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[ { "text": "As embryos mature, more complex fate determination occurs as structures appear, and cells differentiate, beginning to perform specific functions.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_fate_determination" } ]

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[ { "text": "Cells in cell culture can lose properties they originally had, such as protein expression, or change shape.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" } ]

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[ { "text": "Does every human cell have the same genes?", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "Although the separation of the inner and outer cells becomes visible at the 16-cell stage morphologically (distinct morphologies for inner and outer cells) and molecularly (differentially marked by Cdx2 and Oct4), either purified inner or outer cells from the 16-cell mouse embryos are able to develop into normal fertile animals when reaggregated as 16 pure outer cells or 16 pure inner cells .", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" } ]

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[ { "text": "The first days and weeks after conception: mitotic cell divisions begin, converting the zygote to a multicellular organism Day 1: first cleavage - 1 cell becomes 2 Day 2: second cleavage - 4-cell stage Day 3: 6-12 cell stage - can test at this stage for genetic diseases if done by IVF Day 4: 16-32 cell stage - solid ball of cells - morula Day 5: Solid morula develops into hollow, fluid-filled blastula", "source": "https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch39repronotes.html" } ]

[ { "value": "to the growing embryo", "type": "TRANSITIVE-OBJECT", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "These cells remodel the spiral arteries to improve and secure maternal blood flow to the growing embryo.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantation_%28human_embryo%29" } ]

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[ { "text": "This mitosis continues and the first two cells divide into four cells, then into eight cells and so on.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" } ]

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[ { "text": "The zygote is the new cell, which is referred to as the fertilized ovum.", "source": "http://www.differencebetween.net/science/biology-science/difference-between-blastula-and-gastrula/" } ]

[ { "value": "most notably", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Some cells, most notably Amoeba, have contractile vacuoles, which can pump water out of the cell if there is too much water.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" } ]

[ { "value": "in the interior", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Some cells, however, will remain trapped in the interior and will become the inner cell mass (ICM), and are pluripotent.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morula" } ]

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[ { "text": "The inward cells undergo a differentiation similar to that of the roots, creating more vascular tissue.", "source": "https://biologydictionary.net/cell-differentiation/" } ]

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[ { "text": "This result challenges the terminal nature of cellular differentiation and the integrity of lineage commitment; and implies that with the proper tools, all cells are totipotent and may form all kinds of tissue.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency" } ]

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[ { "text": "research how diseases occur or why certain cells develop into cancer cells", "source": "https://www.healthline.com/health/stem-cell-research" } ]

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[ { "text": "Because of these different morphogenetic properties, the cells of each germ layer move to form sheets such that the ectoderm ends up on the outside, mesoderm in the middle, and endoderm on the inside.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology" } ]

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[ { "text": "With the aim of being able to continue its vitality, the organism constantly replaces new ones instead of the cells that are lost for different reasons such as cellular aging, damage, or injury.", "source": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/zygote" } ]

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[ { "text": "Cells Can Turn Genes On or Off", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

[ { "value": "for 20 min", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The cells were then re-suspended in 500 μl of ice-cold 1× lysis buffer plus PMSF and protease inhibitors, and kept on ice for 20 min.", "source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/cr201782" } ]

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[ { "text": "Scientists say that one parent cell, or the dividing cell, forms two genetically identical daughter cells, or the cells that divide from the parent cell.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "This can lead to the cells malfunctioning, which can cause disease and cancer.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" } ]

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[ { "text": "The resulting inner cell mass cells are plated onto cells that will supply support.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" } ]

[ { "value": "for the placental membranes", "type": "TRANSITIVE-OBJECT", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The outer cells form the first source for the placental membranes and have been given the name trophoblast.", "source": "http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/fplacenta/fecond01.html" } ]

[ { "value": "from the teratocarcinoma", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "These cells were isolated from the teratocarcinoma replicated and grew in cell culture as a stem cell and are now known as embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" } ]

[ { "value": "from either sperm", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Cells in each fetus carry chromosomes from either sperm, resulting in chimeras.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin" } ]

[ { "value": "in diploid organisms", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Even in diploid organisms, many somatic cells are polyploid due to a process called endoreduplication, where duplication of the genome occurs without mitosis (cell division).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": "Somatic cells are examples of cells that divide by mitosis.", "source": "https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" } ]

[ { "value": "through a phosphorylation event", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 }, { "value": "in the cytoplasm", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Yap’s nuclear localization in outside cells allows it to contribute to TE specificity, whereas inside cells sequester Yap in the cytoplasm through a phosphorylation event.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_cell_mass" } ]

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[ { "text": "Blood-forming stem cells are called hematopoietic cells, while cells that form bone or tissue are called stromal cells.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/explanation-cell-specialization-6363421.html" } ]

[ { "value": "to protect the untransformed ones", "type": "PURPOSE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Transformed cells serve as guards to protect the untransformed ones.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_%28genetics%29" } ]

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[ { "text": "The cell that is removed is tested for the genetic disease for which the couple is at risk.", "source": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/biology-and-genetics/genetics-and-genetic-engineering/zygote" } ]

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[ { "text": "He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon \"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" } ]

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[ { "text": "The cells that sprung from the zygote will essentially have the same genetic composition throughout the body but eventually will acquire a special role or a distinct function as they are organized into tissues, organs, and systems.", "source": "https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/zygote" } ]

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[ { "text": "The somatic cells are hexaploid, 2n = 6x = 42 (where the monoploid number x = 7 and the haploid number n = 21).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": "In anaphase, the cell splits in half.", "source": "https://quizlet.com/79522559/mitosis-and-meiosis-flash-cards/" } ]

