Forest of the Dead [4.9] (7 June 2008) River Song: If you die here, it'll mean I've never met you! The Doctor: Time can be rewritten! River: Not those times. Not one line! It's OK. It's OK, it's not over for you. You'll see me again. You've got all of that to come. You and me, time and space. You watch us run! Forest of the Dead [4.9] (7 June 2008) River, you know my name! You whispered my name in my ear! There's only one reason I would ever tell anyone my name. There's only one time I could... Forest of the Dead [4.9] (7 June 2008) You were born in battle, full of blood and anger and revenge. Remind you of someone? That's me when we first met, and you made me better. Now you can do the same for him. Journey's End [4.13] (5 July 2008) I just want you to know, there are worlds out there, safe in the sky because of her. That there are people living in the light, and singing songs of Donna Noble. A thousand, million light years away. They will never forget her, while she can never remember. But for one moment... one shining moment... she was the most important woman in the whole wide universe. Journey's End [4.13] (5 July 2008) Just remember, music isn’t just orchestras and pop stars and special people with albums and downloads and concerts, it’s you. Because the music of the spheres is all around you. When you’re on your own, just close your eyes, and you’ll hear it. Music. Inside your head. ‘Cause everyone’s a musician. Everyone’s got a song inside them. Every single one of you. Music of the Spheres (27 July 2008) There are laws. There are laws of time. Once upon a time there were people in charge of those laws, but they died. They all died. The Waters of Mars [4.16] (19 December 2009) For a long time now, I thought I was just a survivor, but I'm not. I'm the winner! That's who I am: the Time Lord Victorious! --> I was told: "He will knock four times". That was the prophecy: knock four times and then... I can still die. If I'm killed before regeneration, then I'm dead. Even then, even if I change, it feels like dying. Everything I am dies. Some new man goes sauntering away... and I'm dead. The End of Time [4.17] (25 December 2009) Something is returning, don't you ever listen!? That was the prophecy: not someone, something! The End of Time [4.18] (1 January 2010) I don't want to go. The End of Time [4.18] (1 January 2010) (January 2010 - December 2013) All of time and space; everywhere and anywhere; every star that ever was. Where do you want to start? Official BBC trailer for Series 5 (2010) Can I have an apple? All I can think about — apples. I love apples. Maybe I'm having a craving. That's new — never had cravings before. To the young Amelia Pond, in The Eleventh Hour [5.1] (3 April 2010) Of course you're not scared. Box falls out of the sky, man falls out of box, man eats fish custard, and look at you! Just... sitting there. To the young Amelia Pond, in The Eleventh Hour [5.1] (3 April 2010) I'm the Doctor; I'm worse than everyone's aunt. [Beat] And that is not how I'm introducing myself. The Eleventh Hour [5.1] (3 April 2010) One question, just one more: Is this world protected? You're not the first to come here. There have been so many. ... And what you have to ask yourself is... "What happened to them?" ... Hello. Basically... run. The Eleventh Hour [5.1] (3 April 2010) There's something you better understand about me, 'cause it's important and one day your life may depend on it. I am definitely a madman with a box! The Eleventh Hour [5.1] (3 April 2010) YOU — ARE — MY — ENEMY. AND I AM YOURS! You are everything I despise. The worst thing in all creation. I have defeated you time and time again. I have defeated you. I have sent you back into the Void. I have saved the whole of reality from you. I am the Doctor, and you are the Daleks! Victory of the Daleks [5.3] (17 April 2010) The Doctor [examining an ancient artifact in a museum]: The writing... the graffiti: Old High Gallifreyan. ... The lost language of the Time Lords. There were days, there were many days, where these words could burn stars, raise up empires, and topple gods. Amy: What does this one say? The Doctor: [hesitates, then, exasperatedly] "Hello sweetie." The Time of Angels [5.4] (24 April 2010) A weeping angel, Amy, is the deadliest, most powerful, most malevolent life-form evolution has ever produced and right now one of them is trapped inside that wreckage and I'm supposed to climb in after it with a screwdriver and a torch, and assuming I survive the radiation long enough and assuming the ship doesn't explode in my face, do something incredibly clever which I haven't actually thought of yet. That's my day, that's what I'm up to. Any questions? The Time of Angels [5.4] (24 April 2010) Didn't anyone ever tell you? There's one thing you never put in a trap — if you're smart, if you value your continued existence, if you have any plans about seeing tomorrow — there's one thing you never — ever put in a trap. ... Me. The Time of Angels [5.4] (24 April 2010) River Song: It's a long story, Doctor. Can't be told. Has to be lived! No sneak previews. Well, except for this one. You'll see me again quite soon. When the Pandorica opens. The Doctor: The "Pandorica"! Ha! That's a fairytale! River Song: Ha ha! Doctor — aren't we all? I'll see you there. The Doctor: I look forward to it. River Song: I remember it well! Flesh and Stone [5.5] (1 May 2010) There are fixed points throughout time where things must stay exactly the way they are. This is not one of them. This is an opportunity! Whatever happens here will create its own timeline, its own reality, a temporal tipping point. The future revolves around you, here, now, so do good! Cold Blood [5.9] I have a thing. It's like a plan, but with more greatness. Vincent and the Doctor [5.10] (5 June 2010) One simple instruction: don't follow me under any circumstances. Vincent and the Doctor [5.10] (5 June 2010) The way I see it, life is a pile of good things and bad things. The good things don’t always soften the bad things, but vice versa the bad things don’t always spoil the good things and make them unimportant. Vincent and the Doctor [5.10] (5 June 2010) Annihilate? No. No violence, do you understand me? Not while I'm around. Not today, not ever. I'm the Doctor, the Oncoming Storm. The Lodger [5.11] (12 June 2010) Hello Stonehenge! Who takes the Pandorica, takes the universe. But bad news everyone ...'cos guess who? Ha! Listen, you lot, you're all whizzing about. It's really very distracting. Could you all just stay still a minute? BECAUSE I-AM-TALKING! — Now the question of the hour is, who's got the Pandorica? Answer — I do. Next question, who's coming to take it from me? — Come on! Look at me, no plan, no back-up, no weapons worth a damn. Oh, and something else: I don't have anything to lose! So! If you're sitting up there in your silly little spaceship, with all your silly little guns, and you've got any plans on taking the Pandorica tonight, just remember who's standing in your way! Remember every black day I ever stopped you! And then, and then... do the smart thing. Let somebody else try first. The Pandorica Opens [5.12] (19 June 2010) The universe is big, it's vast and complicated and... ridiculous, and sometimes, very rarely, impossible things just happen and we call them miracles. And that's the theory. 900 years, never seen one yet. But this would do me. The Pandorica Opens [5.12] (19 June 2010) People fall out of the world sometimes, but they always leave traces. Little things we can't quite account for. Faces in photographs, luggage, half-eaten meals. Rings. Nothing is ever forgotten, not completely. And if something can be remembered, it can come back. The Pandorica Opens [5.12] (19 June 2010) The Doctor: There was a goblin, or a trickster... Or a warrior... A nameless, terrible thing, soaked in the blood of a billion galaxies. The most feared being in all the cosmos. And nothing could stop it or hold it, or reason with it. One day it would just drop out of the sky and tear down your world. Amy: How did it end up in there? The Doctor: You know fairy tales. A good wizard tricked it. River: [to Amy] I hate good wizards in fairy tales — they always turn out to be him. The Pandorica Opens [5.12] (19 June 2010) The box contains a memory of the universe, and the light transmits the memory — and that's how were going to do it. ... Relight the fire. Reboot the universe. The Big Bang [5.13] (26 June 2010) Do you know, in 900 years of time and space, I've never met anyone who wasn't important before? A Christmas Carol [5.14] (25 December 2010) Good men don't need rules. Today is not the day to find out why I have so many of them. A Good Man Goes to War [6.7] (4 June 2011) Rory: Doctor, River was brainwashed to kill you. The Doctor: Well, she did. And then she used her remaining lives to bring me back. As first dates go, I’d say that was mixed signals. Let's Kill Hitler [6.8] (27 August 2011) The Doctor: I'm not just a "professional." Alex: What's that supposed to mean? The Doctor: It means I've come a long way to get here, Alex, a very long way. George sent a message — a distress call, if you like — Whatever is inside that cupboard is so terrible so powerful, that it amplified the fears of an ordinary little boy across all the barriers of time and space. Alex: Hey? The Doctor: Through crimson stars and silent stars and tumbling nebulas like oceans set on fire; empires of glass and civilizations of pure thought — and a whole terrible, wonderful universe of impossibilities. You see these eyes? They're old eyes — and one thing I can tell you, Alex: monsters are real. Alex: You're not from Social Services, are you? Night Terrors [6.9] (3 September 2011) I can't save you from this. There’s nothing I can do to stop this. I stole your childhood and now I've lead you by the hand to your death. But the worst thing is I knew. I knew this would happen. This is what always happens. Forget your faith in me. I took you with me because I was vain. Because I wanted to be adored. Look at you. Glorious Pond. The girl who waited for me. I'm not a hero. I really am just a mad man in a box. And it’s time we saw each other as we really are. Amy Williams, it’s time to stop waiting. The God Complex [6.11] (17 September 2011) The Doctor [explaining his appearances are not what has caused aliens to appear]: It's a coincidence! It happens! It's what the universe does for... [sees Amy and Rory shopping in the store, and Amy being asked by a young girl for her autograph]... fun. [surprised to see the child who asked for an autograph pointing towards him — turns around and sees poster featuring Amy modeling for "Petrichor" perfume: "For the girl who's tired of waiting."] Closing Time [6.12] (24 September 2011) Hello, Stormageddon. It’s The Doctor, here to help. Be quiet. Go to sleep. No really— stop crying. You’ve got a lot to look forward to you know: a normal human life on Earth. Mortgage repayments, the 9 to 5, a persistent nagging sense of spiritual emptiness. Save the tears for later boyo. Oh, that was crabby. No, that was old. But I am old, Stormy. I am so old. So near the end. But you, Alfie Owens. You are so young, aren’t you? And you know, right now, everything’s ahead of you. You could be anything. Yes, I know. You could walk among the stars. They don’t actually look like that, you know — they are rather more impressive. [uses his sonic to make a starry sky appear on the ceiling] Yeah! You know, when I was little like you, I dreamt of the stars. I think it’s fair to say, in the language of your age, that I lived my dream. I owned the stage. Gave it a hundred and ten percent. I hope you have as much fun as I did, Alfie. Closing Time [6.12] (24 September 2011) I’m the Doctor — I’m an alien from outer space, I’m 1000 years old, I’ve got two hearts — and I can’t fly a plane! The Bells of St John [7.7] (30 March 2013) Oh, you like to think you’re a god. But you’re not a god. You’re just a parasite eaten out with jealousy and envy and longing for the lives of others. You feed on them. On the memory of love and loss and birth and death and joy and sorrow. So ... so come on, then. Take mine. Take my memories. But I hope you’ve got a big appetite. Because I’ve lived a long life and I’ve seen a few things. ... I walked away from the Last Great Time War. I marked the passing of the Time Lords. I saw the birth of the universe and I watched as time ran out, moment by moment, until nothing remained. No time, no space — just me. I’ve walked in universes where the laws of physics were devised by the mind of a madman. I’ve watched universes freeze and creations burn. I have seen things you wouldn’t believe. I have lost things you will never understand. And I know things. Secrets that must never be told. Knowledge that must never be spoken. Knowledge that will make parasite gods blaze! So come on, then! Take it! Take it all, baby! Have it! You have it all! To "Grandfather" in The Rings of Akhaten [7.8] (6 April 2013) Clara sometimes asks me if I dream. 'Of course I dream,' I tell her. 'Everybody dreams.' 'But what do you dream about?' she asks. 'Same thing everybody dreams about,' I tell her. 'I dream about where I'm going.' She always laughs at that. 'But you're not going anywhere, you're just wandering about.' Not anymore. I have a new destination. My journey is the same as yours, the same as anyone's. It's taken me so many years, so many lifetimes, but at last I know where I'm going. Where I've always been going. Home, the long way around. The Day of the Doctor [7.14] (23 November 2013) We all change. When you think about it, we are all different people, all through our lives. And that's ok, that's good, you gotta keep moving, so long as you remember all the people that you used to be. I will not forget one line of this. Not one day...I swear. I will always remember when the Doctor was me. The Time of the Doctor [7.15] (25 December 2013) (December 2013 - December 2017) The Doctor: So tell me, what do you think of the view? Half-Faced Man: It is beautiful. The Doctor: No it isn't. It's just far away. Everything looks too small. I prefer it down there. Everything is huge. Everything is so important. Ever detail, every moment, every life clung to. Deep Breath [8.1] (23 August 2014) Those people down there. They are never small to me. Don't make assumptions about how far I will go to protect them, because I've already come a very long way. Deep Breath [8.1] (23 August 2014) I'm the Doctor. I've lived for over two thousand years, and not all of them were good. I've made many mistakes, and it's about time I did something about that. Deep Breath [8.1] (23 August 2014) Stop laughing. Are you all simple or something? Robot of Sherwood [8.3] (06 September 2014) Let me tell you about scared. Your heart is beating so hard, I can feel it through your hands. There's so much blood and oxygen pumping through your brain, it's like rocket fuel! Right now, you could run faster and you can fight harder and you can jump higher than you could ever in your life, and you're so alert, it's like you could slow down time. What's wrong with scared? Scared is a super power! It's your super power! Listen [8.4] (13 September 2014) The deep and lovely dark. We'd never see the stars without it. Listen [8.4] (13 September 2014) Sometimes the only choices you have are bad ones. But you still have to choose. Mummy on the Orient Express [8.8] (11 October 2014) I tried to talk. I want you to remember that. I tried to reach out. I tried to understand you, but I think you understand us perfectly. And I think that you just don't care! And I don't know whether you are here to invade, infiltrate, or just replace us. I don't suppose it really matters now. You are monsters! That is the role you seem determined to play, so it seems that I must play mine: The man that stops the monsters! Flatline [8.9] (18 October 2014) Even my incredibly long life is too short for Les Miserables. In the Forest of the Night [8.10] (25 October 2014) Do you think I care for you so little that betraying
