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[ { "text": "The zygote divides into multiple cells in a process known as cleavage, triggering the beginning of embryonic differentiation.", "source": "https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/embryonic-differentiation-animals" } ]

[ { "value": "from whom", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "HeLa cells are named after Henrietta Lacks, a cervical cancer patient from whom the cells were taken.", "source": "https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/telomerase-human-development" } ]

[ { "value": "to improve maternal blood flow", "type": "PURPOSE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "These cells remodel the spiral arteries to improve and secure maternal blood flow to the growing embryo.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantation_%28human_embryo%29" } ]

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[ { "text": "Haploid cells are found in various algae, various male bees, wasps and ants.", "source": "https://www.diffen.com/difference/Diploid_vs_Haploid" } ]

[ { "value": "by communicating with each other", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Cells regulate their division by communicating with each other using chemical signals from special proteins called cyclins.", "source": "https://askabiologist.asu.edu/cell-division" } ]

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[ { "text": "Features that can form a colony are the cells that can be cultured successfully (Lanza et al., 2009; Yilmaz et al., 2016).", "source": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/zygote" } ]

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[ { "text": "Following the EMT, the cells ingress through the primitive streak and spread out to form a new layer of cells or join existing layers.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrula" } ]

[ { "value": "to absence", "type": "CAUSE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Cells, embryonic cells in particular, are sensitive to the presence or absence of specific chemical molecules in their surroundings.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryomics" } ]

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[ { "text": "These include the cells that make up the organs, muscles, bones, skin, hair, and any other part of the body other than the eggs or sperm cells.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" } ]

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[ { "text": "The cells that contain the determinant become a signaling center and emit an inducing factor.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology" } ]

[ { "value": "in cell biology", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In cell biology, a unipotent cell is the concept that one stem cell has the capacity to differentiate into only one cell type.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency" } ]

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[ { "text": "The blastocyst has an outer layer of cells, and inside this hollow sphere, there is a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" } ]

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[ { "text": "The cells in the uterine wall are full of nutrients and water.", "source": "https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_unit1.php" } ]

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[ { "text": "These “2C-like” cells in PSC culture cannot be expanded independently and the purified 2C-like cells return to the normal PSC state.", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" } ]

[ { "value": "morphologically", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During embryogenesis, for a number of cell cleavages (the specific number depends on the type of organism) all the cells of an embryo will be morphologically and developmentally equivalent.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_fate_determination" } ]

[ { "value": "in developmental potentials", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 }, { "value": "permanently", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Before animals were first cloned from nuclei of the fully differentiated cells of frogs in the 1960s [12–14], it was posited that cells continuously lose some genetic determinants over the course of development and become permanently restricted in developmental potentials .", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" } ]

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[ { "text": "Cell differentiation is an important process through which a single cell gradually evolves allowing for development that not only results in various organs and tissues being formed, but also a fully functional animal.", "source": "https://www.microscopemaster.com/cell-differentiation.html" } ]

[ { "value": "toward the uterine cavity", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Furthermore, the surface of the endometrium produces a kind of rounded cells, which cover the whole area toward the uterine cavity.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantation_%28human_embryo%29" } ]

[ { "value": "transiently", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "It is reported that cells expressing murine endogenous retrovirus activity, a characteristic of the two-cell embryos, transiently exist in mouse PSC culture in a very small portion (2C-like cells) .", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" } ]

[ { "value": "for it", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In contrast, some decidual cells in the proximity of the blastocyst degenerate, providing nutrients for it.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantation_%28human_embryo%29" } ]

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[ { "text": "In anaphase, the cell splits in half.", "source": "https://quizlet.com/79522559/mitosis-and-meiosis-flash-cards/" } ]

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[ { "text": "Human microchimeras are produced when fetal stem cells or maternal cells cross the placenta (fetal-maternal microchimerism) or following blood transfusion (transfusion-associated microchimerism) or organ transplantation.", "source": "https://www.britannica.com/science/chimera-genetics" } ]

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[ { "text": "If a cell is in a determined state, the cell's fate cannot be reversed or transformed.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_fate_determination" } ]

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[ { "text": "The inner cells will turn into the hypoblast layer, which will surround the other layer, called the epiblast, and these layers will form the embryonic disc that will develop into the embryo.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" } ]

[ { "value": "to shuffle the genetic deck", "type": "PURPOSE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The cell uses three mechanisms to shuffle the genetic deck:", "source": "https://sciencing.com/happens-chromosomal-level-result-fertilization-18707.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "This would be accomplished by reprogramming adult stem or somatic cells removed from the patient, so that these cells revert to the pluripotent, embryonic state.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryomics" } ]

