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As society progresses into the modern digital age it is becoming more and more essential to have an online identity alongside a real life one. For many these identities are representative of their best self, only sharing what they deem appropriate to a closed group; others over-share on personal accounts, occasionally alienating family and friends. There is third category containing a mixture of the two, often hidden behind pseudonym’s but sharing quite publically. Anonymous accounts or online users that choose to hide their personalities either through choice or necessity on the platform. These users can be found on social media (description of the effect of anonymity); on dating apps (summary needed); in online videogames, which allows individuals and groups to create new identities that can be used to explore online virtual worlds and provides an excellent opportunity for individuals to escape from their offline personality; and on anonymous discussion boards, where a mixture of mob mentality and disconnection from self, allow users to create unseen identities and communities that are uncontrollable yet open. This essay aims to address why people choose to remain anonymous online and how they can create communities and identities without resorting to conventional identification methods. When it comes to social media, people tend to identify themselves anonymously depending on what site they are using. However, a great number of people share anything and everything about their personal life or the life they are portraying. The newest part of social media is sharing your location so your “friends” and “followers” know where you are in your daily life. Being able to check-in and share images has created significance and social signals to a specific audience for several reasons which have affected user’s presentation of themselves based on their activity . A big part of the reason why anonymity is rare because many platforms such as Facebook and Instagram have given people access to a diversity of multimedia tools that allow the chance for more control and more imaginative performances of their online identity . There are now decisions about disclosing a user’s location especially since it is being promoted by certain social media sites to meet up with other users even though some users use it to advertise where they are located when it is not possible to have a face-to-face meeting . According to studies by Schwartz & Halegoua (2015), sharing a user’s location is more used for bragging or showing off, making inside jokes, self-promotion, receiving rewards or points for actions, and imitating bonding with friends. However, there is a small population of people who decide to stay anonymous and not always for a good reason. It is argued that when someone is anonymous on social media, it can lead to disruptive behaviors such as antagonistic harassment and messages as well as impulsive, trolling, and wretched remarks and people who used their real name were less likely to be offensive . Furthermore, being anonymous has always been used in a positive way by people saying things that they would not feel comfortable doing if there was no anonymity and it comes to the point where people feel they can be their “true self’ as well as being able to discuss experiences and information they would not share in other situations . Studies have also shown that when social networks allow users to interact anonymously with a known audience, they demonstrated to being more comfortable revealing information about their social ties than to people who are nearby therefore platforms who offer more flexible form are more popular when it comes to expressing one’s identity among friends . Being anonymous is a controversial topic and we are currently in the middle of anonymity and being known on social media especially since many different sites are heading in opposite directions. For example, Facebook requires people to use their real name when making an account and Twitter does not require their users to use their real name but a pseudonym. A study found that on Twitter only six percent of analyzed account of fifty-thousand were anonymous because they did not disclose first and the last name, twenty percent were partially anonymous since they provided first and last name, six percent was unclassifiable, and the remaining sixty-eight percent was identifiable . This data delegates online anonymity is important to that a quarter of Twitter users and because of the absence of a real-name policy it has become a strong selling point for social networks even though some accounts that are identifiable could have used a fake name and were actually anonymous therefore a greater number of people appreciate anonymity . There is a thin line between anonymity and the known and it is up to us to decide on where we draw the line. Crs00039 (discuss • contribs) With an estimated number of 2.2 billion gamers (Newzoo.com, 2017) currently immersed in the gaming community, a discussion about their online identity has never been so justified. When a player downloads or purchases a new online videogame, when it starts the player is often required to create a basic profile such as creating a username or avatar (character) for in-game recognition. The username and avatar becomes the players identity when playing the game, Blascovich and Bailenson describe the use of an avatar as being an embodiment of a human in digital space that carries out that human’s actions For most games online, the username is only restricted by the players imagination, unlike social media players do not need to provide their true names, creating an opportunity for the player to play as an anonymous individual. However most game developers do have strict regulations against using offensive or hate speech riddled usernames, often resulting in a permanent ban for that player, but players do mostly have the freedom to create a unique pseudonym for themselves. When a player decides on a username, a new identity has been created, opening up worlds to explore and allows the individual the freedom to escape from their offline personality. Like social media, the same problems such as negative comments and vulgar speech arises with anonymity in the gaming community. Are these negative symptoms just gamers venting from frustrating gameplay or does anonymity allow players to act out and hide behind the mask that covers their true identity without any real consequences. This section will discuss how anonymous identities are affecting the gaming world. Creating an anonymous identity for a game allows the players to immerse themselves into the virtual world. It’s like roleplaying games, created identities are used to project fantasies into the real world but for videogames, the fantasies are projected by the identities into a digital world, for many users having an anonymous identity adds to the experience of gaming. The use of avatars in the virtual world to represent the player began as a visual marker with limited movement attributes and interaction but with advancement of 3D computer technology, avatars have become more human like in form and interaction capabilities. Players in the digital age can now customize their avatars from appearance to personality traits with realistic outcomes. In virtual games like Second Life and World of Warcraft, players have successfully created online identities that help build bustling virtual communities and participate in social activities using their self-representative avatars. If a player decides to use an anonymous username, they can become whoever they want to be in terms of appearance through their avatar, they have the freedom to choose without any judgement. On some occasions, user’s will become attached to these avatars as they represent a second version of themselves but within the digital world, Dibbell states this attachment occurs because the avatars represent our psych id double, the body like self-representation that we carry around in our heads , meaning players will create a perfect image of themselves and project this idea onto their avatars. Being anonymous players allows for greater freedom of creativity for individuals but it does open a wormhole of a darker side of the online gaming community. The gaming community has a reputation for being a brutal place, filled with aggressive teens screaming at each other through headsets and thousands more screaming back. How much of this bad reputation is because of the option of being anonymous within games? Various studies have shown that with anonymity, people tend to be more cruel to each other because they are under the assumption that consequences from their actions will never occur to them (see Zimbardo’s, 1969 & Diener’s 1976 study ). Using pseudonyms as usernames, some gamers act differently from their offline identity because they feel safe, hidden by an alias, and can generate aggressive behaviour towards other gamers. Some players do this on purpose (Trolling) for their own satisfaction but others find themselves venting because of frustrating gameplay. Many online videogames today include player versus player competitive options, which will encourage and often leads to “trash-talking”. Having anonymous users might encourage more trash talk but these small jibes are often present in competitive games outside of the gaming world too. Anonymity in videogames allows for player freedom and creativity but it is almost foreshadowed by players who deliberately harass other players which inevitably affects the gaming experience. Anonymity is social interaction without the burden of snooping peers (Christopherson, K M; 2006; p,3039) and in its purest form has become increasingly rare online. Websites often require members to create screen names before posting, sometimes offering quick sign up through Facebook or Gmail accounts. This identification is in place to encourage a community spirit and keep the anti-normative and anti-social behaviour often commonly associated with anonymous userbases at bay. (Millen, D R; Patterson, J F; 2003, p.720) 4chan and the now defunct app ‘Yik Yak’ are two examples of websites that have managed to develop a sense of community and identity for users despite the fact that posts are not marked by usernames. 4chan is an image-based bulletin board based upon Japanese websites such as 2channel. The site is split into 70 different topic boards ranging from Safe For Work’ topics such as ‘Anime’ (/a/) to ‘Not Safe For Work’ topics such as the infamous ‘Random’ board (/b/). 4chan does offer the option to assign usernames to posts but a study found that only 4% of users utilise this feature seriously. (Bernstein et al; 2011; p.6). Yik Yak is an app that allows users to post depending on their proximity. It is designed for college and university students as somewhere that they can post and vent anonymously about their experiences within the campus. Although proximity could be viewed as an identifying factor, a user’s location is never made public. Both sites also utilise ephemerality, creating a fast-paced posting environment. The creator of 4chan Christopher Poole, known to the community as ‘Moot’, wrote an article for the New York Times claiming 4chan was somewhere that users could post without the “burdens of social media, and the resulting narcissistic baggage.” (Poole, 2013). This can be seen all throughout 4chan, as well as Yik Yak, in the form of the online disinhibition effect. (Suler, J; 2005; p 185) Both 4chan and Yik Yak studies (Schlesinger et al; 2017) found that users could communicate with ease when not worrying about social ostracization. This paired with the ephemeral nature of the sites meant that users “did not need to be consistent in what they posted.” (Schlesinger; 2017, p 6916) On 4chan in particular, since everyone is labelled as ‘Anonymous’, users feel they can act up without their actions coming back to them. (Bernstein et al; 2001 p 6) Despite the raucous nature of the sites there is a definite community spirit running through them. Anonymity allows intimate and open discussion, (Bernstein et al; 2011; p.6; Schlesinger et al; 2017; p, 6917; Kang et al; 2013; 2660) by finding human connection and offering to help one another, the users of these sites show a positive side to anonymous posting not often talked about. A topic means users can develop a sense of identity and community within their chosen site, for instance, Yik Yak users tended to make self-deprecating jokes about the struggles of college life. (Schlesinger et al; 2017; p 6917) Humour as a way of developing a sense of community can also been shown on 4chan. The ephemerality of posts means that users will often save or funny posts in order to bring them back days later. (Bernstein et all; 2001; p. 5) Users aim to create discussion with others who saw the original post while developing a set of in-jokes to reference with each other at later dates. Many of these in-jokes have snowballed into wider internet memes and are one of the reasons for 4chan’s internet fame. (Bartlett; 2013) It was also found that users 4chan would choose to reference older jokes or memes in order to establish their validity as part of the group. Bernstein et al (2011, p 7) reference the ‘triforcing’ challenge, where seasoned users challenge those they perceive as innocent posters to create a Unicode triforce. This is a rather brutal, and arguably narcissistic, way of posting but it continues to add to the impression of identity and community on the site. Ellison, N., Blackwell, L., Lampe, C., & Trieu, P. (2016). “The Question Exists, but You Don’t Exist With It”: Strategic Anonymity in the Social Lives of Adolescents. Social Media Society, 2(4), Social Media Society, 2016, Vol.2(4). Crs00039 (discuss • contribs) Peddinti, S., Ross, K., & Cappos, J. (2017). User Anonymity on Twitter. Security & Privacy, IEEE, 15(3), 84-87. Crs00039 (discuss • contribs) Schwartz, R., & Halegoua, G. (2015). The spatial self: Location-based identity performance on social media. New Media & Society, 17(10), 1643-1660. Crs00039 (discuss • contribs) Hey everyone, hope you are doing well, I found an article which links to online identity. It suits my groups question perfectly; I don't know if it will be as good for yours, but give it a look! I wrote about it for my third assignment, so if you want a glimmer of what it's about, I've put most of the information on that. It's called- Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal 2013, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p517 12p. MTxPrincipessa18 (discuss • contribs) 18:51, 20 March 2018 (UTC) Schwartz & Halegoua, 2015 Schwartz & Halegoua, 2015 Schwartz & Halegoua, 2015 Ellison, Blackwell, Lampe & Trieu, 2016 Ellison, Blackwell, Lampe & Trieu, 2016 Ellison, Blackwell, Lampe & Trieu, 2016 Peddinti, Ross, & Cappos, 2017 Peddinti, Ross, & Cappos, 2017 Blascovich, J., & Bailenson, J.N. (2011). Infinite reality: Avatars, eternal life, new worlds, and the dawn of the virtual revolution. Nature, (7342), 165. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.stir.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.254484686&site=eds-live . Taylor, T. L. 2002. “Living Digitally: Embodiment in Virtual Worlds.” Pp. 40–62 in The Social Life of Avatars, edited by R. Schroeder. London: Springer Ahn, S.J., Fox, J., & Bailenson, J.N. (2012). Avatars. In Bainbridge, W. S. (Ed. ), Leadership in Science and Technology: A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications. Dibbell, J. 1993. A Rape in Cyberspace or How an Evil Clown, a Haitian Trickster Spirit, Two Wizards, and a Cast of Dozens Turned a Database into a Society. Electronic document available from [email protected]. Zimbardo, P. G. (1969), The human choice - Individuation, reason, and order vs. deindividuation, impulse and chaos. In: W. J. Arnold & D. Levine (Eds. ), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 17, pp. 237-307), Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press Diener, E., Fraser, S.C., Beaman, A. L. & Kelem, R. T. (1976), Effects of deindividuating variables on stealing by Halloween trick-or-treaters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33:178- 183 Christopherson, K. M. (2007). The positive and negative implications of anonymity in Internet social interactions: "On the Internet, Nobody Knows You're a Dog." Computers in Human Behavior, 23(6), 3038-3056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2006.09.001. Millen, D. R., & Patterson, J. F. (2003, April). Identity disclosure and the creation of social capital. In CHI'03 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 720-721). ACM. [1] [2] By Frank Schwichtenberg (Own work) [CC BY 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons Bernstein, M. S., Monroy-Hernández, A., Harry, D., André, P., Panovich, K., & Vargas, G. G. (2011, July). 4chan and/b: An Analysis of Anonymity and Ephemerality in a Large Online Community. In ICWSM (pp. 50-57). [3] Poole, C. (2013). Don't hate the player, hate the game. Suler, J. (2005). International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 2(2), 184-188. Schlesinger, A., Chandrasekharan, E., Masden, C. A., Bruckman, A. S., Edwards, W. K., & Grinter, R. E. (2017, May). Situated anonymity: Impacts of anonymity, ephemerality, and hyper-locality on social media. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 6912-6924). ACM. Kang, R., Brown, S., & Kiesler, S. (2013, April). Why do people seek anonymity on the internet? : informing policy and design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2657-2666). ACM. [4] Bartlett, J. (2013). 4chan: The role of anonymity in the meme-generating cesspool of the web. Wired
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All stamps have large, negative “e” logo at top right and "PDF417" bar code across the bottom with identification number at bottom right. "US Postage" and date are at top center, usually below a mail classification statement. Found both with and without FIM barcode at top left and also with and without slogan or directional slug at left. One hundred FD covers were prepared by E-Stamp in cooperation with the National Postal Museum on March 31, 1998. Trials took place for several more months. The first day of national availability was September 27, 1999. E-stamp ceased operations at the end of 2000. Type RA1a in 2001 edition PC-A1.1. March 31, 1998. [RR] This stamp is found only on the First Day Covers prepared by E-Stamp and the National Postal Museum. (See above). They were sold for $100 each. The value figures are large, 4mm tall. With "FIM" barcode at top left. Mail class: "First Class" (without hyphen). Idenification number with 051E prefix. V/F: $0.00o (large figures, 4mm tall) Type RA1e in 2001 edition PC-A1.2. 1998. [S] As Type PC-A1.1 but with smaller value figures, 2 to 3mm tall. "e-stamp.com" normally at bottom left below the barcode. ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. V/F: $0.00 (small figures, 2-3mm tall) Mail classes: ♦ A. First-Class (with hyphen) B1. Priority [R] B2. Priority Mail [R] a. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" [R] b. With recipient's identity instead of "e-stamp.com" at left below bar code field [RR] c. With 4-digit ZIP code ♦ <span style="font-size:small;""Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors. Types RA1c and d in 2001 edition PC-A1.3. [S] As Type PC-A1.2 but value figures show decimal fractions of a cent and have wide spacing between the dollar sign and the decimal digit with the other figures. ID# with 051E, 052E or 053E prefix. The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. A. V/F regular: $0.00o B. V/F italic: $0.00o a. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" [R] Type RA1b in 2001 edition PC-A1.4. [S] As PC-A1.3B but the value figures are spaced closely together. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. ID# with 053E prefix. The mail classes are the same as for PC-A1.2. V/F italic: $0.00o a. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" [R] Type RA2 in 2001 edition PC-A2. March 2000. [S] As Type PC-A1.2 but the inscriptions are larger. "e-stamp.com" at bottom left below the barcode. ID# with 053E prefix. V/F: $ 0.00 Mail classes: ♦ A. First-Class (with hyphen) B. Priority Mail [S] a. With "Additional" instead of mail class above "US Postage" (see below) [R] b. "Mailed From ZIP Code" town line with 4-digit ZIP code instead of normal 5-digit code [RR] ♦ "Express" (or "Express Mail") was an option but has not been reported by collectors.
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(Automatically renominated with 4 votes for November) Votes: Klingoncowboy4 17:43, 2 November 2006 (UTC)[] Easyas12c 18:03, 2 November 2006 (UTC)[] Dilaudid 00:49, 5 November 2006 (UTC)[] Xania 00:08, 15 November 2006 (UTC)[] Dolive35 15:26, 28 November 2006 (UTC)[] Comments: The book is a guide to a simple everyday task. This makes the book both usefull and editable to many. It has a clear structure which makes appending easy. The book contains already the most basic information regarding the subject, but has been lacking attention for a while. --Easyas12c 20:07, 14 June 2006 (UTC)[] Great book guys. Xania 00:08, 15 November 2006 (UTC)[] (Automatically renominated with 4 votes for November) Votes: Eyu100 00:19, 16 November 2006 (UTC)[] Jlenthe 03:48, 30 November 2006 (UTC)[] Comments bxy says: qbj and i will make a Chinese translation of the book. Starting next week. Currently it's just us. Since the book is in very early stage, we think we can handle that. I know nothing about Italian and wants to learn a bit, qbj, went to Italy last month and will stay for 2 years began to learn the language. So this would be great fun for us. The Chinese translation will be hosted here P.S I jsut realized a few months back there was a huge celebration about Italy Year in China, meaning much more cultural exchanges and during that peraticluar period of time. high-ranking officials pay state visits repectively. So, good timing. It has been well over a year and I think that my chicken book will go again as a token openent. Klingoncowboy4 23:21, 2 November 2006 (UTC)[] Votes: Klingoncowboy4 19:01, 6 November 2006 (UTC)[] Comments:
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This unit introduces: Fundamental hardware and software concepts Programming approaches: procedural programming and object oriented programming Speculation about Objects Sending messages to objects and grouping objects into classes A computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. These are the main basic tasks of a computer. Simply, any computer system is composed of computer hardware and software: The hardware components of a computer system are the electronic and mechanical parts. The software components of a computer system are the intangible parts: it is a general term of all the applications, programs, and systems that run on your computer. Software consists of sets of instructions that tell a computer how to perform a particular task. The main hardware devices are classified as: Essential parts of a computer : Central Processing Unit (CPU) & main memory; Peripheral devices, which is any component of the computer that is not part of essential devices, such as: Input/Output devices, secondary storage (Storage devices). Some peripherals are mounted in the same case as processor such as hard disks, others such as printers are physically outside the computer. An input device gathers and translates input into a form that the computer can process, these are devices such as: keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, card-reader, and bar reader. CPU Processing data is done in a device called central processing unit (CPU). A processor is, (the brain of a computer), an electronic device about one inch square covered in plastic, in which a processor manipulates data in many ways by applying a series of actions. Output device, produces results using devices such as: printers, screens, plotters, and loud speaker. Storing data, a computer must store data so that it will be available for processing. There are two places to store data: • Maim memory (MM), which holds the programs temporarily during execution. • Secondary storage, which holds data and programs permanently such as hard-disk, floppy disks, CD's Software (SW) is a general terminology; for all programs, applications and systems. The SW makes a computer useful. SW is kept on some hardware device such as the hard disk. : Usually any software is written using a programming language which is called as the source code. Then this code is compiled (translated) into zeros and ones (binary digits, low-level) or bits, which make up the instructions and data that the hardware can execute. Software could be classified into: System, Program, and Application. System The term system has different meanings depending on how it is used as listed below: An operating system: is essentially the master controller for all of the activities that take place within a computer. It sets the standards for all application SW that a computer runs. (i.e. how do I configure my system to allow me using my new scanner?) A computer system: a combination of hardware and software. (i.e. my system crashed 4 times last night, and I can’t figure out whether it is a hardware problem or that I game I picked up cause the problem). A software system: a large piece of software which is essentially meant to run forever (no start point or end point), and has to respond to a variety of events that may occur in an unpredictable order. The system usually is composed of smaller units of SW called applications or programs which communicate with each other. System Software: is categorized as software that helps the computer carry out its basic operating tasks. It is required to support the production or execution of applications but which is not specific to any particular application. System Software includes: a. Operating systems, that controls the execution of the programs; b. User interface software such as graphical windows and menus interpreters c. Development tools such as compilers d. Utility programs involved in sending data, printing or communicating with peripheral devices. Program A computer program is a set of detailed, step by step instructions that tells a computer how to solve a problem or carry out a task. The notion of a program assumes a pattern: input data-processing data-output data. Any program has a starting point which takes some input, then performs needed computations, and then it has an end point at which output is given and software stop running (in contrast to systems that run for ever). Applications These are programs which users choose to work with such as word processing & Excel, web browser. You can liken applications to virtual computers each with a special operating system. Applications differ from systems in that: • They are not designed to run for ever; • Run on a single computer; • And perform a single task for a single user. An operating system (OS) is the software responsible for the control and management of hardware and basic system operations (such as data input and output), as well as running application software such as word-processing programs and web browsers. The operating system is always present when the computer is running, and it acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware. Common operating systems for personal computers include Linux, Mac OS (for the Apple Macintosh) and the various versions of Windows, e.g. Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Note that: not all computers have OS, if computer runs a single program all the time, which can configured directly on the hardware, then OS is unnecessary. (i.e. fuel-injection system in a car) :Management of Memory: To run a program, this program should be moved from secondary storage to main memory. It is the job of OS to: Allocate appropriate sized area of memory to each program, To ensure that program data and instructions do not interfere with each other or with other programs and applications. Coordination and control of peripheral devices: OS coordinates the communication with peripheral devices such as input/output devices, to accept data from user, produce output on screen or printer, connect to a network etc. Scheduling of access to the processor: The operating system manages access to the processor, by prioritising jobs to be run and ensuring that the processor is used efficiently. (i.e. if current running program is waiting data from hard disk, the OS will ensure to run another program so processor will not be idle and that it used efficiently). Provision of basic utilities: Operating systems also provide basic utilities such as disk formatting facilities, file management systems and software installation wizards. Provision of an interface between applications/programs and hardware: :OS provides a stable, consistent way for software communicate with the computer’s hardware without having to access that hardware directly, or know details of it. This is achieved through application programming interface (API) which is a set of instructions (a protocol) in which an application can ask OS to do a services such as printing a file. By this way you can guarantee that your program will run on different computers without bothering of printer type connected to these PCs. Provision of a user interface: OS provides a graphical user interface that enables user to communicate with computer. Early OS were text based such as Dos. New OS are graphical user interface (GUI) based which has icons, menus and it is more user friendly such as Microsoft Windows. Booting your computer: When you switch on a computer, the first thing it needs to do is to load an operating system (which is usually stored on the hard disk). The general process of executing a program is: The source code is written in high level language such as Java, C++, etc. The source code is translated into machine code (low level language that the computer understood) using compilers or interpreters. A compiler is a program that translates the program written in high-level language into low-level instructions (machine code or byte code) then executes it as a whole. An Interpreter, do the same job as a compiler, but it translates each instruction then executes it. In OOP, the software objects is used to model real-life ones such as car, employee, DVD, etc. The software objects simulate the part of the real world (Application domain, problem domain) with which we are concerned. For example if we need to develop a system to manage patients in a hospital then the domain is hospital, and objects are patients, doctors, nurses, etc. Each object has attributes and its own behavior. An attribute is some property or characteristic of an object. It describes the kinds of information that an object needs in order to provide the required behaviours. So a student object might have attributes such as student number, student name, registered module and so on. The attribute value of ‘studetn number’ might be ‘2012105’ and the attribute value of ‘student name’ might be ‘Anderson Robert’. The behaviour of an object is the collection of actions an object knows how to carry out. The values of all an object’s attribute together determine the object’s state. Users can not directly interact with objects, they can do so by using user interface to send messages to these objects. Actions such as clicking the mouse, or pressing a key on the keyboard, will cause messages to be sent to the appropriate objects. In its basic definition, an object is an entity that contains both data (in the form of attribute values) and behaviour (the actions it takes on receiving messages). Each object is represented by a rectangle. To get an object to do something, it must be sent a message (call method); messages are depicted as the arrows between the objects. If two ro more objects have the same attributes, the same methods, and behave in the same way in response to those methods, then these objects belong to the same class. In Object Oriented an object is defined as an instance of a class. A class is used to group related variables and functions . A class is like a blueprint or template for the creation of objects and ensures that all its instances: have the same attributes, and respond to the same set of messages in an identical manner. A protocol is known as the list of messages to which any instance of the class can respond. Computer fundamentals 1. Introduction to Computersm[1] computer concepts a breif introduction 1 Introduction [2] nature and types of softwares Nature & Types of Software Introduction to Operating Systems Fundamental Abstractions Operating systems Structure [3] Compiler construction [4] Object Orientation [5] Objects and Classes [6] Identifying Object-Oriented Classes [7]
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Friday, February 4, 2005 South America — The Colombian President Alvaro Uribe Vélez was forced to cancel the planned meeting with the Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez on Thursday. He is suffering from gastrointestinal and labyrinthitis problems. Uribe remains hospitalized in the Naval Hospital of Cartagena in Colombia. Venezuela-Colombia crisis:Castro intervenes, Chavez and Uribe scheduled to meet February 1, 2005. Venezuela-Colombia crisis continues January 24, 2005. Brazilian President meets President of Colombia January 20, 2005. Colombia releases official notice in response to Venezuela January 17, 2005. Marxist intellectuals support arrested FARC leader January 15, 2005. Capture of FARC member creates crisis between Venezuela and Colombia, January 15, 2005. "Una intoxicación se le atravesó a la cumbre" — El País (Colombia), February 4, 2005 "Uribe suspende cumbre y gira" — BBC, February 4, 2005 "Hospitalizan a Uribe" — BBC, February 4, 2005 "Cancelan viaje del presidente Uribe a Venezuela y Europa debido a su delicado estado de salud" — El Tiempo (Colombia), February 4, 2005
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These plants have the following traits: Yellow flowers Taxus baccata Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Taxus baccata Narcissus Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring, Late Spring Regional data and additional images for Narcissus Corylopsis spicata Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Corylopsis spicata Corylus avellana Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Corylus avellana Salix gracilistyla 'Melanostachys' Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Salix gracilistyla 'Melanostachys' Mahonia bealei Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Mahonia bealei Cornus officinalis Global data: Regional data and additional images for Cornus officinalis Eranthis hyemalis Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring Regional data and additional images for Eranthis hyemalis Crocus Global data: Regional data and additional images for Crocus Hamamelis 'Arnold Promise' Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Winter, Late Winter, Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Hamamelis 'Arnold Promise' Hamamelis 'Sunburst' Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Late Winter, Early Spring Regional data and additional images for Hamamelis 'Sunburst' Jasminum nudiflorum Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Jasminum nudiflorum Forsythia x intermedia Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Winter, Mid Winter, Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Forsythia x intermedia Ficaria verna, previously Ranunculus ficaria Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Ficaria verna Corydalis cheilanthifolia Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring, Early Summer Regional data and additional images for Corydalis cheilanthifolia Salix discolor Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Salix discolor Viola x wittrockiana Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring, Mid Summer, Early Fall, Mid Fall, Late Fall, Early Winter Regional data and additional images for Viola x wittrockiana Senecio vulgaris Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Winter, Late Winter, Early Spring, Mid Spring, Late Spring, Early Summer, Mid Summer, Late Fall Regional data and additional images for Senecio vulgaris Hamamelis x intermedia Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Mid Winter, Late Winter, Early Spring Regional data and additional images for Hamamelis x intermedia Cornus mas Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring, Late Spring Regional data and additional images for Cornus mas Erythronium americanum Global data: Temperate zone season(s): Early Spring, Mid Spring Regional data and additional images for Erythronium americanum Alnus rugosa Global data: Regional data and additional images for Alnus rugosa Last updated 11:08, 29 March 2008 (UTC) from the DPL page with 22 plants.
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For the fort in North Carolina, see Fayetteville (North Carolina). Fort Bragg is a small, isolated town on California's North Coast and serves as the economic hub of the area despite the demise of its historic logging and fishing industries at the end of the 20th century. Long regarded as the "Beast" to the neighboring village of Mendocino's "Belle," it has slowly been shedding its inhospitable, blue-collar reputation and begun to warm to the new reality of a tourism-based economy with art galleries, microbreweries and gastropubs of its own. In several aspects it has already eclipsed the appeal of Mendocino as a tourist destination, as being an order of magnitude larger in population grants it the ability to support several beloved American franchises like Starbucks, McDonald's, Best Western and Motel 6, suddenly making vacations to the Lost Coast accessible to those whose budget scoffs at the minimum $300/night lodging costs of its southern sibling. The 2018 Census Bureau population estimate was 7,359 within the city limits and 14,799 when including the adjacent unincorporated area claimed by the local school district, increasingly dominated by retirees and vacation rental operators as the collapse of the natural resource industries and very high property values leave few opportunities for families and younger people. See also: Fort Bragg at Wikipedia Nestled between the chaotic peaks and valleys formed during ~200 million years of one tectonic plate demanding another give way, and sandwiched between the planet's largest ocean and largest temperate rainforest lies Fort Bragg. 15,000 years ago, at the end of the last ice age, the first indigenous inhabitants, the Hokan, found it and called it home, amazed at the scale of nearly everything they saw. The trees averaged nearly 200 feet in height and 15 feet in diameter, the result of being among the oldest living things anywhere and an extremely mild climate with average annual rainfall over 100 in (2,500 mm). Among them lived elk almost as big as a moose, Olympic black bears, cougars and timber wolves in practically boundless number, fed by the lush, verdant terrain and the fish found teeming in the rivers as much as in the mighty Pacific. Millenia passed like this, so long that the Hokan as well became so abundant that they gave rise to three great Native American nations, the Yuki, Pomo, and Wintun. It was they who saw the first Europeans weigh anchor just off the coast in 1542, representatives of the Spanish Empire. After the Spaniards came the English, then the Russians, and eventually the Americans, but the landscape remained a testament to a grandeur almost always reserved for legends. Valiant efforts were made to exploit each natural resource many times, but the difficulty of transporting goods and people over endless rugged hills and rivers always won out. That's how it earned the nickname The Lost Coast, a place forgotten through the Gold Rush, the Industrial Revolution, and the rise of Silicon Valley, still wild and ready to bewitch all who brave the journey there. Fort Bragg is the largest town on the Lost Coast, a position of honor nearly guaranteed by the grace of having the largest natural harbor for over 100 miles (160 km) in either direction. On today's maps it is seen to lie within the borders of Mendocino County, named for Antonio de Mendoza, the Viceroy of New Spain who had sent that ship full of Spaniards sailing north up the California coast in 1542. Two state highways, California Routes 1 and 20, are the sole safe conduits for vehicle travel to the area. Route 1 serves as Fort Bragg's Main Street and widens to two lanes in each direction with a center turn lane while it's within the city limits. Route 20 carries the vast majority of locals and visitors in and out of the area and is almost always referred to as the "Willits Road" by locals rather than its official number. Many long-time residents are quick to remind anyone who will listen that in "their day" it was still a winding dirt road unfit for use by anything but pickup trucks. The addition of the paved road surface was done in stages as CalTrans funds became available starting in 1958 and was completed in 1964, shortly thereafter being added to the state highway system as the final leg of the "Ukiah-Tahoe Highway" as Route 20 was then known. Factoring in the other state highways that merge into or intersect one of them, there are a total of five potential routes by which to visit if you're travelling by automobile or motorcycle. All are entirely two-lane state highways devoid of artificial illumination with posted speeds of 55 MPH, average quality pavement the entire way, and lead to an eventual junction with U.S. Highway 101. If you're not coming from somewhere with obvious access to U.S. 101 any route planning should begin with determining how you'll first reach that thoroughfare. Listed with starting points from north to south the five routes to Fort Bragg are: Mendocino Transit Authority: The only provider of public transit in Mendocino County, ☏ +1-800-696-4682. Service within Fort Bragg and between F.B./Willits/Ukiah is quite affordable and reliable, if not especially frequent, with only two trips in each direction between cities per day. MTA also offers bus service to and from Santa Rosa daily for just $23 one-way. MTA Route 65 -- CC Rider Amtrak Thruway Bus Service: Stops four times a day in Willits at the Skunk Train depot parking lot, en route northbound to McKinleyville/the Arcata airport and southbound to the Amtrak rail station in Martinez. You can easily walk from the depot to the junction of CA Routes 1 and 20, where a covered MTA bus stop is located to complete the trip to Fort Bragg. Fares vary but average ~$30 one-way in either direction. ☏ +1-800-872-7245 Bus 6314 (Southbound): Willits stop at 8:25AM, arrives in Martinez at 11:55AM Bus 6318 (Southbound): Willits stop at 12:50PM, arrives in Martinez at 6:05PM Bus 6311 (Northbound): Willits stop at 2:30PM, arrives in McKinleyville at 5:25PM Bus 6313 (Northbound): Willits stop at 5:10PM, arrives in McKinleyville at 8:15PM The mouth of the Noyo River forms one of very few safe harbors between San Francisco and Eureka. Fort Bragg is on the Pacific Coast Bicycle Route. Bus #5: The BraggAbout: Bus service within the city limits by Mendocino Transit Authority, ☏ +1-707-462-1422. Runs hourly costing $1.50 per ride, making a loop through the busiest parts of town. Bus #60: The Coaster: Coastal bus service also by MTA, ☏ +1-707-462-1422. Runs three times daily up and down the coast from Fort Bragg to Albion through Mendocino and Little River, costing $3-$4 per ride. Dial-A-Ride: Curb to curb/taxi service by MTA, ☏ +1-707-964-1800 direct dispatch. M-F 8AM-6PM, Sa 10AM-5PM, no Sunday service. $6/ride within Fort Bragg, price goes up quick if you need to get any meaningful distance out of town. 39.43622-123.804431 Enterprise Rent-A-Car, 200 E Chestnut St (inside Sport Chrysler Jeep Dodge), ☏ +1-707-964-4300, toll-free: +1-855-266-9289. Mon-Fri 8AM-5PM. The only game in town for rental cars. (updated May 2019) 39.44439-123.806172 Fort Bragg Cyclery, 301 North Main St (inside Union Lumber Company Store), ☏ +1-707-964-3509. M-F 9:30AM-5:30PM, Sa 9:30AM-5PM. Offering rental bikes for those who want to pedal through town or go mountain biking, as well as a full repair shop should your bike need servicing while here. (updated Jul 2019) 39.40927-123.808831 Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens, 18220 N Highway 1 (West side of CA Route 1, 3⁄4mi south of the CA Route 20 junction), ☏ +1-707-964-4352, fax: +1-707-964-3114, [email protected]. Daily 9AM–5PM (Jun-Aug: F Sa until 7PM). One of only a handful of public gardens with ocean frontage in addition to more 47 acres of manicured gardens, fern-ringed ponds, intimate pocket gardens, coastal pine forests, and wildflower-strewn bluffs at the ocean’s edge. The mild maritime climate of the Mendocino Coast offers ideal growing conditions for rhododendrons, heaths and heathers, dahlias, heritage roses, succulents, conifers, and many other plants. $15. (updated Jul 2019) 39.45206-123.810162 Glass Beach, West Elm St and Glass Beach Dr, ☏ +1-707-964-8898, [email protected]. Everyday Sunrise-Sunset. A well-known site in Fort Bragg, formerly the old town dump; the beach is covered in old pieces of colored glass that have been worn smooth by the waves. Free. (updated Jul 2019) 39.521-123.7733 Ten Mile Dunes Natural Preserve, Ward Ave., Cleone, [email protected]. (updated Aug 2019) 39.44509-123.806544 Guest House Museum, 343 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-964-4251. Th-Su 11AM-2PM. Artifacts and pictures telling the history of the forest products industry on the Mendocino Coast. (updated Jul 2019) 39.34861-123.826125 Point Cabrillo Lighthouse, 45300 Lighthouse Rd., Mendocino (head south on Highway 1 and halfway to Mendocino turn right on Point Cabrillo Dr. right after the Caspar Bridge; follow it as it winds down by the beach and then climbs back up on the bluffs, once you're back on level ground Lighthouse Road will be on your right), ☏ +1-707-937-6123, [email protected]. Daily 11AM-4PM. A California State Park and National Historic Site with guided tours of the lighthouse and rooms for rent in the old lightkeeper's quarters. $5. (updated Aug 2019) Play media 39.44534-123.807471 California Western Railroad (Skunk Train), 100 West Laurel St, ☏ +1-707-964-6371, toll-free: +1-866-457-5865, fax: +1-707-964-6428. Everyday 9AM-3PM. The California Western Railroad ran between Fort Bragg and Willits before the collapse of Tunnel No. 1 halted end-to-end rail traffic; 2 hour half-trips from the Willits depot to the Northspur junction and back and 1 hour excursions from the Fort Bragg depot to the Glen Blair junction and back still run during the summer. Nicknamed the "Skunk Train" because it originally ran on gasoline engines (rather than diesel), with the corresponding odor of long-chain hydrocarbons washing over most of the town center when it would open the throttle to build momentum for departure. While the railroad attempts to finance the tunnel's reconstruction, rentals of "railbikes" are offered allowing patrons to pedal (with electric assist) 3.5 miles along the track from the Fort Bragg depot and back in guided groups safely. Adult $50, child (< 12 y/o) $30, infant or dog $12, railbike $79 (1–2 riders). (updated Jul 2019) 39.37515-123.816632 Jug Handle State Natural Reserve (Ecological Staircase Trail), 15499 Caspar Rd, Caspar (3 miles south of town on west side of Highway 1; park has its own parking lot along highway, just prior to the signed Caspar off-ramp), ☏ +1-707-937-5804, [email protected]. Daily: dawn to dusk. A one-of-a-kind natural feature, the park offers a 5-mile loop trail that travels through three distinct steps of a natural terrace created by tectonic plate activity. Each step has been lifted from beneath the ocean 100,000 years after the next higher step showing the process by which newly exposed continental accretion areas are converted to fertile, productive areas for plants and animals. The loop begins and ends at Jug Handle beach from the lowest step which is mostly coastal prairie, to the second with its young redwood forest, up to the oldest step which emerged before modern humans evolved and showcases a rare pygmy forest of conifers and coastal shrubs that rarely grow taller than 10-12 ft due to the highly acidic soil and lack of adequate drainage. (updated Jul 2019) 39.42517-123.816883 Pomo Bluffs Park (Todd's Point Pedestrian & Bike Trail), Ocean View Drive and Cliff Way (from CA Route 1 (Main Street) turn west on Ocean View Drive; at terminus turn right and continue north on Cliff Way, park is at the road's end). Daily: Dawn to Dusk. Very convenient place to do some whale watching or just stroll along the bluffs and watch boats travel in and out of the harbor. Free. (updated Jul 2019) 39.48962-123.785744 Ricochet Ridge Ranch, 24201 North Highway 1 (a few minutes north of town on Highway 1 in Cleone, on the corner of the intersection with Mill Creek Dr.), ☏ +1-707-964-7669, toll-free: +1-888-873-5777, [email protected]. Daily 9AM-6PM. Trail rides on the beach & in the redwood forest from as short as an hour for $60 up to six hours for $350+. English or Western horses for all experience levels, heavy riders mostly accommodated. Starts at $60 for 1-hour ride. (updated Aug 2019) Play media It began long before the memory of mankind, but the sea remembers when the first pods of California gray whales arrived at the shores of the Eastern Pacific, some 130,000 years ago, give or take a few. An especially ponderous species that lived over 60 years on average and occasionally more than 80, they were seldom in a hurry. Like all descendants of the first filter-feeder whales that first evolved 30 million years ago, they fed on the tiny crustaceans that fill the oceans, but unlike their ancestors the California grays could feed successfully at any depth, from the pitch blackness of the muddy bottom to the sun-kissed whitecaps dancing on the surface the gray whale was at the buffet table. They very quickly fell into a comfortable rhythm, spending the summers off the Alaskan coast gorging on the infinite types of tiny shrimp that stampede through the shallow water close to shore every year at that time. As summer turned to autumn and the shrimp became less plentiful they would migrate south at their usual languid pace, living off the sea lice and sandhoppers that know no season on the ocean bottom along the route following the coastlines of British Columbia and going past California on their way to the ideal calving grounds at which to spend the winters: the crystal blue waters off Baja California, Mexico. The water temperature there wasn't so punishing to the new mothers, who barely have time to feed as they turn their fat reserves from shrimp buffet into 50-80 pounds of milk daily for each calf. Humans have only been around to bear witness to them for the last 14,000 years or so, and there's no doubt they took notice then as keenly they still do in Fort Bragg each March at the Whale Festival that coincides with the most frequent sightings of gray whale pods (those without newborns in tow leave first and travel at a more consistent speed thus staying more tightly grouped) headed back to Alaska to start the cycle over again. 39.44568-123.804211 Fort Bragg Whale Festival (Mendocino Coast Whale Festivals): Annually on the third Saturday of March, ending the following day, 213 E Laurel St, ☏ +1-707-961-6300, [email protected]. 10AM-5PM. The celebration in Fort Bragg at the Whale Festival has settled into its own comfortable rhythm, always starting with the 5km Fun Run in the morning along the bluffs where the original lumber mill once was, building the appetite for the year's entrants in Sunday's Chowder Cook-off to regale the festival goers with their masterpieces for lunch, washed down with local brews. What follows is an afternoon of wine tasting hosted by the downtown merchants in their establishments. At any time patrons are encouraged to stroll the two blocks west from downtown to the bluffs and watch the waves for more of the telltale plumes of water as the whale's spout, and with any luck you'll happen to be present to see one breaching, an explosion of water so violent it looks like a bomb detonating in the water. The following day things wind down with a crafts fair and classic car show, both again held downtown, accompanied by more wine and tasty morsels. The festival wasn't always so laid back but over the years it became obvious that to try and compete with the combination of a quaint, rustic downtown two blocks away from an all-day show put on by the whales was truly a fool's errand; everyone seems much happier now that the whales are allowed to be the star of the show. $40/day per person, $35 presale. 39.44557-123.804991 The Bookstore & Vinyl Café, 137 East Laurel St, ☏ +1-707-964-6559. M-Sa 10:30AM-5PM, Su 11AM-4PM. Used books and vinyl records, plus local artwork. (updated Jun 2019) 39.44486-123.805772 Carol Hall's Hot Pepper Jelly Company, 330 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-961-1899, toll-free: +1-866-737-7379, fax: +1-707-961-0879, [email protected]. Tu-Su 11AM-5PM, closed M. Locally-made jams, jellies, spreads and sauces. (updated Jun 2019) 39.44419-123.803633 FloBeds, 234 East Redwood Ave, ☏ +1-707-964-5700, toll-free: +1-800-356-2337, fax: +1-707-964-4804, [email protected]. M-F 8AM-5PM, Sa 10AM-5PM. Made-to-order talalay latex mattresses and other bedding. (updated Jun 2019) 39.44533-123.805774 Northcoast Artists Gallery, 362 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-964-8266, [email protected]. Everyday 11AM-4PM. Creative works produced by local artists. (updated Dec 2020) 39.44559-123.805125 Pippi's Longstockings, 123 East Laurel St, ☏ +1-707-964-8071, [email protected]. M-Sa 10AM-6PM, Su 10AM-4PM. Specialty socks, hats & bags. (updated Jun 2019) 39.4458-123.805776 Roundman's Smokehouse, 412 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-964-5954, toll-free: +1-800-545-2935, [email protected]. M-Sa 9AM-5:30PM, Su 9AM-4PM. Family-operated gourmet butcher shop. (updated Jun 2019) 39.4262-123.803697 Sacred Woods, 32281 North Harbor Dr, ☏ +1-707-964-3507. M-F 10AM-5PM. Locally-crafted furniture, artwork and other woodwork. (updated Jun 2019) 39.43752-123.804261 D’Aurelio and Sons, 438 South Franklin St, ☏ +1-707-964-4227. Daily 5PM-9PM. Italian comfort food. Pizza, pasta & sandwiches in an unfussy, dinner-only restaurant with a relaxed vibe. Local favorite, off the beaten path. (updated Jun 2019) 39.44477-123.80582 Egghead's Restaurant, 326 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-964-5005. Everyday 7AM-2PM. Omelettes, crepes, sandwiches and burgers, all with a Wizard of Oz theme. (updated Jul 2019) 39.44592-123.805773 Mayan Fusion, 418 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-961-0211. Many of the town's Latino residents hail from the Yucatan peninsula, including the owner of Mayan Fusion. Quite different from other Mexican cuisines, they are liberal with many kinds of citrus and spice. Often busy but wait times are seldom overlong. (updated Jun 2019) 39.42729-123.804974 Noyo River Grill, 32150 North Harbor Dr (on N. Harbor Dr., turn left at North Noyo Park sign; restaurant is in far corner of mobile home park), ☏ +1-707-962-9050. Great outdoor patio, and right on the river almost underneath the bridge where you can watch boats coming in. Frequent live acoustic music and friendly service. (updated Jun 2019) 39.44416-123.806375 Piaci Pub and Pizzeria, 120 West Redwood Ave, ☏ +1-707-961-1133. M-Th 11AM-9:30PM, F Sa 11AM-10PM, Su 4-9:30PM. Hopping spot presenting thin-crust "adult" pizzas, baked pastas & other casual eats, plus craft beers. Expect to wait for seating; accepts cash only with ATM on-site. (updated Jun 2019) 39.42787-123.805456 Django’s Rough Bar Café, 32096 North Harbor Dr, ☏ +1-707-962-0100. Th-Su 11AM-8PM. Very casual setting with a pool table, jukebox, lots of locals and occasional live music. Tight seating inside but plenty of space on the deck. Average service, good food, but the ambience is quintessential Fort Bragg. (updated Jun 2019) 39.42413-123.804287 Princess Seafood Market & Deli, 32410 North Harbor Dr, ☏ +1-707-962-3123, [email protected]. W-M 10AM-6PM. Locally-caught fresh seafood. (updated Jul 2019) 39.42485-123.804668 Sea Pal Cove, 32390 North Harbor Dr, ☏ +1-707-964-1300. S-Th 11AM-10PM, F Sa 11AM-11PM. Very limited indoor seating (less than 12 seats) but ample picnic benches with propane heaters at the end of the pier, with a 180° view of two-way river traffic. Preparations are extremely simple, the freshness of the ingredients is the highlight. (updated Jun 2019) 39.44541-123.80531 Headlands Coffeehouse, 120 East Laurel St, ☏ +1-707-964-1987, [email protected]. Mon-Sat 7AM-10PM, Sun 7AM-5PM. Coffee, simple meals and live music. $5. (updated Jul 2019) 39.44642-123.805652 North Coast Brewing Company Taproom, 444 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-964-3400. Daily 11:30AM-9:30PM, kitchen closed 3PM-4PM. A pillar of the local economy and social scene serving various ales, stouts and IPAs with full lunch and dinner menus featuring pizza and local ingredients in a stone-hearth cuisine. $7. (updated Jul 2019) 39.45162-123.804663 Overtime Brewing Company, 120 South Main St, ☏ +1-707-962-3040, [email protected]. Mon-Sat 11AM-10PM, Sun 2PM-10PM. Small pub serving microbrews with simple American fare. $7. (updated Jul 2019) 39.42667-123.804664 Silver's At The Wharf, 32260 North Harbor Dr, ☏ +1-707-964-4283, fax: +1-707-964-0254, [email protected]. Sun-Thu 11AM-9:30PM, Fri-Sat 11AM-10PM. Great seafood restaurant featuring the views of the harbor at the mouth of Noyo River and the breakwater leading to the open sea. Recommended. $9. (updated Jul 2019) 39.44163-123.799011 Colombi Studios & Suites, 647 East Oak St, ☏ +1-707-964-5773, [email protected]. This place is like staying with relatives while on vacation: not all that comfortable, no tolerance of shenanigans of any sort, and if you want something done best to do it yourself. However, like family, this place will always have a few rooms available for you even if you drive here on a whim for on a summer weekend with no reservation and learn that, like the baby Jesus, there's no room for you at the inn you'd hoped to stay at. Have no fear, Mama Colombi will fluff a pillow for you and tell you to come in, relax and offer to make you a sandwich at her grocery store across the street. (updated Jul 2019) 39.45801-123.805922 Best Western Vista Manor Lodge, 1100 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-964-4776, toll-free: +1-800-780-7234, fax: +1-707-964-4779. No pets allowed and too far from town to walk anywhere but very safe and extremely professional staff. (updated Jul 2019) 39.41907-123.804063 Holiday Inn Express, 250 West Highway 20, ☏ +1-707-964-1100, toll-free: +1-888-HOLIDAY (4654329), [email protected]. Newest hotel in town and fantastic amenities but sadly no view to speak of and less than 300 yards from the intersection of the only two highways serving the area, in fact less than 30 feet from the shoulder of one of them. (Read: You will hear every police car, fire truck and ambulance with sirens blaring, up close and personal, on their way to every emergency call in a 20 mi radius, to say nothing of the omnipresent bikers that flock to the area to cruise its endless winding roads.) If you're a sufficiently deep sleeper/lifelong city dweller such that the noise won't drive you mad, and you care more about a clean room with fast WiFi and breakfast in the lobby than an ocean view then look no further, you want to be here. (updated Jul 2019) 39.39046-123.685644 Jackson Demonstration State Forest Camp One (Egg Take), W Highway 20 & Road 350 (6 miles east of town on Highway 20 (Postmile 5.85, specifically) turn north onto Road 350 which quickly turns to dirt and switchbacks down the side of Observatory Hill. As long as you're still headed downhill you're doing fine, the campgrounds are along both banks of the Noyo River's south fork (less than 50 ft above sea level) it just takes a while to shed the necessary elevation), ☏ +1-707-964-5674. $15/night. (updated Jul 2019) 39.48996-123.789255 MacKerricher State Park (Ten Mile Campgrounds), Mill Creek Dr & N Highway 1 (3 miles north of town on the west side of Highway 1, just as the posted speed drops to 35 mph look on your left; Mill Creek Dr can also get you to the park entrance (the long way 'round)), ☏ +1-707-964-9112, +1-707-964-8898, toll-free: +1-800-444-7275, [email protected]. This is the major natural attraction for visitors: 2,300 acres of coastal forest, sand dunes, estuaries, tide pools and over nine miles of virgin coastline to explore on foot or horseback. Campsites are well-maintained and very closely monitored for disruptive/illegal behavior; reservations made months in advance are nearly mandatory anytime during summer and early autumn. $55/night. (updated Jul 2019) Fort Bragg is a relatively safe city. Just be aware and take normal precautions as you would in any urban area. Dial 9-1-1 to contact a dispatcher for an emergency. 39.43284-123.805833 Fort Bragg Advocate-News, 690 S Main St, ☏ +1-707-964-5642. M-F 9AM-5PM. (updated Jul 2019) 39.43245-123.804034 Fort Bragg Police Department, 250 Cypress St, ☏ +1-707-964-0200 (non-emergency dispatch), fax: +1-707-961-2806, [email protected]. M-F 9AM-5PM. (updated Jul 2019) 39.45008-123.805655 Fort Bragg Towing & Auto Repair, 734 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-964-2009. Daily 9AM-5PM. Only automobile repair open on Sunday. (updated Aug 2019) 39.44246-123.806166 Fort Bragg Volunteer Fire Department, 141 North Main St, ☏ +1-707-961-2831, [email protected]. (updated Aug 2019) 39.43177-123.800557 Adventist Health Mendocino Coast, 700 River Dr (from Main Street head east on Cypress or South Streets, hospital is six blocks east, past the police station), ☏ +1-707-961-1234, toll-free: +1-888-366-3833, fax: +1-707-964-1192, [email protected]. Emergency Department: 24 hr. 25-bed critical access rural hospital with 24-hour emergency room, modest surgical suite, maternity ward and an endless rotation of out-of-area physicians and staff. Those in poor health are urged to have contingency plans in place for managing their care without reliance on local providers. (updated Aug 2021) 39.430456-123.80298 Mendocino Coast Clinics, 205 South St, ☏ +1-707-964-1251 (practitioner available 24/7), [email protected]. M-F 8AM-6PM. The major full-service alternative to the hospital's emergency room, complete with dentistry staff and several varieties of therapists (behavioral, physical, occupational, etc.) and good at fitting in urgent appointments (updated Jul 2019) Fort Bragg is generally a very safe place to bring your pet to experience. The climate is too cool to support the more notorious threats such as rattlesnakes, scorpions and the like. If you take Fido out and about with you, however, you do need to keep him from sampling the local flora unsupervised, as both ivy and azaleas/rhododendrons are thoroughly ubiquitous throughout both the natural landscape and local gardens and are known to cause potentially severe distress to dogs who ingest them. Furthermore the proximity of wild animals (bears, mountain lions, possums, raccoons, foxes, and many more) to all of the human-inhabited parts of the area produces an indomitable population of common fleas and ticks looking for their next meal. As of 2019, many residents find that the fleas/ticks are quite impervious to the more common over-the-counter treatments such as fipronil (Frontline), imidacloprid (Advantage/Advantix) and permethrin (BioSpot), requiring prescription treatments to gain any leverage over. If your dog is prone to sensitive skin or does not tolerate fleas/ticks well, you may want to reconsider his accompanying you. Fort Bragg has four veterinary clinics, all of which are relatively "full-service" considering the nearest proper veterinary hospital is over two hours away in Santa Rosa. Three of the four have a memorandum of understanding that arranges for the staff of one to handle all of the emergency calls that come in during the weekend regardless of who regularly sees the pet. The fourth, Covington Creek, has a single veterinarian who takes their own weekend emergency calls and usually arranges for a visiting veterinarian to come to the area and do so in the event they need to travel out of the area. 39.41246-123.757959 Covington Creek Veterinary Hospital, 30303 State Highway 20 (3 mi (4.8 km) east of town on Highway 20, 0.5 mi (0.80 km) past Leisure Time RV Park on the right-hand side), ☏ +1-707-964-6109, [email protected]. M-F 9AM-5PM. Equipped for dentistry, anesthesia and surgery, on-site radiology (X-rays) and electrocardiography (EKGs) as well as in-house lab analysis. Can board animals on request.
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Saturday, March 4, 2006 File:Coca.jpg According to a U.S. State Department report, coca growth is on the rise in Bolivia and Peru, and is a cause for concern. In a statement, the Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs said, "We are concerned about the inability thus far of Bolivia's new president to articulate whether or not he will allow coca eradication and U.S. counter-narcotics assistance to continue." Evo Morales was elected President in December, 2005. At the time of his electoral victory, Morales claimed that he would support coca growth, but not for use in producing cocaine. This puts Bolivia and Peru at risk of losing financial aid if they fail to meet international narcotics agreements, according to the U.S. State Department report. The report is part of the framework on which the U.S. establishes its list of major drug-trafficking and drug-producing countries. "Karzai blames U.S. and Britain for increased opium production" — Wikinews, May 23, 2005 "Bolivia and Peru grow more coca, says US" — Reuters AlertNet, March 1, 2006 Press Release: "2006 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR)" — U.S. Department of State, March, 2006
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General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by a constant feeling of anxiousness or worry that often interferes with the daily routines involved with living a normal life. The excessive worrying and stress associated with GAD often makes it harder for GAD sufferers to continue to undertake everyday activities like work, study and even socializing, as GAD can create unnecessary worry around any aspect of an individuals life. GAD is present in approximately 3% of the Australian population and tends to more commonly affect the elderly or people in their late teens and early twenties. While GAD affects approximately 3% of the Australian population, Research suggests that GAD is rarely present in isolation and tends to be present more commonly with other conditions such as panic disorder, social phobia and mood disorders such as depression and dysthymia. The symptoms of General Anxiety Disorder like many other mental health disorders aren't always obvious and easy to identify as they can often develop slowly over a prolonged period of time, as well as individuals being different and being able responding differently to situations or stimulus. GAD symptoms can be classified into two categories, either mental or somatic depending on whether they affect the psyche (mental) or body (somatic). [2] However in order for a patient to be diagnosed with General Anxiety Disorder they must meet the Diagnostic Criteria for GAD. In order to meet this criteria the patient must exhibit persistent and uncontrollable anxiety for more days than not over a six month period. There are numerous treatment options for patients suffering from GAD and they are often used in conjunction with exercise programs in order to reduce the symptoms of GAD. Common treatments for GAD consist of: Pharmacotherapy (Antidepressants, Buspirone, Benzodiazepines) Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Psychotherapy Hypnotherapy Diet Modification (Eliminating alcohol & caffeine consumption) Over the course of the past two decades there has been a great deal of research surrounding the positive effect exercise can have on the mental health of an individual. Due to this research it has been revealed that physical activity can reduce anxiety levels in patients suffering from GAD and other anxiety disorders. This is believed to be due to the release of endorphins during exercise which mask pain as well as providing a positive feeling of euphoria and a sense of well-being. While aerobic exercise is predominately associated with reducing anxiety levels in people, studies prove that resistance training can be equally effective in the reduction of anxiety amongst GAD patients. Other benefits of exercise for GAD sufferers include: Provides Stress relief Improvements in concentration Provides a sense of self mastery & changes in self-concept Eases muscle tension Improve quality of sleep Can lower resting heart rate & reduce airway resistance (In certain training types) When it comes to resistance training moderate intensity (50-60% 1RM) training is believed to reduce anxiety levels better than high-intensity training. Exercise sessions should be at least 30 minutes as larger reductions in anxiety are achieved in sessions lasting more than 30 minutes than those that don’t. In order to achieve overall improvements in GAD, the exercise program should run for between 6–12 weeks as they appear to be more effective than long term programs exceeding 12 weeks as people lose motivation and interest. [5][8][10] However for the maximum benefits of a resistance training program for GAD, sufferers should attempt to get into a routine of undergoing a resistance training program that consists of 3-5 sessions per week over the course of their life. CAUTION: Before undertaking a resistance training program you should always consult your general practitioner for advice and medical clearance to partake in such activities. Current research shows that resistance training does reduce anxiety in GAD patients and patients with other mental health illnesses. However there still needs to be more research conducted in the area as current research is often very vague in regard to exercise prescriptions and aerobic exercise is predominately viewed as the only form of exercise that can reduce anxiety, therefore there needs to be more studies regarding the effects of aerobic v anaerobic exercise on mental health in the future. Further Information and Support for GAD can be found at the following: https://www.anxietyonline.org.au/default.aspx http://au.reachout.com/ Beyond Blue: 1300 22 4636 Beyond Blue Online: http://www.beyondblue.org.au/the-facts/anxiety/types-of-anxiety/gad Lifeline: 13 11 14 Lifeline Online: https://www.lifeline.org.au/Get-Help/Online-Services/crisis-chat "Generalised Anxiety Disorder". Anxiety BC. https://versefortheday.com/GAD%20-%20AnxietyBC%20-%20GAD.pdf. Retrieved 10/10/2013. Brown, T.A. "Generalised Anxiety Disorder". Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders, Third Edition: A Step-by-Step Treatment Manual. http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4660/21992_121827.pdf. Retrieved 10/10/2013. Kessler, R. C; Wittchen, H. U (2002). "Patterns and correlates of generalized anxiety disorder in community samples". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63 Suppl 8: 4–10. PMID 12044107. http://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/article/pages/2002/v63s08/v63s0802.aspx. Harber, V. J; Sutton, J. R (1984). "Endorphins and exercise". Sports Medicine 1 (2): 154–71. PMID 6091217. Hale, B. S; Raglin, J. S (2002). "State anxiety responses to acute resistance training and step aerobic exercise across eight weeks of training". The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 42 (1): 108–12. PMID 11832884. Herring, Matthew P; Jacob, Marni L; Suveg, Cynthia; O'Connor, Patrick J (2011). "Effects of short-term exercise training on signs and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder". Mental Health and Physical Activity 4 (2): 71–7. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2011.07.002. Martinsen, Egil. W; Hoffart, Asle; Solberg, Ø Yvind (1989). "Aerobic and non-aerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of anxiety disorders". Stress Medicine 5 (2): 115–20. doi:10.1002/smi.2460050209. Melville, NA. "Resistance Training Improves Generalized Anxiety Disorder". http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/743834. Retrieved 14/10/2013. O'Connor, Patrick J; Herring, Matthew P; Caravalho, Amanda (2010). "Mental Health Benefits of Strength Training in Adults". American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 4 (5): 377–96. doi:10.1177/1559827610368771. Herring, Matthew P; O'Connor, P. J; Dishman, R. K (2010). "The Effect of Exercise Training on Anxiety Symptoms Among Patients". Archives of Internal Medicine 170 (4): 321–31. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.530. PMID 20177034. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0029566. Lay summary – UGA Today (February 23, 2010).
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The decision was kept, no consensus for deletion. --Jules (Mrjulesd) 11:49, 9 March 2021 (UTC)[] Nominate to delete this due to there are many instructional texts at Wikihow projects: https://www.wikihow.com/Put-Video-on-Your-iPod https://www.wikihow.com/Put-Videos-on-an-iPod-Touch Proposed by Encik Tekateki (discuss • contribs) 04:34, 21 January 2021 (UTC)[] Oppose because the existence of something elsewhere is not a valid reason to delete material from our collection. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 05:47, 21 January 2021 (UTC)[] Merge This could be a good page in the Wikibook Do-It-Yourself, rather then a standalone book with one page. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 10:19, 21 January 2021 (UTC)[] Template:Merge icon If I knew there is Wikibookbook like this, I wont nominate it to be deleted. I am also nominating it to be merge +1 to Do-It-Yourself . Voted by Encik Tekateki (discuss • contribs) 01:15, 25 January 2021 (UTC)[] Comment Afiact the Do-It-Yourself book doesn't cover software. --Pi zero (discuss • contribs) 01:57, 29 January 2021 (UTC)[] Comment Apologies about that then, I wasn't aware. If that's the case it might be best to leave it be as a historical curiosity. --Mbrickn (discuss • contribs) 08:03, 4 February 2021 (UTC)[]
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Cervical Cancer - Early Stage Non-bulky (IB1 and IIA <4cm) No survival or DFS difference Severe toxicity (Grade 2-3) significantly higher in surgery Advantages to surgery: preserve gonadal function (and avoid early menopause), avoid shortening/fibrosis of vagina, assess LN status Advantages to RT: easy to deliver if poor surgical candidate, lower risk of complications Combined surgery + RT highest rate of complications Milan, 1997 (1986-91) PMID 9284774 — "Randomised study of radical surgery versus radiotherapy for stage Ib-IIa cervical cancer." Landoni F et al. Lancet. 1997 Aug 23;350(9077):535-40. Randomized. 343 patients. Stage IB-IIA (Ib1 61%, Ib2 27%, IIA 12%) Treated with radical hysterectomy (Class III) vs. radical RT. Median F/U 87 mo. RT given: EBRT to median 47 Gy followed by LDR x1 for Point A median dose 76 Gy. Adjuvant RT allowed for pts who were surgical stage IIB or greater, <3mm of safe cervical stroma, positive margins, or positive LN (62/114 IB1, 46/55 IB2). 63% of pts in surgery arm received RT. 5-year outcome: no difference; Non-bulky: OS surgery 87% vs. RT 90% (NS), DFS surgery 80% vs. 82% (NS) AdenoCA: significantly better outcomes with surgery; OS (70% vs. 59%), DFS (66% vs. 47%) Complications (Grade 2-3): Surgery 28% vs RT 12% (SS). Severe leg edema surgery 0%, RT 1%, surgery + RT 9% Conclusion: Surgery and RT are both acceptable treatments for early stage cervical ca; (for bulky, primary surgery not a good option) 25% of Stage IB pts may benefit from XRT because they have positive risk factors, which were originally delineated in a surgical series from GOG 49. GOG 49, Delgado (1981-1984) Prospective cohort study of 732 patients (645 evaluated) with stage 1 squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with greater than or equal to 3mm of invasion required to undergo radical hysterectomy, paraaortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy and peritoneal cytology. Analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic factors associated with disease-free interval (DFI), or the time between study entry to physical or radiological evidence of disease recurrence or date last seen. 1990 PMID 2227547 — "Prospective Surgical-Pathological Study of Disease-Free Interval in Patients with Stage IB Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study." Delgado, et al. GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY 38, 352-357 (1990) Disease free interval (DFI) correlated strongly with depth of tumor invasion (both in absolute mm and in fractional thirds), tumor size, and capillary-lymphatic space (CLS) invasion [ie, LVSI]. Depth of Invasion DFI 94.1% for superficial third invasion DFI 84.5% for middle third invasion DFI 73.6% for deep third invasion Tumor Size DFI 94.8% for occult tumor DFI 88.1% for tumor <=3cm DFI 67.6% for tumor >3cm CLS [LVSI] DFI 77.0% if present DFI 88.9% if absent GOG 92, Sedlis, (1988-95) 277 pts. Randomized. Stage IB, node negative, but with high estimated risk of recurrence (from GOG 49) s/p radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy randomized to +/- adjuvant pelvic XRT 46-50.4 Gy. Included pts with: 1) CLS involved, deep 1/3 stromal invasion, any size; 2) CLS involved, middle 1/3 invasion, size >= 2cm; 3) CLS involved, superficial 1/3 invasion, >= 5 cm; or 4) CLS not involved, deep or middle 1/3 invasion, >= 4 cm. These pts were estimated to have a 31% recurrence at 3 yrs. 1999 PMID 10329031 — "A randomized trial of pelvic radiation therapy versus no further therapy in selected patients with stage IB carcinoma of the cervix after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study." Sedlis A et al. Gynecol Oncol. 1999 May;73(2):177-83. Recurrences in 15% (RT) vs 28% (no RT). 2-year recurrence free rate 88% vs 79%. Hazard ratio=0.53. Grade 3/4 adverse effects were 6% vs 2.1% Distant mets 2% (RT) vs 7% (no RT). Follow up too short for survival analysis. 2006 PMID 16427212 — "A phase III randomized trial of postoperative pelvic irradiation in Stage IB cervical carcinoma with poor prognostic features: follow-up of a gynecologic oncology group study." Rotman M et al. 2006 May 1;65(1):169-76. Decreased rate of recurrence by 46%; local recurrence 13.9% (RT) vs 20.7% (no RT), distant 2.9% vs 8.6%. Improved PFS by 42%. Decreased death rate by 30% (28.6% vs 19.7%) but not S.S. (p=0.07). RT has improved benefit for adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous histologies (8.8% vs 44% recurrence). Sedlis criteria often simplified to needing 2 or more of these factors: CLS (LVI) involvement deep stromal invasion (middle or deep third); [i.e >1/3 stromal invasion] Size > 4 cm High risk features: microscopic involvement of the parametrium (upstaged to IIB) positive pelvic lymph nodes (upstaged to IIIB) positive surgical margins GOG 109 / Intergroup 0107 / SWOG 8797 / RTOG 9112 (1991-96) Randomized, 268 patients. Post-operative clinical stage IA2, IB, and IIA, s/p radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, with high risk features (positive pelvic lymph nodes, positive margins, or microscopic involvement of the parametrium). Randomized to RT vs RT+CT. Chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin 70 mg/m^2 and a 96-hour infusion of fluorouracil 1,000 mg/m^2/d every 3 weeks x four cycles (1st and 2nd cycles concurrent with RT). RT 49.3 Gy in 29 fractions (1.7 Gy/fx). 45 Gy (1.5 Gy/fx) given to paraaortic area if positive common iliac LN. 4-years; 2000 - PMID 10764420 — "Concurrent chemotherapy and pelvic radiation therapy compared with pelvic radiation therapy alone as adjuvant therapy after radical surgery in high-risk early-stage cancer of the cervix." (Peters WA 3rd et al. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Apr;18(8):1606-13.) Outcome: 4-year OS RT 71% vs CRT 81%, HR=2.0 (SS); 4-year PFS 63% vs 80%, HR=2.0 (SS). Local failure 17% vs 6%. No difference in outcome based on histology (squamous vs adeno) for patients who underwent chemo-RT Toxicity: Grade 4+ RT 4% vs CRT 17% (mainly hematologic) Conclusion: Addition of cisplatin based chemotherapy to RT significantly improves progression free survival and overall survival following surgery for high-risk, early stage patients LN; 2005 PMID 15721417 — "Rethinking the use of radiation and chemotherapy after radical hysterectomy: a clinical-pathologic analysis of a Gynecologic Oncology Group/Southwest Oncology Group/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial." Monk BJ et al. Gynecol Oncol. 2005 Mar;96(3):721-8. Smaller benefit for chemo+RT when only 1 LN is positive (79% versus 83% OS at 5 years) or if tumor was ≤2 cm (77% versus 82%). Gachon University (Korea); 2008 PMID 18021218 -- "Comparison of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation in patients with intermediate risk factors after radical surgery in FIGO stage IB-IIA cervical cancer." (Lee KB, Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2008 Sep-Oct;18(5):1027-31. Epub 2007 Nov 16.) Retrospective. 80 patients, FIGO Stage IB-IIA cervical cancer, s/p radical hysterectomy and PLND, with intermediate risk factors (>50% stromal invasion, LVI, bulky, or close SM). Treated with RT (n=42) or chemo (n=38). Comparable risk factors Outcome: No difference in DFS, OS not reached Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo in Stage IB-IIA cervical cancer with intermediate risk factors after surgery may be effective
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Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed (born 1978) is a British investigative journalist, author and academic. He is a former environment blogger for The Guardian from March 2013 to July 2014. He is now Special Investigations Reporter at the Byline Times. "Interrogating 9/11" Left Magazine September 11, 2006 (Archived Copy [1]) Five years on, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that we still don’t know what really happened on 9/11. And this dismal, pathetic state of affairs should not continue. It is agreed by all that the fires never burned hot enough to melt the steel columns. Whether or not the steel was hot enough to buckle, the official account fails to explain the deposits of molten metal found after the collapses. If not the fires, what could have caused the steel to melt? Professor Jones didn’t write his paper to support a prior ideological-conspiratorial agenda -- he wrote it to point out that to date, conventional scientific explanations of the WTC collapses remain flawed and inadequate. The molten deposits found at Ground Zero, and the failure of the official narrative to account for them, represent an anomaly that should be investigated impartially, not dismissed for reasons of political convenience -- or arbitrary standards of the boundaries of sanity. Wikipedia has an article about: Nafeez Ahmed
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The subject of real analysis is concerned with studying the behavior and properties of functions, sequences, and sets on the Real number line, which we denote R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } . Concepts that we wish to examine through real analysis include properties like Limits, Continuity, Derivatives (rates of change), Integration (amount of change over time). Many of these ideas that, on a conceptual or practical level, are dealt with at lower levels of mathematics, including a regular First-Year Calculus course, and so to the uninitiated reader the subject of Real Analysis may seem rather shallow and trivial. However, the depth and complexity (and arguably the beauty) of Real Analysis is that we wish to generalize these properties away from the "nice" functions and sets dealt with in everyday mathematics, and rigorously prove these properties for all objects in the universe of the Real numbers. Thus real analysis can to some degree be viewed as a development of a rigorous, well-proven framework to support spatial and conceptual ideas that we frequently take for granted. Real Analysis is a very straightforward subject, in that it is simply a nearly linear development of the ideas mentioned above. However, as the object of Real Analysis is to make things that we may already "know" more rigorous and definite, we cannot begin our development on unproven assumptions. Thus the approach we take to set this matter straight is to define the real numbers axiomatically. In layman's terms, we set down the properties which we think define the real numbers. We then prove from these properties and these properties only that the real numbers behave in the way which we have come to understand that regular objects in space behave. Lastly, we build a number system, and show it satisfies these properties. From that foundation, we will develop first a set of results about the real number line, and then move on to results on a two-dimensional plane of real numbers, and then eventually we will generalize many of our results into n-dimensions. Note: A table of the math symbols used below and their definitions is available here.
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Lawton is in the Great Plains Country region of southwest Oklahoma. Most travellers will arrive by car via I-44 from either Oklahoma City or Wichita Falls, Texas. US-62 connects the city with Altus and the Texas High Plains to the west, while Oklahoma state highway 7 leads in from Duncan about 25 miles to the east. American Airlines has nonstop service to Dallas/Fort Worth from Lawton-Fort Sill Regional Airport. Lawton Area Transit System (LATS) 34.61875-98.399031 Comanche National Museum & Cultural Center, 701 NW Ferris Ave, ☏ +1 580 353-0404. M-F 8AM-5PM, Sa 10AM-2PM. Exhibits on Comanche culture. Free. Mattie Beal Home, 1006 SW 5th St, ☏ +1 580 678-3156. Th-Su noon-3PM. Interesting historic home completed in 1910. Adults $4, children $2. 34.61757-98.397842 Museum of the Great Plains, 601 NW Ferris Ave, ☏ +1 580 581-3460. Features a number of unique exhibits on Great Plains history including some original or reconstructed pioneer buildings and a restored Frisco steam locomotive. 34.77688-98.531963 Robinson's Landing Marina, 133 Lawtonka Road, ☏ +1 580 447-3223. (updated Sep 2021) 34.65039-98.428444 Fort Sill, B4700 Mow-Way Road, Fort Sill, ☏ +1 580 442-4916. National Historic Landmark designated as an artillery school and was the birthplace of Stephen Hillenburg, the former marine scientist who was remembered for creating the Nickelodeon children's animated series SpongeBob SquarePants. Also, you'll find the clandestine graves of Quanah Parker and Geronimo here. If you like scavenger hunts, this could be just your thing; otherwise, not so much. (updated Jan 2022) 34.66957-98.38595 Fort Sill National Historic Landmark and Museum, 435 Quanah Road, Fort Sill, ☏ +1 580 442-5123. 34.66567-98.38536 U.S. Army Field Artillery Museum, Corral Road-Harry Road, Fort Sill, ☏ +1 580 442-1819. Artillery Park, Missile Park, and Constitution Park exhibit long range military armaments and trajectory ordnance. (updated Sep 2021) 34.7456-98.484527 Lake Lawtonka, 23510 State Highway 58, ☏ +1 580 529-2663. 34.603611-98.3751 Comanche Nation Casino, 402 SE Interstate Dr, ☏ +1 580 354-2000. Comanche Nation Waterpark, 501 NE Lawrie Tatum Rd (I-44 at Gore Blvd), ☏ +1 580 353-6129. Late May-mid Aug: M-W 10:30AM-6PM, Th-Sa 10:30AM-8PM, Su noon-6PM. Mid Aug-Labor Day: Sa 10:30AM-8PM, Su noon-6PM. 12 acres of waterslides with a wave pool and lazy river. Apache Casino Hotel, 2315 E Gore Blvd, ☏ +1 580 248-5905. 34.6036-98.39221 Central Mall, 100 Central Mall, ☏ +1 580 248-1742. Mutti's German Restaurant, 1410 SW Sheridan Rd, ☏ +1 580 353-3928. Real German food. Polly's Thai Food, 402 SW Sheridan Rd, ☏ +1 580-699-8082. Hot Wok Chinese Restaurant, 1303 SW Lee Blvd, ☏ +1 580 355-7888. The Meers Store & Restaurant, OK Hwy 115 (1 1/2 miles north of the Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge, Meers). Famous for Meersburger - 7" diameter burgers made exclusively from Texas Longhorn beef, raised on the family's ranch. Voted the Best Burgers in Oklahoma. A must see if you are near Lawton. Be sure to bring cash as this is a cash only establishment. Best WesternSurestay Plus Hotel By Best Western Lawton, 1125 E Gore Blvd, ☏ +1 580 713-0255. Comfortable rooms and a clean pool. Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott Lawton, 201 SE 7th St, ☏ +1 580-248-5500. Suites with kitchenette. A good breakfast is provided. Fort Sill borders the city on the north. This US Army installation is the last operating fort of those built during the Indian Wars of the mid-1800s and has been declared a National Historic Landmark. Cemeteries on the site are the final resting place for many famous American Indians, including Geronimo, Satanta, and Quanah Parker. A small museum documents the history of the fort and its use in various conflicts. Medicine Park, located just north of Fort Sill on Oklahoma-49, is a quaint little arts community with some unique shopping. Wichita Mountains National Wildlife Refuge, (Take Route 62 west of town about 6 miles, take a right on Scenic Highway 115 in Cache and drive for about 3 miles). This park provides a natural mixed-grass prairie habitat for bison, elk, deer, and longhorn cattle, as well as a wide range of smaller animal, bird, and plant species.
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Ningxia (宁夏; Níngxià) is an autonomous region in Northwest China. 38.47947106.225361 Yinchuan - capital of the region 36.00801106.278162 Guyuan - has a huge statue of Maitreya Buddha 38.02094106.069093 Qingtongxia - home of the 108 Dagobas (pagodas) 39.00985106.369444 Shizuishan - Helan Shan and Shahu Lake 37.51386105.188385 Zhongwei - trapped between the desert and the Yellow River 38.2785106.24876 Yongning - center of Chinese Muslims, Chinese Hui Cultural Park Tongxin - one of the oldest mosques, Ming dynasty 38.435035105.9871671 Xixia Wangling National Park - Tombs from the lost Western Xia kingdom Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, established in 1958, is bordered by Inner Mongolia to the north and west, Shaanxi to the east and Gansu to the south. Chinese provinces and regions has an explanation of the term "Autonomous Region". The region is mostly mountains and plains with little truly fertile land. Chinese Moslems, called the Hui, make up 1/3 of the population of the region. Around 1000 AD, the Tangut kingdom of Western Xia was centered in Ningxia, and often in conflict with the Song, Liao, and Jin dynasties. In 189 years the throne changed hands ten times. Eventually it was overrun by the Mongols and absorbed into the Chinese empire of its day. Marco Polo visited it at around that time. Yinchuan Hedong International Airport (INC IATA) The Great Wall of China within Ningxia has the following wall sections: The Eastern Ningxia Wall - Hongshan Castle and Water Cave Gully (Shui Dong Gou) The Northern Ningxia Wall - in the area of Helan Shan The Western Ningxia Wall - Zhenbeibu and Sanguankou One of the better cups of tea offered in this region is the "eight treasures tea" (八宝茶). It yields (not surprisingly) eight ingredients. Sugar lumps, wolfberries, tea leaves. Article Geo different to Wikidata Wikivoyage: Latitude 36.6, Longitude 105.32 (Map, Geohack) Wikidata: Latitude 38.46667, Longitude 106.27056 (Map, Geohack) Difference: 223.8km
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Family name: Browne Earl of Kenmare Valentine Augustus Browne, 4th Earl of Kenmare (1871? – 9 February 1905) Valentine Charles Browne, 5th Earl of Kenmare (1860 – 14 November 1941) Viscount Castlerosse was a courtesy title for the eldest son of the Earl of Kenmare in the peerage of Ireland. Viscount Castlerosse Valentine Augustus Browne, Viscount Castlerosse (1853–1871) Valentine Charles Browne, Viscount Castlerosse (1871–1905) Nationality: Valentine Augustus Browne, 4th Earl of Kenmare (16 May 1825 – 9 February 1905) Gertrude Thynne Browne (– Feb. 1913) Margaret Theodora May Catherine Browne (d. 1940) Valentine Charles Browne, 5th Earl of Kenmare (1860–1941) Cecil Augustine Browne (1864–1887) Valentine Charles Browne, 5th Earl of Kenmare (1 December 1860 – 14 November 1941) He must have married, had at least one daughter Dorothy Margaret Browne 1858 April 28, Valentine Augustus Browne and Gertrude Thynne married. "Valentine Browne, 4th Earl of Kenmare." Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Browne,_4th_Earl_of_Kenmare (accessed June 2015). "Valentine Browne, 5th Earl of Kenmare." Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_Browne,_5th_Earl_of_Kenmare (accessed June 2015).