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Australian Radio & Electronics incorporating Australasian Radio World Registered at G.P.O., Sydney, for transmission by post as a periodical. APRIL, 1951 - Vol. 15, No. 9 1/6 AUSTRALIAN RADIO AND ELECTRONICS and incorporating AUSTRALASIAN RADIO WORLD Vol. 15 - APRIL, 1951 - No. 9 CONTENTS Our Cover . . . . 1 Editorial . . . . 2 The Short Wave Miniature Three (Battery Operated) . . . . 4 A Low-Powered P.A. Amplifier for Accumulator Operation . . . . 9 Vacuum Tube Methods of Measuring Insulation Resistance of Condensers (by the Eng. Dept., Aerovox Corporation) . . . . 13 Novice Set-Building — A Section for the Beginner . . . . 16 R. & E. Television Project for Home Construction (Part 4) . . . . 18 Some Waveforms and How to Make Them . . . . 21 "Ham" Activities . . . . 25 Short Wave Review . . . . 29 Classified Advertisements . . . . 27 Quality control of each individual unit is an essential factor in the production of Loud Speakers. Our Cover shows a reproducer from the production line being checked for frequency response on a Beat Frequency Oscillator and Amplifier in the Rola Test Laboratory. Each Rola speaker is subjected to this final oral test to check cone resonance, self resonance, sensitivity, plus its ability to fully reproduce the audio frequency spectrum . Subscription Rates: 12 Issues 18/- Post Free Published by the Proprietors: Radio & Electronics (N.Z.) 'Phone: UX6681 (Footnote P.1) The Importance of Television In a recent press interview, Mr. C. O. Stanley, chairman of directors of a large British television manufacturing firm, had some very interesting remarks to make on some of the aspects of television that seem to have escaped consideration here. At the moment, the Government is no doubt deliberating whether, in view of the international situation, it would be wise to expend money and effort in establishing a television service. Except for the fact that the Minister of Broadcasting has expressed himself as being very much in favour of the early introduction of television, other things being equal, nothing is known of the Government's intentions, but it is only natural to assume that the recent rapid deterioration in world relations must have had an effect on whatever views the Government may hold. The question will now be one, not of estimating the desirability or otherwise of our taking a practical interest in the newest and most potent means of home entertainment and education, but of considering whether every effort of which we are capable will not soon be needed for more urgent purposes. In this connection, some of Mr. Stanley’s remarks are worth more than passing consideration by the powers that be. It has been estimated, said Mr. Stanley, that a third world war would require electronic equipment to be manufactured and used on a scale fourteen times greater than during the last war. He did not say by whom this estimate was made, but it is not unreasonable to suppose that a man in Mr. Stanley’s position should be close enough to official quarters for such a statement to have been made with "inside" knowledge. Those of us who had some opportunity to observe the vast use to which electronic equipment was put during the last war will realise just what this statement signifies. Surely even the combined capacity of Britain and America will be hard put to it to produce equipment on such a colossal scale, and if this is so, then not even the relatively smaller manufacturing capacity of Australia and New Zealand will be of negligible importance, In both countries, however, the radio industry is, in the main, concerned with the production of domestic radio receivers, and there is a vast difference between the knowledge and technique required for this job and that needed for making highly specialised war equipment. Considered in this light, television assumes a new importance. It is a fact that only the possession of a flourishing television industry enabled Britain, during the last war, to put radar out of the laboratories and into the field, with a speed great enough to be of practical assistance, first to the defence of the country, and later to the highly successful offensive operations that were made possible only by electronic means. It may not at first be apparent just why the television industry was such a telling factor. There were two main reasons. The techniques which distinguish television engineering from "ordinary" radio work are exactly those which similarly differentiate radar and most other of the war-time electronic developments. Thus, a large section of the British radio industry was able, through its knowledge of television practice, to turn this to immediate practical account in switching over to radar manufacturing. It was even possible, by a lucky chance (aided by some thoughtful planning) to make direct use of a large amount of equipment that had actually been designed for TV receivers, thereby short-circuiting a great deal of development time on one particularly important project. We do not suggest that the same thing can happen again, but there is no doubt that the second great advantage of having had television actually operating before the war was to be found in the relatively large number of men who, knowing something of TV, were able to be converted into radar engineers and technicians in a very short time. It is a noteworthy fact that many of the most notable television engineers in Britain at the time became equally famous among those in the know for their work in developing radar and other electronic projects from the stage of laboratory curiosities to being major war-winning factors. If ever Britain had a successful "secret weapon," it was her supremacy at the time in the knowledge and application of electronics. And it was this same supremacy which enabled the unparalleled manufacturing capacity of the United States to play the part it did in winning the war. These statements, which we and many others, too, hold to be incontrovertible facts, show just how great a premium we should at this moment place on electronics. Here in Australia the radio industry rose to the occasion and played a very important part, albeit a small one in producing radio equipment not only for our own forces, but for British and American ones as well. At the moment, however, we are hardly "in the swim" as far as practical knowledge of the latest electronic weapons is concerned. N or do we have the facilities for making great contributions towards the development of new devices, but when, and if it comes to the point, we shall again be able to make a worthwhile contribution to the overall electronic war effort. The point we wish to make here is that our usefulness will be in direct proportion to the experience we shall have gained in modern electronic technique by the time we are called upon to assist, and that by embarking on a television programme we can do a great deal, in a strictly peaceful manner, to fit ourselves for what may be the greatest emergency ever. This point, we believe, should be given the most serious consideration by the Government when they are weighing up the pros and cons of TV in this country.
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The purpose of this page is to show tricks to dealing with the confusing math that sometimes arises from problems in quantum physics. It will not answer your homework, but might help you become unstuck. When a question asks you to normalize a wavefunction, they mean defining the value of some coefficient such that ∫ − ∞ ∞ | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 d x = 1 {\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}\,dx=1} For example, consider a function Ψ ( x , t ) = A β ( x , t ) {\displaystyle \Psi (x,t)=A\beta (x,t)} To find A, you must first find the absolute value of | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 {\displaystyle \left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}} . Because wavefunctions often have complex parts, it is not sufficient to square the wavefunction. You must instead multiply it by its complex conjugate. To learn how to take the complex conjugate of a number, see the page on Complex numbers. | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 = A 2 β ( x , t ) β ( x , t ) ⋆ {\displaystyle \left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}=A^{2}\beta (x,t)\beta (x,t)^{\star }} Rearranging to solve for A, A = 1 / ∫ − ∞ ∞ β ( x , t ) β ( x , t ) ⋆ d x {\displaystyle A=1/{\sqrt {\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\beta (x,t)\beta (x,t)^{\star }dx}}} Note that since the limits of integration are infinite, | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 {\displaystyle \left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}} must go to zero as x goes to infinity or negative infinity. Otherwise, the probability of a particle being anywhere is greater than 1, and the function is not normalizable. There are only a few cases where these conditions are satisfied. One of the most common cases is a function where | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 {\displaystyle \left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}} is of the form A 2 e − α x 2 {\displaystyle A^{2}e^{-\alpha x^{2}}} . In which case, you end up with an integral: A 2 ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − α x 2 d x = 1 {\displaystyle A^{2}\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-\alpha x^{2}}dx=1} But this means integrating ∫ e x 2 d x {\displaystyle \int e^{x^{2}}dx} , a function which is impossible to integrate. Integrating it in Mathematica and Maple will give you a bunch of complex functions which are not easy to handle. Trying to transform it to ∫ e 2 x d x {\displaystyle \int e^{2x}dx} is not the correct method to proceed, remember that there is a difference between ∫ e x 2 {\displaystyle \int e^{x^{2}}} and ∫ ( e x ) 2 {\displaystyle \int (e^{x})^{2}} . However, although the limits of integration are at infinity and negative infinity, the integral is still definite, and there is a solution. Define a new function I = ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − α x 2 d x {\displaystyle I=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-\alpha x^{2}}dx} . Square the function. I 2 = ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − α x 2 d x ∗ ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − α x 2 d x {\displaystyle I^{2}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-\alpha x^{2}}dx*\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-\alpha x^{2}}dx} Use a change of variables, x = y {\displaystyle x=y} , on one integral, to get: I 2 = ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − α x 2 d x ∗ ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − α y 2 d y = ∫ − ∞ ∞ ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − α ( x 2 + y 2 ) d x d y {\displaystyle I^{2}=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-\alpha x^{2}}dx*\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-\alpha y^{2}}dy=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-\alpha (x^{2}+y^{2})}dxdy} Do another change of variables into polar coordinates (for an introduction to polar coordinates, see the Calculus wikibook). x = r cos ( θ ) {\displaystyle x=r\cos(\theta )} , y = r sin ( θ ) {\displaystyle y=r\sin(\theta )} , r 2 = x 2 + y 2 {\displaystyle r^{2}=x^{2}+y^{2}} I 2 = ∫ 0 2 π ∫ 0 ∞ r e − α r 2 d r d θ {\displaystyle I^{2}=\int _{0}^{2\pi }\int _{0}^{\infty }re^{-\alpha r^{2}}drd\theta } Which is a much easier form to integrate. The five most common quantum operators in basic quantum physics problems are: x operator: x ^ = x {\displaystyle {\hat {x}}=x} x 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}} operator: x 2 ^ = x 2 {\displaystyle {\hat {x^{2}}}=x^{2}} momentum operator: p ^ = ħ / i ∇ {\displaystyle {\hat {p}}={\hbar /i}\nabla } momentum squared operator: p 2 ^ = − ħ 2 ∇ 2 {\displaystyle {\hat {p^{2}}}=-\hbar ^{2}\nabla ^{2}} Hamiltonian operator: H ^ = − ħ 2 / 2 m ∇ 2 + V {\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=-\hbar ^{2}/{2m}\nabla ^{2}+V} To use these operators on a wavefunction, sandwich it in the integral. For example, to find the average value of x, also known as the expectation value of x or the first moment of x, take the integral: < x >= ∫ − ∞ ∞ Ψ x ^ Ψ ⋆ d x {\displaystyle =\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\Psi {\hat {x}}\Psi ^{\star }dx} If a wavefunction is symmetric and centered around the origin, it is even (f(x)=f(-x)). Therefore, the expectation value of x must be found at 0, as the probability that it will be in the region of -x is equal to the probability that it will be in the region of x. A more rigorous proof is as follows: Suppose y ( x ) = | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 {\displaystyle y(x)=\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}} is even. y(x) = x is odd (f(-x)=-f(x)). Then y ( x ) = | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x {\displaystyle y(x)=\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*x} is an odd function (even*odd = odd). Then ∫ − ∞ ∞ | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x d x = ∫ − ∞ 0 | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x d x + ∫ 0 ∞ | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x d x {\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*xdx=\int _{-\infty }^{0}\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*xdx+\int _{0}^{\infty }\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*xdx} Since y ( x ) = | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x {\displaystyle y(x)=\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*x} is an odd function, ∫ − ∞ 0 | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x d x = − ∫ 0 ∞ | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x d x {\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{0}\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*xdx=-\int _{0}^{\infty }\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*xdx} So ∫ − ∞ ∞ | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x d x = − ∫ 0 ∞ | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x d x + ∫ 0 ∞ | Ψ ( x , t ) | 2 ∗ x d x = 0 {\displaystyle \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*xdx=-\int _{0}^{\infty }\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*xdx+\int _{0}^{\infty }\left|\Psi (x,t)\right|^{2}*xdx=0} We can use the properties of even and odd functions to our advantage, and find the average value of by inspection. There are many reoccurring integrals to be solved in quantum physics, and these general solutions may help you solve them. ∫ x sin ( a x ) d x = ( 1 / a 2 ) sin ( a x ) − ( x / a ) cos ( a x ) {\displaystyle \int x\sin(ax)dx=(1/a^{2})\sin(ax)-(x/a)\cos(ax)} ∫ x cos ( a x ) d x = ( 1 / a 2 ) cos ( a x ) − ( x / a ) sin ( a x ) {\displaystyle \int x\cos(ax)dx=(1/a^{2})\cos(ax)-(x/a)\sin(ax)} ∫ 0 ∞ x n e − x / a d x = n ! a n + 1 {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{n}e^{-x/a}dx=n!a^{n+1}} ∫ 0 ∞ x 2 n e − x 2 / a 2 d x = π ( 2 n ) ! n ! ( a 2 ) 2 n + 1 {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{2n}e^{-x^{2}/a^{2}}dx={\sqrt {\pi }}{\frac {(2n)!}{n! }}({\frac {a}{2}})^{2n+1}} ∫ 0 ∞ x 2 n + 1 e − x 2 / a 2 d x = π a 2 n + 2 {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }x^{2n+1}e^{-x^{2}/a^{2}}dx={\sqrt {\pi }}a^{2n+2}} Integration by parts is also very useful: ∫ u d v = u v − ∫ v d u {\displaystyle \int udv=uv-\int vdu} Often in a question involving expectation values, you will be expected to find the expectation value and the expectation value squared, so using integration by parts usually means you've already solved a part of the integral for the expectation value squared. Although the math involved in finding expectation values is messy and offers many opportunities for making mistakes, quantum theory comes with it's own error check - the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. σ x σ p ≥ ħ 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{x}\sigma _{p}\geq {\frac {\hbar }{2}}} σ x {\displaystyle \sigma _{x}} is the standard deviation of position, σ p {\displaystyle \sigma _{p}} is the standard deviation of momentum. Don't worry, we don't have to do a whole lot of tedious calculations like you might be used to in statistics to find standard deviation. Instead, use the relation: σ x 2 =< x 2 > − < x > 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{x}^{2}=-^{2}} If you find that your answers don't satisfy the uncertainty principle, either you've made a mistake, or you've been assigned an unphysical question.