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[ { "text": "Thus, the totipotent cells in mice may exist at the four-cell and early eight-cell stages, at the latter point of which the embryo compaction still does not occur.", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" } ]

[ { "value": "into the interior of the blastocyst", "type": "TRANSITIVE-OBJECT", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Furthermore, these cells pump fluid into the interior of the blastocyst, causing the formation of a polarized blastocyst with the ICM attached to the trophectoderm at one end (see figure).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_cell_mass" } ]

[ { "value": "typically", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 }, { "value": "for a total of 46", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "For example, a human cell typically has 23 pairs, for a total of 46.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/occurs-zygote-one-fewer-chromosome-usual-17818.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "Cell division involves a single cell (called a mother cell) dividing into two daughter cells.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" } ]

[ { "value": "during the differentiation process", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 }, { "value": "gradually", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During the differentiation process, cells gradually become committed towards developing into a given cell type.", "source": "https://www.microscopemaster.com/cell-differentiation.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "A somatic cell (from Ancient Greek σῶμα sôma, meaning \"body\"), or vegetal cell, is any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cells" } ]

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[ { "text": "Do all cells divide the same way?", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "2) how do the cells know, when the cells of that type building a bone or lips or teeth, etc, are done, since obviously many participate in the process. ?", "source": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/59244/in-human-zygote-cell-differentiation-do-we-know-how-the-cells-coordinating-th" } ]

[ { "value": "to the later placenta", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Developmental studies show that the cells of the outer wall become the trophoblast (feeding layer) and are precursors to the later placenta.", "source": "https://www.princeton.edu/~prolife/articles/wdhbb.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "especially the odds against the first cell forming by chance.", "source": "https://zygotetheory.wordpress.com/2007/09/02/zygote-theory/" } ]

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[ { "text": "In algae and fungi cells switch between a haploid and diploid state over the length of their life cycle (known as alternation of generation), and are in a haploid state during the principle stage of their life cycle.", "source": "https://www.diffen.com/difference/Diploid_vs_Haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": "The cells continue to divide and form a hollow bundle called a blastocyst.", "source": "https://www.quora.com/How-is-a-zygote-formed" } ]

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[ { "text": "Retinoblastoma proteins that inhibit the transcription factor E2F until the cell is ready to enter S phase are hyperphosphorylated and inactivated in ESCs, leading to continual expression of proliferation genes.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" } ]

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[ { "text": "Untransformed cells should be easy to detect and remove to avoid chimeras.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_%28genetics%29" } ]

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[ { "text": "In oocytes, the shapes of P c (s) curves were consistent between individual cells (Fig. 1d) but markedly different from the characteristic shape in other mammalian interphase cells (Fig.", "source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21711" } ]

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[ { "text": "In sea urchins the first cells to internalize are the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), which have a skeletogenic fate, which ingress during the blastula stage.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrula" } ]

[ { "value": "at the end of interphase", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "At the end of interphase, the cell is ready to enter mitosis.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "I segregates homologous chromosomes, which are joined as tetrads (2n, 4c), producing two haploid cells (n chromosomes, 23 in humans) which each contain chromatid pairs (1n, 2c).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "Ninety-five cells (60%) were highly enriched in TE-specific markers such as Cdx2 and Krt8.", "source": "https://www.cell.com/developmental-cell/fulltext/S1534-5807(10)00110-3" } ]

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[ { "text": "In the first hours after fertilization, this zygote divides into identical totipotent cells, which can later develop into any of the three germ layers of a human (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm), or into cells of the placenta (cytotrophoblast or syncytiotrophoblast).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency" } ]

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[ { "text": "Many cells also have structures which exist wholly or partially outside the cell membrane.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" } ]

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[ { "text": "All cells have the same DNA; however, different cells now begin to \"turn on\" (or \"express\") different genes to become different organs.", "source": "https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch39repronotes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "A human cell with one extra set of the 23 normal chromosomes (functionally triploid) would be considered euploid.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

[ { "value": "during g", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During G 2 , the cell undergoes the final stages of growth before it enters the M phase, where spindles are synthesized.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "It’s all be contingent on how many cells are needed to format the ending time of organism, and how much organisms established at birth.", "source": "https://ibiologia.com/zygote/" } ]

[ { "value": "for a particular gene", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "A cell is said to be homozygous for a particular gene when identical alleles of the gene are present on both homologous chromosomes.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity" } ]

[ { "value": "tightly together", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "It means that the cells on the outer part of the morula become bound tightly together.", "source": "https://www.invitra.com/en/differences-between-a-zygote-an-embryo-and-a-fetus/" } ]