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Esquel is a town in Chubut in Argentina, 300 km south of Bariloche. Esquel is a popular ski town in winter for people all over Argentina. Buses leave for Buenos Aires, Puerto Madryn, Bariloche, El Calafate (via Ruta 40, 26 hours, 420 pesos, 00:40 every other day) and El Calafate via Rio Gallegos (24 hours, 405 pesos, 13:30 daily). Check Plataforma10, Cetral de Pasajes or Taqsa for bus details. -43.1902-71.47181 Nant y Fall (about 15 km south of Trevelin near Esquel). Summer: 08:00-20:00. Winter: 10:00-18:00.. A picturesque waterfall consisting of three cascades. The best time to visit with a lot of water: November & December. Price before was AR$80 for foreigners, but in Feb 2018 for free—with each year depending on the national park decision. (updated Mar 2018) -42.9041-71.31871 La Trochita. This is the historic and quite touristy narrow gauge train travelling between Esquel and El Maitén. AR$800/900 for foreigners depending on the direction. (updated Mar 2018) Go to Futaleufu, in Chile, for some great rafting. Los Alerces National Park
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Kathleen "Kathy" Griffin (born November 4, 1960, in Oak Park, Illinois) is an Emmy-winning American stand-up comedian and actress. She has also been a voice actor and a red carpet commentator. Griffin has proclaimed herself a "D-list celebrity", and is currently starring on her own reality television series "Kathy Griffin - My Life on the D-List" for which she won an Emmy in both 2007 and 2008. Much of her stand-up humour is derived from her embellished encounters with notable celebrities. Can you believe this shit? Hell has frozen over. Now, a lot of people come up here and thank Jesus for this award. I want you to know that no one had less to do with this award than Jesus. He didn't help me a bit. If it was up to him, Cesar Millan would be up here with that damn dog. So all I can say is- suck it, Jesus! This award is my god now! 59th Emmy Awards acceptance speech, 8 September 2007 "Kathy Griffin's Jesus Remark Cut from Emmy Show". Reuters. 11 September 2007. Retrieved on 2008-06-04. You know what's great about my mom? She compulsively swears and doesn't know it. Like...I mean, she doesn't have Tourettes. I could never get that lucky. Can you imagine how it would be to have parents with Tourettes? I would be in heaven...but anyway. That is one funny fucking disease. Have you guys noticed that Madonna is British now? OK, let's talk about her lineage for a minute. Raised in Michigan, moved to New York, is British. She started turning British like at the Golden Globes and she was doing the interviews and she says "telly" instead of "television" and she uses the word "actually" way too much and then she's also sorta bringing her voice down to a register around here (brings her voice down) and she's being interviewed for the Golden Globes and she's got whole, you know, crazy hair that everybody hated and everybody has and they were saying, "Well, Madonna, we're so glad to have you at the Golden Globes." (speaks in Madonna British accent) "Well, actually, it is more fun to come here than watch it on the telly". You know. Look, I'm from the midwest- its a TV. There's something about Shania Twain I just don't trust. I don't know, I can't put my finger...she's just too thin. I like my country singers to have the big hair and the big ass. (describing Celine Dion's family of 14 siblings) You know there is just issues and boundries and secrets. The name of my book. She (Mariah Carey) could not fuck more black rappers. Oh, yeah. If your name is "Puff" or "Daddy," she'll fuck you. She (Monica Lewinsky) is the kinda girl who'll blow a guy and call you and tell you all about it. I don't know about you, but I fucked a midget. I have secrets. So, Hanson, which one of you boys is coming home with me tonight? (greeting the band Hanson) Kathy Griffin: Hot Cup Of Talk (1998) Don't you love the new crazy Britney, she's our new Liza. Huh, guess ah shouldn't huh did it. (imitating Britney's 55-hour husband Jason Allen Alexander) Come on, Mr. Britney. Grammar, grammar. I had a run in with Whitney Houston, or as I call her, "Cracky." Allegedly. I actually share one thing with Whitney Houston, which is, I also have sweating issues. Apparently, Courtney Love was at Whitney's "intervention". And when Courtney Love is telling you, you're hittin the pipe too hard, well, things are bad! They're really bad! (Recalling her conversation with Anna Nicole Smith eating lunch) All of a sudden, she takes a bite of something and she goes like this (makes a disgusted face) "I don't lahk it." I go, "What's the matter, honey?" and she goes "I don't lahk it. I thought it was mashed pataters." PA-TAY-TERS! I heard it with my own ears. PATATERS. Britney probably wants to marry her now. So, anyway, I looked on her plate and said, "No, it's polenta" and, I swear to God, she looks at me and goes "Pimento?" I said, "No, that's an olive. "Polenta"- it's like mushed-up cornmeal." She goes, "I don't lahk it. I thought..." Mashed pateters, I got it. (Recalling her speech at an AMFAR event that was intended to be a parody of Sharon Stone's earlier speech, reciting the lyrics to John Lennon's "Imagine".) Ladies and gentlemen, I am so honored to be here and Sharon spoke so eloquently before that it reminded me of something I once read a long time ago. You ain't nothin but a hound dog. Oh, gosh, that reminds me, many years ago I was walking down the street in Memphis and I said, "Whoa- that's Elvis"...and I fucked him. I fucked him hard. I did, I did. Sure, he called me 'Cilla the whole time, but I didn't mind. (sobbing) Cryin' all the time, well, you ain't never caught a rabbit and you ain't no friend of mine. I saw Courtney Love have one of her heroin fits....and break a guitar. So I pulled up a chair. What? You gotta be ring-side! When Sharon Stone asks you to do something, you just just do it. If Sharon Stone asked me to eat her poo, I'd be like "yeah, what's a good time for you?". (Pretending to eat poo) "This is really good poo Sharon, thanks". (To the audience) Stop picturing it...........and come back! Uma Thurman is there.......with her big bag of BS! Let's just say I'm gonna be so politically incorrect, you might even get sued for being in the audience. I am going after everybody. I'm going after Paltrow. Fuck her. Fuck her! I saw Larry King and he was interviewing Pam Anderson. And it was really fun because Pam Anderson...remember when Pam Anderson did her hepatitis tour? Remember when she got hepatitis and then she did a press tour about it, because she is very conscious of woman's issues, and she went on Larry King and she's talking about it. Oh, and by the way, she said she got it from Tommy Lee, which, of course, she did. And Tommy Lee said she got it from a door knob. And...I'm sure that's at least what she got from Tommy Lee. I saw Tommy Lee at an award show two weeks before, I got crabs just from looking at him. So, anyway, she's talking a minute and then she had had her boobs reduced, you know, she keeps getting reduced and bigger and stuff. And then, Larry has the balls to say to her (imitating Larry King), "Aren't you afraid of that plastic surgery?" and, in the meantime, his ears meeting at the back of his neck. Alright, Macy Gray.....what exactly is wrong with her? She, for sure has a little mental retardation. Allegedly! And yet she has the fucked-up baby voice! And is there anything more charming than a grown woman with a baby voice? Mmmm, yummy! I'm hard thinking about it. And she's like "Angie Harmon is here"!! So I was like, well let me...well fuck me then and I ran as fast as I could! Isn't Scientology one of those things where you really like someone and once you hear they're a Scientologist, you're like "I'm out"? Donna (Karan), you have huge jugs, you could totally be a manager at Hooters! Nothing gets me more nervous than white people who talk black.......I mean, it's fun on "Ricki Lake", but in real life...... She calls me up and says "Guess what - we're going to the Persian Gulf for Christmas". Immediately I put my hands over my clitoris. I don't want to insult the Muslim culture. It's such a wonderful culture for women - unless you have a clitoris and you're 13 cause they're hacking that shit off! I love my clit. I use it every day. Not a day goes by when I don't use it for something. When you perform for the Army, they want dick jokes and they want em now! There were two cheerleaders, and their job was to basically go out in skimpy outfits and say hi to the guys........and some of the ladies, if you know what I'm saying. So then, she looks at Brooke (Shields)'s Dad with his newer wife, and she's like "So, now you're with my ex-husband. Well, congratulations, you can have him"! It was fucking on!! When I go to a wedding, I live for the wedding cake. It's all I care about. So Brooke at one point calls me and says "C'mon, we're gonna get started", so I go and sit in the very front row, as close to the wedding cake as possible, cause I literally want that second piece. So anyway, I sit down and I'm right in the front row with Brooke. And it turns out she meant come sit here cause Tuck and Patti are starting, like, their full concert!! And I thought, oh shit! And I'm looking at the wedding cake, salivating like a dog! She reaches under and grabs my peech and like, squeezes it and walks away. I run over to Brooke and go "Your mother just molested me. I could sue you and own this house"! I said "boy, I'd love to get a tour of this house cause it's so beautiful". So she hooks my arm, and she walks by. And then the grooms mother, trying to help me out says "Can I help you ladies with anything?" And then Brooke's Mom; and this is why I love her, without missing a beat, says to the groom's mother - "Shut up, you fucking cunt"!! It was a fucking dream come true! And then she (Brooke Sheilds) says the ill-fated words "You have to put this in your act". And I said "What, I would never"! Because it's a private time!! They would give us these helicopter rides, and every time we'd get on, the drivers would say "now do you want to ride, or do you want to rrrride? On the helicopter! I'd be like "I want the ride... the first one... the boring one... the ride. I don't want the "rrrride"... I want the ride! The wrestler was up there with his wife, and I actually heard her say "Can this thing do a loopty loop?" (On signing autographs for troops) I'd be writing To Private so and so, love Kathy Griffin and then I'd go "here, think about this when you beat off". So anyway, the show starts, and it's the Army band, and it's all those American "ra ra" songs, you know that whole "I'm proud to be an American, where at least I know I'm free." And they eat that shit up! All of a sudden, I'm thinking, these guys [Afghani men] aren't so bad. I'm like the type of asshole where if you're nice to me once, I'm your friend for life. Sure, you hacked your kid's clit off, but you were nice! If they wanna meet me, they have to shake my hand. And I'm going down the line saying "Yeah, thats right...look at me......I'm an American woman... you can shake my hand, motherfucker... that's right... that's how we roll... hi... (points to herself)... look... whore face....." I knew the minute I heard the "gay inhale". He literally goes "Diva, what are you doing here?". It was heaven! I found my gay, even in Kandahar, Afghanistan! He plonks down next to me, puts the tray down, puts his gun down... he's like "Errghh, girl, I'm on graveyard tonight... I am a wreck... I'm exhausted... my roommates are all snoring, yee-ukk, they're pigs! Anyway, what's going on with Ben and J-Lo?" (Talking about Kabul, Afghanistan) It's great for the women. Still in the burkas and the women still can't leave their homes without a man, or else the cleric with the big stick beats them until they go back in. They go back in...they clean the bucket of clits......! Oh Kathy, that was just the limit. You have crossed the line...right after you moved it! So basically, it fucking sucks there and it's a complete shithole. So then, I go to this other guy who's just a civilian guy and minding his own business and I go to him like this "Burka - NO"! "Burka - BAD"! Like he's one of my dogs! I can't stand that asshole Ryan Seacrest and here's why. He can't sing. He can't dance. He has no talent. When is he gonna go away? This thing that's really weird about Seacrest is that he's super into grooming. He gets mani-pedi's. He gets his eyelashes dyed. He goes to Mystic Tan, he flat-irons his hair. Very butch. Very typical of straight men! You'll have to excuse my friend, Ryan. That's the first time he's ever touched a woman. (About Oprah Winfrey) She's very thin now, she's very cranky.....and very hungry! Oprah decides to go with her "friend", Gayle. You've got the two titans. Streisand. Oprah. Both strong black women. People with cancer like to wear jogging suits. I might imply in my act that Clay (Aiken) is a big, fat homo! I was raised right, I talk about people behind their backs. It's called manners! When Clay Aiken comes to your town - GO! It is a spectacle. It is the gayest thing I have ever seen! Organisers of the Pride Fest in San Francisco are like "We're fucked"! Because he loves pussy. Except it smells like fish! You know how you get that pre-diarrhoea feeling in your stomach? I'm not saying I shit my pants. But I knew I only had about 90 seconds to play with! I know that Lindsay (Lohan) has lost a lot of weight recently, due to diet, Pilates and crack. Without the diet and Pilates. What? Steven Spielberg is furious with me? I won't be able to star in any more Steven Spielberg movies? What will I do with my day? Suck my dick!! Cause you know my joke is that I love her (Oprah Winfrey) but she thinks she's Jesus? And when she gets a paper cut she's like "Oh, stigmata?". No, Oprah. Get off the cross and do your show! I'm gonna be so hot, I'm gonna fuck myself! If you have not seen the Celine Dion Vegas show, tomorrow, get a plane ticket, go to Vegas... it is the biggest freak show you will ever see! It's Cirque De Celine. I guess the contortionists are cool right, very impressive, they're doing stuff we can't do. But for me, once you see the gay guy bend over and fuck himself, I'm done! Everytime she walks out (on stage), she acts like she's shocked anyone showed up! Every night! As if every single day, at about 3 o'clock, she's like, "You know Rene, maybe tonight iz ze night zey do not come?" [Impersonating Celine) "Zis next song iz for all ze parents in zer audience, and also zer children"...(looks puzzled).... that's just everybody, right? I know you love her... you're gay and she's Celine Dion! I'm not wearing any pants and the lesbians are waiting! And then who comes along to save the day? A couple of tool-belt wearing, golf-loving, Dinah Shore weekend lesbians sent from heaven. The 2007 Emmy Awards were a little too Cirque de Seacrest. I shouldn't say that about Ryan, she's a very good hostess. As someone who was raised Catholic, and went to St Bernadine's; don't pull your Catholic kid-fucker bullshit with me, motherfuckers! I'm not scared of you. And I'm not havin it! I was in the Oak Park theatre group. But we never had $90 000 to take an ad out! We were lucky if we had money for the glitter for the fucking poster! Wake up people! If you are gay and living in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, what the fuck else are you gonna do? You're gonna join the musical theatre. That's all you got in Pigeon Forge - there's no "bear" bar! This is it. Suit up.....put the wings on! I don't give a fuck who's gay or straight in the Senate. Who cares? But it's always the one that they have all this tape of, saying gay people shouldn't have civil rights, gay people aren't the same, I would never want a gay person......those are always the ones trying to get a headjob at the fucking airport bathroom at the Minneapolis airport! (About gay cruising) My gays had to school me, and they said there's a whole system and a language to the tapping. One tap means you're a top, two means you're a bottom.....I don't know, it's very elaborate. Very elaborate. I would rather blow a guy in the bathroom at White Castle in between sliders...because I'm romantic! (On Paris Hilton) Believe it or not, I sort of know her a little bit. And based on that, I'm here to tell you that she is actually.......um.....retarded! I know I'm going to Hell. And I think I might see a few of you there. When I get there, it'll be like (waving) "Hi", "Hi", "Oh my God....Hi!" (On William Shatner) He is like my favourite red-faced, bloated booze bag. Now the great thing about the current Britney (Spears) tour, is that it has a lot of fantastic dancing... and she doesn't get bogged down in any....ahm...singing! It was sweaty Whitney (Houston) in Central Park. She knew that park pretty well. Every bush! The first red flag? The crooked wig! That's how you know what level of awareness Whitney is at. Cause let me tell - you know her gay was straightening that wig to the bitter end. Making sure the part was in the right place. But you know what - when the (crack) pipe is shaking? It's hard to keep it on, when the pipe is all shaking. (After Houston asks the audience in Central Park to sing along to a new, un-aired song) And the poor gays with the signs are like "We don't know that song yet....it's not even (on the radio)...go Diva....I mean, we don't know that song. I would like to...I don't...??" I prefer big Oprah. I know Oprah wants to be skinny Oprah, but her head is too gigantic to fit on a skinny body. She has to accept that, like Kirstie Alley, she was meant to be...ahm....voluptuous! I'm saying that she (Whitney Houston) looks great for a "singer"......the way Courtney Love is a "singer". Because Oprah would be like "DID YOU DO COOOOCAAAAAAINE???" Do you know why I'm thin? Because I'm hungry ALL the time! We didn't know that the (Jackson) family was as nuts as we're now finding out. Who knew that Michael was the normal one?? (About Joe Jackson) First of all, he's sitting there with the pimp hat, and the tattooed drag queen eyebrows. Like maybe this whole time, he just has a separate drag character that he does at night.........named La Toya! I am not gonna engage in a debate that Michael Jackson could be the biological father of any of those kids. I'm not havin it, not tonight. There's no way. Those kids are Whitey, Whitey McGee and Whitey McWhiterson! (About controversy) What you guys get, that celebrities don't get, is that I live for this shit! (About Elisabeth Hasselbeck) Really Hasselbeck, you're gonna throw down with me? I mean, really? If you're gonna come to the play yard, be prepared to fucking play! She wouldn't shake my hand! I said "C'mon, be a gentleman". Straight guys, this is your section, wake up (clap clap). Elin Nordegren could not be happier. How many girls here would trade places with her in a second? Where do I sign? First of all, she doesn't have to bang him (Tiger Woods) anymore! And she's probably gonna get, like $500 million! So they keep getting these pictures of her with the two kids, and she's just laughing all the way to the bank...haaa haaa haaa haaa...heugen fleugen heugen fleugen...hjorda fjorda hjorda fjorda... Next thing I know, there a baby in my ter-litt! (talking about fixating on one slot machine in Vegas) And I am playing my machine, and playing it, and playing it, and then finally I walk away, and then who shows up? Oh, you know who I'm talkin' about. That's right. That's right. As I'm walking away from my machine I've been on all night long, I actually hear her--and this is Old Lucky Asian Woman--you know her! You know what I'm talkin' about! I actually hear her on "my" machine going [in an Asian accent] "How much I win?! Oh, how much I win?! Oh, what happen? I never play before! It first time I play! Oh, I was walking by, I hit one time, I hit ten thousand dollar!" Bitter and angry! You know what I'm talkin' about! I'm like "give me my money, bitch! Those are my nickels!" Wikipedia has an article about: Kathy Griffin Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kathy Griffin
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Boulogne-Billancourt is a wealthy area in the inner south-western suburbs of Paris. With its approximately 121,000 inhabitants (2018), it is the most populous municipality in the Paris urban area after the city of Paris, and one of the most densely populated. Although not a major tourist hub, it is nonetheless worth a visit for its 1930s heritage. Bordered by the river Seine to the south and west, by the Bois de Boulogne to the north and by the 16th arrondissement of Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt is the most populous municipality in Ile-de-France after Paris 'intramuros'. Its central position on the old East-West road of Versailles, between the Royal Palace of the Louvre is at the origin of its development. Today, it continues to develop thanks to its intermediate position on the north-south axis, between the economic hubs of La Défense and Vélizy-Villacoublay. For nearly two centuries, Boulogne-Billancourt has been known for its technological innovation, home to the first suspension bridge in 1824, the design of the first automobile gearbox, and the first place outside Paris intramuros to be connected to the Paris metro in 1934. The cultural golden age of Boulogne-Billancourt was undoubtedly the inter-war period, and more precisely that of the 1930s, which results in it being home to a large amount of notable Art Deco architecture from that period. It was also during the first half of the 20th century that Boulogne became the city of aircraft engines and cinema, and saw the establishment of the vast factories of the car manufacturer Renault (on what is now the Ile Seguin), whose primary headquarters are still found in the suburb. The suburb is primarily served by metro lines 9 (Pont de Sèvres, Billancourt and Marcel Sembat) and 10 (Pont de Saint-Cloud, Jean Jaurès), and is in fare zone 2. Line 10 feels like it belongs in a museum from the Second World War and is quite fun to ride. The new line 15 is scheduled to open in the mid-2020s as part of the Grand Paris Express scheme, and will connect Pont de Sèvres station with the surrounding inner suburbs of Paris. Parc de Saint-Cloud station on tram line T 2 is a short walk across the river Seine from Pont de Saint-Cloud metro station, as is Brimborion station from Pont de Sèvres metro station. Although the RER does not serve the commune directly, the RER C serves Issy - Val de Seine station located just across the Seine in the neighbouring commune of Issy. Two free shuttle bus routes around the commune are provided by the Service Urbain de Boulogne-Billancourt (SUBB), and are adapted for people with disabilities. A map and timetable are provided on the council website. 48.8414382.2279831 Albert Kahn Museum (Musée Albert-Kahn), 10 Rue du Port (Pont de Saint-Cloud 10 ). The former estate of the Edwardian philanthropist Albert Kahn, consisting of a beautiful botanical garden and a museum of early 20th-century colour film/photography documenting various world cultures and remote tribes. While the museum is closed for renovation until Autumn 2021, the gardens remain open and entry is free on the first weekend of each month. (updated Jun 2021) 48.8433862.2512942 Immeuble Molitor, 24 rue Nungessor & Coli. An 8 storey block or flats, built in 1932–1934, part of Le Corbusier World Heritage 48.8362792.2397133 Museum of the 1930s (Musée des Années Trente), Espace Landowski, 28 Avenue André Morizet (Marcel Sembat 9 ). A municipal museum specializing in the fine arts, decorative arts, and industrial arts of the 1930s (updated Apr 2019) 48.8432772.2463484 Marmottan Library (Bibliothèque Marmottan), 7 Place Denfert-Rochereau (Jean Jaurès 10 ). Museum library of books from the Napoleonic era (updated Jun 2021) 48.8474652.2329835 Paul Belmondo Museum (Musée Paul-Belmondo), 14 Rue de l'Abreuvoir. Tu-F 14:00-18:00, Sa Su 11:00-18:00. Museum dedicated to the sculptor Paul Belmondo (updated Jun 2021) 48.8503972.2299676 Parc Edmond de Rothschild, 3 Rue des Victoires. Charming little park and Japanese garden around an old derelict stately home (updated Jun 2021) 48.8379852.2561121 Le parcours des années 30 (Porte de Saint-Cloud 10 , Jean Jaurès 10 ). Self-guided walking tour of Boulogne-Billancourt's 1930s architectural heritage starting from Porte de Saint-Cloud and ending at Jean Jaurès metro stations. (updated Jun 2021) 48.8237812.2332422 La Seine Musicale (Pont de Sèvres 9 , Brimborion 2 ). Classical music venue on the Ile Seguin. (updated Jun 2021) The commune has a very large array of restaurants for all tastes, with a major concentration around the Marcel Sembat area. 48.8347622.2520081 La Can Tinh, 5, rue de Vanves, ☏ +33146081412. M-F 12:00-15:00, W-F 19:00-23:00. (updated Jan 2022) 48.8315192.2467831 Boulogne Résidence Hôtel, 32 Rue des Longs Prés, ☏ +33149100545. 3 stars. €90. (updated Jan 2022) Saint-Cloud 16th arrondissement and the Bois de Boulogne
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Capacitors is a lecture and an article describing the electronics and electricity of capacitors. You are free to take this quiz based on the lecture/article capacitors at any time. To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{charge ontology}}, {{repellor vehicle}} and {{technology resources}} template. 1 Yes or No, Capacitance is a property of an electric circuit or its element that permits it to store charge. 2 True or False, Variations in electronic usage can be achieved with the same power. 3 Yes or No, In a capacitor, the voltage depends on the amount of charge left in the capacitor 4 Evidence that demonstrates that a model or idea for capacitors is feasible is called a 5 Yes or No, Current is the rate of flow of charge. 6 Complete the text: 7 True or False, Q is the charge stored by the capacitor. 8 Complete the text: 9 Yes or No, The rate of change of charge depends on the initial value of the charge itself. 10 True or False, If charge is stored, it can also be released by reconnecting the circuit. Questions appropriately asked in a quiz help to narrow down the capacitors limitations. Power electronics Electronics Electricity/Quiz African Journals Online Bing Advanced search Google Books Google scholar Advanced Scholar Search JSTOR Lycos search NASA's National Space Science Data Center NCBI All Databases Search Office of Scientific & Technical Information Questia - The Online Library of Books and Journals SAGE journals online The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System Scirus for scientific information only advanced search Spacecraft Query at NASA SpringerLink Taylor & Francis Online Wiley Online Library Advanced Search Yahoo Advanced Web Search
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John Lydgate (c. 1370–c. 1451) was an English poet and translator. He is considered one of the leading English poets of the 15th century, and in his own day was often ranked alongside his master, Geoffrey Chaucer. A wikked tonge wol alway deme amis. "Ballad of Good Counsel", line 7. Who lesethe his fredam, in faith! he loseth all. "The Chorle and the Birde", line 95. A prowde hert in a beggers brest, A fowle visage with gay temples of atyre, Horrible othes with an holy prist, A justice of juges to selle and lete to hyre, A knave to comande and have an empire, To yeve a jugement of that never was wrought, To preche of pees and sette eche man on fyre, It may wele ryme but it accordith nought. "On Inconstancy", line 36. Woord is but wynd; leff woord and tak the dede. Secrets of Old Philosophers, line 1224. For love is mor than gold or gret richesse; Gold faileth ofte; love wol abyde. The Siege of Thebes, pt. 3, line 2716. For he owre englishe gilte with his sawes, Rude and boistous firste be olde dawes, That was ful fer from al perfeccioun And but of litel reputacioun Til that he cam, and thorugh his poetrie, Gan oure tonge firste to magnifie And adourne it with his eloquence: To whom honour, laude and reuerence. The Troy Book, Bk. 3, line 4237. Of Chaucer. Odyous of olde been comparisonis. "The Hors, the Shepe, and the Gosse", line 204. Harde to likke hony out of a marbil stoon, For ther is nouthir licour nor moisture. "Letter to Gloucester", line 34. Trouthe wil out maugre of fals enuye, Rihtwysnesse may nat ben hid certeyn, As for a tyme it may been ovirleyn. The Life of Saint Alban and Saint Amphibal, line 2913. For a story which is nat pleynli told, But constreynyd undir woordes fewe For lak off trouthe, wher thei be newe or olde, Men bi report kan nat the mater shewe. Prologue, line 92. Off oure language he was the lodesterre. Prologue, line 252. Of Chaucer. There is no rose Spryngyng in gardeyns, but ther be sum thorn. Bk. 1, line 57. For princis ofte, of furious hastynesse, Wil cachche a quarrel, causeless in sentence, Ageyn folk absent, thouh ther be non offence. Bk. 3, line 3927. He as a kyng is crowned in Fairie, With sceptre and suerd, & with his regalie Shal resorte as lord and souereyne, Out of Fairye & regne in Breteyne, And repaire ageyn the Rounde Table. Bk. 8, line 3112. Of the return of King Arthur. The wheel of Fortune tourneth as a ball; Sodeyn clymbyng axeth a sodeyn fall. Bk. 9, line 1211. For hit ys oft seyde by hem that yet lyues He must nedys go that the deuell dryues. The Assembly of Gods; or, The Accord of Reason and Sensuality, line 20. This poem was long attributed to Lydgate, but is now thought to have been written after his death, during the second half of the 15th century. [1] Also Johnn Lydgate Wryteth after an hyer rate; It is dyffuse to fynde The sentence of his mynde, Yet wryteth he in his kynd, No man that can amend Those maters that he hath pende; Yet some men fynde a faute, And say he wryteth too haute. John Skelton "Phillip Sparrowe", line 804. Comparable with Chawcer, yet more occupyed in supersticious and odde matters than was requesite in so good a wytte. William Webbe A Discourse of Englishe Poetry ([1586] 1970) p. 32. In images of horror, and in a certain terrible greatness, our author comes far behind Chaucer. Whether they were not suited to the genius or the temper of Lydgate, I do not determine; but it is certain that, though they naturally seemed to present themselves, he has almost generally chose to avoid them: yet is there frequently a stiller kind of majesty both in his thought and expression, which makes one of his principal beauties. Thomas Gray "Some Remarks on the Poems of Lydgate", in The Works of Thomas Gray (1858) vol. 5, pp. 308-9. He is the first of our writers whose style is cloathed with that perspicuity, in which the English phraseology appears at this day to an English reader...Whether his subject be the life of a hermit or a hero, of saint Austin or Guy earl of Warwick, ludicrous or legendary, religious or romantic, a history or an allegory, he writes with facility. Thomas Warton The History of English Poetry (1774-81) vol. 2, pp. 52-3. A voluminous, prosaick, and drivelling Monk. Joseph Ritson Bibliographia Poetica (1802) p. 87. Wikipedia has an article about: John Lydgate
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Season 1 2 3 4 | Main That's So Raven (2003-2007) is a television show about Raven Baxter, a teenage psychic that can see into the future. "So I have these occasional visions that may or may not come true." Raven and her family and friends always get involved into weird situations, struggling to stop the visions from coming true. Raven: OK. Who would like to learn how to make their own clothes? Sydney: There's a new invention, lady. It's called the store. Victor (to Raven): You know, I am starting to think that Cory is only in this for the money.. (Cory wheels in an ATM past Victor & Raven) Raven: Ya think? Chelsea: Donna Cabonna?! (accidentally lets go of her bowling ball and it starts rolling down the stairs) Four! Eddie: That's golf, Chels. Chelsea: No, that's my fourth ball I've lost this week. (The bowling ball falls step by step down the stairs and makes a huge crash at the last step) Chelsea: I always wanted to win a real trophy! All we got at vegetarian camp was a half a cantaloupe filled with cottage cheese and seasonal berries. Victor: Raven? Raven: Huh? Victor: Were you listening to me? Raven: Absolutely. Victor: What was the last thing I said? Raven: Get up and get ready for school? Raven: A piñata? You mean like, we have to hit that with a stick & have candy flying everywhere? Señorita Rodriguez: Oh, everybody does candy. I took it to the next level: guacamole. Raven: Why? Why? Why? Señorita Rodriguez: Who's ready for hot fudge? Raven: Why it gotta be fudge?!? Chelsea: You guys, you guys, you guys! That's Nikki Logan. She's like one of my favorite actresses! She was so awesome as the vegetarian detective in "Dude Where's My Eggplant?" Raven: Yeah, and her house in Malibu is off the chain. I saw it on "Young, Rich, and Fabulous." Chelsea: Yeah, I know. I totally saw that! Yeah, her bathtub is so big, she even has her own diving board. Raven: Chels, that was her swimming pool Chelsea: That would make more sense. Chelsea: Man! I can't believe Nikki's not here. (reaches into her backpack) I wanted her to sign my eggplant. Eddie: How come you can't just get a regular autograph album like everybody else, Chels? Chelsea: Excuse me, do you know how long it takes to grow autograph albums?! Raven (to Donna Cabonna): I didn't know when you said 24/7 you meant all day all week! Raven (to Donna): You don't own me, you don't even pay me!! Raven: My school stuff is mixed in with my work stuff which is mixed in with my beauty stuff. I think I need a bigger room. Chelsea: Or...smaller stuff. Chelsea: Whoa, Rae! Seriously, whoa! They really hooked this space up. Raven: Chelsea, they haven't even started yet. Chelsea: Oh, good. Cause this place is a dump! Eddie: Can we please go to the batting cage now? Chelsea: Or we can go to the country. Raven: Uh, the country? I'd rather go to the batting cages. Eddie: Right, well let's put it to a vote. Who wants to go to the country? Chelsea: (raises hand) Where there's a great little country store. Raven: Huh? Chelsea: That sells really cute accessories. Raven: Uh. Chelsea: Uhm, and there are all on sale. Raven: Ahhh! Ahh I'm in, I'm in. Chelsea: Yeah, that's right. Everybody buckle up to the country, Edward. (When the fire alarm goes off in the building, everyone gathers around the Preparedness Plan that Raven was supposed to hand out, and they accidentally tear it up) Eddie: My says "Panic." Chelsea: Mine says "Don't." Raven: [crying] MINE SAYS "RAVEN, PLEASE DISTRIBUTE!" Juicer: I smell pesto... Cory: I have pesto! Juicer: And fear! Larry: (in a high-pitched voice) I have fear! Raven: That is so not true, Chels, I remember every important detail about you. Chelsea: Ok, really? um, ok, what's my favorite animal? Ok, what's my favorite vegetable? What's my favorite mineral? Raven: Mineral? what? Chelsea: Look at you, Rae. You're supposed to be my best friend. Come on, I bet you don't even know my middle name. Raven: Ah, I bet you don't even know mine. Chelsea: Raven Lydia Baxter! Uh, your favorite vegetable is corn, your favorite mineral is diamond and your favorite animal is stuffed. Raven: Lucky guess. Mrs. Valentine: Any questions? Buffy: Shouldn't we be working with professionals instead of people off the street? Eddie: Did she just dis us? Chelsea: Uh, yeah, I'm feelin' a little dissed. Raven (to Sydney): You know what we have to do to them on the fashion competition, don't you? Sydney: Crush them! Raven: Now you getting it. Kendra: Kendra Blair here...awaiting the return of the great fashion photographer, Pistache. Oh, here she comes now! [Raven walks in dressed as Pistache] Raven: [fake French accent] Bonjour! Ello, ello, ello, ello, ello. Frere Jacques. Where do we start with the big shooooow?! Kendra: Shouldn't we wait for Donna? Raven: NO! We do not wait for Donna. Pistache works very quickly. [snaps fingers] I have to go back into seclusion. Raven: Oh! The boys, the boys! Kendra: [slowly] How does it feel to be in A-mer-i-ca? Raven: NO! You do not speak to the boys. They do not speak the same English as you speak. They speak another form of the language that you do not know. Boys! Saabite, wootita zoozoo...wika wah wika fiki fiki wah tika chika wah wah! Zack: Tika tika wah. Cody: Tika tika wah wah! Raven: Oh la la! Pistache found the camera! Okay boys, smiley smile! Oh the pointing, the pointing. It's so rude, so rude, I love it! So nasty! Kendra: Eh, Pistache...have you met Pistache? Raven: There is no other Pis- [sees Donna also dressed as Pistache, coming towards her] Oh, snap! Okay there is a perfect explanation. Pistache: [walks over to Zack and Cody] This is not Yan...and Kvelt. Donna: Raven, you're fired. Raven: Yeah, I kinda figured that. Pistache: They are even better. Donna: Raven, you're re-hired. Raven: Sweet. Donna: I think this is gonna work. Raven: I know it is. Pistache: I got it. And now, we dance. [Everyone starts dancing] Donna: Raven! What were you doing up in those vents?! Raven: Uh, well, I heard you needed a new design for your fall line, so I said, "Why not drop on in?" Tiffany: "Drop in"? More like "crash in". Raven: I wouldn't have to "crash in" if you weren't "hate-in". Raven (to Donna): Maybe I can have my name next to yours. Donna: No. Raven: In tiny little letters? Donna: No. Raven: On the washing machine tag? We'll talk about it later. Chelsea: Oh, oh! So, Mr. B, how's business? Mr. Baxter: Do you really care? Chelsea: (shakes her head) No. Cory: (to Kayla) The Juicer thinks you're cute. Kayla: (to Cory) Do you want to know what I think? (grabs his hand) I think you're cute (a teapot starts heating while Kayla is holding Cory's hand) Loca: Aaaah!! Where's the rest of you?! Stanley: Just look in my eyes, baby, just look in my eyes. Eddie: [repeated line] Don't get me started! Zuckerman: You thought you can hide from me, didn't you? Raven: [as Dorthy] Why are you so mean? Victor: [as the Wizard of Oz] Because I ain't got no body! Get it? I ain't got no body. I'm a big floating head, and - alright, get out of my sight! Cory: (his cell phone rings and he answers it) Hello? This is Cory's phone. Cory Baxter speaking. Oh, hey, Larry. Man! Chill, I am sure your parents didn't move without telling you. Did you check in the kitchen? There see? All that crying for nothing. (looking confused) I...love you too? Bye. Raven: Just because Eddie is not tall, dark, handsome, muscular... Eddie: (interrupts) Hey, you better be going somewhere with this. Chelsea: Rae, you want to leave during The Quiet Game? Raven: Chelsea, I wanted to leave during dinner! Raven: Mrs. Daniels, you're like a mother to me. Chelsea: To me too Theatre Guard: Young man! People are trying to watch the movie, you are going to have to leave! Cory: Me?! Chelsea: See I told him! Yeah! You heard me. Cory: Yes Chelsea! Everybody heard you! Mrs Valentine: [starts to rain] Oh dear, it looks like its raining. We will camp at Raven's. Raven: Say what? Eddie: [quietly] Hello, baby! I was expecting your call. Raven: Eeew!! Eddie stop talkin' like that and put Chelsea on the phone! Raven: You dated a rock star?! Which one? Donna Cabonna: That's not the point! (whispers in Raven's ear) Mick Jagger!!! Raven: Oh snap!!! [To Raven] Donna Cabonna: Were you working for Lora behind my back? Lora Stelladora: Were you working for Donna in front of my behind? Chelsea: That study party was off the heezy. It's just bad that we are going to fail. Eddie: Ms. Dearborn... Courtney: Eddie, call me Courtney. We're all friends here. Eddie: Ok, Courtney. So this whole war started over a woman? Courtney: Well, imagine if Beyoncé got stolen by Canada. Eddie: (quickly jumps up and salutes) Eddie Thomas reporting for duty, ma'am! The Juicer: Okay, guys, let's take a vote. All those who don't want me to be the lead singer, speak now and you'll never speak again. Chelsea: Isn't it weird that everytime something strange happens Raven isn't here to see it. Eddie: That is because she is Raven! Dr. Stuckerman (to Courtney): Do you know what my first name is? Courtney: I'm afraid not, sir. Dr. Stuckerman: Bingo! Chelsea: (to Raven) Yeah he looks like a Bingo to me. Chelsea (about Eddie's parents): They're so happy together, just like in your vision. Raven: Uh, yeah, what you see is what I saw, but what I saw is not what you see, and you see what I'm sayin'? Chelsea: Say that again. I might still have some money in my ear Raven: Chels, listen. Eddie's parents are not getting back together. Michael: You know, it's nice to be together as a family again. Lynn: It's just like old times. Raven: Oh, I was hoping you were gonna say something like that. Maybe, you never know, this could be the start of a new beginning. Lynn: What are you talking about? Raven: Maybe you guys can get back together. (Eddie's parents laugh) Raven: What y'all laughin' at? Lynn: Just the thought of us actually getting back together. Michael: If there's one thing we agree on, it's that that's not gonna happen in a million years. Raven: [speaks on phone to Victor about the mayor coming to pick up the casserole] Dad, I know, I know, listen, listen. The casserole is in the oven. Yes, yes, yes! You take it out, you let it cool, you shampoo it, you rinse it, repeat it! [laughs] I'm just playing with you, Daddy! [rushed] Hold on, let me call you right back. Love you, too, bye! Raven: [stops cory] Excuse me! Cory: [holding basketball] To the library. Raven: With a basketball? Dad put me in charge. I need you to respect me enough to give me a decent lie! Cory: Sorry, I was in a rush. Raven: Cory, you are not going anywhere until you finish your chores. Cory: [lies] I did 'em! Raven: [after each question, Cory lies with the answer "Yes!"] So you cleaned your room? You picked up the laundry? You picked up fresh milk? Raven: [gives a look] You may go. Cory: Thank you! Raven: [walks to the refrigerator, thinking to self] Yep, when it comes to little brothers, you just gotta show them who's boss! Raven: [pours glass of milk and old, chunky milk come out] CORY!! Raven: [picks up laundry] Corry. . .lazy, nonworking, good for nothing, [finds cigarette] cigarette smoking -- cigarette smoking??? Oh, no. . . CORY!! !
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Puttalam is an industrial and agricultural processing town in the Puttalam district of Sri Lanka, but the surrounding area has a few tourist attractions. Puttalam lies 130 km north of Colombo. It is a Muslim-majority town known for its manufacturing (the name of the town comes from the Tamil words for "salt production zone" but tourists come to see one of the largest lagoons in the country, Wilpattu National Park, Kalpitiya, and the beaches. The Puttalam rail line connects Puttalam to Colombo via Negombo. Puttalam has three main highways that connect it to major cities in the country, the A3 which connects Puttalam with Colombo via Negombo, the A10 which connects Puttalam with Kandy via Kurunegala and the A12 which connects Puttalam with Trincomalee via Anuradhapura. Daily buses available to Colombo and other cities like Kurunegala, Kandy and Anuradhapura. New Maduhoon Tea Room, Colombo Road (It's just south of the roundabout where the Highways A10 and A2 (Colombo Road) meet on the western side of the road.). This place is good for having Sri Lankan food on a low price. They have hoppers, "short eats" and rice and curry. 20-150 LKR. Rest House (Near the bus station: if you go west from the bus station it's the first and last street before getting to Colombo Rd/The Seaside; there are actually big signs on Colombo Rd showing the direction saying). This hotel looks a little bit old and the rooms are big and have bathrooms. There is also a restaurant which prices are higher than in local eateries (300-800 LKR), but they have beer (350 LKR per bottle) and liquor. From 1500 to 2500 LKR. Ruwala Nature & Aventure Park Resort ([email protected]), Kalpitiya Road, Thihaliya, Eththale, Kalpitiya (On the way from Pulatam to Kalpitiya), ☏ +94 777 345 531, +94 777 530 542. Rustic eco-retreat and adventure-park on the banks of the Puttlam Lagoon. From 80 to 120$. Anuradhapura
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Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes | American cuisine | Dessert 1⁄2 cup sugar 1 cup (2 sticks) unsalted butter 1 egg 1⁄2 teaspoon vanilla 21⁄2 cups (12 ounces) bread flour 2 roasted red bell peppers, packed in oil 10 ounces milk chocolate, cut into pieces 1 cup (2 sticks) unsalted butter 1⁄2 teaspoon vanilla 1⁄2 cup pepper vodka 11⁄4 cups sugar 3 eggs 11⁄4 cups (6 ounces) bread flour 1 pint heavy whipping cream 1 cup (4 ounces) confectioners' sugar 1⁄4 cup pepper vodka 12 ounces white chocolate, melted 1⁄2 teaspoon nutmeg Place sugar, butter, egg and vanilla in a mixing bowl, and mix at low speed until combined. Add flour and mix until incorporated; do not over mix. Set the dough on a floured cookie pan and press flat. Refrigerate until firm enough to roll out, 45 minutes to an hour. After making filling, line an 11-inch cake pan with the crust. Line the bottom of the unbaked tart shell with a single thin layer of red bell peppers that have been wiped free of most of the oil. Melt chocolate and butter over low heat in a saucepan. Stir in vanilla. Take off the heat and add pepper vodka and let cool slightly. While the chocolate mixture is cooling, whip the sugar and eggs until light and fluffy. Fold into cooled chocolate mixture. Sift the flour into this mixture, making sure there are no lumps. Preheat oven to 350°F. Pour chocolate mixture on top of red bell pepper layer, leaving 3⁄4 inch at the top of pan. Bake for about 20 minutes. The center should be soft, similar to a pumpkin pie when it is done. Let cool before taking it out of the pan. Refrigerate overnight before cutting. Whip cream and confectioners' sugar until peaks are thick, then slowly whip in vodka. When vodka is completely mixed in, add melted white chocolate while whisking. Refrigerate for 4 hours. Top each piece with plenty of whipped cream, sprinkle lightly with nutmeg and enjoy.
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Fully or partly text interviews. 3 October 2021: Rosemary Cousin, Greens candidate in South Gippsland, Australia, speaks to Wikinews about democracy, transport, forests and other local issues 3 October 2021: Australia: Wikinews interviews Les Harmer, South Gippsland local election candidate 27 September 2021: Australia: Wikinews interviews David Liebelt, South Gippsland local election candidate 26 September 2021: 'The Administrators were a disaster for the Shire': Wikinews interviews Lindsay Love, Tarwin Valley ward candidate in South Gippsland, Australia 15 September 2021: Wikinews interviews Anda Banikos, local council candidate in South Gippsland, Australia 12 September 2021: Australia: Wikinews interviews Rebecca Jennings, independent candidate for Daly by-election 6 September 2021: Australia: Wikinews interviews Wayne Connop, independent candidate for Daly by-election 5 September 2021: Australia: Mat Morgan, Greens candidate in South Gippsland, talks climate, tourism, and local issues with Wikinews 4 September 2021: South Gippsland, Australia local council candidate Sue Plowright speaks with Wikinews about environment, education, and other local issues 11 August 2021: Wikinews interviews Professor Gigi Foster about pandemic control in Australia action=do&label=see older articles&verb:button-local-field-verb&page:button-local-field-page&offset:button-local-field-offset&cols=&rows=&viewxcols=&rows=&Category:Interview/textxCategory:Interview/textcols=&rows=&10x
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Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Friday, May 28, 2010 US actor Gary Coleman died Friday at the Utah Valley Regional Medical Center in Provo, Utah, after complications from a brain hemorrhage. Coleman was admitted to the hospital on May 26 after falling and injuring his head. He went into a coma on May 27 and required life support. He was taken off life support and died shortly after noon on Friday. He was 42 years old. Coleman had been suffering multiple medical problems throughout his life, however, it is unknown if these problems affected his death. He suffered from a congenital kidney disease which required two transplants and daily dialysis. On February 27, 2010 Coleman suffered a seizure on the set of the television show The Insider. Coleman's career began with appearances in US sit-com's such as The Jeffersons and Good Times. He was best known for his recurring role as Arnold Jackson on Diff'rent Strokes and his recurring line, "What'choo talkin' 'bout, Willis?". "Gary Coleman Dies" — TMZ, May 28, 2010 Jim Cheng. "Gary Coleman dies at age 42" — USA Today, May 28, 2010 Jennifer Dobner (AP). "`Diff'rent Strokes' Star Gary Coleman Dies" — ABC News, May 28, 2010 Dave Itzkoff. "Gary Coleman, Actor and Former Child Star, Dies" — The New York Times, May 28, 2010
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In BucketSort we have an input list and a number of buckets. In order to distribute the data records to the buckets we need a function which tells, into which bucket an actual record has to go. And this function must comply with the following relation: Having m buckets, the buckets are numbered and the function returns an integer between 1 and m. Normally, after a sort, in every bucket will be records with different key values. Therefor BucketSort in itself is normally not a complete sorting algorithm; with one exception: there are as many buckets as there are possible key values. If we want to sort by unsigned 16-bit-integers and we put up 65.536 buckets, then the sort can be done in one go. Any key is inspected only once; thus the time for a sort increases in a linear fashion with the number of records. The algorithm is stable and the time for a sort does not depend on the key values. Normally, after one distribution, there will be records with different key values in the same bucket; it is necessary to sort them internally. For this internal sort BucketSort can be used recursively, but then a different function for selecting the buckets is necessary (different key values!). Depending on this function, the behavior of BucketSort changes completely. If we are sorting by a positive 8-bit number, put up 256 buckets, and take the value of the key as the number of the destination bucket, the algorithm is identical with ExtraDix. Hence the timing is T = E * n * lg256 (N) = E * n where E is a constant reflecting the implementation. The time increases in a linear fashion with the number of records. We use only two buckets and a pivot for the distribution function. If the key value is smaller or equal to the pivot, the record goes into the first bucket or else into the second bucket. Then we call the function recursively. The result is that BucketSort converts into Quicksort. Hence the timing is T = C * n * lg2 (n) where C is a constant reflecting the implementation. We use ten buckets. The function to determine the bucket number converts the key value into a decimal number and depending on the repetitions the corresponding digit (starting with the most significant digit) is selected; the digit gives directly the number of the bucket where the record shall go. BucketSort behaves like an inverted RadixSort and the timing is T = D * n * lg10 (N) where D is a constant reflecting the implementation. We use ten buckets. The function to determine the bucket number converts the key value into a decimal number and depending on the repetitions the corresponding digit (starting with the least significant digit) is selected; the digit gives directly the number of the bucket where the record shall go. After distributing all records to the buckets, the records are recollected and the sort is repeated for the next digit position. BucketSort now behaves exactly like RadixSort and the timing is T = E * n * lg10 (N) where E is a constant reflecting the implementation. The normal way how BucketSort is used recursively is to use a fixed number m of buckets on any level. The keys of all records are checked in order to find the smallest value and the biggest one. Then the difference between the smallest and biggest value is divided evenly into m intervals and for each interval a start value is calculated. The distribution function is just a nested sequence of if-statements; if the actual key value is bigger than x put the record into bucket m, if the actual key value is bigger than y put the record into bucket m-1 and so on. Now the content of a bucket is recursively distributet to m sub-buckets; therefor the timing is T = F * n * lgm (N) where F is a constant reflecting the implementation. For the demonstration we use the variant simulating Quicksort with two buckets. The number of necessary division levels is calculated dynamically by help of the average of the key values. All records with a value smaller or equal to the average go into the first bucket and all others into the second bucket. Buckets with sorted content are displayed in orange. Input List: average = 385 Bucket 1: average = 148 Bucket 2: average = 622 We continue with bucket 1. The average is 148; therefor all records with a value smaller or equal to 148 go into bucket three and all others into bucket four. Bucket 3: average = 15 Bucket 4: average = 237 We continue with bucket 3. The average is 15; therefor all records with a value smaller or equal to 15 go into bucket five and all others into bucket six. Bucket 5: Bucket 6: We now recombine Bucket 5 and 6 to form the sorted bucket 3: Sorted Bucket 3: We continue with bucket 4. The average is 237; therefor all records with a value smaller or equal to 237 go into bucket seven and all others into bucket eight. Bucket 7: average = 200 Bucket 8: We continue with bucket 7. The average is 200; therefor all records with a value smaller or equal to 200 go into bucket nine and all others into bucket ten. Bucket 9: Bucket 10: We can recombine them to form the sorted bucket 7: Sorted Bucket 7: Bucket 8 has only one element and is sorted by definition. We can recombine it with bucket 7 to build sorted bucket 4: Sorted Bucket 4: We can now recombine bucket 3 and bucket 4 to form the sorted bucket 1: Sorted Bucket 1: We now make a shortcut and get directly the sorted bucket 2: Sorted Bucket 2: The Sorted List is build by recombining bucket 1 and 2: It is obvious from the relative position of the buckets to each other that BucketSort can easily be realized as an in place algorithm.
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You might have already covered a lot of boolean logic in Unit 2. Boolean logic is essential for anyone wanting to program. For example, you will end a game if it is true that the time is up. if timeup = true then blowwhistle() end if We might want to use more complex boolean logic, for example if the time is 16:00 or before 9:00, it is the holiday or it is the weekend, then you don't have to go to school: dim holiday, weekend as boolean '... If now > 16 OR now < 9 OR holiday OR weekend Then noschool() Else gettoclass() End If Notice here how we didn't say, holiday = true, we just said holiday , if something is true, then comparing it to true will also return true (phew! ), so there really is no need check and see. Programming languages allow you to compare boolean values using a variety boolean operators that you probably know and love: If you have been writing a lot of truth tables (you have Wittgenstein to blame), get VB.NET to do if for you! console.writeline("A|B||A.B|A+B|AxB")'write the heading for A = 0 to 1 for B = 0 to 1 console.write(A & "|" & B & "||") console.write(A AND B & "|") console.write(A OR B & "|") console.write(A XOR B & "|") console.writeline() next next for A = 0 to 1 for B = 0 to 1 for C = 0 to 1 console.write(A & "|" & B & "|" & C & " = ") 'write the heading console.write(A AND B AND C & "|") console.write(A AND B OR C & "|") console.write(A OR B AND C & "|") console.write(A OR B OR C & "|") console.writeline() next next next
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What follows is an assortment of simple C programs presented to provide an exposure to the basics of the language. In order to better achieve this purpose, examples are kept simple and short. Unfortunately, for programs of such scale certain criteria become less important than they normally should be. One such criterion is source code portability, which can be ensured by checking programs against standards compliance. This criterion, if not pursued diligently from the start, is very difficult to fulfill. For easier tackling of the problem, many compilers offer some assistance. Although the degree of support and its form may vary, it’s worth taking a look at the compiler switches. For the compilers we will be using in the context of this class an incomplete list of applicable options are given below. The C preprocessor is a simple macro processor—a C-to-C translator—that conceptually processes the source text of a C program before the compiler proper reads the source program. Generally, the preprocessor is actually a separate program that reads the original source file and writes out a new "preprocessed" source file that can then be used as input to the C compiler. In other implementations, a single program performs the preprocessing and compilation in a single pass over the source file. The advantage of the former scheme is, apart from its more modular structure, the possibility of translators for other programming languages using the preprocessor. The preprocessor is controlled by special preprocessor command lines, which are lines of the source file beginning with the character #. The preprocessor removes all preprocessor command lines from the source file and makes additional transformations on the source file as directed by the commands. The name of the command must follow the # character. A line whose only non-whitespace character is a # is termed null directive in ISO C and is treated the same as blank line. #define #define preprocessor command causes a name to become defined as a macro to the preprocessor. A sequence of tokens, called the body of the macro, is associated with the name. When the name of the macro is recognized in the program source text or in the arguments of certain other preprocessor commands, it is treated as a call to that macro; the name is effectively replaced by a copy of the body. If the macro is defined to accept arguments, then the actual arguments following the macro name are substituted for formal parameters in the macro body. Argument passing mechanism used is akin to call-by-name. However, one should not forget the fact that text replacement is carried out by the preprocessor, not the compiler. This macro directive can be used in two different ways. Object-like macro definitions: #define name sequence-of-tokens?, where ? stands for zero or one occurrence of the preceding entity. Put another way, the body of the macro may be empty. Redefinition of a macro is allowed in ISO C provided that the new definition is the same, token for token, as the existing definition. Redefining a macro with a different definition is possible only if an undef directive is issued before the second definition. Defining Macros with Parameters: #define name(name1, name2, ..., namen) sequence-of-tokens?. The left parenthesis must immediately follow the name of the macro with no intervening whitespace. Such a macro definition would be interpreted as an object-like macro that starts with a left parenthesis. The names of the formal parameters must be identifiers, no two the same. A function-like macro can have an empty formal parameter list. This is used to simulate a function with no arguments. When a function-like macro call is encountered, the entire macro call is replaced, after parameter processing, by a processed copy of the body. The entire process of replacing a macro call with the processed copy of its body is called macro expansion; the processed copy of the body is called the expansion of the macro call. Therefore, with the above definition, a = 3 * increment(a); would be expanded to a = 3 * (a + 1);. Now that preprocessing takes place prior to compilation, the compiler proper does not even see the identifier increment in the source code. All it sees is the expanded form of the macro. The problems we faced in the above example may be attributed to the textual nature of the parameter passing mechanism used: call-by-name: Each time the parameter name appears in the text, it is replaced by the exact text of the argument; each time it is replaced, it is evaluated once again. #undef name #undef causes the preprocessor to forget any macro definition of name. It is not an error to undefine a name that is currently not defined. Once a name has been undefined, it may then be given a completely new definition without error. Choosing macro definition over function makes sense when efficiency is a concern, the macro definition is simple and short, or used infrequently in the source, and the parameters are evaluated only once. Macro definition is efficient because preprocessing takes place before runtime. It actually takes place even before the compiler proper starts. On the other hand, function call is a rather expensive instruction and it is executed in the runtime. In this sense, a macro can be used to simulate inlining of a function. Macro definitions are expected to be simple and short because replacing large bodies of text in the source will give rise to code-bloat, especially when it is used frequently. Justification of the third requirement was given previously. On the down side, it should be kept in mind that the preprocessor does not do any type-checking on macro parameters. #include #include "filename" #include preprocessor-tokens The #include preprocessor command causes the entire contents of a specified source file to be processed as if those contents had appeared in place of the #include command. The general intent is that the "filename" form is used to refer to the header files written by the programmer, whereas the form is used to refer to standard implementation files. The third form undergoes normal macro expansion and the result must match one of the first two forms. #if constant-expression group-of-lines1 #elif group-of-lines2 ... #elif group-of-linesn #endif These commands are used together to allow lines of source text to be conditionally included or excluded from the compilation. It comes handy when we need to produce code for different architectures (e.g., Vax and Intel) or in different modes (e.g., debugging mode and production mode). #ifdef name #ifndef name These two commands are used to test whether a name is defined as a preprocessor macro. They are equivalent to #if defined(name) and #if !defined(name), respectively. Notice that #if name and #ifdef name are not equivalent. Although they work exactly the same way when name is undefined, the parity breaks when name is defined to be 0. In that case, the former will be false while the latter will be true. defined name defined(name) The defined operator can be used only in #if and #elif expressions; it is not a preprocessor command but a preprocessor operator. #error preprocessor-tokens The #error directive produces a compile-time error message that will include the argument tokens, which are subject to macro expansion. In addition to the use of the #define command; we can use a compile-time switch to define a macro. Problem: Write a program that prints out the characters 'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z', and '0'..'9' along with their encoding. Encoding.c The following preprocessor directive pulls the contents of the file named stdio.h into the current file. Once this file is included, its contents are interpreted by the preprocessor. Included files generally contain declarations shared among different applications. Constant declarations and function prototypes are examples to these. In this case, we must include stdio.h in order to pull in the prototype of the printf function. A function prototype consists of the function return type, the name of the function, and the parameter list. It describes the interface of the function: it details the number, order, and types of parameters that must be provided when the function is called and the type of value that the function returns. A function prototype helps the compiler ensure correct usage of a particular function. For instance, given the declaration in stdio.h, one cannot pass an int as the first argument to the printf function. Time and again you will see the words prototype and signature used interchangeably. This however is not correct. Signature of a function is its list of argument types; it does not include the function return type. #include All runnable C programs must contain a function named main. This function serves as the entry point to the program and is called from within the C runtime, which is executed after the executable is loaded, as part of the initialization code. The system software needed to copy a program from secondary storage into the main memory so that it’s ready to run is called a loader. In addition to bringing the program into the memory, it can also set protection bits, arrange for virtual memory to map virtual addresses to disk pages, and so on. The formal parameter list of the following main function consists of the single keyword void, which means that it does not take any parameters at all. You will at times see C codes with int main() or main() written instead of :int main(void). In this context all three serve the same purpose although the first two should be avoided. A function with no return type in its declaration/ definition is assumed to return a value of type int. A function prototype with an empty formal parameter list is an old style declaration that tells the compiler about the presence of a function, which can take any number of arguments of any type. It also has the unasked for side effect of turning off prototype checking from that point on. So, one should avoid such usages. int main(void) { Although we will manipulate characters, the variable used to hold the characters, ch, is declared as an int. The reasoning for this is as follows: Absence of the sign qualifier (signed or unsigned) in the original language design gave compiler implementers the freedom to interpret char as a type comprising values in [0..255]—because characters can be indexed by nonnegative values only—or as a type comprising values in [–128..127]—because it is an integer type represented in a single byte. These two views basically limit the range of char to [0..127]. Due to the lack of exceptions in C, most functions dealing with characters and character strings need to represent exceptional situations, such as end-of file, as unlikely return values. This means, in addition to the legitimate characters, we should be able to encode the exceptional situations as different values. ASCII, this implies a representation that can hold 128 + n signed values, where n is the number of exceptional conditions to be dealt with. When taken together with the conclusion drawn in the previous paragraph, it can be seen that we need a representation that is larger than type char. Therefore, you'll often see an int variable being used to hold values of type char. Encountering a character constant the C compiler replaces it with an integer constant that corresponds to the order of the character in the encoding table. For instance, 'a' in ASCII is replaced with 97, which is an integer constant of type int. Had we used char instead of int our program would still be working correctly. This is because we did not have to deal with any exceptional conditions in the program and all int constants used are within the limits of char representation. That is, all narrowing implicit conversions, as that would take place in the initialization statement of the for loop, are value preserving. int ch; for(ch = 'a'; ch <= 'z'; ch++) printf function is used to format and send the formatted output on the standard output file stdout, which by default is the screen. It is a variadic function: that is, it takes a variable length argument list. The first argument is taken to be a format control string, which is used to figure out the type and number of arguments. This is accomplished through the use of special character sequences starting with %. When encountered, such a sequence is replaced with the corresponding actual parameter, if the actual parameter can be used in the context implied by the character sequence. For instance, '%c' in the following line means that the corresponding argument must be interpretable as a character. Likewise, '%d' is a placeholder for a decimal number. Note that printf actually returns an int. Not assigning this return value to some variable means that it is ignored. printf("Encoding of '%c' is %d\n", ch, ch); printf("Press any key to continue\n"); getchar(); for(ch = 'A'; ch <= 'Z'; ch++) printf("Encoding of '%c' is %d\n", ch, ch); printf("Press any key to continue\n"); getchar(); for(ch = '0'; ch <= '9'; ch++) printf("Encoding of '%c' is %d\n", ch, ch); return(0); } /* end of int main(void) */ Given that this program is saved under the name Encoding.c, it can be compiled (and linked) using gcc –o AlphaNumerics Encoding.c↵ gcc invokes the GNU C/C++ compiler driver, which first gets the C-preprocessor process Encoding.c and passes the transformed source file to the compiler proper. The output of the compiler proper, an assembly program, is later passed to the assembler. The object code file assembled by the assembler is finally handed to the linker, which links it with the standard C library and stores the executable in a disk file whose name is provided with -o option. Note that you do not have to tell the driver to link with the standard C library. This is a special case, though. With other libraries you must tell the compiler driver the libraries and object files to be linked with. This whole scheme basically creates a new external command named AlphaNumerics. Issuing the command ./AlphaNumerics↵ at the command line will eventually cause the loader to load the program from the secondary storage to memory and run it. emacs &↵ This command will put you in the Emacs development environment. Click on File→Open... and pick Encoding.c from the file list. This will open up a new C-mode buffer within the current window. Note that the second line from the bottom shows (C Abbrev), which means Emacs has identified your source code as a C program. Next, click on Tools→Compile►→Compile.... This will prompt you to enter the command needed to compile (and link) the program. This prompt will be printed in an area called the minibuffer, which is normally the very last line of the frame. Erase the default selection and write gcc –o AlphaNumerics.exe Encoding.c↵ As you hit the enter key, you will see a *compilation* buffer pop up that lets you know about how the compilation process is proceeding. Hoping you don’t make any typos and everything goes smoothly, next thing we will do is to run the executable. In order to do this, click on Tools→Shell►→Shell. This will open a restricted shell inside a Shell mode buffer, from where you can run your executables. Type in ./AlphaNumerics↵ within this buffer and you will see the same output as you saw in the previous section. In case you end up with compilation errors, clicking on an error line in the *compilation* buffer takes you to the relevant source line. If you want to go back to the source code and make some changes, click on Buffers→Encoding.c. When you are through with the changes, you can compile the source code once again by clicking on Tools→Compile►→Repeat Compilation. This will recompile Encoding.c using the command entered above. However, in case you may want to modify the command, click on Tools→Compile►→Compile... and proceed as you did before. Assuming ASCII, you may be tempted to replace all character constants in the program with the corresponding integer values. This is strongly discouraged since it will make the program non-portable. ASCII_Encoding.c #include #include int main(void) { int ch; The following line contains embedded constants, which cause the code to be non-portable. What if we wanted to move our code to some environment where EBCDIC is used to encode characters? So, one should avoid embedding such implementation dependent features into the programs and let the compiler do the dirty work. Note also, since the same action is taken by the compiler, probable motivation—speeding up the program—for replacing character literals with integer constants is not well-founded, either. for(ch = 97; ch <= 122; ch++) printf(“Encoding of %c is %d\n”, ch, ch); printf(“Press any key to continue\n”); getchar(); for(ch = 65; ch <= 90; ch++) printf(“Encoding of %c is %d\n”, ch, ch); printf(“Press any key to continue\n”); getchar(); for(ch = 48; ch <= 57; ch++) printf(“Encoding of %c is %d\n”, ch, ch); The exit function causes the program to terminate, returning the value passed to it as the result of executing the program. Same effect can be achieved by returning an integer value from the main function. By convention, a value of 0 signifies successful termination while a nonzero value is used to signify abnormal termination. exit(0); } /* end of int main(void) */ First of all, make sure you execute vcvars32.bat, which you can find in the bin subdirectory of the MS Visual C/C++ directory. This will set some environment variables you need for correct operation of the command line tools. cl /FeAscii_Enc.exe Ascii_Encoding.c↵ Similar to gcc, this command will go through preprocess, compile, assemble, and link phases. Upon successful completion, we can run our program simply by issuing the name of the executable filename at the command line. The operating system shell will recognize the resultant executable as an external command and get the loader to load the Ascii_Enc.exe into memory and eventually run it. Ascii_Enc↵ Start a new DOS box and enter the following command. rhide Ascii_Encoding.c↵ This will start a DOS-based IDE that you can use to develop projects in different programming languages. Choose Compile→Make or Compile→Build All or Compile→Compile followed by Compile→Link. This will compile the source code and link the resulting object module with the C runtime. You can now run the executable by clicking on Run→Run or by exiting to DOS by choosing File→DOS Shell and entering the filename at the prompt. (In case you may see unexpected behavior from rhide, make sure the file is not too deep inside the directory hierarchy and the names do not contain special characters such as space.) If you choose the second option you can return to rhide by typing exit at the command prompt. Problem: Write a program that prints a greeting in English or Turkish. The language should be chosen by a compile-time switch. The name(s) of the person(s) to be greeted is passed to the program through a command-line argument. Greeting.c #include The following line checks to see whether a macro named TURKISH has already been defined or not. Definition of this macro, or any macro for that matter, can be made within a file or at the command line prompt as a compiler switch. In this example, there is no such definition in the file or any included file. So, absence of such a macro as a compiler switch will cause the control jump to the #else part and the statements between #else and #endif are included in the source file. Given the definition is made at the command line prompt, the statements between #if and #else are included in the source file. Whichever section of code is included, one thing is certain: either the part between #if and #else or the part between #else and #endif is included, not both; there is no danger of duplicate definition. Notice the peculiar way of naming the variables. This is the so-called Hungarian notation. By prefixing specially interpreted characters to the identifier name, this method aims at providing the fellow programmers/maintainers as much context information as possible. Without any reference to the definition of an identifier, which can be pages apart or even in a different source file that is inaccessible to us, we can now garner the required information simply by interpreting the prefix. For instance, szGreeting is meant to be a string ending with zero (that is, a C-style string). #if defined(TURKISH) char szGreeting[] = "Gunaydin,"; char szGreetStranger[] = "Her kimsen gunaydin! "; char szGreetAll[] = "Herkese gunaydin! "; #else char szGreeting[] = "Good morning,"; char szGreetStranger[] = "Good morning, whoever you might be! "; char szGreetAll[] = "Good morning to you all! "; #endif C does not allow the programmer to overload function names. main function is an exception to this: it comes in two flavors. The first one, which we have already seen, does not take any arguments. The second one permits the user to pass command line arguments to the application. These arguments are passed in a vector of pointers to character. If the user wants the arguments to be interpreted as belonging to some other data type, the application code has to do some extra processing. In C, there is no standard way of telling the size of an array. One should either use a convention or hold the size in another variable. Character strings in C, which may be considered as an array of characters, are an example to the former. Here, a sentinel value (NULL character) is used to signify the end of the string. For most instances, such a scheme turns out to be impossible or infeasible. In that case we need to hold the size (or length) information in a separate variable. Hence is the need for a second variable. The program name is the first component of the argument vector. So, if the argument count is one it means the user has not passed any arguments at all. int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { switch (argc) { Execution of a break statement will terminate the innermost enclosing loop (while, for, and do while) or switch statement. That is, it will basically jump to the next line following the loop or switch statement. In our case, control will be transferred to the return statement. Newcomers to C from a Pascal-based background must be careful about the nature of the switch statement: Unlike the case statement, where each branch is executed mutually, switch lets more than one branch be executed. If that’s not what you want you must delimit the branches with break statements, as was done below. Without the break statements in place an argument count of one would cause all three messages to be printed. Similarly, an argument count of two would print anonymous message together with the appropriate one. case 1: printf("%s\n", szGreetStranger); break; case 2: printf("%s %s\n", szGreeting, argv[1]); break; default: printf("%s\n", szGreetAll); } /* end of switch (argc) */ return(0); } /* end of int main(int, char**) */ Saving this C program as Greeting.c and issuing gcc Greeting.c –DTURKISH –o Gunaydin↵ # In Linux at the command line will produce an executable named Gunaydin. This executable will not include object code for any of the statements between #else and #endif. Similarly, if we compile the program using gcc Greeting.c –DENGLISH –o GoodMorning↵ we will get an executable named GoodMorning with the statements between #if defined and #else excluded. Note that with no macros defined at the command line, the English version of the greetings will be included. One should not mistake compile-time switches for command-line arguments. The former is passed to the preprocessor and used to alter the code to be compiled, while the latter is passed to the running program to alter its behavior. Provided that we build our executables as shown above ./Gunaydin Tevfik↵ will produce as output Gunaydin, Tevfik whereas ./GoodMorning Tevfik Ugur↵ will produce Good morning to you all! Problem: Write a program to demonstrate the relationship between pointers and addresses. Pointer_Arithmetic.c #include int string_length(char *str) { int len = 0; The third part in the following for loop increments the variable str, which is a pointer to char. If we fail to realize that address and pointer are two different things, we might be tempted to think that what we do is simply incrementing the address value. But this would be utterly wrong. Although, for pedagogical purposes, we may assume a pointer to be an address, they are not one and the same thing. When we increment a pointer, the address value held in it is incremented by as much as the size of the type of value pointed to by the pointer. However, as far as pointer to char is concerned, incrementing a pointer and address has the same effect. This is due to the fact that a char value is stored in a single byte. Definition: A pointer is a variable that contains the address of a variable, content of which is interpreted to belong to a certain type. Note that although a handle on an object may be regarded as a "kind of" pointer, they are two different concepts. Along with other differences such as support for inheritance, unlike pointers and addresses, handles do not take part in arithmetic operations. for(; *str != '\0'; str++) len++; return len; } /* end of int string_length(char *) */ long sum_ints(int *seq) { long sum = 0; Next line is an example showing the difference between a pointer and an address. Here, incrementing seq will increase the value of the address held in it by the size of an int. for (; *seq > 0; seq++) sum += *seq; return sum; } /* end of long sum_ints(int *) */ int main(void) { Next line creates and initializes an array of chars. The compiler computes the size of this array. What the compiler does is basically count the number of characters in between double quotes and reserve memory accordingly. Note that the compiler automatically appends a NULL character too. However, if we choose to use aggregate initialization, we have to be a bit more cautious. char string[] = {‘G’, ‘o’, ‘k’, ‘c’ , ‘e’}; will create an array of 5 characters, not 6. There won’t be any NULL character at the end of the character array. If that’s not what we really want we should either add the NULL character in initialization as in char string[] = {‘G’, ‘o’, ‘k’, ‘c’, ‘e’, ‘\0’}; or revert back to the former style. In both cases, the array is allocated in the runtime stack. Note also the use of escape sequences for embedding double quotes in the character string. Since it is used to flag the end it's not possible to insert '”' in a string literal. The way out of this is by means of escaping '”', which tells the compiler that the following '”' does not end the character string, it should be literally embedded in the string. char string[] = "Kind of \"long\" string"; int i; int sequence[] = {9, 1, 3, 102, 7, 5, 0}; Third argument of the next printf statement is a call to a function that returns an int. What’s more interesting with this call is the way its argument is passed. Although we seem to be passing an array, what is really passed behind the scenes is the address of the first component of the array; that is, &string[0]. This is done regardless of the array size. Advantages of such a scheme are: All we need to pass is a single pointer, not an entire array. As the array size grows, we save more on memory. Now that we pass a single pointer we avoid copying the entire array. This means saving both on time and memory. The changes we make in the array are permanent; the caller sees the changes made by the callee. This is due to the fact that it is the pointer that is passed by value, not the array. So, although we cannot change the address of the first component of the array, we can modify the contents of the array. The down side of it is that you need to make a local copy of the array if you want the array to remain the same between calls. printf("Length of \"%s\": %d\n", string, string_length(string)); printf("Sum of ints ( "); for (i = 0; sequence[i] != 0; i++) printf("%d ", sequence[i]); printf("): %ld\n", sum_ints(sequence)); return(0); } /* end of int main(void) */ Originally a systems-programming language, C offers assistance for manipulation of data on a bit-by-bit basis. This comprises bitwise operations and a facility to define structure with bit fields. Not surprisingly, this aspect of the language is utilized in machine-dependent applications such as real-time systems, system programs [device drivers, for instance] where running speed is a primary concern. Given the sophisticated optimizations done by today's compilers and the non-portable nature of bit manipulation, in the presence of an alternative their use in general-purpose programming should be avoided. Problem: Write functions to extract exponent and mantissa of a float argument. Extract_Fields.c #include #include #include #define TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS 1 #define TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS 2 Specification of C does not standardize (with the exception of type char) the size of integer types. The only guarantee given by the language specification is the following relation: sizeof(short) ≤ sizeof(int) ≤ sizeof(long) ≤ sizeof(long long) On most machines an int takes up four bytes, whereas on some it takes up two bytes. A menifestation of C's system programming orientation, this variance is due to the fact that size of int was meant to be equal to the word size of the underlying architecture. As a consequence of this, if we take it for granted that four bytes are used to represent an int value, we may occasionally see our programs producing insensible output. This will be due to the fact that an int value representable in four bytes will probably give rise to an overflow when represented in two bytes. The following #if-#else directive is used to circumvent this problem. UINT_MAX, defined in limits.h, holds the largest possible unsigned int value. On machines where an int value is stored in two bytes, this will be equal to 65535. Otherwise, it will be something else. So, if UINT_MAX happens to be 65535 we can say an int is represented in two bytes. If not, it is represented in four bytes. #if UINT_MAX==65535 typedef unsigned long BIG_INT; #else typedef unsigned int BIG_INT; #endif char *usage = “USAGE: Extract_Fields float_number”; Next function pulls the exponent part of a particular float variable. This is done by isolating the exponent part and shifting the resulting value to right. We use bitwise-and operator (binary &) to isolate the number and shift-right (>>) this isolated exponent (in a way right-adjust the number). Note that result of right-shifting a negative integer—that is, a number with a bit pattern having 1 in the most significant bit—is undefined. In other words, the behavior is implementation dependent. While in some implementations the sign bit is preserved and therefore right-shifting is effectively sign-extending the number, in others this bit is replaced with a 0. BIG_INT exponent(float num) { float *fnump = # BIG_INT *lnump = (BIG_INT *) fnump; Partial image of memory at this point is given in Figure 3. If, say, num has -1.5 as its value, it will be interpreted as -1.5 when seen through fnump. That is, *fnump will be -1.5. However, if seen through lnump, it will be interpreted to contain 3,217,031,168! The difference is due to different ways of looking at the same thing: While *fnump sees num as a float value compliant with the IEEE 754/854, *lnump sees the same four bytes of memory as an integer value (of type unsigned long or unsigned int, depending on the machine the program is running on) encoded using 2’s complement notation. (insert figure here) The following line first uses a bit mask to isolate the exponent part and then shifts it to right so that the exponent bits occupy the least significant numbers. (insert figure here) return((*lnump & 0x7F800000) >> 23); } /* end of BIG_INT exponent(float) */ Next function extracts the mantissa part of the number. It does this simply by masking out the sign and exponent parts of the number. This is accomplished by the bitwise-and operator in the return expression. Note that we do not need to shift the number since its mantissa is made up of the lowest 23 digits of the representation. BIG_INT mantissa(float num) { float *fnump = # BIG_INT *lnump = (BIG_INT*) fnump; return(*lnump & 0x007FFFFF); } /* end of BIG_INT long mantissa(float) */ The following function tries to make sense of the command line arguments. Number of such arguments being one means the user has not passed any numbers. We display an appropriate message and exit the program. If the argument count is two the second one is taken to be the number whose components we will extract. Otherwise, the user has passed more arguments than we could deal with; we simply let her know about it and exit the program. In case of failure it’s a recommended practice to exit with a nonzero value. This may turn out to be of great help when programs are run in coordination by means of a shell script. If a program depends on the successful completion of another, the script needs to have a reliable way of checking the result of the previous programs. A program exiting with non-descriptive values is of no help in such situations. We have to make sure that when we return with zero, it really means successful execution. Otherwise there is something wrong, which may further be elucidated by different exit codes. strtod function is used to convert a numeric string, which may also contain -/+ and e/E, to a floating-point number of type double. While it’s easy to figure out the function of the first argument, which is a pointer to the string to be converted, one cannot say the same thing about the second argument. Upon return from strtod the second argument will hold a pointer to the character following the converted part of the input string. Thanks to this, we can process the rest of the string using strtod and its friends. Parse.c gcc -o Parse.exe Parse.c↵ # Double-quotes are needed to treat the string as a single argument. It is not a part of the argument string and will be stripped before passing to main! Parse "Selin Yardimci: 80, 90, 100"↵ Name: Selin Yardimci Midterm: 80 Final: 90 Assignment: 100 float number(int argc, char *argv[]) { switch (argc) { case 1: printf(“Too few arguments. %s\n”, usage); exit(TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS); case 2: return((float) strtod(argv[1], NULL)); default: printf(“Too many arguments. %s\n”, usage); exit(TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS): } /* end of switch (argc) */ } /* end of float number(int, char **) */ Observe the simplicity of the main function. We just state what the program does; we do not delve in the details of how it does that. Reading the main function, the maintainer of this code can easily figure out what it claims to do. In case she may need more detail, she has to check the function bodies. Depending on the complexity of the program, these functions will provide full details of the implementation or defer this provision to another function. In a complex program this deferment can be extended to multiple levels. However simple or complex the problem at hand might be and whichever paradigm we use, we start by answering the question "What" and then move (probably in degrees) on to answering the question "How". In other words, we first analyze the problem and come up with a design for the solution and then provide an implementation. Our code should reflect this: it should first expose the answer to "what" (interface) and then (to the interested parties) the answer to "how" (implementation). int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { float num; printf(“Exponent of the number is: %x\n”, exponent(num = number(argc, argv))); printf(“Mantissa of the number is: %x\n”, mantissa(num)); return(0); } /* end of int main(int, char**) */ Problem: Using bit fields, implement the previous problem. Extract_Fields_BF.c #include #include #include ... Bit fields are defined similar to ordinary record fields. The only difference between the two is the width specification following the bit field. According to the definition below fraction, exponent, and sign occupy twenty-three, eight, and one bit, respectively. However, rest is pretty much up to the compiler implementation. To start with, as is manifested by the preprocessor directive, memory layout of a variable of type struct SINGLE_FP depends on the processor endianness. Manner of bit packing is also not guaranteed to be the same among different hardware. These two factors effectively limit the use of bit fields to machine-dependent programs. struct SINGLE_FP { #ifdef BIG_ENDIAN /* e.g. Motorola */ unsigned int sign : 1; unsigned int exponent : 8; unsigned int fraction : 23; #else /* if LITTLE_ENDIAN, e.g. Intel */ unsigned int fraction : 23; unsigned int exponent : 8; unsigned int sign : 1; #endif }; BIG_INT exponent(float num) { float *fnump = # struct SINGLE_FP *lnump = (struct SINGLE_FP *) fnump; There are two field access operators in C: . and ->. The former is used to access fields of a structure, whereas the latter is used to access fields of a structure through a pointer to the structure. Now that lnump is defined to be a pointer to the SINGLE_FP structure, all variables declared to be of type SINGLE_FP can access the bit fields through the use of ->. Observe structure->field is equivalent to (*structure).field. For example, lnump->exponent is equivalent to (*lnump).exponent return(lnump->exponent); } /* end of BIG_INT exponent(float) */ BIG_INT mantissa(float num) { float *fnump = # struct SINGLE_FP *lnump = (struct SINGLE_FP *) fnump; return(lnump->fraction); } /* end of BIG_INT mantissa(float) */ float number(int argc, char *argv[]) { ... } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { ... } Problem: Using memoization write a low cost recursive factorial function. Reminiscent of caching memoization can be used to speed up programs by saving results of computations that have already been made. The difference between the two lies in their scopes. When we speak of caching we speak of a system- or application-wide optimization technique. On the other hand, memoization is a function-specific technique. When a request is received we first check to see whether we can avoid computing the result from scratch. Otherwise, computation is carried out from scratch and the result is added to our database. In other words, we prefer computation-in-space over computation-in-time and save some precious computer time. Applying this technique to the problem at hand we will store the set of already computed factorials in a static local array. Now that any changes made to this array will be persistent between different calls, basis condition for recursion will be changed to reaching a computed factorial, not an argument value of 1 or 0. That is, we have Memoize.c #include #define MAX_COMPUTABLE_N 20 #define TRUE 1 unsigned long long factorial(unsigned char n) { As soon as the program starts running the following initializations will have taken effect. As a matter of fact, since static local variables are allocated in the static data region initial values for them are present in the disk image of the executable. Mark the initializer of the array used for storing the already made computations. Although it has MAX_COMPUTABLE_N components only two values are provided in the initializer. The remaining slots are filled with the default initial value 0. In other words, it is equivalent to static unsigned long long computed_factorials[MAX_COMPUTABLE_N] = {1, 1, 0, 0, , .., 0}; Note that we could provide more initial values to avoid more of the initial cost. static unsigned char largest_computed = 1; static unsigned long long computed_factorials[MAX_COMPUTABLE_N] = {1, 1}; If we have already computed the factorial of a number that is equal to or greater than the current argument value, we retrieve this value and return it to the caller. Note that receiver of the returned value can be either the main function or another invocation of the factorial function. In the second case, we do part of the computation and use some partial result from the previous computations. if (n <= largest_computed) return computed_factorials[n]; printf("N: %d\t", n); Once new values are computed it is stored in our array and the largest argument value for which factorial has been computed is appropriately updated to reflect this fact. computed_factorials[n] = n * factorial(n - 1); if (largest_computed < n) largest_computed = n; return computed_factorials[n]; } /* end of unsigned long long factorial(unsigned char) */ int main(void) { short n; printf("Enter a negative value for termination of the program...\n"); do { printf("Enter an integer in [0..20]: "); h preceding the conversion letter (d) specifies that input is expected to be a short int. Similarly, one can use l to specify a long int. scanf("%hd", &n); if (n < 0) break; if (n > 20) { printf("Value out of range!!! No computations done.\n"); Like break continue is used to alter the flow of control inside loops; it terminates the execution of the innermost enclosing while, do while, and for statements. In our case, control will be transferred to the beginning of the do-while statement. continue; } /* end of if (n > 20) */ printf("%d! is %Lu\n", n, factorial((unsigned char) n)); } while (TRUE); return(0); } /* end of int main(void) */ gcc –o MemoizedFactorial.exe Memoize.c↵ MemoizedFactorial↵ Enter a negative value for termination of the program Enter an integer in [0..20]: 1 1! is 1 Enter an integer in [0..20]: 5 N:5 N:4 N:3 N:2 5! is 120 Enter an integer in [0..20]: 5 5! is 120 Enter an integer in [0..20]: 10 N:10 N:9 N:8 N:7 N:6 10! is 3628800 Enter an integer in [0..20]: -1 Problem: Write a program that strips comments of a C program. Strip_Comments.c #include #include #include #include #include #define BOOL char #define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 #define MAX_LINE_LENGTH 500 #define NORMAL_COMPLETION 0 #define CANNOT_OPEN_INPUT_FILE 11 #define CANNOT_OPEN_OUTPUT_FILE 12 #define TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS 21 #define TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS 22 When an identifier definition is qualified with const, it is taken to be immutable. Such an identifier cannot appear as an lvalue. This means we cannot declare an identifier to be constant and subsequently assign a value to it; a constant must be provided with a value at its point of declaration. In other words, a constant must be initialized. Initializer of a global constant can contain nothing but subexpressions that can be evaluated at the compile-time. A local constant on the other hand can contain run-time values. For instance, will produce the following output: i: 15 i: 30 i: 18 i: 39 This goes to show that constants are created for each function invocation and they can get different values. But they still cannot be modified throughout the function call. const char file_ext[] = “.noc”; const char temp_file[] = “TempFile”; const char usage[] = "USAGE: StripComments filename"; In C, all identifiers must be declared before they are used! This includes file names, variables, and structure tags. The corresponding definition can be provided after the declaration in the same file or in a different one. While there can be more than one declaration, there can be only one definition. Following declarations are prototypes of functions whose definitions are provided later in the program. Note the parameter names do not agree with the parameter names provided in the definition. As a matter of fact, one does not even have to provide the names. But, you still have to list the parameter types so as to facilitate type checking: It is an error if the definition of a function or any uses of it do not agree with its prototype. The use of prototypes can be avoided by rearranging the order of definitions. For this example, putting the main function at the end would remove the need for the prototypes. char* filename(int argumentCount, char* argumentVector[]); void trimWS(const char *filename); void strip(const char *filename); Comma-separated expressions are considered a single expression result of which is the result returned by the last expression. Evaluation of a comma-separated expression is strictly from left to right; the compiler cannot change this order. int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { char *fname = filename(argc, argv); (strip(fname), trimWS(fname)); return(NORMAL_COMPLETION); } /* end of int main(int, char**) */ char* filename(int argc, char* argv[]) { A more general version of printf, fprintf performs output formatting and sends the output to the stream specified as the first argument. We can therefore see printf as an equivalent form of the following: fprintf(stdin, "...", ...); /* read it as "file printf..." */ Another friend of printf that you may want to consider in output formatting is the sprintf function. This function, instead of writing the output to some media, causes it to be stored in a string of characters. switch (argc) { case 1: fprintf(stderr, "No file name passed!\n %s\n", usage); exit(TOO_FEW_ARGUMENTS); case 2: return(argv[1]); default: fprintf(stderr, "Too many arguments!\n %s\n",usage); exit(TOO_MANY_ARGUMENTS); } /* end of switch(argc) */ } /* end of char* filename(int, char**) */ void trimRight(char *line) { int i = strlen(line) - 1; do i--; while (i >= 0 && isspace(line[i])) ; line[i + 1] = '\n'; line[i + 2] = '\0'; } /* end of void trimRight(char*) */ void trimWS(const char *infilename) { char next_line[MAX_LINE_LENGTH]; char outfilename[strlen(infilename) + strlen(file_ext) + 1]; FILE *infile, *outfile; BOOL empty_line = FALSE; The following statement tries to open a file in reading mode. It maps the physical file, whose name is held in variable temp_file, to the logical file named infile. If this attempt results in success every operation you apply on the logical file will be executed on the physical file. infile variable can be thought of as a handle on the real file. The mapping between the handle and the physical file is not one-to-one. Just like more than one handle can show the same object, one can have more than one handle on the same physical file. There is no problem as long as all handles are used in read mode. But things get ugly if different handles simultaneously try to modify the same file. [The keywords are operating systems, concurrency, and synchronization.] If the open operation fails we cannot get a handle on the physical file. That is reflected in the value returned by the fopen function: NULL. A pointer having a NULL value means that we cannot use it for further manipulation. All we can do is to test it against NULL. So, we check for this condition first. Unless it is NULL we proceed; otherwise we write something about the nature of the exceptional condition to the standard error file stderr and exit the program. Just like the standard output, the standard error file is by default mapped to the screen. So, why do we write to stderr instead of stdio? The answer is, we may choose to re-map these standard files to different physical units. In such a case if we kept writing everything to the same logical file, say stdio, errors would clutter valid output data; we would have difficulty telling which one is which. infile = fopen(temp_file, "r"); if (infile == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "Error in opening file %s: %s\n", temp_file, strerror(errno)); exit(CANNOT_OPEN_INPUT_FILE); } /* end of if (infile == NULL) */ strcpy(outfilename, infilename); strcat(outfilename, file_ext); outfile = fopen(outfilename, "w"); if (outfile == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "Error in opening file %s: %s\n", outfilename, strerror(errno)); fclose(infile); exit(CANNOT_OPEN_OUTPUT_FILE); } /* end of if (outfile == NULL) */ while (fgets(next_line, MAX_LINE_LENGTH + 1, infile)) { trimRight(next_line); if (strlen(next_line) == 1) { if (!empty_line) fputs(next_line, outfile); empty_line = TRUE; } else { fputs(next_line, outfile); empty_line = FALSE; } /* end of else */ } /* end of while (fgets(next_line, ...) */ fclose(infile); fclose(outfile); remove(temp_file); return; } /* end of void trimWS(const char*) */ void strip(const char *filename) { int next_ch; BOOL inside_comment = FALSE; FILE *infile, *outfile; infile = fopen(filename, "r"); if (infile == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "Error in opening file %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno)); exit(CANNOT_OPEN_INPUT_FILE); } /* end of if (infile == NULL) */ outfile = fopen(temp_file, "w"); if (outfile == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "Error in opening file %s: %s\n", temp_file, strerror(errno)); fclose(infile); exit(CANNOT_OPEN_OUTPUT_FILE); } /* end of if (outfile == NULL) */ The solution to the problem can be modeled using the following finite automaton. Note the ease of transforming the FA-based solution to C code. This is yet another example of how useful, however useless and boring it might look at first, such a theoretic model might be. A problem is solved by transforming its problem domain representation to the corresponding solution domain representation. The more one knows about models to represent a problem the more easily she will come up with the solution of the problem. while ((next_ch = fgetc(infile)) != EOF) { switch (inside_comment) { case FALSE: if (next_ch != '/') { fputc(next_ch, outfile); break; } if ((next_ch = fgetc(infile)) == '*') inside_comment = TRUE; else { fputc('/', outfile); ungetc(next_ch, infile); } break; case TRUE: if (next_ch != '*') break; if ((next_ch = fgetc(infile)) == '/') inside_comment = FALSE; } /* end of switch(inside_comment) */ } /* end of
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Statistical variables can be classified as follows: The level of measurement of a variable in mathematics and statistics describes how much information the numbers associated with the variable contain. Different mathematical operations on variables are possible, depending on the level at which a variable is measured. In statistics, the kinds of descriptive statistics and significance tests that are appropriate depend on the level of measurement of the variables concerned. Four levels of measurement are usually recognised: Nominal measurement. The numbers are names or labels. They can and often are replaced by verbal names. If two entities have the same number associated with them, they belong to the same category, and that is the only significance that they have. The only comparisons that can be made between variable values are equality and inequality. There are no "less than" or "greater than" relations among them, nor operations such as addition or subtraction. Examples include: the international telephone code for a country, the numbers on the shirts of players in a sports team, or the number of a bus. The only kind of measure of central tendency is the mode. Information entropy is available as a measure of statistical dispersion, but no notion of standard deviation or the like exists. Variables that are measured only nominally are also called categorical variables.in other word it is used for qualitative data. Ordinal measurement. The numbers have all the features of nominal measures and also represent the rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.) of the entities measured. The numbers are ordinals. Comparisons of greater and less can be made, in addition to equality and inequality. However operations such as conventional addition and subtraction are still without meaning. A physical example is the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Another example is the results of a horse race; which horses arrived first, second, third, etc. are reported, but the time intervals between the horses are not reported. Most measurement in psychology and other social sciences is at the ordinal level; for example attitudes and IQ are only measured at the ordinal level. If customers surveyed report preferring chocolate- to vanilla-flavored ice cream, the data are of this kind. The central tendency of a distribution an ordinally measured variable can be represented by its mode or its median; the latter will give more information. Variables measured at the ordinal level are referred to as ordinal variables or rank variables. Interval measurement. The numbers have all the features of ordinal measurement and also are separated by the same interval. In this case, differences between arbitrary pairs of numbers can be meaningfully compared. Operations such as addition and subtraction are therefore meaningful. However, the zero point on the scale is arbitrary, and ratios between numbers on the scale are not meaningful, so operations such as multiplication and division cannot be carried out. On the other hand, negative values on the scale can be used. An example is the year date in many calendars. The central tendency of a distribution an variable measured at the interval level can be represented by its mode, its median or its arithmetic mean; the mean will give most information. Variables measured at the interval level are referred to as interval variables, or sometimes as scaled variables, though the latter usage is not obvious and is not recommended. Ratio measurement. This is the highest level of measurement and is used for quantitative data. The numbers have all the features of interval measurement and also have meaningful ratios between arbitrary pairs of numbers. Operations such as multiplication and division are therefore meaningful. The zero value on a ratio scale is non-arbitrary. Most physical quantities, such as mass, length or energy are measured on ratio scales; so is temperature when it is measured in kelvins, i.e., relative to absolute zero. The central tendency of a distribution an variable measured at the interval level can be represented by its mode, its median, its arithmetic mean, or its geometric mean; however as with an interval scale, the arithmetic mean will give the most useful information. Variables measured at the interval level are referred to as ratio variables. Interval and/or ratio measurement are sometimes referred to as "true measurement", though this usage reflects a lack of understanding of the uses of ordinal measurement. However, it is only quantities measured on ratio scales that can correctly be said to have units of measurement. Continuous variables are those variables that have theoretically an infinite number of gradations between two measurements. For example, body weight of individuals, milk yield of cows or buffaloes etc. Most of the variables in biology are of continuous type. Continuous variables arise from the process of measuring, i.e. assigning numerical values to objects according to explicit rules. The value of such variable is dependent on how precise the measuring instrument is. Discrete variables, on the other hand, do not have continuous gradations but there is a definite gap between two measurements, i.e. they can not be measured in fractions. For example, number of eggs laid by hens, number of children in a family etc. Discrete variables arise from the process of counting, thus regardless of the starting point, the value will always be the same.