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Bike school is in Blackfield, Las Venturas near the Dirt Bike stadium. It is very similar to driving school in format but is probably a lot easier as the tasks are much more common when driving bikes round the game normally. The tasks to perform are as follows Perform a 360 turn exactly as per the driving school task. To do this hold the accelerate and break button at the same time while turning. Ensure that you stop exactly after you do a 360° turn, i.e the original postion you started. Again identical to the driving school task. Accelerate and press the "down" key to perform the wheelie. Push down too far and the bike sparks against the ground and effort isn't counted, accelerate too slowly and the bike's front wheel will come down. Accelerate hard, press the "up" key and apply a sharp amount of brakes. The bike should now rear up onto its front wheel and continuing gliding forward. Come to a stop in the cone box. Note that there is no point accelerating once the stoppie has started. Either you have enough to speed to get you past the cones or you don't. If you pass the cones though it might be worth accelerating a little bit if you need to get inside the cone box. Not too hard simply jump off the ramp and come to a tidy stop with skidding or going too far into the box of cones. This is a harder one and combines the two earlier tasks. Accelerate up the ramp and push the "up" button once you have left the ramp so the motorbike comes down at 45° angle. Too sharp and the bike will topple over, too shallow and the bike's rear wheel will come down: automatically failing the task. If done perfectly the bike should just glide into the cone box allowing to brake to a perfect stop. Bronze: Freeway Silver: PCJ-600/FCR-900 Gold: NRG-500 Note that the spawn can be a bit random on the PC version of the game and sometimes you may find two or more bikes outside the bike school
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Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes | Dessert A chocolate pear bake is a dessert that resembles a brownie in appearance, yet contains no flour, instead using whipped egg whites to provide structure. The pear adds a nice mild fruit tone to the chocolate. 7 oz (200g) semisweet chocolate, chopped or chips 1⁄2 cup (120g) butter or margarine 4 eggs, separated 1⁄2 cup (120g) sugar 2 pears, sliced lightly whipped cream, to serve Grease a 9x9 inch (22cm x 22cm) baking dish, and pre-heat the oven to 325°F (170°C). In a double boiler, melt the chocolate and butter or margarine. When melted, remove from the heat. Whisk the egg yolks and sugar together until they become thick and pale yellow. In a separate bowl, whisk the egg whites until firm. Combine the chocolate and egg yolk mixture, and mix well. Beginning with about 1⁄3 the egg whites, gently fold them into the chocolate/egg yolk mixture. Add the slices of pear, and stir once or twice. Add the entire mixture to the baking dish. Bake for 35-40 minutes, until the bake is springy yet firm to the touch. Serve hot with whipped cream. Substitute sliced peaches, apples, or orange segments for the pears. You are able to get all of these ingredients from your local grocery store. Overmixing after the egg whites have been added to the batter can result in the bake being too dense.
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A compilation of brief news reports for Thursday, November 27, 2008 . United States consumer spending dropped one percent in October, the largest decline since September of 2001. Consumer spending, which makes up approximately two-thirds of economic activity in the United States, rose by 0.3% in September. Meanwhile, the Commerce Department has stated that the pace of new home sales in October dropped by 5.3% to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 433,000, their lowest rates since January 1991. Other figures released yesterday say that the number of new jobless claims last week dropped to 529,000 from a sixteen-year high of 543,000 in the previous week. Sources "Big drop in US consumer spending" — BBC News Online, November 27, 2008 "Consumer spending down 1 percent in October" — Associated Press, November 27, 2008 Thailand's Prime Minister, Somchai Wongsawat, has rejected calls by General Anupong Paochinda, the commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army, to step down. Somchai said that his government was legitimate, and that he would continue to work for the country. This comes in the face of massive anti-government protests, the latest of which saw Bangkok's main airport being shut down by hundreds of demonstrators. Speaking in a televised address, Somchai said that "I reassure the people that this government, which is legitimate and came from elections, will keep functioning until the end." Sources "Thai leader rejects election call" — BBC News Online, November 26, 2008 "Thai prime minister rejects calls to step down" — MSNBC, November 26, 2008 The European Commission (EC) has unveiled an economic recovery plan worth €200 billion, which it hopes will save millions of jobs. The EC is expecting European Union member states to pay €170 billion, while the EC will contribute the rest of the sum. It is hoped that the plan will stimulate spending and increase consumer confidence. A portion of the money will be allocated to job training, improving energy links and broadband access, and creating lower-emission cars. Sources "Europe announces 200bn euro plan" — BBC News Online, November 26, 2008 "EU calls for 200 billion-euro economic stimulus plan" — The Earth Times, November 26, 2008 Vishwanath Pratap Singh, the former Prime Minister of India, has died today at the age of 77. The cause of death was announced as blood cancer and renal failure. The Indian government has announced a seven-day state mourning as a mark of respect to V P Singh. Singh was born on June 25, 1931, in Allahabad. He served as India's Prime Minister from 1989 to 1990. Sources "Former PM V P Singh passes away" — expressindia.com, November 27, 2008 "PIB Press Release" — pib.nic.in, November 27, 2008 A family court judge in Miami has ruled the standing 31-year ban on adoption by gays in the U.S. state of Florida unconstitutional, setting the stage for another gay rights fight just weeks after Florida voters banned same-sex marriages and other contractual unions by plebiscite. Miami-Dade County Circuit Judge Cindy Lederman allowed Frank Gill, a gay man from North Miami, to adopt two children who have been in his foster care since 2004. In the court papers, the children were only identified as "John and James Doe" to protect their privacy. Minutes after her ruling, the state attorney general's office announced plans to appeal in the Third District Court in Miami. In her ruling, Lederman said, "John and James left a world of chronic neglect, emotional impoverishment and deprivation to enter a new world, foreign to them, that was nurturing, safe, structured and stimulating. They are a family, a good family, in every way except the eyes of the law." The ban was passed by the Florida Legislature in 1977 after singer Anita Bryant led a then-popular charge to repeal gay-friendly ordinances in Miami. The ban had already been upheld once before by the Florida Supreme Court in 1995. Sources Carol Marbin Miller. "Judge strikes down Florida ban on adoption by gay parents" — The Boston Herald, November 26, 2008 Michael A. Lindenberger. "The Fight Over Gay Adoption Heats Up" — TIME, November 26, 2008
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The Yes Men are a culture jamming activist duo and network of supporters created by Jacques Servin and Igor Vamos.Through actions of tactical media, the Yes Men primarily aim to raise awareness about what they consider problematic social issues. To date, the duo has produced two films: The Yes Men (2003) and The Yes Men Fix the World This article needs cleanup. Fire crackles GIRL: Gee Dad, where did all these logs come from? DAD: Well Liz, let me tell you a story about a friend of mine. His name's Smokey the Log. Music starts, girl and Dad sing together. With a stump for a head and a body made of oak we will find him in the lumber yard a-breathing in the smoke. People stop and listen to hear his monologue because everybody knows that he's the lumber loving log. CHORUS: Smokey the Log (Smokey the Log) Lightin' (fire starts) and a sparkin and a-barkin' like a dog (chainsaw starts) He can start a fire and it burns into a flame (flame noise) and that's why they call him Smokey-- yes, that's how he got his name. You can take a tip from smokey: it's hard to be a tree. Sitting in one place is as boring as can be. But if we chop him up it's not just good for lumber industry -- it's good for poor old smokey, 'cuz that's how we set him free. (CHORUS) DAD: You see every year we cut down thousands and thousands of trees just like Smokey. (baby sound) Then we strip them of their bark and put them on trains and send them across this great country of ours. And we burn those little fellas right here in homes like this one. Match ignites MAN: Say "Bye, Smokey" KIDS: Bye, Smokey! Now the forest is a dangerous and fire-prone place, when a tree burns in a forest it's a terrible waste. So we strip 'em and we ship 'em to gain utility and then we'll see the potential of what a forest can really be. (CHORUS) Wikipedia has an article about: The Yes Men
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James Robinson "Robbie" Risner (January 16, 1925 – October 22, 2013) was a Brigadier General, fighter pilot in the United States Air Force, and a senior leader among U.S. prisoners of war during the Vietnam War. He became a flying ace in the Korean War and commanded a squadron of F-105 Thunderchiefs in the first missions of Operation Rolling Thunder during the Vietnam War, and was a double recipient of the Air Force Cross, the second highest military decoration for valor that can be awarded to a member of the United States Air Force, awarded the first for valor in aerial combat and the second for gallantry as a prisoner of war of the North Vietnamese for more than seven years. He was the first living recipient of the medal. Risner flew a combined 163 combat missions, was shot down twice, and was credited with destroying eight MiG-15s. He retired as a brigadier general in 1976. We were highly combat ready. We believed that the North Vietnamese, who were Communists led by the old atheist dictator, Ho Chi Minh, wanted to take over the rest of Southeast Asia. In other words, his doctrine was the same as Mao Tse Tung's and all of the rest of the militant Communists. We didn't want this to happen. "Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Robinson Risner" (1981) Guys were doing everything in order to get on the flight schedule, in order to be on a combat mission. It wasn't the type of thing that people were pretending to be sick or something. It was just the other way, people would fly while they were sick, or anyway, just to get on the schedule, to go up and participate in something that we believed in very strongly. The freedom of a nation that were our friends, the freedom of a nation that couldn't determine that freedom by themselves. And so, I believed very strongly in what I was doing over there, it was simply to protect an emerging nation from the clutches of militant Communism. "Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Robinson Risner" (1981) I felt the South Vietnamese had a right to their own self-determination. And I was over there to help them to maintain that self-determination. "Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Robinson Risner" (1981) So, to my astonishment, we lived, or I lived, and many of the senior officers shared my plight, for the most time...there was no one in my cell. I was alone. And I prayed silently. But I put it up to God in such a way there could be no mistake, couldn't have been a coincidence, not even one in a billion. You see: I did this on more than one occasion. "Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Robinson Risner" (1981) I lived in abject misery for the rest of the time I was a prisoner, knowing that I had not upheld the standards that I expected of everyone else. Certainly it did one thing. It made me a lot more compassionate to other PW's who might be called upon or forced to give more than name, rank, serial number and date of birth. "Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Robinson Risner" (1981) During the whole period of time we were in prison we heard of protests. Of course, the Vietnamese exposed us to four hours minimum of propaganda a day because we had slave speakers in every cell. There was no way to get away from that. So, they dreamed up all kinds of wild tales. If 200 people marched on Washington, they made it 200,000. We learned how to deal with the numbers. Of course, every protest, every anti-war speech made by a person such as McGovern, Jane Fonda, Galbraith, all of those only encouraged the Vietnamese, prolonged the war, worsened our condition and cost the lives of more Americans on the battlefield. "Vietnam: A Television History; Interview with Robinson Risner" (1981) Korea was probably the high point of my whole career as far as real gratification is concerned. "Nine Feet Tall" in Air Force Magazine (1 February 2012) Of all the indignities we were forced to undergo, I guess I resented meeting the foreign delegations more than any other. There was something so basically inhuman about appearing before the delegations and being asked how your food was and having to say it was excellent when it was not. Or to questions of your treatment, to lie in front of the cameras and say it was great, when they had literally tortured the stuffings out of you to make you appear. "Nine Feet Tall" in Air Force Magazine (1 February 2012) I never lost hope, and never did I despair of coming back alive. "Nine Feet Tall" in Air Force Magazine (1 February 2012) Resist until you are tortured, but do not take torture to the point where you lose the permanent use of your limbs. "Robinson Risner, Ace Fighter Pilot, Dies at 88" in The New York Times (27 October 2013) Fear is a luxury one can’t afford. "Robinson Risner, Air Force ace and POW, dies at 88" in The Washington Post (29 October 2013) Encyclopedic article on James Robinson Risner at Wikipedia Media related to Category:Robinson Risner at Wikimedia Commons