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[ { "text": "The main difference between morula and blastula is that morula is a spherical mass of blastomeres, which are formed following the splitting of a zygote whereas blastula is an early developmental stage of the embryo, consisting of a spherical layer of cells filled with fluid.", "source": "https://pediaa.com/difference-between-morula-and-blastula/" } ]

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[ { "text": "Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have organelles, but prokaryotic organelles are generally simpler and are not membrane-bound.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" } ]

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[ { "text": "A cell that inherits only one X chromosome will have a Y chromosome as well, and it will be a male.", "source": "https://sciencetrends.com/female-male-gametes/" } ]

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[ { "text": "The cell, referred to as the zygote, contains a new combination of genetic material, resulting in an individual different from either parent and from anyone else in the world.", "source": "https://www.lifenews.com/2015/01/08/41-quotes-from-medical-textbooks-prove-human-life-begins-at-conception/" } ]

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[ { "text": "The mutant cell or organism is called a nullizygote.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity" } ]

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[ { "text": "The dividing cell goes through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase twice.", "source": "https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" } ]

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[ { "text": "Some cells, however, will remain trapped in the interior and will become the inner cell mass (ICM), and are pluripotent.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morula" } ]

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[ { "text": "Cellular differentiation then develops the blastula's cells into two types: trophoblast cells that surround the blastocoel and an inner mass of cells (the embryoblast).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocyst" } ]

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[ { "text": "The embryonic endoderm is formed by invagination of epiblastic cells that migrate to the hypoblast, while the mesoderm is formed by the cells that develop between the epiblast and endoderm.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" } ]

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[ { "text": "Cells use DNA for their long-term information storage.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" } ]

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[ { "text": "The cell divides in half, creating two cells.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

[ { "value": "to cells", "type": "TRANSITIVE-OBJECT", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Where 'cells' is a path to cells containing erb templates describing how to boot your system - shown in greater detail below.", "source": "https://github.com/Shopify/zygote-gem" } ]

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[ { "text": "Diploid Cells Definition: These cells contain a complete set (or 2n) of chromosomes.", "source": "https://biologywise.com/diploid-haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": "Scientists recently succeeded in converting adult human skin cells into cells that appear to have the properties of HESCs by activating four genes in the adult cells (Takahashi et al. 2007; Yu et al. 2007).", "source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stem-cells/" } ]

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[ { "text": "Then those two cells divide, for a total of four cells.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

[ { "value": "in this phase", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Cells can go through growth and development in this phase.", "source": "https://passel2.unl.edu/view/lesson/f57a1a8ce6f5/2" } ]

[ { "value": "in this phase", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Cells can go through growth and development in this phase.", "source": "https://passel2.unl.edu/view/lesson/f57a1a8ce6f5/2" } ]

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[ { "text": "A spermatozoon (pronounced , alternate spelling spermatozoön; plural spermatozoa; from Ancient Greek: σπέρμα (\"seed\") and Ancient Greek: ζῷον (\"living being\")) is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatozoon" } ]

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[ { "text": "After the formation of the diploid zygote, the cell will begin to rapidly divide forming a ball of cells called the blastocyst.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/fusion-two-gametes-form-diploid-zygote-13836.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "b, Dependence of contact probability on genomic separation, P c (s), for single K562 cells (n = 9) with >30,000 total contacts (yellow), combined single-cell K562 data from all cells (orange) and published population K562 data8 (black).", "source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21711" } ]

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[ { "text": "The cell or organism is called a hemizygote.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity" } ]

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[ { "text": "Their sex cells will undergo meiosis where 1 cell containing 2 sets of DNA (both moms and dads set) will first make 2 haploid cells (1 gets dads homologous chromosome, the other gets moms homologous chromosome.", "source": "https://www.quora.com/How-many-cells-does-a-zygote-consist" } ]

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[ { "text": "The reason is unknown; however, new scientific results are suggesting cells having reduced TPI activity are more resistant against oxidative stress.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygote_advantage" } ]

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[ { "text": "For these investigators to avoid the charge of complicity in the destruction of embryos, it must be the case that the researchers who derived the HESCs would have performed the derivation in the absence of external demand for the cells (Siegel 2004).", "source": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stem-cells/" } ]

[ { "value": "in maternal tissues", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Fetomaternal Microchimerism” where fetal cells establish cell lines in maternal tissues.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantation_%28human_embryo%29" } ]

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[ { "text": "Although haploid cells in humans and many other organisms are only in the gamete cells, some organisms, such as algae, go through a phase in their lifecycle where their cells will be haploid.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" } ]