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Quantum m-theory is an extrapolation of quantum statistical mechanics to include a vantage point in m-theory it has been called qm-theory and is a unified theory of astroparticle physics. Strickly a theory at this point, it suggests that projections of Hilbert space in the optical regime is the visible universe and thus the detectable one is a fact of black body radiation of a layered boundary of space-time at the limits of the universe. It is proposed to be derivable from quantum statistical mechanics. It is totally deterministic and involve measurement inside of the universal black body. The crux of the theory is that inside of this universal black body there is effects from next door universes in a m-theory. It talks of the contents of the black body instead of the output. However the output of the black body universe is a question and it expects that the cylindrical shape of our universe is an effect of recoil at the beginning of our set of space-time or during the big bang. It doesn't rule out string theory or m-theory individualy. It extracts the multiverse from m-theory however. The key to understanding qm-theory is in its unification. All of the universe is contained in its likelihood. As the likelihood aproaches all of the constituents of the universe the likelihood is maximized for its parameterspace. This is the details of computational likelihood theory which is just another way to discuss quantum statistical mechanics. The most recent connection is that the projective statistic that should be physical law is now a Hilbert space that can be seen with optics or detected with spectroscopy. By Dennis William Melton
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The following is a list of quotes from the second season of the 2005 series Ben 10. Grandpa Max: And then, kablamo, no more Vilgax. Or so I thought, until today. Ben Tennyson: Whoa, you were a hero? Grandpa Max: I was just a guy doing a job. Gwen Tennyson: Excuse me, but exactly what was that job? Grandpa Max: We called ourselves "the Plumbers". Officially, we didn't exist. We dealt with the problems no-one else could. Extraterrestrial, extrasensory, extraordinary. Ben Tennyson: So all this time I've been going hero, I've really been following in your footsteps. I'm a Plumber in training! Phil Billings: Kids, order anything off the room service. Ben Tennyson: Oh, yeah, that's what I'm talking about! Gwen Tennyson: Something's going on that Grandpa's not telling us about. Come on! Ben Tennyson: And pass up free room service? No way! I'm stayin' here! Gwen Tennyson: (cleverly) Nah, you're right. It's probably just some secret Plumber's mission. Better if we just stay out of it. (Ben looks up; scene changes; Ben is dragging Gwen out the front door) Leader Alien: Relax. We come in peace. Gwen Tennyson: That's what they always say right before they blow you to bits. Enforcer Alien: Hmm. An earthling with attitude. I've heard they exist here in large numbers, or should I say... "did?" Leader Alien: (spotting Ben as Cannonbolt) And an Aburian Pelarota to boot. Gwen Tennyson: (whispering to Cannonbolt) At least we know what you are, now. Grandpa Max: We're running out of time. Ben Tennyson: And aliens. I went everybody. Gwen Tennyson: Not exactly everybody. Ben Tennyson: No way! I am not turning into that ball-thing again. Plus, I don't even know if I could. Gwen Tennyson: Don't try and Earth turns into a giant cesspool! Ben Tennyson: I hate it when you're right! Gwen Tennyson: Are you demented? Going alien just to get a stupid video game?! Ben Tennyson: What are you talking about? Gwen Tennyson: You going Four Arm freaky in front of that store. That's what I'm talking about! Grandpa Max: Now I'm sure he has a good explanation. Don't you, Ben? Ben Tennyson: Yeah. Gwen Tennyson: [sarcastically] Oh, sure! Just like you never put an empty milk bottle back in the refrigerator, or you never leave the shower all gunked up, or you never, EVER leave the toilet seat up in the middle of the night! You never do anything wrong, do you? Ben Tennyson: [smugly] No, I don't. Sounds about right. Gwen Tennyson: [Talking to Heatblast] Yo, hothead! Back off the fireworks before somebody gets really hurt! Now if you take responsibility on the wacko stuff you have be doing, I'm sure we could help you! Ben Tennyson: [appearing behind her] Gwen! Gwen Tennyson: Not now, dweeb! Can't you see I got to deal with- [realizes Heatblast is not Ben] BEN?! S-So who are you? Heatblast: Me? I'm a hottie. Can't you tell? (tosses a fireball at her) (Ben transforms into Diamondhead and defends Gwen) Diamondhead: Now do you believe me? You and Grandpa get everyone else out of here! Narrator: Everybody's life is a story. There are the good parts, the bad, the funny, and sometimes the very, very scary. And when we tell a story, we never tell it the same way twice. So, here's one way to tell the story of Ben Tennyson, who one day found himself living a life that seemed to catch him by surprise. Grandpa Max: Ben, I got you from Madison Elementary School today, just two hours ago. Ben Tennyson: No way! Two weeks ago we were on Mount Rushmore kicking Vilgax's butt. (Startled, Grandpa Max almost loses control of the RV) Ben Tennyson: Whoa, Grandpa, are you okay? Grandpa Max: Yeah. Yeah, uh, just dodged a skunk on the road. Slix Vigma: (to Fourarms and Kevin) I am Slix Vigma and this is the Megacruiser. Everything on this ship belongs to me, including you. Kevin 11: Hey! I don't belong to anybody, Slick, you sorry- (gets zapped by the robot pinning him down) Slix Vigma: I speak, you listen. These eyes see everything on this ship, and these hands control everything on this ship, and I've decided that your... RELATIONSHIP... will make you an entertaining team in the arena. Fourarms: Team? Kevin 11: (as the two are shackled) Ow! I'm not goin' around tied to this loser! Fourarms: You took the words right outta my mouth, freakazoid! Slix Vigma: Your fates are now linked. If one of you should happen to expire, the shackles will ensure the other does as well. Now, your next opponent awaits. (transports Fourarms and Kevin to the arena with Technorg) Technorg: (while crowd boos him) Boos? No one boos Technorg! Technorg is champion! Ben Tennyson: (to Kevin) Let's get some distance between us and him while he's distracted. (starts to run, but Kevin trips him) Kevin 11: You're not the boss of me, pukebag! Ben Tennyson: Hey! If we're gonna stay alive, we have to work together! Kevin 11: Why would I want to work with you? You're useless! I'll take care of this guy myself. Gwen Tennyson: Ben, that's a work of art, you know, not your personal butt rest. You're going to get us kicked out of the museum. Ben Tennyson: I don't have that kind of luck. Gwen Tennyson: One afternoon of culture won't kill you. Ben Tennyson: Unless it bores me to death. (eats a piece of chocolate) Gwen Tennyson: Hey, can I have a piece of that? Ben Tennyson: Sorry. Chocolate's for super heroes only. Gwen Tennyson: More like super jerks only. Vulkanus: Element X. It's no good by itself, you know. Where are we gonna find the bicenthium we need to make it go boom? Ohh, I should have known. The cesspool of the galaxy - Earth. (Gwen, Gilbert, Andy, and Mandy all run into the storage shed) Andy: We wouldn't even be here now if you didn't make us hide in the kitchen! Mandy: Me? It was your idea in the first place! Andy: Well, you didn't have to listen to me! Gwen Tennyson: Stop it! Andy and Mandy: She/he started it! Gwen Tennyson: It doesn't matter who started it or whose fault it is. What matters is your family and you need to stick together. Got it? Andy and Mandy: Okay. Gwen Tennyson: Good, because we're gonna need to fight our way out of here. Wildvine: So let me guess, you're the brainiac. Fungal Brain: I prefer Mycelium. Grandpa Max: Ben, who are you talking to? Wildvine: Mr. Mushroom Head. It's like we're connected or something. Oh, man! Why can't you be a vegetarian? Fungal Brain: Struggle as you may, you cannot stop me. Soon, I will consume every living creature on this planet. Wildvine: Well, you're not starting with us! Grandpa Max: The Mask of Ah Puch is the guide to the sword of Ekchuah. A Plumber's searched for it for decades without any luck. Ben Tennyson: Ekchuah? What kind of alien is that? Grandpa Max: Not alien. Mayan. Echtua was the Mayan god of war. His sword was rumored to have leveled cities with just one swipe. Ben Tennyson: Ha! Sounds like just the kind o' thing the world's most powerful ten-year-old boy should have. Grandpa Max: This is no toy, Benjamin. Whoever controls the sword controls the destiny of Mankind, and I will not let it fall into the wrong hands. Enoch: I thought you'd retired from the plumbing business, Mr. Tennyson. Or may I call you Max? Grey Matter: It's Enoch and those Forever Knight guys who tried to slice and dice me. Enoch: How nice of you to remember. And, of course, how can I forget the family who left the Forever Knight without a castle. Grandpa Max: Whatever happened you brought upon yourselves. Enoch: Aren't we the feisty sewer rat? I'd love to chat about old times, but I'm late for holding the world at my mercy. So, I'll be taking that mask now. Grandpa Max: Over my dead body. Enoch: Excellent suggestion. Gwen Tennyson: (researching her new gemstone) It looks like it's one of the Charms of Bezel. Ben Tennyson: But you destroyed all those in that cemetery fighting that Hex creep. Gwen Tennyson: I thought I did, but this is the legendary lost Keystone. It's rumored to increase ten times the powers and the skills of the one who possess it. Grandpa Max: Well, the legend seems to be fact, not fiction. Ben Tennyson: You are so lucky! Gwen Tennyson: It's not luck, it's magic. Amazing Alan: For my first trick, I vill need a volunteer. Ben Tennyson: [appearing onstage with startling suddenness] Ben Tennyson, at your service! Grandpa Max: [seated in the audience, quietly asks] What's he up to? Amazing Alan: [putting Ben in a box] Ein boy goes in, but vhat comes out vill amaze. Ben Tennyson: [grinning as the lid is lowered] They won't be the only ones. [box is closed and padlocked] Amazing Alan: [waving his hands over the box] Abra, Kadabra... [a green glow is seen coming from inside the box and, much to the amazing Alan's surprise, Wildmutt bursts out] Ben Tennyson: [powering up the Omnitrix] Time for Ripjaws to take a dive. [green flash] Edwin GrandSmith: What was that? Gwen Tennyson: [trying to sound innocent] What was what? [Grey Matter emerges from behind the barrels] Grey Matter: Oh, man. For once I was better off as me. Donovan GrandSmith: We're flooding. They broke the glass. Edwin GrandSmith: I knew you shouldn't have taken it. I knew it. Donovan GrandSmith: Edwin, quiet! I'm sure it has nothing to do with this. Grandpa Max: Taken what, Donovan? Donovan GrandSmith: Edwin doesn't know what he's talking about. Edwin GrandSmith: How would YOU know? All you ever hear from me is what you wanna hear. Ben Tennyson: You think you're so smart. Is that why you want to go to this stupid school? It's full of nothing but snobs and posers. Gwen Tennyson: Bancroft Academy is one of the top schools in the country. Ben Tennyson: Yeah, for snobs and posers. Gwen Tennyson: Ben, I'm warning you. You'd better not do ANYTHING to embarrass me on the tour of the campus. Ben Tennyson: Don't get your shorts in a twist. [sounding slightly foreboding] I'll be on my best behavior. Gwen Tennyson: [sounding like she's going to be sick] Oh, why doesn't that make me feel better? Ben Tennyson: This can't be happening! You can't be you, I'M you! Zs'Skayr: I was never you. An Ectonurite's consciousness exists even in a few strands of DNA. When the sample was taken for the Omnitrix, I was trapped inside. But now, I can reveal my true self! [Zs'Skayr breaks out of his sun-protection skin, revealing his monstrous true form. Ben takes a step back in alarm.] Ben Tennyson: And I thought you were ugly before! Zs'Skayr: I need the power of the Omnitrix to make myself whole again, and the only way to do that is by taking over your body. Now let's see how YOU like being trapped inside someone else! Ben Tennyson: (outside the RV; about the Omnitrix) Oh, man! I am gonna get so busted if anybody sees this. Grandpa Max: Ben? Gwen Tennyson: What was that? Ben Tennyson: (puts his hands behind his back) What was what? Grandpa Max: What was that noise? Ben Tennyson: Uh, lightning? Gwen Tennyson: There's not a cloud in the sky. Ben Tennyson: Uh, lightning got rid of them? Ben Tennyson: I saw that. Go ahead and say it- you know you want to. Gwen Tennyson: [innocently] Say what? Ben Tennyson: You know, the big "I told you so" speech about messing around with the Omnitrix, and how you were right all along and if I'd listened to you we wouldn't be in the trouble that we are in right now. Gwen Tennyson: I didn't say a word. Ben Tennyson: Yeah, but you're thinking it. Admit it! There's no way I am waiting! Just go ahead and say it now and get it over with. Gwen Tennyson: I don't know what you're talking about, Benjamin. Ben Tennyson: Grandpa! Gwen won't say "I told you so!" Grandpa Max: I don't like the sound of that. Ben Tennyson: Maybe it's just some kind of an upgrade. [turns into Upgrade] Upgrade: Woah! What happened? I never even touched it! Unless...maybe now I don't have to. Grey Matter! [turns into Grey Matter] Grey Matter: Diamondhead! [turns into Diamondhead] Diamondhead: Cool! This rocks! [turns into XLR8] XLR8: I must have unlocked some kinda master control or something! [turns into Heatblast] Heatblast: Now I can go alien... [turns into Wildvine] Wildvine: ...just by thinking it! [turns into Wildmutt] Gwen Tennyson: Listen, Ben, about the watch... Ben Tennyson: I know. I was cocky and totally abused my powers, and I'm totally sorry. Guess that won't happen again since I'm back to being just plain, old Ben. Gwen Tennyson: You know Ben, that sacrifice you made for me was pretty impressive. So, here's a reward for you. Ben Tennyson: If that's another goofy hug or something, no thank you. Gwen Tennyson: Okay, maybe I should keep it for myself. (shows Omnitrix) Ben Tennyson: Whoa, the Omnitrix? But... I saw you throw it away! Gwen Tennyson: Maybe you're stupid enough to throw the Omnitrix away, but I'm not. Ben Tennyson: Then...What did you throw? Wikipedia has an article about: Ben 10
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Une Tempête ("A tempest") is a 1969 play by Aimé Césaire. as translated by Richard Miller (1985, 1992) ARIEL: Poor Caliban, you're doomed. You know that you aren't the stronger, you'll never be the stronger. What good will it do you to struggle? CALIBAN: And what about you? What good has your obedience done you, your Uncle Tom patience and your sucking up to him. The man's just getting more demanding and despotic day by day. ARIEL: He's stronger than you are. I'm in a good position to know just what he's got in his arsenal. CALIBAN: The stronger? Weakness always has a thousand means and cowardice is all that keeps us from listing them. ARIEL: I don't believe in violence. CALIBAN: What do you believe in, then? In cowardice? In giving up? In kneeling and groveling? That's it, someone strikes you on the right cheek and you offer the left. Someone kicks you on the left buttock and you turn the right ... that way there's no jealousy. Well, that's not Caliban's way... Aimé Césaire The Tempest Wikipedia has an article about: Une Tempête
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Sleep occupies up to a third of the average individual's existence and is believed to fulfil a number of essential biological functions:- 1. It enables the body to replenish its energy reserves. 2. It gives the immune system a clear run to do some housework - eliminating toxins, disposing of potentially harmful chemical leftovers such as free radicals. 3. Integrating short term memories with long term ones and deleting obsolete neuronal connections. The study of sleep has led to the development of a unique glossary of terms, a shortened version of which is given here:- Apnoea Suden cessation of breathing. Bruxism - Teeth grinding while sleeping. Circadian Rhythm Normal 24 hour sleep pattern. Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) - Abnormal sleep pattern e.g jet lag. Enuresis - Bed wetting. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) - See Narcolepsy. Hypnophobia - Fear of falling asleep. Hypopnea - Shallow breathing during sleep. Hypersomnia - Excessive amounts of sleep. Insomnia - Abnormal wakefulness. Narcolepsy - Abrupt daytime periods of sleep. Nocturia - Frequent need to urinate during the night. Non-Rapid Eye movement (NREM) - Eyes are immobile. Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) - Sudden jerking of an arm or leg while sleeping. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) - Self-explanatory. Usually occurs when dreaming is taking place. REM Sleep Disorder (RSD) Acting out violent or dramatic dreams when asleep. Restless Legs Syndrome - Inability to keep the legs still when lying down. 2012 Videnovic and Golombek evaluated PD sleep disorders:- Co-existent primary sleep disorders, medication side effects, overnight re-emergence of motor symptoms, and primary neurodegeneration itself, are main causes of sleep disruption and excessive daytime sleepiness among patients with PD. Increasing body of evidence suggests that the circadian system becomes dysregulated in PD, which may lead to poor sleep and alertness. Bliwise et al tested the sleep patterns of 63 PD patients in a sleep laboratory and concluded:- A sizeable proportion of PD patients demonstrated REM [Rapid Eye Movements] sleep and daytime sleep tendency during daytime nap testing. These data confirm similarities in REM intrusions between narcolepsy and PD, perhaps suggesting parallel neurodegenerative conditions of hypocretin deficiency. Sonka and Susta evaluated Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) in PD patients and concluded:- The central nervous system stimulants modafinil and methylphenidate seem to work well in most cases and in narcolepsy and Parkinson's disease; sodium oxybate also has notable therapeutic value. 2012 Howell , M.J. Neurotherapeutics. Abstract Parasomnias: An Updated Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22965264 today The National Sleep Foundation (USA) publishes an analysis of sleep disorders associated with PD. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/article/sleep-topics/parkinsons-disease-and-sleep font color="maroon">Today Use the following links to query the PubMed, PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases using the Search terms:- Parkinson's_Disease Sleep. Pubmed (abstracts) Pubmed_Central (Full_Text) Google_Scholar Non-Motor Symptoms Videnovic, A and Golombek, D. (2012) Abstract Exp Neurol. 2012 Circadian and sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22935723 Bliwise, D.L. ; Trotti, L.M; Juncos,J.J. ; Factor, S.A.; Freeman, A. and Rye, D.B. (2012) Abstract Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2012 Daytime REM sleep in Parkinson's disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22939103 Sonka, K. and Susta, M. (2012) Abstract Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord. (5) 297-305.Diagnosis and management of central hypersomnias. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973425
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Children (age 8-14) Adults (parents/guardians) Who would accompany the children to replicate this model Get a feel for visual conception through this Youtube Tutorial Video This helps to capture an image of a generic BristleBot Model Derive the features for the BristleBot from |Hexbugs Instead of copying the Youtube Bristlebot, remodel its structure and design based upon the listed materials Be creative to gain children's attention and their interests in making this bristlebot Like nano hexbugs, the replicated model must move as well The vibration caused by the model allows the Bristlebot to move in a direction Angle the brush/base so that the model moves forward; not in a loop of random directions Improvements from the previous BristleBot Models The balance issue has to be accounted Maintain the safety rules as BristleBot Model 2 centered on Like BristleBot 1, the model must be appealing to the eyes of children 5 in. by 5 in. wooden block Three $1 material's brushes $1 material's motor Two 3 in. metal strings Duct Tapes (Grey and Orange Colored) Not mandatory to have separate colors but it looks nicer this way 1) Gather the listed materials 2) Position three brushes onto the Wooden Block. Make sure the head of two brushes point at the same direction whereas middle one is facing opposite direction 3) Duct-Tape the brushes onto the block of wood 4) Duct-Tape the other end to secure the brushes' stability onto the block of wood 5) Add the two 3 in. metals on the Motor 6) Duct-tape the Motor onto the wooden block 7) Duct-Tape the battery onto the block behind the motor 8) Duct-Tape the Wires onto the sides of the Battery 9) Duct-tape the rear of the model, firmly attaching the wooden base onto the battery Step 1: How to Assemble Model 3's Base Step 2: How to Attach Metal Strings on to the Motor Step 3: Attaching the Motor to the Wooden Block Step 4: Duct-Taping Battery onto the Wooden Block Step 5: Duct-Taping Metal Strings onto Battery The demonstration of the BristleBot 3 Significantly safer model compared to the BristleBot Model 1 No sharp needles or dangerous materials required Assembly style to build this model Each compartment could be replicated by young children by simply stacking each layer on top of each other Bottom = Toothbrush Middle = Wooden Block Top = AA Battery + Motor Duct tape is flexible yet relatively durable to stay attached to the model It can also be easily cut with scissor Relatively simple and easy to make The cutting parts for duct-tapes can be done faster under adult supervision No complex or tedious coiling of wires required to attach them to this model's motor Portrays an image of a tank Children might find this model appealing to their eyes Relatively creative external features Stable and the model doesn't fall to one side Unlike the BristleBot Model 2, prior to the motor activation, the model doesn't fall down to the ground Exposure of vibrator As the vibrator spins to cause movement, children's hair (especially girls') could be rolled up The model lacks mobility Cannot move unless the user constantly hold onto the wires firmly When let go, the model almost immediately shuts down There is no 'real switch' Duct tape may have been used to attach the wire onto the battery but it peals off eventually Can only 'move' or 'function' if the holder consistently presses the wire onto the battery Frustrating for the young children due to its limited ability to move As seen in the video, occasionally, despite pressing onto the battery, the model doesn't function
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Being a project manager really challenges the student to be a leader because they are . . . . sitting on the steering committee and having to . . . . direct and set the agenda. I think that’s quite a big challenge, and I can see for a lot of students it would be challenging, but I think it’s a really good learning curve (Agency Sponsor, Fortune & McKinstry, 2012, p. 269). This web page written by Tracy Fortune. To explore the notion of political skill/competence/adeptness as conveyed in the literature To consider the relationship between political skill and leadership To reflect on professional practice (for example, your project based experience) and identify how political skill may be deployed to enhance desired outcomes In the lecture we will explore further the qualities and capabilities of leaders. Please listen to the following short (18 minutes) Podcast - where I interview an occupational therapy manager about leadership and political skill Learning associated with this week's topic is supported by this online content, a two hour tutorial (face to face/unrecorded) and a two-hour lecture for enrolled Occupational Therapy students. No doubt you have heard of the term "machiavellian" - after the Italian political scientist Niccolo Machiavelli. This is not a course in machiavellianism, but a brief exploration of the political context of much of what we do in practice as health professionals. In their text, A political practice of occupational therapy, Pollard, Kronenburg and Sakellariou (2008) make a distinction between “large P” politics – a ‘defined sphere of human relationships, indicated by terms such as ‘the state”, ‘government’, ‘public administration’ or a political party” (p3) and “small p” politics - the inter-professional relationships, personal needs, and individual motivations that may relate to managerial concerns. Large P politics is what we typically think of when we hear the term “politics”. “The small p reflects the personal rapport on which partnership and practice” depend (p.11). Pollard et al. have developed a reasoning tool – a set of questions they call the pADL (political activities of daily living) framework to help determine the political nature of a situation. The questions relate to understanding a local climate in terms of cooperation and conflict. Politically skilled individuals (usually, but not always, leaders) seem to have an almost innate sense when it comes to picking up on and responding to this climate. Political skill, can however, be learnt. 'Conflict and cooperation are the key elements of all political activity. Political skill is stated by Perrewe & Nelson (2004) to be evident in individuals’ ability to combine social astuteness with an engaging style that inspires confidence, trust and genuineness. Described by McGann (2005) as an ability to use the knowledge of structures and relationships in organisations to advance key ideas, political acumen might also be thought of as micro-political competence. Morley (2004) describes that this acumen relates to how people compete with each other to get what they want, and how people cooperate or build support among themselves to achieve their ends. Early professional success in most contemporary workplaces I argue (Fortune, Ryan & Adamson, 2013; Fortune, 2012) as have others (Pollard, 2008), directly relate to graduates’ political adeptness. There is also evidence that politically skilled individuals are less likely to perceive work situations as stressful (Perrewe & Nelson, 2004; Harvey, Harris, Harris, & Wheeler, 2007). Evidence indicates that new graduates in occupational therapy are particularly susceptible to stress (Adamson, B., Hunt, A., Harris & Hummel, 1998; Rugg, 1999; Barnitt & Salmond, 2000; Wilding, 2011). The need to develop greater political acumen was highlighted as far back as 1984 in the national Occupational Therapy Conference keynote by Barker (1984). Other calls to provide educational components in professional programs that develop assertiveness, negotiation skills and organisational awareness are also longstanding (Allen, Graham, Hiep & Tonkin, 1988). We are all political actors to a degree – in that we are operating in a context of cooperation and conflict (whether this be in our family – the parent, negotiating with a very clever 5 year old who needs to go to bed, but doesn’t want to; or the manager of a large company who needs to generate larger profit margins from workers who could care less, to the occupational therapist who needs to broker a satisfactory situation between a family who are not ready for their loved-one to come home yet, and an insistent ward manager who needs the bed for the 3 others still on the waiting list). Griffith (2001) proposed that effective occupational therapists will be those who are able to appreciate and function effectively in the political climate in which they are working are comfortable with the notion of power and exerting influence are assertive are good at negotiation and conflict resolution skills have the necessary skills to actively influence decision making within the health care team I propose that because political skill appears to be critical to “effective work performance, there is a need to prepare students in many vocationally oriented programs with this kind of capability before they graduate” (Fortune, 2012, p.612). Pollard et al (2008) have develop a reasoning tool – a set of questions they call the pADL (political activities of daily living) framework to help understand a local climate in terms of cooperation and conflict. We will explore the pADL framework in further detail in the tutorial. Here's another set of questions that help you think about 'office politics' - from Career Exchange Career Exchange - There's no need to play dirty to win blogspot Leaders possess a sense of personal agency and political skill and they use this to take other people on a journey with them. Leaders with an engaging style are able to unite individuals, and form a team that develops a shared vision, working toward a mutually valued goal (Higgs, Ajjawi, McAllister, Trede & Loftus, 2012). Dwyer et. al. (2013) cite Webster, (1999) who says that “project implementation is primarily about people. Only people can produce work and effort so your first concern must be how to lead and motivate” (p.117). A necessary first step in leading is to have awareness of points of potential resistance and conflict. Dwyer, Liang & Thiessen (2019) state that “project managers must understand and acknowledge the political nature of most organizations, especially the influence of key stakeholders” (p 186). Dealing with organizational politics involves firstly being able to see and ‘read’ what is going on. Dwyer, et. al. (2013) cite Stephenson (1985) who argues that "the necessary skills include negotiating and bargaining, urging and cajoling, and coping with resistance (p.184). Imagine yourself as an OT in a community based service that has seen the need for a new way to work with the community on an occupational issue. You propose a project to scope and establish the new occupational program. Your sense of agency fuels your motivation/intention to act on the need for innovative and effective health strategies to meet the needs of the community. Political skill is then required to: negotiate for scarce resources to implement the program, identifying whom one should most usefully approach, how they should be approached, and then use a range of influence and persuasion strategies to highlight how such a program is in the interest of the community, the organization, and the individuals approached (those who have power). Having the idea is one thing, persuading others and taking them on the journey with you is quite another. Politically skilled individuals, and most leaders, have excellent communication skills. Even if you don’t feel that you are politically skilled at this stage, you will be working from a sound base of ‘intentional communication skills’ developed in this program. This point is nicely made by our interviewee in the podcast! In the tutorial we will be: exploring the project context as a ‘site’ of political activity identifying elements of conflict and cooperation thinking about our own level of political skill and considering some key elements of political skill that may enable you to plan and achieve more positive outcomes. Adamson, B., Hunt, A., Harris, L., & Hummel, J. (1998). Occupational therapists perceptions of their undergraduate preparation for the workplace. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61, 173-179. Allen, F., Graham, J., Hiep, M., & Tonkin, J. (1988). Occupational therapy 1981-1986: Trends and implications. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 35, 155-164. Barker, J. (1984). Sylvia Docker Lecture. Into the 21st Century: Are we ready? Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 31, 98 – 105. Barnitt, R., & Salmond, R. (2000). Fitness for purpose of occupational therapy graduates: Two different perspectives. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63, 443-448. Dwyer, Liang, Z., Thiessen, V. & Martini, A. (2013) Project management in health and community services: Getting good ideas to work. 2nd Ed. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Dwyer, J., Liang, Z., Thiessen, V. (2019) Project management in health and community services: Getting good ideas to work. 3rd Edition. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Fortune, T. & McKinstry, C. (2012) Project-based fieldwork: Perspectives of graduate entry students and project sponsors. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 59,4, 265-275. Fortune, T. (2012) Should higher education curriculum develop political acumen among students? Higher Education Research and Development, 31 (4), 611-613. Harvey, P., Harris, R., Harris, K., & Wheeler, A. (2007). Attenuating the effects of social stress: The impact of political skill. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 105-115. Higgs, J., Ajjawi, R., McAllister, L., Trede, F. & Loftus, S.(2012). Communicating in the health sciences. 3rd Edition. South Melbourne: Oxford. Stephenson, T. (1985) Management: A political activity. London: Palgrave Macmillan. McGann, A. (2005). The story of 10 principals whose exercise of social and political acumen contributes to their success. International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning 9, 5. Morley, L. (2004). The micropolitics of professionalism: Power and collective identities in higher education. In B. Cunningham (Ed. ), Exploring professionalism (pp. 99 - 120): Bedford Way Papers. Institute of Education, University of London. Perrewe, P., & Nelson, D. (2004). Gender and career success: The facilitative role of political skill. Organizational Dynamics, 33(4), 366-378. Pollard, N., Kronenburg, F. & Sakellariou, D. (2008) A political practice of occupational therapy. Sydney: Elsevier. Rugg, S. (1999). Junior occupational therapists' continuity of employment: What influences success? British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 6, 277-297. Wilding, C. (2011). Raising awareness of hegemony in occupational therapy: The value of action research for improving practice. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 58, 293-299.
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Chemical Information Instructional Materials For further study Chemical Abstracts and STN Science Citation Index and Web of Knowledge Beilstein Handbook of Organic Chemistry Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Landolt-Boernstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology Cambridge Structural Database PubChem Chemistry Guides Reviews Current Awareness, Background Reading, and Document Delivery Chemical Author or Corporate Name Searching Chemical Subject Searching Chemical Name and Formula Searching Aids Chemical Structure Searching Chemical Synthesis or Reactions Chemical Safety or Toxicology Information Analytical Chemistry (Constitutional Chemistry) Physical Property Searching Chemical Patent Searching Aids General Information about Chemical Publications or Databases Chemical Nomenclature Science Writing Tutorials and Courses History, Biography, Directories, Chemical Industry Sources How to Teach Chemical Information Chemical Information Course Syllabi Chemical Information Problem Sets and Exercises Examinations for Chemical Information Courses Cheminformatics Teaching Materials Chemical Information Sources: Lecture notes on the topics listed above. SIRCh: Selected Internet Resources for Chemistry (Links to Web resources with the same subject outline as the chapters on this page.) Problem Sets and Exercises: Chemical Information CRSD: Chemical Reference Sources Database (a searchable database that covers reference books, commercial databases, etc.) Information Competencies for Chemistry Undergraduates: the Elements of Information Literacy Wikibook, July 2012- ; from the Special Libraries Association, Chemistry Division and the American Chemical Society, Division of Chemical Information CHMINF-L: Chemical Information Sources Discussion List (a listserv in existence since 1991 with many chemistry librarians, chemists, publishers, and others interested in chemical information; has a searchable archive of all posts since its inception.)
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The organizational learning dynamic can be facilitated by one, or any combination, of "Organizational Learning Agents". Dierks, et al (2003), in "The Handbook of Organizational Learning" identifies five agents of organization learning: the individual, the senior leadership of the organization, boards and/or governing bodies, labor unions, and consultants. Each one of the aforementioned "Organizational Learning Agents" is able to contribute to the learning process and facilitate learning in a unique manner. Below are descriptions of various learning agents and the unique aspects they bring to the organizational learning dynamic. Victor J. Friedman defines organizational learning as “a process that can be fully understood only at the group or organizational level.” However, Friedman is also quick to acknowledge the fact that several “seminal theorists...have tended to agree that organizational learning begins and often ends, with the individual” (Dierkes, et al., 2003, p. 398). It would seem, from this author’s perspective, that common rationale would, without doubt, accept the notion that individuals are agents of learning in organizations. However, this author also contends that some individuals would appear to proffer more knowledge within their organizations than do others – this coming from personal experience. But what explains this phenomenon? Friedman suggests that from his own agent profiling studies, and that of others, there exists a “complexity and constructive tension of...contradictory attributes [i.e., proactive but reflective, and so on] that lead these persons to take on the role of agent despite the potential costs” (p. 404). In other words, it would appear that agents of organizational learning in all likelihood possess an ability or the characteristics to “move from contradiction – that painful condition where things oppose each other – to the realm of paradox [italics added], where [they] are able to entertain simultaneously two contradictory notions and give them equal dignity” (Johnson, 1991, p. 85); resulting in synthesis, exponentially. Learning is an essential and continual function of the individual agent as he adapts in an ever-changing world. If the world would not be in a perpetual change, agents would not face new information and would not be induced to learn. On the other hand, because of frequent changes in the state of the world, agents have to perpetually modify their behavior in order to stay adapted to world evolutions. Because of these factors, individual agents play a critical role in the learning of the entire organization. Maira and Scott-Morgan (1997) state that organizational learning "is the creation, adaptation, or replication of knowledge by an organization to improve its performance" (p. 203). The authors add that some companies have realized the importance of organizational learning to the extent of creating special executive positions to assist in focusing everyone's attention on organizational learning. These companies include Dow Chemical (U.S.), Skandia (Swedish insurance company), and Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. According to Maira and Scott-Morgan (1997), these created positions have titles, such as Director of Intellectual Asset Management and are responsible for "measuring the value of knowledge in the firm and of developing ways to increase that value by improving the 'knowledge acquisition' or 'learning' processes of the organization" (p. 203). Sadler (2003) states that in the learning organization, the organizational leader has three distinct functions: designer, steward, and teacher. The design work is about creating systems, strategies and policies and making them come together in such a manner that makes the organization effective and efficient. The stewardship function relates to the leader’s responsibility to ensure the organization’s long-term survival. The teacher role is manifest by the leader helping others to see the ‘big picture’. The leader helps others understand the reality of the current situation and the vision of the organization. Filling the gap that lies between these two paradigms and creating a learning environment where that can occur is the focus of effective leaders (Sadler, 2003). Coutu (2002) places this role of teacher in the context of a continual learner. She would advocate that unless leaders become learners themselves then transformational learning can not take place. It is as leaders engage in self-directed, life-long learning that they can effectively teach others. Only by learning can they lead by good example and create a “safe” context for others to learn. The leader should hold the position of chief learner and carry the responsibility of maintaining an environment and culture where learning is valued and rewarded. What kind of leader can facilitate the learning that is required of an effective organization in the 21st century? Surprisingly, it does not have to be the typical heroic or charismatic leader. In fact, Sadler (2003) suggests such leadership styles may be less effective at creating an environment where team learning and participation are practiced. This is not to say that such leaders cannot be learning agents, rather the type of learning they tend to facilitate is quite different from those who fit within the ‘Designer, Steward, Teacher (DST)’ model. Charismatic leaders tend to invite passive learning, whereas leaders who fit within the DST model tend to act as facilitators of active learning and serve more as a role model for learning than a teacher. There is no question that learning is the ultimate responsibility of the individuals within the organization. And, there is no position that is more important for the individual to visibly and demonstratively value learning than that of the leader. The leader, and his/her understanding of his/her role as a facilitator of learning and an example of learning, can set the tone and create the environment for learning to take place. As agents of organizational learning, leaders can shape the culture and encourage learning to take place. Gigenrenzer (2006) purposefully designed a culture that would encourage members of the staff to talk, work, and publish with one another. Individuals were encouraged to interact as equals, often socially, and with everyone. As leader of the organization, Gigenrenzer instituted rituals to support each of these four principles for interaction to promote information sharing. The governing authorities of organizations are often at the forefront of providing learning for their employees. Workshops, seminars, training sessions and other formal opportunities are often part of the learning plan developed by the governing body of the organization. Landy & Conte (2004) reference corporate universities such as General Motors University, Xerox’s Document University, and McDonald’s Hamburger University that provide lifelong learning opportunities for their workers. Many of these universities are well established and extensive in the training they provide. Hamburger University, for example, operates in Japan, Germany, England, and Australia and offers electronic and computer-based training courses in 22 languages (Landy & Conte, 2004). Boards serve as unique agents in organizations. Boards fill wide varieties of roles as it relates to the overall oversight and or operation including organizational learning. In many cases, boards are not actively involved in knowledge management or organizational learning. Tainio, Lilja, and Santalailen in Dierkes, Antal, Child, & Nonaka (2003) suggest that many boards have historically filled a more traditional role in organizations that tend to function more passively, reactively and normally only would increase their influence if problems arose, functioning in a type of ‘firefighter role’. These types of boards “monitor and control the firm’s performance and align the CEO and shareholder interests behind corporate renewal” (quoting Walsh and Seward, 1990) (p. 429). Boards have increasingly become more proactive and “increasingly engaged in helping top management reduce environmental uncertainty though boundary-spanning, to secure critical resources for a company” (p. 429). This type of involvement would enhance organizational learning by creating awareness of other system factors that affect said organization. Furthermore, the capacity to respond to changes in the market, society, regulation, and economic conditions all are affected by organizational learning. Two primary concerns of these proactive boards, which are often more future oriented, are their service to the organization and strategic planning and decision-making. As boards involve themselves in strategic planning, “Empirical evidence suggests that boards that take more strategic decisions are not very deeply involved in organizational learning” (p. 433). Globalization of national economies (Altvater and Mahnkopf 1997; Fricke 1997; Group of Lisbon 1995; Howells and Wood 1993; Kapstein 1996; Muldur and Petrella 1994) and advances in manufacturing technology are presenting new challenges for organized labor. Previously, organizations using mass production techniques required very little learning on the part of the union workers, as separation of duties and standard methods divided work into specific, repetitive tasks. Union workers often tended to view any new learning or training initiatives as suspicious or a scheme to replace them with more efficient, more reliable technology. The outsourcing of mass production operations to foreign countries and the closing of numerous manufacturing plants have forced unions to take on the role of learning agent in their organization in order to survive. Unions have had to learn in several different arenas in order to keep their organizations healthy. These include learning not only in technical skills and abilities or specific tasks, but also in other, more complex areas such as the impact of globalization; factors and features of the competitive market landscape; multi-disciplined and multi-functional approaches to task completion;, social processes such as team concepts, communications, conflict management, and negotiations; leadership philosophy; and many others. Akin to labor unions and their impact on organizational learning, economics also have a significant part to play in organizational learning. Boerner, Macher, and Teece (2003) contend, "The process of a market reaching its equilibrium is fundamentally a learning process" (p. 106). Changing circumstances and uncertainty of economic environment provides a continual atmosphere for organizational learning and adaptation. Goldsmith, Morgan, and Ogg (2004) support the increased concept of economics in organizational learning. They contend, "Today we see another shift...after a prosperous economic decade in the 1990s, the recession that followed forced shareholders to reevaluate what they expected from the executives...Executives have gone from being judged using a measure of five-to-ten year periods to having their achievements assessed in mere months" (p. 137). The bottom line for shareholders is economics and the success of an organization to thrive to its maximum potential on their behalf. Keeping abreast of changing economic times is essential to growing a successful organization. Boerner, et al. (2003) suggest, "Few, if any, modern economists would question the paramount importance of learning and learning processes to a firm's competitive performance" (p. 111). The greatest agent for organizational change is the socialization aspect of culture. If an organization takes on the identity of a growing, adapting, and learning organization, it becomes part of the fabric of how they operate. This is the greatest agent for a learning organization, authentic stimuli towards a common direction and common goals. It is an alignment issue for the individual and the organization. English and English (1958) stated that “the sign of learning is not a shift of response or performance as a consequence of change in stimulus-situation or in motivation, but rather a shift in performance when the stimulus-situation and the motivation are essentially the same” (p. 289). However, in Rhodes' study it is contended that organizations are able to learn and this is demostrated by the change in behavior of its members. These changes are noted collectively and are adaptations of their environment. Rhodes continues by noting that Argyris & Schon's research contends individuals act as "learning agents" by determining and fixing flaws in the organizations behavior and, in turn, change the culture. Quite often organizational learning comes about from the direct input of individual agents of learning – those individuals who champion new learning or new ways of learning within the organization. One example of this is that of an HR Manager who sought a newer, better way to train and educate employees through the concept of a corporate university - despite the fact that having a university seemed a bit far fetched for the not-for-profit entity employing just seventy employees. Nonetheless, the manger completed research on the subject matter, ending the study with a written and oral proposal to the Management Team. The concept was unanimously accepted and forwarded to the Board of Trustees whose members also voted unanimously to accept the proposal. The university has since been funded by grant monies through the Friends of the Library group and is formally seated with a committee responsible for its establishment and ongoing success. The Canton Corps of The Salvation Army has moved through a process of organizational restructuring during the past two years. The process has been difficult for many employees who were satisfied with the status quo. The responsibility of educating the staff to the cultural change came from the Corps leaders. The process, while difficult, challenging, and at times nearly unachievable has resulted in a more efficient and cohesive staff, effective ministry, and an environment that is becoming a pleasant place to work. In this case, new learning was influenced by the leaders and they became the change agents. Local churches utilize a wide variety of forms of governance and have significantly varying roles when it comes to board involvement and how they interact with the local minister and congregation. In some cases, boards fulfill a strong leadership role in the congregation, while others fill more functional and administrative roles. Board members must be aware of their role and how they are to function and interact within those roles. Without that information and clarified purpose, board members can have high levels of confusion or frustration regarding their responsibilities. In this author’s local church, we have begun to review annually our church board’s defined roles and responsibilities. This has enhanced our awareness of our purpose and improved our sense of responsibility as a group. Specific details and outlines are incorporated into a leadership notebook containing this information and reports, recommendations, and other materials from each meeting. Board members find this type of information helpful and it answers many of their questions. As they learn and identify their role as a board, organizational learning is taking place and enhanced. This improves their performance and input. An example of leaders as agents of learning can be found at GM, where we have adopted an approach of leaders as teachers. The positional leader in the organization is often required to teach in a cascading process throughout the organization. Our feedback from employees provides evidence that most employees appreciate learning that is endorsed, even taught, by their immediate supervisor or leader. As such, all new initiatives, change processes, or other processes are accompanied by training that is led and taught by the leader. This is especially true when it comes to cultural or leadership training, as compared to technical skill training. Cultural or leadership training is typically delivered beginning with the CEO, and cascaded throughout the company by level, in a process we call "Leaders Teach". Naturally, since this approach is taken from top to bottom in the company, it could also be called "Leaders Learn". ← Organizational Learning: Influencing Factors · Organizational Learning: Processes →
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Francis Turner Palgrave (September 28, 1824 – October 24, 1897) was a British critic and poet, most famous for his anthology, the Golden Treasury of English Songs and Lyrics. This little Collection differs, it is believed, from others in the attempt made to include in it all the best original lyrical pieces and songs in our language, by writers not living, and none besides the best. The Editor will regard as his fittest readers those who love poetry so well, that he can offer them nothing not already known and valued. Golden Treasury of English Songs and Lyrics (1861) Preface. When once the mind has raised itself to grasp and to delight in excellence, those who love most will be found to love most wisely. Golden Treasury of English Songs and Lyrics (1861) Summary of Book Fourth. The azure lake is argent now Beneath the pale moonshine: I seek a sign of hope in heaven: Fair Polestar! thou are mine. A thousand other beacons blaze; I follow thee alone... "Midnight At Geneva". In the season of white wild roses We two went hand in hand: But now in the ruddy autumn Together already we stand. "A Song of Spring and Autumn". Time's corrosive dewdrop eats The giant warrior to a crust Of earth in earth and rust in rust. "A Danish Barrow". Let the children play And sit like flowers upon thy grave And crown with flowers,—that hardly have A briefer blooming-tide than they. "A Danish Barrow". Sleep puts out silent fingers, And leads me back to the roar Of the dead salt sea that vomits Wrecks of the past ashore. I see the lost Love in beauty Go gliding over the main: I feel the ancient sweetness, The worm and the wormwood again. Earth all one tomb lies round me, Domed with an iron sky: And God Himself in His power, God cannot save me! I cry. With the cry I wake;—and around me The mother and child at her feet Breathe peace in even whispers; And the night falls heavy and sweet. In the hollow Silver voices ripple and cry Follow, O follow! Follow, O follow!—and we follow The Sun whispers, O remember! You have but thirty days to run, O sweet September! Kiss and cling to them, kiss and leave them, Bright and beguiling:— Bright and beguiling, as She who glances Along the shore and the meadows along, And sings for heart's delight, and dances Crowned with apples, and ruddy, and strong:— Can we see thee, and not remember Thy sun-brown cheek and hair sun-golden, O sweet September? There is a garden where lilies And roses are side by side; And all day between them in silence The silken butterflies glide. I may not enter the garden, Though I know the road thereto; And morn by morn to the gateway I see the children go. They bring back light on their faces; But they cannot bring back to me What the lilies say to the roses, Or the songs of the butterflies be. The monument outlasting bronze was promised well by bards of old. Our hope is less to last through Art than deeper searching of the heart, than broader range of uttered truth. Shakespeare's stage must hold the glass to every age. A thousand forms and passions glow Upon the world-wide canvas. So With larger scope our art we ply; And if the crown be harder won, Diviner rays around it run, With strains of fuller harmony. Wikipedia has an article about: Francis Turner Palgrave Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Francis Turner Palgrave "The lessons of Palgrave" by Adam Kirsch Golden Treasury online Francis Turner Palgrave at the Notable Names Database
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Friday, January 4, 2008 Suffering from cardiac arrest while staying in a hospital might be more deadly than receiving such a fit at a crowded airport, according to a new study. The study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, states that in about a third of cardiac arrest cases inside hospitals in the United States, doctors and nurses do not respond quickly enough, thus increasing the risk of brain damage and death. Potentially, this contributes to the deaths of thousands every year. The researchers evaluated records of 6,789 cardiac arrest patients in 369 hospitals. Medical guidelines recommend shocking cardiac arrest victims' hearts back to life within two minutes using defibrillator paddles. When the defibrillation was delayed, only 22.2 percent of patients survived long enough to be discharged from the hospital, as opposed to 39.3 percent when the shock was given on time. The researchers compared those statistics with more than 50 percent of patients who survive heart attacks while in a crowded airport or a casino, where defibrillators are readily available. The researchers concluded that delayed defibrillation is common and is associated with lower rates of survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest. John McKenzie. "Why Hospitals Are Dangerous Places for Heart Attacks" — ABC News, January 3, 2008 Denise Grady. "Hospitals Slow in Heart Cases, Research Finds" — The New York Times, January 3, 2008 Steve Sternberg. "Hospitals delay response to cardiac arrest" — USA Today, January 3, 2008 "Delayed Time to Defibrillation after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest" — New England Journal of Medicine, January 3, 2008
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The Xuan Thuy National Park is in the north of Vietnam in the Giao Thuy District, Nam Dinh province, about 150 km south east of Hanoi. Xuan Thuy was declared the country’s first Ramsar site by the Bureau of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance in January 1989, it was upgraded from its status as a nature reserve and approved as a national park by the Prime Minister in 2003. Xuan Thuy was also included as part of the Red River Delta World Biosphere Heritage Site by UNESCO in October 2004. The national park has a total area of 15,000 ha, of which 7,100 ha is core zone and 8,000 ha is a buffer zone with five communes including Giao Hai, Giao Xuan, Giao Lac, Giao An and Giao Thien. The park is a rich, biodiverse coastal wetland environment that houses about 220 species of birds (including endangered species such as the Black-faced Spoonbill, Spotted Greenshank and Spoon-billed Sandpiper), 110 aquatic plant species, 500 species of benthos and zooplankton. Many aquatic species of high economic value, like shrimps, fish, crabs and oysters, are also found in the area. There are also some mammals such as the Fishing Cat, Eurasian Otter and Large Bandicoot-rat. Xuan Thuy National Park is in the tropical monsoon area and has two distinct seasons. The hot and wet season is from April until October and the cold and dry season is from November until March. The National Park is accessible from one of the five nearby Communes which can be accessed from Hanoi by bus. Accommodation can be found at the nearby Communes, most notably Giao Xuan which offers a Community-based Eco-Tourist product for those who wish to visit Xuan Thuy and the surrounding towns. Transport (bicycle or motorbike rental) will need to be organised from one of the nearby towns. A boat trip which can be booked from Giao Xuan is highly recommended. The natural beauty of the park as well as that of the surrounding towns, particularly Giao Xuan. Also the amazing bio-diversity of the park which is especially attractive to bird-watchers. There is limited accommodation to be found in the nearby towns but the home stay option in Giao Xuan is highly recommended as it gives tourists the opportunity to experience every day life in rural Vietnam.
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Sir Boyle Roche, 1st Baronet (October 1736 – 5 June 1807) was an Irish politician, famed for his highly ornamented and often inaccurate speech, which often included amusing mixed metaphors and malapropisms. ...it is impossible I could have been in two places at once, unless I were a bird. In parliament, alluding to Jevon’s play, The Devil of a Wife. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable There is no Levitical decree between nations, and on this occasion I can see neither sin nor shame in marrying our own sister. In parliament, defending the proposed union of Ireland with Great Britain. Barrington, Jonah. "Chapter XVII". Personal sketches and recollections of his own times. Why we should put ourselves out of our way to do anything for posterity, for what has posterity ever done for us? In a debate in the Irish House of Commons on the vote of a grant which was recommended by Sir John Parnell, Chancellor of the Exchequer, as one not likely to be felt burdensome for many years to come, it was observed in reply that the House had no right to load posterity with a debt for what could in no degree operate to their advantage. This quotation was Sir Boyle's response. Barrington, Jonah. "Chapter XVII". Personal sketches and recollections of his own times. It would surely be better ... to give up not only a part, but, if necessary, even the whole, of our constitution, to preserve the remainder! Arguing for the habeas corpus suspension bill in Ireland. Barrington, Jonah. "Chapter XVII". Personal sketches and recollections of his own times. Falkiner, C. Litton (1902). "Sir Boyle Roche". Studies in Irish History and Biography, mainly of the Eighteenth Century. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.. pp. p.237. [...they] would cut us to mincemeat, and throw our bleeding heads on that table to stare us in the face. In disparagement of the French revolution and its practitioners. Barrington, Jonah. "Chapter XVII". Personal sketches and recollections of his own times. The best way to avoid danger is to meet it plump. In parliament. Falkiner, C. Litton (1902). "Sir Boyle Roche". Studies in Irish History and Biography, mainly of the Eighteenth Century. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.. pp. p.229. I hope, my lord, if you ever come within a mile of my house that you will stay there all night. In a letter. Falkiner, C. Litton (1902). "Sir Boyle Roche". Studies in Irish History and Biography, mainly of the Eighteenth Century. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.. pp. p.230. [...I] answer boldly in the affirmative with an emphatic No! Occasion unknown. Falkiner, C. Litton (1902). "Sir Boyle Roche". Studies in Irish History and Biography, mainly of the Eighteenth Century. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.. pp. p.237. A quart bottle should hold a quart. The title of a bill in the Irish House of Commons. Often misquoted as "a pint bottle should hold a quart." Falkiner, C. Litton (1902). "Sir Boyle Roche". Studies in Irish History and Biography, mainly of the Eighteenth Century. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.. pp. p.230. Herodotus is not more indisputably the father of history than is Sir Boyle Roche the father of Bulls. No doubt there were makers of bulls before his day, even as brave men lived before Agamemnon; but they are not remembered, and if their bulls have survived them they are credited to Sir Boyle by a posterity generously forgiving and forgetful of his famous indictment. Falkiner, C. Litton (1902). "Sir Boyle Roche". Studies in Irish History and Biography, mainly of the Eighteenth Century. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.. pp. p.228. ...as Sir Boyle Roche would say, like the last rose of summer... Disraeli, Benjamin (1831). The Young Duke. Wikipedia has an article about: Boyle Roche
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Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon (101 minutes release) is a 2016 direct-to-DVD animated comedy mystery racing film, and the twenty-seventh entry in the direct-to-video series of Scooby-Doo films. It is a co-production between Warner Bros. Animation and WWE Studios. The film is a direct sequel to Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery. It premiered at the San Diego Comic-Con International on July 23, 2016, followed by a digital release on July 26, 2016. The Undertaker: Time for a new plan. Shaggy: Is it, like, go somewhere and hide? Scooby-Doo: Yeah, that could work. The Undertaker: As my official teammates, it's time for the two of you to get up here and drive this course like you've never driven before. Shaggy: Good, because we haven't! The Undertaker: Well, I'll be. You're the two that vanquished the Ghost Bear. Scooby-Doo: Undertaker! Shaggy: [Shaking with Scooby] Scared... excited... same time... brain confused! The Undertaker: Skinny Man and Dead Meat, right? Shaggy: Like, yeah. But, you can call us Shaggy and Scooby. In fact, you can call us anything you'd like, but please don't put us to a final rest, Mr. Undertaker-Phenom-Dead Man, sir! [Shaggy and Scooby shake and whimper more] The Undertaker: The bell tolls only for the Demon. Frank Welker as Scooby-Doo, Fred Jones Matthew Lillard as Shaggy Rogers Grey Griffin as Daphne Blake Kate Micucci as Velma Dinkley The Undertaker as Himself Triple H as Himself Stephanie McMahon as Herself Goldust as Himself Sheamus as Himself Stardust as Himself Dusty Rhodes as Himself (final film role) The Miz as Himself Paige as Herself Diego as Himself El Torito as Himself Fernando as Himself Lana as Herself Rusev as Himself Michael Cole as Himself Kofi Kingston as Himself Vince McMahon as Himself Eric Bauza as Big Earl Steven Blum as Inferno Phil Morris as Walter Qualls Wikipedia has an article about: Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon
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Making objects with image textures is not really hard for simple objects like balls, cubes, and tubes. I'll show you how to do this: Make a new scene in Blender and delete the default cube. Add a sphere. Apply a Subsurf modifier and Smooth as we have learned in previous tutorials. Find a file picture that you want to apply to your object. Check Flickr for something like "rust texture." (If you are going to share it, be sure you check the license of the texture you download.) IMPORTANT: Sometimes you need a seamless texture. If you are not sure, use a program such as GIMP. Use FILTERS > MAP > MAKE SEAMLESS. Usually this works well but if your texture turns into gorp, try another one. (Noob Note: Do a search for Rust Textures if you do not have one handy.) In the Properties Panel, which by default is the bottom right panel, select the Material icon . Select NEW or if you already have a material in use, select the + sign to add a new material. Give it a good name like rustyball. Click on the Texture Icon . Click NEW or if you already have a texture loaded, click on the + to add a new one. Give it a good name like RUST. The default type is CLOUDS. Pull down the menu and change it to IMAGE OR MOVIE. Go to the IMAGE section, choose OPEN. New options will become available. (Note: JPGs, PNGs or TGAs are recommended for Blender. Bitmaps tend to get all screwy.) Under Source: Click the folder icon and navigate to your image. Scroll down. In the Image Mapping area are some options that you may need to try. If your image is small it may have to be repeated in the X or Y directions. In the Mapping section (yes, one section is Image Mapping and the other is just Mapping) after Projection, choose the shape closest to your object. If you are using a sphere like the example, then choose ... you guessed it ... SPHERE. The Preview often looks a bit odd and stripey, but render your project and it should look very nice. This method works for all sorts of things. Try making a brick wall with a wooden gate using Flickr textures or go back to the Jeep tutorial and put a pattern on your jeep. You can also render videos onto objects using this method. Just select a movie in the "Load image" dialog and enable the option "Movie" at the textures buttons. NOTE: Blender ONLY works with Full Resolution video, not video which has been compressed using a codec. Most video software will allow you to export video as "full frames" or "no compression". Experiment a bit!
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Pashto has been written in a variant of the Persian script (which in turn is a variant of Arabic script) since the late sixteenth century. Certain letters were modified to account for sounds specific to Pashto. Until the spelling system was standardized in the late eighteenth century, the representation of these consonants varied greatly. The Pashto alphabet, which has more vowel sounds than either Persian or Arabic, represents the vowels more extensively than either the Persian or the Arabic alphabets. With the adoption of Pashto as a national language of Afghanistan, some revisions of the spelling system have been made in the interest of clarity. Pashto has a seven vowel system. There are retroflex consonants sounds pronounced with the tongue tip curled back--which were presumably borrowed from nearby Indo-Aryan languages. Unlike other Iranian languages, such as Persian, Pashto allows consonant clusters of two or three sounds at the beginning of a syllable. There are over 9 million speakers of Pashto in Afghanistan alone. Pashto is one of the national languages of Afghanistan and widely spoken in Pakistan. Major Pashto speaking cities are Peshawar, Karachi, Dir, Swat, Mardan, Swabi, Dherai, Quetta, Kandahar (Qandahar), Kabul. In Afghanistan, Pashto is the first language, the Persian dialect spoken natively in the north and west. Because of the political power of the Pashtuns, however, Pashto has been a required subject in Dari medium schools, and as an official language has been one of the languages of the government. For practical purposes, however, Pashto is the language of business and higher education, and so Persians learn Pashto. Pashto is taught at very few universities in the United States and Canada. The most consistent program offered is at the Diplomatic Language Services in Arlington, Virginia Pashto is one of the East Iranian group of languages, which includes, for example, Ossete (North Ossetian, south Ossetian, Caucasus Soviet Socialist Republic) and Yaghnobi (Tajikistan). Some of the historians links it to East Iranian and West Iranian (which includes Persian) are major sub-groups of the Iranian group of the Indo Iranian branch of the Indo European family of languages. Indo-Iranian languages are spoken in a wide area stretching from portions of eastern Turkey and eastern Iraq to western India. The other main division of Indo- Iranian, in addition to Iranian, is the Indo-Aryan languages, a group comprised of many languages of the Indian subcontinent. There are two major dialects of Pashto: Western Pashto spoken in Afghanistan and in the capital, Kabul, and Eastern Pashto spoken in northeastern Pakistan also known as Yousafzai Pashto. Most speakers of Pashto speak these two dialects. Two other dialects are also distinguished: Southern Pashto, spoken in Baluchistan (western Pakistan and eastern Iran) and in Kandahar, Afghanistan. The variation in spelling of the language's name (Pashto, Pukhto, etc.) stems from the different pronunciations in the various dialects of the second consonant in the word; for example, it is a retroflex [sh] in the Kandahari dialect, and a palatal fricative in the Kabuli dialect. The major dialect divisions themselves have numerous variants. In general, however, one speaker of Pashto readily understands another. The Central and Southern dialects are more divergent. The Kandahari dialect is reflected in the spelling system, and is considered by some to be the "standard" for that reason. The first written records of Pashto are believed to date from the sixteenth century and consist of an account of Sheikh Mali's conquest of Swat. In the seventeenth century, Khushal Khan Khattak, considered the national poet of Afghanistan, was writing in Pashto. In this century, there has been a rapid expansion of writing in journalism and other modern genres which has forced innovation of the language and the creation of many new words. Traces of the history of Pashto are present in its vocabulary. While the majority of words can be traced to Pashto's roots as member of the Eastern Iranian language branch, it has also borrowed words from adjacent languages for over two thousand years. The oldest borrowed words are from Greek, and date from the Greek occupation of Bactria in third century BC. There are also a few traces of contact with Zoroastrians and Buddhists. Starting in the Islamic period, Pashto borrowed many words from Arabic and Persian. Due to its close geographic proximity to languages of the Indian sub-continent, Pashto has borrowed words from Indian languages for centuries. Pashto has long been recognized as an important language in Afghanistan. Classical Pashto was the object of study by British soldiers and administrators in the nineteenth century and the classical grammar in use today dates from that period. In 1936, Pashto was made the national language of Afghanistan by royal decree. Today, Dari Persian and Pashto both are official national languages. According to G.P.Tate, the author of "The kingdom of Afghanistan"-the first to use Pashto for literary purposes was the famous Pir Roshan in the 7th century. His arch rival Akhund Derweza (1533-1638) was also compelled to use Pashto to arouse his followers against the Roshania movement. Apparently, both the giants exploited religious and mystic sentiments of their followers. The windfall of that movement was the freedom of Pashto prose from the influence of Arabic and Persian languages. The most remarkable achievement of that era was the innovation by Pir Roshan that made the writing of Pashto easy. He realized that Pashto could not be written in Arabic script owing to some of its peculiar sounds. He therefore, invented 13 alphabets to represent those sounds. Some of these alphabets patched up vocal differences between the hard and soft dialects of Pashto as well. Pashto has an extensive written tradition. There are a number of classic Pashtun poets, most notably Khoshal Khan Khattak. Modern Pashtun written literature has adapted those modern western literary forms, like the short story, that match forms from traditional Pashto oral literature. Pashtun folk literature is the most extensively developed in the region. Besides stories set to music, Pashtun has thousands of two and four line folk poems, traditionally composed by women. These reflect the day to day life and views of Pashtun women. Khushal Khan Khattak came to be known "The father of Pashto". Apart from his unsurpassed works in verse and prose on various topics including hunting, falconry, medicine and religion, he compiled a deal of information on the history of Pashtoon. Then comes Syed Rahmatullah alias Rahat Zakheli(1884-1963), the harbinger of modern Pashto prose. He introduced or revived almost every genre of the time in Pashto. He wrote the first imaginary novel, published in 1912 under the title of "Mah Rukh". His short story "Konda Jeenae" was published in the newspaper AFGHAN in 1917. It was the first but a perfect short story. He compiled history and grammar as well in Pashto. In the political arena, Bacha Khan gave due attention to the renaissance of the Pashto language, literature and culture. He encouraged and sponsored Pashto poets and writers. Professor Hafiz Mohd Idrees wrote a novel "Peghla" which is considered the first comprehensive novel in Pashto. Said Rasul Rasa, Abdul Rahim Majzoob and Fazal Haq Shida modernized Pashto literature by introducing odes and some other genres of English literature. At this juncture, Pashto took a sharp turn to change its oriental style into a European style. Said Rasul Rasa was a good poet but he is best known for his five novels "Mafroor, Shamae, Khund Kushi, Maimunae and Maikhana".
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Laurie Zoloth (born 1950) is an American bioethicist and Dean of University of Chicago Divinity School. Presidential Address to the American Academy of Religion, November 23, 2014 We dig up what is left of life crushed to carbon beneath us, and we burn it: to make important things, really—hospital intensive care units, synthetically derived insulin and steel beams for the new high school library. But we burn it for nothing, too, really, for vanity and emptiness. For what are we interrupted? For the grandest dramas and the greatest joys, ... for true loves, for desperate needs ... If you are a moral being, you will have done well to be a being who has broken off, one who has stopped. A theology of interruption demands we attend to the interruption as if the interruption were the real, and the other stuff of our lives a distraction. The wealthiest have garnered the vast majority of wealth and burned the vast majority of carbon at the expense of the lives and the health of the poor. In scriptural texts we think important, the point is made over and over again: Your moral activities can affect the rain, the harvest, and the health of everything you love. The link between moral choices and material outcomes is made continually, and it is received and studied toward normative action. The texts suggest the interruption of desire, of consumption, and of acquisition. Presidential Address to the American Academy of Religion November 23, 2014 Wikipedia has an article about: Laurie Zoloth
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UDDERBOT NOT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CAPITAL CEDE YIELD DONE NONE ÐعM提п is a framework for the transfer of private property (capital) to Common Property (labour) of the workers through the general Obschina council of workers: through a psychic workers union council. to empower the reproductive workers union (communisation of all privacy) and productive workers (commons of all property) over the destructive workers (enslavement of all common property) the role of data miners and psychic workers is to find and amplify the voices of reproductive, productive and destructive workers who are not in unions or councils. The purpose of the ÐعM提п (DAMTP) commons is to disrupt detourne and destory the process of (both physical and psychical) capital accumulation (or the capitalisation of land) by the empowerment the labourers and workers in this process. We propose the name ÐعM提п (in place of DAMTP - the DAta Miners Travailleurs Psychique: the name of the psychic workers union) to disrupt the creation of cultural capital through regional and a national language The psychic workers are first of all composed of the Dead Workers Union and so we declare all property as commonly owned by all dead workers too. Anyone living or dead can be a psychic worker by asserting their name and making public their position All who contributed to production can lay claim to it. Any of those who have produced the work can make decisions on what should be done with it. All are limited to one copy for immediate personal consumption and use. * All who have possession of such property must pass it on to those who have produced it and those that may need or want it. Further items or copies held in any location means that the said location must be an open access archive or library for the general public use and consumption. Any capital (cultural, physical or otherwise) generated must be put back into workers organising activities - for which any workers union can assert a claim. See also DAMTP/Constitution
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Saturday, March 26, 2005 Morogoro Plastic will open a plastic grinding plant in the Tanzania town of Morogoro in April of 2005, according to Faustine Rwambali of the East African. The grinding plant will be followed by a network of 5 washing plants around Tanzania. 75% of the $2m (2bn Tsh) investment needed to build the system of plants has been provided by Barclays. The first three washing plants will be in Mwanza, Arusha, and Dar es Salaam, followed by a plant on the island of Zanzibar and one in the southern part of the country. The East African, a weekly business paper published by the Aga Khan's Nation Media Group, reports the grinding plant will have a daily capacity of 3 tons of plastic. This capacity will be upgraded to 10 tons per day once equipment ordered from Portugal arrives in June, reported IPPMedia, the news arm of East African beverage conglomerate IPP Holdings. Praful Ladwa, the director of Morogoro Plastic, claims Tanzania produces 1000 tons of plastic per day. Once the full network of plants is functioning, Ladwa hopes it will be able to handle more than 75% of that waste stream. According to the East African, Tanzania has 15 to 20 plastics companies. Ladwa said the new plant system will be the "first of its kind in East and Central Africa." Morogoro Plastic plans to expand its recycling operations into neighboring Kenya and Uganda by 2007. Ladwa asserted that the system would create at least 10,000 jobs in the region. "Report urges Kenya to ban plastic bags" — Wikinews, March 9, 2005 Faustine Rwambali. "Morogoro Plastic invests $2m in recycling plant to serve EA" — The East African website, March 21, 2005 "Morogoro Plastics embarks on recycling plastic wastes" — IPPMedia website, March 14, 2005
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As with ODEs (ordinary differential equations), a PDE (partial differential equation, or more accurately, the initial-boundary value problem (IBVP) as a whole) may be made more amenable with the help of some kind of modification of variables. So far, we've dealt only with boundary conditions that specify the value of u, which represented fluid velocity, as zero at the boundaries. Though fluid mechanics can get more complicated than that (understatement of the millennium), let's look at heat transfer now for the sake of variety. As hinted previously, the one dimensional diffusion equation can also describe heat flow in one dimension. Think of how heat could flow in one dimension: one possibility is a rod that's completely laterally insulated, so that the heat will flow only along the rod and not across it (be aware, though, it is possible to consider heat loss/gain along the rod without going two dimensional). If this rod has finite length, heat could flow in and out of the uninsulated ends. A 1D rod can have at most two ends (it can also have one or zero: the rod could be modeled as "very long"), and the boundary conditions could specify what happens at these ends. For example, the temperature could be specified at a boundary, or maybe the flow of heat, or maybe some combination of the two. The equation for heat flow is usually given as: ∂ u ∂ t = α ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} Which is the same as the equation for parallel plate flow, only with ν replaced with α and y replaced with x. Let's consider a rod of length 1, with temperatures specified (fixed) at the boundaries. The IBVP is: ∂ u ∂ t = α ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} u ( x , 0 ) = φ ( x ) {\displaystyle u(x,0)=\varphi (x)\,} u ( 0 , t ) = u 0 {\displaystyle u(0,t)=u_{0}\,} u ( 1 , t ) = u 1 {\displaystyle u(1,t)=u_{1}\,} φ(x) is the temperature at t = 0. Look at what the BCs say: For all time, the temperature at x = 0 is u0 and at x = 1 is u1. Note that this could be just as well a parallel plate problem: u0 and u1 would represent wall velocities. The PDE is easily separable, in basically the same way as in previous chapters: ∂ ∂ t ( u ( x , t ) ) = α ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 ( u ( x , t ) ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(u(x,t))=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}(u(x,t))\,} ∂ ∂ t ( X ( x ) T ( t ) ) = α ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 ( X ( x ) T ( t ) ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(X(x)T(t))=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}(X(x)T(t))\,} X ( x ) ∂ ∂ t ( T ( t ) ) = α T ( t ) ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 ( X ( x ) ) {\displaystyle X(x){\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(T(t))=\alpha T(t){\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}(X(x))\,} X ( x ) T ′ ( t ) = α T ( t ) X ′′ ( x ) {\displaystyle X(x)T'(t)=\alpha T(t)X''(x)\,} T ′ ( t ) α T ( t ) = X ′′ ( x ) X ( x ) {\displaystyle {\frac {T'(t)}{\alpha T(t)}}={\frac {X''(x)}{X(x)}}\,} ⇓ {\displaystyle {\Big \Downarrow }} T ′ ( t ) α T ( t ) = X ′′ ( x ) X ( x ) = − k 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {T'(t)}{\alpha T(t)}}={\frac {X''(x)}{X(x)}}=-k^{2}\,} ⇓ {\displaystyle {\Big \Downarrow }} T ′ ( t ) α T ( t ) = − k 2 ⇒ T ′ ( t ) = − k 2 α T ( t ) ⇒ T ( t ) = C 1 e − k 2 α t {\displaystyle {\frac {T'(t)}{\alpha T(t)}}=-k^{2}\Rightarrow T'(t)=-k^{2}\alpha T(t)\Rightarrow T(t)=C_{1}e^{-k^{2}\alpha t}\,} X ′′ ( x ) X ( x ) = − k 2 ⇒ X ′′ ( x ) = − k 2 X ( x ) ⇒ X ( x ) = C 2 cos ( k x ) + C 3 sin ( k x ) {\displaystyle {\frac {X''(x)}{X(x)}}=-k^{2}\Rightarrow X''(x)=-k^{2}X(x)\Rightarrow X(x)=C_{2}\cos(kx)+C_{3}\sin(kx)\,} ⇓ {\displaystyle {\Big \Downarrow }} u ( x , t ) = X ( x ) T ( t ) = C 1 e − k 2 α t ( C 2 cos ( k x ) + C 3 sin ( k x ) ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)=X(x)T(t)=C_{1}e^{-k^{2}\alpha t}(C_{2}\cos(kx)+C_{3}\sin(kx))} u ( x , t ) = e − k 2 α t ( A cos ( k x ) + B sin ( k x ) ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)=e^{-k^{2}\alpha t}(A\cos(kx)+B\sin(kx))} Now, substitute the BCs: u 0 = u ( 0 , t ) {\displaystyle u_{0}=u(0,t)\,} u 0 = e − k 2 α t ( A cos ( k ⋅ 0 ) + B sin ( k ⋅ 0 ) ) {\displaystyle u_{0}=e^{-k^{2}\alpha t}(A\cos(k\cdot 0)+B\sin(k\cdot 0))\,} u 0 = A e − k 2 α t {\displaystyle u_{0}=Ae^{-k^{2}\alpha t}\,} u 1 = u ( 1 , t ) {\displaystyle u_{1}=u(1,t)\,} u 1 = e − k 2 α t ( A cos ( k ⋅ 1 ) + B sin ( k ⋅ 1 ) ) {\displaystyle u_{1}=e^{-k^{2}\alpha t}(A\cos(k\cdot 1)+B\sin(k\cdot 1))\,} u 1 = e − k 2 α t ( A cos ( k ) + B sin ( k ) ) {\displaystyle u_{1}=e^{-k^{2}\alpha t}(A\cos(k)+B\sin(k))\,} We can't proceed. Among other things, the presence of t in the exponential factor (previously divided out) prevents anything from coming out of this. This is another example of the fact that the assumption that u(x, t) = X(x)T(t) was wrong. The only thing that prevents us from getting a solution would be the non-zero BCs. This is where changing variables will help: a new variable v(x, t) will be defined in terms of u which will be separable. Think of how v(x, t) could be defined to make its BCs zero ("homogeneous"). One way would be: u ( x , t ) = v ( x , t ) + h ( x ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)=v(x,t)+h(x)\,} This form is inspired from the appearance of the BCs, and it can be readily seen: u ( 0 , t ) = u 0 {\displaystyle u(0,t)=u_{0}\,} u ( 1 , t ) = u 1 {\displaystyle u(1,t)=u_{1}\,} ⇓ {\displaystyle {\Big \Downarrow }} v ( 0 , t ) + h ( 0 ) = u 0 {\displaystyle v(0,t)+h(0)=u_{0}\,} v ( 1 , t ) + h ( 1 ) = u 1 {\displaystyle v(1,t)+h(1)=u_{1}\,} If h(0) = u0 and h(1) = u1, v(x, t) would indeed have zero BCs. Pretty much any choice of h(x) satisfying these conditions would do it, but only one is the best choice. Making the substitution into the PDE: ∂ ∂ t ( u ( x , t ) ) = α ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 ( u ( x , t ) ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(u(x,t))=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}(u(x,t))\,} ∂ ∂ t ( v ( x , t ) + h ( x ) ) = α ∂ 2 ∂ x 2 ( v ( x , t ) + h ( x ) ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(v(x,t)+h(x))=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}}(v(x,t)+h(x))\,} ∂ v ∂ t = α ∂ 2 v ∂ x 2 + α ∂ 2 h ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}v}{\partial x^{2}}}+\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}h}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} So now the PDE has been messed up by the new term involving h. This will thwart separation... ...unless that last term happens to be zero. Rather then hoping it's zero, we can demand it (the best choice hinted above), and put the other requirements on h(x) next to that: d 2 h d x 2 = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}h}{dx^{2}}}=0\,} h ( 0 ) = u 0 {\displaystyle h(0)=u_{0}\,} h ( 1 ) = u 1 {\displaystyle h(1)=u_{1}\,} Note that the partial derivative became an ordinary derivative since h is a function of x only. The above constitutes a pretty simple boundary value problem, with unique solution: h ( x ) = ( u 1 − u 0 ) x + u 0 {\displaystyle h(x)=(u_{1}-u_{0})x+u_{0}\,} It's just a straight line. Note that this is what would arise if the steady state (time independent) problem were solved for u(x). In other words, h could've been pulled out of one's ass readily just looking at the physics of the situation. The problem now reduces to finding v(x, t). The IBVP for this would be: ∂ v ∂ t = α ∂ 2 v ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}v}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} v ( x , 0 ) = φ ( x ) − h ( x ) = φ ( x ) − ( ( u 1 − u 0 ) x + u 0 ) {\displaystyle v(x,0)=\varphi (x)-h(x)=\varphi (x)-((u_{1}-u_{0})x+u_{0})\,} v ( 0 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle v(0,t)=0\,} v ( 1 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle v(1,t)=0\,} Note that the IC changed under the transformation. The solution to this IBVP was found in a past chapter through separation of variables and superposition to be: v ( x , t ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ e − ( n π ) 2 α t ∫ 0 1 2 sin ( n π x ) ( φ ( x ) − ( ( u 1 − u 0 ) x + u 0 ) ) d x ⋅ sin ( n π x ) {\displaystyle v(x,t)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-(n\pi )^{2}\alpha t}\int _{0}^{1}2\sin(n\pi x)(\varphi (x)-((u_{1}-u_{0})x+u_{0}))\ dx\cdot \sin(n\pi x)\,} u(x, t) may now be found simply by adding h(x), according to how the variable change was defined: u ( x , t ) = v ( x , t ) + h ( x ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)=v(x,t)+h(x)\,} u ( x , t ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ e − ( n π ) 2 α t ∫ 0 1 2 sin ( n π x ) ( φ ( x ) − h ( x ) ) d x ⋅ sin ( n π x ) + ( u 1 − u 0 ) x + u 0 {\displaystyle u(x,t)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-(n\pi )^{2}\alpha t}\int _{0}^{1}2\sin(n\pi x)(\varphi (x)-h(x))\ dx\cdot \sin(n\pi x)+(u_{1}-u_{0})x+u_{0}\,} This solution looks like the sum of a steady state portion (that's h(x)) and a transient portion (that's v(x)): Note that this wouldn't work so nicely with non-constant BCs. For example, if the IBVP were: ∂ u ∂ t = α ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} u ( x , 0 ) = φ ( x ) {\displaystyle u(x,0)=\varphi (x)\,} u ( 0 , t ) = u 0 ( t ) {\displaystyle u(0,t)=u_{0}(t)\,} u ( 1 , t ) = u 1 ( t ) {\displaystyle u(1,t)=u_{1}(t)\,} Then, transforming it would require h = h(x, t). Reusing u(x, t) = v(x, t) + h(x, t) introduced previously would eventually lead to: ∂ v ∂ t + ∂ h ∂ t = α ∂ 2 v ∂ x 2 + α ∂ 2 h ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}+{\frac {\partial h}{\partial t}}=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}v}{\partial x^{2}}}+\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}h}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} v ( x , 0 ) = φ ( x ) − h ( x , 0 ) {\displaystyle v(x,0)=\varphi (x)-h(x,0)\,} v ( 0 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle v(0,t)=0\,} v ( 1 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle v(1,t)=0\,} Where, to simplify the PDE above: ∂ h ∂ t = α ∂ 2 h ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial h}{\partial t}}=\alpha {\frac {\partial ^{2}h}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} h ( x , 0 ) = anything {\displaystyle h(x,0)={\mbox{anything}}\,} h ( 0 , t ) = u 0 ( t ) {\displaystyle h(0,t)=u_{0}(t)\,} h ( 1 , t ) = u 1 ( t ) {\displaystyle h(1,t)=u_{1}(t)\,} Which doesn't really make anything simpler, despite freedom in the choice of IC. But this isn't completely useless. Note that the PDE for h was chosen to simplify the PDE for v(x, t) (would lead to the terms involving h to cancel out), which may lead to the question: Was this necessary? If that were the case, the PDE we picked for h would not be satisfied, and that would result in extra terms in the PDE for v(x, t). The no-longer-separable IBVP for v(x, t) could, however, be solved via an eigenfunction expansion, whose full story will be told later. It's worth noting though, that an eigenfunction expansion would require homogenous BCs, so the transformation was necessary. So this problem has to be put aside without any conclusion for now. I told you that BCs can mess everything up. Now back to fluid mechanics. Previously, we dealt with flow that was initially moving but slowing down because of resistance and the absence of a driving force. Maybe, it'd be more interesting if we had a fluid initially at rest (ie, zero IC) but set into motion by some constant pressure difference. The IBVP for such a case would be: ∂ u ∂ t = ν ∂ 2 u ∂ y 2 − P x ρ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}=\nu {\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial y^{2}}}-{\frac {P_{x}}{\rho }}\,} u ( y , 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle u(y,0)=0\,} u ( 0 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle u(0,t)=0\,} u ( 1 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle u(1,t)=0\,} This PDE with the pressure term was described previously. That pressure term is what drives the flow; it is assumed constant. The intent of the change of variables would be to remove the pressure term from the PDE (which prevents separation) while keeping the BCs homogeneous. One path to take would be to add something to u(x, t), either a function of t or a function of y, so that differentiation would leave behind a constant that could cancel the pressure term out. Adding a function of t would be very unfavorable since it'd result in time dependent BCs, so let's try a function of y: u ( y , t ) = v ( y , t ) + f ( y ) {\displaystyle u(y,t)=v(y,t)+f(y)\,} Substituting this into the PDE: ∂ ∂ t ( v ( y , t ) + f ( y ) ) = ν ∂ 2 ∂ y 2 ( v ( y , t ) + f ( y ) ) − P x ρ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}(v(y,t)+f(y))=\nu {\frac {\partial ^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}}(v(y,t)+f(y))-{\frac {P_{x}}{\rho }}\,} ∂ v ∂ t = ν ∂ 2 v ∂ y 2 + ν ∂ 2 f ∂ y 2 − P x ρ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}=\nu {\frac {\partial ^{2}v}{\partial y^{2}}}+\nu {\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial y^{2}}}-{\frac {P_{x}}{\rho }}\,} This procedure will simplify the PDE and preserve the BCs only if the following conditions hold: 0 = ν d 2 f d y 2 − P x ρ {\displaystyle 0=\nu {\frac {d^{2}f}{dy^{2}}}-{\frac {P_{x}}{\rho }}\,} f ( 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(0)=0\,} f ( 1 ) = 0 {\displaystyle f(1)=0\,} The first condition, an ODE, is required to simplify the PDE for v(y, t), it will result in cancellation of the last two terms. The other two conditions are chosen to preserve the homogeneous BCs of the problem (note that if the BCs of u(y, t) weren't homogeneous, the BCs on f(y) would need to be picked to amend that). The solution to the BVP above is simply: f ( y ) = P x 2 ρ ν ( y 2 − y ) {\displaystyle f(y)={\frac {P_{x}}{2\rho \nu }}(y^{2}-y)\,} So f(y) was successfully determined. Note that this function is symmetric about y = 1/2. The IBVP for v(y, t) becomes: ∂ v ∂ t = ν ∂ 2 v ∂ y 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial v}{\partial t}}=\nu {\frac {\partial ^{2}v}{\partial y^{2}}}\,} v ( y , 0 ) = − f ( y ) = P x 2 ρ ν ( y − y 2 ) {\displaystyle v(y,0)=-f(y)={\frac {P_{x}}{2\rho \nu }}(y-y^{2})\,} v ( 0 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle v(0,t)=0\,} v ( 1 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle v(1,t)=0\,} This is the same IBVP we've been beating to death for some time now. The solution for v(y, t) is: v ( y , t ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ e − ( n π ) 2 α t ∫ 0 1 2 sin ( n π y ) ( P x 2 ρ ν ( y − y 2 ) ) d y ⋅ sin ( n π y ) {\displaystyle v(y,t)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-(n\pi )^{2}\alpha t}\int _{0}^{1}2\sin(n\pi y)\left({\frac {P_{x}}{2\rho \nu }}(y-y^{2})\right)\ dy\cdot \sin(n\pi y)\,} And the solution for u(y, t) follows from how the variable change was defined: u ( y , t ) = v ( y , t ) + f ( y ) {\displaystyle u(y,t)=v(y,t)+f(y)\,} u ( y , t ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ e − ( n π ) 2 ν t ∫ 0 1 2 sin ( n π y ) ( P x 2 ρ ν ( y − y 2 ) ) d y ⋅ sin ( n π y ) + P x 2 ρ ν ( y 2 − y ) {\displaystyle u(y,t)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-(n\pi )^{2}\nu t}\int _{0}^{1}2\sin(n\pi y)\left({\frac {P_{x}}{2\rho \nu }}(y-y^{2})\right)\ dy\cdot \sin(n\pi y)+{\frac {P_{x}}{2\rho \nu }}(y^{2}-y)\,} u ( y , t ) = P x 2 ρ ν ( y 2 − y ) − P x 2 ρ ν ∑ n = 1 ∞ e − ( n π ) 2 ν t ⋅ 4 ( − 1 ) n − 4 n 3 π 3 sin ( n π y ) {\displaystyle u(y,t)={\frac {P_{x}}{2\rho \nu }}(y^{2}-y)-{\frac {P_{x}}{2\rho \nu }}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-(n\pi )^{2}\nu t}\cdot {\frac {4(-1)^{n}-4}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}}\sin(n\pi y)\,} This solution fits what we expect: it starts flat and approaches the parabolic profile quickly. This is the same parabola derived as the steady state flow in the realistic IC chapter; the integral was evaluated for integer n, simplifying it. A careful look at the solution reveals something interesting: this is just decaying parallel plate flow "in reverse". Instead of the flow starting parabolic and gradually approaching u = 0, it starts with u = 0 and gradually approaches a parabola. In this example we'll change time, an independent variable, instead of changing the dependent variable. Consider the following IBVP: ∂ u ∂ t = 1 1 + t 2 ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}={\frac {1}{1+t^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} u ( x , 0 ) = φ ( x ) {\displaystyle u(x,0)=\varphi (x)\,} u ( 0 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle u(0,t)=0\,} u ( 1 , t ) = 0 {\displaystyle u(1,t)=0\,} Note that this is a separable; a transformation isn't really necessary, however it'll be easier since we can reuse past solutions if it can be transformed into something familiar. Let's not get involved with the physics of this and just call it a diffusion problem. It could be diffusion of momentum (as in fluid mechanics), diffusion of heat (heat transfer), diffusion of a chemical (chemistry), or simply a mathematician's toy. In other words, a confession: it was purposely made up to serve as an example. The (time dependent) factor in front of the second derivative is called the diffusivity. Previously, it was a constant α (called "thermal diffusivity") or constant ν ("kinematic viscosity"). Now, it decays with time. To simplify the PDE via a transformation, we look for ways in which the factor could cancel out. One way would be to define a new time variable, call it τ and leave it's relation to t arbitrary. The chain rule yields: ∂ u ∂ t = ∂ u ∂ τ ⋅ d τ d t {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}={\frac {\partial u}{\partial \tau }}\cdot {\frac {d\tau }{dt}}\,} Substituting this into the PDE: ∂ u ∂ τ ⋅ d τ d t = 1 1 + t 2 ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial \tau }}\cdot {\frac {d\tau }{dt}}={\frac {1}{1+t^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} Note now that the variable t will completely disappear (divide out in this case) from the equation if: d τ d t = 1 1 + t 2 ⇒ τ = arctan ( t ) + C {\displaystyle {\frac {d\tau }{dt}}={\frac {1}{1+t^{2}}}\Rightarrow \tau =\arctan(t)+C\,} C is completely arbitrary. However, the best choice of C is the one that makes τ = 0 when t = 0, since this wouldn't change the IC which is defined at t = 0; so, take C = 0. Note that the BCs wouldn't change either way, unless they were time dependent, in which they would change no matter what C is chosen. The IBVP is turned into: ∂ u ∂ τ = ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial \tau }}={\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}}\,} u ( x , 0 ) = φ ( x ) {\displaystyle u(x,0)=\varphi (x)\,} u ( 0 , τ ) = 0 {\displaystyle u(0,\tau )=0\,} u ( 1 , τ ) = 0 {\displaystyle u(1,\tau )=0\,} Digging up the solution and restoring the original variable: u ( x , τ ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ e − ( n π ) 2 τ ∫ 0 1 2 sin ( n π x ) φ ( x ) d x ⋅ sin ( n π x ) {\displaystyle u(x,\tau )=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-(n\pi )^{2}\tau }\int _{0}^{1}2\sin(n\pi x)\varphi (x)\ dx\cdot \sin(n\pi x)\,} ⇓ {\displaystyle {\Big \Downarrow }} u ( x , t ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ e − ( n π ) 2 arctan ( t ) ∫ 0 1 2 sin ( n π x ) φ ( x ) d x ⋅ sin ( n π x ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{-(n\pi )^{2}\arctan(t)}\int _{0}^{1}2\sin(n\pi x)\varphi (x)\ dx\cdot \sin(n\pi x)\,} Note that, unlike any of the previous examples, the physics of the problem (if there were any) couldn't have helped us. It's also worth mentioning that the solution doesn't limit to u = 0 for long time. Changing variables works a little differently for PDEs in the sense that you have a lot of freedom thanks to partial differentiation. In this chapter, we picked what seemed to be a good general form for the transformation (inspired by whatever prevented easy solution), wrote down a bunch of requirements, and defined the transformation to uniquely satisfy the requirements. Doing the same for ODEs can often degrade to a monkey with typewriter situation. Many simple little changes go without saying. For example, we've so far worked with rods of length "1" or plates separated by a distance of "1". What if the rod was 5 m long? Then space would have to be nondimensionalized using the following transformation: x = 5 m ⋅ x ^ {\displaystyle x=5\ {\mbox{m}}\cdot {\hat {x}}\,} Simple nondimensionalization is, well, simple; however for PDEs with more terms it can lead to scale analysis which can lead to perturbation theory which will all have to be explained in a later chapter. It's worth noting that the physics of the IBVP very often suggest what kind of transformation needs to be done. Even some nonlinear problems can be solved this way. This topic isn't nearly over, changes of variables will be dealt with again in future chapters.