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Tiritiri Matangi is an island and nature reserve in the Hauraki Gulf near Auckland in New Zealand. It is 30 km NE of Auckland and 4 km from Whangaparaoa Peninsula. Tiritiri Matangi is one of only two scientific reserves in New Zealand that are open to the public. It has been created as a predator-free sanctuary to enable endangered species to thrive. There are 78 species of birds that have been seen on or near Tiritiri Matangi. These include little spotted kiwi, takahe, kokako, stitchbird, tui, saddleback, North Island robin, brown teal, bellbird and fantail. The island is a highlight for birdwatchers. The island is 220 hectares in area. Farming destroyed most of the native bush during the last century. Since being placed under the care of the Department of Conservation, volunteers have planted between 250,000 and 300,000 trees which have forested about 60% of the island. The other 40% remains as grassland for the takahe. (The takahe was presumed to be extinct until it was "rediscovered" in the Murchison Mountains of Fiordland in 1948.) The island is rubbish free. Take out what you bring in. There are no dustbins. There are toilets on the ferry, at the shop/lighthouse and at Hobb's Beach on the island. Smoking is not allowed except at the wharf and the lighthouse. Take the butts home with you. Animals are not allowed. There is a limit of 150 visitors a day. At busy times of year, the island ferry can be "sold out" and it is best to book a week ahead. Remember a hat, sunblock, some warm clothes and a rain jacket. Binoculars are useful for bird viewing. Get there by Fullers ferry, 75 minutes from Auckland or 20 minutes from Gulf Harbour on Whangaparaoa Peninsula. The ferry departs W-Su and public holidays at 9AM from Auckland and 9:50AM from Gulf Harbour Marina. It departs Tiri to return at 3:30PM. The cost is $82 per adult and $50 per child from Auckland or Gulf Harbour. Sailings are subject to weather conditions. To check if your sailing is going ahead call 0800-FANTAIL (0800-326824) (NZ only) after 7AM on the day. There is an optional guided walk that lasts an hour and costs $10 for adults and $2.50 for children – this must be purchased at the time of making your ferry reservation. Hauraki Adventures can also drop you off there. The stunning views over the gulf, plant and bird life and the lighthouse (which still functions). Dolphins, stingrays and orca are often seen near the wharf. -36.60558174.897381 Lighthouse. Built in 1864, it is one of the oldest in New Zealand and the tallest one easily accessible to the public. It is 21 m tall. The xenon gas lamp installed in 1965 was reputed to be the brightest in the Southern Hemisphere. It has been replaced by a quartz iodine light. The lighthouse is now fully automated. Solar power is used. There is a small museum in the watchtower next the lighthouse which is sometimes open depending on volunteer availability. (updated May 2019) There are a number of walks, which range up to 4–5 hours. A brochure that includes a detailed map can be purchased for $1 from the shop, the Fuller's ferry ticket office or en route on the ferry. A shop near the lighthouse sells souvenirs, cold drinks and complimentary tea and coffee, but no food. It accepts cash or credit cards but EFTPOS is not available. All profits support the conservation effort. Bring your own. All food must be packed in sealed boxes (e.g. lunch box). No plastic bags. This is to keep the island rodent free. -36.60632174.896671 DOC Tiritiri Matangi Island bunkhouse, ☏ +64 9 476 0010, [email protected]. Overnight accommodation is available in a four room bunkhouse. It is equipped with cooking utensils, fridge, gas stove and BBQ. There is hot water in the showers. Bring your own sleeping bag, pillow case and torch. Bring food for your stay and one day's spare in case of delays. Return to Auckland Great Barrier Island Waiheke Island
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Haim G. Ginott (originally Ginzburg; 5 August 1922 – 4 November 1973) was a clinical psychologist, child therapist, educator, and author of several books on the relationships between children and adults, especially teachers. Children are like wet cement. Whatever falls on them makes an impression. Quoted in Practical Parenting Tips By Vicki Lansky, p. 190 Treat a child as though he already is the person he's capable of becoming. Quoted in Gently And Firmly By C.P. Varkey, p. 87 I have come to the frightening conclusion that I am the decisive element in the classroom. It is my personal approach that creates the climate. It is my daily mood that makes the weather. As a teacher, I possess a tremendous power to make a child's life miserable or joyous. I can be a tool of torture or an instrument of inspiration. I can humiliate or humor, hurt or heal. In all situations, it is my response that decides whether a crisis will be escalated or de-escalated, a child humanized or de-humanized. Quoted in Fair isn't always equal: assessing & grading in the differentiated classroom By Rick Wormeli, p. 9 Teachers are expected to reach unattainable goals with inadequate tools. The miracle is that at times they accomplish this impossible task. Ginott, H. G. (1972). Teacher and child. New York: Macmillan. Wikipedia has an article about: Haim Ginott "The Work of Haim G. Ginott". BetweenParentAndChild.com. Retrieved on 2006-12-14.
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Functional programming is a paradigm that treats computer programs as mathematical functions. When programming in a pure functional style, we do not manipulate states and variables (things that change value), but focus entirely on constants and functions (things that never change). Another distinguishing feature of functional programming (FP) is that functions are treated as first class citizens. Programs written in a functional style often consist of functions that take other functions as input. This is a key feature of FP languages because it makes it very easy to build modular programs. The result is that software written in FP languages tend to be very concise. Indeed, one group of programmers in Utrecht University was able to build a tool for "constructing, editing and analyzing Bayesian networks" in only 10 000 lines of Haskell code, graphical interface included. An equivalent program in Java took 200 000 lines, twenty times as much. Want to learn more? You could See functional programming At a glance just to have a quick overview Visit the wikibook for a functional programming language, for example, Haskell (see also Scheme and Common Lisp). Read the article below (which is aimed at programmers from an imperative background) See also Procedural programming. Programmers are procrastinators. Get in, get some coffee, check the mailbox, read the RSS feeds, read the news, check out latest articles on technical websites, browse through political discussions on the designated sections of the programming forums. Rinse and repeat to make sure nothing is missed. Go to lunch. Come back, stare at the IDE for a few minutes. Check the mailbox. Get some coffee. Before you know it, the day is over. The only thing, every once in a while challenging articles actually do pop up. If you're looking at the right places you'll find at least one of these every couple of days. These articles are hard to get through and take some time, so they start piling up. Before you know it, you have a list of links and a folder full of PDF files and you wish you had a year in a small hut in the middle of the forest with nobody around for miles so you could catch up. Would be nice if someone came in every morning while you're taking a walk down the river to bring some food and take out the garbage. I don't know about your list, but a large chunk of the articles in mine are about functional programming. These generally are the hardest to get through. Written in a dry academic language, even the "ten year Wall Street industry veterans" don't understand what functional programming (also referred to as FP) articles are all about. If you ask a project manager in Citi Group or in Deutsche Bank1 why they chose to use JMS instead of Erlang they'll say they can't use academic languages for industrial strength applications. The problem is, some of the most complex systems with the most rigid requirements are written using functional programming elements. Something doesn't add up. It's true that FP articles and papers are hard to understand, but they don't have to be. The reasons for the knowledge gap are purely historical. There is nothing inherently hard about FP concepts. Consider this article "an accessible guide to FP", a bridge from our imperative minds into the world of FP. Grab a coffee and keep on reading. With any luck your coworkers will start making fun of you for your FP comments in no time. So what is FP? How did it come about? Is it edible? If it's as useful as its advocates claim, why isn't it being used more often in the industry? Why is it that only people with PhDs tend to use it? Most importantly, why is it so damn hard to learn? What is all this closure, continuation, currying, lazy evaluation and no side effects business? How can it be used in projects that don't involve a university? Why does it seem to be so different from everything good, and holy, and dear to our imperative hearts? We'll clear this up very soon. Let's start with explaining the reasons for the huge gap between the real world and academic articles. The answer is as easy as taking a walk in the park. Fire up the time machine. Our walk in the park took place more than two thousand years ago, on a beautiful sunny day of a long forgotten spring in 380 B.C. Outside the city walls of Athens, under the pleasant shade of olive trees Plato was walking towards the Academy with a beautiful slave boy. The weather was lovely, the dinner was filling, and the conversation turned to philosophy. "Look at these two students", said Plato carefully picking words to make the question educational. "Who do you think is taller?" The slave boy looked towards the basin of water where two men were standing. "They're about the same height", he said. "What do you mean 'about the same'? ", asked Plato. "Well, they look the same from here but I'm sure if I were to get closer I'd see that there is some difference." Plato smiled. He was leading the boy in the right direction. "So you would say that there is nothing perfectly equal in our world?" After some thinking the boy replied: "I don't think so. Everything is at least a little different, even if we can't see it." The point hit home! "Then if nothing is perfectly equal in this world, how do you think you understand the concept of 'perfect' equality?" The slave boy looked puzzled. "I don't know", he replied. So was born the first attempt to understand the nature of mathematics. Plato suggested that everything in our world is just an approximation of perfection. He also realized that we understand the concept of perfection even though we never encountered it. He came to conclusion that perfect mathematical forms must live in another world and that we somehow know about them by having a connection to that "alternative" universe. It's fairly clear that there is no perfect circle that we can observe. But we also understand what a perfect circle is and can describe it via equations. What is mathematics, then? Why is the universe described with mathematical laws? Can all of the phenomena of our universe be described by mathematics?2 Philosophy of mathematics is a very complex subject. Like most philosophical disciplines it is far more adept at posing questions rather than providing answers. Much of the consensus revolves around the fact that mathematics is really a puzzle: we set up a set of basic non-conflicting principles and a set of rules on how to operate with these principles. We can then stack these rules together to come up with more complex rules. Mathematicians call this method a "formal system" or a "calculus". We can effectively write a formal system for Tetris if we wanted to. In fact, a working implementation of Tetris is a formal system, just specified using an unusual representation. A civilization of furry creatures on Alpha Centauri would not be able to read our formalisms of Tetris and circles because their only sensory input might be an organ that senses smells. They likely will never find out about the Tetris formalism, but they very well might have a formalism for circles. We probably wouldn't be able to read it because our sense of smell isn't that sophisticated, but once you get past the representation of the formalism (via various sensory instruments and standard code breaking techniques to understand the language), the concepts underneath are understandable to any intelligent civilization. Interestingly if no intelligent civilization ever existed in the universe the formalisms for Tetris and circles would still hold water, it's just that nobody would be around to find out about them. If an intelligent civilization popped up, it would likely discover some formalisms that help describe the laws of our universe. They also would be very unlikely to ever find out about Tetris because there is nothing in the universe that resembles it. Tetris is one of countless examples of a formal system, a puzzle, that has nothing to do with the real world. We can't even be sure that natural numbers have full resemblance to the real world, after all one can easily think of a number so big that it cannot describe anything in our universe since it might actually turn out to be finite. Let's shift gears in our time machine. This time we'll travel a lot closer, to the 1930s. The Great Depression was ravaging the New and the Old worlds. Almost every family from every social class was affected by the tremendous economic downturn. Very few sanctuaries remained where people were safe from the perils of poverty. Few people were fortunate enough to be in these sanctuaries, but they did exist. Our interest lies in mathematicians in Princeton University. The new offices constructed in Gothic style gave Princeton an aura of a safe haven. Logicians from all over the world were invited to Princeton to build out a new department. While most of America couldn't find a piece of bread for dinner, high ceilings, walls covered with elaborately carved wood, daily discussions by a cup of tea, and walks in the forest were some of the conditions in Princeton. One mathematician living in such lavish lifestyle was a young man named Alonzo Church. Alonzo received a B.S. degree from Princeton and was persuaded to stay for graduate school. Alonzo felt the architecture was fancier than necessary. He rarely