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[ { "text": "The cells in the uterine wall are full of nutrients and water.", "source": "https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_unit1.php" } ]

[ { "value": "to zygote", "type": "TRANSITIVE-OBJECT", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Cells with ERB templates are exposed as endpoints, and provide the interface to zygote.", "source": "https://github.com/Shopify/zygote-gem" } ]

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[ { "text": "All of the specialized cells that make up these body systems are descendants of the original zygote, a stem cell with the potential to ultimately develop into all kinds of body cells.", "source": "https://www.medicinenet.com/stem_cells/article.htm" } ]

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[ { "text": "Here with the characteristic of self-renewal, it is stated that at least one of the cells that are brought into being after the stem cell has been divided carry the characteristics of the stem cell.", "source": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/zygote" } ]

[ { "value": "together", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "When the haploid cells from the parent donors come together and are fertilized, the offspring has a complete set of chromosomes and becomes a diploid cell.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" } ]

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[ { "text": "Week 3 - Week 8 (Embryo) - Development of all organ systems Day 22: Cardiac cells (early heart) begins to beat Day 24 embryo shown at right", "source": "https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch39repronotes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "Meiosis during spermatogenesis is specific to a type of cell called spermatocytes, which will later mature to become spermatozoa.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "Specialized cells of the same type migrate toward one another.", "source": "https://www.dummies.com/education/science/biology/human-biology-fertilization-through-birth/" } ]

[ { "value": "from this process", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Two cells are obtained from this process.", "source": "https://www.invitra.com/en/differences-between-a-zygote-an-embryo-and-a-fetus/" } ]

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[ { "text": "If embryonic stem cells are to be used for gene targeting to make a chimera, the following procedure is common: a construct for homologous recombination for the gene targeted will be introduced into cultured mouse embryonic stem cells from the donor mouse, by way of electroporation; cells positive for the recombination event will have antibiotic resistance, provided by the insertion cassette used in the gene targeting; and be able to be positively selected for.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_%28genetics%29" } ]

[ { "value": "at the moment of conception", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The first cell of a new and unique human life begins existence at the moment of conception (fertilization) when one living sperm from the father joins with one living ovum from the mother.", "source": "https://www.lifenews.com/2015/01/08/41-quotes-from-medical-textbooks-prove-human-life-begins-at-conception/" } ]

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[ { "text": "If embryonic stem cells are to be used for gene targeting to make a chimera, the following procedure is common: a construct for homologous recombination for the gene targeted will be introduced into cultured mouse embryonic stem cells from the donor mouse, by way of electroporation; cells positive for the recombination event will have antibiotic resistance, provided by the insertion cassette used in the gene targeting; and be able to be positively selected for.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_%28genetics%29" } ]

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[ { "text": "In contrast, a then competing theory, the principle of nuclear equivalence, espoused the notion that a fully differentiated cell contains exactly the same genetic materials as does a blastomere or the zygote, and therefore retains the complete genetic constituents required for development to a healthy individual .", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" } ]

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[ { "text": "The male gamete cell, sperm, is usually motile whereas the female gamete cell, the ovum, is generally larger and sessile.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg" } ]

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[ { "text": "These cells can be tested for chromosome aneuploidy using preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), or specific conditions such as cystic fibrosis, often known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocyst" } ]

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[ { "text": "The first step of this process is the attachment phase, which begins about 6 days after fertilization [Fig rr]. The outer cells (trophoblast cells) of the blastocyst have specialized adhesion molecules which bind to the epithelial cells of the endometrium.", "source": "https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_unit1.php" } ]

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[ { "text": "2) how do the cells know, when the cells of that type building a bone or lips or teeth, etc, are done, since obviously many participate in the process. ?", "source": "https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/59244/in-human-zygote-cell-differentiation-do-we-know-how-the-cells-coordinating-th" } ]

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[ { "text": "This difference in cellular localization causes the ICM cells exposed to the fluid cavity to adopt a primitive endoderm (or hypoblast) fate, while the remaining cells adopt a primitive ectoderm (or epiblast) fate.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_cell_mass" } ]

[ { "value": "to make the blastocoel", "type": "PURPOSE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Trophoblast cells also secrete factors to make the blastocoel. ", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastocyst" } ]

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[ { "text": "When the cell reaches a certain size, a genetic switch gets thrown, and kicks the cell into division mode.", "source": "https://biologydictionary.net/daughter-cells/" } ]

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[ { "text": "These smaller cells, called blastomeres, are suitable as early building units for the future organism.", "source": "https://www.britannica.com/science/zygote" } ]