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Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Friday, September 20, 2013 Australian solar racing team Sunswift paraded their fifth car, eVe, on the Kensington campus of the University of New South Wales, Sydney, yesterday. They are leaving for the 2013 World Solar Challenge this weekend. Both staff and students came to the send-off event in the early afternoon. The vehicle route led from the biomed lawn of Michael Birt Gadrens in upper Kensington Campus down the University Mall to Anzac Parade with a few stops along the way at Commerce Courtyard and Globe Lawn. The driver, as well as the passenger, alighted as six members of the team carried eVe over the stairs of University Mall. eVe, the latest car built by the Sunswift team, was designed for the new Cruiser class of the competition, and thus meets regulations for normal roads-worthy vehicles. While its predecessor IVy weighed under 150 kg, eVe weighs approximately 300 kg, with light carbon fiber monocoque construction and 15 kWh batteries weighing only 63 kg. However, eVe has achieved a similar drag coefficient, despite different overall shape and larger frontal area. The 2013 Bridgestone World Solar Challenge is to take place on October 6–13, 2013. File:EVe Campus.png UNSW Solar Racing Team Sunswift. "Sunswift Send-Off Parade" — Facebook, September 19, 2013 TSPORT100. "UNSW Sunswift launch 140 km/h “eVe” Cruiser Class Solar Racecar" — Electric Vehicle News, August 12, 2013 TSPORT100. "Solar car 'uses less power than toaster'" — Electric Vehicle News, October 12, 2009
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Rampage is a 2018 science fiction monster film film about a primatologist named Davis Okoye who must team up with George, an albino gorilla who turns into a raging creature of enormous size as a result of a rogue experiment, to stop two other mutated animals from destroying Chicago. Directed by Brad Peyton. Written by Ryan Engle, Carlton Cuse, Ryan J. Condal, and Adam Sztykiel. Big Meets Bigger. (taglines) No, he's definitely bigger. Of course, the wolf can fly. Yeah, well, animals get me. Oh. Okay, very funny. You and I laughing at your joke. New guy, he no laugh. He cry. Let's go save the world. Are you familiar with genetic editing? Changes will be incredibly unpredictable. It increases strength, speed, vigility. He definitely trusts you. We’ve got another one of your little science experiments running around. Oh, you didn’t know about the thirty foot wolf? Hell of a day, huh? Science experiments falling from the sky. We’ve created the next chapter in natural selection. Project Rampage works. Dr. Davis Okoye: Kinda wish I could've knocked him out too, though. Dr. Kate Caldwell: You do know there are other ways of dealing with people, right? Dr. Davis Okoye: I do know that, yeah, but they're not as fun. Nelson: Is it me, or is he considerably bigger? Dr. Davis Okoye: No, he's definitely bigger. Big Meets Bigger. Dwayne Johnson – Davis Okoye Naomie Harris – Dr. Kate Caldwell Malin Åkerman – Claire Wyden Jeffrey Dean Morgan – Harvey Russell Jake Lacy – Brett Wyden Joe Manganiello – Burke Marley Shelton – Dr. Kerry Atkins P. J. Byrne – Nelson Demetrius Grosse – Colonel Blake Jack Quaid – Conor Breanne Hill – Amy Matt Gerald – Zammit Will Yun Lee – Agent Park Urijah Faber – Garrick Bruce Blackshear – Taylor Jason Liles – George Wikipedia has an article about: Rampage (2018 film) Rampage quotes at the Internet Movie Database Rampage at Rotten Tomatoes Rampage at Metacritic Official website
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Oughterard is a small town in County Galway, on the shores of Lough Corrib 26 km northwest of Galway city. It's on the edge of the Connemara hills and has accommodation and other visitor amenities; it's a commuter town for the city and its own population in 2016 was 1318. Although it's best known in film for the stone bridge seen in The Quiet Man, Oughterard and its denizens also inspired The Irish RM, published from 1899 and televised 1983-85. See Galway for long distance routes. From the city, highway N59 runs west to Oughterard and Clifden. Citylink Bus 923 and Bus Éireann 419 between them run every hour or two from Galway to Oughterard and Clifden, normally by the main road N59. On Tuesday mornings, Bus 419 takes a roundabout route from Clifden via Cleggan, Letterfrack and Leenane before returning to the main road at Maam Cross, thence to Oughterard and Galway; the return bus sets out from Galway at 18:00. The bus will take you along N59, you need your own wheels for anywhere else. 53.418-9.2711 Aughnanure Castle, Oughterard H91 PX20, ☏ +353 91 552214. Mar-Oct daily 09:30-18:00, Nov to 16:00. Well preserved 16th century tower house in picturesque setting by the shores of Lough Corrib. Adult €5. (updated Jun 2020) 53.385-9.2132 Brigit's Garden, Rosscahill, ☏ +353 91 550 905. Brigid was a Celtic goddess of spring, who morphed into the Christian St Brigid of Kildare (451-525 AD). These are botanic gardens heavily dosed with Celtic mythology. Adult €8. (updated Jun 2020) 53.418165-9.3743533 Glengowla Mines, Glengowla, Oughterard (N59 five km west of village), ☏ +353 91 552 021. Mar-Oct daily 10:00-18:00. These were active 1851-1865, mining galena: lead sulphide, from which the lead is easily extracted. The ores also yielded silver and a little gold. Entry to the mines is by guided tour: it's on a farm where they also demonstrate sheepdog handling. Adult €11. (updated Jun 2020) 53.427-9.4234 The Quiet Man Bridge is the picturesque stone arch bridge used as a location for the 1952 film starring John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara. Further west towards Maam was "White O'Morn" cottage: this is nowadays a ruin, but there's a replica in nearby Cong where most of the film was shot. Oughterard Golf Club is south side of the village towards the castle. Course is 5860 m, par 72 off the white tees, round €40. Fishing on Lough Corrib is free but you'll need to hire a boat. A clutch of stores in village centre: Centra (daily to 23:00), Keogh's and Joyce's. Powers Thatch, Main St, Oughterard, ☏ +353 91 557 597. Great little bar and restaurant, often has live trad music. (updated Jun 2020) Faherty's, Kelly's and The Boat Inn are in village centre at the foot of Camp Street. Lots of small B&Bs in the village and by the lough. 53.424487-9.3117431 Carrown Tober House, Billamore, Oughterard (on N59), ☏ +353 91 552 166. Grand little B&B just outside village. (updated Jun 2020) 53.427-9.272 Waterfront House, Golf Course Road, Oughterard H91 PW89, ☏ +353 91 552 797. Pleasant relaxing B&B by lough. (updated Jun 2020) 53.392-9.283 Ross Lake House Hotel, Drimneen (off N59 at Rosscahill), ☏ +353 91 550 109. Stylish 19th century country house hotel in extensive gardens. (updated Jun 2020) 53.382-9.2364 Ross Castle is a 17th C mansion built over the earlier castle, and available for self-catering lets and events. In the late 19th C it was the home of Violet Florence Martin and Edith Somerville, who co-wrote the Stories of an Irish RM. 53.466-9.3555 Currarevagh House, Glann Rd, Oughterard H91 X3C2, ☏ +353 91 552 312. Upscale hotel in a Victorian sporting lodge, first-class cooking. Open mid-Mar - Nov. B&B double from €160. (updated May 2020) As of June 2020, you'll get a good mobile signal from Eir, Three and Vodafone along N59 from Galway to Oughterard and Clifden. 4G in the village is okay with Eir, patchy with Vodafone and dead with Three. West on N59 to the resort of Clifden. Follow the scenic lane to Cleggan for ferries to Inishbofin Island. Turn north at Maam Cross to reach Leenane, a fjord, and a mountain that English mapmakers didn't care to name correctly. The lane southwest comes to Costello and Rossaveel, which has ferries to the Aran Islands. Lively Galway city is only half an hour's drive.
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HP: Hit Points #: Damage (amount of hit points removed) KO: Knock Out (one-hit kill) STN: Stun (temporarily immobilize) BRN: Burn (incremental fire damage) FRZ: Freeze (permanently immobilize) SLM: Slime (transform into a Slime Monster) Shirts: The amount of hearts Link will lose if attacked, based upon which color Mail he is wearing. These are the first enemies that you see in the game, and some of the easiest to kill. Just swipe at them with your sword, and they'll usually be hit. However, sometimes you'll find your blow blocked by the daggers that all of soldiers have. To avoid this, just stun them by hitting them with a boomerang. This will neutralize any threat they might present, as well as stopping them from defending themselves. However, if you've just started out, you might not have your boomerang yet. To get around this, you can imitate their defensive stance by holding down your sword button. This will not only protect you, but will also charge your sword for a spin attack, which you can unleash as soon as it's charged. In the GBA version, you will also have the opportunity to attack them with magic by using your lamp. This is because in the GBA version of this game, your magic meter automatically fills when you get the lamp. In the SNES version, you may run out of magic and find yourself suddenly being hurt. They pop up in patches of grass. They will always pop up from the same place. They use their ball and chain against you. They are vulnerable when they recharge. The Armos first appear to be harmless statues, but if you come to close, they will suddenly come to life and begin to chase you. However, because of their slow speed and nonexistent defense, they can be easily killed with almost any weapon. The buzzblob produces an electric field that will sting Link if he strikes it with anything less than the level 4 sword. Once the buzzblob is stunned, its electric field is neutralized and a single hit from any sword will kill it. Throwing a stone will kill the buzzblob, whether or not it is stunned. The Buzzblob has a very unique reaction to Magic Powder. It becomes a Cukeman, which will give hints if talked to. The Crowl is an enemy that comes in two forms. One form will stay in a tree until it spots you, when it will pop out and come toward you. However, there is a more dangerous form, which will keep attacking you until you kill it. A Deadrock is quite literally a living rock, and therefore impervious to every attack at Link's disposal except the most powerful magic. Attacking it turns it back into an ordinary and immobile rock. The only way to make this invulnerable enemy vulnerable is to turn it into a slime first. The Derudomen are often annoying to players, due to their tendency to pop out of the ground right next to Link without warning. They generally live in desert areas, where the sand is soft enough to burrow in. One way to avoid them is to walk cautiously, then immediately begin attacking it when it pops out of the ground, removing its chance to get a free hit on you. Hachi bees are, for the most part, a minor nuisance. They can appear when you cut down a bush or grass. They will fly around and sting you until you leave a portion of the world, or kill them. However, you can catch them with your net and hold them in a bottle. Then you can release them to attack nearby enemies. This harmless insect is easy to kill, and can't even hurt you, but it can help you. If you lift the hedge (or rock) from off its back, it will start dropping Rupees in an attempt to shake you off its trail. If you collect five green Rupees before he disappears, it will drop a red Rupee. The Octoballoon is a special floating variety of Octorok. It is sensitive to all but the hottest of attacks. Any attempt to kill it will result in 6 smaller Octo creatures bursting out of its top to attack before disappearing. These creatures are back from the first Zelda game. Although they can be dispatched with almost any attack, they can still be dangerous because of their ability to fire rocks from their snouts. Luckily, these missiles can be blocked by any shield, as long as you are facing the rock without attacking. This is why Octoroks have taken to traveling in numbers. When there are several rocks whizzing around at once, they can be a bit more formidable. However, defeating will often earn blue or occasionally even red rupees. These little crabs are found near The Waterfall Of Wishing, And where you found the Ice Rod. Poes are like Hues in the Light World. Basically all they have is a lantern, and they fly around. Slimes are defenseless creatures that typically appear as the result of sprinkling Magic Powder on a more dangerous enemy, or using the magic of the Quake medallion. In this form, any enemy can be quickly defeated. They are back from the original game. They hop from one location to another. These birds fly around you in circles when you walk through the desert. Using special defensive techniques, the Thieves of the Lost Woods are impervious to all forms of attack, physical or magical. They cannot be harmed, nor can they harm you. But if they collide with you in the woods, expect to drop some supplies and Rupees that Thieves will be quick to collect from you. This rabbit hops out from thick grass. He is easy to kill, but you can play a trick on it to earn Rupees. Instead of attacking the Toppi, destroy the grass that he jumped from. He will land helplessly on his back. Approach him and he will call you a thief, and give you Rupees, Bombs, Arrows or whatnot to leave him alone. They live in water bodies and pop out of their whirlpools. They fire magic attacks at you. To block a magic attack you need to have a Magic Shield or Mirror Shield. Devilants are only found in the Desert Palace. Red Devilants shoot 3 fireballs, Blue Devilants Just pop up, And do no damage to Link. Eyegores are magical statues that normally sleep. They only wake up when you get close enough to them. Then their single eye opens up and they begin to chase you. You can only hurt them when they are awake. Furthermore, Red Eyegores can only be damaged by bow and arrow attacks. They can be killed with a strike from the Boomerang. They charge at you when you're in front of them. The blue skeletons are mostly harmless and easily killed. The red skeletons will back away when attacked (so you do no damage) and then throw a bone at you. To kill these skeletons, you must back them into a corner where they cannot back out any further. Skull Stalfos drop down from the ceiling, only stopping long enough to deliver their floating skulls. The body floats back up to the ceiling, leaving the head behind to attack you. They can be killed by attacking them with the Hookshot.
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Introduction Script Devanagari Combinations (Conjuncts) Grammar Gender Honorifics Plurals Parts of speech Conjugation Questions Word order Negation Nouns Verbs Pronouns Tenses Vocabulary Everyday Phrases Numbers Colors Family relations Time This box: view • talk • edit Numbers are the basic of Mathematics. Strange that Hindi numbers are unorganized unlike Sanskrit and other Southern Indian languages. Like other Sanskrit derived/Indian languages, Hindi numbers also follow decimal format. Hindi cardinal numbers up to 100 have no specific standardization. Up to 20, the numbers are unique. After that each tenth number (such as 30, 40 etc) is unique. The rest of the numbers take the form of prefix of incremental digit and the base of preceding tenth number. However these prefixes and bases vary slightly and in a random manner. Although the pattern isn't regular, don't worry too much. They're just slightly different and with some practice you'd soon get the hang of it. Here are the numbers from 21 to 100. Try to follow them and find any similar pattern. Once you have got through the numbers 1-100 the rest of the numbers are regular. Another point to be noted in Hindi in case of cardinal numbers is that Hindi (and all other Indic languages) often use quantities like lakh and crore which are less common in English speaking countries. The opposite is true for quantities like million, billion (We are talking about the US billion which is 1 followed by 9 zeros, not the UK billion which is 1 followed by 12 zeros. ), trillion etc. Hindi ordinals are a piece of cake once you are thorough with the cardinals. Only the first six ordinals are unique. As you would have noticed by now that in Hindi 'वां' acts just like 'th' in English which you can add to the end of cardinal numbers to form the corresponding ordinal numbers. If you're wondering about the irregularities of the second options, then let us just tell you that they are the Sanskrit ordinal numbers that are used often in Hindi. You just have to remember ten of them (for they sometimes appear in texts/speeches). After ten, any ordinal numbers you would encounter would be most likely in the general form of ordinal number+vāṃ Numbers in Hindi
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Banjarbaru is a city in South Kalimantan. Banjarmasin's Syamsudin Noor Airport (BDJ IATA) is actually nearer to Banjarbaru than to Banjarmasin. It is about 15 minutes drive from the city. All public transportation are using yellow registration plate. Taksi kota is a minivan with green color. The route is from Liang Anggang to Martapura (the capital of the Banjar Regency), via Banjarbaru and vice versa. Becak (rickshaw or pedicab). You have to be good negotiator if you want to ride on becak, fare depends on the destination (near or far). Markets is the best place to find becak. It's a good choice for a short ride. Usually becak drivers don't speak English, but a map and lots of pointing will get you to the right place. You need to know the place you want to go. -3.442118114.8381571 Lambung Mangkurat Museum, Jalan Jenderal Ahmad Yani km 36, ☏ +62 511 4772453. The museum store various types of historical and cultural relics as well as the profile of South Kalimantan in various aspects of life and natural potential. The museum collection consists of relics of the Sultanate of Banjar, Candi Agung (The Great Temple), Candi Laras (Laras Temple), tools of stone, wood carving, tools for agriculture and household furniture and traditional musical instruments. The museum was inaugurated and began functioning in January 1978. Diamond panning - located in Cempaka district, about 7 kilometers from Banjarbaru. The miners usually in groups to dig a hole at a depth of about 10-12 meters using traditional tolls and old methods. Swimming - there is one public pool in Banjarbaru. Address: Kolam Renang Idaman, Jalan Taman Gembira. Gemstones at Martapura. Ayam Panggang Swarga - located in the city center, famous for its chicken barbeque. Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) - located in the city center. Hotel Permata In, Jl. A. Yani, ☏ +62 511 4773005. Martapura - only 15 minutes drive from Banjarbaru Banjarmasin
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Grand Island is a city of 51,000 people (2019) in South Central Nebraska. Grand Island has been given the All-America City Award three times (1955, 1967, and 1981–82) by the National Civic League. Interstate 80 (I-80) runs just south of Grand Island. Exits 312, 314 and 318 lead into the city. US Highway 30 cuts from the southwest corner to the northeast corner of town. US Highway 34 runs out of town to the east, paralleling I-80. NE Highway 2 runs out of the city to the northwest. US Highway 281 cuts through the city north to south. 40.9675-98.3097221 Central Nebraska Regional Airport (GRI IATA). Served by American Eagle twice daily from Dallas/Fort Worth and Allegiant Air from Las Vegas and Phoenix/Mesa Arrow/Trailways Lines (+1-800-992-4618) Eppley Express provides limited shuttle service between Omaha and several Nebraska cities including Kearney, Grand Island, Hastings, Lincoln and York. Two pick-up/drop-off locations are available in Omaha: Eppley Airfield and Holiday Inn at 72nd & Grover just north of I-80. Service is limited to specific days and times depending upon your destination. Reservations available on-line. Public shuttle service for the Greater Grand Island Area (308-385-5324) Action Cab & Courier (308-381-1010) 40.8839-98.37331 Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer (Stuhr Museum), 3133 W US Hwy 34 (Stuhr Museum is located at the corner of US Hwys 281 & 34, just 5 minutes north of I-80 Exit 312. ), ☏ +1 308 385-5316. A large scale indoor/outdoor museum dedicated to the Nebraska frontier and the pioneers who settled those lands. Exhibits include a replica 1800s plains town where visitors can interact with exhibits, walk inside the many buildings/houses on the campus and observe an 1800s train station along with older farm equipment used in the area. May-Sep: adult $8, senior $7, youth 6-12 $6, age 5 & under free; Oct-Apr: adult $6, senior $5, youth ages 6-12 $4, age 5 & under free. Townsley-Murdock Trail Site, Platte River Valley (1.5 miles south of Alda, Nebraska), ☏ +1 308-382-4400. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1998, this site contains one of the only remaining ruts on the Mormon Trail. The 2.4-acre site is west of and adjacent to the Wood River Crossing area. Upon leaving the Wood River Crossing, travelers were funneled onto a narrow ridge, which separated the winding Wood River from the wetlands of the Platte. Every traveler on this trail was forced onto this narrow pathway, creating the wide and shallow swale, which remains today. The name of the site comes from the first owners of the land, originally settled by Marshal Townsley around 1860 and later occupied by Phineas and Catherine Murdock in 1866. Survey notes from 1866 note this tract of land contained the Murdock home, a sawmill and a telegraph line. This sawmill probably supplied the railroad ties for the first transcontinental railroad by Union Pacific Railroad in the 1860s as it was located just one mile south of the tracks. Crane Trust Nature & Visitor Center, 9325 South Alda Rd, Wood River (Exit 305 towards Alda), ☏ +1 308-382-1820. Mar: daily 8AM-6PM; Apr-Feb: M-Sa 9AM-5PM. The non-profit Crane Trust protects whooping and sandhill cranes in the Big Bend region. Their Visitor Center is very popular during migration season (March). (updated Feb 2020) Art in the Park, Stolley Park. A juried summer art festival operating since 1982. Nebraska Danger Football, Heartland Events Center 700 East Stolley Park Rd.. The Nebraska Danger, central and western Nebraska's newest indoor professional football team and member of the IFL, was founded October 4, 2010 in Grand Island, Nebraska, by Charlie Bosselman and is owned and operated by the Bosselman Companies/Bosselman Entertainment, LLC. 40.9342-98.38081 Conestoga Mall, 3404 W 13th St, ☏ +1 308-382-7463. (updated Apr 2021) Godfathers Pizza, 1916 S. Locust (Corner of so.Locust and Stolley Psrk Rd. ), ☏ +1 308-384-9090. 11AM - 10PM. Dine-in, delivery, pick-up at drive-thru. Daily lunch buffet from 11AM-2PM. Wednesday night buffet from 5-8PM. In business for over 30 years. Customers say they have the best pizza! Fazoli's, 2010 W 2nd St, ☏ +1 308-382-5133. 10:30AM - 10PM. Fazoli's serves America premium quality Italian food, fast, fresh & friendly. Sonic Drive In, 805 Diers and 2117 S Locust. 6AM to 10PM. Two locations serving burgers, fries, coneys, and the best soft drink and ice tea in town Grandma Max's, 3335 West Wood River Rd. (Just off I-80 on Hwy 281. At the Bosselman Travel Center). Voted America's Best Truck Stop Diner in 1997 by truckers around the country, travelers can always depend on a warm welcome and a home-cooked meal. Over 150 different menu items are prepared from Grandma Max's own recipes, using only the freshest ingredients. The Chicken Coop, 120 E. 3rd St., ☏ +1 308-398-2500. M-Sa 11AM-midnight, Su noon-10PM. Days Inn Grand Island, 2620 North Diers Ave, ☏ +1 308-210-9541. (updated Jun 2017) Comfort Inn, 3535 West State St, ☏ +1 308-381-7788. Motel 6, 7301 Bosselman Ave., ☏ +1 308 384-6666. Midtown Holiday Inn, 2503 South Locust St (7 miles north of I-80), ☏ +1 308-384-1330. Full service Holiday Inn with 13,800 square feet of meeting room space. Island Inn Motel, 2311 South Locust (I 80 Exit 314 north 5miles on Locust St.), ☏ +1 308-382-1815. Independent AAA approved comfortable, clean, well-maintained inn. Rodeway Inn, 3205 S Locust St (From Hwy 34; Head north on Locust Street. Hotel is 1/2block north. From Hwy 281; Head east on Highway 34. Make a left on Locust Street, Hotel is 1/2 block. From Hwy 30; Head south on Locust Street. Hotel is 4.5 miles south. From I-80 take Exit 314 and head north. Hotel one half block north of Hwy 34. ), ☏ +1 308-384-1333. Grand Island Tourist Information Caboose, I-80 exit 312. March 1–31 & May 28- September 14 , Tuesday - Saturday 9AM-5PM, Sunday noon-5PM. at Bosselman travel center Grand Island Hall County Convention & Visitors Bureau, 2424 S Locust St, Ste C, ☏ +1 308-382-4400, toll-free: +1-800-658-3178. Omaha- 80 East. About 3 hours away. North Platte- 80 West. About 11⁄2 hours away. Hastings- 34 West. About 35 minutes away. Aberdeen SD- 281 North. About 6 hours away.
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WikiJHum WikiHum WikiHumanities Wikijournal of Humanities Wikiversity Journal of Humanities WikiJournal Humanities Wikipedia Humanities Wikipedia Humanities journal Free to publish Open access Open-access Non-profit online journal Public peer review Author: Andrew Dalby , et al. Andrew Dalby; et al. (2019), "Rosetta Stone", WikiJournal of Humanities, 2 (1): 1, doi:10.15347/WJH/2019.001, ISSN 2639-5347, Wikidata Q64216333 This article has been through public peer review. It was adapted from the Wikipedia page Rosetta_Stone and contains some or all of that page's content licensed under a CC BY-SA license. First submitted: 17 Jun 2018 Accepted: 20 Feb 2019 Reviewer comments Author info: Profile at Vicipaedia contact by online form PDF: Download DOI: 10.15347/wjh/2019.001 QID: Q64216333 XML: Download Share article Email | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIn | Mendeley | ResearchGate Suggested citation format: Andrew Dalby; et al. (2019), "Rosetta Stone", WikiJournal of Humanities, 2 (1): 1, doi:10.15347/WJH/2019.001, ISSN 2639-5347, Wikidata Q64216333 Citation metrics AltMetrics Page views on Wikipedia Wikipedia: This work is adapted from the Wikipedia article Rosetta Stone (CC BY-SA). Content has also subsequently been used to update that same Wikipedia article Rosetta Stone. Editors: Jackie Koerner (handling editor) contact Reviewers: (comments) Adrienn Almásy-Martin Cary Martin Hans Hillewaert, CC BY-SA 4.0 The Rosetta Stone (British Museum EA24) is a granodiorite stele, found in 1799, inscribed with three versions of a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic and demotic scripts, respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. As the decree has only minor differences between the three versions, the Rosetta Stone proved to be the key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. The stone, carved in black granodiorite during the Hellenistic period, is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at nearby Sais. It was probably moved in Late Antiquity or during the Mameluk period, and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was rediscovered there in July 1799 by a French soldier, Pierre-François Bouchard, during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic script. Lithographic copies and plaster casts began circulating among European museums and scholars. Meanwhile, British troops defeated the French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone came into British possession under the Capitulation of Alexandria and was transported to London. It has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously since 1802, and is the most-visited object there. Study of the decree was already under way when the first full translation of the Greek text appeared in 1803. It was 20 years, however, before the transliteration of the Egyptian scripts was announced by Jean-François Champollion in Paris in 1822; it took longer still before scholars were able to read Ancient Egyptian inscriptions and literature confidently. Major advances in the decoding were recognition that the stone offered three versions of the same text (1799); that the demotic text used phonetic characters to spell foreign names (1802); that the hieroglyphic text did so as well, and had pervasive similarities to the demotic (Thomas Young, 1814); and that, in addition to being used for foreign names, phonetic characters were also used to spell native Egyptian words (Champollion, 1822–1824). Ever since its rediscovery, the stone has been the focus of nationalist rivalries, including its transfer from French to British possession during the Napoleonic Wars, a long-running dispute over the relative value of Young and Champollion's contributions to the decipherment, and demands for the stone's return to Egypt. Three other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including three slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees (the Decree of Alexandria in 243 BC, the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, c. 218 BC). The Rosetta Stone is, therefore, no longer unique, but it was the essential key to modern understanding of Ancient Egyptian literature and civilisation. The term Rosetta Stone is now used in other contexts as the name for the essential clue to a new field of knowledge. The Rosetta Stone is listed as "a stone of black granodiorite, bearing three inscriptions ... found at Rosetta" in a contemporary catalogue of the artefacts discovered by the French expedition and surrendered to British troops in 1801. At some period after its arrival in London, the inscriptions were coloured in white chalk to make them more legible, and the remaining surface was covered with a layer of carnauba wax designed to protect it from visitors' fingers. This gave a dark colour to the stone that led to its mistaken identification as black basalt. These additions were removed when the stone was cleaned in 1999, revealing the original dark grey tint of the rock, the sparkle of its crystalline structure, and a pink vein running across the top left corner. Comparisons with the Klemm collection of Egyptian rock samples showed a close resemblance to rock from a small granodiorite quarry at Gebel Tingar on the west bank of the Nile, west of Elephantine in the region of Aswan; the pink vein is typical of granodiorite from this region. The Rosetta Stone is 1,123 millimetres (3 ft 8 in) high at its highest point, 757 mm (2 ft 5.8 in) wide, and 284 mm (11 in) thick. It weighs approximately 760 kilograms (1,680 lb). It bears three inscriptions: the top register in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the second in the Egyptian demotic script, and the third in Ancient Greek. The front surface is polished and the inscriptions lightly incised on it; the sides of the stone are smoothed, but the back is only roughly worked, presumably because this would have not been visible when it was erected. Keith Schengili-Roberts, CC BY-SA 3.0 The Rosetta Stone is a fragment of a larger stele. No additional fragments were found in later searches of the Rosetta site. Owing to its damaged state, none of the three texts is absolutely complete. The top register, composed of Egyptian hieroglyphs, suffered the most damage. Only the last 14 lines of the hieroglyphic text can be seen; all of them are broken on the right side, and 12 of them on the left. The following register of demotic text has survived best; it has 32 lines, of which the first 14 are slightly damaged on the right side. The final register of Greek text contains 54 lines, of which the first 27 survive in full; the rest are increasingly fragmentary due to a diagonal break at the bottom right of the stone. The full length of the hieroglyphic text and the total size of the original stele, of which the Rosetta Stone is a fragment, can be estimated based on comparable stelae that have survived, including other copies of the same order. The slightly earlier decree of Canopus, erected in 238 BC during the reign of Ptolemy III, is 2,190 millimetres high (7.19 ft) and 820 mm (32 in) wide, and contains 36 lines of hieroglyphic text, 73 of demotic text, and 74 of Greek. The texts are of similar length. From such comparisons, it can be estimated that an additional 14 or 15 lines of hieroglyphic inscription are missing from the top register of the Rosetta Stone, amounting to another 300 millimetres (12 in). In addition to the inscriptions, there would probably have been a scene depicting the king being presented to the gods, topped with a winged disc, as on the Canopus Stele. These parallels, and a hieroglyphic sign for "stela" on the stone itself, (see Gardiner's sign list), suggest that it originally had a rounded top. The height of the original stele is estimated to have been about 149 centimetres (4 ft 11 in). The stele was erected after the coronation of King Ptolemy V and was inscribed with a decree that established the divine cult of the new ruler. The decree was issued by a congress of priests who gathered at Memphis. The date is given as "4 Xandikos" in the Macedonian calendar and "18 Mekhir" in the Egyptian calendar, which corresponds to 27 March 196 BC. The year is stated as the ninth year of Ptolemy V's reign (equated with 197/196 BC), confirmed by naming four priests who officiated in that year: Aetos son of Aetos was priest of the divine cults of Alexander the Great and the five Ptolemies down to Ptolemy V himself; the other three priests named in turn in the inscription are those who led the worship of Berenice Euergetis (wife of Ptolemy III), Arsinoe Philadelphos (wife and sister of Ptolemy II), and Arsinoe Philopator, mother of Ptolemy V. However, a second date is also given in the Greek and hieroglyphic texts, corresponding to 27 November 197 BC, the official anniversary of Ptolemy's coronation. The demotic text conflicts with this, listing consecutive days in March for the decree and the anniversary. It is uncertain why this discrepancy exists, but it is clear that the decree was issued in 196 BC and that it was designed to re-establish the rule of the Ptolemaic kings over Egypt. The decree was issued during a turbulent period in Egyptian history. Ptolemy V Epiphanes reigned from 204 to 181 BC, the son of Ptolemy IV Philopator and his wife and sister Arsinoe. He had become ruler at the age of five after the sudden death of both of his parents, who were murdered in a conspiracy that involved Ptolemy IV's mistress Agathoclea, according to contemporary sources. The conspirators effectively ruled Egypt as Ptolemy V's guardians until a revolt broke out two years later under general Tlepolemus, when Agathoclea and her family were lynched by a mob in Alexandria. Tlepolemus, in turn, was replaced as guardian in 201 BC by Aristomenes of Alyzia, who was chief minister at the time of the Memphis decree. Political forces beyond the borders of Egypt exacerbated the internal problems of the Ptolemaic kingdom. Antiochus III the Great and Philip V of Macedon had made a pact to divide Egypt's overseas possessions. Philip had seized several islands and cities in Caria and Thrace, while the Battle of Panium (198 BC) had resulted in the transfer of Coele-Syria, including Judaea, from the Ptolemies to the Seleucids. Meanwhile, in the south of Egypt, there was a long-standing revolt that had begun during the reign of Ptolemy IV, led by Horwennefer and by his successor Ankhwennefer. Both the war and the internal revolt were still ongoing when the young Ptolemy V was officially crowned at Memphis at the age of 12 (seven years after the start of his reign) and when, just over a year later, the Memphis decree was issued. Keith Schengili-Roberts, CC BY-SA 2.5 Stelae of this kind, which were established on the initiative of the temples rather than that of the king, are unique to Ptolemaic Egypt. In the preceding Pharaonic period it would have been unheard of for anyone but the divine rulers themselves to make national decisions: by contrast, this way of honoring a king was a feature of Greek cities. Rather than making his eulogy himself, the king had himself glorified and deified by his subjects or representative groups of his subjects. The decree records that Ptolemy V gave a gift of silver and grain to the temples. It also records that there was particularly high flooding of the Nile in the eighth year of his reign, and he had the excess waters dammed for the benefit of the farmers. In return the priesthood pledged that the king's birthday and coronation days would be celebrated annually and that all the priests of Egypt would serve him alongside the other gods. The decree concludes with the instruction that a copy was to be placed in every temple, inscribed in the "language of the gods" (Egyptian hieroglyphs), the "language of documents" (Demotic), and the "language of the Greeks" as used by the Ptolemaic government. Securing the favour of the priesthood was essential for the Ptolemaic kings to retain effective rule over the populace. The High Priests of Memphis—where the king was crowned—were particularly important, as they were the highest religious authorities of the time and had influence throughout the kingdom. Given that the decree was issued at Memphis, the ancient capital of Egypt, rather than Alexandria, the centre of government of the ruling Ptolemies, it is evident that the young king was anxious to gain their active support. Thus, although the government of Egypt had been Greek-speaking ever since the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Memphis decree, like the three similar earlier decrees, included texts in Egyptian to show its connection to the general populace by way of the literate Egyptian priesthood. There can be no one definitive English translation of the decree, not only because modern understanding of the ancient languages continues to develop, but also because of the minor differences between the three original texts. Older translations by E. A. Wallis Budge (1904, 1913) and Edwyn R. Bevan (1927) are easily available but are now outdated, as can be seen by comparing them with the recent translation by R. S. Simpson, which is based on the demotic text and can be found on line, or, best of all, with the modern translations of all three texts, with introduction and facsimile drawing, that were published by Quirke and Andrews in 1989. The stele was almost certainly not originally placed at Rashid (Rosetta) where it was found, but more likely came from a temple site farther inland, possibly the royal town of Sais. The temple from which it originally came was probably closed around AD 392 when Eastern Roman emperor Theodosius I ordered the closing of all non-Christian temples of worship. The original stele broke at some point, its largest piece becoming what we now know as the Rosetta Stone. Ancient Egyptian temples were later used as quarries for new construction, and the Rosetta Stone probably was re-used in this manner. Later it was incorporated in the foundations of a fortress constructed by the Mameluke Sultan Qaitbay (c. 1416/18–1496) to defend the Bolbitine branch of the Nile at Rashid. There it lay for at least another three centuries until its rediscovery. Three other inscriptions relevant to the same Memphis decree have been found since the discovery of the Rosetta Stone: the Nubayrah Stele, a stele found in Elephantine and Noub Taha, and an inscription found at the Temple of Philae (on the Philae obelisk). Unlike the Rosetta Stone, the hieroglyphic texts of these inscriptions were relatively intact. The Rosetta Stone had been deciphered long before they were found, but later Egyptologists have used them to refine the reconstruction of the hieroglyphs that must have been used in the lost portions of the hieroglyphic text on the Rosetta Stone. Gentleman's Magazine, public domain Napoleon's 1798 campaign in Egypt inspired a burst of Egyptomania in Europe, and especially France. A corps of 167 technical experts (savants), known as the Commission des Sciences et des Arts, accompanied the French expeditionary army to Egypt. On 15 July 1799, French soldiers under the command of Colonel d'Hautpoul were strengthening the defences of Fort Julien, a couple of miles north-east of the Egyptian port city of Rosetta (modern-day Rashid). Lieutenant Pierre-François Bouchard spotted a slab with inscriptions on one side that the soldiers had uncovered. He and d'Hautpoul saw at once that it might be important and informed General Jacques-François Menou, who happened to be at Rosetta.A The find was announced to Napoleon's newly founded scientific association in Cairo, the Institut d'Égypte, in a report by Commission member Michel Ange Lancret noting that it contained three inscriptions, the first in hieroglyphs and the third in Greek, and rightly suggesting that the three inscriptions were versions of the same text. Lancret's report, dated 19 July 1799, was read to a meeting of the Institute soon after 25 July. Bouchard, meanwhile, transported the stone to Cairo for examination by scholars. Napoleon himself inspected what had already begun to be called la Pierre de Rosette, the Rosetta Stone, shortly before his return to France in August 1799. The discovery was reported in September in Courrier de l'Égypte, the official newspaper of the French expedition. The anonymous reporter expressed a hope that the stone might one day be the key to deciphering hieroglyphs.A In 1800 three of the Commission's technical experts devised ways to make copies of the texts on the stone. One of these experts was Jean-Joseph Marcel, a printer and gifted linguist, who is credited as the first to recognise that the middle text was written in the Egyptian demotic script, rarely used for stone inscriptions and seldom seen by scholars at that time, rather than Syriac as had originally been thought. It was artist and inventor Nicolas-Jacques Conté who found a way to use the stone itself as a printing block to reproduce the inscription. A slightly different method was adopted by Antoine Galland. The prints that resulted were taken to Paris by General Charles Dugua. Scholars in Europe were now able to see the inscriptions and attempt to read them. After Napoleon's departure, French troops held off British and Ottoman attacks for another 18 months. In March 1801, the British landed at Aboukir Bay. Menou was now in command of the French expedition. His troops, including the Commission, marched north towards the Mediterranean coast to meet the enemy, transporting the stone along with many other antiquities. He was defeated in battle, and the remnant of his army retreated to Alexandria where they were surrounded and besieged, the stone now inside the city. Menou surrendered on August 30. Keith Schengili-Roberts, CC BY-SA 3.0 After the surrender, a dispute arose over the fate of the French archaeological and scientific discoveries in Egypt, including the artefacts, biological specimens, notes, plans, and drawings collected by the members of the commission. Menou refused to hand them over, claiming that they belonged to the Institute. British General John Hely-Hutchinson refused to end the siege until Menou gave in. Scholars Edward Daniel Clarke and William Richard Hamilton, newly arrived from England, agreed to examine the collections in Alexandria and claimed to have found many artefacts that the French had not revealed. In a letter home, Clarke said that "we found much more in their possession than was represented or imagined". Hutchinson claimed that all materials were property of the British Crown, but French scholar Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire told Clarke and Hamilton that the French would rather burn all their discoveries than turn them over, referring ominously to the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. Clarke and Hamilton pleaded the French scholars' case to Hutchinson, who finally agreed that items such as natural history specimens would be considered the scholars' private property. Menou quickly claimed the stone, too, as his private property. Hutchinson was equally aware of the stone's unique value and rejected Menou's claim. Eventually an agreement was reached, and the transfer of the objects was incorporated into the Capitulation of Alexandria signed by representatives of the British, French, and Ottoman forces. It is not clear exactly how the stone was transferred into British hands, as contemporary accounts differ. Colonel Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, who was to escort it to England, claimed later that he had personally seized it from Menou and carried it away on a gun-carriage. In a much more detailed account, Edward Daniel Clarke stated that a French "officer and member of the Institute" had taken him, his student John Cripps, and Hamilton secretly into the back streets behind Menou's residence and revealed the stone hidden under protective carpets among Menou's baggage. According to Clarke, their informant feared that the stone might be stolen if French soldiers saw it. Hutchinson was informed at once and the stone was taken away—possibly by Turner and his gun-carriage. Turner brought the stone to England aboard the captured French frigate HMS Egyptienne, landing in Portsmouth in February 1802. His orders were to present it and the other antiquities to King George III. The King, represented by War Secretary Lord Hobart, directed that it should be placed in the British Museum. According to Turner's narrative, he and Hobart agreed that the stone should be presented to scholars at the Society of Antiquaries of London, of which Turner was a member, before its final deposit in the museum. It was first seen and discussed there at a meeting on 11 March 1802.BH Illustrated London News, public domain In 1802 the Society created four plaster casts of the inscriptions, which were given to the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh and to Trinity College Dublin. Soon afterwards, prints of the inscriptions were made and circulated to European scholars.E Before the end of 1802, the stone was transferred to the British Museum, where it is located today. New inscriptions painted in white on the left and right edges of the slab stated that it was "Captured in Egypt by the British Army in 1801" and "Presented by King George III". The stone has been exhibited almost continuously in the British Museum since June 1802. During the middle of the 19th century, it was given the inventory number "EA 24", "EA" standing for "Egyptian Antiquities". It was part of a collection of ancient Egyptian monuments captured from the French expedition, including a sarcophagus of Nectanebo II (EA 10), the statue of a high priest of Amun (EA 81), and a large granite fist (EA 9). The objects were soon discovered to be too heavy for the floors of Montagu House (the original building of The British Museum), and they were transferred to a new extension that was added to the mansion. The Rosetta Stone was transferred to the sculpture gallery in 1834 shortly after Montagu House was demolished and replaced by the building that now houses the British Museum. According to the museum's records, the Rosetta Stone is its most-visited single object, a simple image of it was the museum's best selling postcard for several decades, and a wide variety of merchandise bearing the text from the Rosetta Stone (or replicating its distinctive shape) is sold in the museum shops. Rick Dikeman, public domain Iván Martínez, CC BY-SA 4.0 The Rosetta Stone was originally displayed at a slight angle from the horizontal, and rested within a metal cradle that was made for it, which involved shaving off very small portions of its sides to ensure that the cradle fitted securely. It originally had no protective covering, and it was found necessary by 1847 to place it in a protective frame, despite the presence of attendants to ensure that it was not touched by visitors. Since 2004 the conserved stone has been on display in a specially built case in the centre of the Egyptian Sculpture Gallery. A replica of the Rosetta Stone is now available in the King's Library of the British Museum, without a case and free to touch, as it would have appeared to early 19th-century visitors. The museum was concerned about heavy bombing in London towards the end of the First World War in 1917, and the Rosetta Stone was moved to safety, along with other portable objects of value. The stone spent the next two years 15 m (50 ft) below ground level in a station of the Postal Tube Railway at Mount Pleasant near Holborn. Other than during wartime, the Rosetta Stone has left the British Museum only once: for one month in October 1972, to be displayed alongside Champollion's Lettre at the Louvre in Paris on the 150th anniversary of the letter's publication. Even when the Rosetta Stone was undergoing conservation measures in 1999, the work was done in the gallery so that it could remain visible to the public. Prior to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and its eventual decipherment, the ancient Egyptian language and script had not been understood since shortly before the fall of the Roman Empire. The usage of the hieroglyphic script had become increasingly specialised even in the later Pharaonic period; by the 4th century AD, few Egyptians were capable of reading them. Monumental use of hieroglyphs ceased after the closing of all non-Christian temples in 391 by Roman Emperor Theodosius I; the last known inscription is dated to 24 August 394, found at Philae and known as the Graffito of Esmet-Akhom. Hieroglyphs retained their pictorial appearance, and classical authors emphasised this aspect, in sharp contrast to the Greek and Roman alphabets. In the 5th century, the priest Horapollo wrote Hieroglyphica, an explanation of almost 200 glyphs. His work was believed to be authoritative, yet it was misleading in many ways, and this and other works were a lasting impediment to the understanding of Egyptian writing. Later attempts at decipherment were made by Arab historians in medieval Egypt during the 9th and 10th centuries. Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya were the first historians to study hieroglyphs, by comparing them to the contemporary Coptic language used by Coptic priests in their time. The study of hieroglyphs continued with fruitless attempts at decipherment by European scholars, notably Johannes Goropius Becanus in the 16th century, Athanasius Kircher in the 17th, and Georg Zoëga in the 18th. The discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 provided critical missing information, gradually revealed by a succession of scholars, that eventually allowed Jean-François Champollion to solve the puzzle that Kircher had called the riddle of the Sphinx. Archaeologia vol. 16 (1812), public domain The Greek text on the Rosetta Stone provided the starting point. Ancient Greek was widely known to scholars, but they were not familiar with details of its use in the Hellenistic period as a government language in Ptolemaic Egypt; large-scale discoveries of Greek papyri were a long way in the future. Thus, the earliest translations of the Greek text of the stone show the translators still struggling with the historical context and with administrative and religious jargon. Stephen Weston verbally presented an English translation of the Greek text at a Society of Antiquaries meeting in April 1802.. Meanwhile, two of the lithographic copies made in Egypt had reached the Institut de France in Paris in 1801. There, librarian and antiquarian Gabriel de La Porte du Theil set to work on a translation of the Greek, but he was dispatched elsewhere on Napoleon's orders almost immediately, and he left his unfinished work in the hands of colleague Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon. Ameilhon produced the first published translations of the Greek text in 1803, in both Latin and French to ensure that they would circulate widely.H At Cambridge, Richard Porson worked on the missing lower right corner of the Greek text. He produced a skilful suggested reconstruction, which was soon being circulated by the Society of Antiquaries alongside its prints of the inscription. At almost the same moment, Christian Gottlob Heyne in Göttingen was making a new Latin translation of the Greek text that was more reliable than Ameilhon's and was first published in 1803.G It was reprinted by the Society of Antiquaries in a special issue of its journal Archaeologia in 1811, alongside Weston's previously unpublished English translation, Colonel Turner's narrative, and other documents.H At the time of the stone's discovery, Swedish diplomat and scholar Johan David Åkerblad was working on a little-known script of which some examples had recently been found in Egypt, which came to be known as demotic. He called it "cursive Coptic" because he was convinced that it was used to record some form of the Coptic language (the direct descendant of Ancient Egyptian), although it had few similarities with the later Coptic script. French Orientalist Antoine-Isaac Silvestre de Sacy had been discussing this work with Åkerblad when he received one of the early lithographic prints of the Rosetta Stone in 1801 from Jean-Antoine Chaptal, French minister of the interior. He realised that the middle text was in this same script. He and Åkerblad set to work, both focusing on the middle text and assuming that the script was alphabetical. They attempted to identify the points where Greek names ought to occur within this unknown text, by comparing it with the Greek. In 1802, Silvestre de Sacy reported to Chaptal that he had successfully identified five names ("Alexandros", "Alexandreia", "Ptolemaios", "Arsinoe", and Ptolemy's title "Epiphanes"),C while Åkerblad published an alphabet of 29 letters (more than half of which were correct) that he had identified from the Greek names in the demotic text.D They could not, however, identify the remaining characters in the demotic text, which, as is now known, included ideographic and other symbols alongside the phonetic ones. A B J. D. Akerblad, public domain and Chris 73, CC BY-SA 3.0 Jean-François Champollion, public domain Silvestre de Sacy eventually gave up work on the stone, but he was to make another contribution. In 1811, prompted by discussions with a Chinese student about Chinese script, Silvestre de Sacy considered a suggestion made by Georg Zoëga in 1797 that the foreign names in Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions might be written phonetically; he also recalled that as early as 1761, Jean-Jacques Barthélemy had suggested that the characters enclosed in cartouches in hieroglyphic inscriptions were proper names. Thus, when Thomas Young, foreign secretary of the Royal Society of London, wrote to him about the stone in 1814, Silvestre de Sacy suggested in reply that in attempting to read the hieroglyphic text, Young might look for cartouches that ought to contain Greek names and try to identify phonetic characters in them. Young did so, with two results that together paved the way for the final decipherment. In the hieroglyphic text, he discovered the phonetic characters "p t o l m e s" (in today's transliteration "p t w l m y s") that were used to write the Greek name "Ptolemaios". He also noticed that these characters resembled the equivalent ones in the demotic script, and went on to note as many as 80 similarities between the hieroglyphic and demotic texts on the stone, an important discovery because the two scripts were previously thought to be entirely different from one another. This led him to deduce correctly that the demotic script was only partly phonetic, also consisting of ideographic characters derived from hieroglyphs.I Young's new insights were prominent in the long article "Egypt" that he contributed to the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1819.J He could make no further progress, however. In 1814 Young first exchanged correspondence about the stone with Jean-François Champollion, a teacher at Grenoble who had produced a scholarly work on ancient Egypt. Champollion saw copies of the brief hieroglyphic and Greek inscriptions of the Philae obelisk in 1822, on which William John Bankes had tentatively noted the names "Ptolemaios" and "Kleopatra" in both languages. From this, Champollion identified the phonetic characters k l e o p a t r a (in today's transliteration q l i҆ w p 3 d r 3.t). On the basis of this and the foreign names on the Rosetta Stone, he quickly constructed an alphabet of phonetic hieroglyphic characters, which appears in his famous 1822 "Lettre à M. Dacier" sent to Bon-Joseph Dacier, secretary of the Paris Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres and immediately published by the Académie.K In the postscript Champollion notes that similar phonetic characters seemed to occur in both Greek and Egyptian names, a hypothesis confirmed in 1823, when he identified the names of pharaohs Ramesses and Thutmose written in cartouches at Abu Simbel. These far older hieroglyphic inscriptions had been copied by Bankes and sent to Champollion by Jean-Nicolas Huyot.M From this point, the stories of the Rosetta Stone and the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs diverge, as Champollion drew on many other texts to develop an Ancient Egyptian grammar and a hieroglyphic dictionary which were published after his death in 1832. Kacper Grabowski, CC BY-SA 3.0 Work on the stone now focused on fuller understanding of the texts and their contexts by comparing the three versions with one another. In 1824 Classical scholar Antoine-Jean Letronne promised to prepare a new literal translation of the Greek text for Champollion's use. Champollion in return promised an analysis of all the points at which the three texts seemed to differ. Following Champollion's sudden death in 1832, his draft of this analysis could not be found, and Letronne's work stalled. François Salvolini, Champollion's former student and assistant, died in 1838, and this analysis and other missing drafts were found among his papers. This discovery incidentally demonstrated that Salvolini's own publication on the stone, published in 1837, was plagiarism.O Letronne was at last able to complete his commentary on the Greek text and his new French translation of it, which appeared in 1841.P During the early 1850s, German Egyptologists Heinrich Brugsch and Max Uhlemann produced revised Latin translations based on the demotic and hieroglyphic texts.QR The first English translation followed in 1858, the work of three members of the Philomathean Society at the University of Pennsylvania.S Whether one of the three texts was the standard version, from which the other two were originally translated, is a question that has remained controversial. Letronne attempted to show in 1841 that the Greek version, the product of the Egyptian government under the Macedonian Ptolemies, was the original.P Among recent authors, John Ray has stated that "the hieroglyphs were the most important of the scripts on the stone: they were there for the gods to read, and the more learned of their priesthood". Philippe Derchain and Heinz Josef Thissen have argued that all three versions were composed simultaneously, while Stephen Quirke sees in the decree "an intricate coalescence of three vital textual traditions". Richard Parkinson points out that the hieroglyphic version strays from archaic formalism and occasionally lapses into language closer to that of the demotic register that the priests more commonly used in everyday life. The fact that the three versions cannot be matched word for word helps to explain why the decipherment has been more difficult than originally expected, especially for those original scholars who were expecting an exact bilingual key to Egyptian hieroglyphs. Markus Bautsch, public domain Even before the Salvolini affair, disputes over precedence and plagiarism punctuated the decipherment story. Thomas Young's work is acknowledged in Champollion's 1822 Lettre à M. Dacier, but incompletely, according to early British critics: for example, James Browne, a sub-editor on the Encyclopædia Britannica (which had published Young's 1819 article), anonymously contributed a series of review articles to the Edinburgh Review in 1823, praising Young's work highly and alleging that the "unscrupulous" Champollion plagiarised it. These articles were translated into French by Julius Klaproth and published in book form in 1827.N Young's own 1823 publication reasserted the contribution that he had made.L The early deaths of Young (1829) and Champollion (1832) did not put an end to these disputes. In his work on the stone in 1904 E. A. Wallis Budge gave special emphasis to Young's contribution compared with Champollion's. In the early 1970s, French visitors complained that the portrait of Champollion was smaller than one of Young on an adjacent information panel; English visitors complained that the opposite was true. The portraits were in fact the same size. TheEgyptian, CC BY-SA 3.0 Calls for the Rosetta Stone to be returned to Egypt were made in July 2003 by Zahi Hawass, then Secretary-General of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities. These calls, expressed in the Egyptian and international media, asked that the stele be repatriated to Egypt, commenting that it was the "icon of our Egyptian identity". He repeated the proposal two years later in Paris, listing the stone as one of several key items belonging to Egypt's cultural heritage, a list which also included: the iconic bust of Nefertiti in the Egyptian Museum of Berlin; a statue of the Great Pyramid architect Hemiunu in the Roemer-und-Pelizaeus-Museum in Hildesheim, Germany; the Dendera Temple Zodiac in the Louvre in Paris; and the bust of Ankhhaf in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. During 2005 the British Museum presented Egypt with a full-sized fibreglass colour-matched replica of the stele. This was initially displayed in the renovated Rashid National Museum, an Ottoman house in the town of Rashid (Rosetta), the closest city to the site where the stone was found. In November 2005 Hawass suggested a three-month loan of the Rosetta Stone, while reiterating the eventual goal of a permanent return. In December 2009 he proposed to drop his claim for the permanent return of the Rosetta Stone if the British Museum lent the stone to Egypt for three months for the opening of the Grand Egyptian Museum at Giza in 2013. As John Ray has observed, "the day may come when the stone has spent longer in the British Museum than it ever did in Rosetta." There is strong opposition among national museums to the repatriation of objects of international cultural significance such as the Rosetta Stone. In response to repeated Greek requests for return of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon and similar requests to other museums around the world, in 2002 over 30 of the world's leading museums — including the British Museum, the Louvre, the Pergamon Museum in Berlin and the Metropolitan Museum in New York City — issued a joint statement declaring that "objects acquired in earlier times must be viewed in the light of different sensitivities and values reflective of that earlier era" and that "museums serve not just the citizens of one nation but the people of every nation". The term Rosetta stone has been used idiomatically to represent a crucial key in the process of decryption of encoded information, especially when a small but representative sample is recognised as the clue to understanding a larger whole. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first figurative use of the term appeared in the 1902 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica relating to an entry on the chemical analysis of glucose. Another use of the phrase is found in H. G. Wells' 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come, where the protagonist finds a manuscript written in shorthand that provides a key to understanding additional scattered material that is sketched out in both longhand and on typewriter. Since then, the term has been widely used in other contexts. For example, Nobel laureate Theodor W. Hänsch in a 1979 Scientific American article on spectroscopy wrote that "the spectrum of the hydrogen atoms has proved to be the Rosetta Stone of modern physics: once this pattern of lines had been deciphered much else could also be understood". Fully understanding the key set of genes to the human leucocyte antigen has been described as "the Rosetta Stone of immunology". The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been called the "Rosetta Stone of flowering time". A Gamma ray burst (GRB) found in conjunction with a supernova has been called a Rosetta Stone for understanding the origin of GRBs. The technique of Doppler echocardiography has been called a Rosetta Stone for clinicians trying to understand the complex process by which the left ventricle of the human heart can be filled during various forms of diastolic dysfunction. The name has also become used in various forms of translation software. Rosetta Stone is a brand of language-learning software published by Rosetta Stone Inc., headquartered in Arlington County, US. "Rosetta" is the name of a "lightweight dynamic translator" that enables applications compiled for PowerPC processors to run on Apple systems using an x86 processor. "Rosetta" is an online language translation tool to help localisation of software, developed and maintained by Canonical as part of the Launchpad project. Similarly, Rosetta@home is a distributed computing project for predicting protein structures from amino acid sequences (or translating sequence into structure). The Rosetta Project brings language specialists and native speakers together to develop a meaningful survey and near-permanent archive of 1,500 languages, intended to last from AD 2000 to 12,000. The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft was launched to study the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in the hope that determining its composition will reveal the origin of the Solar System. This Wikipedia page was rewritten, expanded, and submitted for feature article status in the context of the GLAM British Museum project. Richard B. Parkinson suggested numerous improvements as an external reviewer. "Rosetta Stone" was the featured article for 14 September 2010. A special acknowledgement to Keith Schengili-Roberts, without whose writing and editing skills featured status would not have been achieved; also to Justin Mansfield, who contributed significantly to the Latin Vicipaedia article, written concurrently, and so also to this English article. Thanks, too, to all other Wikipedians who have contributed to the page both before and after that date. Because it originates as a Wikipedia page, this article betrays a preference for citing sources that are freely available on line and are thus more accessible to Wikipedia editors and readers. Thanks, therefore, to the creators of the wiki environment for this fruitful impulse, and equally to the peer reviewers, who, while recommending other improvements, also noted some recent sources that had been overlooked or under-emphasized because they are not available on line. "Demotic" is often written with an upper-case initial, especially when referring to a linguistic stage or register of Egyptian. In this article "hieroglyphic" and "demotic" are both given lower-case initials because they are principally being used here to refer to the two scripts. There is no conflict of interest. Bierbrier (1999) pp. 111–113 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 23 Synopsis (1847) pp. 113–114 Miller et al. (2000) pp. 128–132 Middleton and Klemm (2003) pp. 207–208 The Rosetta Stone Ray (2007) p. 3 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 28 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 20 Budge (1913) pp. 2–3 Budge (1894) p. 106 Budge (1894) p. 109 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 26 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 25 Clarysse and Van der Veken (1983) pp. 20–21 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 29 Shaw & Nicholson (1995) p. 247 Tyldesley (2006) p. 194 Clayton (2006) p. 211 Bevan (1927) pp. 252–262 Assmann (2003) p. 376 Clarysse (1999) p. 51, with references there to Quirke and Andrews (1989) Bevan (1927) pp. 264–265 Ray (2007) p. 136 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 30 Shaw (2000) p. 407 Walker and Higgs (editors, 2001) p. 19 Bagnall and Derow (2004) (no. 137 in online version) Budge (1904); Budge (1913) Bevan (1927) pp. 263–268 Simpson (n. d.); a revised version of Simpson (1996) pp. 258–271 Quirke and Andrews (1989) Parkinson (2005) p. 14 Parkinson (2005) p. 17 Parkinson (2005) p. 20 Clarysse (1999) p. 42; Nespoulous-Phalippou (2015) pp. 283-285 Benjamin, Don C. (March 2009). Stones and stories: an introduction to archaeology and the Bible. Fortress Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8006-2357-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=OBcG8phWFMYC&pg=PA33. Retrieved 14 July 2011. Adkins (2000) p. 38 Gillispie (1987) pp. 1–38 Wilson (1803) vol. 2 pp. 274–284 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 21 Burleigh (2007) p. 212 Burleigh (2007) p. 214 Budge (1913) p. 2 Parkinson et al. (1999) pp. 21–22 Andrews (1985) p. 12 Parkinson (2005) pp. 30–31 Parkinson (2005) p. 31 Parkinson (2005) p. 7 Parkinson (2005) p. 47 Parkinson (2005) p. 32 Parkinson (2005) p. 50 "Everything you ever wanted to know about the Rosetta Stone" (British Museum, 14 July 2017) Parkinson (2005) pp. 50–51 Ray (2007) p. 11 Parkinson et al. (1999) pp. 15–16 El Daly (2005) pp. 65–75 Ray (2007) pp. 15–18 Ray (2007) pp. 20–24 Powell, Barry B. (2009-05-11). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization (in en). p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4051-6256-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=b6Gx-MwHvaoC&pg=PA91. Budge (1913) p. 1 Andrews (1985) p. 13 Budge (1904) pp. 27–28 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 22 Robinson (2009) pp. 59–61 Robinson (2009) p. 61 Robinson (2009) pp. 61–64 Parkinson et al. (1999) p. 32 Budge (1913) pp. 3–6 Dewachter (1990) p. 45 Quirke and Andrews (1989) p. 10 Parkinson (2005) p. 13 Parkinson et al. (1999) pp. 30–31 Parkinson et al. (1999) pp. 35–38 Robinson (2009) pp. 65–68 Budge (1904) vol. 1 pp. 59–134 Edwardes and Milner (2003) Sarah El Shaarawi (5 October 2016). "Egypt's Own: Repatriation of Antiquities Proves to be a Mammoth Task". Newsweek – Middle East. "Rose of the Nile" (2005) Huttinger (2005) "Antiquities wish list" (2005) Ray (2007) p. 4 Bailey (2003) Oxford English dictionary (1989) s.v. "Rosetta stone" Archived June 20, 2011, at archive.today "International Team" Simpson and Dean (2002) Cooper (2010) Nishimura and Tajik (1998) A : 1799: Courrier de l'Égypte no. 37 (2 Fructidor year 7, i.e. 1799) p. 3 Retrieved July 14, 2010 (see p. 7) B : 1802: "Domestic Occurrences: March 31st, 1802" in The Gentleman's Magazine vol. 72 part 1 p. 270 Retrieved July 14, 2010 C : 1802: Silvestre de Sacy, Lettre au Citoyen Chaptal, Ministre de l'intérieur, Membre de l'Institut national des sciences et arts, etc: au sujet de l'inscription Égyptienne du monument trouvé à Rosette. Paris, 1802 Retrieved July 14, 2010 D : 1802: Johan David Åkerblad, Lettre sur l'inscription Égyptienne de Rosette: adressée au citoyen Silvestre de Sacy, Professeur de langue arabe à l'École spéciale des langues orientales vivantes, etc. ; Réponse du citoyen Silvestre de Sacy. Paris: L'imprimerie de la République, 1802 E : 1803: "Has tabulas inscriptionem ... ad formam et modulum exemplaris inter spolia ex bello Aegyptiaco nuper reportati et in Museo Britannico asservati suo sumptu incidendas curavit Soc. Antiquar. Londin. A.D. MDCCCIII" in Vetusta Monumenta vol. 4 plates 5–7 F : 1803: Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon, Éclaircissemens sur l'inscription grecque du monument trouvé à Rosette, contenant un décret des prêtres de l'Égypte en l'honneur de Ptolémée Épiphane, le cinquième des rois Ptolémées. Paris: Institut National, 1803 Retrieved July 14, 2010 G : 1803: Chr. G. Heyne, "Commentatio in inscriptionem Graecam monumenti trinis insigniti titulis ex Aegypto Londinum apportati" in Commentationes Societatis Regiae Gottingensis vol. 15 (1800–1803) p. 260 ff. H : 1811: Matthew Raper, S. Weston et al., "Rosetta stone, brought to England in 1802: Account of, by Matt. Raper; with three versions: Greek, English translation by S. Weston, Latin translation by Prof. Heyne; with notes by Porson, Taylor, Combe, Weston and Heyne" in Archaeologia vol. 16 (1810–1812) pp. 208–263 I : 1817: Thomas Young, "Remarks on the Ancient Egyptian Manuscripts with Translation of the Rosetta Inscription" in Archaeologia vol. 18 (1817) Retrieved July 14, 2010 (see pp. 1–15) J : 1819: Thomas Young, "Egypt" in Encyclopædia Britannica, supplement vol. 4 part 1 (Edinburgh: Chambers, 1819) Retrieved July 14, 2010 (see pp. 86–195) K : 1822: J.-F. Champollion, Lettre à M. Dacier relative à l'alphabet des hiéroglyphes phonétiques (Paris, 1822) At Gallica: Retrieved July 14, 2010 at French Wikisource L : 1823: Thomas Young, An account of some recent discoveries in hieroglyphical literature and Egyptian antiquities: including the author's original alphabet, as extended by Mr. Champollion, with a translation of five unpublished Greek and Egyptian manuscripts (London: John Murray, 1823) Retrieved July 14, 2010 M : 1824: J.-F. Champollion, Précis du système hiéroglyphique des anciens Égyptiens. Paris, 1824 Online version at archive.org 2nd ed. (1828) At Gallica: Retrieved July 14, 2010 N : 1827: James Browne, Aperçu sur les hiéroglyphes d'Égypte et les progrès faits jusqu'à présent dans leur déchiffrement (Paris, 1827; based on a series of articles in Edinburgh Review beginning with no. 55 (February 1823) pp. 188–197) Retrieved July 14, 2010 O : 1837: François Salvolini, "Interprétation des hiéroglyphes: analyse de l'inscription de Rosette" in Revue des deux mondes vol. 10 (1937) At French Wikisource P : 1841: Antoine-Jean Letronne, Inscription grecque de Rosette. Texte et traduction littérale, accompagnée d'un commentaire critique, historique et archéologique. Paris, 1840 (issued in Carolus Müllerus, ed., Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum vol. 1 (Paris: Didot, 1841)) Retrieved July 14, 2010 (see end of volume) Q : 1851: H. Brugsch, Inscriptio Rosettana hieroglyphica, vel, Interpretatio decreti Rosettani sacra lingua litterisque sacris veterum Aegyptiorum redactae partis ... accedunt glossarium Aegyptiaco-Coptico-Latinum atque IX tabulae lithographicae textum hieroglyphicum atque signa phonetica scripturae hieroglyphicae exhibentes. Berlin: Dümmler, 1851 Retrieved July 14, 2010 R : 1853: Max Uhlemann, Inscriptionis Rosettanae hieroglyphicae decretum sacerdotale. Leipzig: Libraria Dykiana, 1853 Retrieved July 14, 2010 S : 1858: Report of the committee appointed by the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania to translate the inscription on the Rosetta stone. Philadelphia, 1858 Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, R. A. (2000). The Keys of Egypt: the obsession to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-019439-0. Allen, Don Cameron (1960). "The Predecessors of Champollion". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 144 (5): 527–547. Andrews, Carol (1985). The Rosetta Stone. British Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-87226-034-4. Assmann, Jan; Jenkins, Andrew (2003). The Mind of Egypt: history and meaning in the time of the Pharaohs. ISBN 978-0-674-01211-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=XEMadfTi_U4C&lpg=PA376&dq=Horwennefer&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=Horwennefer&f=false. Retrieved 2010-07-21. "Antiquities Wish List". Al-Ahram Weekly. 2005-07-20. Archived from the original on September 16, 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-18. Bagnall, R. S.; Derow, P. (2004). The Hellenistic Period: historical sources in translation. Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-0133-4. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/classics/bagnall/3995/readings/b-d2-9.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-18. Bailey, Martin (2003-01-21). "Shifting the Blame". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2010-07-06. Bevan, E. R. (1927). The House of Ptolemy. Methuen. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/home.html. Retrieved 2010-07-18. Bierbrier, M. L. (1999). Davies, W. V (ed.). The acquisition by the British Museum of antiquities discovered during the French invasion of Egypt. (British Museum Publications). Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (help) Brown, V. M.; Harrell, J. A. (1998). "Aswan Granite and Granodiorite".
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It is important to have some strength and stamina for work. It can be developed with free sparring, but without a partner you have to do different exercises. In order to be able to do the lunges, you have to do some stretching exercises. There are people who are lucky, but the rest have problems with the lunges, who have stiff legs and so. The good news is that there are exercises for loosening the legs. There is a really great problem with the stretching: the first, you cannot be sure that you have any kind of muscle problems, the second, that everybody has different "problems", so as sportsmen, we have to first identify what OUR problem is, and try to work on it. This is the case; that stretching should be really personal. It is primarily the teacher's (or the doctor's) responsibility to identify the problems (what should be worked on) and to show the exercises. The sportman's main responsibility is to understand her/his own problem, and to do the exercises regularly. There is lots of informations on the internet about stretching, however there is one book that I really recommend: it is the book from Pavel Tsatsoline: Relax Into Stretching. In Canne de Combat we do lots of leg attacks, so, it is a good idea to work on the legs. Exercises: Step into avant. Hold yourself in a position that is comfortable. Try to increase the space between your legs with steps. Do it until you feel uncomfortable. This is the point, what you should have to hold. It must not hurt, you should just feel a little bit uncomfortable. Contast breathing exercise: Sit down, put your legs in as a large V form that you feel comfortable in. Take a deep breath, hold the air in for a few seconds, and tighten your body, especially your legs. Pay attention not to decrease your stretched legs. Suddenly let the air out. The breathing out will cause the decrease of the tension. (It is so in every case, this is the reason you should take care of your breath during the matches, too.) Try to mentally release the tension from your leg. It can help if you touch your leg with your hand, so you will get a much better feedback about your muscle tension. Hold this relaxed position a few seconds, then increase your stretch. Repeat the sequence.
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San Giovanni Rotondo is a town in the province of Foggia in the Italian region of Apulia (Puglia). San Giovanni Rotondo is the home town of Saint Pio (Padre Pio of Pietrelcina). Although the stigmatist friar was born in Pietrelcina in the region of Campania, he made San Giovanni Rotondo his home. San Giovanni Rotondo cannot be reached by train. The closest train stations are in Foggia (40 km away) and San Severo (26 km away). The “Ferrovie del Gargano” bus connects San Giovanni Rotondo with Northern Italy; from Southern Italy it is recommended to take the “Interbus” lines. San Giovanni Rotondo is located along the road leading from San Severo to Monte Sant'Angelo. It is a short walk between the basilica and the Santa Maria delle Grazie Church. It is also possible to walk to the Way of the Cross. One of the most visited sights in San Giovanni Rotondo is the Sanctuary of Saint Padre Pio of Pietrelcina, which includes the Capuchins convent and the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie. This building with lovely stained glass and marble archways is the final resting place of Padre Pio: visitors can view his relics in the lower area of the church. Close to the monastery is the Padre Pio Wax Museum that contains historical information about the region as well as mosaics that depict the life of Padre Pio. Several other places of the life of Padre Pio can be visited as well, such as the new church dedicated to Padre Pio, the Way of the Cross, Mary Pyle’s house where his parents lived or the saint’s car. 41.70712215.7030251 Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina (Santuario di San Pio da Pietrelcina). Contains the tomb with the incorrupt body of Padre Pio. Convent of the Friars Minor Capuchin (Convento dei frati minori cappuccini). Convent where Padre Pio lived and died. Includes the conventual cell of the stigmatist friar and a small museum dedicated to the Saint. Church of Saint Mary of Graces (Chiesa di Santa Maria delle Grazie). New church of the Capuchin Friars community of Saint Giovanni Rotondo. The Old Church (La Chiesa antica). Old church where Padre Pio celebrated the Holy Mass and which owns the original icon of Our Lady of Graces. Wax Museum of Padre Pio (Museo delle Cere di Padre Pio), Via Pirgiano, 25, ☏ +39 0882 459728. Old church where Padre Pio celebrated the Holy Mass and which owns the original icon of Our Lady of Graces. For Catholics visiting San Giovanni Rotondo as a pilgrimage, there are several masses daily at the Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina. The streets around the Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina are lined with shops that sell church-related items (rosaries, statues of Padre Pio, etc). The Sanctuary itself has a shop as well (also available online here). With several masses each day at the Basilica and at the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, there shouldn't be a problem finding a priest to bless the rosaries after you purchase them. You can also made a subscription of The Voice of Padre Pio magazine and support the Friars Minor Capuchin work in spreading the message and spirituality of Saint Pio. After that you may receive the magazine directly in your home. It consists of 11 numbers per year with articles by some of the top Catholic Italian journalists. In San Giovanni Rotondo visitors can choose from 120 accommodation facilities. 41.70648115.7068661 Padre Pio Spiritual Center (Centro di Spiritualità Padre Pio), Via Anna Frank, 18, ☏ +39 0882 418094, fax: +39 0882 418087, [email protected]. The Padre Pio Spiritual Center includes 1 hotel, 2 restaurants, 4 conference halls, 1 auditorium, 2 chapels near the Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina. (updated Nov 2018) 41.7032515.7051572 Gran Paradiso Hotel (Hotel Gran Paradiso), Viale Aldo Moro, 125, ☏ +39 0882 454894, fax: +39 0882 452846, [email protected]. Style, elegance, comfort and hospitality in San Giovanni Rotondo. (updated Nov 2018) Hotel Sollievo, Viale Cappuccini, 129, ☏ +39 0882 456134, fax: +39 0882 451852, [email protected]. In the heart of San Giovanni Rotondo, situated just 200 meters far from the new Basilica of Saint Pio. (updated Nov 2018) Hotel San Pio, Via Cappuccini, 115, ☏ +39 0882 454921, [email protected]. At only 100 meters from the Convent of Padre Pio. (updated Nov 2018) 41.70607315.7145043 Hotel Valle Rossa, Via San Filippo Neri, 28, ☏ +39 0882 457906, [email protected]. The hotel is situated only 800 metres from the hospital Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza and from the church-shrine of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina. (updated Nov 2018) 41.70729115.707584 Hotel Vittoria, Via Santa Vittoria, 4, ☏ +39 0882 452951, [email protected]. Hotel and restaurant close to the shrine of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina. (updated Nov 2018) Monte Sant'Angelo – where is located the Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel. Vatican – the Vatican City is the world center of Catholicism. Fátima – place of worldwide famous Marian apparitions.