showed up to discuss mathematics with a cup of tea and he didn't enjoy the walks in the woods. Alonzo was a loner: he was most productive when working on his own. Nevertheless Alonzo had regular contacts with other Princeton inhabitants. Among them were Alan Turing, John von Neumann, and Kurt Gödel. The four men were interested in formal systems. They didn't pay much heed to the physical world, they were interested in dealing with abstract mathematical puzzles instead. Their puzzles had something in common: the men were working on answering questions about computation. If we had machines that had infinite computational power, what problems would we be able to solve? Could we solve them automatically? Could some problems remain unsolved and why? Would various machines with different designs be equal in power? In cooperation with other men Alonzo Church developed a formal system called lambda calculus. The system was essentially a programming language for one of these imaginary machines. It was based on functions that took other functions as parameters and returned functions as results. The function was identified by a Greek letter lambda, hence the system's name4. Using this formalism Alonzo was able to reason about many of the above questions and provide conclusive answers. Independently of Alonzo Church, Alan Turing was performing similar work. He developed a different formalism (now referred to as the Turing machine), and used it to independently come to similar conclusions as Alonzo. Later it was shown that Turing machines and lambda calculus were equivalent in power. This is where the story would stop, I'd wrap up the article, and you'd navigate to another page, if not for the beginning of World War II. The world was in flames. The U.S. Army and Navy used artillery more often than ever. In attempts to improve accuracy the Army employed a large group of mathematicians to continuously calculate differential equations required for solving ballistic firing tables. It was becoming obvious that the task was too great for being solved manually and various equipment was developed in order to overcome this problem. The first machine to solve ballistic tables was a Mark I built by IBM - it weighed five tons, had 750,000 parts and could do three operations per second. The race, of course, wasn't over. In 1949 an Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) was unveiled and had tremendous success. It was a first example of von Neumann's architecture and was effectively a real world implementation of a Turing machine. For the time being Alonzo Church was out of luck. In late 1950s an MIT professor John McCarthy (also a Princeton graduate) developed interest in Alonzo Church's work. In 1958 he unveiled a List Processing language (Lisp). Lisp was an implementation of Alonzo's lambda calculus that worked on von Neumann computers! Many computer scientists recognized the expressive power of Lisp. In 1973 a group of programmers at MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab developed hardware they called a Lisp machine - effectively a native hardware implementation of Alonzo's lambda calculus! Functional programming is a practical implementation of Alonzo Church's ideas. Not all lambda calculus ideas transform to practice because lambda calculus was not designed to work under physical limitations. Therefore, like object oriented programming, functional programming is a set of ideas, not a set of strict guidelines. There are many functional programming languages, and most of them do many things very differently. In this article I will explain the most widely used ideas from functional languages using examples written in Java (yes, you could write functional programs in Java if you felt particularly masochistic). In the next couple of sections we'll take Java as is, and will make modifications to it to transform it into a usable functional language. Let's begin our quest. Lambda calculus was designed to investigate problems related to calculation. Functional programming, therefore, primarily deals with calculation, and, surprisingly, uses functions to do so. A function is a very basic unit in functional programming. Functions are used for almost everything, even the simplest of calculations. Even variables are replaced with functions. In functional programming variables are simply aliases for expressions (so we don't have to type everything on one line). They cannot be modified. All variables can only be assigned to once. In Java terms this means that every single variable is declared as final (or const if we're dealing with C++). There are no non-final variables in FP. final int i = 5; final int j = i + 3; Since every variable in FP is final two fairly interesting statements can be made. It does not make sense to always write the keyword final and it does not make sense to call variables, well... variables. We will now make two modifications to Java: every variable declared in our functional Java will be final by default, and we will refer to variables as symbols. By now you are probably wondering how you could possibly write anything reasonably complicated in our newly created language. If every symbol is non-mutable we cannot change the state of anything! This isn't strictly true. When Alonzo was working on lambda calculus he wasn't interested in maintaining state over periods of time in order to modify it later. He was interested in performing operations on data (also commonly referred to as "calculating stuff"). However, it was proved that lambda calculus is equivalent to a Turing machine. It can do all the same things an imperative programming language can. How, then, can we achieve the same results? It turns out that functional programs can keep state, except they don't use variables to do it. They use functions instead. The state is kept in function parameters, on the stack. If you want to keep state for a while and every now and then modify it, you write a recursive function. As an example, let's write a function that reverses a Java string. Remember, every variable we declare is final by default5. String reverse(String arg) { if(arg.length == 0) { return arg; } else { return reverse(arg.substring(1, arg.length)) + arg.substring(0, 1); } } This function is slow because it repeatedly calls itself6. It's a memory hog because it repeatedly allocates objects. But it's functional in style. You may be interested why someone would want to program in this manner. Well, I was just about to tell you. You're probably thinking that there's no way I can rationalize the monstrosity of a function above. When I was learning functional programming I was thinking that too. I was wrong. There are very good arguments for using this style. Some of them are subjective. For example, people claim that functional programs are easier to understand. I will leave out these arguments because every kid on the block knows that ease of understanding is in the eye of the beholder. Fortunately for me, there are plenty of objective arguments. Since every symbol in FP is final, no function can ever cause side effects. You can never modify things in place, nor can one function modify a value outside of its scope for another function to use (like a class member or a global variable). That means that the only effect of evaluating a function is its return value and the only thing that affects the return value of a function is its arguments. This is something unit testers will find very useful. You can test every function in your program only worrying about its arguments. You don't have to worry about calling functions in the right order, or setting up external state properly. This means you can spend less time worrying about writing mocks, stubs and other forms of fake objects and less time verifying that setup and tear down methods are run by the test suite. All you need to do is pass arguments that represent edge cases. If every function in your program passes unit tests you can be a lot more confident about quality of your software than if you were using an imperative language. In Java or C++ checking a return value of a function is not sufficient - it may modify external state that we would need to verify. Not so in a functional language. If a functional program doesn't behave the way you expect it to, debugging it is a breeze. You will always be able to reproduce your problem because a bug in a functional program doesn't depend on unrelated code paths that were executed before it. In an imperative program a bug resurfaces only some of the time. Because functions depend on external state produced by side effects from other functions you may have to go through a series of steps in no way related to the bug. In a functional program this isn't the case - if a return value of a function is wrong, it is always wrong, regardless of what code you execute before running the function. Once you reproduce the problem, getting to the bottom of it is trivial. It is almost pleasant. You break the execution of your program and examine the stack. Every argument in every function call in the stack is available for your inspection, just like in an imperative program. Except in an imperative program that's not enough because functions depend on member variables, global variables, and the state of other classes (which in turn depend on these very same things). A function in a functional program depends only on its arguments, and that information is right before your eyes! Furthermore, in an imperative program examining a return value of a function will not give you a good idea of whether the function behaves properly. You need to hunt down dozens of objects outside its scope to verify that it performed correct actions. In a functional program all you have to do is look at the return value! Walking through the stack you look at arguments passed to functions and their return values. The minute a return value doesn't make sense you step into the offending function and walk through it. You repeat this recursively until the process leads you to the source of the bug! A functional program is ready for concurrency without any further modifications. You never have to worry about deadlocks and race conditions because you don't need to use locks! No piece of data in a functional program is modified twice by the same thread, let alone by two different threads. That means you can easily add threads without ever giving conventional problems that plague concurrency applications a second thought! If this is the case, why doesn't anybody use functional programs for highly concurrent applications? Well, it turns out that they do. Ericsson designed a functional language called Erlang for use in its highly tolerant and scalable telecommunication switches. Many others recognized the benefits provided by Erlang and started using it. We're talking about telecommunication and traffic control systems that are far more scalable and reliable than typical systems designed on Wall Street. Erlang systems are simply rock solid. The concurrency story doesn't stop here. If your application is inherently single threaded the compiler can still optimize functional programs to run on multiple CPUs. Take a look at the following code fragment: String s1 = somewhatLongOperation1(); String s2 = somewhatLongOperation2(); String s3 = concatenate(s1, s2); In a functional language the compiler could analyze the code, classify the functions that create strings s1 and s2 as potentially time consuming operations, and run them concurrently. This is impossible to do in an imperative language because each function may modify state outside of its scope and the function following it may depend on it. In functional languages automatic analysis of functions and finding good candidates for concurrent execution is as trivial as automatic inlining! In this sense functional style programs are "future proof" (as much as I hate buzzwords, I'll indulge this time). Hardware manufacturers can no longer make CPUs run any faster. Instead they increase the number of cores and attribute quadruple speed increases to concurrency. Of course they conveniently forget to mention that we get our money's worth only on software that deals with parallelization problems. This is a very small fraction of imperative software but 100% of functional software because functional programs all support parallelization out of the box. In the old days of Windows in order to install updates it was necessary to restart the computer. Many times. After installing a newer version of a media player. With Windows XP the situation has improved significantly, yet it still isn't ideal (I ran Windows Update at work today and now an annoying system tray icon won't go away until I restart). Unix systems have had a better model for a while. In order to install an update you only need to stop relevant components, not the whole OS. While it is a better situation, for a large class of server applications it still isn't acceptable. Telecommunication systems need to be up 100% of the time because if dialing emergency is not available due to upgrades, lives may be lost. There is no reason Wall Street firms need to bring down their systems to install software updates over the weekend. An ideal situation is updating relevant parts of the code without stopping any part of the system at all. In an imperative world this isn't possible. Consider unloading a Java class at runtime and reloading a new definition. If we were to do that every instance of a class would become unusable because the state it holds would be lost. We would need to resort to writing tricky version control code. We'd need to serialize all running instances of the class, destroy them, create instances of the new class, try to load serialized data into them hoping the loading code properly migrates the data to work with the new instance. On top of that, every time we change something we'd have to write our migration code manually. And our migration code would have to take special care not to break relationships between objects. Nice in theory, but would never work well in practice. In a functional program all state is stored on the stack in the arguments passed to functions. This makes hot deployment significantly easier! In fact, all we'd really have to do is run a diff between the code in production and the new version, and deploy the new code. The rest could be done by language tools automatically! If you think this is science fiction, think again. Erlang engineers have been upgrading live systems without stopping them for years. An interesting property of functional languages is that they can be reasoned about mathematically. Since a functional language is simply an implementation of a formal system, all mathematical operations that could be done on paper still apply to the programs written in that language. The compiler could, for example, convert pieces of code into equivalent but more efficient pieces with a mathematical proof that two pieces of code are equivalent7. Relational databases have been performing these optimizations for years. There is no reason the same techniques can't apply to regular software. Additionally, you can use these techniques to prove that parts of your program are correct. It is even possible to create tools that analyze code and generate edge cases for unit tests automatically! This functionality is invaluable for rock solid systems. If you are designing pace makers and air traffic control systems such tools are almost always a requirement. If you are writing an application outside of truly mission critical industries, these tools can give you a tremendous edge over your competitors. I remember learning about the benefits I outlined above and thinking "that's all very nice but it's useless if I have to program in a crippled language where everything is final." This was a misconception. Making all variables final is crippled in a context of an imperative language like Java but it isn't in a context of functional languages. Functional languages offer a different kind of abstraction tools that make you forget you've ever liked modifying variables. One such tool is capability to work with higher order functions. A function in such languages is different from a function in Java or C. It is a superset - it can do all the things a Java function can do, and more. We create a function in the same manner we do in C: int add(int i, int j) { return i + j; } This means something different from equivalent C code. Let's extend our Java compiler to support this notation. When we type something like this our compiler will convert it to the following Java code (don't forget, everything is final): class add_function_t { int add(int i, int j) { return i + j; } } add_function_t add = new add_function_t(); The symbol add isn't really a function. It is a small class with one function as its member. We can now pass add around in our code as an argument to other functions. We can assign it to another symbol. We can create instances of add_function_t at runtime and they will be garbage collected when we no longer need them. This makes functions first class objects no different from integers or strings. Functions that operate on other functions (accept them as arguments) are called higher order functions. Don't let this term intimidate you, it's no different from Java classes that operate on each other (we can pass class instances to other classes). We can call them "higher order classes" but nobody cares to because there is no strong academic community behind Java. How, and when, do you use higher order functions? Well, I'm glad you asked. You write your program as a big monolithic blob of code without worrying about class hierarchies. When you see that a particular piece of code is repeated, you break it out into a function (fortunately they still teach this in schools). If you see that a piece of logic within your function needs to behave differently in different situations, you break it out into a higher order function. Confused? Here's a real life example from my work. Suppose we have a piece of Java code that receives a message, transforms it in various ways, and forwards it to another server. class MessageHandler { void handleMessage(Message msg) { // ... msg.setClientCode("ABCD_123"); // ... sendMessage(msg); } // ... } Now imagine that our system has changed and we now route messages to two servers instead of one. Everything is handled in exactly the same way except the client code - the second server wants it in a different format. How do we handle this situation? We could check where the message is headed and format the client code differently, like this: class MessageHandler { void handleMessage(Message msg) { // ... if(msg.getDestination().equals("server1") { msg.setClientCode("ABCD_123"); } else { msg.setClientCode("123_ABC"); } // ... sendMessage(msg); } // ... } This approach, however, isn't scalable. If more servers are added our function will grow linearly and we'll have a nightmare updating it. An object oriented approach is to make MessageHandler a base class and specialize the client code operation in derived classes: abstract class MessageHandler { void handleMessage(Message msg) { // ... msg.setClientCode(getClientCode()); // ... sendMessage(msg); } abstract String getClientCode(); // ... } class MessageHandlerOne extends MessageHandler { String getClientCode() { return "ABCD_123"; } } class MessageHandlerTwo extends MessageHandler { String getClientCode() { return "123_ABCD"; } } We can now instantiate an appropriate class for each server. Adding servers becomes much more maintainable. That's a lot of code for such a simple modification though. We have to create two new types just to support different client codes! Now let's do the same thing in our language that supports higher order functions: class MessageHandler { void handleMessage(Message msg, Function getClientCode) { // ... Message msg1 = msg.setClientCode(getClientCode()); // ... sendMessage(msg1); } // ... } String getClientCodeOne() { return "ABCD_123"; } String getClientCodeTwo() { return "123_ABCD"; } MessageHandler handler = new MessageHandler(); handler.handleMessage(someMsg, getClientCodeOne); We've created no new types and no class hierarchy. We simply pass appropriate functions as a parameter. We've achieved the same thing as the object oriented counterpart with a number of advantages. We don't restrict ourselves to class hierarchies: we can pass new functions at runtime and change them at any time with a much higher degree of granularity with less code. Effectively the compiler has written object oriented "glue" code for us! In addition we get all the other benefits of FP. Of course the abstractions provided by functional languages don't stop here. Higher order functions are just the beginning. Most people I've met have read the Design Patterns book by the Gang of Four. Any self respecting programmer will tell you that the book is language agnostic and the patterns apply to software engineering in general, regardless of which language you use. This is a noble claim. Unfortunately it is far removed from the truth. Functional languages are extremely expressive. In a functional language one does not need design patterns because the language is likely so high level, you end up programming in concepts that eliminate design patterns all together. Once such pattern is an Adapter pattern (how is it different from Facade again? Sounds like somebody needed to fill more pages to satisfy their contract). It is eliminated once a language supports a technique called currying. Adapter pattern is best known when applied to the "default" abstraction unit in Java - a class. In functional languages the pattern is applied to functions. The pattern takes an interface and transforms it to another interface someone else expects. Here's an example of an adapter pattern: int pow(int i, int j); int square(int i) { return pow(i, 2); } The code above adapts an interface of a function that raises an integer to an integer power to an interface of a function that squares an integer. In academic circles this trivial technique is called currying (after a logician Haskell Curry who performed mathematical acrobatics necessary to formalize it). Because in FP functions (as opposed to classes) are passed around as arguments, currying is used very often to adapt functions to an interface that someone else expects. Since the interface to functions is its arguments, currying is used to reduce the number of arguments (like in the example above). Functional languages come with this technique built in. You don't need to manually create a function that wraps the original, functional languages will do that for you. As usual, let's extend our language to support this technique. square = int pow(int i, 2); This will automatically create a function square for us with one argument. It will call pow function with the second argument set to 2. This will get compiled to the following Java code: class square_function_t { int square(int i) { return pow(i, 2); } } square_function_t square = new square_function_t(); As you can see, we've simply created a wrapper for the original function. In FP currying is just that - a shortcut to quickly and easily create wrappers. You concentrate on your task, and the compiler writes the appropriate code for you! When do you use currying? This should be easy. Any time you'd like to use an adapter pattern (a wrapper). Lazy (or delayed) evaluation is an interesting technique that becomes possible once we adopt a functional philosophy. We've already seen the following piece of code when we were talking about concurrency: String s1 = somewhatLongOperation1(); String s2 = somewhatLongOperation2(); String s3 = concatenate(s1, s2); In an imperative language the order of evaluation would be clear. Because each function may affect or depend on an external state it would be necessary to execute them in order: first somewhatLongOperation1, then somewhatLongOperation2, followed by concatenate. Not so in functional languages. As we saw earlier somewhatLongOperation1 and somewhatLongOperation2 can be executed concurrently because we're guaranteed no function affects or depends on global state. But what if we don't want to run the two concurrently, do we need to run them in order? We only need to run these operations when another function depends on s1 and s2. We don't even have to run them before concatenate is called - we can delay their evaluation until they're required within concatenate. If we replace concatenate with a function that has a conditional and uses only one of its two parameters we may never evaluate one of the parameters at all! Haskell is an example of a delayed evaluation language. In Haskell you are not guaranteed that anything will be executed in order (or at all) because Haskell only executes code when it's required. Lazy evaluation has numerous advantages as well as disadvantages. We will discuss the advantages here and will explain how to counter the disadvantages in the next section. Lazy evaluation provides a tremendous potential for optimizations. A lazy compiler thinks of functional code exactly as mathematicians think of an algebra expression - it can cancel things out and completely prevent execution, rearrange pieces of code for higher efficiency, even arrange code in a way that reduces errors, all guaranteeing optimizations won't break the code. This is the biggest benefit of representing programs strictly using formal primitives - code adheres to mathematical laws and can be reasoned about mathematically. Lazy evaluation provides a higher order of abstraction that allows implementing things in a way that would otherwise be impossible. For example consider implementing the following control structure: unless(stock.isEuropean()) { sendToSEC(stock); } We want sendToSEC executed unless the stock is European. How can we implement unless? Without lazy evaluation we'd need some form of a macro system, but in a language like Haskell that's unnecessary. We can implement unless as a function! void unless(boolean condition, List code) { if(!condition) code; } Note that code is never evaluated if the condition is true. We cannot reproduce this behavior in a strict language because the arguments would be evaluated before unless is entered. Lazy languages allow for definition of infinite data structures, something that's much more complicated in a strict language. For example, consider a list with Fibonacci numbers. We clearly can't compute an infinite list in a reasonable amount of time or store it in memory. In strict languages like Java we simply define a Fibonacci function that returns a particular member from the sequence. In a language like Haskell we can abstract it further and simply define an infinite list of Fibonacci numbers. Because the language is lazy, only the necessary parts of the list that are actually used by the program are ever evaluated. This allows for abstracting a lot of problems and looking at them from a higher level (for example, we can use list processing functions on an infinite list). Of course there ain't no such thing as a free lunchTM. (Unless you're lucky.) It seems that lazy evaluation comes with a number of disadvantages. Mainly that it is, well, lazy, and sometimes doesn't allow the programmer to also be so to their heart's content, meaning, you need to employ some workarounds in certain cases. There are real world problems that require strict evaluation. For example consider the following: System.out.println("Please enter your name: "); System.in.readLine(); In a lazy language you have no guarantee that the first line will be executed before the second! This means, if laziness were an absolute principle, we wouldn't be able to do IO, to use native functions in any meaningful way (because they need to be called in order since they depend on side effects), and couldn't interact with the outside world! If we were to introduce primitives that force ordered code execution we'd lose the ability of reasoning about our code mathematically (which would take all of the benefits of functional programming with it). Fortunately not all is lost. Mathematicians got to work and developed a number of tricks to ensure code gets executed in particular order in a functional setting. So we really get the best of both worlds! These techniques include continuations, monads, and uniqueness typing. In this article we'll only deal with continuations. We'll leave monads and uniqueness typing for another time. Interestingly, continuations are useful for many things other than enforcing a particular order of evaluation. We'll talk about that as well. Continuations to programming are what the Da Vinci Code supposedly is to human history: an amazing revelation of the greatest cover-up known to man. Well, maybe not, but they're certainly revealing of deceit in the same sense as square roots of negative numbers. When we learned about functions we only learned half truths based on a faulty assumption that functions must return their value to the original caller. In this sense continuations are a generalization of functions. A function must not necessarily return to its caller and may return to any part of the program. A "continuation" is a parameter we may choose to pass to our function that specifies where the function should return. The description may be more complicated than it sounds. Take a look at the following code: int i = add(5, 10); int j = square(i); The function add returns 15 to be assigned to i, the place where add was originally called. After that the value of i is used to call square. Note that a lazy compiler can't rearrange these lines of code because the second line depends on successful evaluation of the first. We can rewrite this code block using Continuation Passing Style or CPS, where the function add doesn't return to the original caller but instead returns its result to square. int j = add(5, 10, square); In this case add gets another parameter - a function that add must call with its result upon completion. In this case square is a continuation of add. In both cases j will equal 225. Here lays the first trick to force a lazy language to evaluate two expressions in order. Consider the following (familiar) IO code: System.out.println("Please enter your name: "); System.in.readLine(); The two lines don't depend on each other and the compiler is free to rearrange them as it wishes. However, if we rewrite this code in CPS, there will be a dependency and the compiler will be forced to evaluate the two lines in order! System.out.println("Please enter your name: ", System.in.readLine); In this case println needs to call readLine with its result and return the result of readLine. This allows us to ensure that the two lines are executed in order and that readLine is evaluated at all (because the whole computation expects the last value as a result). In case of Java println returns