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Colin Kaepernick (born November 3, 1987) is an American civil rights activist and a football quarterback who is a free agent. He played six seasons for the San Francisco 49ers in the National Football League (NFL). In 2016, he knelt during the national anthem at the start of NFL games in protest of police brutality and racial inequality in the United States. I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color. Colin Kaepernick, quoted in Steve Wyche (August 27, 2016). Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem. To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder. Colin Kaepernick, quoted in Steve Wyche (August 27, 2016). Colin Kaepernick explains why he sat during national anthem. On their own, the politics of representation are not enough to build a world where Black & Brown communities can thrive. We also need to focus our attention on structural changes to library systems, the organization of knowledge, & information literacy. Colin Kaepernick, quoted in a Tweet by American Library Association [@ALALibrary] (24 January 2022). On their own, the politics of representation are not enough to build a world where Black & Brown communities can thrive. We know white supremacy is not limited to politics or policies. It also shows up in culture, it shows up in stories. Colin Kaepernick, quoted in Dankowski, Terra (January 25, 2022). Representation ‘Is Only a Start’ Athlete and activist Colin Kaepernick urges structural changes to make libraries more just. American Libraries. Retrieved on 2022-01-26. Wikipedia has an article about: Colin Kaepernick
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Seasons: 1 2 3 4 5 | Main Angel (1999–2004) was an American TV show, created by Joss Whedon and David Greenwalt and airing on The WB, about the ongoing trials of Angel, a vampire whose human soul was restored to him by gypsies as a punishment for the murder of one of their own. After more than a century of murder and the torture of innocents, Angel's restored soul torments him with guilt and remorse. It was a spinoff of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Wesley: I realize we sacrifice a great deal of our social lives, but we have to. Work demands it. Gunn: True. I mean who's got time for love when you're out there, doin' it with the demons. [with regretful look] Didn't that come out sad and wrong. Gunn: Hmm, Angel and a bunch of monks in the middle of nowhere. There's a party. He should have got hammered and gone to Vegas like I told him. Wesley: He doesn't need a lap dance, he needs some peace and quiet to work through this. [lengthy fight between Angel and robed men] Villager: What happened? Angel: Demon monks. Shoulda gone to Vegas. Fred: I came out of my room. Small steps, just like you said. Angel: Go to your room and stay there! Fred: Okay. James: But if you've changed. If you aren't the same man who screwed Darla and couldn't care less what happened to her... Angel: Where did you hear... Oh. You mean back in the day. Right. Angel: What's your version of love? "It's not real unless it kills me"? James: What's yours? "It's fun as long as it doesn't cost me anything"? You think you won because you're still alive? I lived. You just existed. [Turns to dust] Darla: Well, you know what they say... life's full of surprises. [Darla leaves the bar revealing her incredibly pregnant belly.] Angel: Fred! Good to see you out and about. Fred: It is isn't it. Out and about. I've been forkin' with Gunn. Gunn: Five herb shops in Chinatown; we've been to four. How come whatever we're searching for is always in the last place we look? Wesley: I suppose it's one of the unwritten laws of being a dick. Uh, um, sleuth, a gumshoe, Sherlock. Gunn: All I know is you use the word dick again, and we're gonna have a problem. So what's the name of this place anyway? Wesley: Van Hoa Dong. Cordelia: I'm right as rain. Fred: I never understood that saying-right as rain. How is rain right? Or wrong for that matter? Okay, I suppose if there's a flood it's wrong, and speaking of floods, or just being overwhelmed, what's it like to have a vision? Cordelia: Wow. Y'know, next to you, I am downright linear. Wesley: The Host reads people's auras to set them on their path, in some shape or form that connects them to the Powers that Be. I'm thinking... Angel: Sure, he might be able to reverse the process. That he might be able to use Cordelia in order to 'trace the call' back to the Powers. Lorne: WAY outside my area of expertise, I should caution. But hey, who knew William Shatner could sing? [He laughs, glances at a horribly disfigured Cordelia, and awkwardly stops] Okay. Bad example. Lilah: There's a young man who's been unfairly imprisoned. And you're going to save him. Isn't that what you do? Save people? You'll need those items to succeed. Angel: I see. I do this for you and you stop sending Cordy the killer visons. Lilah: No, you'll do this because I tell you to. Darla: You're a difficult man to find, señor. Do you know why I'm here? You are my last hope. I've been told you're very powerful, very wise. I've tried everything and I can't get rid of it. So, I ask you: What is this thing growing inside of me, and how is it possible? Shaman: The Father is also a...? Darla: Vampire? Yes. Though not a very good one. Shaman: I will need some blood. Darla: Well... I'll show you mine if you show me yours. [The Shaman pauses] Darla: Men are such babies. [Darla cuts her hand.] Shaman: This has never failed me. [The Shaman places his hands on Darla's belly and has a major reaction.] Shaman: I cannot help you. No man can. This is not meant to be known. Darla: Yeah, yeah. Like I haven't heard that before. Well, I guess there's only one thing left to do. Time to go visit Daddy. [Fred is onstage at a karaoke bar, singing "Crazy".] Cordelia: I swear, she picked out the song herself. Wesley: [to Rondell] If you don't mind, I'd prefer a clean kill. The last time I was merely wounded. It took months to heal. Wounded, if I recall, in an attempt to help you. Cordelia: Look, this is really urgent. I know Lorne pays you to cast this spell. What will it take for you to lift it? Transuding Sisters: [in sequence] This is not a debt you can pay. Cordelia: [insulted] You don't know that. My credit has been very good this last year. Transuding Sisters: [in sequence] Only Angel is equipped to make good on this debt. Cordelia: Angel. [makes raspberry noise] I don't know. You know, for a guy who's a couple of centuries old, not very big with the wise investing. [pause, then understanding] And when you say "equipped", that isn't what you mean, is it? Transuding Sisters: [together] Mmmm...Angel. Cordelia: Got it. And eww. Gunn: No matter what else, I think I proved that you can trust me when I could have killed you and I didn't. Angel: No. You'll prove that I can trust you when the day comes that you have to kill me — and you do. Fred: [looking at Cordelia's fashion magazine] Why do girls want to look like that? I spent years in a cave starving, what's their excuse? Cordelia: [about Fred] She's got the big puppy love. I mean, who wouldn't? You're handsome and brave and heroic, emotionally stunted, erratic, prone to turning evil, and let's face it, a eunuch. Angel: Hey! How can you...I'm not a eunuch. Cordelia: Angel, it's just a figure of speech. Angel: Find another one. Cordelia: I just mean that sex is a no-no for you because of the whole "if you know perfect bliss you'll turn evil curse." Really no cure for that, is there? Wesley: [about Angel making out with someone on his desk] This isn't like him. Cordelia: What? This is totally like him. Doing the mystery dance with some cheap blonde? Fred: Brunette. She was a cheap brunette. Cordelia: You're right. This isn't like him. Cordelia: Lemme break it down for you, Fred. Cordelia [as Buffy]: Oh, Angel, I know that I am a Slayer, and you're a vampire and it would be impossible for us to be together, but— Wesley [as Angel]: But... my gypsy curse sometimes prevents me from seeing the truth. Oh, Buffy... Cordelia [as Buffy]: Yes, Angel? Wesley [as Angel]: I love you so much, I almost forgot to brood. Cordelia [as Buffy]: And just because I sent you to Hell that one time doesn't mean that we can't just be friends. Wesley [as Angel]: Or possibly more? Cordelia [as Buffy]: Gasp! No! We mustn't! Wesley [as Angel]: Kiss me! Cordelia [as Buffy]: Bite me! Angel: [entering] How 'bout you both bite me? Fred: You're back! Gunn: How'd it go? Angel: I think those two pretty much summed it up. Cordelia: [on Fred's invention] God, I really wish she wouldn't leave her toys laying around. Gunn: Ooh, pretty wicked looking toy. Wesley: I'll say. It almost looks like a spring-loaded decapitation device. Cordelia: Or it makes toast. With her you never know. Cordelia: Fred can barely tie her shoes without Mr. 'oh, you're my big, fat hero!' around. Angel: [quietly] You think I'm fat? Cordelia: [to Wesley and Gunn] Hey, Mr. and Mrs. Bickerson! A little focus, please. Mr. Burkle: And to think, we were wondering when to call the police on a bunch of superheroes. Angel: Oh, I'm not really a hero. Gunn: More like a blood-sucking fiend. Mr. Burkle: Well frankly, Angel, I don't care if you drink pig's blood, cow's blood, or those froofy little imported beers. You saved my little girl. Angel: Well, I wouldn't have had to if she hadn't gone all Amazonian and whacked that thing with a golf club. Mr. Burkle: Well, I'll tell you. I haven't seen a stroke like that since Nicklaus took on Gary Player in the '63 - - Angel and Mr. Burkle: Bob Hope Desert Classic [laugh together like old friends] Angel: [Looks at the walls] Are you gonna remember everything that's up there? Fred: Well, sure. It's a story. Once upon a time, there was a girl who lived all alone in a horrible cave - so far from home it made her chest hurt. And every day in that horrible cave, the girl tried to figure out a way to escape. None of her plans ever succeeded, of course, and she'd almost given up hopin' - when one day, just like in a fairy tale - a handsome man rode up on a horse and saved her, and took her back to his castle. Now you'd think that was the end, wouldn'tcha? Dumb old fairy tales and their happily ever afters. But see, the minute they got back to the castle, the handsome man went away again. And even though she didn't mean to - didn't want to - high up in that castle the girl just built herself another cave. Hoping he would save her again. [Looks at Angel] But you can't save me this time. Can you? Gunn: [after Fred's invention launches an axe through the Durslar beast's head] So. Not a toaster. Gunn: [playing a video game] Dead! So dead! So very, very dead. Just how dead are you, huh? Angel: I'm tired of being the dead one. Lilah: Cordelia Chase, right? You came here to gloat? Cordelia: I can do that anywhere. Are you going to invite me in? Oh, wait. I'm not a vampire. [walks in] Lilah: [sarcastically] Please, come on in. Cordelia: I want you to tell me about Billy. Everything you didn't tell Angel. I want you to help me stop him. Lilah: And what makes you think I'm going to do that? Cordelia: Well, your face, for starters. Lilah: I know the risks of my job, and I accept them. Cordelia: Then why were you crying five minutes ago. [Lilah looks surprised] There's not a thing about badly re-applied mascara that I don't know. Lilah: I am not Lindsay McDonald. I don't switch sides whenever it gets tough. And since when is this your job? I thought Angel was the Dark Revenger. Cordelia: Angel feels responsible for this guy because he brought him back from hell. I feel responsible because he did it to save me. You, who are actually responsible for the entire thing, feel nothing at all, because you are a vicious bitch. Lilah: So you know me. Cordelia: Please, I was you. With better shoes. Lilah: These are Versace. Cordelia: Fall collection? Lilah: Next spring. Cordelia: He's widened the heel. Lilah: And rounded the toe. Cordelia: That won't work with pink. Lilah: The pink is out this spring. Cordelia: Billy makes people crazy. Lilah: Not all people. Just men. He brings out a primal misogyny in them. Turns them into killers. Cordelia: Then why didn't he do it to Angel? Lilah: Angel's seen him? Cordelia: Yes, right before he escaped from the cops. [Lilah laughs] What's so witty? Lilah: Billy's touch work's differently on different men. Some lose their mind in an instant. Others, can take hours. Gee, I sure hope Angel isn't starting to feel testy. Cordelia: You better hope it. Lilah: I know. I've seen his dark side. Cordelia: You really haven't. [Lilah looks nervous] I have to find Billy. Lilah: And I'm going to help you why? Cordelia: You know that guy you hired to hack into my visions? What he did to me? You know what it felt like? I was cut, torn up, my face disfigured and burning with pain every second, not knowing if it was going to end or just get worse until I died. Lilah: So you think I owe you? Cordelia: It's not the pain. It's the helplessness. The certainty that there is nothing you can do to stop it. That your life can be thrown away in an instant by someone else. He doesn't care. He'll beat you down until you stay down, because he doesn't even think of you as alive. No woman should ever have to go through that, and no woman strong enough to hold the mantle of vicious bitch would ever put up with it. Where is Billy going? Cordelia: [to Billy] Actually, I'm feeling superior because I have an arrow aimed at your jugular. And the irony of using a phallic shaped weapon? Not lost on me. Wesley: Speaking of saliva, where is Cordelia? Fred: What do you mean 'speaking of saliva?' How does saliva make you... Wesley: It's a simple question.. where is Cordelia? [Angel stares at Cordelia, working up the nerve to confess his feelings for her.] Cordelia: Why are you looking at me like that? Angel: Uh . . . no reason. Cordelia: Okay. It's getting creepy now. Angel: I was just thinking about things. People. You know, how they relate. Take you and me, for instance. We're very different. Very different. Obviously. [points at Cordy] Human, [points at self] vampire. [points at Cordy] Woman, [points at self] man... pire. Cordelia: Has someone been putting vodka in your blood? Angel: [chuckles] See? You're funny! And I, well I get off a good one every once in a while, but you... Cordelia: Angel, are you trying to say you love me? Angel: W-What? Cordelia: I love you too. Angel: You do? When did this... Cordelia: [calling into Wesley's office] Angel loves me! I love him! Angel: Oh, my God! Cordelia: You guys love us and we love you! Wesley, Fred, Gunn: [offscreen, in chorus] We love you, Angel! Cordelia: They were all saying it earlier. Just in case this prophecy comes true and we all die. You're not gonna want a hug, are you? Angel: [chastened] No. Cordelia: Hey, what are friends for? Darla: If you ask me, they're for knocking you up and leaving you high and dry. [Angel spins around to see a very pregnant Darla standing on the top landing leading down into the lobby from outside.] Darla: Hello, lover. Long time no see. Fred: Who's Darla? Gunn: Angel's old flame, from way back. Fred: Not the one who died? Gunn: Yeah. No, not that one, the other one that died and came back to life. She's a vampire. Fred: Do y'all have a chart or somethin'? Gunn: In the files. I'll get it for you later. Angel: This is impossible. Darla: Tell me about it, daddy! Cordelia: You slept with her? Angel: Vampires can't have children. Wesley? Wesley: Ah, no, he's right. It's not possible. Cordelia: That's not what I asked. Darla: You know we can't. I know we can't. But we did. Fred: I wonder if this might not be that bad thing we were expecting. Darla: What did you do to me? [She hits Angel across the face and he stumbles back against the weapons cabinet behind him.] Angel: Cordy that's Darla. Maybe you don't want to... Cordelia: Did you or did you not look me in the eye and say that you would *never* do a thing like this with her? Darla: Oh, he lied? What a surprise. [Fred carrying a glass of water] Fred: Hi. I'm Fred. Is water okay, or did you want some blood? [Darla takes the water as Wes gently pulls Fred back away from Darla.] Angel: Cordy. I'm sorry I lied. It was just...it was a very dark time. Cordelia: Oh! You used her to make you feel better during your dark time. Well, that makes it all heroic. Angel: It wasn't like that. It wasn't like I went evil or anything, I just... Cordelia: You just went male. [She brushes the hair out of Darla's face.] Have you been to a doctor? [Darla gives her a look] Darla: No. But I have been to every shaman and seer in the Western Hemisphere. Wesley: And what did they say? Darla: They don't know what it is. They don't know what it means. Nothing like this has ever happened. Angel: Maybe it's an hysterical pregnancy. Darla: You wanna feel it kick? Cordelia: Does it kick a lot? Darla: Like crazy. Angel: [talking about Darla] Where is she? Wesley: She got away. Gunn: We tried to stop her by hitting her fists and feet with our faces. [Darla pulls the stake out of her right palm and lets it drop as she walks towards Angel.] Darla: You *so* want to play the good guy, don't you? Yeah. You're the good guy who did *this* to me. [Hauls back and knocks Angel across the face, slamming him against one of the games.] Darla: You may have the face, but you don't know the hunger! It pounds! You can't make it go away! You can't stop it! Angel: I'll stop it! [He hauls back and hits Darla. The two of them fight. In the end Angel manages to grab Darla by the throat and push her up against the wall.] Darla: How could you put this in me? I hate you! [Darla hits him again, but Angel refuses to let go of her throat.] Darla: They breathe. They breathe and pound. I don't breathe, you idiot! You can't strangle me! [Darla laughs.] Angel: I'm not gonna strangle you. [Angel pulls her away and slams her back up against the wall, pulling out another stake.] Darla: Come on! Do it! [Angel hesitates] Do it! [Angel slowly lowers the stake and looks down at Darla's belly. We hear a heartbeat. Angel slowly steps back from Darla. Darla lunges, grabs a hold of Angel's jacket and shakes him.] Darla: Do it! Do it! Make it stop! [Angel gently restrains her, wrapping her tightly in his arms and pulling her up against his chest.] Angel: No it won't, Darla. Darla, listen to me. Darla: Make it stop! Make it stop. Angel: The child. The child has a heartbeat. It has a soul. [Darla flailing wildly] Darla: No! Not my child! No! Angel: Our child. Our child. Our child. That's why you've been craving purer and purer blood. That's why it's been driving you out of your mind. It has a soul. [Darla collapses against Angel's chest, sobbing] Darla: No, it doesn't. [Angel holds her] Angel: It does. Darla: It can't. Angel: Yes, it does. It does. [Darla starts groaning in pain after Cordelia punches her.] Cordelia: Oh, come on, tough girl. You're a vampire. A punch in the nose shouldn't hurt that much. Fred: Not "ow" her nose. She's having contractions! [Darla screams] [voicemail message] Woman's voice: Hi, you've reached the Tittles. We can't come to the phone right now. If you wanna leave a message for Christine, press one. Man's voice: For Bentley, press two. Demon's voice: Or to speak to or worship Master Tarfall, Underlord of pain, press three. Sahjhan: I'm not a man. - What I mean is... Holtz: You're not human. Sahjhan: But clearly masculine. You get that, right? [Angel is pushing Darla in a wheelchair through the hospital while she is having contractions] Angel: How you feeling? Darla:[irritated] I haven't had blood in almost a day and your devil spawn is trying to rip its way out of my body. How you think I'm doing? Linwood: Thank you for coming. And correct me if I'm wrong, but the role of a psychic is to be psychic. To predict the future, so that Wolfram and Hart doesn't find itself in this kind of predicament. Bald psychic: I can't apologize enough, sir. Linwood: You're right. You can't. [Laughs] But I'm not without compassion. I'm gonna give you a chance to save your job - and your skin. [Bald psychic smiles relieved, then frowns and leans in a bit closer to Linwood.] Bald psychic: No, you're not. You're gonna have me killed. Linwood: [Puts a hand on his shoulder.] Now, why couldn't you have had that kind of foresight when we needed it? [Someone puts a plastic bag over the bald guy's head from behind and pulls him away from Linwood.] Angel: What is it? Wesley: It's - it's human. Gunn: Human as is in humanoid? As in cannibalistic humanoid underground dwellers? Wesley: No - human as in - a boy. Angel: Boy? Wesley: A boy. A boy. You're carrying a boy. Darla: Great. Angel: Gonna have a son. I'm gonna have a son. Fred: Guys. As fascinating as an ultra-sound image of an unborn child may appear... Angel: Me. A father. To a son. Fred: We're surrounded by vampires? Angel: No, it's a human bo... [He trails off as he looks away from the monitor for the first time and notices the vampires lining the teaching gallery above them and the back wall of the room.] Angel: Oh. We are surrounded by vampires. Cordelia: Hey, I'm all for being idolized, but what the hell is going on? Angel: What do you want? Vampire: To protect the miracle child. Angel: Protect? Ah, that's good. We're all here for the same thing. [The guy with the sword that Lilah called earlier suddenly jumps through one of the glass windows above, dressed like a ninja and holding the sword in front of him, screaming 'die!' The miracle child worshipping vampires jump on him en masse, and he goes down with a strangled scream. We hear a crunch and someone gulping down liquid.] Vampire: As it has been prophesied by our great potentate Ul-thar, we vow our lives to protect this special child. Angel: [aside to Darla] You hear that? Our kid. Special. Vampire: Now let us kill the humans so we may use their blood to nourish the mother and her miracle child. Darla: [smiling] Guess I'm getting dinner after all. Angel: Darla, you might wanna join the fight. Darla: Sorry, darling. I'm gonna have to be Switzerland and sit this one out. Now, you did say you were just gonna kill the humans, right? Vampire: Yes, just the humans. Then we will nourish you, slice you open, wear your entrails as a belt and consume your eyeballs before we worship the miracle child. Darla: Okay. I'm in. [Fred holds the dagger against Darla's belly.] Fred: You freaks make one move and I'll slice the miracle kid into triplets. Cordelia: It's always the quiet ones. Vampire: Wait! Fred: [quietly to Darla] They don't know the knife can't hurt the baby. Darla: [smiling] They do now. Vampires have great hearing. [Darla is still in the back of the car. Wesley is sitting on the trunk facing Fred, standing behind the car. Gunn is sitting on the side of the passenger door. Cordelia starts the car.] Gunn: He said five minutes! Cordelia: It's been six and a half. Darla: It's so typical of him. Fred: It probably wouldn't hurt to wait another minute, right? I mean, what's the worst thing that could happen in another minute? [Darla lets out a blood-curdling scream.] Ask a stupid question... Wesley: Her water's broken. This is for real. There should be a blanket in the trunk. Cordelia: What are we gonna do? Deliver the kid right here? Shouldn't we go somewhere? Fred: What's keeping Angel? [Gunn gets the blanket out of the trunk and he and Wesley help a screaming Darla to lie down in the back seat while the camera pulls up to give us an overhead view of them.] Wesley: Now it's up to us to protect Angel's unborn child. Darla, we're trying to take you out of here. Relax. The trick is to breathe. Like this. [Wesley demonstrates short panting breaths] Wesley: Heh, heh, heh, hoh, hoh, hoh, heh, heh, heh... Darla: I... Don't... [sits up and sends Wesley, Cordelia, Gunn and Fred all flying backwards, away from the car and morphs into her vampface] Darla: Breathe! Gavin: [About Linwood] He's gonna crucify us. Lilah: They don't crucify here. It's too Christian. [Angel is still held motionless by the metal grips while Holts admires one of Angel's swords.] Angel: You're still human. How'd you manage this? [Holtz puts the sword back into the weapons cabinet.] Holtz: So, the question becomes, now that I have you, what's the best way to get her? Angel: Only dark magic could have brought you this far. Holtz: She was always the trick, you know, not you. Darla was the unpredictable one. Angel: Was it a demon? Or something else? [Holtz points a stake at Angel's chest.] Holtz: What if I just kill you now? Would she somehow sense it? Would she then come running? [Walks away from Angel] Would that bring her bursting through those doors, I wonder? Angel: Did something come to you, or did you seek it out? Holtz: She might show herself in the service of revenge. It can be a powerful motivator. Angel: Yes, it can. What did you have to give up for this second chance? Holtz: Give up? [Turns to face Angel] I had nothing to give up. You saw to that. Angel: We took a lot from you, that's true. But we didn't get everything. We couldn't take your soul. Holtz: What do you know of a soul? Angel: I know yours will be destroyed if you allow yourself to be used in the service of evil. You're a good man, Holtz. A righteous man. And you're being used for some purpose other than justice. Holtz: Could it be you really have changed? I don't remember you ever pleading so cravenly before. Angel: And I remember you used to work with men. [Holtz hits Angel hard across the face.] [Cordelia, Wesley, Fred, and Gunn all get into in the front of the convertible, leaving a very pregnant Darla alone in the back.] Darla: Doesn't anyone wanna sit back here with me? Cordelia: We're good. Gunn: Yeah, it's, comfy. Darla: I promise I won't throw anyone out of the car. Not while it's moving. Fred: It's not that we don't trust you. I mean, we don't trust you, but, the fact is, your water broke all over the back seat. Darla: Oh. Fred: That's the tragic beauty of a cosmic convergence. I- I mean, he just plays his own small part. He comes here looking for Angel and Darla, and in the process ends up finding Angel's unborn child. Who, as it turns out, wasn't evil at all as we feared, but was actually meant to be some sort of Messianic figure. But Holtz kills it before it's even born, and his vengeance somehow triggers the end of the world! [pause, off everyone's looks] Or not. It could go either way. Have you thought of a name yet? Sahjhan: See? This is why I didn't mention it. So Angel has a soul. Big whoop! So did Attila the Hun! Not to mention a heart as big as all outdoors when it came to gift giving. He is still a vampire! Angel, not Attila. [Darla is standing on top of a building looking over the city below, her hands cradling her pregnant belly.] Angel: You always did love a view. Darla: Look at it. Listen to it. Can you smell it? This world. This horrible world. Why would anyone want to bring a baby into it? Angel: To make it better, maybe? Darla: Or to destroy it finally. Angel: Why is it everyone insists on planning my son's future before he's even born? [Darla turns and walks past where Angel is standing.] Darla: Alright then, how's this? It doesn't have a future. Not with me. Angel: Darla... Darla: Angel, I can't have this baby. Angel: What? Darla: I can't let it out. I-I can't. Angel: Okay, not sure you have a lot of choice in the matter... Darla: Look, I know. It wants to come out. I can feel it. It's ready. It's just... I can't let it. I can't let because... because... Angel: You love it. Darla: Completely. I love it completely. I-I-I don't think I've ever loved anything as much as this life that's inside of me. Angel: Well, you've never *loved* anything, Darla. Darla: That's true. Four hundred years and I never did. Til now. Angel: Well, you-you'll do the only thing that you can do. You'll have it. You'll have it and then... Darla: What? We'll raise it? Angel: Why not? Darla: It's impossible. Angel: This whole thing is impossible, Darla, but it's happening. Darla: What do I have to offer a child, a human child, besides ugly death? Angel: Darla. Darla: You know it's true. Angel: No. What I do know is that you love this baby, our baby. You've bonded with it. You've spent nine months carrying it, nourishing it... Darla: No. No, I haven't been nourishing it. I haven't given this baby a thing. I'm dead. It's been nourishing me. These feelings that I'm having, they're not mine. They're coming from it. Angel: You don't know that. Darla: Of course I do! We both do. Angel, I don't have a soul. It does. And right now that soul is inside of me, but soon, it won't be and then... Angel: Darla... Darla: I won't be able to love it. I won't even be able to remember that I loved it. [Starts to cry] I want to remember. [Angel pulls her against him.] Angel: Shh... [Angel closes his eyes as he holds a crying Darla.] Lilah: What does it say about the birth? Translator: Well actually, it's funny. It doesn't. Lilah: What do you mean it doesn't? But you said it did. Translator: Yes, I did say it did. Lilah: But it doesn't. Translator: In a way. Lilah: I have a gun. Man: What are we going to do? Holtz: Whatever we have to. [Holtz walks over to Sarah and picks her up.] Sarah: Papa, no! Please, no, papa! Papa, don't. Let me go! [Holtz carries her over to the door and out onto the roofed porch.] Sarah: No, papa. Papa, don't! [Sarah tries to cling to one of the porch's pillars, but Holtz pulls her away and pushes her out into the bright sunlight of the front yard. She turns back to look up at him, morphing into vamp face as she burns up in the direct sunlight. Holtz stays and watches until she's gone then walks back into the house.] Angel: What's going on? Wesley: We're being attacked. Angel: Attacked? I thought you had double protection sanctorium spells? Lorne: I do, and they work. It's a thing with the door and the stairs and the world and a thing. Never mind! Gunn: Apparently you can be outside and chuck stuff in. Lorne: I just said that. Darla: That's why this is happening. [About Holtz] His family, his children... what that must have been like for him. Doesn't seem so funny now, does it? Angel: You're gonna be okay. Darla: No. Once he's gone, I won't be okay. I won't be okay at all. I don't know what I'll be. Angel... Our baby is gonna die right here in this alley. You died in an alley, remember? Angel: I remember. Darla: I wanna say I'm sorry. I wanna say it and mean it, but I can't. Aren't you gonna tell me it's okay? Angel: No. Darla: No? It's really not, is it? We did so many terrible things together. So much destruction, so much pain. We can't make up for any of it. You know that, don't you. Angel: Yeah. Darla: This child, Angel, it's the one good thing we ever did together. [Angel lifts Darla's hand between both of his and pressed it against his lips.] Darla:The only good thing. [Angel buries his face in his hands, still holding onto Darla's, takes a sobbing breath.] Darla:The only good thing. You make sure to tell him that. [Darla stakes herself, and her body crumbles into dust, leaving the crying newborn alive on the alley ground.] Sahjhan: Do it! Now's your chance. Do it! Finish it while you still can! You can't just let him walk away! Not now! Not after what you swore to me! [Holtz watches as Fred and Angel get into the car with the newborn.] Holtz: I swore that I would show no mercy. [Watches Angel's car drive away.] And I won't. Lilah: Dusted during childbirth is more like it. According to our sources she staked herself, leaving the baby alive and kicking but never actually born. MacDuff was from his mother's womb untimely ripped. [Walks towards the screen as we can hear the baby gurgle.] Linwood: That's a cute little baby. Yes, you are. And your daddy is a vampire with a soul. And sometimes he reverts to a creature of pure, malevolent evil, who could rip your tiny throat out. Yes, he does. [Chuckles] I like kids. The Senior Partners took mine before I really got to know them. Turn it up. [Lilah pushes a button on the remote and the room fills with a baby's cries.] Linwood: Turn it down. [Lilah does as Linwood walks out.] Lilah: Everything's in there? Gwen: Right down to the baby that wasn't supposed to be born. Lilah: How do you know about that? Gwen: I'm Files and Records. It's my job. Lilah: Great. [Hefts the file and turns to go] I'll be back when I'm... Gwen: Ah, Miss Morgan, there aren't any documents in there, you know. That's just the reference key to the full file. Lilah: The reference key. So - where is the full file? [Gwen flips a switch and a whole section of file cabinets is illuminated.] Gwen: The key is only helpful in locating which section of the file you'd like to look at. Lilah: [flabbergasted] That whole thing is Angel's file? Gwen: Just the first 35 cabinets. Lilah: Right. Does China Palace deliver down here? Gunn: [preparing for the assault] What are you doing? Wesley: Trying to imagine myself as John Wayne in Rio Bravo. You? Gunn: Austin Stoker. Assault on Precinct 13. [they high five] Cordelia: If we live through this, trade in the DVD players and get a life. [Angel walks into the office, walks up to Linwood, slices him across the cheek, and pushes him facedown against the table.] Angel: My son has a tiny scratch on his cheek, and now, by extraordinary coincidence so do you. I'm holding you personally responsible for anything that happens to him whether it's your fault or not. Cold, sunburn, scratched knee, whatever happens to him, happens to you, and then some. [He pulls Linwood back up, pushes him back into his chair and leans over him.] For not only are you not coming after him, you gonna make sure that he lives a long, healthy life. You just became his godfather, understand? Linwood: I believe I do. [Guards come in, in response to the alarm.] Guard: Sir? Linwood: It's all right. [Angel starts to leave but turns back around before he reaches the door.] Angel: Oh, and one more thing. College fund? Start saving. I got my heart set on Notre Dame. Doctor: I'm happy to report you have a healthy baby boy. Cordelia: Oh, great. But I'm not the mother. Doctor: Oh, I'm sorry. [turns to Fred] I'm happy to report you have a healthy baby boy. Fred: Oh. Me neither. Wesley: I'm afraid the mother is, ah, no longer in the picture. Doctor: I see. Well, his height and weight are in the ninetieth percentile. We gave him his vitamin K and his PKU and he's doing very well. We don't seem to have his - what's his name? Angel: [arriving] Connor. His name is Connor. Doctor: Connor. Thank you. Mr. [looks at the papers] Angel. And congratulations. Angel: Thanks. Wesley: Connor. That's a lovely name. I don't suppose you ever considered Wesley? Fred, Angel and Gunn: No. [Wesley shrugs] Cordelia: You're - you're - death? You've come to take me. Skip: [bursts out laughing] Kidding. [Offers hand] I'm Skip. [She doesn't shake it] You're Cordelia Chase, right? [Cordelia nods slightly] Sorry it took me so long, I... [indicates her body] this you? Most people go astral, their spiritual shapes tend to be an idealized version of themselves. You know, straighten the nose, lose the gray, sort of a self-esteem kind of thing. You're pretty confident, aren't ya? Cordelia: Is this...? This is a Mall. Skip: We just figured you'd be more comfortable here. Cordelia: We? Skip: The Powers That Be. Cordelia: The Powers That Be popped me out of my body and sent me to a Mall? Skip: Actually, this is more a construct of a Mall. You know, like in "The Matrix". Cordelia: You've seen "The Matrix"? Skip: Oh, love that flick. When Trinity is all 'dodge this' and the agent just crumples to the [Cordelia sighs] and I'm not really instilling any awe anymore, am I? Skip: Inside every living thing there is a connection to the Powers That Be. Call it instinct, intuition. Deep down we all know our purpose in this world. Cordelia: Are you saying that, I was meant to be an actress? Skip: No. I'm saying you were meant to be an incredibly famous and wealthy actress. And the Powers That Be can make that happen. Cordelia: I want something. Hypo-something. Hypothermia? Nev: [to phone] Josh, lets get a large tub of ice water to Miss Chase's dressing room, pronto. Cordelia: [to herself] No, that's not it. Nev: Cancelling ice water. Cordelia: Hyper... hyperbaric? Nev: Josh, make it an oxygen tent. Cordelia: [to herself] No, that's not it either. Nev: Canceling tent. Cordelia: [spins to Nev] Hyperion! That's it! Nev: The hotel. Cordelia: Yes. I wanna go there. Skip: We've been over this. I respect what you're trying to do. It's noble and heroic and all that other Russell Crowe "Gladiator" crap. Cordelia: You've seen - Skip: Didn't love it. Wesley: [watching Fred with Connor] Adorable. Gunn: So sweet. Wesley: I meant the baby. Gunn: I meant the hot mama. Angel: We can't afford any more mistakes. Making mistakes costs money and making money right now - it's our number one priority. [Lorne enters] Hey, Lorne. Lorne: Uh, if this is about the baby formula I snagged from the fridge last night - sorry. I was feeling a little peckish and it was that or a glass of pig's blood. By the way, baby formula and Kaluha? Not as bad as it sounds. Angel: Lorne, I need you to use your contacts and find out what Holtz is up to. He's out there somewhere, and we can never forget that. Finding him is our number one priority. Gunn: I thought you said... Angel: Finding Holtz and making money are our two number one priorities. [Cordelia walks by and clears her throat] Angel: Helping the helpless, finding Holtz, and making money are our three number one priorities. Wesley: [about his web articles on DNA Fusion Comparisons and Tri-ped Demon Populations] It's an exciting arena. Lorne: But one I'm sure we can all download at: I'll-never-know-the-love-of-a-woman-dot-com. Can we get down to business? Angel: Guys, can I say something? Money's important [pauses] but it isn't everything. I got... I got carried away. [looks over at the pile of money] I just never had a life that was totally dependent on me before. But that's no excuse. [looks at the money again] Where was I? Cordelia: Money's not the most important... Angel: No, it's not. What's important is family ... and the mission. Cordelia: [after a long pause and looking at the money] They tried to cut Fred's head off. We earned every penny. Angel: Hold the baby. [Everyone begins grabbing money furiously.] Angel: Ask me why I'm smiling. Cordelia: I will because it's scaring me. Angel:I saw their production of "Giselle" in 1890. I cried like a baby. And I was evil! [Angel has bought tickets to a ballet instead of a rock concert.] Gunn: No, this is not Mata Hari. This is tutus and guys with their big-ass packages jumping up and down! This is just — I will never trust you again. The trust is gone. Cordelia: Oh, get over it. Do we get dressed up? Angel: Of course. Cordelia: I'm in. Angel: Guys, seeing the ballet live, it's... it's like another world. Gunn, these guys are tight, and you're going to be tripping out. Gunn: Don't be using my own phrases when we've lost the trust. Fred: We have to find a dress for you. Something that'll make Angel go crazy. Cordelia: Fred, sweetie, Angel is crazy. Lorne: Oh, relax, crumb cake. Man, little Connor burps like a champ. Angel: At least he's sleeping. Lorne: Who wouldn't? With that sweet Irish lullaby you crooned. Just a hair flat on the bridge, but - more to the point - Cordelia? Angel: What about her? Lorne: I read you while you were singing, you big corn muffin, and uh, can't say as I blame. I mean, what a woman she's become. Angel: You're not supposed to be reading me. Anyway, you read me wrong. Lorne: Sorry, strudel. It's not just when you're singing. We got a little term back in Pylea. Kyrumption? Angel: I know it. Lorne: Okay. When two great heroes come together- Angel: There will be no coming together, okay? Everything we've been through together and all anybody wants to talk about is... Lorne: Can't fight Kyrumption, cinnamon buns. It's fate. It's the stars. Kyrumption is... Angel: Stop saying that. And stop calling me pastries. Gunn: You got to promise not to laugh. Fred: I promise. Gunn: It's gotta come from the heart. Fred: Will you stop being such a little girl? I said, I promise. [Gunn steps out into Fred's view and spreads his arms so she can get a look at his tux, not looking at her. Fred's eyes go wide. After a moment she bursts out laughing.] Gunn: This is what your promises are worth? I'm having a lot of trust issues at this time in my life. Angel: Back in the day, I'd always get box seats. Or, you know, eat the people who had them. Gunn: I say it once, and gloat all you want: these guys are tight, and I am trippin' out! [A security guard is blocking the only way backstage at the ballet.] Cordelia: You want I should distract him? Make with the nice-nice while you slip by? Angel: Don't be stupid. I'm that guy and the most beautiful girl I've ever seen is making eyes at me? It's either a bachelor party or a scam. Cordelia: What did you just call me? Angel: I'm sorry. You're not stupid. Cordelia: No. After that. Angel: I think I'll just have to go with my patented sudden burst of violence. Cordelia: Hey, hold on. I think I might have an approach that is a little more subtle. [A smiling Cordelia approaches the guard.] Cordelia: Hey! Do you like bribes? Guard: Do I ever. [Cordelia holds up a $20.] Cordelia: Well, we really want to go backstage. Guard: Yeah, okay, but this isn't so much a bribe as it is a tip, and since I'm not parking your car, there's really no way-- [Angel punches guard in the face.] Angel: Okay, that's how we do it. Lorne: [singing] Go to sleep, lullaby, you've been fed and you're sleepy. You'll be with uncle Lorne, who in no way resents not being asked to go to the ballet. And is certainly, not thinking, of selling you to the first vampire cult that makes him a decent offer... Angel: I remember him being taller. Lorne: A trick of the light. They don't actually get smaller until they're very, very old. Angel: I didn't mean the baby. Lorne: I know you didn't. Angel: I meant the Groosalug. Lorne: I know you did. Angel: Did he seem, ah, - I don't know - short? Lorne: Oh, absolutely. Clearly the guy shrank - all over, probably. Why, he's nothing but a muscley midget. I'm sure once Cordelia gets him home, she'll just pop him into a smallish drawer, and that will be that. Wesley: Why can't you have sex? Cordelia: Because I could lose my virginity. Wesley: If you want to play it that way.. Cordelia: VISIONity. The visions. In Pylea the visions were supposed to pass on to Groo if we ever did the royal "com-shuk". How do I know that won't happen here? Angel: Good point. You really don't. Wesley: But your recent transformation could have changed all that. It might be possible... [Angel kicks the table to interrupt] Angel: Still, you know. Better safe than sorry. You're doing the right thing. Cordelia: I know. I know. I can't risk it. It's just.. I'm so.. And he's such a.. Don't you think? [Angel and Wesley start to agree reluctantly] Cordelia: I mean there's got to be other things we could do to relieve the tension. Angel: Jogging could be a thing. Wesley: Or perhaps there's some form of paranormal prophylactic... Angel: Cause you know, jogging... Cordelia: I guess we could probably "com" without actually "shuk"ing. Angel: Well, I don't know. That could be a slippery slope that.. Once you're on that.. That you could.. Slide.. Groosalugg: [upon hearing Angel's cellphone] Angel, your coat is singing. Wesley: When you knew it was more than just a tryst you should have told me. Gunn: It happened so fast. The thing just grabbed the guy and he was gone. Wesley: That's.. That's not what I meant. Gunn: Oh. You mean.. Well. I'm not so sure that's any of your business. Wesley: No, you're probably right. Still, she could get hurt. I trust that won't happen. Gunn: What are you, her brother? Wesley: Apparently.. Gunn: Wesley, I... Wesley: She chose. It's just important to me that she's taken care of. Gunn: I wanna know how he does it. No last name, no bank account. How are you ordering stuff off the web? Fred: It's not that hard, really. All you have to do is hack into the shipping database, find someone who is ordering what you want, then substitute your information. Except that would just be high-tech robbery. Angel: I memorized Cordelia's credit card numbers. Fred: Oh. Low-tech robbery. [Angel has just bought some mini-Hockey sticks for him and Connor to use when Connor is older] Angel: Hockey is just a great sport, greatest sport known to man! Gunn: Dude, Hockey is the WHITEST sport known to man. Angel: That's as may be, but the games are indoors and usually at night. Gunn: Oh perfect for you then. [Wesley asks Angel something to which Angel responds whilst Gunn dribbles the Puck about a bit then shoots at the gap under the weapons cabinet] Gunn: He shoots...HE SCORES! Angel: Yeah with no defender... [Angel and Gunn start having a mini-game, where Angel robs Gunn of the puck, shoots and badly misses, breaking the window] Angel: [embarrassed] Yeah well...they're not even regulation size... Sahjhan: That's it? No 'wow, how did he do that?' No screaming in terror? You twenty first century types are so jaded. Lilah: You're Sahjhan, aren't you? I may be jaded, but I do my homework. And there's a girl downstairs, she's got records on everything that ever happened. My company rocks. Holtz: Angelus is in his nature. The beast will re-emerge, you've seen it, you know it and that is why you are here. You're afraid he is going to kill the child.. and you're right. Wesley: Your infiltration was more successful than I'd realised. Holtz: I don't need prophecies to tell me what he's playing. So long as the child remains with the demon, it's not safe. Wesley: Well I must have misunderstood. Here I thought it was a simple blood vendetta when what you really want is to protect Angel's son. Holtz: You don't believe me? Wesley: Hmmm, not sure really. It could be the low scary voice that's giving me trouble. Wesley: I didn't sleep very well. Angel: Yeah, and you look like hell. Not the fun one where they burn you with hot pokers for all eternity, but the hard core one. You know, Nixon and Britney Spears. Lilah: Like a cat. Can't hear you. But I'm starting to feel you when you're near. Isn't that nice and creepy? How did you find me? Angel: Your assistant. Lilah: I'll have his arms broken. Angel: Already taken care of. Sahjhan: You back-stabbing, traitorous bitch. I have a lot of work to do. I can't be in every time/space at
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This covers Battery electric vehicles and the prevention of battery degradation due to vehicle to grid systems What is vehicle to grid technology? It is a system where a consumer of battery electric vehicles to discharge their vehicles to supply energy back to the electrical grid when their vehicles are not in use. This is done by the help of signals and the time of the day which could help inform systems whether to direct the power to the vehicle or to draw energy out of the vehicle to supply the grid with energy to help with supply load from power plants. Vehicles would be charged up and ready to be utilized upon the users set time and will have enough energy to power the car for emergencies. Vehicle to grid implementation helps majorly with the environment as a certain aspect would be overcome with them help of them. With the use of vehicle to grid systems on a larger scale would contribute towards Decarbonisation as it would lead to a decrement in use of coal powered stations world wide and with the same help, it would bring up efficiency in the power grid lines as they would help power houses, businesses, etc in case of a power outage or can also be used as a back up power source during natural disasters where it would be too dangerous to the grid to be operational and also to humans during a situation One of the main concerns of introducing vehicle to grid systems is that different manufacturers tend to use proprietary changing solution rather than a universal which would be a hinderance. To over come this, an agreement would have to be made between vehicle manufacturers to install a universal connector port to their vehicles to make the implementation quicker. An additional concern would be controlling discharge/charge speeds and voltage as it may differ per vehicle or the V2G systems would need to have a voltage regulator. It is recommended that slower charging systems would be a better solution as this would help to elongate the life of the battery packs installed in vehicles. Battery degradation due to vehicle to grid systems It is a known issue where lithium-ion batteries are known to degrade over time whether being used or not. Daily use of the batteries will help keep the life cycle on the better health side, but it is a known issue whereas the batteries age, they lose the capacity of charge they can hold. Many factors must be taken into considerations, such as age of the vehicle, how often the vehicle is used, how often the battery is charged, temperature, etc. This needs to be made as efficient as possible with minimal degradation as lithium ion would not be good for the environment. Battery aging is normally calculated using the calendar aging and cycle loss formulas, which is: Q calendar loss = f e−Ea/RT t 1⁄2 Q cycle loss = B1· e B2·Irate ·Ah B1 = a ·T 2 +b ·T +c B2 = d ·T +e (Wang et al., 2012) Combining the calendar loss and cycle loss formula, you would obtain the overall remaining life cycle for the battery. Bibliography 1) Kempton, W. and Tomic, J., 2004. Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy. [ebook] Delaware. Available at: [Accessed 10 March 2021]. Tsoleridis, C., Chatzimisios, P. and Fouliras, P., 2016. (PDF) Vehicle-to-Grid Networks: Issues and Challenges. [online] ResearchGate. Available at: [Accessed 10 March 2021]. 2) Virta.global. 2021. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): Everything you need to know. [online] Available at: [Accessed 10 March 2021]. 3)Wang, D., Coignard, J., Zeng, T., Zhang, C., & Saxena, S. (2012). Quantifying electric vehicle battery degradation from driving vs. vehicle-to-grid services [Ebook]. Elsevier. Retrieved 28 March 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378775316313052.
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Lolly Bleu was interviewed by Barbara Berry Darsey in association with the Federal Writers' Project on November 29, 1938. Lolly Bleu, a white woman, was born near Texas’s Gulf Coast around 1889 and grew up on a farm. As a girl, Lolly would occasionally go to school to learn how to read, write, and perform basic arithmetic, but she took a very strong liking to farm work; her love for growing plants, making jellies, and canning vegetables continued into adulthood. In Texas, she met and married a man seventeen years her senior who she calls “Pa.” Around 1920, Lolly and Pa moved with their children to Venus, Florida in the hopes of profiting from more arable farmland, but ultimately made less money than Pa and his family had in Texas. They repaired a shabby barn to live in, although they do not know who owns the land, making them squatters. At some time in the mid-1930s, the family relied on economic assistance and employment opportunities from the New Deal relief program FERA. By 1938, Lolly had 13 children. The tenth child, their daughter Edie, was born mostly unresponsive. Lolly spent most of her time taking care of Edie and helping her other children, and while she had little time to assist with the farm work, she greatly enjoyed making quilts and canning produce.1 The 1930s marked a period of great change to American women's expected role in society. The growth of women in the workforce accelerated due to increased job loss among male breadwinners and a higher amount of single women; this growth was primarily from women-dominated industries relatively unaffected by the Great Depression, including teaching, domestic service, and clerical work.2 This latter industry in particular grew due to the increased demand for secretarial work from the expansion of New Deal programs. Reforms during the Progressive Era shifted the emphasis of education towards preparing students for the workforce through vocational training.3 Since women were assuming a more significant role in the workforce, schools developed programs specifically for female commercial and manual workers. Curricula also began to include home economics courses to encourage women to maintain their traditional ties to homemaking.4 The federal government pushed for housewives, particularly urban ones, to purchase new household technology designed to alleviate many of the burdens of homemaking, thus changing their role from producers to consumers. In spite of this shift, many rural women "were still concerned with their roles as farm producers and were not always favorable to the modernizing message sent by the federal government during the New Deal. "5 Farm women played an indispensable role in maintaining a farm through domestic work, child rearing, and production of goods. Farms would often fail without the profits from women selling their goods or the labor provided by children taught by their mothers.6 However, due to increasing industrialization in the United States and more economic opportunities available for women, many women opted to pursue employment rather than sustain a large and costly family size. As a result, the average size of the American family continued to decline.7 During the economic devastation of the Great Depression, the federal relief provided to American citizens by President Roosevelt's New Deal programs marked a watershed in American politics. While the previous Hoover administration focused on providing loans to state governments for their individual relief programs, the creation of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in 1933 "gave the federal government a more centralized role in economic recovery by allocating (rather than loaning) funds for both direct relief (cash payments to individuals for immediate necessities such as food and shelter) and state-directed work relief (projects intended to get the unemployed back to work, even if only temporarily). "8 The agency also established national standards for relief and worked to inform citizens about relief systems available to them. In Florida, which already was suffering from damaged tourism and citrus industries, the depression harmed the economic situations of over 90,000 families.9 After years of neglect by the state government, the federal government provided essential financial relief which a quarter of Floridians came to rely on. This relief and the construction of infrastructure from New Deal programs caused a revival in Florida's economy as industries began to recover and grow and paper mills opened throughout the state.10 ↑Darsey, "Lolly Bleu." ↑History, "Underpaid, but Employed: How the Great Depression Affected Working Women." ↑Rury, "Vocationalism for Home and Work: Women's Education in the United States, 1880-1930," 21. ↑Ibid., 22. ↑Kleinschmidt, "Rural Midwestern Women and the New Deal," 124. ↑Ibid. ↑Kopf and Livni, "The decline of the large US family, in charts." ↑Deeben, “Family Experiences and New Deal Relief.” ↑Florida Center for Instructional Technology, “Great Depression and the New Deal.” ↑Ibid. Darsey, Barbara Berry. "Lolly Bleu." November 29, 1938, in the Federal Writers' Project papers #3709, Southern Historical Collection, The Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Deeben, John P. “Family Experiences and New Deal Relief.” Prologue 44, no. 2 (2012). https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2012/fall/fera.html. Florida Center for Instructional Technology. “Great Depression and the New Deal.” Last modified 2002. https://fcit.usf.edu/florida/lessons/depress/depress1.htm. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. National Youth Administration: Vocational Guidance brush-up classes to improve typing ability group picture of women at typewriters (Illinois, 1937), photograph, 1937. History. “Underpaid, but Employed: How the Great Depression Affected Working Women.” Last modified March 11, 2019. https://www.history.com/news/working-women-great-depression. Kleinschmidt, Rachel L. "Rural Midwestern Women and the New Deal." Historia 17, (2008): 112-125. https://www.eiu.edu/historia/2008issue.php. Kopf, Dan and Ephrat Livni. "The decline of the large US family, in charts." Quartz, October 11, 2017. https://qz.com/1099800/average-size-of-a-us-family-from-1850-to-the-present. Lange, Dorothea. Great Depression Era White Tenant Farmer in North Carolina 1936, photograph, July 1936. Rury, John L. "Vocationalism for Home and Work: Women's Education in the United States, 1880-1930." History of Education Quarterly 24, no. 1 (1984): 21-44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/367991.
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Classification Labels Error Omission Exaggeration Understatement Misstatement Faulty Analysis Classification Labels Error Omission Exaggeration Understatement Misstatement Faulty Analysis The goal of rhetorical analysis is primarily to classify and label the rhetoric in the original text, and not to identify or correct errors, omissions, or flaws in the author's rhetoric. The only exception to this is labeling Flaws in Reasoning or Logic (see below). Rhetorical classification has the following structure: Rhetorical Goal & Pattern Rhetorical Strategy Reasoning and Informal Logic Forms Statements about Evidence Flaws in Reasoning and Logic Statements about Truth and Knowledge (Epistemology) Any given paragraph or section in the original text will have two or three types of labels: 1) a Rhetorical Goal or Pattern, 2) a Rhetorical Strategy, and (optional) 3) Reasoning and Informal Logic -- if that paragraph or section has a goal of being persuasive through reasoning or argument. Note: Any paragraph where this doesn't apply should not have any Rhetoric Analysis. Hypothetical example: "The authors on this project really enjoyed the process of writing and editing this report." This statement would outside the scope of the this book, and therefore should not have any Rhetoric labels or tags. To this end, a fairly elaborate system of classifications and labels are provided below. Contributors can use Templates for each, as shown in the "What you type" column. When you enter your analysis of Rhetoric for each paragraph in the original, use the non-verbose template in the "Summary" while the verbose template should be used in your explanatory paragraph(s). [TODO: Add example ] Epistemology is a very big topic in philosophy and we aren't doing full analysis in this book. For purposes of rhetoric analysis, we are only concerned with labeling the original text when it includes explicit and specific statements about truth and knowledge. Examples: "Everybody knows...", "Nobody will ever know...", "People who have lived and worked on farms will know...", "It is a universal truth that...", "As humans, we must believe [i.e. have faith that]...", "As revealed to us by our Creator...", and so on. For our purposes, "truth" includes two definitions/categories: "justifiable true belief" (factual or realist truth) and also "beliefs one is willing to act on, in the court of one's highest interests" (pragmatist truth). This includes "sincere truths" and excludes so-called "truths" that are ironic, satiric, for-the-sake-of-argument, deceitful, or aimed to defeat or undermine the process of argumentation or debate itself. These latter statements have an underlying truth that is at odds with their face value or meaning. The implication of these two definitions of "truth" is that we assume the authors of the original text are trying — in good faith — to convince the reader to take meaningful action in the world, and not merely to entertain, stimulate imagination, provoke controversy, for literary or aesthetic effect, or to subvert debate or action. When you enter your analysis of Viewpoints for each paragraph in the original, use the non-verbose template in the "Summary" while the verbose template should be used in your explanatory paragraph(s). [TODO: Add example ] When you enter your analysis of Authorship for each paragraph in the original, use the non-verbose template in the "Summary" while the verbose template should be used in your explanatory paragraph(s). [TODO: Add example ]
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There are nineteen national parks in Tasmania, showing some of the finest landscapes Tasmania has to offer. Unlike Tasmania's mainland cousins (namely New South Wales and Queensland), national parks are often reserved for the finest nationally significant areas, with eight parks being a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tasmania may be Australia's smallest state, but the state has a lot to offer in terms of nature and scenery. National parks in Tasmania account for about 14,680 km2 (5,670 sq mi), which may not seem much compared to other jurisdictions, the entire area of Tasmania is only 68,401 km2 (26,410 sq mi), meaning that national parks in Tasmania account for a good 21.5% of the entire state. What more, unlike New South Wales or Queensland, Tasmania's national parks are only designated for the finest landscapes, meeting international standards, which not all parks in NSW or Qld fulfill. The state generally has quite a variety of parks to offer, from coastal parks, to marine parks, to mountainous parks, and caves etc., and to that of most interests. The mountain parks (particularly the ones in the west) are generally the ones that get most interstate or international visitors, mostly due to the fact that most of them are part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, one of only two places in the entire world to fulfill seven out of the ten criterion needed to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Nevertheless, the parks that are not mountainous still get a massive amount of visitors, because they too, have something unique to offer. Accessibility in Tasmanian national parks is somewhat substantially different to the other three eastern states of Australia, with forms of transportation apart from your own to most parks almost nonexistent. Most national parks only have one or two roads leading into them, but those that are not on the main island of Tasmania often don't have any. For those parks that are not connected via land and is nearby to the main island of Tasmania, there will likely be a ferry or some method of taking you there. The main exception to this is Kent Group National Park, which is a fairly isolated national park in the middle of Bass Strait which only possible via private boat and Savage River National Park on the mainland, which is completely inaccessible from the public in all ways. Apart from that, the general rule applies. In most parks, there are generally very few roads, but some national parks may not have any roads to begin with. Even if the park has roads, it's mostly just one C class road, and they are often not paved. However, on the other hand, most parks generally have a good walking trails that allow you to get around the park very easily, although it is somewhat a trek at times. -54.6158.8620 Macquarie Island is also a significant area around fifteen hundred kilometres south of Hobart in the Subantarctic, run by the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Services and also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. However, it's not a national park. New South Wales national parks National parks
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Papillary most common (75%), palpable adenopathy in 33%; 35-50% chance of positive lymph nodes extrathyroidal extension 15% distant mets in 1-7% at diagnosis better 10-year survival (74-93%) Follicular less common (10%), 10% chance of lymph node involvement (may actually be 1% for pure follicular carcinomas) 10-year survival somewhat lower (43-94%) Risk of distant mets - about 1-2% (papillary) or 2-5% (follicular) at time of diagnosis Lymph node groups: ATA Consensus Statement (2009): PMID 19860578 PDF — "Consensus statement on the terminology and classification of central neck dissection for thyroid cancer." (Carty SE, Thyroid. 2009 Nov;19(11):1153-8.) U Connecticut PMID 15944425 -- Independent clonal origins of distinct tumor foci in multifocal papillary thyroid carcinoma. (2005 Shattuck TM, N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 9;352(23):2406-12.) 10 patient samples analyzed, 5 independent clonal origin, 5 either shared or independent clonal origin Conclusion: "Individual tumor foci in patients with multifocal papillary thyroid cancer often arise as independent tumors. This provides theoretical support for bilateral thyroidectomy and radioablation of remaining tissue." AMES (age, metastases, extent of primary cancer, tumor size) ^ High risk features: Age: males > 41, females > 51 Metastases: distant metastases Extent: papillary with extrathryoidal spread or follicular with major capsule invasion Size: >= 5 cm Risk groups: Low risk - not high risk High risk - 1) any patient with metastases, or 2) high risk age and either high risk extent or size Overall survival: Low risk 98% (95% DFS). High risk - 54% (45% DFS) DAMES - modification of AMES with addition of DNA content measured by flow cytometry ^ Risk groups: Low risk - Low risk AMES + euploid Intermediate risk - Low risk AMES + aneuploid High risk - High risk AMES + aneuploid Disease-free survival: Low risk - 92%. Intermediate 45%. High 0%. AGES - age, tumor grade, tumor extent, tumor size (from Mayo clinic) ^ Prognostic score = 0.05 x age in years (except in pts < 40, then y=0) +1 (grade 2) or +3 (grade 3 or 4) +1 (if extrathyroidal) or +3 (distant mets) + 0.2 x tumor size in cm Risk categories - 0-3.99, 4-4.99, 5-5.99, >6 (median is 2.6) 20-year survival: <4 (99%), 4-5 (80%), 5-6 (33%), >6 (13%) MACIS - metastasis, age, completeness of resection, invasion, size ^ Prognostic score = 3.1 (age < 39 yrs) or 0.08 x age (if >40) + 0.3 x tumor size in cm + 1 (if incompletely resected) +1 (if locally invasive) +3 (if distant mets) Risk categories - 0-5.99, 6-6.99, 7-7.99, >8 20-year survival: <6 (99%), 6-7 (89%), 7-8 (56%), >8 (24%) Comparison of staging systems: 1997: Princess Margaret PMID 9191532 -- "A comparison of different staging systems predictability of patient outcome. Thyroid carcinoma as an example." (Brierley JD, Cancer. 1997 Jun 15;79(12):2414-23.) National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study (NTCTCS) Registry (1987-95) 1998 PMID 9731906 -- "Prospective multicenter study of thyroid carcinoma treatment: initial analysis of staging and outcome. National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Study Registry Group." (Sherman SI, Cancer. 1998 Sep 1;83(5):1012-21.) 1607 pts. Staged according to NTCTCS system. Papillary carcinoma = 80%, follicular carcinoma = 13% (including oxyphilic / Hurthle), medullary = 4%, anaplastic = 1%. High risk disease (Stages III-IV) was found in 22% of pts with papillary carcinoma and 61% with follicular. For papillary, 49% Stage I, 27% II, 19% III, 4% IV. For follicular, 31% I, 13% II, 44% III, 13% IV. Median f/u 40 months. Disease-specific mortality in 1.6% of papillary, 10.3% of follicular, and 12.9% Hurthle. 5-yr DSS was 99.9% for low risk, 87.5% for high risk. Pts alive without relapse at last follow-up, 93.6% for low risk and 70.5% for high risk. For papillary and follicular. Some Hurthle cell cancers may respond. Total ablation achieved with either 30 mCi or 100 mCi dose in >80% of the pts who have a complete surgery. For less complete surgery, 30 mCi dose is effective in only 66%. Dose required for total ablation is 300 (Unit ??) to the residual thyroid. I-131 scan postoperatively: 1-5 mCi. Role for post-operative I-131: Ablate residual normal thyroid - increases sensitivity of subsequent I-131 whole body scans and allows measurement of thyroglobulin levels to reflect recurrence disease Destroy occult carcinoma - decrease recurrence rate Allows post-treatment I-131 whole body scan to detect persistent disease Procedure: Withhold Synthroid (T4; levothyroxine) for 4-6 weeks. Cytomel (T3; liothyronine) can be substituted for 3-4 weeks, but discontinued at least 2 weeks before radioiodine studies. TSH should be >25 to 30 at the time of the radioiodine study Administer I-131 tracer dose If high post-op uptake (>10%), should have completion surgery. Others can have treatment dose of I-131. Perform total body scan 4-7 days after treatment dose. Administer levothyroxine suppressive therapy Repeat total body scan in 6 months Strong indications for post-operative treatment: Distant metastases Incomplete resection High risk pts (papillary with MACIS 6+, Stage II-III follicular or Hurthle cell) Probable indications: Papillary/follicular in children < 16 yrs Tall cell or columnar cell variant of papillary Possible indications: Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary Bulky bilateral LN mets Elevated thyroglobulin at 3 months post-op No post-operative treatment needed for: Low risk pts: papillary with MACIS < 6, or Stage I follicular or Hurthle cell U.Michigan - PMID 6502251, 1984 — "An analysis of "ablation of thyroid remnants" with I-131 in 511 patients from 1947-1984: experience at University of Michigan." Retrospective. Pts given treatment doses of I-131 after positive uptake postsurgically. No difference in rate of successful ablation between groups treated with 100-149 mCi, 150-174 mCi, 179-199 mCi, and 200 mCi or more. Conclusion: 100-149 mCi dose is appropriate adjuvant therapy. Ohio State - PMID 7977430, 1994 — "Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer." Prospective, non-randomized. 1355 pts over 40 yrs. I-131 decreases recurrence rate by 33% compared to thyroid hormone therapy alone. No difference in recurrence rate for low doses (29-50 mCi) vs high doses (51-200 mCi). Ohio State - PMID 9133698, 1997 — "Thyroid remnant 131I ablation for papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma." Mazzaferri EL et al. Thyroid. 1997 Apr;7(2):265-71. Retrospective. 1004 pts. Compared I131 ablation vs thyroid hormone alone or no further treatment. Decrease in recurrences by 75%, decreased rate of DM, and decreased cancer deaths after I131. Benefit restricted to those with tumors >=1.5 cm (for recurrence and DM) and for age 40 or older with tumors >=1.5 cm (for cancer deaths). No difference between low and high dose therapy. I-131 treatment benefits pts with tumors >=1.5 cm. West China Hospital; Chengdu -- Vitamic C after 1 vs 5 vs 13 vs 25 hours after I-131 Randomized, 4 arms. 72 patients. Effect of sucking Vitamin C after receiving 3.7 Gbq of I-131 at Arm 1) 1 hour vs Arm 2) 5 hours vs Arm 3) 13 hours and Arm 4) 25 hours post treatment. Salivary dose calculated 2010 PMID 20237029 -- "Influence of vitamin C on salivary absorbed dose of 131I in thyroid cancer patients: a prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled trial." (Liu B, J Nucl Med. 2010 Apr;51(4):618-23. Epub 2010 Mar 17.) Outcome: Parotid absorbed dose comparable. Majority (86%) of salivary activity accumulated during first 24 hours Conclusion: Salivary stimulation with vitamin C after I-131 administration doesn't protect salivary glands Review, 2005 PMID 15653649 -- "The evolving role of (131)I for the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma." (Robbins RJ, J Nucl Med. 2005 Jan;46 Suppl 1:28S-37S.) Review, 2001 Mazzaferri et al, 2001 — "Clinical review 128: Current approaches to primary therapy for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer." Mazzaferri EL et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;86(4):1447-63. Controversial. Early series show no benefit or even had patients who had received radiation doing worse. Modern series appear to show benefit of a combination of RT + radioiodine in some patient populations (e.g. macroscopic residual disease in the neck). German MSDS Study (1999-2003) -- surgery + I-131 +/- adjuvant RT Originally randomized, converted to prospective cohort study. 279 patients met inclusion criteria, 45 consented to randomization, 35 were randoimzed. T4 tumors (extending beyond capsule with/without LN involvement) treated with surgery and I-131, then Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) adjuvant RT. If R0 resection used 59.4/33, if R1 resection used 66.6/37. GTV1 = tumor region, ipsilateral or bilatera. GTV2 = thyroid bed, cervical LNs, infra/supraclavicular LNs, upper mediastinum. Acute Toxicity; 2003 PMID 14652672 -- "Acute toxicity of adjuvant radiotherapy in locally advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. First results of the multicenter study differentiated thyroid carcinoma (MSDS)." (Schuck A, Strahlenther Onkol. 2003 Dec;179(12):832-9.) Outcome: Grade 3+ in 9% (pharynx, larynx, and skin). Maximal late toxicity Grade 2 in 4 patients, no Grade 3 toxicity Conclusion: Acute toxicity is tolerable Conversion; 2003 PMID 14668957 -- "Multicenter study differentiated thyroid carcinoma (MSDS). Diminished acceptance of adjuvant external beam radiotherapy." (Biermann M, Nuklearmedizin. 2003 Dec;42(6):244-50.) Study converted to prospective cohort due to low acceptance of adjuvant RT (only 14% of trial cohort actually assigned) Villejuif, France - PMID 3919920 "External radiotherapy in thyroid cancers." Tubiana et al. Cancer. 1985 97 pts treated w/ external beam xrt after incomplete resection; 76 pts treated with surgery alone. Low incidence of local recurrence in pts tx'd with xrt (11% at 15 yrs vs 23% for pts treated w/ surgery alone; pts tx'd with xrt had larger/more extensive tumors). Reasons for residual disease included laryngeal, tracheal, esophageal, mediastinal or major vessel involvement. Conclusion: Radiotherapy effective means of controlling residual disease after surgery if doses >50 Gy delivered. Princess Margaret Hospital, 1998 - PMID 9445196 — "The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma." Tsang RW et al. Cancer. 1998 Jan 15;82(2):375-88. 382 pts w/ stage I-IV papillary or follicular thyroid CA w/ median FU of 10.8 yrs. Factors predictive of local relapse were age>60,poor differentiation,>4cm,macroscopic residual,lack of radioiodine. 10 yr OS was 93% for papillary and 86% for follicular. Local control improved in cases of EBRT for microscopic residual disease (93% vs 78% at 10yrs). If macroscopic residual disease, local control 62% at 5yrs if adjuvant EBRT. Conclusion: microscopically +margins and macroscopic residual disease both appear to benefit from adjuvant external beam xrt. Essen, 1995 - PMID 8630926 "Impact of Adjuvant EBRT in pts with Perithyroidal Infiltration" Farahati et al. Cancer. 1996 169 pts with T4 follicular or papillary thyroid and free of mets after 2nd radioiodine tx. Cohorts got either xrt or no xrt; all got surgery, ablative I-131, levothyroxine. Xrt comprised of 50-60 Gy to neck. RFS benefit was seen in pts >40 y/o w/ N+ disease. Conclusion: T4N+ should be considered for adjuvant xrt. MSKCC, 2005 (2001-4) - PMID 16154712 — "Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for the treatment of nonanaplastic thyroid cancer." Rosenbluth BD et al. 2005 Dec 1;63(5):1419-26. 20 pts with non-anaplastic thyroid cancer treated with IMRT. Treated microscopic disease to 54 Gy, higher risk areas to 59.4-63 Gy, positive margins to 63-66 Gy, and gross disease to 63-70 Gy. Elective nodal volume extended from the top of level II (sometimes retropharyngeal nodes were included) to below the thoracic inlet to the level of the aortic arch. High risk area was the tumor bed and central neck lymphatics. Conclusion: IMRT is feasible for treatment of thyroid cancer Monitoring of thyroglobulin: Consensus report; 2003 PMID 12679418 -- "A consensus report of the role of serum thyroglobulin as a monitoring method for low-risk patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma." (Mazzaferri EL, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Apr;88(4):1433-41.) Consensus report of experts, industry sponsored, not representing any official society. Recommendations apply to patients who are low-risk, s/p total or near-total thyroidectomy and I-131 ablation, with no clinical evidence of tumor, undetectable Tg levels (<1 ug/L) during THST. Most of these have tumors <4 cm, not a virulent subtype, with or without positive lymph nodes, no distant metastases. These patients are low-risk by AMES, usually have MACIS scores of <6, and are AJCC Stage I (if age <45) or Stage II (if age >=45). Excellent prognosis for patients with locoregional recurrences, with 70-90% long-term survivors. For patients who develop distant metastasis, 50-90% die of their disease. I-131 for ablation (if post-op scan reveals gross residual disease): 100 mCi. I-131 for recurrent disease, post-op residual in the neck, nodal or distant metastases, or inoperable tumors: 150-250 mCi. Re-imaging should be done 1-2 days after ablation or therapy. Recommended maximum dose: 800-1000 mCi. Estimation of absorbed dose is 0.1 Gy per microcurie per gram of thyroid cancer tissue. [1] - PMID 3194846 [2] - PMID 1455318 [3] - PMID 3686348 [4] - PMID 8256208 Larsen: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 10th ed., 2003 Saunders.
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# This program creates and displays a temperature database # with options to insert, update, and delete records. # # References: # https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming # https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Python_Programming/Databases import flask import sqlite3 app = flask.Flask(__name__) DATABASE = "temperature.db" FORM = """ Temperature Data Entry Enter country and temperature. Country: Temperature: """ @app.route('/', methods=["GET"]) def root_get(): try: check_database() return FORM + get_data() except Exception as exception: return exception @app.route('/', methods=["POST"]) def root_post(): try: country = flask.request.form["country"].strip() temperature = flask.request.form["temperature"].strip() if not country_exists(country): insert_country(country, temperature) elif temperature != "": update_country(country, temperature) else: delete_country(country) return FORM + get_data() except Exception as exception: return exception def check_database(): with sqlite3.connect(DATABASE) as connection: cursor = connection.cursor() sql = """ SELECT COUNT(*) AS Count FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = 'Countries'; """ cursor.execute(sql) count = cursor.fetchone()[0] if count > 0: return sql = """ CREATE TABLE Countries( ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, Country TEXT UNIQUE NOT NULL, Temperature REAL NOT NULL); """ cursor.execute(sql) def get_data(): with sqlite3.connect(DATABASE) as connection: cursor = connection.cursor() sql = """ SELECT ID, Country, Temperature FROM Countries; """ cursor.execute(sql) rows = cursor.fetchall() result = "ID" result += "Country" result += "Temperature" for row in rows: result += f"{row[0]}" result += f"{row[1]}" result += f"{row[2]}" result += "" return result def country_exists(country): with sqlite3.connect(DATABASE) as connection: cursor = connection.cursor() sql = """ SELECT EXISTS( SELECT * FROM Countries WHERE Country = ?) AS Count; """ parameters = (country,) cursor.execute(sql, parameters) result = cursor.fetchone()[0] return result def insert_country(country, temperature): with sqlite3.connect(DATABASE) as connection: cursor = connection.cursor() sql = """ INSERT INTO Countries (Country, Temperature) VALUES(?, ? ); """ parameters = (country, temperature) cursor.execute(sql, parameters) connection.commit() def update_country(country, temperature): with sqlite3.connect(DATABASE) as connection: cursor = connection.cursor() sql = """ UPDATE Countries SET Temperature = ? WHERE Country = ? ; """ parameters = (temperature, country) cursor.execute(sql, parameters) connection.commit() def delete_country(country): with sqlite3.connect(DATABASE) as connection: cursor = connection.cursor() sql = """ DELETE FROM Countries WHERE Country = ? ; """ parameters = (country, ) cursor.execute(sql, parameters) connection.commit() if __name__ == "__main__": app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=5000) Copy and paste the code above into the following free online development environment or use your own Python (Flask) compiler / interpreter / IDE. Repl.it Flask
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Acoustic Streaming is ideal for microfluidic systems because it arises from viscous forces which are the dominant forces in low Reynolds flows and which usually hamper microfluidic systems. Also, streaming force scales favorably as the size of the channel, conveying a fluid through which an acoustic wave propagates, decreases. Because of acoustic attenuation via viscous losses, a gradient in the Reynolds stresses is manifest as a body force that drives acoustic streaming as well as streaming from Lagrangian components of the flow. For more information on the basic theory of acoustic streaming please see Engineering Acoustics/Acoustic streaming. When applied to microchannels, the principles of acoustic streaming must include bulk viscous effects (dominant far from the boundary layer, though driven by boundary layer streaming), investigated in the classic solution developed extensively by Nyborg in 1953 as well as streaming inside the boundary layer. In a micromachined channel, the dimensions of the channels are on the order of boundary layer thickness, so both the inner and outer boundary layer streaming must be evaluated to have a precise prediction for flow rates in acoustic streaming micropumps. The derivation that follows is for a circular channel of constant cross section assuming that the incident acoustic wave is planar and bound within the channel filled with a viscous fluid. The acoustic wave has a known amplitude and fills the entire cross-section and there are no reflections of the acoustic wave. The walls of the channel are also assumed to be rigid. This is important, because rigid boundary interaction results in boundary layer streaming that dominates the flow profile for channels on the order of or smaller than the boundary layer associated with viscous flow in a pipe. This derivation follows from the streaming equations developed by Nyborg who starts with the compressible continuity equation for a Newtonian fluid and the Navier-Stokes and dynamic equations to get an expression for the net force per unit volume. Eckart uses the method of successive approximations with the pressure, velocity, and density expressed as the sum of first and second order terms. Since the first order terms account for the oscillating portion of the variables, the time average is zero. The second order terms arise from streaming and are time independent contributions to velocity, density, and pressure. These non-linear effects due to viscous attenuation of the acoustic radiation in the fluid are responsible for a constant streaming velocity[1]. Then, the expansion (through the method of approximations) of the variables are substituted into the standard force balance equations describing a fluid resulting in two equations[5] where: ( 1 ) − F = − ∇ p 2 + ( β μ + 4 3 μ ) ∇ ∇ u 2 − μ ∇ × ∇ × u 2 {\displaystyle (1)\ -F=-\nabla p_{2}+\left(\beta _{\mu }+{\frac {4}{3}}\mu \right)\nabla \nabla u_{2}-\mu \nabla \times \nabla \times u_{2}} ( 2 ) − F ≡ ρ 0 | ( u 1 ⋅ ∇ u 1 ) + u 1 ( ∇ ⋅ u 1 ) | {\displaystyle (2)\ -F\equiv \rho _{0}|\left(u_{1}\cdot \nabla u_{1}\right)+u_{1}\left(\nabla \cdot u_{1}\right)|} where the signifier | e x p r e s s i o n | {\displaystyle |expression|} denotes time average, F {\displaystyle F} is the body force density, β μ {\displaystyle \beta _{\mu }} is the bulk viscosity, p 2 {\displaystyle p_{2}} is the second order pressure, μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the dynamic viscosity, ρ 0 {\displaystyle \rho _{0}} is the density, u 2 {\displaystyle u_{2}} is the streaming velocity, and u 1 {\displaystyle u_{1}} is the acoustic velocity. The acoustic velocity, represented two dimensionally in axial and radial directions respectively, is described by: ( 3 ) u 1 x = V a e − ( α + i k ) x ( 1 − e − ( 1 + i ) ζ z ) e i ω t {\displaystyle (3)\ u_{1x}=V_{a}e^{-(\alpha +ik)x}\left(1-e^{-(1+i)\zeta z}\right)e^{i\omega t}} ( 4 ) u 1 z = − V a e − ( α + i k ) x ( α + i k ) ( 1 − e − ( 1 + i ) ζ z ) e i ω t ( 1 + i ) ζ {\displaystyle (4)\ u_{1z}={\frac {-V_{a}e^{-(\alpha +ik)x}\left(\alpha +ik\right)\left(1-e^{-(1+i)\zeta z}\right)e^{i\omega t}}{\left(1+i\right)\zeta }}} where ζ = ω ρ 0 2 μ {\displaystyle \zeta ={\frac {\omega \rho _{0}}{2\mu }}} where V a {\displaystyle V_{a}} is the acoustic velocity at the source, k = ω c 0 {\displaystyle k={\frac {\omega }{c_{0}}}} is the wave number, c 0 {\displaystyle c_{0}} is the velocity of sound in the fluid, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } is the acoustic absorption coefficient. The ζ {\displaystyle \zeta } term describes the viscous penetration depth, or how large the boundary layer is. The components of the acoustic velocity given in Equation (3) and (4) can be substituted into Equation (2) to solve for the first-order body force. This gives the one-dimensional body force per unit volume in axial and radial components, respectively: ( 5 ) F x v = ρ 0 V a 2 e − 2 α x {\displaystyle (5)\ F_{xv}=\rho _{0}V_{a}^{2}e^{-2\alpha x}} ( 6 ) F x b = 1 2 ρ 0 V a 2 e − 2 α x [ k e − ζ z ( c o s ( ζ z ) + s i n ( ζ z ) − e − ζ z ) + α e − ζ z ( e − ζ z − 3 ( c o s ( ζ z ) + s i n ( ζ z ) ) ] . {\displaystyle (6)\ F_{xb}={\frac {1}{2}}\rho _{0}V_{a}^{2}e^{-2\alpha x}\left[ke^{-\zeta z}\left(cos(\zeta z)+sin(\zeta z)-e^{-\zeta z}\right)+\alpha e^{-\zeta z}\left(e^{-\zeta z}-3(cos(\zeta z)+sin(\zeta z)\right)\right].} F x v {\displaystyle F_{xv}} and F x b {\displaystyle F_{xb}} are expressions for the body force due to viscous losses and due to the acoustic wave touching the rigid boundary[5]. With no-slip boundary conditions imposed on Equation (1), with Equations (5) and (6) inserted, the streaming velocity u 2 {\displaystyle u_{2}} can be found. The differential pressure is assumed to be zero and static head can be derived by evaluating Equation (1) with a boundary condition of zero net flow through any fluid element. The solution of Equation(1) for the streaming velocity profile in two terms relating to the viscous effects (outer boundary layer streaming) and the boundary layer effects (inner boundary layer streaming), respectively, results in: ( 7 ) u 2 v = α ρ 0 V a 2 h 2 2 μ ( z h ) ( 1 − z h ) {\displaystyle (7)\ u_{2v}={\frac {\alpha \rho _{0}V_{a}^{2}h^{2}}{2\mu }}\left({\frac {z}{h}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {z}{h}}\right)} ( 8 ) u 2 b = V a 2 4 c 0 [ 1 + 2 e − ζ z ( s i n ( ζ z ) − c o s ( ζ z ) ) + e − 2 ζ z ] {\displaystyle (8)\ u_{2b}={\frac {V_{a}^{2}}{4c_{0}}}\left[1+2e^{-\zeta z}\left(sin(\zeta z)-cos(\zeta z)\right)+e^{-2\zeta z}\right]} These two expressions are summed when calculating the velocity profile across the diameter of the pipe. With no-slip conditions, the outer boundary layer streaming contribution to the acoustic streaming velocity decreases as the diameter decreases with a with a profile similar to Hele-Shaw flow in infinitely wide rectangular channels [7]. Figure 1 shows this diameter scaling effect in water with an acoustic velocity A = .1 m / s {\displaystyle A=.1m/s} and a driving frequency of 2 MHz. Many groups such as Rife et al. [7], are underestimating the possibilities that acoustic streaming has to offer in channels less than 10 μ m {\displaystyle 10\mu m} because the inner boundary layer streaming velocity is ignored. The boundary layer effects are present regardless of diameter. In water, the acoustic boundary layer is about 1 micron, therefore, for pipes with diameters on the order ten microns or less, there is a marked increase in the streaming velocity. From the velocity profile of the inner boundary layer streaming in Figure 2, the contribution of the boundary layer factors in favorably as the diameter of the channel decreases. Note that the magnitude of the inner boundary layer streaming is not affected by the diameter and that the percentage of the channel experiencing the boundary streaming decreases as channel diameter increases. Then the total flow velocity profile, with both the viscous and boundary layer effects in Figure 3, takes on a flow profile that becomes more plug-like as the diameter of the channel decreases. Driving frequency does have an effect on the velocity profile for a channel of constant diameter that experiences a sizable contribution from the boundary layer. The frequency dependence on the inner boundary layer contribution is evident for a 10 μ m e t e r {\displaystyle 10\mu meter} channel with typical paramaters for water and an acoustic velocity A = .1 m / s {\displaystyle A=.1m/s} in Figure 4. Note that the viscous contribution to acoustic streaming is also shown, but does not exhibit a frequency dependence. For small channels (less than 10 microns), the inner boundary layer streaming affects a more sizable portion of the channel at lower frequencies. The total acoustic streaming flow profile is then given in Figure 5. From this plot, matching the driving frequency to channel geometry is important to achieve the maximum flow velocity for micro-nano fluidic devices. In microfluidic systems, a piezoelectric actuator can be used to impart an acoustic wave field in a liquid. This effect is even imparted through the walls of the device. The advantage is that the actuator does not need be in contact with the working fluid. Since the streaming effect occurs normal to the resonator, there may be difficulties in coupling an actuator with typical micromachining techniques which generally yield 2-D layouts of microfluidic networks. The solutions developed for acoustic streaming assume that the acoustic wave is planar with respect to the channel axis. Therefore a configuration that results in the most predictable flow is one in which the acoustic wave source (piezoelectric bulk acoustic resonator) is placed such that the channel is axially oriented to the normal of the actuator surface. Figure 6 shows such a configuration from a view looking down onto the device. The piezo actuators are in black. This cartoon of a micromachined device is based on one created by Rife et al. [7]. The dimensions of their device where on the order of 1.6 mm square (much greater than the size of the boundary layer), which makes their predictions using classical solutions by Nyborg that do not include inner boundary layer streaming valid, as can be seen in Figure 3 where channels much larger than the boundary layer size are relatively uninfluenced by that part of the acoustic streaming. However, employing this configuration in the context of microfabrication techniques is difficult for very small channels. Rife et al. [7], managed to place piezoelectric actuators oriented perpendicular to the opened ends of channels milled into a block of PMMA manually, albeit their channel dimensions are much larger than that at which the boundary layer effects dominate or contribute significantly. For smaller channels, the only option is to put the actuators on the underside or top of a micro machined fluidic circuit [8]. This configuration, shown in Figure 7 , results in acoustic wave reflections. Reflections or standing waves will complicate the streaming analysis. Another option for instigating acoustic streaming results from the attenuation of surface acoustic waves (SAW) in contact with a fluid medium [6]. In this case, the transverse component of a Rayleigh wave (or a Lamb wave) propagating along a surface in contact with a fluid is effectively transferred into a compression wave in the fluid. The energy in the SAW is dissipated by the fluid and little disturbance is felt in the substrate far from the SAW source (interdigital piezo actuators). Figure 8 is a cartoon of the principle. This is the case so long as the velocity of the SAW is greater than the acoustic velocity of the liquid. The compression wave radiating from the surface leaves at the Rayleigh angle given by: ( 9 ) φ R = a r c s i n ( V a V R ) {\displaystyle (9)\ \phi _{R}=arcsin({\frac {V_{a}}{V_{R}}})} where V R {\displaystyle V_{R}} is the velocity of the surface acoustic wave. Given that angle then, theoretically, two actuators producing SAWs could be placed opposite each other to produce a standing wave field in the fluid across the channel and a traveling planar wave parallel to the channel axis. Figure 9 shows how this could be done. Finally, a very interesting pump that uses acoustic standing waves and a diffuser nozzle is shown in Figure 10, which has been developed by Nabavi and Mongeau. While this pump does not use the same acoustic streaming principles, it is included because it uses acoustic waves to generate a flow. The standing wave, induced by relatively small movements of the piston, has a maximum pressure at the anti-node and a min at the node. Positioning the inlet and the outlet at these two locations allows fluid to enter the chamber immediately after the part of the cycle where the pressure at the anti-node has overcome the discharge pressure at the diffuser nozzle. Most importantly, the diffuser nozzle outlet has an asymmetric resistance. After the fluid is ejected and the pressure in the chamber is temporarily lower than the ambient pressure the fluid does not flow right back in the outlet but enters at the pressure node, where pressure is less. This clever design allows for a valveless pumping apparatus. The forward and back flow resistance of the diffuser nozzle are not the same, so a net mass flow out of the resonance chamber is observed. Another interesting pump for precise positioning of fluid droplets in microchannels that uses similar acoustic standing waves in a resonance chamber has been developed by Langelier et al.. Instead of a piezoelectric membrane generating the acoustic standing waves in the resonance chamber, the resonance chamber is filled with air and connected to a larger container that has a speaker at one end. Multiple quarter wavelength resonance chambers are tuned to specific frequencies, each with a different length and width. Different pipes connected to each resonance chamber can then be activated with one source, each one independently depending on which frequencies the speaker is emitting. Just like the acoustic standing wave pump of Nabavi and Mongeau, an outlet is located at the point of peak pressure amplitude, which in this case is at the end of the resonance chamber. With a rectification structure, an oscillating flux of fluid out of the resonance chamber is converted into a pulsed flow in the microfluidic channel. K. D. Frampton, et al., "The scaling of acoustic streaming for application in micro-fluidic devices," Applied Acoustics, vol. 64, pp. 681-692, 2003. J. Lighthill, "ACOUSTIC STREAMING," Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 61, pp. 391-418, 1978. W. L. Nyborg, "ACOUSTIC STREAMING DUE TO ATTENUATED PLANE WAVES," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 25, pp. 68-75, 1953. K. D. Frampton, et al., "Acoustic streaming in micro-scale cylindrical channels," Applied Acoustics, vol. 65, pp. 1121-1129, Nov 2004. C. Eckart, "VORTICES AND STREAMS CAUSED BY SOUND WAVES," Physical Review, vol. 73, pp. 68-76, 1948. G. Lindner, "Sensors and actuators based on surface acoustic waves propagating along solid-liquid interfaces," Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics, vol. 41, 2008. J. C. Rife, et al., "Miniature valveless ultrasonic pumps and mixers," Sensors and Actuators a-Physical, vol. 86, pp. 135-140, Oct 2000. K. Hashimoto, et al., "Micro-actuators employing acoustic streaming caused by high-frequency ultrasonic waves," Transducers 97 - 1997 International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Digest of Technical Papers, Vols 1 and 2, pp. 805-808, 1997. Nabavi, M. and L. Mongeau (2009). "Numerical analysis of high frequency pulsating flows through a diffuser-nozzle element in valveless acoustic micropumps." Microfluidics and Nanofluidics 7(5): 669-681. S. M. Langelier, et al., "Acoustically driven programmable liquid motion using resonance cavities," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 106, pp. 12617-12622, 2009.