void but if it were to return an abstract value (that readLine would accept), we'd solve our problem! Of course chaining function calls like that will quickly become unreadable, but it isn't necessary. We could add syntactic sugar to the language that will allow us to simply type expressions in order, and the compiler would chain the calls for us automatically. We can now evaluate expressions in any order we wish without losing any of the benefits of FP (including the ability to reason about our programs mathematically)! If this is still confusing, remember that a function is just an instance of a class with one member. Rewrite above two lines so that println and readLine are instances of classes and everything will become clear. I would now wrap up this section, except that we've only scratched the surface of continuations and their usefulness. We can write entire programs in CPS, where every function takes an extra continuation argument and passes the result to it. We can also convert any program to CPS simply by treating functions as special cases of continuations (functions that always return to their caller). This conversion is trivial to do automatically (in fact, many compilers do just that). Once we convert a program to CPS it becomes clear that every instruction has some continuation, a function it will call with the result, which in a regular program would be a place it must return to. Let's pick any instruction from above code, say add(5, 10). In a program written in CPS style it's clear what add's continuation is - it's a function that add calls once it's done. But what is it in a non-CPS program? We could, of course, convert the program to CPS, but do we have to? It turns out that we don't. Look carefully at our CPS conversion. If you try to write a compiler for it and think about it long enough you'll realize that the CPS version needs no stack! No function ever "returns" in the traditional sense, it just calls another function with the result instead. We don't need to push function arguments on the stack with every call and then pop them back, we can simply store them in some block of memory and use a jump instruction instead. We'll never need the original arguments - they'll never be used again since no function ever returns! So, programs written in CPS style have no stack but have an extra argument with a function to call. Programs not written in CPS style have no argument with a function to call, but have the stack instead. What does the stack contain? Simply the arguments, and a pointer to memory where the function should return. Do you see a light bulb? The stack simply contains continuation information! The pointer to the return instruction in the stack is essentially the same thing as the function to call in CPS programs! If you wanted to find out what continuation for add(5, 10) is, you'd simply have to examine the stack at the point of its execution! So that was easy. A continuation and a pointer to the return instruction in the stack are really the same thing, only a continuation is passed explicitly, so that it doesn't need to be the same place where the function was called from. If you remember that a continuation is a function, and a function in our language is compiled to an instance of a class, you'll realize that a pointer to the return instruction in the stack and the continuation argument are really the same thing, since our function (just like an instance of a class) is simply a pointer. This means that at any given point in time in your program you can ask for a current continuation (which is simply the information on the stack). Ok, so we know what a current continuation is. When we get a current continuation and store it somewhere, we end up storing the current state of our program - freezing it in time. This is similar to an OS putting itself into hibernation. A continuation object contains the information necessary to restart the program from the point where the continuation object was acquired. An operating system does this to your program all the time when it context switches between the threads. The only difference is that it keeps all the control. If you ask for a continuation object (in Scheme this is done by calling call-with-current-continuation function) you'll get an object that contains the current continuation - the stack (or in a CPS case the function to call next). You can store this object in a variable (or alternatively, on disk). When you choose to "restart" your program with this continuation object you will "transform" to the state of the program when you grabbed the continuation object. It's the same thing as switching back to a suspended thread or waking up an OS from hibernation, except you can do it again and again. When an OS wakes up, the hibernation information is destroyed. If it wasn't, you'd be able to wake up from the same point over and over again, almost like going back in time. You have that control with continuations! In what situations are continuations useful? Usually when you're trying to simulate state in an application of inherently stateless nature to ease your life. A great application of continuations are web applications. Microsoft's ASP.NET goes to tremendous lengths to try and simulate state so that you can write your application with less hassle. If C# supported continuations half of ASP.NET's complexity would disappear - you'd simply store a continuation and restart it when a user makes the web request again. To a programmer of the web application there would be no interruption - the program would simply start from the next line! Continuations are an incredibly useful abstraction for some problems. Considering that many of the traditional fat clients are moving to the web, continuations will become more and more important in the future. Pattern matching is not a new or innovative feature. In fact, it has little to do with functional programming. The only reason why it's usually attributed to FP is that functional languages have had pattern matching for some time, while modern imperative languages still don't. Let's dive into pattern matching with an example. Here's a Fibonacci function in Java: int fib(int n) { if(n == 0) return 1; if(n == 1) return 1; return fib(n - 2) + fib(n - 1); } And here's an example of a Fibonacci function in our Java-derived language that supports pattern matching: int fib(0) { return 1; } int fib(1) { return 1; } int fib(int n) { return fib(n - 2) + fib(n - 1); } (Do not try with higher numbers since this algorithm isn't suited for higher numbers due to O ( 2 n ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}(2^{n})} time complexity; fib(35) will already take a considerable amount of time) What's the difference? The compiler implements branching for us. What's the big deal? There isn't any. Someone noticed that a large number of functions contain very complicated switch statements (this is particularly true about functional programs) and decided that it's a good idea to abstract that away. We split the function definition into multiple ones, and put patterns in place of some arguments (sort of like overloading). When the function is called, the compiler compares the arguments with the definitions at runtime, and picks the correct one. This is usually done by picking the most specific definition available. For example, int fib(int n) can be called with n equal to 1, but it isn't because int fib(1) is more specific. Another possibility, which you find in Haskell, is to check the patterns in the order they are defined (one of the few cases where the order of the expressions in a functional program matters, but most of your code can be written in any order you wish, which is very convenient.) For example, a function's argument might be tested against three patterns, fun (x < 100), fun (x < 1000), fun (x = anything), and when called with x = 50 the first instance of its definition will be used, although x = 50 also would fit the other two. (And in a mathematical sense, taking into account negative numbers, none of these definitions is more specific since the sets of matching patterns all have the same infinite size.) In this system you usually order your definitions so that the more specific ones come first, which automatically encompasses the other way of deciding which instance of the function will be used. Pattern matching is usually more complex than our example reveals. For example, an advanced pattern matching system will allow us to do the following: int f(int n < 10) { ... } int f(int n) { ... } When is pattern matching useful? In a surprisingly large number of cases!
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<<< contents - passive version - page stage >>> How to Transform the Passive Voltage-to-Current Converter into an Active One (Reinventing the Op-amp Inverting Voltage-to-Current Converter) Circuit idea: The op-amp compensates the external losses caused by the load adding as much voltage to the input voltage source as it loses across the load. In this story, we begin revealing the secret of active voltage-to-current converters alias voltage-controlled current sources (VCCSs) or transconductance amplifiers. Let us start with the simplest and most intuitive op-amp inverting voltage-to-current converter. Look first at the "bad" passive version (the top of Fig. 1) and then, at the "good" active version (the bottom of Fig. 1) of a voltage-to-current converter. It is not absolutely necessary to be clever:), in order to see that the active version contains the passive one + an op-amp connected in accordance with some powerful idea: Active V-to-I converter = passive V-to-I converter + op-amp + great idea ? It seems that there is a close interrelation between the two circuits: maybe, the active version comes from the passive one or maybe the active version is just an improved passive version? If it is, how has the passive circuit transmuted into an active one? What is the idea of this connection? What does the op-amp do in this circuit? Let's try to answer these questions by following the evolution of the passive circuit into an active one. We already knew why the simple voltage to-current converter (as well as all the passive circuits) is an imperfect circuit - because its output current depends on the voltage drop VL across the load (Fig. 2). In this arrangement, the effective voltage difference VIN - VL determines the current IOUT instead of only the voltage VIN; .As a result, the current decreases. You can explore the circuit operation in a more attractive way, if you click Exploring button in the interactive flash movie or if you go to Stage 2 in the interactive flash builder. We can look at the voltage VL from two contrary viewpoints. From the point of view of the input voltage source, the voltage drop VL is harmful; so, the input source "would like" this voltage not to exist. Contrarily, from the point of view of the load, VL is useful voltage drop as it usually serves as an output quantity; so, the load "would like" this voltage to exist and even it to be as much as possible high. Obviously, there is a contradiction here - the voltage drop VL has to exist and, at the same time, not to exist. How do we solve this contradiction? Remember what we do in real life when we solve some problem but a disturbance caused by others stands in our way. The classical remedy is to remove the cause of the disturbance. Only, it is not always possible to do that; then, we use another exotic solution - we remove the disturbance by an equivalent "antidisturbance". For this purpose, we use an additional power source (energy), which "helps" us (the main source) by compensating only the local losses caused by the undesired external quantity. This technique is associated with continuous wasting of additional energy but the result is zero (virtual ground ); so, we prefer to use it when we are rich and, at the same time, lazy enough:). Here are some funny examples. If someone has broken our window in winter, we may turn on a heater (instead of just repairing the broken window); in summer, we turn on an air-conditioner. If the windows become dirty, we may switch on additional lamps inside the room to "help" the sun (instead of just cleaning the windows). When a car has come into collision with our car, the insurance company compensates the damages caused by the else's car (instead of just preventing the crash). If someone (e.g., our wife or a husband) is spending money from our account, we might begin depositing money into the account to restore the sum (instead of just scolding her/him:) When we go to a mountain, we stock with food, water, medicine, etc. to use them, if there is a future need (instead of just not going to the mountain:). In all these cases, we have prepared (just in case) "standby" resources to use them, if there is a need to compensate eventual external losses. Now, let us put this powerful idea into practice. The voltage drop VL across the resistor R is harmful; so, following the recipe above, we have to remove it by an "antivoltage" -VL. In other words, we have to add so much voltage to the input (excitation) voltage source VIN, as much as it loses across the load L Active V-to-I converter = passive V-to-I converter + "helping" voltage source The best way to understand what real electronic components do is just to do their work. So, let us first build a "man-controlled" active circuit, in which a man (I might do this donkeywork:) produces the "anti-voltage" while you change the input voltage. For this purpose, I first place an additional supplementary battery BH in series to the load L (Fig. 3). Then, in order to compare the two voltages, I connect a zero indicator in point A, which shows the result of comparison VA = VH - VL. See how simple it is: Add an adjustable battery in series with the load and make its voltage equal to the voltage drop across the load! In the beginning, imagine that there is not input excitation voltage VIN (see again Fig. 3 above). As a result, there are not any voltage drops and currents in the circuit; the needle of the zero indicator points to zero position. I am happy because there is nothing to do:) If you increase the input voltage VIN, a current begins flowing through the load. As a result, a voltage drop VL appears across the load and the point A begins rising its potential VA (figuratively speaking, the input source "pulls" the point A up toward the positive voltage VIN). Only, I observe to my great displeasure:( that the needle deflects to the right and immediately react by decreasing the compensating voltage VH. Now, it "pulls" the point A down toward the negative voltage -VH until it manages to zero the potential VA (the virtual ground). Note that the two voltage sources are connected in series, in one and the same direction (- VIN +, - VH +) so that their voltages are added (let us assume that we traverse the loops clockwise). Regarding to the ground, they have opposite polarities. In this way, the input voltage source is "helped"; its voltage increases so much (VL) as it loses across the load. As a result, the "harmful" voltage VL disappears; the point A has zero voltage; it behaves as a virtual ground. The passive voltage-to-current converter is "fooled": it has the illusion that there is not a load connected; it "thinks" that its output is shorted. You can imagine what happens when you decrease the input voltage VIN under the ground. As above, I will adjust the battery voltage looking at the