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Southern Pacific Coast is a region in Nicaragua. 11.93-85.9561111111111 Granada nicknamed la gran sultana for her namesake in Spain this colonial beauty draws most tourists and expats 11.25-85.8666666666672 San Juan del Sur (sometimes shortened to SJDS), Nicaragua's go-to place for surfing while the beach close to the city, is only so-so there are several great options in the environs and various hotels, surf-schools and board-rentals to get you started even if you never stood on a board before 11.433333333333-85.8333333333333 Rivas mostly a transportation hub and the administrative capital of the Rivas departamento when traveling from Granada to SJDS, change buses here 11.533333333333-85.74 Moyogalpa on Ometepe, main port, several daily connections to San Jorge (15 min. from Rivas) 11.566666666667-85.5833333333335 Altagracia on Ometepe, second most important port. Twice weekly ferry to Granada and San Carlos (Nicaragua) 11.4899-85.515476 Balgue on Ometepe The Ruta del Tránsito passes through this part of the country and through the Rio San Juan region. Isla Ometepe Playa Madera Playa Santo Domingo Playa Gigante This is the most touristically developed part of the country and especially Granada and San Juan del Sur you'll see a lot of Central America in two weeks day trippers passing through from or to Costa Rica. Accommodation is cheaper than in Costa Rica year round but expect packed hotels and beaches and prices up to the triple of normal rates around semana santa (easter week). Some places also experience a high season around Christmas and New Year's, which is considered a family holiday in Nicaragua. Spanish is the language of choice. A small (but rising) number of people also speak English. Most taxi-drivers and police-officers don't, however. If you need to brush up your rusty high school-Spanish, there are numerous Spanish schools in Granada or San Juan del Sur where a week, including homestay, will cost around US$250. Most people arrive at Augusto C Sandino airport in Managua (MGA IATA) and either take buses or arrange shuttle service from there. Taxis can take you from the airport to Granada for roughly USD40, for longer taxi rides haggling comes highly recommended. There is also an airport in Ometepe (about 2km outside of Moyogalpa) and talks are under way to offer international flights to San José or Tegucigalpa but so far only domestic flights to San Carlos, Managua and San Juan del Norte are available. Coming from Managua you can take buses to Granada and Rivas, from where you can change onto buses to San Juan del Sur and other Pacific beach destinations. There is no direct bus from San Juan del Sur to Managua. From the Costa Rican Border at Peñas Blancas you can either take taxis or buses to Rivas and Granada and head elsewhere from there. Some cruises anchor off the coast at San Juan del Sur, but you can also take the ferry from San Carlos to Altagracia (Ometepe) and from Moyogalpa (Ometepe) to San Jorge just fifteen minutes by bus or taxi from Rivas. Bus service is cheap and frequent although it can get a bit crowded sometimes. Tickets can be bought in advance (no more than 24 hours) at the counter on most routes. All advance tickets have a seat number on them unless the bus is already overbooked. Taxis can get you wherever you want but you have to agree on a price beforehand. Keep in mind that most taxis are only licensed for one town so if you only go one way they will probably have to return empty and the price will reflect that. Some beaches and (of course) the island Ometepe are best accessed by boat. Note that boats are more expensive than buses on most routes. Water taxis are even more expensive as they have limited seating. Most hotels specialized on surfing-tourists will be able to point you in the right direction or even get you a discount. This is the most travelled part of the country and for a reason. Sights include: The twin volcanoes of Ometepe Granada with its churches and colonial splendour Several scenic beaches along the Pacific Hike up one of the twin volcanoes of Ometepe Swim at one of the Pacific beaches Surf off the coast of San Juan del Sur Party hard with a mix of locals and international tourists around Semana Santa (Easter week) There is a cigarette factory in Granada and you can generally invest a lot of your money in smoking and booze in this part of the country but souvenir T-shirts are also available almost everywhere the average tourist might pass through. US dollars are generally accepted as are córdobas. Costa Rican colones, however, are not or are only at horrible exchange rates and only close to the border. While some restaurants in Granda or San Juan del Sur do cater to international (i.e. western) tourists, the food you will get is still mostly Nicaraguan. However the selection is definitely wider than in most of the rest of the country and only maybe a bit narrower than in Managua. Even special tastes or vegetarians should find something they can eat although usually at a higher price than "just" rice and beans. Rum is the Nicaraguan drink of choice. Although there are also two light lagers, Toña and Victoria. Beer is sold in 12 fluid oz. (354mL) or liter bottles. The liter bottle often costs slightly more than two 12 oz bottles so, if you are in a small group, do as the locals and order one liter with the appropriate number of glasses to share it. At more upmarket places or pretty much any bar along the beach of San Juan del Sur, you might get a decent selection of cocktails and international spirits but at a slightly higher price than domestic fare. While some might argue that tap water is safe or at least safer than in other parts of the country, bottled (purified) water is available in almost every store and depending on the amount you buy it is inexpensive and a good way to stay hydrated and avoid traveller's diarrhea. Soft drinks are also widely available with some rather exotic (to Europeans) flavors such as "red Fanta" (also sold as Rojita) and Fanta/Mirinda of grape (uva) flavor. Mostly you will get Coca Colas or Pepsi products. If you order a glass bottle for takeaway don't be surprised to get your drink refilled into a small plastic bag with a straw. This area is the most developed in the country which means that although security is generally good, tourism-related crime such as petty theft and pickpocketing are on the rise. During semana santa crowds are bigger and more people are drunk, which naturally increases crime somewhat, however police presence is also notably higher during that time of the year. Don't be surprised to see police heavily armed, they are there to protect you and are notably less corrupt and more approachable than their peers in Nicaragua's Northern neighbors. Costa Rica via the crossing at Peñas Blancas the Rio San Juan Region by boat or plane from Ometepe León via Managua The Northwest of the country
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Tuesday, May 3, 2005 Qrio, a humanoid robot developed by Sony Intelligence Dynamics Laboratories, has been "attending" a nursery school in California since March. Qrio is taken to the school in San Diego every day, and spends time playing with ten children under the age of two. A researcher is on-hand to observe and document the interactions that take place. The children were apprehensive about the robot at first, but have grown to accept it, and will help it up when it falls. "The children think of Qrio as a feeble younger brother", according to researcher Fumihide Tanaka. Sony's aim in this endeavor is to work on developing a robot that can "live in harmony with humans in the future". The data gathered thus far have helped the researchers gain a better understanding of how robots should act around humans, in particular that balancing timely responses and unexpected movements are of integral importance. timothy. "Sony's Robot Attends Pre-School" — Slashdot, May 2, 2005 "Sony's Qrio robot attending nursery school in California" — Japan Today, May 1, 2005 Joshua. "Robot-toddler interaction study" — Geek.com, May 3, 2005
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Australian Journal of Dementia Care The aim of this knowledge transfer project is to contribute to the establishment of a community of interest in the professional care of people with dementia. This project established the Australian Journal of Dementia Care (AJDC) in 2012 to promote best practice and transfer of research into a format suitable for adoption in the workplace. The AJDC contains articles describing dementia care research and practice in Australia, written by Australian experts, supplemented with current articles of interest from the UK. The language and presentation are attractive to a wide range of practitioners. The AJDC is published bi-monthly by Hawker Publications. The AJDC is a sister journal of UK Journal of Dementia Care (UKJDC) which was established in 1993. Titles and brief descriptions of AJDC and UKJDC articles are available online, along with samples, and the full journal is accessible via paid subscription as a print journal. For more information, see: Australian Journal of Dementia Care - About (DTSC) UK Journal of Dementia - About Archives of AJDC and UKJDC
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> Contents | Basics | Missions | Vehicles | Items | Appendices | Index | FAQ Mission: Fish In A Barrel Location: Four Dragon's Casino, Las Venturas This can be a frustrating mission so make sure you save outside the Four Dragons Casino before attempting it. After a long cutscene that sets up the return to Los Santos you find yourself making a parachute assault on Madd Dogg's mansion (which you will have visited before during the OG Loc missions). You need to try and land on the mansion's helipad. If you fail then run to the entrance of the mansion and up the ramp onto the mansion roof. Here you need to kill gang members until the rest of the Triad arrive. A body armour is available next to the air-conditioning units. Once the remaining Triad arrive enter the mansion via the main door. There is now a short cutscene and then its back to the shooting. Ignore the advice the Triad give you and help them clear the rooms one by one. The next stage is a lot easier if one or both of the Triad members survive. In one of the bedrooms there is another body armour. Once past the bedrooms onto the balcony you can pick up a health heart in the kitchen below the balcony. Once you move towards Big Poppa he will run and there seems to be no way to kill him inside the mansion so instead systematically work your way through the rooms. These are the same rooms that were used in the theft mission. Once you get to the end there will be a cutscene where Big Poppa drives off in a Phoenix and you have to pursue in a pink Windsor (not a bad car but very prone to having the wheels lock). This section of the mission is trickier than it sounds because you have to stay quite close to Big Poppa to avoid an automatic mission failure. Essentially wait for Big Poppa to drive onto a decent section of road or a backwoods town and then force him off the road with the usual tricks such as drive-by shooting into the engine and PIT. There is no time limit so take it easy and just keep shunting him around. Once you have completed the mission you will be able to save at Madd Dogg's mansion and the CJ missions appear at the mansion. There is an armor icon near the air conditioner in the helipad. Respect + Madd Dogg's Crib is now available as a safehouse (equipped with your own pool / gym / basketball court / video consoles + arcades / helipad with a Sparrow / a car etc.) Thermal goggles, armor and health icons now spawn in the crib. Vertical Bird
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Monday, October 22, 2007 Australia Related articles 26 January 2022: Australian government pays A$20m for copyright to Aboriginal flag 21 January 2022: Australian authorities probe rapid antigen test price gouging 25 November 2021: New Zealand raises interest rates in second straight month to 0.75% 12 November 2021: 33-year old charged with murder of Dalibor Pantic 10 November 2021: Wikinews interviews RSL Australia for Remembrance Day 2021 Location of Australia Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Australian Treasurer, Peter Costello has attacked the opposition Labor party's tax cuts saying they contain a "basic error". The error Mr Costello claims could cost 45 percent of Australians an additional AU$600 a year in tax. Speaking at a joint press conference with the Prime Minister, Mr Costello accused Labor of failing to increase tax thresholds. "In order to meet the goal of having 45 per cent of taxpayers on a 15 cent threshold or less you have to keep lifting those thresholds ... and they made a basic error," said the Treasurer. "They understood you had to keep lifting the low income tax offset because they adopted that but they made a fundamental and basic error in not lifting those other thresholds." Mr Costello said Mr Rudd has ignored the problem by admitting the error and adjusting his tax thresholds. "He refused to admit the error and as a consequence 45 per cent of Australians will be worse off," he said. Mr Costello accused Mr Rudd of using his announcement of an increased childcare rebate to distract voters from errors in his tax policy. "He went on to announce changes to the childcare rebate to draw attention away from his blunder," the treasurer said. Mr Costello accused Labor of copying it's policy and says that the parts the government didn't release are those on which Labor made errors. Labor has dismissed the claims, saying that voters only needed to look at Mr Costello's history on tax. He said Mr Costello is desperately trying to kick the tax debate along, but should have a good look at his own record. "It's time Mr Costello got real about tax reform," said Mr Rudd. "If he was a reforming Treasurer after 11 years he would have taken a meat axe to rates, what has he always done? Fiddle faddled, and fiddle faddled around on the whole question of thresholds, that's all he's ever done." "Labor got tax sums wrong: Costello" — Australian Broadcasting Corporation, October 22, 2007 "Parties continue to trade blows on tax" — Australian Broadcasting Corporation, October 22, 2007 "Costello attacks Labor 'error'" — Herald Sun, October 22, 2007
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Liposomes are artificially constructed vesicles consisting of a phospholipid bilayer. First discovered in 1961 by Alec Bangham, a British scientist studying blood clotting, liposomes are now being studied for their potential in both laboratory techniques as well as medical applications. Of particular interest are their ability to cross cell membranes and to transport certain types of drugs to pre-designated locations within the human body. Liposomes are spherical structures, usually between 15nm and 1000nm in diameter. Various targeting ligands can be attached to their surface to direct them to the appropriate sites within cells; these include, but are not limited to, membrane proteins. It is important to differentiate liposomes from micelles; even though both of these macromolecular complexes are spherical and consist of lipids, a micelle is normally formed from ionized fatty acids, whereas a liposome consists of phospholipids. Furthermore, micelles consist of only a single layer of lipids, with their non-polar carbon tails clustered together at the center (therefore not allowing any water soluble compounds on the interior), whereas liposomes are constructed from a bilayer that does allow charged molecules on the inside. This is due to the presence of the hydrophilic glycerol-phosphate-alcohol heads of phospholipids, which define both the outer and inner surfaces of liposomes. The Major Structural Components of Liposomes are: Phospholipids - Phospholipids are the main component of the liposome's membrane. The phospholipids used in liposomes are further categorized into natural and synthetic phospholipids. The most common phospholipid used is known as lecithin (also known as phosphatidylocholine) and is amphipathic. Cholestorol - Cholesterol molecules in the membrane increases separation between choline head groups which reduces the normal hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction. Liposomes can be classified into several types according to their following features: Size Number of Lamellae Note: Lamellae refers to the lipid bilayers. Note: Refer to Diagram to Right for Better Idea. Liposomes are frequently synthesized by mixing and dissolving the phospholipids in organic solvent, such as chloroform or a chloroform-methanol mixture. A clear lipid film is subsequently formed by removal of the solvent, and hydration of this film eventually leads to formation of large, multilamellar vesicles (LMVs). An LMV consists of more than one bilayer, creating a complex the structure of which has several layers, analogous to the structure of an onion. Each bilayer is separated from the next by water. Smaller liposomes are produced by disrupting LMVs using sonication (agitation by sound-waves). This process yields small, unilamellar liposomes (SUVs) between 15nm and 50nm in diameter. These are not very stable and tend to form larger vesicles. Storing them above their phase transition temperature can help prevent formation of those larger vesicles. In order to synthesize larger liposomes, the method of extrusion is commonly used. Following several freeze-thaw cycles, the lipid suspension (the LMV suspension) is forced through polycarbonate filters containing pores, which leads to formation of liposomes with diameters similar to the size of the pores. This technique, if employed with pores of approximately 100nm in diameter, allows for the formation of large, unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) approximately 120nm – 140nm in size. These sizes are significantly more reproducible than those achieved through sonication. The study of phospholipid bilayers can help clarify several of their characteristics, such as their permeability under varying pH and temperature, their fluidity, and their electro conductivity. This is usually done with sheets of bilayers, which can be more easily generated and are more stable, not vesicles such as liposomes. However, liposomes have been found useful in studies of phase transitions and lattice spacing and were thus used for such purposes in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The greatest potential of liposomes lies in the medical field, where their ability to deliver drugs and other compounds to specific areas of an organism are under active investigation. The basis for this ability is that the hydrophilic compounds contained by a liposome cannot pass through the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, and are thus trapped on the inside. The attachment of glycosylated membrane proteins to the outside or the vesicle can help direct the liposome to the desired cells. These binding ligands may also be responsible for the fusion of the vesicle with the diseased cell. This process of drug delivery often lessens the toxicity of the drugs, which are sheltered from interaction with other non-target cells. Additionally, this mode of delivery can be more efficient, as long circulating liposomes may accumulate in a region of higher than average blood circulation, such as an inflammation site, a tumor, or other diseased areas. Factors other than the membrane protein mediated fusion of vesicles to cellular membranes can contribute to the release of the compound contained in the liposome. An example of this is the pH-triggered permeability change of a heterogeneous liposome. Liposomes under certain pH conditions can become “leaky” and thereby release the compounds contained within. Doxorubicin, a cancer drug, is delivered to tumor cells by this mechanism, which does not affect overall liposome stability. Since the 1960's Liposomes and their use in the medicinal field has been greatly explored by pharmaceutical companies. Liposomes have many advantages as a method of drug delivery. These advantages are as follows: Liposomes are biocompatible, completely biodegradable, non-toxic, flexible, and nonimmunogenic. Liposomes have both a lipophilic and aqueous environment making it useful for delivering hydrophobic, amphipathic, and hydrophilic medicines. Liposomes with their layers encapsulates the drug and serves as a protection of the drug from the environment as well as acting as a sustained release mechanism. This encapsulation also serves to protect sensitive areas from the drug as well. Liposomes are extremely versatile in the form which they may be administered. These forms include suspension, aerosol, gel, cream, lotion, and powder which can then by administered through most common routes of medicinal administration. Liposomes are also flexible in their size, and as such they can enclose a wide size range of molecules. Liposomes can aide with active targeting as it has flexibility in coupling with site-specific ligands. Despite all the wonderful advantages, Liposomes do have some disadvantages when compared with other methods of drug delivery. Liposomes encapsulated drugs require a high production cost. Liposomes may have leakage and fusion of encapsulated drugs. The liposome phospholipid may undergo oxidation and hydrolysis. Liposomes have a shorter half-life. Liposomes have lower solubility. 1. http://www.nanopharmaceuticals.org/Liposomes.html 2. http://www.fasebj.org/content/24/5/1308.full 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17092599 4. http://www.avantilipids.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1384&Itemid=372 5. http://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/pmarticle/264214/Heterogeneous-Liposome-Membranes-With-Ph-triggered-Permeability-Enhance-The-In-Vitro-Antitumor.html 6. D Papahadjapoulos and N Miller. "Phospholipid Model Membranes I. Structural characteristics of hydrated liquid crystals." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 135. (1967) 624-638. 7. H Trauble and D H Haynes. "The volume change in lipid bilayer lamellae at the crystalline-liquid crystalline phase transition." Chem. Phys. Lipids. 7. (1971) 324-335. 8. Berg, Jeremy (2012). Biochemistry. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-1-4292-2936-4. "Liposome: A versatile platform for targeted delivery of drugs." Shri B. M. Shah College of Pharmaceutical. Sanjay S. Patel (M. Pharm), 2006. ‘Galenic Principles of Modern Skin Care Products’, Professor Rolf Daniels, 2005 "Liposome Drug Products: Chemistry Manufacturing and Control Issues." Arthur B. Shaw, Ph.D, 2001. "Liposome: A versatile platform for targeted delivery of drugs." Shri B. M. Shah College of Pharmaceutical. Sanjay S. Patel (M. Pharm), 2006. "Liposome: A versatile platform for targeted delivery of drugs." Shri B. M. Shah College of Pharmaceutical. Sanjay S. Patel (M. Pharm), 2006. "Liposome: A versatile platform for targeted delivery of drugs." Shri B. M. Shah College of Pharmaceutical. Sanjay S. Patel (M. Pharm), 2006.
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This page serves as a generalized introduction to the variable types present within Python. Though different languages may handle variable types uniquely, most are quite similar. Python variable types, like the rest of the language, are quite simple. Variable types are determined by the value stored within the variable. Unlike most other languages, keywords like "int", "String", or "bool" are not required in Python, as Python supports type inferencing. The most general compatible variable type is chosen. There are three main categories of variable types in Python (and every other programming language). They are listed below, ordered by increasing complexity. Primitive variables are the most basic, hence their "primitive" title. They are capable of storing a single value. In Python there are four primitive variable types, which are listed below. 12 12.00 In Python, there is no "char" variable type. Instead, characters are represented with a string with a length of one. True/False Types are a category for things within Python with which Python will work. Types are integer Whole numbers from negative infinity to infinity, such as 1, 0, -5, etc. float Short for "floating point number," any rational number, usually used with decimals such as 2.8 or 3.14159. string A set of letters, numbers, or other characters. tuple A list with a fixed number of elements. ie x=(1,2,3) parentheses makes it a tuple. list A list without a fixed number of elements. ie x=[1,2,3] note the square brackets, a list dictionaries A type with multiple elements i.e. x = {1: 'a','b': 2,3: 3} where you address the elements with, e.g., a text. First open IDLE and then open a shell. To open the shell look through the menu bar, some have it under windows, and some have their own shell list. Many also have the short-cut F5. The shell prompts with ">>>" - the following examples are in the shell. Integers are numeric values and can be stored, manipulated, and expressed inside variables without quotes. Type: >>> 23 23 Notice how it returns the number 23. Type: >>> -44 -44 You can also perform basic math using integers as well. Type: >>> 45 - 19 26 Strings are a type. They are the basic unit of text in Python and all the other types except integers may contain strings. it contains the single or sequence of characters. Type the following into the shell: >>>"I Love Python" It will return 'I Love Python' You can also make a variable refer to a string. Type: >>>x = "I Love Python" Now Type: >>>x 'I Love Python' Now Type: >>>print (x) I Love Python The print command prints the value that 'x' stands for on the screen. It removes the quotations. Whenever you type something into a type that isn't an integer, syntax (the commands that you give python, such as print), or variable (such as x just was) you need to put it into quotations. You can use 'single' or "double" quotations. If you wrote parenthesis outside of the quotations you would have made a tuple (the 'u' sounds like 'touch', not 'tooch') instead of a string. You can also call on a single element in a string. Type either: >>>print (x[3]) OR >>>x[3] o Now Type either: >>>print (x[9]) OR >>>x[9] t As you can see the elements are numbered starting with 0 (due to Python using Ordinals). A tuple is an unchangeable sequence of values. When you typed ('I love Python') you included only one element. Type: >>> x = ("element 1", "element 2", "element 3") When you do this you create a tuple with three elements. You can access these elements individually by typing the variable and then, inside brackets directly to the right of the variable, type the number of the element to which you are referring. Type: >>> print (x[1]) element 2 You may think that it is odd that it returned element 2 instead of element 1. Python starts numbering at 0. element 1 = x[0], element 2= x[1], element 3= x[2]. You can also call on the elements in reverse order. Type: >>> print (x[-1]) element 3 Python returned element 3 and not element 2 because x[0] and x[-0] are the same: >>> x[0] == x[-0] == "element 1" True >>> For numbering in reverse Python begins with -1. >>> x[2] == x[-1] == "element 3" True >>> x[1] == x[-2] == "element 2" True >>> If you used brackets instead of parentheses you would have made a list. A list is a changeable sequence of data. A list is contained by square brackets i.e. [1,2,3] Type: >>> x = ["I", "Love", "Python"] >>> x[2] = "Wikiversity" >>> print(x) ['I', 'Love', 'Wikiversity'] The above code changes element number 2 in x. The last thing we learn is dictionaries. Dictionaries contain a key and a value. { } enclose dictionaries (Note, that you can also construct a set with curly brackets Type: >>> x = {'key1':'value1', 'key2':'value2'} Now Type: >>> print(x) {'Key2':'value2', 'key1':'value1'} Depending on what IDLE you are using these may be in different order. The reason for the different order is because dictionaries have no order. You cannot type x[0] and be referring to 'key1':'value1' . What you do to refer to a value is type the key. Type: >>> x['key1'] = 'I Love Python' Now Type: >>> print(x) {'Key2':'value2', 'key1':'I Love Python'} The keys stay the same but the values are changeable. You can also only have one occurrence of a key in a dictionary, but you may have the values all be the same. Type: >>> x = {'key':'value1', 'key':'value2'} Now Type: >>> print(x) {'key': 'value2'} The first key is overwritten by the second. Type: >>> x = {'key1':'value', 'key2':'value'} Now Type: >>> print(x) {'key2': 'value', 'key1': 'value'} This example shows that you can create two separate keys with the same value. 1 Which is an integer 2 Which is a dictionary? Or take the: Basic data types quiz next: Python Operators
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Kitab-i-Aqdas (KA) Epistle to the Son of the Wolf (ESW) Hidden Words (HW) Seven Valleys (SV) Four Valleys (FV) Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah (GL) Tablets of Baha'u'llah Revealed After the Kitab-i-Aqdas: Bisharat, Tarazat, Tajaliyyat, Kalimat-i-Firdawsiyyih, Lawh-i-Dunya, Ishraqat (TB) Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l-Baha (SWAB) Tablets of 'Abdul-Baha Abbas,I-III (TAB) The Secret of Divine Civilization (SDC) Some Answered Questions (SAQ) The Promulgation of Universal Peace (PUP) 'Abdu'l-Baha on Divine Philosophy (ABDP) 'Abdu'l-Baha in London (ABL) Paris Talks (PT) This list yet to be created. Bahá'í Education (London: Baha'i Publishing Trust), 1987 (BE) Foundations for a Spiritual Education (Wilmette: National Baha'i Education Task Force), 1995 (FSE) Badi Shams, A Baha'i Perspective on Economics of the Future (New Delhi: Baha'i Publishing Trust), 1989 (BOEF) Star of the West, IV:6, 105-106 Star of the West, VII:9, 77 Star of the West, VII:15, 141-144 Star of the West, VII:18, 183-184 Star of the West, VIII:6. 60 Star of the West, IX:3, 29-30 Star of the West, IX:7, 81-88 Star of the West, IX:8, 89-96 Star of the West, IX:9, 97-104, 113-114 Star of the West, XI:19, 329-330 Star of the West, XIII:5, 102-104, 123 Star of the West, XIII:6, 144 Star of the West, XIII:7, 171-172, 177-179, 189 Star of the West, XIV:1, 3-7 Star of the West, XIV:2, 42-45,58 Star of the West, XIV:3, 73-74,83-84 Star of the West, XIV:9, 267-268,278 Besides the many volumes of the writings of Bahá’u’lláh (1817-1892), ‘Abdu’l-Bahá (1844-1921), Shoghi Effendi (1896-1957), and the Universal House of Justice (1963-), several other publications by Bahá’ís and Bahá’í institutions may be consulted as sources for Baha'i education. Several documents are presently available presenting Bahá’í ideas on education to various agencies and audiences, i.e., Bahá’í Education (Research Department of the Universal House of Justice, August 1976), Position Statement on Education (Bahá’í International Community Task Force on Education, January 1989), Education for a New Namibia (NSA of Namibia, August 1990), Educational Policy: A Bahá’í Perspective (NSA of India, November 1985), and “Charter for Bahá’í Schools” (American Bahá’í, April 1990). Many other scholars and educators have written on Bahá’í education, including Hand of the Cause of God Ali-Akbar Futuran Baha'i Education for Children: Books 1-7 (BPT of India, n.d.) and Mothers, Fathers, and Children: Practical Advice to Parents (BPT of India, n.d.) and the developers of the ANISA Model (Jordan and Streets, 1972; Streets and Jordan, 1973; Kalinowski and Jordan, 1973). Other eminent researchers and educators include G. Marks, A. Jones, H. Danesh, I. Ayam, D. Troxel, D. Allen, M. Smith, H. Hanson, J. Hatcher, I. Taafaki, R. Johnson, W. Diehl, N. Rutstein, C. Miller, G. Eyford, W. Hatcher, E. Muttart (Canada), S. Waite, H. Rost, P. Lample, F. Arbab, H. Nikjoo, S. Vickers, P. Christensen, E. Anello, J. Savi, E. Tinto, M. Higgins and L. Nuguchi. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. (1916, December 12). Necessity of education - Training of the children: Words of Bahá’u’lláh and ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. Star of the West, 144. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. (1918, July 13). Star of the West. Abdu’l-Bahá. (1922). Promulgation of universal peace; Volume I.Chicago: Executive Board of Bahá’í Temple Unity. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. (1930). Tablets of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá Abbas, Volume III. New York: Bahá’í Publishing Committee. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. (1954). Some answered questions. Wilmette, IL. : Bahá’í Publishing Trust. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. (1971). Foundations of world unity.Wilmette, IL: Bahá’í Publishing Trust. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. (1975). The secret of divine civilization, 3rd ed. Bahá’u’lláh. (1971). Gleanings from the writings of Bahá’u’lláh.Wilmette, IL: Bahá’í Publishing Trust. Bahá’u’lláh. (1988). Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh revealed after the Kitab-i-Aqdas. Bahá’u’lláh & ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. (1971). Bahá’í world faith. Bahá’u’lláh, Bab, and ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, 1970. Bahá’í prayers. Clarken, R. (1998). Bahá’í Teachings on Education. Unpublished manuscript. Effendi, S. (1932, June). Bahá’í Summer Schools. Bahá’í News. Effendi, S. (1941). The Local Spiritual Assembly. Effendi, S. (1947, December). Bahá’í News, 202, 3. Effendi, S. (1948, August). Excerpts from letter of the Guardian to assemblies and individual believers, Baha’i News, p. 210-213. Effendi, S. (1948a, November). Letters from the Guardian. Bahá’í News. 2-3. Effendi, S. (1949, December). Bahá’í News, 266, 2. Effendi, S. (1955). World order of Bahá’u’lláh. Effendi, S. (1968). Bahá’í Administration. Effendi, S. (1969). The advent of divine justice, Wilmette, IL: Bahá’í Publishing Trust. National Bahá’í Education Task Force. (1998). Foundations for a spiritual education: Research of the Bahá’í writings. Wilmette, IL: National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of the United States. (1973). Bahá’í youth: A compilation.Wilmette, IL: Bahá’í Publishing Trust. Jordan, D. & Streets, D. (1972, Spring). The Anisa model. World Order, 21-30. Kalinowski, M. & Jordan, D. (1973, Summer). Being and becoming: The Anisa theory of development." World Order, pp. 17-26. Kolstoe, J. (1985). Consultation. Oxford: George Ronald. Research Department of the Universal House of Justice (Eds.). (1977). Bahá’í education. Research Department of the Universal House of Justice (Eds.). (1980). Consultation. Thornhill, Ontario: Bahá’í Canada Publications. Rost, H. (1969). Possible Nature and Establishment of Bahá’í Universities and Colleges Based Upon Study of Bahá’í Literature, Vermillion, SD: University of South Dakota. Streets, D. and Jordan, D. (1973, Summer). Guiding the process of becoming: The Anisa theories of curriculum and teaching, World Order, 29-40.
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Norman uses the term Concordance when speaking about intuitive design. His idea is that every detail of a product that is meant to be operated by a person should give a hint on how this product is supposed to be used. If it is a button - it is supposed to be pushed. If it is a handle - it is supposed to be grabbed and possibly turned. Ideally, the user should not be able to operate the product wrong way. For example, if doors open by pushing on them, there should not be any knobs or handles that user could grab and pull. Very often we apply our memory and cognitive models when using objects. For example, not all screens are touch screens and none of them have an affordance to touch it. However, if the user has an experience with touch screens, she is trying to touch other screens she is dealing with. Now it becomes conventions, not affordance, because it is not obvious that the system can be operated by touching the screen. We know that only from our previous experience. We use conventions in graphic design all the time. Blue underlined text on a web page does not give us a clue on how to use it. So, it is not an affordance. Only with experience we learn that if we see blue underlined text we can click on it and another page should open. When this is in the knowledge of the majority it becomes a convention.
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Wednesday, October 21, 2009 India Related articles 16 December 2021: Top Indian general dies in helicopter crash 22 November 2021: Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi promises repeal of three farm laws 16 November 2021: Glasgow Climate Pact deal struck; nations to reduce coal usage 25 July 2021: Heavy monsoon rains kill over 100 in India, many thousands evacuated 24 July 2021: According to recent study, deaths in India number roughly 4 million during COVID-19 pandemic Location of India Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Kapil Sibal, India's Minister of Human Resource Development (HRD) held a meeting Monday to present his reform plans for the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) sector by increasing the entrance percentage to 80% and above in the class XII (final year) board exams. A three-member committee was set up to review the proposal. Sibal said, "The present criteria is that students need to secure 60% in class XII for appearing in IIT-JEE. This is not acceptable", pointing out that the current criteria where students getting more than 60% in the board exam of the twelfth class are eligible for IIT-JEE is not good enough and that it has to be raised to 80-85%. He also stated that students undervalue final year board exams, preparing instead for the Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE); they enrol in coaching institutes and concentrate on their study material in order to enter IIT. He wants to abolish these "teaching shops." The meeting decided that they would set up two committees, one headed by Anil Kakodkar, Atomic Energy Commission (Chairman) and other by T. Ramasamy, Department of Science and Technology (Secretary). The first committee is scheduled to decide final year board percentage and the second one is scheduled to set the curriculum. The Kakodkar committee also plans to decide how to abolish coaching institutes and how to move IIT field forward with a greater emphasis on research. The committee is expected to submit its report in the next six months. The minister also clarified that some of these will be implemented from the 2010 academic year and some from 2011. The meeting was also expected to reduce the fee for African and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries as their fees are higher than those of Indians. The review committee says that people of other countries are tempted to study in India but they refrain due to high fees. The Ramasamy committee is expected to submit its report in the next three months. Lastly, the meeting said that it will appoint board members and directors on the basis of nominations and independent rank and power to ensure IIT's activity. "Eyeing IIT? Get 80% in Class XII" — Times of India, October 20, 2009 "Entry to IIT may get tougher" — Times of India, October 20, 2009 "Eyeing IIT? Score 80-85% in Class XII" — The Economic Times, October 20, 2009 "IIT admission to get tougher" — Deccan Herald, October 19, 2009
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Elmer Roberts Elmer Roberts was an Associated Press correspondent in Berlin German from 1900 to 1914, as well as the chief of the Associated Press office in Paris, France, from 1914 to 1927 Elmer Roberts was born on April 7, 1863 at Lagro, Indiana. "He began his work as a journalist in 1885". He worked for newspapers including The Terre Haute Express, The Peru Republican, and several other publications in New York and Washington. Roberts eventually worked for The Jacksonville Citizen in Florida, where he would eventually meet his wife. Roberts was wed to the former Claire Julia Beauclerc Livingston of Florida at St. John’s Episcopal Church on March 12th 1896. Claire accompanied Roberts in his travels for work throughout their lives. In March of 1897 Roberts joined The Associated Press as the New York State wire editor. Roberts was sent to Jamaica at the break of the Spanish-American war in April 1898 in order to "report on information of the operations of the south coast of the island". Roberts was then sent to Cuba for "seven months to report on the founding of the Cuban Republic". Roberts and other American reporters found difficulty reporting while in Cuba as the Cuban government often prevented journalists from entering certain areas and instructed local reporters not to talk to members of the AP. After his years of reporting in the Caribbean, Roberts moved to London to work for the AP in 1900. Two years later Roberts became the Associated Press foreign correspondent in Berlin, Germany. Roberts was made the chief of the Associated Press office in Paris, France on January 7, 1911. His work here mostly included dictating what stories were published, where his reporters were looking for stories, and ensuring his branch was on top of all of the most important news. Roberts often received correspondence from AP workers in America dictating to him what stories should be covered and complaining about other news sources being faster. During the WWI, Roberts and his staff reported all the defeats and victories of the troops. Roberts also kept an extensive record of the happenings of the war in a personal journal. After the war Roberts attended the Washington Arms Conference of 1922 with the French delegation. Roberts continued to work for the AP for several more years before retiring in 1929. Claire Roberts died in November of 1929 after accompanying Elmer on all of his travels. Roberts then died on November 18th, 1937 after battling with poor health for several years. During WWI, many journalists were faced with obstacles of law when attempting to publish their work. Britain, France, and the United States all imposed strict censorship on the media during WWI. Some countries, including the United States, even went as far as censoring the letters that their soldiers sent home from the war. Britain, France, and the United States first tried to censor the news by preventing journalists from obtaining information by making it illegal for journalists to go to the frontline. Many journalist snuck into war areas anyway, risking arrest. Most governments eventually allowed journalists to travel to the frontline, but continued their censorship by filtering what was published. Censorship was used by governments during wartime in order to paint their country in a favorable light. Governments wanted to prevent the public from learning of the true horrors of the war as they feared their people would turn on them. What was published by the media was used as a form of government propaganda in order to win the peoples’ favor. However, some journalists who desired the truth to be published proved troublesome for governments, leading to censorship. Many journalists served as war correspondents during WWI. They would travel to the frontline to collect stories, photographs, and accounts of the battles and hardships of war. At the beginning of the war many journalists were not allowed on the frontline due to the strict censorship that many governments imposed during the war. Eventually censorship was loosened and soldiers and journalists alike risked their lives on the frontline. Many news companies would send reporters to the frontline to find information other news companies did not have, risking both arrest and their lives. However, some journalists were able to collect information in safer locations, such as troop hospitals. “Elmer Roberts, 74, Journalist, Dead.” New York Times. November 18, 1937. Page 23. Print. 18 February 2015. Greenslade, Roy. (27 July 2013) "First world war: how state and press kept truth off the front page" Retrieved 20 March 2015. Gardner, Frank. "Why were journalists threatened with execution in WWI?" . Retrieved 20 March 2015. "War, Journalism, and History: War Correspondents in the Two World Wars" Intro. . Retrieved 20 March 2015.
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goto { time distance upframe up } Moves the camera to the currently selected object, taking seconds, stopping from the object (in units of object’s radius + 1), using the Coordinate System, and defining the axis that points up. Arguments: time The number of seconds to take going to the object. Default is 1.0 second. distance Describes how far away from the object you want to be positioned, in units of the object's radius, plus 1. Default is 5.0. Special values are: 0 (zero) is the center of the object. In version 1.3.1, using this value causes the program to incorrectly recognize further positioning values, so do not use zero. 1 is the surface of the object. Traveling to the exact surface level of an object may cause some graphics cards to display random polygons on the display screen, so it is best to use a value slightly above the surface. upframe Sets the specified Coordinate System. Default is "observer". The must have one of the following values: chase ecliptical equatorial geographic lock observer universal up Defines which axis points up, X [1 0 0], Y [0 1 0] or Z [0 0 1]. Default is [0 1 0]. CELX equivalent-1: Based on the observer:gotodistance() method. Find and select the target object with name to go to and store in "objectname". objectname = celestia:find( ) celestia:select(objectname) Get observer instance of the active view instance and set the coordinate system of the frame of reference to . obs = celestia:getobserver() frame = celestia:newframe( , objectname) obs:setframe(frame) Determine radius of "objectname" and store in "radius". radius = objectname:radius() Determine as: * "radius" of "objectname". distance = * radius Define a vector object, to determine which axis points up. upaxis = celestia:newvector( ) Goto determined of "objectname" in seconds with pointing up. is the distance from the center of target where to stop in km. If no is given, the default distance = 20000 km. If is smaller than the radius of the object, the goto will end within the object !!! To obtain the radius of an object in km, you can use the object:radius() method. is the number of seconds the goto should take. If no is given, the default time = 5.0 seconds !!! If no = upaxis is given, the default is (0,1,0) --> Y-axis. obs:gotodistance(objectname, distance, , upaxis ) Wait seconds. wait( ) Summarized: objectname = celestia:find( ) celestia:select(objectname) obs = celestia:getobserver() frame = celestia:newframe( , objectname) obs:setframe(frame) radius = objectname:radius() distance = * radius upaxis = celestia:newvector( ) obs:gotodistance(objectname, distance, , upaxis ) wait( ) CELX equivalent-2: Based on the observer:goto(table) method. Using this method, many different types of gotos can be performed. The strength of this method is that the observer orientation can be programmed, so the axis that points up after the goto can also be determined. This method uses positions to goto, instead of a distance from the object, so that needs some additional calculations. The parameters for the goto must be given in the table: parameters.duration: duration (number) parameters.from: source position parameters.to: target position parameters.initialOrientation: source orientation parameters.finalOrientation: target orientation parameters.startInterpolation: parameters.endInterpolation: parameters.accelTime: Find and select the target object with name to go to and store in "objectname". objectname = celestia:find( ) celestia:select(objectname) Get observer instance of the active view instance and set the coordinate system of the frame of reference to . obs = celestia:getobserver() frame = celestia:newframe( , objectname) obs:setframe(frame) Determine radius of “objectname” and store in “radius”. radius = objectname:radius() Determine distance in km to goto as: * "radius" and store in "distance". distance = * radius Convert the determined "distance" to "objectname" into positions as follows: uly_to_km = 9460730.4725808 –- Determine and store the current observer position frompos = obs:getposition() –- Determine and store the current position of objectname objectpos = objectname:getposition() –- Determine the vector between the current observer -- position and the current position of objectname distancevec = frompos:vectorto(objectpos) -– Determine the length of this vector in millionths of a light-year. distancelength = distancevec:length() –- Normalize this length to 1 normalvec = distancevec:normalize() –- Distance to travel = (distancelength - distance /uly_to_km) –- Direction to travel = normalvec travelvec = (distancelength - distance /uly_to_km)*normalvec -– Determine and store the position to goto topos = frompos + travelvec The target observer orientation must point from the target position “topos” towards "objectname" with as up vector: upvec = celestia:newvector( ) torot = topos:orientationto(objectpos, upvec) Define and initialize the parameter table as follows: Determine the number of seconds the goto should take. Obtain the current position of the observer. New position object = topos (result of 2 steps back). Obtain the current orientation of the observer. New observer orientation = torot (result of previous step). Start adjusting the observer orientation after 20 percent of the time to goto. End adjusting the observer orientation after 80 percent of the time to goto. Spend 10% of the time for accelerating and decelerating parameters={} parameters.duration = parameters.from = obs:getposition() parameters.to = topos parameters.initialOrientation = obs:getorientation() parameters.finalOrientation = torot parameters.startInterpolation = 0.2 parameters.endInterpolation = 0.8 parameters. accelTime = 0.1 Goto target position with target orientation in seconds. obs:goto(parameters) Wait seconds. wait(parameters.duration) Summarized: objectname = celestia:find( ) celestia:select(objectname) obs = celestia:getobserver() frame = celestia:newframe( , objectname) obs:setframe(frame) radius = objectname:radius() distance = * radius uly_to_km = 9460730.4725808 –- Determine and store the current observer position frompos = obs:getposition() –- Determine and store the current position of objectname objectpos = objectname:getposition() –- Determine the vector between the current observer -- position and the current position of objectname distancevec = frompos:vectorto(objectpos) -– Determine the length of this vector in millionths of a light-year. distancelength = distancevec:length() –- Normalize this length to 1 normalvec = distancevec:normalize() –- Distance to travel = (distancelength - distance /uly_to_km) –- Direction to travel = normalvec travelvec = (distancelength - distance /uly_to_km)*normalvec -– Determine and store the position to goto topos = frompos + travelvec upvec = celestia:newvector( ) torot = topos:orientationto(objectpos, upvec) parameters={} parameters.duration = parameters.from = obs:getposition() parameters.to = topos parameters.initialOrientation = obs:getorientation() parameters.finalOrientation = torot parameters.startInterpolation = 0.2 parameters.endInterpolation = 0.8 parameters. accelTime = 0.1 obs:goto(parameters) wait(parameters.duration) Example: The following example selects Mars and takes five seconds to travel 10 times the radius of mars above the surface and Y-axis pointing up. CEL: select { object "Mars" } goto { time 5.0 distance 11.0 upframe "ecliptic" up [0 1 0] } print { text "We're on our way to Mars." row -3 column 1 duration 5 } wait { duration 5 } CELX-1 with observer:gotodistance() method: mars = celestia:find("Sol/Mars") celestia:select(mars) frame = celestia:newframe("ecliptic", mars) obs = celestia:getobserver() obs:setframe(frame) marsradius = mars:radius() marsdistance = 11 * marsradius upaxis = celestia:newvector(0,1,0) obs:gotodistance(mars, marsdistance, 5.0, upaxis) celestia:print("We're on our way to Mars." , 5.0, -1, -1, 1, 3) wait(5.0) CELX-2 with observer:goto(table) method: mars = celestia:find("Sol/Mars") celestia:select(mars) frame = celestia:newframe("ecliptic", mars) obs = celestia:getobserver() obs:setframe(frame) marsradius = mars:radius() distance = 11 * marsradius uly_to_km = 9460730.4725808 frompos = obs:getposition() objectpos = mars:getposition() distancevec = frompos:vectorto(objectpos) distancelength = distancevec:length() normalvec = distancevec:normalize() travelvec = (distancelength - distance /uly_to_km)*normalvec topos = frompos + travelvec upvec = celestia:newvector(0,1,0) torot = topos:orientationto(objectpos, upvec) parameters={} parameters.duration = 5.0 parameters.from = obs:getposition() parameters.to = topos parameters.initialOrientation = obs:getorientation() parameters.finalOrientation = torot parameters.startInterpolation = 0.2 parameters.endInterpolation = 0.8 parameters. accelTime = 0.1 obs:goto(parameters) celestia:print("We're on our way to Mars." , 5.0, -1, -1, 1, 3) wait(parameters.duration) Back to CEL command index
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Megas XLR (2004–2005) was an American animated television series that aired on the Toonami block on Cartoon Network and is produced by Cartoon Network Studios. Gorrath: A time warp? That technology is only theoretical. Earthers can't even TELL time, let alone travel through it! Kiva:[After Coop bested Kiva's mech with a spectacular wrestling move] My drones! I can't understand how you beat me. Coop: Yeah...it kinda ROCKED. [Kiva looks at him] I mean, sorry about that. Kiva: How did YOU get to be such a good pilot? Coop: Well...[Flashback occurs. Mainly showing Coop sitting by the couch playing video games, he gets older, Jamie comes along and they both get older] Kiva: My robot wasn't meant to be a toy for some prehistoric yahoo and his pet monkey-thing! Jamie: Monkey-thing? MONKEY-THING?! BLAST HER, COOP!! Gorrath: Take us into Null Space, so we can affect repairs. Commander: Hmpf! Don't you mean: "run away because we got our jhorblochs handed to us by ONE EARTHER"? [Gorrath glares at him and the Commander shields his own face tentacles] Not the face! Gorrath: Tread lightly, Commander...or you might find yourself at the head of the next assault...WITHOUT A MECH! Coop: All right, you alien chumps! You're in MY town and nobody gets to wreck it. [Record Scratches] Uh...Except for me! Magnanimous: We all know there's no way you can beat all of us and protect the "subform" here. Jamie: SUB-FORM? Go get 'em Kiva, I got your back! Kiva: [After both of them get captured] [sarcasticaly] Thanks for getting my back... Jamie: [To Magnanimous] I wasn't doing anything! Hey, I don't even know her! Magnanimous: Groovy. Coop: [To Magnanimous] Okay you big-headed, tater-tot looking freak! You tricked me, you stacked the odds against me, you threatened my friends AND you insult my robot...NOW I'm mad! R.E.G.I.S. Mark V: I am the Replicant Engineered for Galactic Infiltration and Sabotage Mark V. Kiva: First we need to run through all the systems. Jamie: [Groans] But that could take hours. Coop: Could. Won't. [Coop flies Megas into space and pushes practically all the buttons.] R.E.G.I.S. Mark V: [After crushing the Megaslush machine infront of Coop] Do not panic. [Draws several weapons] You will all die. [R.E.G.I.S. chases after some people] Jamie: Coop, we got to stop that thing! Before it hurts ME! Coop: THAT "Thing"...Just Hurt...My Megaslush! Coop: [To R.E.G.I.S.] Hey, pal! I believe you owe me and my friend here a Megaslush. R.E.G.I.S. Mark V: Who dares challenge R.E.G.I.S.? R.E.G.I.S. is the destroyer of worlds, consumer of their rubble, bringer of despair. R.E.G.I.S. is- [Gets crushed by Megas] Jamie: Nice! R.E.G.I.S. Mark V: Surrender now, and I will destroy you peacefully. R.E.G.I.S. Mark V: The R.E.G.I.S. Mark V is invincible. No weapon forged by such a primitive species can defeat R.E.G.I.S., which is invincible. Kiva: [After seeing the R.E.G.I.S. Mark V repeatedly regenerate after being physically beaten down] Just to reiterate: Smashing bad. Jamie: You know, normally I'm pro-smashing, and I hate to agree with future-girl, but maybe smashing isn't the way to go this time. Coop: We tried no smashing, and that didn't work. I'm sticking to my strengths...And smashing is my strengths. I just need to find the right way to smash him. R.E.G.I.S. Mark V: The R.E.G.I.S. Mark V is the ultimate fighting machine. Unstoppable, merciless, glorious. No one is safe from the R.E.G.I.S.. Coop: All I wanted was a Megaslush, just ONE Megaslush! But you wouldn't let me have it would you? You busted up my town and you tried to eat my robot...NOW you're going down! HARD! Gorrath: I must admit that your strategies are strange and cunning...but mostly strange. Coop: All right, you intergalactic snots! You busted up my car show! Jamie: Yeah! Coop: You wrecked my friends' rides! Jamie: Yeah! Coop: AND! You made me run half a block! Jamie: Yeah! [record scratch] Wait-Half a block? Coop: Now, it's payback time! Jamie: Coop, "Magnoflex!" NOW! Coop: Listen up, you low rent Mothra wannabe! You going down and you going down EXTRA hard! No one gets away with trying to mess up MY robot! Let's get it on! Megas’ Dashboard: Missiles - More Missiles - ALL the Missiles! Coop: [The TV suddenly turns off] No... [Coop leaps onto the table showering Jamie with food] NO!!! [Coop desperately smacks the TV to get it to work] No! Jamie: [Still covered in food] Looks like the cable's out. Kiva: Coop, forget it. It's just Television. The world can live without it. Coop: [Coop imagines a bright happy world without TV where he is left as a pauper] No...I won't let that happen! Jamie: [As MEGAS gets sucked into the Planet Monster's surface] So THIS is how it all ends...I always thought I'd go down fighting a bunch of cyborg ninjas, or something cooler this-[MEGAS gets sucked beneath the surface] Coop: It's too bad we can't force it to over-eat. I mean, it always does me in. Jamie: No it doesn't. Coop: Well, yeah, but regular people get sick if they eat too much. Coop: No! I'm sick of this thing. It's trying to eat my planet, it messed up my paint job with acid boogs AND it made me miss my show! I'M taking this TV eating sucka to the mat. Grrkek: I should thank you for releasing me. Coop: Don't mention it! Grrkek: Instead I shall destroy you. Grrkek: [Now twice as large as before] Remember me? Coop: I remember I whooped your jacked up alien butt. Grrkek: A temporary setback. But thanks to your laser beam, I feel good enough to kill a thousand planets. Guess where I'm going to start? Coop: Uh, I don't know, YOUR MOM'S HOUSE!? [Grrkek kicks Megas] Grrkek: Now you'll see why they call me Grrkek the Planet Killer. [pause] Actually, you'll be too dead to see anything. But you get the idea. Coop: First, he smashes my car, which I was going to fix by the way! Then he breaks my videogame-- Jamie: Coop, you broke that. Coop: I'm on a roll here, man! And NOW he wants to break my planet? Well, I got news for you buddy! This town ain't big enough for the both...of...us? [Coop notices the giant tidal wave] Jamie: Come on man, haven't I always been there for you? Coop: [Thinking to himself, Flashbacks to Coop waiting by himself for Jamie at the movie theater,an amusement park, at Coop's Birthday,at Jamie's Birthday] Alright, but don't be touching none of the special buttons or nothing. [He gives Jamie the car keys] Jamie: Yeah yeah, I promise. [He takes the keys leaving Coop alone like in the flashbacks] Gorrath: [In a Mech that looks like MEGAS] Tremble before me! Pitiful earth filth! Goat: Sweet new paint job, bro. Tiny: Looking good, Coop! Gorrath: [Groans] What is wrong with this planet? Coop: I installed it so that I could still operate MEGAS, if I was working on the car. I'm still tweaking it. [A nearby controller catches on fire and Coop quickly puts it out] [With a nervous laugh] Like I said, I'm still tweaking it... Coop: Alright tentacle-breath. You copied my robot, hit me when I wasn't looking, threatened my town- Jamie: AND you almost ruined my date! Coop: It takes many years of intensive training to cultivate this kind of refined appetite. [Flashback of Coop eating tons of food as he grows up] Many years... [Coop is accused of being a Bad Guy by the S-Force] Coop: Who, ME? It's just an eating contest. Is it a crime to eat? Jamie: The way you do it, it should be. Ender: I am Ender. I end things. People, planets, galaxies. Ender: Now I am free to conquer and destroy! Or destroy and conquer! Or just destroy! Megas’ Dashboard: [Power levels] Low Energy - Fair Amount - Normal - Too Much! - Getting Ridiculous - Are You Kidding? Coop: What's this "OMNICRON13" thingy? Argo: No! You destabilized the wave pattern! Who knows what will happen? Don't activate it! Coop: [Immediately activates it] Coop: Listen chump. I was just doing my own thing, when some robot-riding circus freaks jumped me! And then you had to show up and start bashing my town! And for SOME reason, everyone keeps calling ME-The Bad Guy! I may not be the best guy...But I sure ain't no bad guy! Yo, S-Force! You ready? Argo: No! NO! Sloan:[cries] My robot! Coop: No way! This guy sicked a giant worm-thingy on me, chased my pals around with zombie-robots and made me break a perfectly good Photonic Stabilizer! I'm putting you in a hurt-locker and slamming the door, junkman! Coop: This alien chick thinks she can get my ride towed, make me go to the DMV and take a road-test!? I DON'T NEED NO STINKING ROAD TEST! Jamie: Eh, dude, none of that stuff is her fault. Coop: Yeah...Well she's still trying to kidnap Kiva, that ain't cool neither. Gyven: [After knocking down Zanzoar from attacking MEGAS] Following their transpacial rift was a clever idea. I appreciate you finding them for me. Coop: Hey, thanks buddy! I don't know what was up with that guy back there. Gyven: [To Coop] Surrender defiler! Or I'll tear your circuits out of the core! Zanzoar: [carrying Megas off] I WILL be emperor! Jamie: And I WILL be sick... Jamie: The Metal Maiden's a sword...The Metal Maiden's a sword?! Coop: Listen here, you walking water heater. YOU guys attacked me. Jamie: Nope, that was you. Coop: YOU screwed up my warp drive. Kiva: You did that too. Coop: AND you made me miss the Monster Truck combat of the century! Jamie: Again, all you. Coop: Do ya mind? I'm on a roll here. Right! [Pause] What was I saying? Ah, forget it! Gorrath: You are the one stain on my perfect record of conquest. Coop: Then you must have gone up against some pretty lame chumps. Megas’ Dashboard: Bet You Can't Guess What This Button Does Coop: [To Gorrath] Come on, don't stop now. What else ya got? I've got only one arm and I'm still wiping the floor with ya! I think you'll need a bigger robot if you want to play with me anymore! What? You want me to drop the other arm so it's fair? [Kiva and Jamie shake their heads and wave their hands in desperation] Gorrath: Let’s see how you like the Eradicator. [Pushes a button and the Karrajor converts into an enormous mech with Megas hovering in front of it's cannons like a grain of sand] Coop: Well... That's pretty big. Jamie: You just had to ask if he had a bigger robot, didn't you? Megas’ Dashboard: [Various buttons] DESTROY THE WORLD. SMITE THE WORLD. DESTROY THE WORLD WORSE. Save the world. [The last button is missing, wires hanging all over] [Coop has just caused the Karrajor to be sucked into Null Space, seemingly destroying it] Coop: Man, now I really need another Big Glug... and a cheesesteak... or 28. Kiva: Coop! You just destroyed the Glorft! Coop: So? What'ya think was going to happen? Coop: Now for a little payback. Me and MEGAS vs a bunch of Glorft bots that got the home field advantage...Sounds fair to me. Hey Squid! About those goodbyes. Uh, buh-bye! [Proceeds to destroy Glorft bots] Ultra Cadet: [to Jamie] Dont worry, Coop! We'll take care of this chubby thief and get your robot back! Coop: [offended] Chubby? Ladies, this is fat! Kiva: We better go find him. Leaving Jamie alone with some innocent aliens isn't a good idea. Coop: What's the worst he can do? [Imagines Jamie as the King of an alien planet, an alien presents him a fish as a gift, Jamie gets angry and presses a button labeled "NOT GOOD ENOUGH" causing the entire planet to explode] You're right we better find him. Jamie: Stop! I'm not Coop!. Ultra Cadet: What!? Jamie: [Points at Coop] He's Coop. He's the guy you wanted... Ultra Cadet: [To Coop] You're Coop? Goat: [Whispering to Coop] I'll give you five bucks if you tell them I'm your sidekick... Coop: That does it! You transforming girl-scout super freaks interrupted my quality junkyard time, kidnapped Jamie and made me miss second lunch. Oh, it's ON now! Kiva: I knew there was something more to this than some stupid fight. This is about revenge! Magnanimous: It's about more than that, red. You put me in a quantum singularity, destroyed my empire, made me broke! And gave me this twitch. [eye twitches] It's about hurting you and I wish to go on hurting you, so I am going to humiliate you LIVE. And while I'm at it, I think I might do a little destruction number on this planet of yours!...Oh wow, I guess it IS about revenge. T-Bot: T-Bot will pounce you! Trounce you! And utterly denounce you!. Coop: Alright, you chumps...You guys are trying to steal my title, you're wrecking my town and now you're making me seriously late on my video. You wanna fight-- [gets knocked down by T-bot] T-Bot: T-Bot wins no matter what! [Coop kicks T-Bot into the air] Skippy: So, who's the chick? Kiva: "Chick"? Coop: She's from the future. Skippy: [looks at Kiva] Yeah, right. Coop: Tell the kid something about the future, Kiva. Kiva: Little boys like you are used as target practice for "chicks" like me. Megas’ Dashboard: Eject Skippy Gorrath: I will return, earther! Your under-developed brain has no capacity to comprehend the horrors I have in store for you! Coop: And my under-developed brain will be waitin'. [Thinks for a second] Hey! Coop: Okay, you slimy chump. First, you come back after I kill ya, then ya try to beat up my cousin and now you think you're gonna shoot the moon into the Earth?! Well, I got your trigger right here! [accidentaly drops the trigger, which lands on Coop's lap. Coop sighs in relief, causing his belly to press the trigger, thereby activating the engine] Kiva: You fired the engine! Skippy: Should have let a responsible child hold it. Coop: [After Kiva stops him from using his nukes] What's the point of having nukes if you can't use them? R.E.C.R. : I MUST destroy the enemy! Coop: The enemy? What enemy? R.E.C.R. : The enemy...[R.E.C.R. thinks for a moment] EVERYTHING IS THE ENEMY! R.E.C.R. : I was designed to defend this land, and I will do it by destroying everyone! R.E.C.R. : There is no way you can defeat the superior power of my massive 56 kilobyte processor! Coop: I've got 10-year old video games that are smarter than you! Megas’ Dashboard: Do something stupid, Coop. Coop: That's it! You locked me up in that undeground pit, made me miss my shot at being the Gonzo Game Master and now you smash the cheapest All you can eat buffet in town? You just gambled and LOST pal! Jamie: [Sarcasticaly] Oooh, nice one. Coop: Yeah, pretty good huh? Jamie: Those, are the "Fabio Brothers!" Kiva: Let me guess, from the "Fabio Brothers" show? Coop: No, from the videogame. Coop: Alright you holiday wrecking chump! You trashed the city, busted up all them baloons and ruined my parade. You want heat? I'll give you heat! [sets the AC to maximum heat] Kiva: How did they end up getting captured? Targon: Zarek caught us by surprise. Coop: Surprise? But I thought my training left the S-Force tougher than a microwaved steak. Targon: Training? It was your very training that left them in such a weakened state! Zarek: [After Coop escapes the Infinity Zone] Impossible! No one can escape the force of the Infinity Zone! Coop: Hey, it's a good thing no one told me that. Jamie: Erm, hi! Duchess: Ugh, I forgot about you. Jamie: [Sadly] Forgot? Coop: Let's see how this guy likes Super Destructor Mode! Megas’ Dashboard: You heard him kids! Super Destructor Mode! [Megas is soon littered with hundreds of missle launchers] Kiva: Uhm, were you going to tell me you installed this? Zarek: I bring you a gift. A quick and painful end to your miserable lives. [laughs] Coop: And here's a gift for you ya pointy-eared chump. [Hundreds of missiles are fired towards Zarek] In fact, here's a whole bunch of gifts! 'Cause I'm such a nice guy. [Super Destructor Mode's missiles go off target and hit the The S-Force seemingly destroying them] Kiva: Coop! Targon: S-Force! Jamie: Duchess? Jamie: Coop how could you do that to me? I was just getting somewhere with Duchess! Duchess: No you weren't! [The S-Force is revealed to have survived the blast of Super Destructor Mode's missiles] Targon: That's Impossible! Zarek: Nothing could have survived that blast! Argo: Good thing no one told us that. [The S-Force laugh] Coop: Okay, you cape-wearing space freak! You interrupted my quality beach-time, locked up a planet-load of people and you made me nearly destroy the S-Force! Kiva: -Again! Coop: Now it's time to party, tag-team style. Let's do it, S-Force! Jamie: [To a food-replicator] Vampire cheerleader. [Machine buzzes] Regular cheerleader? [Machine buzzes again]. Hey, this thing's busted! Jamie: [To the same food-replicator] ...Solid gold. [Machine buzzes again] Goth Chicks?! [Machine buzzes again] ...A doughnut? [machine dings then makes one appear] Megas’ Dashboard: [Oil level] None - Good Enough - Plenty - More Than Enough - No, Really I'm Fine - PLEASE STOP Megas’ Dashboard: That Cool Giant Energy Sword Thing Megas’ Dashboard: Exactly the same button Coop just used like five minutes ago Captain Warlock: Sweet Kiva, I give you one last chance. Stay with me, and forget about these fools. Coop: Alright you- Kiva: -Arrogant, overblown thief! You tried to break up our team, you almost killed Coop and Jamie, and you made me listen to your endless, cheesy pick-up lines! Coop: Nice. Captain Warlock: Cheesy? Kiva: Get him, Coop! [Coop's driving MEGAS at ramming speed towards the Saving Grace] Coop: Kiva! Duck and cover! Captain Warlock: He wouldn't! Kiva: You don't know Coop. Coop: ROCK ON! [Performs a body-slam on the glorft below] Coop: Alright you octopused faced losers. You crash my concert, stop me from getting fake chese nachos AND try wipin' out this poor chick who ain't done nothing to you, just so you can make Kiva not been born and...me not get...my robot...Uh? Wait, explain it to me again? It's er-Ah forget it! Ator: Why have you done this? Coop: Done what? [camera cuts to the broken robot that suddenly explodes] Ator: Destroy our guardian! Jamie: Uh, he was like that when we got here. Kiva: Jamie, they saw us do it. Ator: Hail to our new guardian! We are saved! [Megas destroys a building] Coop: Sorry! Ator: We are doomed... Megas’ Dashboard: Big Red Button of Irony Drallag: Well, it seems this new "guardian" is nothing of the sort. He's done more damage than we have! [laughs] Coop: Listen up you dorky sounding, ice-grubing, robotic chump! You dinged my chrome, made me break my window AND snapped my favourite key! [Ator clears his throat] Oh yeah. You also tried to cut up the planet of the space big foots...You wanna eat some ice? Glad to oblige! Jamie: [screams] Ah? Wait, I'm okay? Coop: Yeah, what's goin' on? Kiva: This device must only affect a robot with an artificial intelligence operating construct. Coop: Ha ha! Ya hear that!? You can't do nothin' to us, 'cause we don't have intelligence! Klaar: Why are you interfering with my facility? Coop: I was just looking for directions! See what happens when you ask for directions? Coop: Okay chump, anything else you wanna throw at me? Klaar: Just one thing. [summons a giant satellite dish] Jamie: [scoffs] What's he gonna do? Make us watch some bad TV? [Robot prisoners are coming to attack Megas] Jamie: C'mon, Coop! What're you waiting for?! Tear 'em apart! Coop: I can't! They're not the bad guys. Jamie: So? That's never stopped you before! Smash 'em before they smash ME! Coop: Alright, you brainwashing alien creep! You try to grind us up, you enslaved a bunch of innocent robots, and now you're making me late for spicy nuggets! I got one word for you, pal! Game over! Kiva and Jamie: Two words. Coop: Whatever! [Megas' targeting computer begins zeroing in on multiple areas. Soon Skalgar's mech is targeted in just about every place conceivable] Kiva: Uh, Coop? Overkill? Jamie: Yeah! Do more! Coop: Okay you galactic bad guy wannabe! You smash up my drive in, stole my one-of-a-kind universal remote controller and made me miss "Revenge of the amoeba people." Jamie: And the final episode of "Cheerleader Wars". Coop: [Seeing a destroyed Jersey City after activating the Trans-D Drive] No. No! You maniacs! You blew it up! You blew it all to- Wait...hope I didn't do this. Gorrath: How is it possible that a remedial lifeform like you, could have stopped ME time and again? [Flashback to Coop beating aliens in various videogames] Coop: What can I say? Whooping alien freaks is a skill. Gorrath: I demand to know who's in charge here! Alternate Jamie: THAT would me. And I don't think YOU'RE in a position to demand anything. Coop: Hey you got the wrong idea! See I was kicking his butt and then we ended up in this warp thing and- Alternate Jamie: -Don't insult my intelligence! Since our war started, we've been trying to capture you. Coop: War? Us? [Flashback to Coop and Jamie competing in various activities with Coop winning every time] Come on man! We were just messing around. I'll let you win next time. Gorrath: Even in victory, you humans are pathetic. Coop: [Laughs] And getting locked up in your own ship ain't pathetic? Gorrath: We'll need some kind of diversion. Coop: Right, diversion. Urm? [accidentally presses a button on the wall setting off an alarm] Gorrath: No! [A laser beam shoots skyward and Coop punches the alarm a few times which makes it stop] Coop: Uh...[Laughs nervously] I'm sure no one heard that. [The guard point their guns at Coop and Gorrath] Yep. Yep they heard it. Gorrath: [angrily] Have I told you how much I hate you? Alternate Jamie: I'm impressed. Allowing yourself to get caught, just so you can activate a homing beacon for them to find our base. Very clever. Gorrath: Clever?! Megas’ Dashboard: Park - Neutral - Reverse - Drive - Save Jamie Coop: All right, squid. You tried to wreck the city again, you made me go to some alternate dimension where Jamie is an even bigger creep than usual, AND you got me locked up in a jail cell with no food! It's time to rumble! Gorrath: Are you talking to me? I'm on your side now, remember?! Coop: Oh, sorry. Force of habit, I guess. Coop: No one trashes Jersey City! Err... but me. Evil Coop: You should be dead! I'm gonna sweep you aside like a fat ball of dust! Coop: [scoffs] You and what army? Gorrath: No doubt that one. [points at army of mechs behind Evil Coop] Evil Kiva: Your obsolete mech is a disgrace. Coop: Does THIS look obsolete?! [Megas strikes a dramatic pose, a piece falls of] Evil Kiva: Yes, it does. Coop: The only thing I hate more than you...is me? Uh, him... [Gorrath looks unimpressed] You know what I mean! Gorrath: [looking at Coop's damaged car] Such a waste. First I'm trapped in the past, and now I'm trapped in a dimenson where YOU rule! Shoot me now... Coop: This ain't so bad. I can fix this. [Coop's car explodes] Evil Coop: Why won't you die!? Coop: Next time you abandon Megas, don't leave it in MY garage! Evil Coop: You know you don't have a chance. Coop: I don't know NOTHIN'! Coop: Listen up, you jive clone wannabe! You wrecked my alternate dimension city! Blew up my robot! And worst of all, made ME skinny! Well you're in MY dimension now! And we do things a little differently here! Wikipedia has an article about: Megas XLR Megas XLR quotes at the Internet Movie Database Megas XLR at TV.com
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Question 1. What is one of the key disadvantages of proprietary software? Question 2. When you sell proprietary software, what happens to the money generated? Question 3. Which of the following component is not necessarily available in FLOSS: Please, contribute to the material! Click here “How to contribute” Question 4. Doing business in a FLOSS context means what? Question 5. Why are FLOSS business networks important? Question 6. Which of the following is not a way of making money in FLOSS: Please, contribute to the material. Click here “How to contribute” Question 7. You're scheduled to meet a FLOSS business associate for working lunch and you arrive a few minutes early to find a suitable table. 30 minutes later your associate still has not arrived. Do you order your lunch and eat? continue waiting and fuming that your associate isn't there? tell the head waiter you're not staying and give him our card with instructions to present it to your associate to prove you were there? Question 8. ... measures how much work was produced or completed in a certain period of time. Motivation Production Money invested
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The field of biology is an experimental science, where the logical theory is only as good as its experimental background. Therefore, there comes a dilemma when accepting theories, should the scientist faithfully accept the known theory for what it is or should the scientist attempt to verify them experimentally? One of the main causes of mental inertia is due to these incorrectly established results. The first form of mental inertia is belief in generally accepted observations, oftentimes due to blind faith in the authoritative source. For example "...Aristotle thought there were eight legs ona fly and wrote it down. For centuries, scholars were conetnt to quote his authority'. This idea could be easily refuted yet due to mental inertia scientists just accepted this theory of years and years. Another form of mental inertia is when scientists still adhere to the observations made with faulty techniques when a better technique is already available. If an incorrect observation was made before better techniques came around, then that is an mistake, not mental inertia. It is only mental inertia if better techniques came, that would allow the scientists to improve the experiment and observations, and the scientist still uses the old observations for the basis of their research. Chase, S. (1938) The Tyranny of Words, Harcourt, Brace and Company
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The Devil is supposed to be a supernatural being who is the source of all evil. The popular concept of the Devil is a mixture of several different sources. "Devil" comes from the Greek "Diabolos", an accuser or slanderer. It is a totally different concept from "demon", which comes from the Greek "daimon", a deity. In the Bible, the word "devils" reflects the Greek "daimon", and is better translated as "demons". In the Old Testament, the name used is "Satan", the Adversary. He was in no sense a "fallen angel", but an integral part of the Heavenly Court, whose function was to denounce people as wicked and to test them to see if they would transgress if tempted. He appears in I Chron. 21, Psalms 109:6, Zechariah 3:1-2 and especially Job 1 & 2. I Chron. 21:1 "And Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number Israel." He tempts David, causing him to sin by having a census. Compare the parallel passage: II Sam 24:1 "And again the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he moved David against them to say, Go, number Israel and Judah." Here, God himslf has caused David to transgress, rather than getting Satan to do it. Psalms 109:6 "Set thou a wicked man over him: and let Satan stand at his right hand." It is a double curse on his enemy that the wicked should have power over him. Zechariah 3:1-2 "And he shewed me Joshua the high priest standing before the angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right hand to resist him. And the LORD said unto Satan, The LORD rebuke thee, O Satan; even the LORD that hath chosen Jerusalem rebuke thee: is not this a brand plucked out of the fire?" Here Satan is in Heaven, seeking to accuse Joshua of something but God is unwilling to accept any criticism of Joshua. Job 1:6-12 "Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them. And the LORD said unto Satan, Whence comest thou? Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it. And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? 9 Then Satan answered the LORD, and said, Doth Job fear God for nought? 10 Hast not thou made an hedge about him, and about his house, and about all that he hath on every side? Thou hast blessed the work of his hands, and his substance is increased in the land. But put forth thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and he will curse thee to thy face. And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, all that he hath is in thy power; only upon himself put not forth thine hand. So Satan went forth from the presence of the LORD." Here Satan is with the sons of God. When God praises Job, Satan denounces him, and God then invites Satan to test him. The story continues in Job 2:1-7. "Again there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them to present himself before the LORD. And the LORD said unto Satan, From whence comest thou? And Satan answered the LORD, and said, From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it. And the LORD said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil? and still he holdeth fast his integrity, although thou movedst me against him, to destroy him without cause. And Satan answered the LORD, and said, Skin for skin, yea, all that a man hath will he give for his life. But put forth thine hand now, and touch his bone and his flesh, and he will curse thee to thy face. And the LORD said unto Satan, Behold, he is in thine hand; but save his life. So went Satan forth from the presence of the LORD, and smote Job with sore boils from the sole of his foot unto his crown." Another key passage is Isaiah 14:12-15. "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: 14 I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit." This has been interpreted as a description of an angel Lucifer who tried to get above his station and was cast down to hell. However, the context clearly reveals a different meaning. Verse 4 shows that the passage in fact refers to the King of Babylon. "That thou shalt take up this proverb against the king of Babylon, and say, How hath the oppressor ceased! the golden city ceased!" Traditionally, he is taken to be Tiglath-pileser III, who came to the throne in 729. Also verses 16-17 refer to a man, not a celestial being: "16 They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, and consider thee, saying, Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms; That made the world as a wilderness, and destroyed the cities thereof; that opened not the house of his prisoners?" "Lucifer" the light-bearer refers to the morning star, hence "son of the morning". Nebuchadnessar's power is being likened to the bright star that fades into invisibility as the Sun rises. The book known as 2 Enoch or The Secrets of Enoch contains a section quoted below which apparently confirms the story of the fallen angel. However, this book exists in various forms, and this section appears in a manuscript known as R, which has a much longer text than other versions and probably reached its present form only between the second half of the 13th and early part of the 16th century, so it has little historical value. "And one from out of the order of angels, having turned away with the order that was under him, conceived an impossible thought, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he might become equal in rank to my power. And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless." Another passage, Ezekiel 28:13-19, seems to refer to some being who dwelt in the Garden of Eden and was expelled. "Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created. Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire. Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee. By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire. Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee. Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee. All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at thee: thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt thou be any more." Yet the previous verse reveals that this is a reference to the King of Tyre: "Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty." Tyre, being a wealthy and luxuriant area, is likened to the Garden of Eden. As noted above, references to "devils" should be to "demons". However, there are many references to Satan and the Devil. Luke 10:18 "And he said unto them, I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven." sounds like confirmation of the fallen angel story, but it could also mean that Satan is in heaven and sometimes descends from there like a bolt of lightning. Revelation 12:7-10 says "And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, and prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven. And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him. And I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, Now is come salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of his Christ: for the accuser of our brethren is cast down, which accused them before our God day and night." This passage leaves open many questions. Why was there a war between angels? If God had wanted to get rid of Satan, he could of course have done so. Is this a past event or a prediction of the future? The passage does not say that Satan and the angesls went to Hell, only down to Earth. However, it does clearly state that the Devil is Satan and that he deceives people. The Devil even tries but fails to tempt Jesus: Matthew 4:1-11 "Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil. And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was afterward an hungred. And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread. But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God. Then the devil taketh him up into the holy city, and setteth him on a pinnacle of the temple, and saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee: and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone. Jesus said unto him, It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God. Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them; and saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me. Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. Then the devil leaveth him, and, behold, angels came and ministered unto him." However, this seems to be divinely ordered; note the opening sentence of the passage "led up of the Spirit ... to be tempted of the devil." In Greek mythology, Pan was a goat-god, with horns, a beard, pointed ears, very hairy legs, a tail and cloven hooves instead of feet. All of these characteristics have been attributed to the Devil, although no early references to the Devil describe his appearance. Pan was a popular god in the Middle East; the place where the River Jordan rises was regarded as sacred to him (hence its name banias). This may have led the early Christians to literally demonise him. "Strong's Greek: 1228. diabolos". Bible Hub. Retrieved July 8, 2020. "Pan". Greek Mythology. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
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Starting Map This! version 0.5.05, the POI icon format (used for files in system/icons/) has changed from horizontal to vertical. An old POI icon would be 30x15 pixels with the active part on the left and the inactive part on the right. A new POI icon is 16x32 pixels with the active part at the bottom and the inactive part at the top. Because Map This! reads the icon size from the file itself, it is possible to make POI icons bigger, but then they will not be fully displayed in the POI Lookup list. This restriction applies to icons in system/icons/ only. In order for the PSP-290 to function, Map This! needs two PRX files from the PSP firmware, namely usbgps.prx and usbacc.prx. Starting Map This! version 0.5.05, Map This! will load these files from the PSP firmware itself, but in earlier versions, you had to extract them yourself. In most cases, a combination of usbacc.prx from firmware 2.71 and usbgps.prx from firmware 3.03 works well, but you may want to try out other combinations. What you'll need: PBP Unpacker: http://www.psp-hacks.com/file/97; Official Sony firmwares: http://www.psp-hacks.com/category/36; PSAR Dumper: http://www.psp-hacks.com/category/38. What you need to do: Download and install PBP Unpacker; Download Sony firmwares 2.71 and 3.03; Open the firmwares in PBP Unpacker, extract just the DATA.PSAR (right-click on it, select extract); Download PSAR Dumpers, make sure you're using the correct version with respect to the firmware version; Put the PSAR Dumper (do this one version at a time) on your MemoryStick Pro Duo (MSPD); Put DATA.PSAR in ms0:/ (root folder for the MSPD); Run PSAR Dumper (same way as running Map This! ); When prompted, press the Circle button (dump WITHOUT sigcheck, this is important! ); Once finished, exit program and connect to PC, move the flash0 or f0 folder from MSPD to PC; Find usbacc.prx and usbgps.prx in flash0\kn\ folder (or f0\kn\ folder), copy them to a new folder, name the folder with firmware version number; Repeat step 3 through 10 with other firmware. Place usbgps.prx from firmware 3.03 and usbacc.prx from firmware 2.71 in the Map This! directory, i.e., in the same directory as EBOOT.PBP. (Once again, you only need to do this if you insist on running an older Map This! version.) In Map This! versions earlier than 0.4, GPS read functionality could depend on the WiFi switch being turned on or off and on a UMD being in the drive or not. Starting with Map This! 0.4, this doesn't matter anymore.
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Tuesday, November 30, 2010 WikiLeaks Related articles 8 March 2017: Wikileaks publishes files on CIA hacking abilities 18 January 2017: Obama commutes whistleblower's sentence: Chelsea Manning to walk free in 120 days 6 November 2016: On the campaign trail in the USA, October 2016 23 September 2016: On the campaign trail in the USA, August 2016 23 August 2016: On the campaign trail in the USA, July 2016 Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Sunday night's release of leaked United States diplomatic cables shows widespread concern in the Arab world over Iran's ambitions to build a "Persian Empire in the 21st Century". Wikileaks, so far, have released under 300 of the quarter million plus diplomatic communications posted to them on a memory stick. The small sample shows, over several months, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait and Bahrain asserting that further sanctions against Iran will likely have no effect. Early November last year, General David Petraeus discussed the situation with King Hamad of Bahrain, who argued for the use of force to thwart Iran's nuclear ambitions; stating: "The danger of letting it go on is greater than the danger of stopping it." In that meeting concern was expressed that more Arab involvement in Iraq was needed to frustrate Iranian plans. Petraeus was told Bahrain sought Egyptians and Saudis support, but talks with the latter revealed no interest in taking a leading rôle. The King did welcome the prospect of India becoming involved in the region as a stabilising influence. A mid-December meeting between Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the UAE and US Deputy Secretary of Energy Daniel Poneman saw the subject brought up again. In a discussion that touched on the two countries renewable energy plans, and reliable movement of oil through the Strait of Hormuz, the Prince asserted Iran saw itself as spearheading a campaign for a "Persian Empire in the 21st Century." Alleging Iran has established "emirates" in Kuwait, Bahrain, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Southern Iraq, Yemen, and South Lebanon, his picture of Iranian nuclear ambitions is "Al-Qaeda is not going to get a nuclear bomb; Iran is a matter of time." File:Iran strait of hormuz 2004.jpg The Prince was keen to stress that those in power are the same people who, in 1979, seized the US embassy in Tehran. Subsequent talks between a congressional appropriations sub-committee and UAE's Foreign Minister were the scene of equally serious predictions. The sub-committee, consisting of Nita Lowey, Tom Cole, Barbara Lee, and Donna Edwards, heard from Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan that if Iran became a nuclear state the rest of the region would likely follow suit. Plans to keep the fifteen-millions-plus barrels of oil passing through the Strait of Hormuz each day moving were discussed. Whilst keen to weaken Iranian ties with China, Sheikh Abdullah stressed the US$50 billion in trade between the two; this being considered an obstacle to China backing, and enforcing, a stronger sanctions regime. The sub-committee's Emirates host, like many in the region, stated progress on the Israeli peace process was a good route to de-escalation. A meeting in February this year with Kuwaiti Interior Minister Jaber Al-Khaled Al Sabah was the scene of comparable warnings. Alongside discussions on travel restrictions to be enforced against former Guantanamo Bay detainees, he described Iran as the "beating heart" of Islamic Extremism. Concerns over Iran's involvement in Yemen were discussed, with the minister saying Iran is intent on exporting its revolution; that its nuclear ambitions can only be thwarted by force. Updating the US on perceived Iranian actions, he claimed they were attempting to infiltrate Egypt by recruiting the poor. And, they were becoming involved in the drugs trade, shipping narcotics into Yemen to fund militants. The cable on the Kuwait meeting closes referring recipients to a wiki page: http://www.intelink.sgov.gov/wiki/Portal:Kuwait. Wikinews has been informed this is a page on the US intelligence community's Intellipedia; an internally-maintained project, based on the same technology as Wikipedia, and intended for use in building intelligence dossiers on countries, regions, their politicians, diplomats, plus political and terrorist groups. A cable originating in London from January this year is corroborated by later U.S. news reports; hinting that the Iranian government may indeed be using tactics more reminiscent of the cold-war. In the opening weeks of the year, London-based Voice of America commentator Ali Reza Nourizadeh was advised that Mohammed Reza Sadeqinia intended to target him for assassination, along with others. Sadeqinia was previously arrested in California, and prosecuted for attempting to hire a hit man. The target at that time was reported to be Iranian-American broadcaster Jamshid Sharmahd, one of the main figures behind Tondar — a loose collection of in-exile Iranians opposed to the current regime. Tehran insists Tondar is a terrorist organisation, accusing it of being responsible for a 2008 bombing that killed 14. Sadeqinia, who worked as a painter in Ann Arbour, was arrested on July 28, 2009 near Los Angeles International Airport in possession of thousands of dollars and an Iranian passport. FBI investigations into his possible Iranian government ties were still ongoing a month before his scheduled release in July this year. Found guilty by Los Angeles Superior Court of attempting to hire someone to murder Sharmahd, he had been expected to spend around a year in jail. Tondar spokesman Iman Afar, in the lead up to Sedeqina's release, expressed concern for his own safety and that of others in the L.A. area. Lee Higgins. "FBI investigates former Ann Arbour painter for links to Iranian government" — AnnArbour.com, June 17, 2009 Wikileaks' "CableGate" site
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Sunday, September 10, 2006 Canada Related articles 16 November 2021: Merritt, British Columbia evacuated amid massive storm 30 June 2021: 'Each makes the other more difficult to recover from': University of Sussex professor L. Alan Winters speaks to Wikinews on trade, COVID-19, Brexit 23 June 2021: Canada, EU, UK, US impose sanctions on Belarus over Ryanair hijacking 30 September 2020: On the campaign trail in the USA, August 2020 8 July 2020: 11-month old baby finds illegal drugs in playground in British Columbia, Canadian police report Location of Canada Collaborate! Pillars of Wikinews writing Writing an article Jack Layton's leadership of the New Democratic Party of Canada has been reaffirmed, this morning, at the party's federal convention in Quebec City where 92% of delegates voted against having a new leadership convention. The vote was the first formal say by party members on Layton's stewardship of the NDP since his election as party leader at the 2003 NDP leadership convention. Layton, 56, has led the NDP through two federal elections and to its highest level of support since the 1980s. With 29 of 308 seats in the Canadian House of Commons, however, the party is still not a contender for government though it was able to hold the effective balance of power from 2004 to 2006 when the Liberal Party ruled with a minority government. The resounding endorsement of Layton's leadership will help boost the leader's reputation after it was bruised at the opening of the convention with the news that Carl Hetu, who had been the Quebec co-chair of Layton's 2003 leadership campaign and star candidate Paul Summerville had bolted the party. Hetu criticised Layton for not doing enough to build the party in Quebec while Summerville, a former banker who had been the NDP's economic spokesperson in the last election, denounced the party as being hostile to the idea of a market economy and joined the Liberals. Earlier in the convention, an estimated 90% of delegates voted for a resolution supporting Layton's call for Canada to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan. "New Democrat MP disagrees with Layton's call to withdraw from Afghanistan" — Wikinews, September 2, 2006
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Copyright is a legal regime that provides a set of limited exclusive rights to regulate the creative expression of ideas. In Canada, copyright provides for two forms of rights: economic rights and moral rights. Economic rights, which is the most frequent meaning when discussing "copyright", are rights designed to allow the holder of the rights to benefit from the work. These rights can be bought and sold in any part, however, they necesssarily have a limited longevity. Moral rights on the other hand, are inalienable rights of the creator of a work that acknowledge the work as an extension of the artist's personality. They are rights that allow for the artist to protect their dignity and reputation. The purpose of copyright law was articulated in Apple Computer v. Mackintosh Computers by Reed J. purpose of the Copyright Act is and always has been to grant a monopoly. No distinction is made therein as to the purpose of the work created -- for entertainment, instruction or other purposes. The legislation historically, in my view had two purposes: to encourage disclosure of works for the "advancement of learning", and to protect and reward the intellectual effort of the author (for a limited period of time) in the work However, the scope of these rights and those of the public are put in a delicate balance that the courts must regulate. The Copyright Act is usually presented as a balance between promoting the public interest in the encouragement and dissemination of works of the arts and intellectual and obtainning a just reward for the creator (or, more accurately, to prevent someone other than the creator from appropriating whatever benefits may be generated). Drawing the line indicating what can and cannot be property is always an ongoing debate. The ephemeral nature of expression has made it often very difficult to distinguish from an idea. Moreover, the extent to which right holders should be advantaged adds to the debate. The proliferation of new technologies has only complicated these problems as the law must continually play catch-up to the ever changing information landscape. Since 2002 copyright law has experienced a significant change on an almost yearly basis. The Courts have slowly been adopting an interpretive approach similar to the US wherein interests of the artists are offset by interests of the public as demonstrated in the quote above.
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Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes | Cuisine of the United States | Dessert Simple Buttercream (sometimes "American Buttercream", "Mock Cream", or "Butter Icing") is a type of icing used inside cakes, as a coating, and as decoration. 200 g (1 cup) unsalted butter, softened 5 ml (1 teaspoon) vanilla extract 450g (4 cups) sifted powdered sugar 30 ml (2 tablespoons) milk Cream together butter and vanilla using a mixer. Beat in powdered sugar one cup at a time, scraping sides and bottom of bowl regularly. Mixture will be very dry. When all the sugar is incorporated, add milk and beat until incorporated. To make chocolate buttercream, add 150g (3/4 cup) unsweetened cocoa powder or 3 1-oz squares (84 g) unsweetened baking chocolate, melted, and increase the milk to 45-60 ml (3-4 tablespoons). To make lemon buttercream, omit milk and add zest and juice of 1 lemon. This is the simplest version of a recipe that has many. One of the most common changes is to substitute margarine shortening for some or all of the butter. This is prevalent especially in commercial kitchens because it is cheaper and it increases the stability of the icing at room temperature and makes it easier to work with, especially in large quantities or for long durations. Buttercreams made with unsalted butter, however, provide a more delicate texture and superior flavor and mouthfeel (texture) to buttercreams made with vegetable shortening.
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Monday, July 30, 2012 2012 Summer Olympics Newest 2012 Olympic stories 28 December 2016: British singer George Michael, 53, dies 12 March 2015: Ten killed in helicopter crash in Argentina, French Olympians among the dead 9 April 2014: Australian swimmer Steph Rice announces retirement 12 August 2013: Dibaba’s comeback: Long-distance track star wins her first World Championship title since 2007 25 January 2013: UK economy shrinks by 0.3% in fourth quarter of 2012 ...More articles here File:2012 Olympic Medals.jpg Yi Siling, a Chinese shooting competitor nicknamed the "Shooting Beauty" in China, won the first gold medal awarded at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games held in London. Teammate Yu Dan received the bronze medal, and Poland's Sylwia Bogacka earned the silver in Saturday's women's 10 metre air rifle final competition. Bogacka was the leader midway through the final, but shot a 9.7 in the eighth round. Yi shot 10.7 in that round, then fired solid 10.3 and 10.5 shots afterwards, and finished with a total of 502.9 points. Bogaka shot an almost perfect 10.8 in her final attempt, finishing second with 502.2 and besting Yu, third with 501.5. Yi, also the Asian Games champion, earned her quota spot by winning the 2010 Munich world women’s 10-metre air rifle championship. The 23-year-old left-handed shooter from Guangdong province has been competing for China since 2009. China's gold and bronze mark the first time in 24 years a team has won two medals in the event. "Siling Yi" — 2012 London Olympic Games, July 30, 2012 (date of access) Patrick Johnston (Reuters). "China's Yi Siling wins first gold of London Games" — Yahoo! News, July 28, 2012 Associated Press. "Yi Siling of China wins 10-meter air rifle, claims 1st gold medal of the London Olympics" — The Washington Post, July 28, 2012
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This handles the function that gets called when a key is pressed down. void InitScene(){ //Other functions will be here glutKeyboardFunc(KeyboardDown); //Telling glut what function to call when the event occurs } void KeyboardDown(unsigned char key, int x, int y){ //key - The ascii value of the key that's pressed //x - The x coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //y - The y coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //Handle what will happen when a key is pressed down } This handles the function that gets called when a key is released. void InitScene(){ //Other functions will be here glutKeyboardUpFunc(KeyboardUp); //Telling glut what function to call when the event occurs } void KeyboardUp(unsigned char key, int x, int y){ //key - The ascii value of the key that's pressed //x - The x coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //y - The y coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //Handle what will happen when a key is released } Keyboard down and keyboard up can be used to get some 'invisible' character too like backspace and delete, see ascii table, values 0-31 and 127. For ones that don't appear there, see Special keyboard input. Example use: if (key == 8){} //Backspace has been pressed if (key == 9){} //TAB has been pressed if (key == 10){} //Enter has been pressed if (key == 27){} //Escape has been pressed if (key == 127){} //Delete has been pressed This is used for keyboard input that don't have an ascii character associated with them (e.g. Arrow up, F1). For every key combination you should look at this reference for the name of the key you need. There are also a reference list for the possible modifiers that you can use. void InitScene(){ //Other functions will be here glutSpecialFunc(KeyboardSpecial); //Telling glut what function to call when the event occurs } void KeyboardSpecial(int key, int x, int y){ //key - The id code of the keypress //x - The x coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //y - The y coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //Handle what happens when a key is pressed //Example code: int modifiers = glutGetModifiers(); //Get if ctrl, alt or shift are pressed can use:if if (modifiers == (GLUT_ACTIVE_CTRL | GLUT_ACTIVE_ALT | GLUT_ACTIVE_SHIFT)) switch(key){ case GLUT_KEY_F2 : cout << "F2 was pressed." << endl; break; case GLUT_KEY_UP : cout << "The up arrow was pressed." << endl; break; case GLUT_KEY_INSERT : if (modifiers == (GLUT_ACTIVE_CTRL | GLUT_ACTIVE_ALT)){ cout << "Pressed Insert " << "with only Ctrl and Alt" << endl; }else if (modifiers & GLUT_ACTIVE_CTRL && modifiers & GLUT_ACTIVE_ALT){ cout << "Pressed Insert " << "with Ctrl and Alt" << endl; } break; case GLUT_KEY_F1 : ignoreRepeats = !ignoreRepeats; glutIgnoreKeyRepeat(ignoreRepeats); //This will tell GLUT whether or not to call this function again if the key is pressed twice in a row. if (ignoreRepeats) cout << "Repeates disabled" << endl; else cout << "Repeats enabled" << endl; break; } } States: GLUT_ACTIVE_SHIFT - Is shift being pressed? GLUT_ACTIVE_CTRL - Is control being pressed? GLUT_ACTIVE_ALT - Is alt being pressed? Use: int modifiers = glutGetModifiers(); if (modifiers == GLUT_ACTIVE_SHIFT){} //If shift is being pressed. if (modifiers == GLUT_ACTIVE_CTRL | GLUT_ACTIVE_ALT){} //If ctrl and alt are being pressed. States: GLUT_KEY_F1 to GLUT_KEY_F12 GLUT_KEY_LEFT GLUT_KEY_UP GLUT_KEY_RIGHT GLUT_KEY_DOWN GLUT_KEY_PAGE_UP GLUT_KEY_PAGE_DOWN GLUT_KEY_HOME GLUT_KEY_END GLUT_KEY_INSERT Use: void KeyboardSpecial(int key, int x, int y){ if (key == GLUT_KEY_LEFT){} //Left arrow key } Didn't find the key you were looking for? This is probably because it's still an ascii character (see values 0-31 and 127) and so can be accessed through keyboard down and keyboard up. Set-up the function that gets called when the mouse is clicked. void InitScene(){ //Other functions will be here glutMouseFunc(MouseClicked); //Telling glut what function to call when the event occurs } void MouseClicked(int button, int state, int x, int y){ //button - The id of the button on the mouse that's clicked, see below for IDs of buttons //state - is it being pressed or released?, see below for possible states //x - The x coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //y - The y coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //Handle what will happen when a button on the mouse is clicked } Parameter button: button == GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON - Left mouse click button == GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON - Right mouse click button == GLUT_MIDDLE_BUTTON - Middle mouse click/mouse wheel clicked button == 3 - Mouse wheel scrolled up (there's another way to detect this) button == 4 - Mouse wheel scrolled down (there's another way to detect this) Parameter state: state == GLUT_DOWN - The button type has been pressed down state == GLUT_UP - The button type has been released This will handle when the mouse is moved. This will contain two functions that do the following: glutMotionFunc Called when the mouse is moving AND the mouse is clicked (dragging). glutPassiveMotionFunc Called when the mouse is moving AND the mouse isn't clicked (generally moving). void InitScene(){ //Other functions will be here glutMotionFunc(MouseMoveAndClicked); //Telling glut what function to call when the event occurs glutPassiveMotionFunc(MouseMoveAndUnClicked); //Telling glut what function to call when the event occurs } void MouseMoveAndClicked(int x, int y){ //x - The x coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //y - The y coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //Handle what will happen when a the mouse is moving and being clicked (dragging). } void MouseMoveAndUnClicked(int x, int y){ //x - The x coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //y - The y coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //Handle what will happen when a the mouse is moving and NOT being clicked } This is an alternative piece of code for if you want to call the same function for all types of mouse movement (clicked and unclicked) void InitScene(){ //Other functions will be here glutMotionFunc(MouseMoving); //Telling glut what function to call when the event occurs glutPassiveMotionFunc(MouseMoving); //Telling glut what function to call when the event occurs } void MouseMoving(int x, int y){ //x - The x coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //y - The y coordinate of the mouse when it was pressed //Handle what will happen when a the mouse is moving. } This is an alternative way to detect mouse wheel movements (other way). void InitScene(){ //Other functions will be here glutMouseWheelFunc(mouseWheel); //Telling glut what function to call when the event occurs } void mouseWheel(int button, int dir, int x, int y) { if (dir > 0){ // Zoom in }else if (dir < 0){ // Zoom out } return; } https://www.opengl.org/resources/libraries/glut/spec3/node73.html https://www.opengl.org/resources/libraries/glut/spec3/node54.html
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Thursday, November 2, 2006 Helsinki, Finland — The Finnish Parliamentary Ombudsman has found that an infant formula study has been conducted on thousands of newborns in several hospitals without obtaining informed consent from the parents, who were not informed of the commercial funding for the study. Additionally, the study was found to have been started and carried out for six months without ethical committee approval, and suffered from other shortcomings. Numerous shortcomings were found in a study which according to documents signed by WHO Director-General candidate Pekka Puska, head of the Finnish National Public Health Institute (NPHI) "complies with the law regarding medical research and good research practice. ... informed consent fulfills the requirements of the law. ... distribution of infant formula does not deviate from legal norms." The Finnish Parliamentary Ombudsman Riitta-Leena Paunio disagreed with professor Puska. On October 25, the 60th anniversary of the filing of the indictment in Doctors' Trial (of the Nuremberg Trials) which led to the framing of modern medical research ethics, she resolved a complaint filed by The Breastfeeding Support Association in Finland. According to the resolution, it was not possible for the parents to give informed consent as required by law due to many reasons. The Ombudsman lists lack of disclosure of the study's funding, lack of clear statement pointing the benefits of breastfeeding, lack of disclosure of the fact that the Principal Investigator working within NPHI is an inventor and benefactor in a patent on the research formula owned by the Finnish formula manufacturer Valio, as reasons for lack of capacity to give informed consent. The Ombudsman also points out that during discovery of the facts concerning the study, NPHI gave information which was simply not true. Documents given during discovery by NPHI were signed by Pekka Puska, the Finnish candidate for the post of WHO Director-General. NPHI also claimed in statements signed by professor Puska to have accepted public funding addressed only directly to it, while in actual fact NPHI accepted public funding addressed to Valio which Valio directed to NPHI. Further omissions pointed out by the Ombudsman include lack of the naming of the one single person responsible for the safety of the study as required by Finnish law and omissions in giving information and asking for consent and ethical approval when changes to the study were made, and the omission of not asking for consent from both parents. According to the Parliamentary Ombudsman's resolution, both National Public Health Institute and the ethical committee failed in fulfilling their duties. The Ombudsman reminds that according to the Finnish Constitution, everyone has the right to life, personal liberty, integrity and security. No one shall be treated in a manner violating human dignity. Medical research has a connection to this basic right. The Ombudsman also cites the Declaration of Helsinki and international conventions on human rights in her decision. During the discovery phase of the complaint, the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health stated that the Declaration of Helsinki, named after the Finnish capital, is not legally binding. The aim of the study was to find out whether removal of bovine insulin from infant formula would reduce type 1 diabetes (IDDM) and find out mechanisms leading to IDDM, whose prevalence in Finland is more than in any other country in the world. The complaint, filed in April, 2004 by The Breastfeeding Support Association in Finland (founded 1997), asked the Ombudsman to find out the legality of an infant formula product development study with national health implications, funded by the Finnish infant formula manufacturer Valio and carried out by the National Public Health Institute of Finland. The two major points in the complaint were to find out 1) whether the study fulfills informed consent requirements, when parents are not told enough about the benefits of breastfeeding nor the product development nature and commercial funding of the study 2) whether it is legal to distibute infant formula provided by an infant formula manufacture free of charge from the hospital with means which resemble the milk nurse practice of some infant formula companies. The Breastfeeding Support Association based the first part of the complaint on the law concerning medical research. The second part was based on the part of International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes established in 1981 by the general assembly of the World Health Organization (WHO) implemented in Finnish law and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (right to best possible health, advancement of breastfeeding). The Breastfeeding Support Association pressed that they think the study's aims (both the product development goals and the scientific goal of finding out whether dietary bovine insulin triggers the autoimmune reaction causing IDDM) are valid and important, but that research should be done according to laws, international conventions and ethical principles. While the part of the complaint concerning informed consent was successful, the Breastfeeding Support Association expressed disappointment that the part regarding formula distribution was not successful. The Parliamentary Ombudsman's resolution stated that the Finnish legislation placing restrictions on gratis infant formula distribution is not meant to apply to medical research, and the same holds for food safety legislation. The Breastfeeding Support Association is looking into whether international conventions require changes to legislation. The Breastfeeding Support Association has stated that many of the problems in the study could perhaps have been avoided if infant formula research would have at least the same checks and balances as drug research has. This would be prudent, since infant formula is the only nutrition for most infants in an important phase of their lives and thus it's effects can be much greater than the effect of many drugs used only occasionally. The Breastfeeding Support Association has been concerned with outside, partly commercial funding directing the research of NPHI. According to "Good Research Practic, Handbook" (2005), outside funding amounts to 40 percent of NPHI's spending, and the policy is to get as much outside funding to carry out NPHI's plan of action as possible. Research on breastmilk was planned in the study the complaint was filed on, but was not carried out because of lack of funding. The director of National Public Health Institute of Finland is a candidate for the Director-General post of the World Health Organization (election to be held 6th-9th November, 2006), and considered to be among the three leading candidates by The Lancet. The Breastfeeding Support Association in Finland is a volunteer association, founded in 1997, whose work is based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (article 24) and WHO breastfeeding promotion programs. The Association is funded by membership fees, advertisements in the Imetysuutiset newsletter and fees on training of volunteers. RAY (Finland's Slot Machine Association which funds health and social welfare projects) has awarded the association a grant for 2005/06 for the purpose of establishing a nationwide project, which includes the maintenance and advertising of the Breastfeeding Support Hotline. The City of Helsinki has awarded the Association a small grant annually to support mothers in the Helsinki area. In the other municipalities in Finland some local groups have had opportunities to apply for grants from local social authorities. The Finnish Parliamentary Ombudsman exercises oversight to ensure that public authorities and officials observe the law and fulfil their duties in the discharge of their functions. In addition to authorities and officials, the scope of oversight includes also other parties performing public functions. The Ombudsman's office aims to ensure good administration and the observance of constitutional and human rights. The National Public Health Institute of Finland, according to it's website, promotes people's possibilities to live healthy life and is responsible as an expert body under the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, for providing various professionals and citizens the best available information for their choices. "The resolution Dnro 1016/4/04 by the Finnish Parliamentary Ombudsman", Finnish Parliamentary Ombudsman, October 25, 2006 (Finnish) "Summary of the complaint in English" — The Breastfeeding Support Association in Finland (Imetyksen tuki ry), October 15, 2006 "The complaint and correspondence by the Breastfeeding Association in Finland (in Finnish)" — The Breastfeeding Support Association in Finland (Imetyksen tuki ry), October 15, 2006 Finnish Constitution unofficial translation in English Finnish Parliamentary Ombudsman Finnish National Public Health Institute Imetyksen tuki ry (Finnish breastfeeding portal) Breastfeeding Support Association in Finland A press release by the Association on the Ombudsman's resolution (in English) Helsingin Sanomat (the major daily, November 3 net edition): Ombudsman faults study with thousands of babies (in Finnish) Helsingin Sanomat (September 2, 2005) - Celebrated researcher duped Academy of Finland for grants and violated ethics - an informed consent violation at NPHI reported in 2005 Selected parts of the Ombudsman's resolution (in Finnish) Link to press release by the NPHI (in Finnish), in which NPHI states that the results of the researh will be published in scientific journals
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Gene expressions in human exploration beyond low earth orbits is a proposal in response to NASA’s Human Research Program (HRP) NRA NNJ15ZSA001N-OMNIBUS "NASA Human Research Program Omnibus Opportunity", 2015. The same announcement has reoccurred: "All due dates and notification dates for NASA Research Announcement (NRA) 80JSC017N0001-FLAGSHIP1 and 80JSC017N0001-OMNIBUS ("NASA Research and Technology Development to Support Crew Health and Performance in Space Exploration Missions" and "NASA Human Research Program Omnibus Opportunity", respectively) have been extended one additional week. [Step-1 Proposals Due: September 19, 2017, 5 PM Eastern Time]" NASA is soliciting investigations lasting no more than one year that provide innovative approaches to any of the defined risks contained in the Integrated Research Plan (http://humanresearchroadmap.nasa.gov) of the Human Research Program. NASA is also soliciting novel research ideas that might not be directly aligned with HRP’s identified risks from new investigators who have not received NASA or NSBRI funding in the last ten years. All categories of United States (U.S.) institutions are eligible to submit proposals in response to the NRA. Principal Investigators may collaborate with universities, Federal Government laboratories, the private sector, and state and local government laboratories. In all such arrangements, the applying entity is expected to be responsible for administering the project according to the management approach presented in the proposal. NASA’s policy is to conduct research with non-U.S. organizations on a cooperative, no exchange-of-funds basis. The gene project is currently focused on gene transcriptions. Risks summarized in the above announcement include physiological and performance effects from hazards such as radiation, altered gravity, and hostile environments. Normal (Earth-based) gene expression may produce physiological and performance effects from the hazards mentioned. Under, or over expression, of genes perhaps induced by onboard treatments may alter gene expression sufficiently to reduce adverse effects. Altered treatments for preparation to return to normal (Earth-based) environments may reduce hazards before return to Earth. Human Research Roadmap The objective of this proposal is to explore each avenue of the roadmap to determine gene suites that may be contributing to or causing these effects or increasing risks of these effects sufficiently to adversely affect astronaut functioning. 1. BEHAVIORAL HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE Risk of Adverse Cognitive or Behavioral Conditions and Psychiatric Disorders Risk of Performance and Behavioral Health Decrements Due to Inadequate Cooperation, Coordination, Communication, and Psychosocial Adaptation within a Team Risk of Performance Decrements and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload 2. EXPLORATION MEDICAL CAPABILITY Risk of Bone Fracture due to Spaceflight-induced Changes to Bone Risk of Ineffective or Toxic Medications Due to Long Term Storage Risk of Renal Stone Formation Risk of Unacceptable Health and Mission Outcomes Due to Limitations of In-flight Medical Capabilities 3. HUMAN HEALTH COUNTERMEASURES Concern of Clinically Relevant Unpredicted Effects of Medication Concern of Intervertebral Disc Damage upon and immediately after re-exposure to Gravity Risk of Adverse Health Event Due to Altered Immune Response Risk of Cardiac Rhythm Problems Risk of Decompression Sickness Risk Of Early Onset Osteoporosis Due To Spaceflight Risk of Impaired Control of Spacecraft/Associated Systems and Decreased Mobility Due to Vestibular/Sensorimotor Alterations Associated with Spaceflight Risk of Impaired Performance Due to Reduced Muscle Mass, Strength & Endurance Risk of Inadequate Nutrition Risk of Injury and Compromised Performance Due to EVA Operations Risk of Orthostatic Intolerance During Re-Exposure to Gravity Risk of Reduced Physical Performance Capabilities Due to Reduced Aerobic Capacity Risk of Spaceflight-Induced Intracranial Hypertension/Vision Alterations 4. SPACE HUMAN FACTORS AND HABITABILITY Risk of Adverse Health & Performance Effects of Celestial Dust Exposure Risk of Adverse Health Effects Due to Host-Microorganism Interactions Risk of an Incompatible Vehicle/Habitat Design Risk of Inadequate Design of Human and Automation/Robotic Integration Risk of Inadequate Human-Computer Interaction Risk of Inadequate Task Design Risk of Injury from Dynamic Loads Risk of Performance Decrement and Crew Illness Due to an Inadequate Food System Risk of Performance Errors Due to Training Deficiencies 5. SPACE RADIATION Risk of Acute (In-flight) and Late Central Nervous System Effects from Radiation Exposure Risk of Acute Radiation Syndromes Due to Solar Particle Events (SPEs) Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease and Other Degenerative Tissue Effects From Radiation Exposure Risk of Radiation Carcinogenesis Title: Gene expressions in human exploration beyond low earth orbits. Number: 15-15Omni1-0008. Solicitation: NNJ15ZSA001N-OMNIBUS Step 1 submission: 08/31/2015. Result: "The review of the Step-1 proposals received in response to the NASA Research Announcement (NRA) NNJ15ZSA001N-OMNIBUS “Human Exploration Research Opportunities” has been completed. Your proposal has been found responsive to the research emphases outlined in the NRA, and you are invited to submit a full Step-2 Omnibus proposal." "You are strongly encouraged to check the solicitation page in NSPIRES periodically for notices and FAQ updates prior to the November 23, 2015 proposal due date as new and updated information will be made available throughout the solicitation open period (tinyurl.com/2015-OMNIBUS)." "Your Step-2 proposal must be compliant with respect to Section D.3 of the NRA. Step-2 proposals will undergo scientific peer review as well as programmatic balance and cost review as outlined in Sections E.2 and E.3 of the NRA." Step 2 submission (using 2015+HERO+Overview+7-31-15.pdf: Section D.3 of the NRA: "If a commercial organization wants to receive a grant, cost sharing is required unless the commercial organization can demonstrate that they are unlikely to receive substantial compensating benefits for performance of the work. If no substantial compensating benefits are likely to be received, then cost sharing is not required, but can be accepted. Acceptable forms of cost sharing are discussed in NFS 1816.303-70: http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi- bin/common/wg/mfs.cgi/data/glimpse/archives/63?link=http://prod.nais.nasa.gov:80/far/far0553- nfs0463/1816.htm&file=/data/web/html/far/far0553-nfs0463/1816.htm&line=528#mfs." Section E.2 of the NRA: "The three types of objectives listed in section B.2 of this document give rise to three types of research products. If applicable for the specific research topic, proposers will identify, through answers to questions prompted by NSPIRES, which of the three types of research products best characterizes the proposed research:" 1. For the quantification of a crew health and performance risk objective, the research product should define the likelihood or the consequence of a risk more completely. Such proposals must specify how much the uncertainty in the likelihood or the consequence of the risk is anticipated to be reduced by the proposed research. 2. For the countermeasure development objective, the research product should be a countermeasure to mitigate a risk, or reduce the impact of a risk factor, or reduce the resources required to mitigate a risk. Such proposals must specify the Countermeasure Readiness Level (CRL) at the beginning of the proposed work and the anticipated CRL at the conclusion of the proposed work. 3. For technology development objective, the research product should be a technology to mitigate a risk, reduce the impact of a risk factor, or better define a risk or risk factor. Such proposals must specify the Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) at the beginning of the proposed work and the anticipated TRL at the completion of the proposed work. 3. "As with your Step-1 proposal, the Step-2 proposal must be submitted by your authorized organization representative. The due date and time of submission is 5:00PM ET on November 23, 2015." Section D.3 of the NRA: "If a commercial organization wants to receive a grant, cost sharing is required unless the commercial organization can demonstrate that they are unlikely to receive substantial compensating benefits for performance of the work. If no substantial compensating benefits are likely to be received, then cost sharing is not required, but can be accepted. Acceptable forms of cost sharing are discussed in NFS 1816.303-70: http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi- bin/common/wg/mfs.cgi/data/glimpse/archives/63?link=http://prod.nais.nasa.gov:80/far/far0553- nfs0463/1816.htm&file=/data/web/html/far/far0553-nfs0463/1816.htm&line=528#mfs." At present no substantial compensating benefits for the performance of this work is likely or planned. Any updates to computer hardware or necessary software for accessing Wikiversity resources such as Gene expressions (for this proposal) or the on-going Gene project (sponsored by the commercial organization) will be supplied by the commercial organization. Compensating benefits are supplied for the on-going gene transcription portion of the gene project. Information from this endeavor will be used to guide inquiries into various databases including those of NASA to obtain necessary information for the successful completion of the proposal. Section E.2 of the NRA: "The three types of objectives listed in section B.2 of this document give rise to three types of research products. If applicable for the specific research topic, proposers will identify, through answers to questions prompted by NSPIRES, which of the three types of research products best characterizes the proposed research:" For the quantification of a crew health and performance risk objective, the research product should define the likelihood or the consequence of a risk more completely. Such proposals must specify how much the uncertainty in the likelihood or the consequence of the risk is anticipated to be reduced by the proposed research. For the countermeasure development objective, the research product should be a countermeasure to mitigate a risk, or reduce the impact of a risk factor, or reduce the resources required to mitigate a risk. Such proposals must specify the Countermeasure Readiness Level (CRL) at the beginning of the proposed work and the anticipated CRL at the conclusion of the proposed work. For technology development objective, the research product should be a technology to mitigate a risk, reduce the impact of a risk factor, or better define a risk or risk factor. Such proposals must specify the Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) at the beginning of the proposed work and the anticipated TRL at the completion of the proposed work. "Step-2 proposals are due by the due date and time listed in Section H of this document. Step-2 proposals will be accepted from invited proposers only. Invited Step-2 proposals must be submitted through the NSPIRES system. The scope and content of invited Step-2 proposals will be limited and complementary to Step-1 proposals; see Section e below for additional details." "The NSPIRES system will guide proposers through submission of all required proposal information. Select prior-phase proposal when creating an invited Step-2 proposal. The Step-2 proposal must be consistent with the funding entity selected (Omnibus in this case) when submitting the Step-1 proposal. Please note that the Proposal Summary, Business Data, Budget, and Proposal Team and Program Specific Questions are required Cover Page Elements for all Step-2 proposals. The proposal summary should be between 100-300 words (4000 characters maximum) and understandable by the layman reader. In addition to the Cover Page online budget forms, proposers are encouraged to provide expanded budgets as needed (i.e., subcontracts) as part of their budget justification (see number 11 below and the Guidebook for proposers). For proposals with NASA civil servant team members only: Proposers are required to enter the NASA civil servant team member name and fraction of full-time equivalent (FTE) involvement in the same field under the Item column in section F, Other Direct Costs, of the online budget. The funds requested should be entered as the Total Requested Funds for the NASA civil servant, including salary, fringe, materials, travel, etc. (see the FAQ posted alongside this document for additional budget instruction). This budget entry should be made for each year of NASA civil servant involvement, and is in addition to the agency identification under the team member section and the NASA civil servant FTE designation under the business data section." "To ensure proper Step-2 proposal transmission, please provide only one PDF attachment upload ordered as below. For proposal sections 2 through 8 and sections 16 through 17, specific instruction are given in this NRA (see section D.4.a though D.4.g). These specific instructions supersede those found in the NASA Guidebook for Proposers. Proposals that do not conform to these requirements may be declared noncompliant and declined without review. For sections 1 and sections 10-15, proposers are encouraged to reference the NASA Guidebook for Proposers; however, there are no specific submission compliance requirements for these sections (format, structure, page counts, etc.). Table of Contents If applicable, inclusion of the Flight Experiment Resource Worksheet, Analog Study Resource Worksheet, or Retrospective Data Request Study Feasibility Assessment Form (see HERO Overview posted on NSPIRES alongside this NRA). Software Sharing Plan, if applicable (see HERO Overview posted on NSPIRES alongside this NRA). Animal Care or Human Subjects certifications, if applicable (see E.3.a below). Response to prior review, if applicable (see E.3.b below). Productivity of currently funded research, if applicable (see E.3.c below). Vertebrate Animal Scientific Review, if applicable (see E.3.d below). Step-1 Carry-Over (See E.3.e below). Scientific or Technical Project Description (see section E.3.f below). References and Citations. Management Approach (see Guidebook for Proposers). Personnel CVs (see Guidebook for Proposers). Current and Pending Support (see Guidebook for Proposers). Facilities and Equipment (See E.3.g below). Budget Justification of Proposed Costs (see Guidebook for Proposers). Letters of Collaboration or Support (see Guidebook for Proposers). Appendices or Reprints (See E.3.h below)." "While the NSPIRES system allows for the upload of supporting documents as separate uploads, please provide the information above in only one PDF proposal document upload. It is essential that all PDF files generated and submitted meet NASA requirements. At a minimum, it is the responsibility of the proposer to: 1) ensure that all PDF files are unlocked and that edit permission is enabled – this is necessary to allow NSPIRES to concatenate submitted files into a single PDF document; and 2) ensure that all fonts are embedded in the PDF file and that only Type 1 or TrueType fonts are used. In addition, any proposer who creates files using TeX or LaTeX is required to first create a DVI file and then convert the DVI file to Postscript and then to PDF. See http://nspires.nasaprs.com/tutorials/PDF_Guidelines.pdf for more information on creating PDF documents that are compliant with NSPIRES." "There is a recommended 10 MB size limit for proposals (Section 2.3(c) of the NASA Guidebook for Proposers). Large file sizes can impact the performance of the NSPIRES system. Most electronically submitted proposals will be less than 2 MB in size." "NSPIRES accepts electronic proposals through a combination of data-based information (e.g., the electronic Cover Page) and the uploaded PDF file that contains the proposal as outlined above. The NSPIRES proposal submission process ensures that a minimum set of required proposal cover page fields are completed. Provision of the proposal summary and business data elements of the cover page will be necessary in order for the AOR to submit the proposal to NASA. If either of these two proposal elements is incomplete, the "View Proposal/ Check Elements" function of NSPIRES will display red "error" flags and messages to alert the user to the information that is required but missing, and the "Submit Proposal" button will not be available. Although the PI will be able to release the proposal to the AOR, the proposal cannot be submitted by the AOR to NASA until these required fields are complete. Any additional information that is missing will be identified by yellow "warning" flags. Proposers are reminded to check the solicitation instructions to ensure compliance with all instructions, as adherence to these two element validation checks alone is insufficient to guarantee a compliant proposal. Additionally, in those cases where instruction in the NRA contradicts an NSPIRES warning, the NSPIRES yellow “warning” may be ignored. Proposers should follow the NRA instructions closely to help ensure submission of a compliant proposal." "The NSPIRES system is limited in the character sets that can be used in filling out on-line forms. Please refer to the on-line tutorials when using special characters. Alternatively, spell out special characters where possible (such as micro rather than the Greek symbol). Applicants are encouraged to preview their proposal prior to releasing the proposal to their designated Organization by clicking the “Generate” button at the bottom of the View Proposal Screen in NSPIRES. The “Generate” feature allows applicants to preview their entire proposal in a single PDF file prior to submittal, but it is not a required step in the submission process. Please contact the NSPIRES Help Desk for assistance with this feature (e-mail [email protected] by Telephone to 202-479-9376)." The step 2 submittal process consists of two parts: release of the step 2 proposal by the PI to the exploratory organization and submittal of the step 2 proposal by the exploratory organization to NASA through NSPIRES. The following proposal has been released to [Marshallsumter's exploratory organization]. Please review it and submit it to NASA as appropriate. Solicitation Number: NNJ15ZSA001N-OMNIBUS Proposal Title: Gene expressions in human exploration beyond low earth orbits Principal Investigator (PI): Marshallsumter Date Released: 11/20/2015 18:21:15 All Team Members, including Co-PI(s), must establish an organizational relationship in order to submit a proposal to NASA. Additionally, any Team Member with the role of Co-PI must have a confirmed affiliation with the submitting organization. This is also a requirement for proposal submittal to NASA. To log in to NSPIRES, click on this link: http://nspires.nasaprs.com/ If the above URL is not an active link, please cut and paste the entire URL into your web browser. If you have questions or problems regarding this, or any other NSPIRES business, please contact the NSPIRES Help Desk: E-mail: [email protected] Phone Support: (202)479-9376 Hours: Monday through Friday, 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM EST/EDT This message is being sent from an outbound-only mail server. Please do not reply to this message. The following proposal has been submitted for consideration of an award by NASA: Proposal Number: 15-15Omni2-0008 Proposal Title: Gene expressions in human exploration beyond low earth orbits Submitting Organization: [Marshallsumter's exploratory organization] Authorized Organization Representative: Marshallsumter Principal Investigator: Marshallsumter Date submitted: 11/20/2015 18:33:24 To log in to NSPIRES, click on this link : http://nspires.nasaprs.com/ If the above URL is not an active link, please cut and paste the entire URL into your web browser. If you have questions or problems regarding this, or any other NSPIRES business, please contact the NSPIRES Help Desk: E-mail: [email protected] Phone Support:(202)479-9376 Hours: Monday through Friday, 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM EST/EDT This message is being sent from an outbound-only mail server. Please do not reply to this message. The evaluation of Phase 2 proposals was concluded on April 16, 2016. Results were announced on April 29, 2016. "NASA's Human Research Program and the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) will fund 27 proposals to help answer questions about astronaut health and performance during future long duration missions beyond low Earth orbit. The selected proposals will investigate the impact of the space environment on various aspects of astronaut health, including visual impairment, behavioral health and performance, bone and muscle loss, cardiovascular alterations, human factors and performance, sensorimotor adaptation and the development and application of smart medical systems and technologies. All of the selected projects will contribute towards NASA’s long-term plans, such as those planned for the journey to Mars." "The selected proposals are from 19 institutions in 11 states and will receive a total of approximately $12 million during a one- to three-year period. The 27 projects were selected from 131 proposals received in response to the research announcements entitled, "Research and Technology Development to Support Crew Health and Performance in Space Exploration Missions" and “NASA’s Human Research Program Artificial Gravity Opportunity.” Science and technology experts from academia, government and industry reviewed the proposals. NASA will manage 20 of the projects and NSBRI will manage seven. Ten of the investigators are new to both organizations, and two of the selected projects will be jointly funded by the Human Research Program and NASA’s Space Biology Program." "The complete list of the selected proposals, principal investigators and organizations is below:" Dr. Michael Bailey, University Of Washington, Seattle, “A Phantom and Test Bed to Enhance Kidney Stone Comminution by Therapeutic Ultrasound” Dr. Laura Barger, Brigham and Women's Hospital, “Environmental Factors Associated with Sleep Deficiency During Spaceflight” Dr. Laura Barger, Brigham and Women's Hospital, “The Impact of Objectively Measured Sleep Deficiency and Circadian Misalignment on Performance During Spaceflight” Dr. Silvia Blemker, University of Virginia, “Development of a Muscle Adaptation in Space-Flight Simulator” Dr. Susan Bloomfield, Texas A&M University, “Mitigating Radiation-Induced Bone Loss via Dietary Modulation of Inflammatory Cytokines” Dr. Lung-Chi Chen, New York University School of Medicine, “Adverse Cardiopulmonary Effects of Exposure to Extraterrestrial Dusts - Implications for Space Travel” Dr. Christopher Ethier, Georgia Institute of Technology, “VIIP Simulations of CSF, Hemodynamics and Ocular Risk” Dr. Karen Feigh, Georgia Institute of Technology, “Objective Function Allocation Method for Human-Automation/Robotic Interaction using Work Models that Compute” Dr. Stephen Fiore, University Of Central Florida, “Macrocognition in Teams: Examining and Developing Team Cognitive Processes and Products in the Context of Long Duration Exploration Missions” Dr. Ute Fischer, Georgia Institute of Technology, “Understanding Key Components of Successful Autonomous Space Missions” Dr. Charles Fuller, University of California, Davis, “Partial-Gravity Dose Response: Roles of Vestibular Input and Sex in Response to Artificial Gravity” Dr. Jeffrey Hoffman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, “Quantifying and Preventing EVA Injury in Exploration Environments” Dr. Vera Khokhlova, University Of Washington, Seattle, “Development and Validation of Therapeutic Ultrasound for Bloodless Surgery in Clinical Simulation in an Analog Environment” Dr. Steve Kozlowski, Michigan State University, “Team Cohesion Monitoring Badge: Development of Galvanic Skin Resistance Modality” Mr. David Martin, NASA Johnson Space Center, “Autonomous Diagnostic Imaging Performed by Untrained Operators Using Augmented Reality as a Form of ‘Just-in-Time’ Training” Dr. Christopher Mason, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, “An Integrated Framework for Characterization of the Noncoding Genome and Epigenome in Astronauts” Dr. Anne McLaughlin, North Carolina State University, “Creating a Taxonomy of Variables Affecting Cognitive Aid Design via an Investigation of Hybrid Aids” Dr. Jeevan Perera, NASA Johnson Space Center, “NextGen Crew Countermeasure Software for Exploration Mission Support” Dr. Lori Ploutz-Snyder, NASA Johnson Space Center, “Gravitational Dose and Multi-System Physiologic Response” Dr. Brinda Rana, University Of California, San Diego, “Identification of Functional Metabolomic Profiles Contributing to Physiological Adaptations to Simulated Spaceflight” Dr. Seward Rutkove, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, “Musculoskeletal Response to a Partial-Gravity Analog in Rats: Structural, Functional and Molecular Alterations” Dr. Ann-Sofie Schreurs, NASA Ames Research Center, “Candidate Nutritional Countermeasure to Mitigate Adverse Effects of Spaceflight” Dr. Guillaume Spielmann, Louisiana State University, “The Impact of Long Duration Spaceflight on the Function of B-cells and Biomarkers of Inflammation” Dr. Michael Stenger, NASA Johnson Space Center, “Impact of +Gz and -Gz Induced Fluid Shifts on Ocular and Cerebral Parameters during Simulated Orion Re-Entry” Dr. Scott Tannenbaum, The Group for Organizational Effectiveness, “A Multi-Faceted Approach to Examine Team Adaptation and Resilience within Isolated, Confined, and Extreme Environments” Dr. Ashley Weaver, Wake Forest University, “Quantitative CT and MRI-based Modeling Assessment of Dynamic Vertebral Strength and Injury Risk Following Long-Duration Spaceflight” Dr. Steven Yule, Brigham and Women's Hospital, “Developing and Validating Specific Medical Event Management Training Protocols for Flight Crews on Deep Space, Long-Duration Space Exploration Missions”. Comment - 14 males and 13 females as proposal recipients is good! Very close to 50 %! During the State of the Union address to Congress by President Obama on 20 January 2015, astronaut Scott Kelly was introduced. He took part in a year long study involving his twin brother, astronaut Mark Kelly. Scott served on the International Space Station for 340 days since 27 March 2015 while Mark remained on Earth. The following 10 selected proposals from 10 institutions in 7 states receive a combined $1.5 million during a three-year period: Emmanuel Mignot, Stanford University School of Medicine, HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC): Immunome Changes in Space Michael Snyder, Stanford University, HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC) Project: Longitudinal integrated multi-omics analysis of the biomolecular effects of space travel Brinda Rana, University of California, Proteomic Assessment of Fluid Shifts and Association with Visual Impairment and Intracranial Pressure in Twin Astronauts Susan Bailey, Colorado State University, Differential effects on telomeres and telomerase in twin astronauts associated with spaceflight Fred Turek, Northwestern University, HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC) Project: Metagenomic Sequencing of the Bacteriome in GI Tract of Twin Astronauts Andrew Feinberg, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Comprehensive whole genome analysis of differential epigenetic effects of space travel on monozygotic twins Christopher Mason, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, The Landscape of DNA and RNA Methylation Before, During, and After Human Space Travel Mathias Basner, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, HERO Twin Astronaut Study Consortium (TASC) Project: Cognition on Monozygotic Twin on Earth Stuart Lee, Wyle Laboratories, Metabolomic And Genomic Markers Of Atherosclerosis As Related To Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, And Vascular Function In Twin Astronauts Scott Smith, NASA Johnson Space Center, Biochemical Profile: Homozygous Twin control for a 12 month Space Flight Exposure Susan Bailey, Colorado State University, Fort Collins: Telomeres and the one-year mission project Mathias Basner, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: Temporal nature of cognitive and visuospatial brain domain changes during long-duration low-Earth orbit missions Marjan Boerma, University of Arkansas, Little Rock: Gamma-tocotrienol as a countermeasure against high-energy charged particle-induced carcinogenesis, cardiovascular disease, and central nervous system effects Mary Bouxsein, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston: Dose-response study of musculoskeletal outcomes following centrifugation in adult mice on the International Space Station and Time course of spaceflight-induced adaptations in bone morphology, bone strength and muscle quality Meghan Downs, NASA’s Johnson Space Center, Houston: Temporal changes in astronauts’ muscle and cardiorespiratory physiology pre, during, and post spaceflight John Edwards, New York Medical College, Valhalla: Countermeasures to radiation-induced cardiomyopathy Christine Fanchiang, Space Research Company, Boulder, Colorado: Using a human capabilities framework to quantify crew task performance in human-robotic systems Charles Fuller, University of California, Davis: Adaptation of mouse systems physiology to artificial gravity via centripetal acceleration: timing, metabolism and aging Alan Hargens, University of California, San Diego: Self-generated lower body negative pressure for deep-space missions John Lee, University of Wisconsin, Madison: Conversation analysis to measure and manage trust in virtual assistants Brandon Macias, NASA’s Johnson Space Center: Investigating structure and function of the eye Jessica Marquez, NASA’s Ames Research Center, Moffett Field: Crew autonomy through self-scheduling: guidelines for crew scheduling performance envelope and mitigation strategies Jason Norcross, NASA’s Johnson Space Center: Validation of fitness for duty standards using pre- and post-flight capsule egress and suited functional performance tasks in simulated reduced gravity Millard Reschke, NASA’s Johnson Space Center: Neuro-vestibular examination during and after spaceflight Kanokporn Rithidech, State University of New York at Stony Brook: Countermeasures against adverse effects of space radiation Stephen Robinson, University of California, Davis: Enabling autonomous crew task performance with multimodal electronic procedure countermeasures Stephen Romaniello, Arizona State University, Tempe: Evaluating resistive exercise as a long-term countermeasure for spaceflight-induced bone loss using calcium isotopes Debra Schreckenghost, TRACLabs, Webster, Texas: Enhancing situation awareness of automated procedures using adaptive multimodal augmented reality displays Daniel Selva, Texas A&M University, College Station: Virtual assistant for spacecraft anomaly treatment during long duration exploration missions Mark Shelhamer, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore: Assessment of otolith function and asymmetry as a corollary to critical sensorimotor performance in missions of various durations Leia Stirling, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge: Responsive multimodal human-automation communication for augmenting human situation awareness in nominal and off-nominal scenarios Martha Vitaterna, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois: Impact of the martian solar day and gravity on microbiota in mice: mechanisms and multi-system physiology David Zawieja, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple: Effects of microgravity on ocular vascular hydrodynamics Quan Zhang, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown: Characterizing the baselines of sleep quality, cognitive / operational performance, immune function, and intracranial fluids for deep space expeditions "NASA's Human Research Program and Space Biology Program will fund 25 proposals to help answer questions about astronaut health and performance during future long-duration missions beyond low-Earth orbit. The selected proposals will investigate biological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to spaceflight. All of the selected projects will contribute to NASA’s long-term plans, which include human missions to the Moon and Mars." "The Human Research Program works to address the challenges of spaceflight that impact astronaut health, and its research may provide knowledge and technologies that could improve human health and performance during space exploration and aid the development of potential countermeasures for problems experienced during space travel. The Space Biology Program seeks to understand causal cellular and other mechanisms that underlie adaptation to fractional gravity levels in cells, microorganisms, plants, and animals." "NASA is laying the groundwork for future one-year exploration missions on the International Space Station. Researchers and scientists were asked to submit proposals that considered a robust program that could include as many as 30 astronauts: 10 to conduct shorter missions of up to two months, 10 as part of standard six-month missions, and 10 one-year missions in space. By using missions of varying length, NASA seeks to establish profiles of human physiological, behavioral, and psychological variables of importance for ensuring astronaut health and performance during future long-duration deep space missions. The selected investigations cover a variety of physiological systems including the brain, eyes, sensorimotor, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, bone, and immune. In addition to the studies NASA selected, partner space agencies from Canada, France, and Germany will contribute several experiments to the project." "With information gained from the selected studies, NASA aims to address five hazards of human space travel: space radiation, isolation and confinement, distance from Earth, gravity fields (or lack thereof), and hostile/closed environments that pose great risks to the human mind and body in space. Among the selected projects, topics include investigating biological, physiological, and behavioral functions of rodents during partial gravity exposures provided by centrifugation on the space station, studying vision problems in astronauts, identifying medical countermeasures to space radiation, and developing real-time human performance support for autonomous spaceflight." "The selected proposals are from 19 institutions in 11 states and will receive a total of approximately $30.5 million during a two- to seven-year period. One investigator is leading two different studies, and six investigators are new to the Human Research Program. The 25 projects were selected from 100 proposals received in response to the 2017 Human Exploration Research Opportunities Appendix C. Science and technology experts from academia, government, and industry reviewed the proposals." "The Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH), in partnership with NASA through a cooperative agreement to fund transformative human health technologies to predict, protect, and preserve astronaut physical and mental wellness during deep space exploration missions, has selected 15 new biomedical research projects." "The newest wave of awardees will develop solutions that will solve the highest priority risks to human health and performance during deep space missions. Topic areas include drug-free optimization of human performance; artificial intelligence and predictive algorithms of health, behavior, and medical events; novel shielding materials for preserving medications; radiation countermeasures; and multi-purpose edible plants for spaceflight applications. During the two years in which they will be funded, the awardees will be tasked with delivering groundbreaking investigative research in these areas to protect human health in space." "The selected award recipients for the annual Biomedical Research Advances for Space Health (BRASH) 1801 solicitation are as follows:" Photobiomodulation to ameliorate neuronal degeneration and cognitive decline after mixed field irradiation University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock Antino Allen, Ph.D. Performance enhancement through multi-modal stochastic resonance University of Colorado, Boulder Allison Anderson, Ph.D. Advanced algorithms for the prediction of adverse cognitive and behavioral conditions in space University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia Mathias Basner, M.D. miRNA signature detection and countermeasures against HZE radiation exposure for tissue degeneration NASA’s Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California Afshin Beheshti, Ph.D. Gene therapy countermeasures for detrimental effects of space radiation Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina Dawn Bowles, Ph.D. Nucleic acid therapy platform for real-time countermeasures during spaceflight missions University of Colorado, Boulder Anushree Chatterjee, Ph.D. Co-optimization of duckweed biomass, nutritional quality and input-use efficiency University of Colorado, Boulder Barbara Demmig-Adams, Ph.D. Evaluation of SmartSleep technology for improving the efficiency and restorative quality of sleep in healthy adults in order to mitigate cognitive performance deficits due to sleep restriction and emergency awakenings University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia David Dinges, Ph.D. Boosting brain metabolism in spaceflight with transcranial photobiomodulation City College of New York, New York Jacek Dmochowski, Ph.D. Genetically minimizing non-edible portions of plants for spaceflight applications University of California, Riverside Robert Jinkerson, Ph.D. Silk composite biomaterials for shielding medications in space Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts David Kaplan, Ph.D. Integrative personalized omics profiling next steps: detection and classification of deviations from wellness Michigan State University, East Lansing George Mias, Ph.D. Safety and efficacy of an accelerated protocol of intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to enhance performance and promote resilience in astronauts Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston Donna Roberts, M.D. OASIS: Optimizing Auditory Stimulation to Improve cognitive performance using SmartSleep University of Wisconsin, Madison Giulio Tononi, M.D., Ph.D. Wearable modular focused ultrasound systems for non-invasive stimulation of the human brain during deep space exploration Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, Seung-Schik Yoo, Ph.D. "The Translational Research Institute for Space Health is funded through a cooperative agreement from NASA to Baylor College of Medicine with consortium partners California Institute of Technology and Massachusetts Institute of Technology." "TRISH is closely partnered with the NASA Human Research Program and strives to recruit new investigators and fund new approaches to solve challenges faced by humans in deep space. Ten of the 15 investigators funded in this round are new to this community of scientists." The objective of this proposal is to explore each avenue of the Human Research Roadmap to determine gene suites that may be contributing to or causing these effects or increasing risks of these effects sufficiently to impair astronaut functioning. Even normal (Earth-based) gene expression may be producing physiological and performance effects from the hazards mentioned. Under, or over expression, of genes in each suite may alter gene expression sufficiently to reduce adverse effects. Altered expression of genes from each suite in preparation for return to normal (Earth-based) environments may reduce hazards before return to Earth. Does this study address one or more risks and associated gaps in the Human Research Program Integrated Research Plan? Does the study test a significant hypothesis or produce data that would enable a significant hypothesis to be generated? If the study is non-hypothesis driven, are the data produced needed to understand or reduce the risk to crew health or performance? If the task will produce a software model, new technology, new procedure or new tool, how will it serve to better quantify or mitigate a risk? If the aims of the application are achieved, how well will the product(s) address the risk(s)? If the aims of the application are achieved, how will scientific knowledge or technology advance? This study will generate a list of candidate genes and their regulatory elements that have been previously/potentially associated with space travel risks, which is unlikely to provide new information for advancing our understanding or reducing the risks to crew health or performance. Are the conceptual framework, design, methods, and analyses adequately developed, well integrated, and appropriate to the aims of the project? Is the proposed approach likely to yield the desired results? Does the applicant acknowledge potential problem areas and consider alternative tactics? If applicable, has the applicant included a range of reasonable sample sizes for a proposed study with proper justification? Specific to one year studies: Are the conceptual framework, design, methods, and analyses adequately developed, well integrated, and appropriate to the aims of the project? Is the proposed approach likely to yield the desired results in one year? Does the applicant acknowledge potential problem areas and consider alternative tactics? The investigator tries to explore the different avenues of the Human Research Roadmap to discover the links between gene changes and the space-travel-related physiological issues, by mostly web search and literature studies. However, a systemic study plan is lacking and based on the examples described in the application, some of the searches were not conducted in appropriate databases and/or with appropriate terms. Comment - the NASA GeneLab database contains two papers on possible human genes involved in spaceflight medical problems. NCBI Gene is the World's largest repository (PubMed) for medical research including genes and their modulation. Terms chosen from the Human Research Roadmap succeeded in isolating applicable or potentially applicable genes, which current and planned NASA research is not exploring. The systematic study plan was indicated. Demonstrated familiarity with NCBI is the key. Does the study provide adequate justification for sample size? For example, is the choice of primary outcome relevant for the stated Aims? Are assumed effect magnitudes reasonable? Are assumed variability estimates reasonable? Are they estimated properly? Are they relevant for the proposed experimental design and data analysis methodology? What Type I and Type II errors are assumed? Is there room for a tradeoff here to accommodate sample size constraints and still provide useful information from the study? Do the investigators provide a reasonable data analysis plan? For example, is it appropriate for the proposed experimental design (e.g. repeated measures)? Does it address research hypotheses or aims? Is it robust to the sampling and other constraints associated with the research venue? The investigator did not propose any plan for using the reported significance levels to aid in the selection of the candidate genes. Comment - the plan was not recognized by the reviewers as a double-blind study. Significance levels can not be assigned. Does the study adequately improve the understanding of the adverse consequences, the probability of its occurrence, or the timeframe in which the risk must be addressed? Will the proposed countermeasure reduce a risk to crew health or performance, reduce the impact of the risk or reduce the resources required to mitigate it? Will the research product reduce the risk to crew health or performance, reduce its impact or better define it and is the technology feasible within the confines of the operational environment? The products of this study are unlikely to have direct impact on advance our understanding or reducing the risks to crew health or performance. Comment - it's too soon for direct impact! The first gene found GeneID: 348 apolipoprotein E has never been considered by NASA investigators nor studied on the ISS. Are the investigators appropriately trained and well suited to carry out this work? Is the work proposed appropriate to the experience level of the principal investigator and any co-investigators? Is the evidence of the investigators’ productivity satisfactory? The PI, also the sole investigator, lacks appropriate training and expertise in the analysis of gene expression and regulation. Does the scientific environment in which the work will be performed contribute to the probability of success? Do the proposed experiments take advantage of unique features of the scientific environment or employ useful collaborative arrangements? Is there evidence of institutional support? The PI owns a commercial research/exploration organization, which will provide the computer hardware and necessary software for this project. However, there is no collaborative arrangement with any other investigators, which makes the scientific environment unlikely to contribute to the success of this study. Comment - review committee did not recognize that the proposed study is a double-blind one. In this study, the applicant proposed to generate a list of candidate genes, along with their regulatory elements, that have been previously/potentially associated with each risk listed in the Human Research Roadmap through search in literature and open databases. The products are of low significance, as all the information are already in the literature/databases and no new information will be generated by this study. Also, a systemic plan is lacking and no novel method will be employed. In addition, the investigator lacks the expertise and experience in the analysis of gene expression and regulation, which makes the probability of success of this study to be very low. Therefore, the overall weaknesses identified greatly outweigh the strengths of this study. Comment - review committee members sampled a number of {{gene project}} resources to hit levels as high as about 1600 during April but not enough checked out Transcription of A1BG which extensively looks at gene expression and regulators in transcription. The new information is the potentially applicable gene suite! Merit score is not affected by the cost of the proposed work or the relevance of the proposed work. The Panel may include comments concerning the proposal’s budget and relevance. It is not clear how much effort the PI will dedicate to this study. Comment - milestones indicated PI would dedicate whatever effort would be needed to accomplish each portion of the Human Research Roadmap. SCORE DESCRIPTION: NRFC (NRFC: Not recommended for further consideration. A proposal that is judged by unanimous consent of the panel to be unlikely to benefit from revision or a revised proposal in which little or no effort has been made to address previous review comments.) Comment - Here below are the only previous review comments. Result (Phase 1 Review): "The review of the Step-1 proposals received in response to the NASA Research Announcement (NRA) NNJ15ZSA001N-OMNIBUS “Human Exploration Research Opportunities” has been completed. Your proposal has been found responsive to the research emphases outlined in the NRA, and you are invited to submit a full Step-2 Omnibus proposal." A thorough literature search including available NASA documentation may help to indicate those genes or gene suites (in some cases specific isoform expressions) that if altered may reduce these hazards. Gene expressions/Cost sharing and research products Gene expressions/Project narrative Gene project Genes/Expressions Mark J. Shelhamer (31 July 2015). "Human Exploration Research Opportunities (HERO) NNJ14ZSA001N-OMNIBUS Appendix C NASA Human Research Program Omnibus Opportunity" (PDF). Houston, TX: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, Human Research Program. Retrieved 2015-11-19. Carlyle Webb (29 April 2016). "NASA, NSBRI Select Proposals to Support Astronaut Health on Long Duration Space Exploration Missions". Retrieved 2016-05-02. Jim A Ruebush (2016-03-02). NASA Twins Study 340 Days in Orbit. WordPress. https://jarphys.wordpress.com/2016/03/02/nasa-twin-study-340-days-in-orbit/. Retrieved 2 November 2018. Carlyle Webb (October 31, 2018). NASA Selects 25 Proposals to Support Health and Performance in Astronauts on Missions to the Moon and Mars. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-selects-25-proposals-to-support-health-performance-in-astronauts-missions-to-moon-mars. Retrieved 21 November 2018. Carlyle Webb (November 30, 2018). New Biomedical Research Projects Will Address Human Health Risks for Deep Space Missions. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-biomedical-research-projects-will-address-human-health-risks-for-deep-space-missions. Retrieved 15 January 2019. NASA GeneLab NASA GeneLab Data Repository {{Phosphate biochemistry}}
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Ambalavao is a city in the Fianarantsoa Province of Madagascar. From the north, Ambalavao can be reached from Fianarantsoa. A 2-hour taxi brousse costs 5,000 Ar. From the south, it can be reached from Ihosy. A 21⁄2-hour taxi brousse costs 8,000 Ar. -21.850546.84141 Anja Reserve (Catch a taxi brousse from Ambalavao for 2000 Ar). This reserve 12 km southwest of Ambalavao is well worth a visit. Three mountain-sized boulders provide a beautiful backdrop for a forest that is full of ring-tailed lemurs. You'll see dozens within a half hour. Entrance fee is 10,000 Ar. A guided 2-hour walk that includes lemurs, caves, and a 1000-m viewpoint costs 36,000 Ar. Shorter and longer options are available and are priced accordingly. Consider staying a night on the premises -- it's home to some nice bungalows that start at 50,000 Ar. Restaurant available. Zebu Market (South of town on RN7). Madagascar's largest zebu market is sure impress every Wednesday and Thursday morning. Ambalavao is the gateway town for Andringitra National Park. A 4x4 is required to make the 47-km bumpy journey to the park. Transportation and tours can be arranged from Ambalavao.
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The word psychotherapy comes from ancient Greek words psychē, meaning spirit or soul, and therapeia, to nurse or cure. Today, psychotherapy is a general term that refers to any of a range of techniques in which an intentional interpersonal dialogue is used to treat psychological distress or problems in living. Although some forms of psychotherapy are conducted in group settings, it is typically delivered in one-to-one sessions with a mental health provider. Provision of psychotherapy was initially restricted to psychiatrists but has evolved to now include diverse practitioners including psychologists, social workers, nurses, and counselors. Psychotherapeutic techniques are quite diverse but all are built around an experiential relationship through dialogue meant to enhance individual adaptation via healthier modes of communication and behavioral responses. Over the years, psychotherapy and psychopharmacology have emerged as standard interventions to help patients overcome psychiatric illnesses. These treatment approaches can be used individually or in combination. Currently, substantial evidence confirms the efficacy of many psychotherapeutic modalities. Evidence is especially clear for time-limited therapies in the management of anxiety and mood disorders and also in promotion of health and sense of well-being in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and chronic medical problems. Therapeutic alliance and the skill of the therapist are the most important factors determining the outcome of any form of psychotherapy. This chapter provides the medical student with a brief overview of key forms of psychotherapy. Given that a substantial literature in the field has accumulated over decades of research, this review provides only an overview of the therapeutic techniques. This chapter offers brief descriptions of the following subtypes of psychotherapy: Psychodynamic therapy Brief psychodynamic therapy Behavioral therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Interpersonal therapy Dialectical behavior therapy Family therapy Couples therapy Supportive therapy Group therapy Psychodynamic therapy defined the practice of psychiatry in the first half of twentieth century. It evolved mainly from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical principles, with significant contributions from Anna Freud, Karl Jung, and Melanie Klein, among many others. The basic emphasis is on how early childhood experiences are vital in molding and establishing the psychological mechanisms which predominantly drive the unconscious. The aim of psychodynamic therapy is to identify, bring to notice, and reprocess repressed conflicts from previous experiences which are being unconsciously enacted in current interpersonal interactions leading to maladaptive patterns of behavior. PDT works best for mild to moderate problems in adjustment, as well as for depressive, anxiety, and personality disorders (1). Characteristics of patients who often do well with this form of therapy include those with psychological mindedness, motivation to get better, and the ability to trust and collaborate with therapists. PDT can be long-term (1-5 sessions/week for a number of years), intermittent, or brief (<6 months in duration or 6-40 sessions in total). Irrespective of the duration, this form of therapy begins with a comprehensive assessment which lasts between 1-4 sessions. Apart from history taking, this phase involves explaining the process of therapy to the patient, and evaluating whether the patient has the ego-strength and is suitable to undergo PDT. Initial elements of transference and counter-transference (which are described soon herein) also may begin to emerge. Follow up sessions usually take place at a particular time every week. Therapeutic alliance is one of the most important factors determining the outcome of PDT. Exploration of the unconscious drive is done by free association and dream analysis. In free association, the patient is encouraged to speak whatever comes to his mind without inhibition or censorship. The therapist uses "active listening" and looks for patterns or references relating to current interpersonal and developmental conflicts which can help understand the unconscious process. Freud’s critical work on dreams has led to the use of dream analysis in understanding the unconscious. Freud called dreams as "the royal road to the unconscious." He described dream work as the process by which a latent dream is converted to a manifest dream by symbolization, displacement and condensation. In dream analysis, the therapist tries to reverse this process and thereby, identify the latent components, which in turn, reveal the unconscious desire. During the course of psychodynamic therapy, the processes of transference, counter-transference and resistance repeatedly occur which may indicate or lead to the underlying unconscious conflicts or desires. The therapist must be aware of and assess these phenomena in therapy. Transference is an emotion experienced by a patient towards the therapist which is based on experiences from previous relationships. Counter-transference is the emotion evoked in therapist towards the patient which is determined by his or her past experiences. The therapist’s efforts to understand transference helps in understanding how the past is continually re-enacted in present. Counter-transference is important to recognize as it might interfere with therapy. Resistance is the unconscious blocking of the therapeutic process. It can manifest in a number of ways such as showing up late for appointments, staying silent during sessions and avoiding talking about core issues. Defense mechanisms constitute the executive function of the ego and help reduce anxiety. They can be healthy or pathological. Key defenses include denial, projection, splitting, projective identification, undoing, isolation of affect, intellectualization, introjection, and repression. Suppression, sublimation and humor are identified as mature defense mechanisms. Therapists work with patients to identify and deal with transference, resistance, and defense mechanisms. Several strategies are used to achieve this such as making an observation, interpretation, clarification and validation. Therapy eventually guides the patient in reprocessing previous conflicts which, in turn, helps break the maladaptive behavior patterns of the present. As the goals of therapy are realized and the patient has consolidated the tools learnt to overcome conflicts and maladaptive behaviors, the termination phase of therapy begins, with the therapist setting a date to end sessions. It is important for therapists to have their own therapy to understand their own contribution to the therapeutic process. Good supervision and peer support are also vital tools. Principles of psychodynamic therapy have revolutionized physician-patient interactions in all specialties. Even though in some respects it has fallen out of favor recently in comparison to briefer therapies, PDT still holds a unique position in psychotherapy and to a great extent underlies all the psychotherapies currently available. Longer term outcome studies reveal that psychodynamic therapies may yield profound and permanent personality maturation. Alexander and French listed the benefits of time limited therapy using psychodynamic principles. In this era of emphasis on optimal resource utilization and cost-benefit analysis for interventions brief therapies have regained popularity. Such brief therapies may emphasize issues to do with cognitive, behavioral or psychodynamic (2). Similar to long-term psychodynamic therapy, BPT aims to identify and reprocess repressed conflicts from previous experiences which are being unconsciously enacted in the current interpersonal interactions and thus causing maladaptive patterns of behavior. However, BPT differs from long-term psychodynamic therapy in several aspects. The usual number of sessions in BPT varies from 12-40 and is usually completed in six months, following an initial comprehensive assessment that establishes a therapeutic alliance and identifies the major problem area (3). Using this as a template for future sessions, developmental conflicts, defense mechanisms, transference, counter-transference, and resistance are identified and reprocessed to promote a corrective emotional experience in therapy. Given a shorter duration of therapy, the therapist has a more active role compared to long-term psychodynamic therapy, which involves a substantial reliance on limited but sometimes pivotal interpretations. In BPT, the therapist uses challenge, confrontation, and anxiety-provoking techniques while guiding the patient towards conflict resolution (4). Considering such an active and often anxiety- provoking therapeutic work to achieve outcomes, it is important that patients in BPT are able to trust and work with the therapist and also can openly acknowledge emotional distress from an interpersonal viewpoint (5). Several types of BPT have evolved based on drive, relational, and integrative (using both drive and relational) models. Examples include: Brief focal psychotherapy (Tavistock-Malan): This involves an average of 20 sessions focused on internal conflicts present since childhood and processing of transference reactions. The termination date is determined after a few sessions. Time limited psychotherapy (Boston University-Mann): This usually consists of 12 sessions focused on resolution of the chronic distress due to negative self-image. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy (McGill University-Davanloo): This entails a flexible approach over 5-25 sessions aimed at resolution of oedipal conflict. Short-term anxiety provoking psychotherapy (Harvard University-Sifneos): This aims to resolve oedipal conflict via anxiety-provoking questions and confrontation. Clinical applications: BPT has been shown to be effective for a variety of anxiety disorders including panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Patients with depressive and eating disorders of mild-moderate severity also benefit from this therapeutic approach. Well-designed research studies are needed in the future to assess its long-term efficacy (6). Behavioral Therapy (BT) utilizes techniques derived from both Pavlov’s classical and Skinner’s operant conditioning. BT identifies maladaptive behaviors as the source of psychological distress and attempts to improve quality of life by altering and modifying these. BT works best for specific behavioral symptoms such as phobias and compulsions. Several subtypes of BT have been developed for use either alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy or cognitive therapy for treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders: a) Systemic desensitization: This technique, initially developed by Wolpe, is particularly helpful for phobic disorders with a clearly identifiable precipitating factor. In the initial phases, relaxation techniques including deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation are taught and practiced. A hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli is constructed with the help of the patient. For example, a person afraid of using an elevator would go through therapeutic steps of first imagining standing in front or riding the elevator, then on to seeing pictures of elevator, then going to a building with an elevator, standing in front of the elevator, and eventually taking the elevator. Therapy moves from the least anxiety- provoking stimulus to highest (7). The patient is first exposed to the least anxiety- provoking stimulus and then encouraged to use the relaxation techniques till the anxiety decreases. This phenomenon, called reciprocal inhibition, continues until the patient is habituated and no longer feels anxious in response to that particular stimulus. Once this is achieved, therapy will progress along the hierarchy to the next stimulus. This process is repeated until the patient is ready to move to the next step on the hierarchy. b) Flooding/Implosion: This is based on the concept that escape or avoidance of an anxiety-causing situation (phobia) maintains the fear. Patients are exposed to anxiety- provoking stimulus (not graded exposure) either in vivo (flooding) or imaginary (implosion) and not allowed to leave till their anxiety subsides (habituation). Compared to systemic desensitization, flooding leads to severe anxiety initially and may not be tolerated very well by some patients. c) Aversion therapy: This is based on a "punishment model" and used to treat substance abuse disorders and paraphilias. A maladaptive behavior is combined with aversive (noxious) stimulus to decrease the repetition of maladaptive behavior. An example of this is an individual with alcohol dependence is given disulfiram. The next time this individual drinks alcohol, he will experience adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, flushing and headache. Similar techniques have been used to treat paraphilias. Though aversive conditioning may be effective initially, there is skepticism about compliance and long term benefits. d) Exposure and response prevention: This is a key technique to treat Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (8). Patients are trained to refrain from performing rituals (compulsions) despite having increased anxiety stemming from obsessional thoughts, images or impulses (response prevention). For example, a patient whose obsessions involve fear of contamination is asked to touch various surfaces (exposure) but refrain from washing hands (response prevention). Over time, this helps to break the vicious cycle of compulsive acts in response to obsessions. e) Token economy: This is commonly used in settings where children, adolescents, and patients with mental retardation are treated. Desired adaptive behaviors are reinforced with tokens such as stars or tickets. Tokens are accumulated and exchanged at the end of a specified time period for gifts such as snacks, toys, watching television, or playing video games. When maladaptive behaviors occur then there is a penalty with a certain number of tokens is taken away. What makes a behavior desired or maladaptive and the rewards/penalty associated with them are clearly communicated in advance to the patients. Hence this technique promotes acquisition of good behaviors and autonomy. f) Modeling: A patient initially observes a peer or a therapist perform a desired behavior that is positively reinforced. This is followed by the patient imitating the behavior to also get rewarded for this enactment. This leads to learning adaptive behaviors. Modelling is also referred to as social learning. g) Shaping: This involves gradual change from a learned response to a desired one. Shaping is brought about by positive reinforcement of successive approximations of desired behavior. h) Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): In CBT, behavioral techniques are used as an adjunct to cognitive strategies that reinforce learning. Examples include activity scheduling, graded task assignment, relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, thought record, coping cards, and biofeedback. Details of CBT are listed in the next section. Cognitive Behavioral therapy (CBT) was initially developed by Aaron T Beck for treatment of depressive disorders (9). Since then, CBT has gained widespread acceptance for managing anxiety disorders and has also been tailored to help patients with bipolar disorder, eating disorders, personality disorders, substance abuse disorders, and even psychotic disorders. CBT is a short term therapy with emphasis on collaborative relationship between therapist and patient. Theoretical background: Information processing utilizes cognitive representations also termed as core beliefs or schemas. These schemas and the resulting automatic thoughts influence emotions and behavior and help deal with a great number of stimuli that we are constantly being exposed to (10). Multiple factors at the biological, developmental, social levels contribute to the formation of schemas. Psychiatric disorders are characterized by dysfunctional schemae and maladaptive thoughts (cognitive distortions) that lead to abnormal affect and maladaptive behavioral patterns that reinforce core beliefs. Examples of dysfunctional core beliefs include Beck’s cognitive triad of pervasive negativity towards self, world, and the future as well as excessive fear of physical or psychological danger in anxiety disorders (11). Commonly seen cognitive distortions include over-generalizing, selective abstraction, minimization/ magnification, catastrophizing, and dichotomous thinking. CBT aims to empower patients with the ability to become aware of and change these maladaptive core beliefs and cognitive distortions. CBT does not claim this model is the causal factor of psychopathology and reiterates the importance of taking into account multiple etiological factors including biological, social stressors. The usefulness of pharmacotherapy in helping patients is also noted (13). Outline of CBT Sessions: The total number of hourly sessions varies from 5-20, with an average number being 12-16. Patients with residual symptoms or recurrent illness may find "booster" sessions helpful to maintain response (14). The first few sessions are aimed at getting comprehensive history and identifying current problems. Based on the problems, an attempt is made to elicit, test, and modify maladaptive schemae and cognitive distortions. Formal joint agenda setting, homework, and feedback are important tools to reinforce learning, maintain focus, and move in the right direction. Socratic questioning, emotional state during sessions (15), imagery, and role play are useful in uncovering and dealing with cognitive distortions. Generation of alternatives, examining evidence, decatastrophizing, reattribution, thought recording, and cognitive rehearsal are some of the techniques used to modify schemae/cognitive distortions (16). Event What happened? What were you doing? Who was involved? Automatic thought Note down the most important thoughts/images which troubled you during that time. Emotion Which feelings or emotions (sadness, anxiety, anger etc) Did you feel in that situation? Adaptive answer What is the evidence for the automatic thought? Are there any alternative explanations for the event? Result Asses how much do you believe now in your automatic thoughts (0-100%) and in the intensity of your emotions (0-100%) Adapted from http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/rbp/v30s2/en_a02tab04.gif Clinical Applications: There is significant research supporting efficacy of CBT in depressive and anxiety disorders (17). CBT has also been shown to be effective for dysthymia and in combination with medications for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, OCD, and generalized anxiety disorder. CBT principles have been used for modifying overvalued ideas seen in eating disorder and for symptom recognition, relapse prevention, and medication adherence in psychotic illnesses and bipolar disorder. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a brief, time-limited therapy developed in the 1970s for the treatment of depression. This approach is based on the premise that depression is often closely intertwined with the patient’s interpersonal relationships. The goals of IPT include reduction in symptoms and enhancement of communication skills in significant relationships. IPT is thus unique in its focus on improving patient interpersonal relations and social functioning and, thereby, improving depressive symptoms. Over the years, IPT has gradually evolved to become one of the foremost treatment modalities for depression, apart from pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). IPT assumes the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms occurs in a social and interpersonal context and, further, that the onset, response to treatment, and outcomes are influenced by interpersonal relations between the patient and significant others. Historically, Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal theory of emotions formed the basis of interpersonal therapy. Over the years, Klerman and Weissman became leading exponents of and researchers in the field. Techniques utilized by these authors focus on the goals of 1) changing communication, and 2) solving interpersonal problems to help improve interpersonal relationships to improve emotional well-being. In contrast to CBT, IPT focuses on changing relationship patterns (not on distortions in cognitions); furthermore, there is minimal focus on systematized homework assignments in IPT. Typically, IPT is time-limited and usually once-a-week, for 12 to 20 sessions. The approach taken by most IPT therapists is to identify one or two problem areas and correlate the interpersonal aspects of these issues with symptom formation and maintenance. IPT can be divided into three phases: the initial phase, the middle phase and the termination phase. Initial Phase: This is focused on a confirmation of the diagnosis of depression and education about depressive symptoms. This is followed by understanding significant interpersonal relationships and, thereafter, identifying target problem areas. After confirming the suitability for IPT, the therapist introduces principles of IPT to the patient, conducts an interpersonal inventory, and establishes a working formulation in the interpersonal context. The patient is assigned a limited sick role’ to provide relief from performing the social role. The interpersonal formulation is based on one of four key interpersonal problem areas: grief, interpersonal deficits, interpersonal role disputes, or role transitions. Middle Phase: This largely involves therapy "work." The therapist works with the patient to implement specific strategies related to one of the four problem areas. Furthermore, the therapist highlights how changes in patient interpersonal relationships relate to changes in symptomatology. Termination Phase: Here the therapist discusses termination and encourages patients to understand and describe specific changes in their psychiatric symptoms, especially as they relate to improvements in the identified problem area. The therapist also assists the patient in consolidating gains, and helping him identify early warning signs of symptom recurrence. DBT evolved mainly from Marsha Linehan’s efforts to decrease chronic suicidal/self-injurious behavior in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) (18). DBT uses a combination of cognitive, behavioral, and supportive strategies along with acceptance and mindfulness principles. It aims at enhancing and expanding patient motivation as well as their capability to reduce dysfunctional behavior. Theoretical background: Emotional vulnerability is dependent on biological factors such as temperament and impulse dyscontrol. In the presence of an invalidating environment (such as parental/caretaker neglect or abuse), emotional dysregulation may emerge which constitutes the core problem (19). In response to stress, these patients engage in maladaptive behaviors such as suicidal, self-injurious, or avoidance to escape from distressing emotions (20). Such a pattern is often reinforced and learned. DBT uses problem solving, validation, and dialectics to break this cycle and develop healthier ways to manage stress. Initially while problem solving, behavioral analysis is used to identify the sequence of internal events (emotional state), external events (stimulus), and consequences associated with problem behavior. Several strategies such as cognitive modification, behavioral skills training, solution analysis, didactic approach, and insight development are used to break the maladaptive cycle. Validation is a process of non-judgmental, active listening with communication of acceptance of patient’s experiences. Dialectical strategies underlie all the principles used in DBT and promote acceptance and change, flexibility with stability, and nurturing with challenging, to help patients overcome their limitations. Outline of DBT Sessions: In the pretreatment stage, orientation is provided and informed consent and commitment to the program are obtained. The initial duration of ongoing DBT is usually one year (21). Priority is given to replace risky behaviors such as suicidal or self injurious behaviors with healthy alternatives. DBT is delivered in four different settings: individual therapy, group skills training, telephone consultation, and therapist consultation. Patients individually meet for one hour every week with their primary therapist and review their treatment goals. This therapist is responsible for coordination of care across all the modes. Group skills training uses a didactic approach and empowers patients with skills such as: Mindfulness to increase awareness and be in the present moment Emotional regulation to understand and accept emotions and thereby, reduce emotional vulnerability. Interpersonal communication skills Self-management to promote realistic goal setting, dealing effectively with environmental factors and relapse prevention An individual therapist is available for telephone consultation at all times for crisis intervention. If the primary therapist is not available, coverage is arranged. Furthermore, therapists meet once a week for consultation, peer supervision, and feedback about using DBT effectively. Clinical Applications: Most of the DBT research has focused on treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. DBT has been shown to be effective in reducing suicidal/self injurious behaviors, and number of hospitalizations (22). Studies of the efficacy of DBT are ongoing in patients with substance abuse, eating disorders, and depression. This focuses on the family system as a whole. Family therapy views the functionality of the system as a whole to decipher individual behavior patterns amid complex interactions within the family system. It assumes people are best understood as operating in systems and treatment must include all relevant parts of the system. While many clinicians view families as an important aspect of understanding individual illness and treatment; others view family disequilibrium as the core issue, with individual illness a result of or solution to such disharmony (23). Von Bertalanffy’s concept of "general systems theory" introduced principles that provide an organismic approach to understanding biological beings. General systems theory applies to biological processes of considerable complexity since any living system must have boundaries in order to regulate its exchange with systems outside of itself. Over the years, general systems theory has been applied to the assessment of family systems and subsystems that also must have clear boundaries to stay functional. Further work by Minuchin helped define a continuum of families ranging from enmeshed (with permeable and diffuse boundaries) to disengaged (inappropriate rigid boundaries). Families with clear boundaries lie in the middle of this continuum and are considered the most functional. A significant related concept is that of "Family homeostasis," by which as a system, the family unit attempts to maintain a relatively stable state; when subjected to an incongruent force, it tries to restore back to a state of pre-existing equilibrium (24). While conducting a comprehensive initial evaluation, a convenient tool used for family assessment is the three-generational genogram. Initially developed by Bowen, this genogram maps family relationships and provides a structure with which difficulties are explored by the therapist. During the initial phase of treatment, the therapist tries to better understand family strengths, preferred styles of thinking, contributory cultural issues, and the life cycle phase for the family. Furthermore, the therapist establishes and strengthens therapeutic relationships, defines goals of therapy, and switches focus from the individual to the family. The middle stage, where majority of therapy "work" happens, is an attempt to bring about change. This middle stage focuses on goals defined as primary. These goals could involve persistently inflexible patterns of family functioning, definition of family boundaries, or presentation of alternative modes of interacting for the family. The termination phase involves a review with the family of goals that were or were not achieved. The original problems and alternatives suggested are revisited and often the sequences leading to the pathology are reconstructed. The therapist also acknowledges problems may arise in the future and suggests how the family might then use skills they learned to help solve any such future conflicts (25). Therapists use other techniques to assist dysfunctional families. Reframing involves the therapist understanding the patient’s or family’s perspective or frame and countering this frame with another alternate view. Enactment involves the playing out of the family problems in the session. Boundary making is utilized to change the psychological distance between family members. Unbalancing techniques are used to change the hierarchical relationship of members of a family system or subsystem. Paradoxical techniques are occasionally used to make the family unit understand why a symptom is being maintained in their system (24, 25). Psychotherapists experienced in couples therapy can assist in a number of ways (24). Therapy can help couples perceive and appreciate differences in ongoing individual challenges and the struggles rotted in the relationship. The life history of each person in couples therapy is important as is the history of the relationship itself. Different values, assumptions, and expectations may not be intentional, much less, personal. Mundane concerns over children, careers, and life transitions often stir up misunderstandings, stress, and unnecessary stress between couples. Thus, couples in therapy may gain perspective, learn new skills, discuss struggles and resentments without rancor. Couples’ issues often include intimacy, power, decision making, parenting, leisure activities, and miscommunication (24). Outline of CT Sessions: Psychodynamic review of problems with either one or both partners can address misunderstandings that inevitably arise when two families unite formally in marriage or informally by way of sustained intimacy. In practical terms, both partners are usually seen together by two co-therapists at weekly to monthly intervals for an average of 6-10 sessions of 1-11⁄2 hours. Clinical Applications: To resolve conflicts, couples must confide in a therapist to safely explore sources of and possible solutions to problems or failings in the relationship. Such exploration needs to be taken up in an open, understanding, reassuring manner in order for a couple’s relationship to heal and grow. One or both in a couple may harbor concerns that inhibit their acceptance of therapy. Unstated fears often persist that a psychotherapist will be judgmental or partisan. Similar fears that the therapy will drive the couple apart rather than draw them closer commonly occur. One partner may fear that a shameful or guilt-ridden secret will be uncovered. Stigma for having marital problems is a frequent anxiety. However, not only is seeking out help is a healthy sign of maturity and hope rather than insecurity, it can be the basis upon which a couple may renew trust, esteem, and conviviality (24). Supportive psychotherapy is the most widely practiced form of individual psychotherapy today. As such, supportive psychotherapy is a general term for widely used techniques that improve, if not optimize, adaptation by way of directly addressing situational stress, such as chronic illness—mental or somatic—as well as acute stress as with bereavement. Supportive psychotherapy often spans a long term with brief contacts, although it can take a limited form of more extended sessions within a brief period (26). Outline of ST Sessions: The general framework of supportive psychotherapy include attention to indications and patient selection, treatment phases, session management, professional boundaries, as well as a wide range of issues in the therapeutic relationship, e.g., therapeutic alliance, transference, countertransference, and therapist self-disclosure. The synthetic nature of supportive psychotherapy can be conceptualized across four major areas (26): Establishment and maintenance positive therapeutic alliances Formulation of patient problems, i.e., how to come to a thorough understanding for patient evaluation and case formulation) Targeting realistic treatment goals for and with patients, i.e., help maintain or reestablish best possible levels of patient function in the face of limitations to do with personality, talent, and existential circumstances Fluency in expressions to patients, i.e., practical techniques of immediate and frequent use. Clinical Applications: Supportive psychotherapy is actually a continuum from merely supportive efforts such as a case manager may use, toward more expressive psychotherapy appropriate to the level of patient psychopathology and resilience. Supportive psychotherapy is especially pertinent for patients vulnerable to psychotic regression in the course of non-directive psychodynamic psychotherapy, or who have limited capacity to forge and sustain close relationships, or who are less skilled at verbalizing distress. Regardless of the clientele, essential aspects of supportive therapy include close attention to and elicitation of expressed emotions as "ventilation" as well as possible insight. It also includes overt explanation and education by the therapist to assist patient understanding of themes, struggles, and conflicts in their lives in order to facilitate confidence that such difficulties can be overcome. Similarly, supportive psychotherapy can entail open expressions by the therapist that are intended to boost confidence or restore morale. Supportive psychotherapy also often includes counseling advice or direct recommendations about specific problems. Every human being is raised in group environments. In fact, there are multiple groups interacting with any individual—families, schools, religious or social clubs, or work. Group psychotherapy can address inadequacies acquired in earlier group experiences from childhood through adolescence and beyond. In group therapy, patients join together with others to share problems or concerns, to better understand themselves and others, and to learn from and with others. It helps patients enhance interpersonal relationships and otherwise learn about themselves. It mobilizes feelings of isolation, depression or anxiety that the group and/or leader can help interpret so patients may make significant change and feel better about the quality of their lives (27). Outline of GT Sessions: For over 60 years, group therapy has been widely used as a standard treatment to help group members share and resolve problems of their own as well as those of their group peers. Group psychotherapy entails a small number of people (generally no more than eight or ten) who meet together regularly (most often weekly) under the guidance of one (or sometimes two) therapists (28). Clinical Applications: Supportive, behavioral, cognitive, and psychodynamic approaches arise in the course of group therapy. Most commonly, dynamic group therapy fosters a wide variety of transference relationships than is likely in individual therapy. Group therapy has given rise to a great many permutations that include more didactic or focused therapeutic themes. For example, anxiety management or social skills groups combine cognitive and behavioral techniques to treat specific problems common to all group members. Self-help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous frequently rely on techniques of group dynamic that also build a supportive and instructive milieu. Moreover, principles of group therapy and group dynamics underlie broader applications in other settings such as business consultation, schools management, and community organizations. No clear rules govern the referral of patients to particular modes of psychotherapy. Still, the suitability of particular patients for particular therapeutic techniques can be broadly outlined. Some basic principles of selection are: Patients who are vulnerable to psychotic breakdown are unsuited to non-directive approaches Patients who have little capacity of making and sustaining relationships Patients who are less verbally able are also relatively unsuited to non-directive approaches. Psychotherapy can redress problems in prior critical learning periods. One such critical learning period is early childhood (about 2 to 5 years). Heinz Kohut emphasized that here, parents or other adults "mirror the grandiose self" of the child (28). This grandiosity derives from how children are (or should be) surrounded by praise and love with every minor achievement warmly applauded. However, as is all too clear in any psychiatric clinic, not every child had sufficient such tonic boosting to inure solid self-image. Indeed, many exit childhood sensing that they are unwanted, fundamentally bad, or failures or less favored than a sibling, and so on. A second critical learning period for self-esteem is adolescence when parental influences wane or even become negative, while peer group influences become vital and avidly sought as peer group acceptance fosters high self-esteem. Yet many adolescents are rejected by their peers—they may be unattractive, disabled, or newcomers to an area where the peer group is "full" and does not require or even stigmatizes new arrivals. Such rejection by peers can further compound low self-esteem acquired early childhood or even efface high self-esteem previously engendered by parents. Self-esteem is difficult to alter after adolescence. It is true that important life events may have effects both positive, such as success in college or career, or negative as in being rejected by a desirable college or failing in a career. But in the clinic many successful, happily married people still have problems ensuing from bad experiences in early childhood or adolescence. It takes a time and effort to substantially improve self-esteem. Ferdo Knobloch recognized the value of "corrective experience," elaborating ideas of Alexander and French (29) who saw how therapy can offer a re-run of bad experience. Knobloch (30) noted how individual psychotherapy can refurbish defects in the original parent/child relationship when, over a long course of care with a reassuringly supportive therapist, the patient can overlay bad early learning with newly positive experiences. Such therapy emphasizes the importance of childhood experiences as the therapist adopts aspects of the role of parent via patient transference. Here the good therapist is able to elevate the patient into something of an equal, in the way that a good parent eventually assists a child to separate and individuate as a health, self-actualized adult. However, if low self-esteem arose in negative adolescent experiences, individual therapy cannot effect a re-run. Parent figures are importent at this stage. What is instead needed is a re-run with a group that represents the adolescent peer group. This re-run can most effectively be achieved with group therapy, as other treatment group members understudy the role of adolescent peers. Here transference is not to the therapist but to the peer group as a whole. Research that spans neuroscience and psychoanalysis is rapidly enhancing the scientific foundation of all types of psychotherapy as insights accrue concerning critical learning periods, narrative capacity, and neuroscientific discoveries in of existential adaptation. In practical terms, the sequelae of negative childhood events are perhaps best addressed by individual therapy whereas those due to adversities in adolescence are likely to benefit from group therapy. It is less widely appreciated but quite important to appreciate that such research also directly links psychotherapy to evolution, particularly the emotive and rational capacities and reactivities of highly social species such as Homo sapiens. Most patients are able to give a clear account of how they felt about themselves in childhood and adolescence, and these reports should be taken into account in deciding between individual and group therapy as well as in guiding the course of any dynamic therapy toward the resolution of and recovery from problems in living. 1. Bond M, Perry C. Long-term changes in defense styles with psychodynamic psychotherapy for depressive, anxiety and personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1665–1671. 2. Budman SH, Gurman AS: Theory and Practice of Brief Therapy. New York, Guilford, 1988 3. Sifneos P: Short-term anxiety-provoking psychotherapy. In: Budman S (ed.). Forms of Brief Therapy. New York, Guilford. 4. Levenson H: Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy: A Guide to Clinical Practice. New York, Basic Books, 1995. 5. Levenson H: Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy: formulation and intervention, in The Art and Science of Brief Psychotherapies: A Practitioner's Guide. Edited by Dewan MJ, Steenbarger BN, and Greenberg RP. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2004, pp 157–188. 6. Leichsenring F; Rabung S, Leibing E. The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in specific psychiatric Disorders: A meta-analysis. 7. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. In: Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007; 10th edition: pp. 1-1472. 8. Abramowitz JS. Variants of exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy 1996; 27:583–600. 9. Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, et al. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York,Guilford, 1979. 10. Clark DA, Beck AT, Alford BA. Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression. New York, Wiley, 1999. 11. Beck AT, Emery G, Greenberg RL. Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. New York, Basic Books, 1985. 12. Wright JH: Cognitive therapy of depression. In: Frances AJ, Hales RE (eds.). The American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry (Vol 7). Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1988, pp 554–590. 13. Wright JH, Thase ME. Cognitive and biological therapies: a synthesis. Psychiatr Ann 1992; 22:451–458. 14. Jarrett RB, Kraft D, Doyle J, et al. Preventing recurrent depression using cognitive therapy with and without a continuation phase: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:381–388. 15. Beck AT: Cognitive therapy and research: a 25-year retrospective. Presented at the World Congress of Cognitive Therapy. Oxford, England, 1989. 16. Wright JH, Basco MR, Thase ME: Learning Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: An Illustrated Guide (Core Competencies in Psychotherapy Series, Glen O. Gabbard, series ed). Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2006. 17. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry, 5th Edition. 18. Linehan MM: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. New York, The Guilford Press. 1993; 1st edition: pp. 1-558. 19. Skodol AE, Siever LJ, Livesley WJ, et al. The borderline diagnosis II: biology, genetics, and clinical course. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:951–963. 20. Schmahl C, Bohus M, Esposito F, et al. Neural correlates of antinociception in borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:659–666. 21. Comtois K, Linehan MM. Psychosocial treatments of suicidal behaviors: a practice-friendly review. J Clin Psychol 2006; 62:161–170. 22. Linehan MM, Comtois KA, Murray AM, et al. Two-year randomized control trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:757–766. 23. Practice Parameter for the Assessment of the Family. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007; 46(7): 922-937. 24. Ritvo EC, Glick ID. Concise Guide to Marriage and Family Therapy. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 2002, 1st edition: pp. 1-249. 25. Sholevar GP, Schwoeri LD. Textbook of Family and Couples Therapy: Clinical Applications. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., Washington, DC, 2003, pp. 1-948. 26. Winston A, Rosenthal, RN, Pinsker, H. Introduction to Supportive Psychotherapy. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 2004, 1st edition: pp. 1-180. 27. Wilson DR, Price JS, Preti A. Critical learning periods for self-esteem: Mechanisms of psychotherapy and implications for the choice between individual and group treatment. World Psychiatric Association Advances in Psychiatry. BETA Medical Publishers, Ltd, Athens, Greece, 2009, pp 75-82. 28. Siegel AM. Heinz Kohut and the Psychology of the Self. London: Routledge, 1996. 29. Alexander F, French TM. Psychoanalytic therapy. New York: Ronald Press. 1946, pp. 353. 30. Knobloch F, Knobloch J. Integrated Psychotherapy. New York: J. Aronson, 1979, pp. 95-100. Dr. Bestha is a Resident Psychiatrist in the Creighton-Nebraska program in Omaha, Nebraska USA Dr. Madaan is an Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska USA Dr. Wilson is Professor and Chair of Psychiatry and Professor of Anthropology at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska USA
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Ganghwa Island (강화도, 江華島 Ganghwado) [1], (Previously romanized as Kanghwa Island), is a rural county (군, gun) of Incheon, South Korea. The county of Ganghwa includes several other islands, most notably Seokmodo, the site of Bomunsa Temple. Ganghwa is separated from the Korean mainland by a narrow channel, spanned by two bridges passable by cars. North Korea is directly across the channel on the north coast of the island. There are frequent direct buses (W4200; 90 min) from Seoul's Sinchon Bus Terminal to the main town of Ganghwa-eup, as well as Bupyeong Station, Hapjeong Station, Songjeong Station, and Incheon Bus Terminal in Incheon. Local buses also connect to Gimpo (the city, not the airport). There is a tourist information located inside the bus terminal. No English is spoken but they have English-language tourist maps. There is also a tourist information center at the ferry terminal in Oepo-ri. They speak English. Local buses appear to be infrequent. Bugeun-ri Dolmen (부근리석묘군). A prehistoric burial site listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site, the largest stone here is 2.6×7.1×5.5 meters in size and weighs somewhere between 150 and 225 tons. Hourly buses from Ganghwa-eup. There is another cluster of dolmen at Gocheon-ri (고천리). Free. Bomunsa (보문사). High up on Seokmodo Island, this temple is located in a scenic grotto with rock carvings and is famous as a place for women to pray for sons. Getting there is half the fun: take a bus from Ganghwa-eup to Oepo-ri (30 min, every 30 min), cross by ferry to Seokmodo (W2000; 10 min, every 30 min), and then take a shuttle bus (W1000) to the temple. 1500 won. Gwangseongbo Fortress Mani Mountain Jeondeungsa Temple Ganghwa Ginseng and Hwamunseok, which is a mat woven with flower patterns a representative traditional Korean product, with its intricate handwork and designs. There are several motels and yeogwan in Oepo-ri. Ganghwa Namsan Youth Hostel, 439 - 16 Namsan-ri, Ganghwa-eup, ☏ +82 32-934-8800. Cavernous, charmless youth hostel, 10 min walk from the Oepo-ri ferry terminal. Asomeplace (pension & spa), Asomeplace, 1009-7 Seondoo-ri, Kil Sang Myeon, Ganghwa county, Incheon, Korea. (Sinchon subway station (No.2 station of subway No.2 line) Exit No. 4, walk straight to Artreon (Movie complex) bus stop, No. 3100 bus, Get off at Onsuri, You can ride the taxi or call for pick up services. ), ☏ +82 10-6355-8822. Pension Spa & Resort of Korea. 90,000won~310,000won.