needle of the zero indicator, so that always VH = -VL. In electronics, in technics and in our world, this action is referred to as negative feedback (it is a great phenomenon). Let us now try to make some electronic device do this donkeywork; an op-amp seems to be a good choice. For this purpose, we connect the op-amp's output in the place of the helping voltage source and the op-amp's input to point A so that the op-amp to "help" the input source (the op-amp's output voltage and the input voltage to be summed). Op-amp V-to-I converter = passive V-to-I converter + "helping" op-amp In the beginning, imagine as above that there is not an input excitation voltage VIN. As a result, there are not any voltage drops and currents in the circuit. There is almost not a voltage difference between the inverting and non-inverting input of the op-amp; now, it is "happy" because there is nothing to do:) If the input voltage VIN increases, an output current IOUT begins flowing through the load L. As a result, a voltage drop VL appears across the load L and the point A begins rising its potential VA (the input source "pulls" the point A up toward the positive voltage VIN). Only, the op-amp "observes" that to his great displeasure:( and immediately reacts: it decreases its output voltage "sucking" the current IOUT until it manages to zero the potential VA. Figuratively speaking, the op-amp "pulls" the point A down toward the negative voltage -V to establish a virtual ground. It does this magic by connecting a part of the voltage produced by the negative power supply -V in series with the input voltage VIN. As above, the two voltage sources are connected in series, in one and the same direction (- VIN +, - VH +) so that their voltages are added. Only, regarding to the ground, they have opposite polarities. If the input voltage VIN decreases under the ground, an input current IOUT begins flowing through the load L in opposite direction. As a result, a voltage drop VL appears across the load L and the point A begins dropping its potential VA (now, the input source "pulls" the point A down toward the negative voltage -VIN). Only, the op-amp "observes"' that and immediately reacts: it increases its output voltage "pushing out" the current IOUT until it manages to zero the potential VA (now, the op-amp "pulls" the point A up toward the positive voltage +V, in order to establish a virtual ground). It does this magic by connecting a part of the voltage produced by the positive power supply +V in series with the input voltage VIN. The two voltage sources are connected in series again, in one and the same direction (+ VIN -, + VH -) so that their voltages are added. Regarding to the ground, they have opposite polarities as above. Conclusion. In the circuit of an op-amp voltage-to-current converter, the op-amp adds as much voltage to the voltage of the input source as it loses across the external load. The op-amp compensates the local losses caused by this external load (conversely, in the opposite op-amp inverting current-to-voltage converter, the op-amp compensates the losses caused by the internal resistor). Once we created a perfect voltage-to-current converter, we may use it as a building block to build more complex compound circuits. For this purpose, we have only to connect consecutively the separate building blocks. First, we may connect the op-amp voltage-to-current converter after circuits having voltage output; thus we make them produce current. For example, we have known how to build a simple current source Simple current source = voltage source + passive V-to-I converter Now, we can build a perfect op-amp constant current source (Fig. 6) Op-amp current source = Voltage source + op-amp V-to-I converter Its output current does not depend on the load resistance (more generally, on the voltage drop across the load). Then, we may connect the op-amp voltage-to-current converter before circuits having current input; thus we make them perceive voltage. By applying this technique, we may assemble the famous active circuits of capacitive integrator (Fig. 7), inductive differentiator, diode logarithmic converter, etc. Op-amp RC integrator = op-amp V-to-I converter + I-to-V C integrator Op-amp RL differentiator = op-amp V-to-I converter + I-to-V L differentiator Op-amp RD log converter = op-amp V-to-I converter + I-to-V D log converter In all these circuits, the voltage drop across the respective I-to-V converters does not introduce an error (precisely speaking, it introduces an error but the op-amp removes it). The op-amp V-to-I converter is an active circuit; so, we may expect it to amplify. Really, it acts as a linear circuit with transfer ratio k = IOUT/VIN [mA/V] or millisiemens having dimension of conductivity. That is why, they frequently name it transconductance amplifier (transconductance is a contraction of "transfer conductance"). Nevertheless, let us try to answer the question, "Is the op-amp V-to-I converter an amplifier?" To answer this question, let's assemble the famous op-amp inverting amplifier by connecting consecutively an op-amp voltage-to-current converter (R1 and OA) and a bare resistor R2 acting as a simple current-to-voltage converter (Fig. 8) Op-amp inverting amplifier = op-amp V-to-I converter + I-to-V converter Note that the resistor R2 serves here as the load L from Fig. 5). This circuit will amplify power, if the output power is greater than the input one. So, the output voltage has to be higher than the input one because the current is the same. Let us finally compare the two versions beginning by investigating the input and output resistances (for concreteness, let us assume a bare resistive load RL). Input resistance. First, connect an ammeter in series with and a voltmeter in parallel to the converter's input; then vary the input voltage to investigate the input resistance. Maybe you remember that in the passive version, looking from the side of the input source we were seeing two resistors connected in series; so, the input resistance was RIN = R + RL. Now, we see only the resistor R because the op-amp has "neutralized" the load resistance RL. It is wonderful, the load has disappeared! As a result, the input resistance is RIN = R and what is more interesting, it does not depend on the load resistance RL! In this case, the op-amp "helps" the input voltage in its striving to change the current. Output resistance. Now, connect a voltmeter in parallel to and an ammeter in series with the converter's output; then, vary the load resistance (voltage) and observe the current to investigate the output resistance. Remember that in the passive version, looking from the side of the load, we were seeing only the resistor R; so, the output resistance was ROUT = R. Now, the situation is quite more interesting: when we vary the load voltage the current stays steady! But why? In this case, the op-amp "opposes" the load in its striving to change the current. As a result, the voltage varies (even significantly) while the current stays unchanged; so, the output differential resistance tends to infinite. Operating range. The op-amp does all these "magics" until it can change its output voltage (i.e., until it is within the active region). When it reaches the supply rail, the op-amp saturates, the magic ceases and the almost ideal active circuit becomes again an imperfect passive one:(. They name the maximum voltage drop across the load compliance voltage. Note that the passive version does not have such a problem; it is always imperfect. Ground connection. In the passive version, the load is connected to the (real) ground while, in the active one, the load is "flying". More precisely speaking, it is connected to a ground but this is a virtual ground. In some cases it is sufficient but not in others. The inverting configuration is not the only possible active voltage-to-current converter. There are other techniques, which excel, in some respect, the idea considered. Let's now consider briefly these techniques; then, we will dedicate special circuit stories to them. Negative feedback. Exactly speaking, there is a negative feedback in the inverting configuration discussed here. Only, the negative feedback does not serve to keep up the output current; it serves only to keep up the compensating "antivoltage". In this arrangement, the op-amp is not actually interested in the current magnitude; it is interested only in the virtual ground magnitude. In the popular implementation - the non-inverting configuration, the op-amp (not the input voltage source) creates the output current, which passes through a constant resistor. Then, the op-amp keeps up the "copy" voltage drop VR across the resistor R equal to the "original" input voltage drop VIN. Simply speaking, the op-amp increases its output voltage by the value of the voltage across the load thus compensating it. As a result, the output current depends only on the VIN and R; it does not depend on all sorts disturbances. By adding an external transistor or by using the internal op-amp output transistors these circuits can drive grounded loads. Only, the negative feedback configurations have two big errors: the first is caused by the finite op-amp gain; the second - by the common-mode gain. Bootstrapping. The famous Baron Munchhausen's idea can help us to achieve the same (and even better) result without using negative feedback. The according circuit implementation is referred to as improved Howland current source; no one knows why Motorola named it current source with feedback in 1973?!? The idea is as simple as above: the op-amp increases its output voltage by the value of the voltage drop across the load thus compensating it (compare with the inverting configuration where the op-amp produces an output voltage equal to the voltage drop across the load and adds it to the input voltage). Only, it does this magic "blindly" without using a negative feedback. Negative resistance. The famous circuit of Howland current source exploits this idea; Motorola named it a differential input op-amp current source in 1973. From one viewpoint, it consists of a negative resistor -R connected in parallel to the positive resistor R acting as a passive voltage-to-current converter. The result of this connection is that the negative resistor "neutralizes" (absorbs) the positive one and the effective differential resistance (the internal source's resistance) is infinite. The voltage-to-current converter behaves as a perfect current source, which drives a grounded load. Only, these circuits are not as stable as these exploiting a negative feedback. The op-amp inverting voltage-to-current converter is not so much popular circuit as the related op-amp non-inverting voltage-to-current converter and the opposite op-amp inverting current-to-voltage converter. Actually, it exists in almost every electronics book on op-amp circuits but they do not discern it. As a result, there are few sources where it is presented rather implicitly than manifestly. Here are some of them. Passive voltage-to-current converter is an animated Flash tutorial revealing the philosophy of the passive version. Op-amp circuit builder (movie philosophy) is an interactive Flash tutorial that shows how to transform any passive converter into an active one. Choose the resistor R2 from the library on the right side to build an active voltage-to-current converter. How do we create a virtual ground? reveals the secret of the great circuit phenomenon on which the op-amp inverting voltage-to-current converter is based. Keeping a constant current by negative feedback shows how to produce a constant curent by applying a negative feedback. Voltage to current conversion - App Note 13 - considers a variety of voltage-controlled current sources. Op amp can source or sink current exploits a powerful idea - to use the op-amp supply leads as input/output terminals. Analysis and design of the op-amp current source is an extremely formal and dull presentation of the Howland current source (it is renamed there as a differential input op-amp current source). Impedance & admittance transformations using op-amps - mentions, maybe for the first time, the Howland circuit (great material!) Howland current source for grounded load reveals the basic idea behind the famous circuit. Consider the "Deboo" integrator for unipolar noninverting designs (see the comments after the article). Circuit Idea (this book): Passive voltage-to-current converter reveals the basic idea behind the passive version. Passive current-to-voltage converter shows the basic idea behind the passive version of the "mirror" circuit. Op-amp inverting current-to-voltage converter reveals the basic idea behind the active version of the "mirror" circuit. Voltage-to-current converter introduces the passive and active versions of the circuit. Virtual ground scrutinizes the basic phenomenon behind the circuits with parallel negative feedback. How to transform the passive voltage-to-current converter into an active one is a similar story. What is the idea behind the op-amp inverting current source? - reveals the "helping" idea by using voltage bars and current loops Op-amp inverting summer is an animated tutorial, which uses the op-amp inverting voltage-to-current converter to build the famous op-amp summing circuit. Secrets of parallel negative feedback circuits reveals the philosophy of this class of circuits (the op-amp inverting voltage-to-current converter belongs to them). Lab 2: Basic instrumentation (voltage-to-current converter) shows an interesting version of this circuit where the op-amp is buffered by a transistor and the load is grounded. Tietze, U and Schenk, Ch. "Halbleiter-Schaltungstechnik", Chapter 12.3.1. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewYork, 1980. <<< top - contents - passive version - page stage >>>
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The web portal of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine provides information on the following sections: Pro Ministry; Medical reform; Citizens; Press center; Documents; Contacts. The web portal of Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine contains services that state body of Ukraine provide: Accreditation agreement - Explanation on the process and procedure of accreditation of the health care institution: Licensing - Clarifications and samples of documents for obtaining a license for the conduct of economic activity in medical practice; State supervision (control) - Examples of documents based on the results of a planned (unscheduled) measure of state supervision (control) regarding the compliance of the entity with the requirements of legislation in the field of economic activity in medical practice. The state registries of the Ministry of Health include: registries of the Ministry’s work plans and reports on the activities of the Ministry of Health; register of wholesale and discount prices for medical products; register of wholesale and preferential prices for medical appointments; state register of medical equipment and products for medical purposes; state Register of Medicines of Ukraine; accounting cards of the public information accounting system; reports on the processing of information requests for public information; a list of statements containing official information of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine; datasets to be made publicly available
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