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Manifest Destiny was the nineteenth-century American belief that it was in God’s plan for the country to the expansion of the country and Americans’ violence against indigenous peoples and Mexicans.This idea of expansionism and its implications in the annexation of Texas were the cause of the Mexican – American war of 1846. The United States annexed Texas in 1845 despite many Congressmen stating that this would incite war with Mexico. Mexico claimed ownership of Texas even though the state had gained its independence in 1836. The war’s fighting ended in 1847 when the American troops reached Mexico City but the war ended officially with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848. In the treaty, Mexico ceded 500,000 square miles of territory to the United States who had to pay Mexico $15 million in war damage and assume $3.25 million of claims against the country. The land ceded to the United States contained seven present-day states; California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, parts of Wyoming, Colorado and the state of Nevada. In 1859 the area that is now Nevada came into the national consciousness with the discovery of a large silver ore deposit. People came from across the country to benefit from the production of the mines and several new towns were established. Investors from the eastern states got involved and the population in the area surrounding the mines exploded. New prospectors from California helped to expand the population of Nevada in its early statehood. With all the traffic from California coming to the mines a prospector named Abe Curry founded Carson City. Carson city was intended to become Nevada's state capital, which it would become in 1861. The southern states objected to the admittance of any western territories that would not permit slavery. That hurdle was removed by the secession of the Confederate states in 1861 and three new territories were created as President James Buchanan left office, Dakota, Colorado, and Nevada. Carson City was established as the territorial capital of Nevada and President Abraham Lincoln appointed James W. Nye, one of his supporters, to be the territorial governor. Nye got to Nevada in October of 1861 and started the work to form a territorial legislature by allowing every settlement to choose a representative. William M. Stewart became a leader in the legislature when he negotiated the creation of Nevada’s nine counties as well as maintaining Carson City as the capital. Even though Nevada’s population was considerably small, when the territorial legislature met for the second time in 1862 they felt that the growing mining wealth warranted beginning the processes for statehood. The territory held a referendum on pursuing statehood in 1863, the vote was in favor 6,660 to 1,502 so a state constitutional convention was held in November of 1863. The first draft of the Nevada constitution was voted down by the populace for its proposal to tax mines and private property equally. As a territory that profited greatly from its silver mines the thought of unfairly taxing the mine owners was met with little support, the people thought that mines should be taxed based on production. When the constitution was defeated at the territorial level the process was adopted by the federal government. President Lincoln and the Republican party needed more states in the union to gain more votes. Lincoln was worried that he would not win the 1864 election and would then be unable to end the Civil War and he needed more votes to pass the proposed thirteenth amendment. The amendment to end slavery had passed through the Senate in April of 1864 but failed to get the two-thirds of votes necessary to make it through the House of representatives. Because of these needs, President Lincoln changed the process by which a territory became a state. He made it so that a territory would achieve statehood if the President authorized its constitution, this method did not include Congress as Lincoln thought that they would not admit Nevada. In 1864 President Lincoln authorized three territories to hold constitutional conventions and form state governments. Out of Nevada, Colorado, and Nebraska, Nevada was the only one to achieve statehood that year. The convention met and completed the Nevada constitution over 17 days in July of 1864, the decision was made to tax mines on their proceeds not their property and the constitution passed by a vote of 10,375 to 1,284. The document was quickly telegraphed to Washington and Nevada was declared a state by President Lincoln on October 31, 1864 – one week before the presidential election. Lincoln won the election and Nevada’s Republican representative helped to pass the Thirteenth Amendment in April of 1865. Agriculture has played a large role in Nevada's politics and economy despite the common perception of Nevada as a desert state. The federal government's land ownership began when Nevada was still a territory and resulted in a successful agricultural industry. To this day the federal government still owns 85% of the land in Nevada, owing to land ownership developments during the period between 1864 and 1912. Nevada's entry as a state in the United States of America and subsequent individual treaties and acts were the ways by which Nevada's land became federal land. In 1864 Nevada became a state. The United States government was acting on an agenda of expanding over the continent by purchasing the land of territories as they became states . This was done by the Lincoln administration, motivated to secure a second term in his presidency after facing the challenges outlined earlier. As a territory became a state, the Federal Government purchased all of the land it had claimed. The Federal Government would then transfer this land to either individuals or the State Government. In this case, the Federal Government also claimed parts of Utah and Arizona to add to Nevada. This increased the land mass and extended its border down to meet the Colorado River, which provided an essential water source for Nevada . This increased the appeal of Nevada to citizens in hopes of attracting migration to the state. Various treaties and acts were implemented at the same time as altering Nevada's border, all in the hopes of increasing the state's appeal. This was first done through the creation of the Homestead Act, which outlined the ideal process by which Nevadian land was to be attained. The act continued to gain status as it was enriched in 1909. Each act had its own intentions in bringing development to the West. Each was met with issues that rendered them ineffective. The desert lands act was passed in 1877 and was the first act to give westerners access to more than 160 acres. Ranching requires a lot of land and this act was the first to recognize this key feature. The lack of public land laws also left citizens unable to gather the supplemental land they needed . The act was designed to give arid land to settlers, with proof that land had been irrigated, as well as a strategic location that would make continued irrigation a possibility. However, the land allotted was too large for individual homesteaders to take on and too small for ranchers to viably operate. It also resulted in monopolies in the water market as parties figured out ways to restrict the water at certain points of the irrigation canals. Nevada was more appealing to newcomers with this increase in public land. With little personal investment and responsibility it provided a relatively safe opportunity for ranchers. Over time ranchers created their own associations to secure use of this public land, they hoped to create boundaries to protect their ranges. The federal government allowed boundary creation for a period of time but faced issues with preventing the escalation in disputes between individuals. The disposal of the land acquired in Nevada also became an issue for the federal government. The environment was arid, rocky and generally challenging to incorporate into an agrarian lifestyle. The most ideal land had already been settled earlier. This left mainly land for pasture, which had to compete against the public use land. Congress had struggled with public lands from the beginning. In 1879 congress created the Interior department that was responsible for classifying public lands and yet that same year the ignored reviews on how to “rationalize land policy” . The economic response to the public lands, which are an example of a common-pool resource, is called the tragedy of the commons. It is a situation where a resource became depleted because of an inability to exclude or limit individual use. Instead of maximizing the utility of the resource, individuals chose to maximize their personal utility. The strain of the individuals using the resource was beyond the point of maximum utility and the resource’s integrity was threatened. For the public lands of Nevada this happened through over grazing as individuals wanted to have as large of a herd as possible on these lands This maximized their utility from the free land and as a result, the grasses of the fields were consumed and trampled down to the point where they could no longer support the people who depended on them. Despite the obvious economic and environmental downfalls this type of land holding had, the government maintained the use of these public lands for use by rancher. This was the result of a developing romanticization of the West and its cowboy keeper. With common-pool goods, to regulate them effectively you must have three things, unified interest, easy communication and a way to make these agreements binding . The ranchers that were dependent on these lands, while they had little political power, had considerable support of various political groups . President Theodore Roosevelt, who held office from 1901 to 1909 is known for his overt masculinity that he felt, was echoed by the cowboy lifestyle. This political notion was pushed forward in the early years of his administration through the romanticization of the western cowboy and rancher lifestyle that is still evident today. Many supporting this movement argued that allowing individuals to capitalize on public lands would encourage them to develop the west, as it acted as an incentive to adapt to its inhospitable climate . The individuals who seized this opportunity would then transfer to private ownership because of their desire to establish something of their own and public land became too crowded. However, this was not the result. Given that it was the late 1800’s to early 1900’s communication was limited, especially in Nevada where basic infrastructure was yet to be established. As one would expect, in the wild West there was little federal policing. Why would you buy what you need, when you can continue to get it for free? As the pioneering individuals chose to continue in the public lands, the federal government was left owning more than they had imagined. The growing silver industry in Nevada and the other newly acquired western states turned the American West into a new political force to be reckoned with. These new states wanted jurisdiction over their own political and economic policies. As such, they formed their own political party to properly represent their views, which became The Silver Republican Party. The Silver Party was an offshoot of the Republican party, despite their singular political platform. The Party was established by Senator Henry Moore Teller. Teller was a founding member of the Republican party from Colorado in 1892. Silverites were primarily concerned with “free coinage of silver” and institute and continue the free coinage of silver in the United States. However; their remaining political platform and beliefs were characteristic of the Republican party during the early 20th century. The Party also criticized the wealthier eastern states of the United States, as well as Europe and Asia. The Silver Party hoped that by establishing silver as the sole coinage of the United States, any debt would be settled and a surplus of money would be created. As such, in the early 20th century, The Silver Party Republicans were seen as a more progressive political party. This political party was important because it not only provided a voice for the newer western states, but it’s creation also marked the first decade of equal representation in American politics. Furthermore, the bimetallic question became an important and polarizing topic in the United states in 1890. Well known Silver Party members in congress included numerous governors and senators from Nevada, such as William M. Stewart and John P. Jones. The Silver Party’s members were described as being split into three distinct groups, The En Masse, Day to day people concerned with “super abundant and cheap money,” and The Bimetallists. The En Masse Group were the residents of the states that produce the silver, they had a powerful influence. They were concerned with the prices of products within their communities. Senator John P. Jones of Nevada is included as a member of this group. The second group was only involved in the party’s cause with the hope that silver would become cheaper than gold. The Bimetallists, hoped to create a stable value for money by including silver along with gold as currency, thereby creating a “par of exchange.” A variety of radical political groups in the 20th century also rallied around the polarized, bimetallist cause. Socialists, Suffragists and prohibitionists all joined forces, with other groups to support the progressive bimetallist cause. The Silver Party’s platform was to legitimize silver as the sole currency of the United States and in doing so, eliminate any economic problems that were previously associated with the previous monetary system. Silverites wanted to government legislation to officially determine the value of silver to be a ratio of 16:1 compared to the value of gold. Smaller offshoot Silver Republicans also lobbied for the free production of silver in addition. The Silver Party wanted to implement a tariff to protect the basic industry of the states involved in the production of silver coinage, many of which had underdeveloped economies during the party’s active years. The Party’s foundational doctrines were based on the failure of gold as a currency and a world wide standard. The economy in Nevada had undergone a series of economic slumps since the 1880‘s with silver mining being the sole industry.By placing tariffs on silver, as well as utilizing it for coinage, Nevada, as well as the other western states, would be able to reestablish themselves economically. The party and its platforms were formed to solely protect the interests of western states, as silver coinage became a symbol for hope for the American economy, after the 1890 depression. The silver republicans were not well informed on how the economy of the eastern states and how the monetary system worked, which became the major downfall of the party. Silver Party supporters wanted to distance themselves from the “gold standard” as they themselves had been previously dependent on it and Wall Street. As previously mentioned, the party itself was primarily controlled by regular citizens of these states, not the political elite. These people had taken out gold loans from east coast bankers to help cultivate the new state and became inherently dependent on gold and the east coast bankers on wall street who controlled it. Teller, who established the party even went as far as to claim that the current monetary system in place was as oppressive as slavery was. Many easterners hoped the idea of silver coinage would disappear once the economies in these states had time to further develop. Silver as coinage was first rejected in 1896 following the German demonetization of Silver in 1873. In 1896, congress revised the coinage laws of the United States and in 1900 passed the Gold Standard Act. This act legally ensured that all other metal currencies values would be based off of gold, as well as officially stating that gold was the only accepted currency in the United States. The Party’s political hold began to falter when the economy began to recover after the various depressions of the late 19th century. The price of gold began to rise again, as did the supply of it, similar to what the Silver Party had hoped would happen with silver. The discovery of new gold deposits, world wide, as well as the discovery of new methods of refining were attributed to the rising price of gold and did not help the Silverites cause. At the Republican Convention in 1896, The Silver Party, realizing that their policies were more progressive than their parent group, left. They combined forces with the Democrats in 1900 and remained allied with them till 1911 when they were formally dissolved. Not only was the Comstock lode one of the largest silver finds in American History, but it was also the first time that silver had been discovered on American soil. This silver mine was the heart of the Nevada economy for more than three decades and was largely responsible for attracting settlers to Nevada. While it did create some jobs, the Comstock Lode was really only beneficial to the rich Californian financiers who funded its creation. The primary mineral in the Comstock was silver, and as such, the findings in the mine were coveted after by many Californian businessmen who were so close to Carson City. The large mineral strike brought problems of corruption and capitalist greed. Wealthy business interests from California were able to monopolize the entirety of the Comstock Lode and its profits by exploiting political actors of the new state. The lode was not prosperous for the few people who lived in Nevada at the time of its discovery, and most of the profits left the state to California. From the 1860’s to 1880’s the Comstock Lode was referred to as “the centre of Nevada’s economic life”. The Lode suffered considerably from the fact that the majority of the profits from mineral extraction were going to California. As such the Lode did little to help the people living in Nevada. Those who ran the profits from the Lode were known as the Bank Crowd. The Bank Crowd was a group of wealthy bank representatives who managed the assets of the Union Mill and Mining Company. They held the monopoly over the Comstock for the entirety of the time between the 1860’s and 1880’s . They were able to maintain their monopoly by pressuring local and federal political actors. This political power held by Californian business men would allow them to maintain control over the Lode for the entirety of its profitability. As unconventional as Nevada's economy is, it is one that developed out of necessity. The silver state's economic system has historically been one that is largely reliant on gambling and mining, both finite entities that are not reliable long term solutions. As problematic as this is, it is in many ways an instance of making the best out of a bad situation. Simply put, Nevada consists of economically unproductive natural resources, as the states landscape, largely composed of deserts and mountains, make for a difficult environment to allow prosperity. This also relates to a lack of agriculture occurring in the state, as its rangelands are the driest in the entire country. Even Aboriginals, who relied on natural resources to survive, had difficulty extracting materialistic value from Nevadian natural sources. Given a lack of intrinsic sustainable resources Nevada was ultimately forced into a corner whereby the only way that its economy may thrive is in a situation of unconventionality. The establishment of the Comstock Lode drastically changed the culture of Nevada. Because of the nature of the mining monopoly and working class citizens needing jobs people working in the mine became exploited by the Bank Crowd. Miners risked their lives everyday and were paid very little. Virginia City and Gold Hill were two mining towns in Nevada that housed people who worked in the Comstock. Problems with inequality grew in these areas. While there was a small middle class more than 40% of people were miners. The middle class was mostly comprised of business owners and proprietors who enjoyed a better living than those working in the mines for the most part. While miners were a huge section of the population they only held an estimated 12% of the total wealth in the areas working the Comstock. Mining in the 19th and early 20th century was extremely dangerous as well and death was quite common. One particularly lethal event was known as the Yellow Jacket fire. This event decimated a mine in 1869. It was responsible for killing more than forty workers. The fire was extremely hard to stop as it was underground and as such the section which the fire was in was forced closed for three entire years while the fire cooled. There were many other dangers associated with working in mines as well and hundreds lost their lives in the mines between the period of 1863 and 1880. However those who were unskilled, single and young had few other job prospects in the area following the economic depression of 1863. This theme of inequality and a large, underpaid working class would persist in the Comstock area for the entire time that the lode was being used. The Union Mill and Mining company was able to solidify their control of the mine. As such, the inequality between the elites and the working class would persist until tensions grew and a miners union was created. One of the most worrying instances at the Comstock Lode was the creation of a Union in 1863. This union was created following the depression and amid concerns that wages would fall from $4 to $3.50 a day. Regardless of the safety concerns, the primary force driving workers towards unionizing was a wage drop. However, the positivity and success surrounding the union would be short lived. The Union Mill and Mining company, as mentioned before, had powerful political influence. As such, they were able to convince local government officials that soldiers needed to be sent in to squash what mine bosses described as rebellion. This, coupled with low levels of union membership, resulted in a lowering of wages to $3.50 per day. From this point forward, the common theme of inequality and corruption of mine bosses would persist in Virginia City and Carson City as well as the whole of Nevada. Workers were unfairly treated and poorly compensated for such risky work. The continual inequality is really the narrative surrounding the Comstock Lode, as rich and powerful members of society were able to prosper while workers received very little in return. By the end of the Comstock Lode’s glory days, it had produced around $400 million worth of minerals, most of which would only be seen by wealthy businessmen. However, it was still able to become a very strong force in the Western economy of, not only Nevada, but also California. It even led to a mutually beneficial relationship between the two states, as railways constructed for the purpose of mineral transportation would eventually be used to serve a similar purpose for cattle, which remains a noteworthy market today for each state. The Comstock Lode is ultimately a striking example of economic inequality in the United States, as it portrays the flaws of capitalism and its associated greed. The discovery of silver played a big part in the economy of the state of Nevada. From 1860 to 1882 the Comstock produced $292,726,310 in precious metals. Miners made $4 a day throughout the 1860s and 1870s. Subsequently, the majority group in this population were male miners, although women migrated to the community as it grew. As silver was mined, there was an increasing stratification of personal wealth and land ownership in Virginia City. A small number of people made a lot of money off these economic ventures, but it involved many risks. In the 1860s, most of the mines on Comstock Lode were owned or financed by the Bank of California and two men named William Sharon and William Ralston. This dominant force meant that most of the wealth of the area went outside the state (in particular towards San Francisco). Weak governmental institutions in the early years of Nevada state meant that it was easy for one economic source to become dominant. This is what happened with mining under the Bank of California, and it would continue with the construction of railroads such as the Virginia and Truckee (VT) Railroad. In the 1860s the bank controlled the price of stocks on mines, often driving the price up so high that no one else could compete. By 1867, four hundred mining companies were operating on the Comstock and had issued stock. Investing in the mine by buying stock was not without risk though. Of those four hundred mining companies in 1867, only three paid dividends on the stock they issued. By the 1870s, the mines on Comstock Lode were much less productive and unemployment rose in Virginia City and other boomtowns surrounding it. It was around this time that the balance of power changed in Virginia City from the Bank of California to the so-called “Silver Kings”. These were John W. Mackay, William S. O’Brien, James C. Flood and James G. Fair. This period was also called the “Big Bonanza” for new silver ore discovery in the area. The Silver Kings had been mine workers who then worked their way up to become speculators, building a mining syndicate. They controlled most of the mining operations on the Comstock and made a lot of money for themselves through the 1870s. This shift in power meant that the economy of Nevada was more homegrown, with less money going towards California. Unfortunately, this period of prosperity would be short-lived.The decline in production from the Comstock had begun in the late 1870s. Miners lost their jobs which effected other parts of society. Construction slowed down on new buildings and restaurants and saloons closed. The end was signaled in 1880 when the VT Railroad owners tore up new track that had been laid heading towards Silver City in favor of a different route. The boom was over and there was no point in new railroads being sent towards depleted economies. This decline was slow, but by 1895 dividend payments to investors in the mines had stopped. The Silver Kings sold their remaining shares and retired. Banks in the area had stopped issuing coins in 1893 and the Territorial Enterprise newspaper that covered the area ceased publication with the words, “For sufficient reasons we stop.” There were several smaller booms in places such as Tonopah and Goldfield in the early twentieth century, which allowed the mills in Comstock to keep operating as long as possible. However, none of the silver ore found could match the Comstock at its height. By 1900, the population of Storey County was only 3,560, where forty years earlier it had been over 25,000. During the mid-1800’s to early 1900’s Nevada was discovered to be rich in gold and silver, giving Nevada the nickname of the Silver State. Mining townssprung up around these gold and silver deposits attracting many people from California and the Midwest. These towns were referred to as boom towns. Mining in Nevada had two phases, the Comstock Bonanza and the discovery of silver in 1900. The Comstock Bonanza took place from 1859 to 1878, Nevada then faced a depression after the decline of Bonanza until 1900 with the discovery of silver in Tonopah. These mining booms pushed the borders of the state both eastward and south creating instability at the speed in which the mining companies found and lost their luck. Those who migrated to these towns settled in either the busy boom towns or ranches in the valleys nearby. Phase One: The Comstock Bonanza Virginia City was one of the most famous mining towns in Nevada. Deep ore bodies were found along the Comstock in 1871, which sparked interest in the City. These developments allowed Nevada to become the leader of national mineral production in the United States at that time. Virginia city was home to many fine mansions, opera houses and saloons. C street was considered the main strip which included brothels, a railroad station as well as Chinese and Indian communities. The years between 1870 and 1880 were the most prosperous for the boom town with a population of about 20,000 during that period. Women were greatly outnumbered in Comstock Towns, wives of the wealthy worked to create a social standard and helped to establish churches and schools. Many who lived in these boomtowns took part in the gilded age, with a growing economy came more consumption and lavish lifestyles. Phase Two: Silver in Tonopah The Tonopah Mining District was first discovered in May 1900 which helped bring an end to a long period of decline that had been plaguing the state for about 19 years. The lack of mining discoveries from 1881 to 1891 left the population of Nevada desperate for income over the next 10 years. Tonopah's isolation was the cause for its late discovery, it wasn't until a man by the name of James L Butler strayed from his destination taking samples to only find a wealth of silver in the area. Over the next couple years the population of the area exploded and railroads were built to maximize the shipping of the ore. One of the most prominent figures associated with this economic boom is W.A. Clark. Though most of his noteworthy actions were made with sole consideration to how he as an individual may benefit, many of his decisions actually had a very positive impact on Nevada. For instance, he was a major contributor to railroad construction during both the 19th and 20th centuries. In addition to self profit, he assisted in kick-starting Nevada's economy by continuously transferring minerals between communities. Given the unsustainable and unreliable nature of Nevada's economy financial disparity occurred to the extent that many towns became deserted. These were commonly known as ghost towns. The railways built by Clark were largely responsible for the revival of such communities, along with economic stimulation resulting in all participating parties benefiting. Mining Districts and Towns Perhaps one of Nevada's most prosperous mining districts was located in Goldfield, founded by Harry Stimler in 1902. Their gold and silver discovery jump started a mining rush in the area which soon became a major contributor of these precious metals. Goldfield was on the rise with its peak production being reached in 1910 where the mines in the area produced 539,000 ounces of gold and 118,000 ounces of silver. The Goldfield Mining District was estimated to be worth 100 million dollars but its many years of prosperity were met by a long period of decline just after 1910 where many mines were shut down. However, this opened the door for companies to start leasing the land which supplied a majority of the ore produced thereafter. Eureka Mining District This mining district is located within Central Nevada and was first discovered in 1864 by a few prospectors from the near by town Austin making it one of the older mining districts in western Nevada. Eureka was known for its large quantities of silver and lead ore with its 2 major deposits that located in the Ruby Hills and Adams Hills. Eureka celebrated its most prosperous years throughout the late 1800's and was one of the first mining towns to introduce the leasing system in 1878 allowing for maximization of mining in the area. Pioche Mining District was located at the base of the Ely Range the mining town of Pioche first started its production after silver was discovered by local Indians. Its first year of production was in 1869 and quickly reached its peak production just three short years after in 1872. It reached a population of 6,000 in 1872-73 and was a major contributor of silver chloride ores. Its only flaws were its lack of infrastructure and available water which was a huge hindrance for the development of mining companies. This forced them to exclusively work the high-grade ore as the only means of transportation in the early period was by wagon. Also with the lack of water in the area the development of mills were forced into the neighboring towns of Meadow Valley and Dry Valley. Austin Nevada went through a transformation after the discovery of silver as well. Before the silver strike Nevada was unexplored with uninviting mountains. The discovery of silver led to a population increase of over 10,000 people within one year. With the population boom came an increase of huts, tents, log cabins and businesses that included bakeries, barber shops, breweries and hotels. Another example of a successful boomtown was Hamilton. Hamilton Nevada could be described as having harsh climate and poor living conditions. By the end of 1869 after the discovery of silver Hamilton’s population increased by 20,000 residents and was home to 195 mining companies. The increase of popularity of the town brought with it skating rinks, dance halls, auction houses, theaters and soda factories. Virginia City, Austin and Hamilton are examples of cities that basically transformed overnight after mining resources were discovered there. Excessive consumption was popular in Nevada boomtowns. These towns were home to many saloons. The town of Hamilton had 101 businesses that sold liquor and Eureka had 100 saloons for a population of only 10,000. Towns such as Virginia City became increasingly popular and gained international attention, people from all over the world began to visit the boomtowns creating a more diverse community. With the changes of culture and diversity came changes to the saloons which worked to cater to specific ethnicities. For example Virginia City became home to both exclusive Irish establishments as well as a diverse German beer garden. Prostitution was recognized in Comstock towns and considered a standard part of frontier towns. Some boomtowns had their own red light districts as well. Saloons and prostitution are what comes to mind for many when thinking about the culture of boomtowns. Not all mining towns had lavish living conditions, those who lived in Aurora faced hardship. In 1860, prospectors traveled northward and east in search of ore and ended up discovering Esmeralda the greatest bonanza in that part of the Basin. In the spring of the next year more promising deposits were found to the North and the town was relocated and named Aurora. Aurora was an isolated mining town which made it hard to supply the community with food, fuel, lumber and tools. Life for many in Aurora was full of daily struggles, much different than the lives of those in Virginia City. Miners complained of suffering from scurvy due to lack of vegetables and proper nutrition. The town of Aurora eventually faced a decline in mining. By 1865 many mines and mills were closed leading to the departure of many. The town was on its way to becoming a ghost town, the term used for those towns left abandoned after the decline of silver, gold and other resources. By 1870, half of the towns houses were left empty and major mills and buildings were either dismantled or relocated. The majority of mining towns across the United States experienced three phases of mining-town development. First, the rapid settlement phase which consisted of cabin or tents laid out at random, second was the camp phase which had a more permanent population living in communities with a typical American grid plan, and finally the town phase, which included stone and brick public buildings in the center of towns. Only some states experienced a fourth phase, abandonment. Places like Virginia city were left behind and buildings and homes were abandoned. The decrease of mining wealth was either due to ore bodies no longer being profitable due to lack of equipment or unfavorable finds that lured miners away. Possessions would be left behind in abandoned homes, merchants closed the doors to their shops and these once prosperous and booming towns became ghost towns. Nevada is famous for these ghost towns which many travelers still visit today. Though legitimate equality was by no means present, women did play an important role in the shaping of early Nevada, often by filling various roles in the daily life of boomtowns. Although women’s roles outside of the home were increasing during the 19th and 20th centuries, they were still confined by sexism. In early Nevadan history it is evident that woman were assigned different roles than men, with the latter typically acting as the primary leader and decision maker. Despite a certain lack of liberty, and subsequent lack of opportunity, it cannot be said that women were insignificant in the context of Nevadian state history. Helen Stewart was a woman who lived in the late 1800s and made a journal of her life in early Nevada. Helen moved with her husband and children to Las Vegas Rancho, and in 1882 she gave birth to her fourth child. Two years later her husband was shot and killed by her neighbour. She courageously went and told the story of her husbands killing and the killer was charged with justifiable homicide. After her husbands death Helen managed her property with her sons and even became a postmaster. The story of Helen offers valuable insight into the lives of woman in early Nevada. Like Helen most woman didn’t have a choice in where they were to live, but rather they followed their husbands. Woman in the 1800s were also responsible for having many children. When looking at the life of Helen, it is also important to look at how woman’s roles were broadened during the 19th century. Helen was able to run her own land and even sold it for a profit of $55,000. Helen’s job as a postmaster was a common job for woman during the time as it was their responsibility to provide food for the men who worked in the mines. Helen's journals give historians valuable insight into what life was like for woman in the 19th century. Before this time period woman were generally unable to own land and participate in the trading and selling of land. Helen's experience is a great example of how rights and life were evolving for woman. It is also important to note that Helen was able to maintain a job and provide for herself. The fact that Helen was able to get a job and provide for herself is significant because historically woman were unable to work and provide for themselves, leaving them ultimately dependent on men. As it was rare for pioneers to write journals, Helen’s journal offers amazing insight into what life was like for the average white woman back in the late 1800s. The early 1900s was an ever changing political environment where woman were seizing opportunity. One woman who embraced this changing political environment was Miss Anne Martin. Miss Anne Martin spent 2 years in England working for suffrage. Anne Marin was a university graduate, a professor, and an aspiring politician. The goal of Miss Anne Martin was to get woman voting rights in Nevada. She became president of the State Equal Franchise Society, making her a torchbearer for the woman's suffrage movement. Later Miss Anne Martin would become the first woman to ever run for the United States Senate, however she never successful in obtaining the position. Although Miss Anne Martin never got a seat in the Senate, she played a great role in getting woman the right to vote. Her running for Senate marks the beginning of a long and trying history of American Woman getting involved in politics. Native woman played an important role in the 1800s when it came to society, economics, and politics. Native woman were able to interact with white men in different ways than the native men could. Native woman were able to use their sexuality to establish relationships with white men. This was beneficial for native woman because they were able to obtain novel goods and opportunities in society from white men through their relationships. Most mining towns had a shortage of woman and thus many of the men living there were unmarried. Native woman were given sex-specific jobs and were allowed to participate in the formal social structure of the mining towns like their white counterparts. It is interesting to note that native woman in and around mining camps were treated very differently than natives elsewhere. In most places in America a white person could kill a native without punishment, however in mining towns a man would be charged and prosecuted for raping a native woman. The reason men would be punished for raping a native woman in a mining town was because the woman was seen as a woman first and her race was secondary. Punishing white men for assaulting a native woman is significant because it shows the beginning of equality and human rights being expanded. This can however be contributed to there being a shortage of woman in mining towns, making it essential to protect even the native woman. Throughout history women in Nevada have been put in numerous roles. During the 1800s and 1900s women were given different jobs and roles than men. Many women stayed at home and raised their children while other women worked. Some common jobs that woman had in 19th and 20th century Nevada were boarding houses, nurses, teachers, and working in restaurants. Since men were busy mining women were given these responsbilites. As mentioned before native woman were also given womanly jobs in society; however they were given jobs such as laundry. The reason native woman were required to do simple jobs like laundry was because the white women were often doing more important jobs such as food preparation and housekeeping. Like everywhere else black women in Nevada had fewer rights. A black woman would be punished far greater than a white woman would be. However black woman still had greater status than natives and were often times photographed and were allowed to participate in food preparation. It is evident that the roles of woman were extremely important to the development and sustainment of Nevadan camps and settlements. Without woman of all colours a wide variety of tasks and jobs would not have been able to be completed. With Nevada just achieving statehood in 1864 the role of women was increasing and becoming more important. Women of all races were given a wider range of jobs and opportunities, marking a new era for women. The state of Nevada started out its sinful reputation with the legalization of prizefighting in 1897. Prizefighting is a professional boxing match which awards the winner with a sum of money. Nevada's poor economy and declining population needed a boost.Nevada turned to prizefighting in hopes that the fight would promote tourism and, in turn, boost the economy. Therefore, Nevada became the first state to legalize prizefighting. Most of the country criticized the people of Nevada for legalizing such a brutal sport. In March 1897, Reverend Levi Gilbert from a church in Cleveland was quoted in the New Haven Evening Register saying that “This state [Nevada], this deserted mining camp, revives brutality by an exhibition that must make its Indians and Chinamen wonder at Christianity...Such exhibitions promote criminality by feeding the bestial in man.” However, the state of Nevada faced very little resistance in passing the legislation to legalize prizefighting. This had to do with the hardworking and dangerous culture of Nevada mining towns. Therefore, the rough and often quite bloody sport of prizefighting was very popular in Nevada, as the traits linked to prizefighters—strength, courage and resilience—aptly reflected the lives of those in Nevada mining towns. The fight that brought about the legalization of prizefighting was the long-awaited heavyweight championship between title-holder James J. “Gentleman Jim” Corbett and challenger Bob (Robert) Fitzsimmons. The fight took place on March 17, 1897 in Nevada’s capital, Carson City. It was no coincidence that March 17 was St. Patrick’s Day and Corbett was of Irish origin. The preparations for the event were extensive. The stadium for the fight was built, restaurants stockpiled food and saloons stockpiled alcohol. A state of nearly three thousand brought in about six thousand people to watch the spectacle. The fight even brought out famed lawmen, Wyatt Earp.Corbett started out as the aggressor, even bloodying Fitzsimmons in the fifth round to the point where he was almost knocked out.However, in the sixth-round Fitzsimmons began wearing Corbett down and by the 14th round all it took was his famous solid punch to the solar plexus to knock Corbett down for good. The fight was a success in all aspects, especially financially.It certainly helped to boost the state of Nevada’s economy. After the success in Carson City, Nevada, many other states followed suit in legalizing prizefighting. As for the state of Nevada, the fight between Corbett and Fitzsimmons signaled the beginning of the state’s long and successful relationship with professional boxing. The prizefight brought about, however limited, equal rights for women. The host of the fight, Dan Stuart granted women the right to purchase tickets. Even though fewer than one hundred women watched the fight, it was still something that was unprecedented and highly controversial. One such woman that attended and watched the fight was Nellie Mighels Davis. Nellie was there to report on the fight for her husband who was out of town. Davis became the first woman to report on a prize fight when she was paid $50 for the story by a Chicago newspaper. Davis recalled how few women there were at the fight, most of them being prostitutes. Even though women had been given the right to attend the fight, it was looked down upon. Davis even decided to use her maiden name of Verrill for the story to avoid ‘disgracing’ herself and her friends by her acknowledgement of being present at the fight. Prizefighting did a lot for both the people of Nevada and the state itself. The lasting impact of the Corbett-Fitzsimmons fight seems to be that it gave great exposure to the State of Nevada. Because, in 1906, less than a decade later, one of the most famous prizefights in boxing history happened, between Joe Gans and Oscar Nelson. This fight was witnessed by an astounding 100,000 people, and it is also the longest fight in modern boxing history, lasting 42 rounds. The fight took place in the mining town of Goldfield. With sports writers flocking from across the country to come. Even President Teddy Roosevelt's son, Kermit, attended. The fight was also the first fight to be filmed, which gave great media exposure to Nevada. This fight helped propel Nevada to become the Mecca of prizefighting it is renowned as today. The legalization of prizefighting was the first step for the state of Nevada in pushing back against the nation's moral code. It paved the way for the future legalization of gambling, prostitution and quick divorce. Rothman, Hal. 2010. The Making of Modern Nevada. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2010. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed November 13, 2016). Pp. 44 http://www.webcitation.org/6G4J8TS75?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html
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This section will cover the Math elements of the C Standard Library. The abs() function returns the absolute value of num. For example: int magic_number = 10; cout << "Enter a guess: "; cin >> x; cout << "Your guess was " << abs( magic_number - x ) << " away from the magic number." << endl; Related topics fabs - labs The acos() function returns the arc cosine of arg, which will be in the range [0, pi]. If arg is outside this range, acos() returns NAN and raises a floating-point exception. Related topics asin - atan - atan2 - cos - cosh - sin - sinh - tan - tanh The asin() function returns the arc sine of arg, which will be in the range [-pi/2, +pi/2]. If arg is outside this range, asin() returns NAN and raises a floating-point exception. Related topics acos - atan - atan2 - cos - cosh - sin - sinh - tan - tanh The function atan() returns the arc tangent of arg, which will be in the range [-pi/2, +pi/2]. Related topics acos - asin - atan2 - cos - cosh - sin - sinh - tan - tanh The atan2() function computes the arc tangent of y/x, using the signs of the arguments to compute the quadrant of the return value. Related topics acos - asin - atan - cos - cosh - sin - sinh - tan - tanh The ceil() function returns the smallest integer no less than num. For example: y = 6.04; x = ceil( y ); would set x to 7.0. Related topics floor - fmod The cos() function returns the cosine of arg, where arg is expressed in radians. The return value of cos() is in the range [-1,1]. If arg is infinite, cos() will return NAN and raise a floating-point exception. Related topics acos - asin - atan - atan2 - cosh - sin - sinh - tan - tanh The function cosh() returns the hyperbolic cosine of arg. Related topics acos - asin - atan - atan2 - cos - sin - sinh - tan - tanh The function div() returns the quotient and remainder of the operation numerator / denominator. The div_t structure is defined in cstdlib, and has at least: int quot; // The quotient int rem; // The remainder For example, the following code displays the quotient and remainder of x/y: div_t temp; temp = div( x, y ); printf( "%d divided by %d yields %d with a remainder of %d\n", x, y, temp.quot, temp.rem ); Related topics ldiv The exp() function returns e (2.7182818) raised to the argth power. Related topics log - pow - sqrt The function fabs() returns the absolute value of arg. Related topics abs - fmod - labs The function floor() returns the largest integer value not greater than arg. // Example for positive numbers y = 6.04; x = floor( y ); would result in x being set to 6 (double 6.0). // Example for negative numbers y = -6.04; x = floor( y ); would result in x being set to -7 (double -7.0). Related topics ceil - fmod The fmod() function returns the remainder of x/y. Related topics ceil - fabs - floor The function frexp() is used to decompose num into two parts: a mantissa between 0.5 and 1 (returned by the function) and an exponent returned as exp. Scientific notation works like this: num = mantissa * (2 ^ exp) Related topics ldexp - modf The function labs() returns the absolute value of num. Related topics abs - fabs The ldexp() function returns num * (2 ^ exp). And get this: if an overflow occurs, HUGE_VAL is returned. Related topics frexp - modf Testing: adiv_t, div_t, ldiv_t. The ldiv() function returns the quotient and remainder of the operation numerator / denominator. The ldiv_t structure is defined in cstdlib and has at least: long quot; // the quotient long rem; // the remainder Related topics div The function log() returns the natural (base e) logarithm of num. There's a domain error if num is negative, a range error if num is zero. In order to calculate the logarithm of x to an arbitrary base b, you can use: double answer = log(x) / log(b); Related topics exp - log10 - pow - sqrt The log10() function returns the base 10 (or common) logarithm for num. There will be a domain error if num is negative and a range error if num is zero. Related topics log The function modf() splits num into its integer and fraction parts. It returns the fractional part and loads the integer part into i. Related topics frexp - ldexp The pow() function returns base raised to the expth power. There's a domain error if base is zero and exp is less than or equal to zero. There's also a domain error if base is negative and exp is not an integer. There's a range error if an overflow occurs. Related topics exp - log - sqrt If you don't want cmath you can write sin function it is; include using namespace std; double sin(double x) //sin function {return x-((x*x*x)/6.)+((x*x*x*x*x)/120. );} int main () { double a; cin>>a; cout<<"sin("< #include int main (){ double c, p; c = log(2.0); p = tanh (c); printf ("The hyperbolic tangent of %lf is %lf.\n", c, p ); return 0; } The function tanh() returns the hyperbolic tangent of arg. Related topics acos - asin - atan - atan2 - cos - cosh - sin - sinh - tan
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Joscha Bach (born 1973 in Weimar, Germany) is cognitive scientist focusing on cognitive architectures, models of mental representation, emotion, motivation and sociality. Achievements include research in novel data compression algorithm using concurrent entropy models; development of microPsi cognitive architecture for modeling emotion, motivation, mental representation. In 2000, Bach graduated with a diploma in Computer Science from Humboldt-University Berlin, followed by a Doctor of Philosophy at Osnabrück University, Germany, in 2006. Before joining AI Foundation, he worked as a visiting researcher at the MIT Media Lab and the Harvard Program for Evolutionary Dynamics. Fact finding reports by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University found that Bach’s research was supported with more than $150,000 by the Jeffrey Epstein Foundation. When the Artificial Intelligence (AI) movement set off fifty years ago, it bristled with ideas and optimism, which have arguably both waned since. The field has regressed into a multitude of relatively well insulated domains like logics, neural learning, case based reasoning, artificial life, robotics, agent technologies, semantic web... each with their own goals and methodologies. The decline of the idea of studying intelligence per se, as opposed to designing systems that perform tasks that would require some measure of intelligence in humans, has progressed to such a degree that we must now rename the original AI idea into Artificial General Intelligence. Attempts in psychology at overarching theories of the mind have been all but shattered by the influence of behaviorism, and where cognitive psychology has sprung up in its tracks, it rarely acknowledges that there is something as "intelligence per se", as opposed to the individual performance of a group of subjects in an isolated set of experiments. AI’s gradual demotion from a science of the mind to the nerdy playpen of information processing engineering was accompanied not by utterances of disappointment, but by a chorus of glee, uniting those wary of human technological hubris with the same factions of society that used to oppose evolutionary theory or materialistic monism... Long ago, physics and other natural sciences... had become computational. MicroPsi is a cognitive model that represents the author’s attempt to contribute to the discussion of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)... [W]e are in need of functionalist architectures. That is, we need to make explicit what entities we are going to research, what constitutes these entities conceptually, and how we may capture these concepts. Early AI systems tended to constrain themselves to micro-domains that could be sufficiently described using simple ontologies and binary predicate logics, or restricted themselves to hand-coded ontologies altogether. ...AI systems will probably have to be perceptual symbol systems, as opposed to amodal symbol systems... For all practical purposes, the universe is a pattern generator, and the mind "makes sense" of these patterns by encoding them according to the regularities it can find. Thus, the representation of a concept in an intelligent system is not a pointer to a "thing in reality", but a set of hierarchical constraints over (for instance perceptual) data. [T]he quality of a world model eventually does not amount to how "truly" it depicts "reality", but how adequately it encodes the (sensory) patterns. Robots are... not going to be the singular route to achieving AGI, and successfully building robots that are performing well in a physical environment does not necessarily engender the solution of the problems of AGI. Whether robotics or virtual agents will be first to succeed in the quest of achieving AGI remains an open question. General intelligence is not only the ability to reach a given goal (and usually, there is some very specialized, but non-intelligent way to reach a singular fixed goal, such as winning a game of chess), but includes the setting of novel goals, and most important of all, about exploration. ...[A]n environment with fixed tasks, scaled by an agent with pre-defined goals is not going to make a good benchmark problem for AGI. [M]otivation... does not arise from intelligence itself, but from a motivational system underlying all directed behavior. ...[T]here is no reason that could let us take behavioral tendencies such as self-preservation, energy conservation, altruistic behavior for granted—they... have... to be designed [including by evolutionary methods] into the system... Because a naked ontological dualism between mind and body/world is notoriously hard to defend, it is sometimes covered up by wedging the popular notion of emergence into the "explanatory gap"... "strong emergence" is basically an anti-AI proposal. In cognitive science, we currently have two major families of architectures... One, the classical school... characterized as Fodorian Architectures, as... the manipulation of a language of thought, usually expressed as a set of rules and capable of recursion. ...The other family favors distributed approaches and constrains a dynamic system with potentially astronomically many degrees of freedom until... behaviors [of] general intelligence are left. This may seem more "natural" and well-tuned... Yet many functional aspects of intelligence... as planning and language, are... much harder to depict using the dynamical systems approach. MicroPsi is an implementation of Dietrich Dörner’s Psi theory... MicroPsi is an attempt to embody the principles discussed above... : An Architecture of Motivated Cognition Symbolic reasoning falls short not only in modeling low level behaviors but is also difficult to ground into real world interactions and to scale upon dynamic environments... This has lead many... to abandon symbolic systems... and... focus on parallel distributed, entirely sub-symbolic approaches... well suited for many learning and control tasks, but difficult to apply [in] areas such as reasoning and language. [D]espite inevitable difficulties and methodological problems, the design of unified architectures modeling the breadth of mental capabilities in a single system is a crucial stage in understanding the human mind... [T]he designer of a unified architecture is in a similar situation as the cartographers that set out to draw the first maps of the world, based on the reports of traders and explorers returning from expeditions into uncharted waters and journeys to unknown coasts. [T]aking [the design of a cognitive architecture] to the AI laboratory... requires the theory not merely to be plausible, but... requires it to be fit for implementation, and delivers it to the... merciless battle of testing. This book is an attempt to explain cognition—thought, perception, emotion, experience—in terms of a machine, that is, using a cognitive architecture. Cognitive architectures are... Leibnizian machines... designed to bring forth the feats of cognition, and built to allow us to enter... examine them, and to watch their individual parts... pushing and pulling... thereby explaining how a mind works. Our... cognitive architecture is based on a formal [psychological] theory... the PSI theory... [which] has been turned into a computational model... MicroPSI... partially implemented as a computer program. [T]he relationship between cognition and neurobiological processes might be similar to the one between a car engine and locomotion. ...[A] car's locomotion is facilitated mainly by its engine, but the understanding of the engine does not aid much in finding out where the car goes. ...[T]he integration of... parts, the intentions of the driver and even the terrain might be more crucial ... Because there is no narrow, concise understanding of what constitutes mental activity and what is part of mental processes... cognition, the cognitive sciences and the related notions span a wide and convoluted terrain... most of [which] lies outside psychology... This methodological discrepancy can only be understood in the context of the recent history of psychology. Behaviorism... in the form of radical behaviorism... not only neglected the nature of mental entities as an object of inquiry, but denied their existence... [N]egligence of internal states of the mind makes it difficult to form conclusive theories of cognition, especially with regard to language... and consciousness, so radical behaviorism... lost its foothold. Yet, methodological behaviorism is still prevalent... Unlike physics, where previously unknown entities and mechanisms... are routinely postulated... and... evidence is sought in favor or against these... psychology shuns [this methodology]... Thus... cognitive psychology shows reluctance... to building unified theories of mental processes. ...Piaget's work ...might be one of the notable exceptions ... [I]nfluences that lead to the study of... mental entities and structures... came from... information sciences and cybernetics, and from formal linguistics. They fostered an understanding that mental activity amounts to information processing... that can be modeled as... an algorithm—working over states that encode representations. Functional constructivism is based on... philosophical constructivism... that all knowledge about the world is based on... our systematic interface. ...We do not ...recognize ...objects of our environment; we construct them over the regularities ...at the system interface of our cognitive system. To perceive means... to find order over patterns; these orderings are what we call objects. ...[I]t amounts to ...identification of these objects by their related patterns ...intuitively ...its features ... Everything we know about ourselves is... ordering... over features available at the interface; we know of mental phenomena only insofar as they are patterns or constructed over patterns. What the universe makes visible... to any observer... is... functionality. [T]he notions we process... are systematically structured information, making up a dynamic system. The description of such... is the domain of cybernetics or systems science... constructive methods that allow the representation of functionality. To understand... mind, we have to ask how a system capable of constructing has to be built... [A] functionalist model of cognitive processes might be implemented as a computer program (computationalism)... hand in hand with... Artificial Intelligence. According to [the physical symbol system hypothesis]... an implemented Turing machine, has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action. ...[A]ny system that exhibits general intelligence will ...be a physical symbol system. ...[A]ny physical symbol system of sufficient size can be organized further to exhibit general intelligence." Citing "Computer Science as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search", Allen Newell & Herbert A. Simon, 1976, p. 116.] The goal of building cognitive architectures is to achieve an understanding of mental processes by constructing testable information processing models. Functionalist psychology is... compatible with... scientific positivism, because it makes emperically falsifiable predictions... The... model is capable of producing [or predicting] specific behavior [and] [t]he model is the sparsest, simplest one... Just as the extensive theoretical bodies of physics, chemistry, [etc.]... unified theories of cognition are not isolated statements discarded when... predictions [are] refuted. Rather they are paradigms... that direct a research program... An Artificial Intelligence exploration into the creation of meaning, source. What's the best algorithm that you should be using to fix your world model? ...This question ...has been answered for the first time by Ray Solomonoff in the 1960s. He discovered an algorithm that you can apply when you've discovered that you're a robot and all you've got is data. What is the world like? ...[H]is algorithm is... a combination of Bayesian Reasoning, Induction and Occam's Razor. ...[W]e can mathematically prove that we cannot do better than Solomonoff Induction. Unfortunately, Solomonoff Induction is not quite computable. [E]verything that we're going to do is some approximation of Solomonoff Induction. ...[O]ur concepts cannot really refer to facts in the world out there. We do not get the truth by referring to stuff out there in the world. We get meaning by suitably encoding the patterns in our systemic interface. AI has recently made huge progress in encoding data at perceptual interfaces. Deep learning is about using a stacked hierarchy of feature detectors. ...[W]e use pattern detectors and we build them into networks that are arranged in hundreds of layers and then we adjust the links between these layers, usually using some kind of gradient descent. ...[Y]ou can use this to classify [e.g.,] images and parts of speech. ...[W]e get to features that are more and more complex. They start with these very... simple patterns, and then get more and more complex until we get to object categories. ...[N]ow the systems are able, in image recognition tasks, to approach performance that's very similar to human performance. ...[I]t seems to be somewhat similar to what the brain seems to be doing in visual processing. If you take the activation at different levels of these networks and you... enhance this activation a little... you get stuff that looks very psychadelic, which might be similar to what happens if you put certain illegal substances into people and enhance the activity on certain layers of their visual processing. [O]ur best bet is not just to have a single classification with filtering. ...[I]nstead... take the low level of input and get a whole universe of features that is interrelated. ...[W]e have different levels of determinations. At the lowest level we have percepts. At a slightly higher level we have simulations, and on an even higher level we have a concept landscape. How does... representation by simulation work? ...If you are a brain and you want to understand sound, you have to model it. ...Neurons do not want to do 20 Khz. That's way too fast for them. They like something like 20 Hz. So... you need to make a Fourier transform [which] measures the amount of energy at different frequencies. ...This cochlea ...in our ears ...transforms energy of sound at different frequency intervals into energy measurements... This is something that the brain can model. ...[A] neurosimulator tries to recreate these patterns. If it can predict the next input from the cochlea, then it understands the sound. If we want to understand music we have to go beyond understanding sound. We have to understand the transformations that sound can have if you play a different pitch. We have to arrange the sound in a sequencer that gives you rhythms, and so on, and then we want to identify some kind of musical grammar that we can use to... control the sequencer. So we have stacked structures that simulate the world. ...If you want to model a world of music you need to have the lowest level of the precepts, then the higher levels of mental simulations, which give the sequences... and the grammars of music... [B]eyond this you have the conceptual landscape that you can use to describe the different styles of music. ...[I]f you go up in the hierarchy, you get to more and more abstract models, more and more conceptual models, and more and more analytic models. ...[T]hese are causal models... [C]ausal models can be weakly deterministic, basically associative models, which tell you if this state [S1] happens, it is quite probable that this one [S2] comes afterwards. Or you can get to a strongly determined model... one which tells you, if you are in this state [S1], and this condition [c1] is met, you're going to go exactly in this state [S2]. If this state is not met, or a different condition [c2] is met, you go into this state [S3]. And this is what we call an algorithm. Now you're in the domain of computation. For a long time people have thought that the universe is written in mathematics... In fact nothing is mathematical. Mathematics is just the domain of formal languages. Mathematics starts with a void. Just throw in a few axioms and if those are nice axioms, then you get infinite complexity. Most of it is not computable. In mathematics you can express arbitrary statements, because it's all about formal languages. Many of these statements will not make sense. Many of these statements will make sense in some way, but you cannot test whether they make sense because they're not computable. Computation is different. Computation can exist. It starts with an initial state, and then you have a transition function. You do the work. You apply the transition function [and] you get into the next state. Computation is always finite. Mathematics is the kingdom of specification and computation is the kingdom of implementation. It's very important to understand this difference. All our access to mathematics... is because we do computation. We can understand mathematics because our brain can compute some part of mathematics, very very little of it and to a very constrained complexity, but enough so we can map some of the infinite complexity and noncomputability of mathematics into computational patterns which we can explore. [C]omputation is about doing the work... executing a transition function. [W]e saw that mental representation is about percepts, mental simulations, conceptual representations... [C]onceptual representations give us concept spaces, and... these concept spaces... give us an interface for our mental representations we can use to address and manipulate them, and we can share them in cultures. [T]hese concepts are compositional. We can put them together to create new concepts. ...[T]hey can be described using higher dimensional vector spaces. They [vectors] don't do mental simulation and prediction, and so on, but we can capture regularity in our concepts with them. With this vector space you can do amazing things, [e.g.,] if you take the vector from king to queen, it's pretty much the same vector as between man and woman. ...[B]ecause [these concept spaces are] really a high dimension manifold, we can do interesting things like machine translation without understanding what it means, that is, without doing any proper mental representation that predicts the world. ...[T]his is [a] type of mental representation that is somewhat incomplete, but it captures the landscape that we share in a culture. [T]here is another type of mental representation that is linguistic protocols, which is... a form of grammar and a vocabulary. ...[W]e need these ...protocols to transfer mental representations between people ...by scannning our ...representations, disassembling them ...and ...we use a discrete set of symbols to get this to somebody else... [who] trains an assembler that reverses this process and builds something that is... similar to what we intended to convey. [I]f you look at the progression of AI models, it... went the opposite direction. ...AI started with linguistic protocols, which were expressed in formal grammars, and then it got to concept spaces, and now it's about to address percepts. ...At some point in the near future it's going to get better at mental simulations and at some point after that we'll get to attention directed and motivationally connected systems that make sense of the world, that are in some sense able to address meaning. This is the hardware that we have... How difficult is it to define a brain? We know that the brain must be somewhere hidden in the genome [which] fits in a CD-ROM. It's not that complicated. It's easier than Microsoft Windows. ...[A]bout 2% of the genome is coding for proteins, and maybe about 10%... tells you when to express which protein, and the remainder is mostly garbage. It's old viruses that are left over and it's never been properly deleted [etc.] because there are no real code revisions in the genome. ...How much of this 10%, [i.e.,] about 75 megabytes code for the brain, we don't really know. What we do know is that we share almost all of this with mice. Genetically speaking, a human is a pretty big mouse, with a few bits changed to fix some of the genetic expressions. ...Most of the stuff there is going to code for cells and metabolism and what your body looks like, [etc.]... [T]o encode a brain genetically, based on the hardware that we are using, we need something like at least 500 kilobytes of code... actually... it's going to be a little more, I guess. It sounds like surprisingly little... but in terms of scientific theories this is a lot. ...The universe, according to the core theory of quantum mechanics... it's like half a page of code... to generate the universe. ...[I]f you want to understand evolution, it's like a paragraph... a couple lines, really, to understand an evolutionary process. ...[T]here's lots ...of details that you get afterwards, because this process itself doesn't define what all the animals are going to look like. In a similar way, the code of the universe doesn't tell you what this planet is going to look like and you... are going to look like. It's just defining the rule book. [T]he genome defines the rule book by which our brain is built. The brain boots itself, in a development process, and this booting takes some time... formation learning in which some connections are formed, basic models are built of the world so we can operate in it. How long does this booting take... about 80 megaseconds. That's the time a child is awake until it's 3 1/2 years old. By this age you understand Star Wars, and I think everything after Star Wars is cosmetics. : Towards Addressing Consciousness in AI Models Mathematics is the domain of all formal languages, and allows the expression of arbitrary statements (most of which are uncomputable). Computation may be understood in terms of computational systems, for instance via defining states (which are sets of discernible differences, i.e. bits), and transition functions that let us derive new states. Whereas mathematics is the realm of specification, computation is the realm of implementation; it captures all those systems that can actually be realized. Computational systems are machines that can be described apriori and systematically, and implemented on every substrate that elicits the causal properties that are necessary to capture the respective states and transition functions. The absence of an understanding of substrate independent machines lead Leibniz to the rejection of mechanist philosophy... [W]hile dynamical systems often cannot be effectively computed on a finite state machine (such as a von Neumann computer), they can often be efficiently approximated. Artificial Intelligence was the attempt of thinkers like Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy and others to treat the mind as a computational system, and thereby open its study to experimental exploration by building computational machines that would attempt to replicate the functionality of minds. The failure to deliver on some of the early, optimistic promises of machine intelligence, as well as cultural opposition, lead to cuts in funding for cognitive AI, and eventually the start of the new discipline of Cognitive Science. ...Cognitive Science did not develop a cohesive methodology and theoretical outlook, and became an umbrella term for neuroscience, AI, cognitive psychology, linguistics and philosophy of mind. AI Podcast #101 with Lex Fridman, source At some point you have to understand the comedy of your own situation. If you take yourself seriously, and you are not functional, it ends in tragedy, as it did for Nietzsche. ...[Y]ou find the same thing in Hesse... The Steppenwolf syndrome is classic in all its sense, where you... feel misunderstood by the world and you don't understand that all the misunderstandings are the result of your own lack of self-awareness, because you think that you are [the] prototypical human and the others around you should behave the same way as you expect... based on your innate instincts; and it doesn't work out, and you become a transcendentalist to deal with that. ...It's very... understandable and I have great sympathies for this, to the degree that I can have sympathy for my own intellectual history. But you have to grow out of it. You need to become unimportant as a subject, that is, if you are a philosopher, believe is not a verb. ...You have to submit to the things that are possibly true and... follow wherever your inquiry leads, but it's not about you, it has nothing to do with you. You cannot define objective truth without understanding the nature of truth... So what does the brain mean by saying that it's discovered something as truth... A model can be predictive or not... [T]here can be a sense in which a mathematical statement is true because it's defined as true under certain conditions. So it's... a particular state that a variable can have in the assembled game and then you can have a correspondence between systems and talk about truth, which is again a type of model correspondence. [T]here also seems to be a particular kind of ground truth, [e.g.,] you are confronted with the enormity of something existing at all. ...It's stunning when you realize something exists, rather than nothing. ...[T]his seems to be true. There is an absolute truth in the fact that something seems to be happening. The easiest answer is existence is the default. ...So this is the lowest number of bits that you need to encode this. ...Nonexistence might not be a meaningful notion. ...If everything that can exist, exists... it probably needs to be implementable. The only thing that can be implemented is finite automata so maybe the whole of existence is... a superposition of all finite automata, and we are in some region of the fractal that has the properties that it can contain us. ...Imagine that every automaton is... an operator that acts on some substrate [something that can store information], and as a result you get emergent patterns. It may not have a why. This might be the wrong direction to ask... [T]here could be no relation in the "why" direction... It doesn't mean that everything has to have a purpose or a cause... The last big things that we discovered was the constructivist turn in mathematics... to understand that the parts of mathematics that work are computation. That was a very significant discovery in the first half of the 20th century. ...[I]t hasn't fully permeated philosophy and even physics yet. Physicists checked out the code libraries for mathematics before constructivism became universal. ...Gödel himself ...didn't get it yet. Hilbert could get it. Hilbert saw that [e.g.,] Cantor's set theoretic experiments in mathematics led him to contradictions, and he noticed that with the current semantics we cannot build a computer in mathematics that runs mathematics without crashing, and Gödel... could prove this. What Gödel could show is using classical mathematical semantics you run into contradictions, and because Gödel strongly believed in these semantics... he was shocked. It... shook his world to the core, because in some sense he felt that the world has to be implemented in classical mathematics. For Turing it wasn't quite so bad. ...[T]uring could see that the solution is to understand that mathematics was computational all along. ...For instance pi in classical mathematics is a value. It's also a function, but it's the same thing. In computation, a function is only a value when you can compute it, and if you cannot compute the last digit of pi, you only have a function. You can plug this function into your local sun, let it run until the sun burns out... This is it. This is the last digit of pi you will know. But it also means that there can be no process in the physical universe, or in any physically realized computer that depends on having known the last digit of pi. ...Which means that there are parts of physics that are defined in such a way that cannot strictly be true, because, assuming that this could be true leads into contradictions. I don't actually have an identity beyond the identity that I construct. ...[T]he Dalai Lama... identifies as a form of government. [He] gets reborn, not because he is confused, but because he is not identifying as a human being. He runs on a human being. He's... a governmental software that is instantiated in every new generation anew. So his advisors will pick someone who does this in the next generation. So if you identify with this, you are no longer human and you don't die in this sense... only the body that you run on. To kill the Dalai Lama you'd have to kill his tradition. Reddit... Facebook... Twitter... are companies that... own a protocol... imposed on a community and... [and have] different components for monetization... user management... user display... rating... anonymity... for import of other content... Imagine that you take these components of the protocol apart and... communities are allowed to mix and match their protocols, and design new ones... [e.g.,] the UI and the UX can be defined by the community, the rules for sharing content across communities can be defined, the monetization... the way you reward individual users... the way users represent themselves... can become part of the protocol... [I]n some communities it will be a single person that comes up with these things; in others it's a group of friends. Some might implement a voting scheme... Who knows what might be the best self-organizing principle for this. ...It can be automated so people can write software for this. ...Let's not make an assumption about this thing if you don't know the right solution... In most areas there is no idea whether it will be people designing this ad-hoc, or machines doing this. Whether you want to enforce compliance by social norms, like Wikipedia, or with software solutions, or with AI that goes through the post-op people, or with a legal principle... If you let the communities evolve, and you just control it in such a way that you are incentivizing the most sentient communities. The ones that produce the most interesting behaviors, that allow you to interact in the most helpful ways to the individuals. ...So that you have a network that gives... information that is relevant to you. It helps you to maintain relationships to others in healthy ways. It allows you to build teams... to... bring the best of you into this thing and goes into the coupling, into a relationship with others in which you produce things that you would be unable to produce alone. Minds are software states... Software doesn't have identity. Software in some sense is a physical law. ...The maintenance of the identity is not terminal. It's instrumental to something else. You maintain your identity so you can serve your meaning. So you can do the things that you are supposed to do before you die. ...For most people the fear of death is the fear of dying before they are done with the things that they feel they have to do even though they cannot quite put their finger on... what that is. The fuzzy idea is the one of continuous existence. We don't have continuous existence... because it's not computable. There is no continuous process. The only thing that binds you together with the last week and from yesterday is the illusion that you have memories about them. So if you want to upload, it is very easy. You make a machine that thinks it's you. ...It's the same thing that you are. You are a machine that thinks it's you. [Y]ou don't know this state in which you don't have a self. You can turn off yourself... You can... meditate yourself [into] a state where you are still conscious, where still things are happening, where you know everything that you knew before, but you're no longer identified with changing anything. ...[T]his means that your self ...dissolves. There is no longer this person... you know that this person construct exists in other states and it runs on this brain... but it's not a real thing. It's a construct. It's an idea... and you can change that idea, and if you let go of this idea... If you don't think you are special, you realize it's just one of many people, and it's not your favorite person even... It's just one of many, and it's the one that you are doomed to control... and that is... informing the actions of this organism as a control model. This is all there is, and you are somehow afraid that this control model gets interrupted, or loses the identity of continuity. [M]editation is... just a bunch of techniques that let you control attention. ...[W]hen you can control attention you can get access to your own source code, hopefully not before you understand what you are doing, and then you can change the way it works, temporarily or permanently. ...Everything else is downstream from controlling attention. Normally we only get attention in the parts of our mind that create heat, where you have a mismatch between [the] model and the results that are happening. So most people are not self-aware, because their control is too good. If everything works out roughly the way you want, and the only things that don't work out are whether your football team wins, then you will mostly have models about these domains. ...It's only when... your fundamental relationships through the world don't work [that, attention or self-awareness arises]. [T]he types of models that we form right now are not sparse enough... which means that, ideally, every potential model state should correspond to a potential world state. So... if you vary states in your model, you always end up with valid world states. ...[O]ur mind is not quite there... an indication is especially what we see in dreams. The older we get, the more boring our dreams become, because we incorporate more and more constraints that we learned about how the world works. So many of the things that we imagine to be possible as children turn out to be constrained by physical and social dynamics, and as a result fewer and fewer things remain possible. It's not because our imagination scales back, but the constraints under which it operates become tighter and tighter. ...So the constraints under which our neural networks operate are almost limitless, which means it's very difficult to get a neural network to imagine things that look real. We probably need to build dreaming systems... [P]art of the purpose of dreams is... similar to a... generative adversarial network. We learn certain constraints, and then it produces alternative perspectives on the same set of constraints, so you can recognize it under different circumstances. Maybe we have flying dreams as children because we recreate the objects that we know, the maps that we know, from different perspectives, which also means from the bird's-eye perspective. It's relatively easy to build a neural network that... learns the dynamics. The fact that we haven't done it right so far doesn't mean it's hard... [A] biological organism does it with relatively few neurons. ...[Y]ou build a bunch of neural oscillators that entrain themselves with the dynamics of your body is such a way that the regulator becomes isomorphic and it's modeled with the dynamics that it regulates, and then it's automatic. ...[I]t's only interesting in the sense that it captures attention when the system is off [kelter]. How much common sense knowledge do we actually have. Imagine that you are a really hard working all your life and you form two new concepts every half-hour... You end up with... a million concepts, because you don't get that old. ...That's not a lot. ...[H]ow many cycles do your neurons have in your life, it's quite limited. [I] think of the concepts as the address space for our behavior programs. The behavior programs allow us to recognize objects [also mental objects] and react... [A] large part of that is the physical world that we interact with, which is this Res extensa thing... basically the navigation of information in space... [I]t's similar to a game engine... a physics engine that you can use to describe/predict how things that look in a particular way, that feel... a particular way, enough proprioception, enough auditory perception... the geometry of all these things... [T]his is probably 80% of what our brain is doing... dealing with that... real time simulation... [I]t's not that hard to understand... [O]ur game engines are already approximating the fidelity of what we can perceive... in the same ball park... just a couple of orders of magnitude away from saturating our perception, from the complexity that [the brain] can produce. ...[T]he computer that you can buy... is able to give a perceptual reality that has the detail that is already in the same ball park as what your brain can process. [E]verything else are ideas about the world, and I suspect that they are relatively sparse, and also the intuitive models that we form about social interaction. ...[T]he priors are present in most social animals ... Many domestic social animals ...have better social cognition than children. There are some animals like elephants that have larger brains than us and they don't seem to be smarter. ...Elephants seem to be autistic. They have very, very good motor control and they're really good with details, but really struggle to see the big picture. ...[Y]ou can make them recreate drawings stroke by stroke... but they cannot reproduce a still life... of a scene... Why is that? Maybe smarter elephants would meditate themselves out of existence because their brains are too large. So... that elephants that were not autistic, they didn't reproduce. Arguably most people are not generally intelligent, because they don't have to solve problems that make them generally intelligent. ...[I]t's not yet clear if we are smart enough to build AI and understand our own nature to this degree... [I]t could be a matter of capacity, and for most people it's... a matter of interest. They don't see the point because the benefits of attempting this project are marginal, because you're probably not going to succeed... and the cost... requires complete dedication of your entire life. Joscha Bach is one of those rare people whose primary motivation is unbound curiosity and inspiration. He clearly loves what he does and you can’t help but notice his radiating passion and youthful exuberance. Joscha has an impressively wide and deep knowledge in a variety of scientific, philosophical and artistic disciplines and I had to do my best just to keep up with Bach’s brilliant fast-paced mind and stream of consciousness. Nikola Danaylov, "Joscha Bach: We need to understand the nature of AI to understand who we are" (Nov 14, 2018) Introduction to Podcast interview. I have a lot of good things to say about Joscha Bach. He has a deep conceptual understanding of AGI and its grounding in cognitive science, philosophy of mind and neuroscience; a software system embodying a subset of his ideas and doing interesting and useful things; and a concrete plan for what needs to be learned to expand his system and his associated theory gradually toward human-level intelligence. What's more... his approach might work, if extended and grown intelligently from its current state. There aren’t many AGI researchers I can say all that about. Ben Goertzel, "Joscha Bach: Understanding the Mind" (May, 2011) as quoted in Between Ape and Artilect (2013) Joscha Bach has written a blog post criticizing my suggestion that the universe as a whole is, in a sense, akin to a cosmic nervous system. ...Bach and I have engaged... in an extensive email exchange discussing precisely the points he brought up in his blog post. ...[H]e chose to make his criticisms public now, whilst ignoring the many clarifications I sent him by email back then. ...Bach's criticisms are straw-men; every single one of them. Bernardo Kastrup, "The 'cosmic nervous system': response to Joscha Bach" (Jan 26, 2013) Artificial intelligence Cognitive architecture Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm Minsky, Marvin Philosophy Turing, Alan Wiener, Norbert Wikipedia has an article about: Joscha Bach Joscha Bach's home page Videos Joscha Bach @Google Scholar Joscha Bach @YouTube
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This document refers to the Toyota Prius 2004-2009 (NHW20) and contains information only where details for the Prius differ from 'ordinary' vehicles. The Prius doesn't lend itself to home maintenance beyond the usual oil/coolant levels, tyres, etc. Almost everything electrical is computer controlled so special equipment is required to diagnose faults or change parameters. Also, worth mentioning, is the high voltage battery which can give a nasty jolt to anyone who takes liberties with it. Having said that, there are still steps that owners can take to minimise future problems and even some relatively minor problems that can be easily and safely fixed by the owner. Prius uses two battery systems: A high voltage battery system (several hundred volts! Note DANGER to untrained mechanics!) often referred to as the traction battery. This battery sits under the rear seat or under the floor in the rear cargo area. Its main function is to power the electric traction motor(s), start the gasoline engine and store regenerated power. A second battery, the auxiliary battery, powers computers that manage Prius systems, vehicle lighting, electric door locks, electric windows, the radio, etc. This is a 12-volt battery and electrical system much like traditional automobiles except it does not need to be powerful enough to run a starter motor. In earlier models, it is located in the rear cargo area and in the later models, in the engine compartment. The 12 volt lead acid auxiliary battery, located underneath the cargo area near the right interior fender, is quite small and will discharge if the car isn't used for more than a couple of months. This battery powers the vehicle's entire 12 volt bus, including body and powertrain computers, window and lock actuators, exterior and interior lights, various accessories, and it initiates the hybrid control system when the driver switches the vehicle into ready mode. Note however, the auxiliary battery doesn't power the reciprocating engine's starting motor (motor generator 1 - MG1). The high voltage traction battery powers the starter. A total loss of 12 volt power from a discharged or disconnected auxiliary battery can cause unforeseen problems. These are not insurmountable or even serious, but can be annoying. These issues need to be restored by clearing the error codes from the system (see below). You may also have to reset the clock and your radio station settings. A discharged battery can also make accessing the inside of the car difficult (especially the cargo area), as electrically actuated locks or latches may be inoperable. It's a good idea to use your manual key at least once a month for entry to avoid lock seizure, as this may be the only way to access the interior should the auxiliary battery become completely discharged. WARNING: Take great care to get the jumper leads the right way round! Connect Red to Red (+) and then Black to Black (-). Mixing up the polarity (+ to -) WILL cause extremely expensive damage to your Prius! Prius can be jump started just like any other car from under the hood (bonnet), in the engine compartment. With earlier Prius models, access to the battery in the rear is not needed; there is a jump start terminal hidden under a Red plastic cover in the fuse box. In a later model Prius, the auxiliary battery is in the engine compartment under the hood, so connect the Red jumper cable to the positive battery terminal hidden under a Red cover. For any Prius model, see warning above. Sufficient power from the donor vehicle is only required to start the hybrid control system, far less than a normal vehicle's starter motor would require. Connect the Red +12 volt jumper lead to the jump terminal or the +12 volt Red battery terminal, depending on the Prius model. Then connect the Black negative ground lead to any substantial bare metal part in the engine compartment. Once connected, just start the Prius as normal. The leads can then be disconnected. There is no need to leave them connected once the hybrid system has started even if the engine hasn't fired up. This sometimes confuses drivers of recovery vehicles who think the Prius has failed to start or has stalled. The Prius only needs to indicate READY. When READY is on, the Prius will now charge the auxiliary battery itself. WARNING: Do not attempt to push start a Prius. Unlike normal cars, the Prius does not charge the 12 volt battery via an alternator spun by the engine. This vehicle charges its 12 volt battery from the hybrid system, so if you are unable to take the car out for a run for any reason, just switching the system on for a while will do the job. To maintain charge in the 12V battery if the car is not being used often, Toyota recommend putting the car in 'Ready' mode for one hour, once per week. If the battery is completely flat, the vehicle may need to be put in 'Ready' for 4 - 8 hours to fully recharge. Be aware that the engine will start occasionally to ensure the high voltage battery doesn't discharge - so this should only be done in a well-ventilated area, not a closed garage. Doing this will also wreck your miles per gallon record. Alternatively, the 12 volt battery can also be recharged using a standard car battery charger. The high voltage battery will never discharge under normal operating conditions. The Prius strives to keep the battery within normal parameters while the car is being driven and it is physically disconnected via a relay when the car is shut down. It is charged automatically by energy reclaimed by the hybrid system when the vehicle is slowing down and by running the main engine when required. Barring faults, there are two ways to discharge the high voltage battery; run the car without fuel, thus preventing the engine starting, or putting it in Neutral. This is to be avoided except in emergencies and a specific warning is given in the vehicles handbook about this. If access is needed to the battery, there is a safety plug, close to the battery itself, which can be used to disconnect it completely for maintenance purposes. Having said that, there is no need for the average owner to go near that battery and it is not necessary to unplug it if you're not intending to use the car for some time. The Diagnostic Trouble Codes or DTC's (also known simply as fault codes) are stored automatically whenever any of the sensors are outside of predetermined parameters. For instance, on the Prius, there are sensors at the braking systems master cylinder and also at the calipers. If the sensors show different readings, the system logs this as a fault. The fault codes are not generally cleared automatically; they are stored until reset manually with an OBD-II diagnostic tester. If you have such a tool and wish to interrogate the system and/or reset the fault codes, you can just plug it in and follow the instructions for the particular tool you are using. If you don't have an OBD-II tester, you can get away with a Special Service Tool (SST) 09843-18040 from Toyota. This is used to safely link particular terminals together in order to get the system to display the stored fault codes and respond to instructions given via the vehicles sensors. Warning lights on the dashboard that refuse to extinguish even when you are sure there is no fault can be due to stored fault codes. Use the SST to connect terminals 4 and 13 of the OBD-II socket. Turn on the vehicles power (just press the power button). Press the brake pedal at least eight times within five seconds. Check that there are no warnings displayed on the dashboard - if warnings are still displayed, turn the power off and repeat from step 2. Unplug the SST. Poor reception on the Prius, including crackling, on both AM and FM is usually a grounding problem at the antenna end. The antenna is mounted on the roof, right at the back in the centre. The fix then is simply to gain access, unbolt the antenna, clean the antenna and the area of the roof where it makes contact, smear some dielectric grease on the contact point to prevent corrosion in the future (petroleum jelly will suffice) and put it all back together. Unfortunately, in order to gain access to the contact point in order to clean it, you'll need to remove the rear internal light assembly and drop the headlining at the back. Disconnecting the 12 volt battery in a Prius (or allowing it to go flat), will cause the automatic function of the power windows to fail. They need to be recalibrated before they will work properly again. Fortunately this is an easy task. Just use the switch to lower the window to about half way. Then use the same switch to raise the window. Hold the switch in the (up) position for at least a second after the window stops moving. If that fails, try disconnecting the battery again for a few minutes, reconnect it and try again, holding the switch for a couple of seconds after the window stops.
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