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[ { "text": "These cells then turn into a hollow blastocyst, with cells on the inside that turn into an embryo and an outer wall that turns into the placenta and other tissues necessary to fetal development.", "source": "https://www.reference.com/world-view/process-fertilization-implantation-890255bd6750da17" } ]

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[ { "text": "The only difference is caused by any mitochondrial DNA that is retained in the ovum, which is different from the cell that donated the nucleus.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cells" } ]

[ { "value": "to make the same proteins", "type": "PURPOSE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Does every human cell use the same genes to make the same proteins?", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "1diploid cell (2n) duplicates its DNA", "source": "https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , so their DNA is diffuse and the entire nuclei are labelled.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" } ]

[ { "value": "exactly", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In contrast, a then competing theory, the principle of nuclear equivalence, espoused the notion that a fully differentiated cell contains exactly the same genetic materials as does a blastomere or the zygote, and therefore retains the complete genetic constituents required for development to a healthy individual .", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" } ]

[ { "value": "during this time", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During this time, cells are gathering nutrients and energy.", "source": "https://askabiologist.asu.edu/cell-division" } ]

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[ { "text": "The inner cell mass will differentiate into cells that will later define an embryo.", "source": "https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/zygote" } ]

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[ { "text": "Every living cell in your body includes a nucleus, as do those of every other eukaryote (e.g., plants, animals and fungi), and within that nucleus is DNA bundled with proteins to create a material called chromatin.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-zygote-13714437.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "The inward cells undergo a differentiation similar to that of the roots, creating more vascular tissue.", "source": "https://biologydictionary.net/cell-differentiation/" } ]

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[ { "text": "Given the appropriate environment and genetic composition, the single cell subsequently gives rise to trillions of specialized and integrated cells that compose the structures and functions of each individual human body.", "source": "https://www.lifenews.com/2015/01/08/41-quotes-from-medical-textbooks-prove-human-life-begins-at-conception/" } ]

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[ { "text": "At day 15 after conception, the cells that will form the embryo become an embryonic disc.", "source": "https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/reproductive/reproductive-process" } ]

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[ { "text": "In contrast to a gamete, the diploid somatic cells of an individual contain one copy of the chromosome set from the sperm and one copy of the chromosome set from the egg cell; that is, the cells of the offspring have genes expressing characteristics of both the father and the mother.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametes" } ]

[ { "value": "as a stem cell", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "These cells were isolated from the teratocarcinoma replicated and grew in cell culture as a stem cell and are now known as embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" } ]

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[ { "text": "The resulting cell is triploid (3n).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation" } ]

[ { "value": "inside the uterine wall", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "the trophoblast cells release enzymes that digest, liquify, and separate maternal cells forming an entry way inside the uterine wall.", "source": "https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_unit1.php" } ]

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[ { "text": "Cells are able to be of the same genotype but of different cell type due to the differential expression of the genes they contain.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" } ]

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[ { "text": "The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleavage_%28embryo%29" } ]

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[ { "text": "Unlike the ovum and sperm, which each contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells, the zygote contains the full number of chromosomes normal in the somatic cells of the species.", "source": "https://www.reference.com/science/zygote-65e0b5b95f3357d9" }, { "text": "\" in this sense refers to having exactly half the number of sets of chromosomes found in a somatic cell.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" }, { "text": "Because two gametes necessarily combine during sexual reproduction to form a single zygote from which somatic cells are generated, healthy gametes always possess exactly half the number of sets of chromosomes found in the somatic cells, and therefore \"haploid", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": "This forms a diploid zygote that contains maternal chromosome and paternal chromosome.", "source": "https://biologywise.com/diploid-haploid" }, { "text": "This forms a diploid zygote that contains maternal chromosome and paternal chromosome.", "source": "https://biologywise.com/diploid-haploid" }, { "text": "Androgenetic chimeras are made up of cells that contain the normal combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes and cells that contain two sets of paternal chromosomes (paternal isodisomy).", "source": "https://www.britannica.com/science/chimera-genetics" } ]

[ { "value": "by microtubule organizing centers", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) pushing and pulling on centromeres of both chromatids thereby causing the chromosome to move to the center.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" }, { "text": "After the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, the spindle fibers will pull them apart.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" }, { "text": "Metaphase I: The homologous chromosomes line up in pairs in the middle of the cell.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

[ { "value": "always", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 2 } ]

[ { "text": "All of the maternal chromosomes always move to one pole, and all the paternal chromosomes always move to the other pole.", "source": "https://quizlet.com/73569802/ap-biology-ch-13-flash-cards/" }, { "text": "Exactly two maternal and two paternal chromosomes always move to each of the two poles.", "source": "https://quizlet.com/73569802/ap-biology-ch-13-flash-cards/" } ]

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[ { "text": "In diploid organisms, diploid cells contain the complete set of necessary chromosomes, while haploid have only half the number of chromosomes found in the nucleus.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" }, { "text": "A haploid cell with have a haploid number, which is the number of chromosomes found within the nucleus that create one set.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" } ]

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[ { "text": "Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) pushing and pulling on centromeres of both chromatids thereby causing the chromosome to move to the center.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" }, { "text": "Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) pushing and pulling on centromeres of both chromatids thereby causing the chromosome to move to the center.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "The haploid number (n) refers to the total number of chromosomes found in a gamete (a sperm or egg cell produced by meiosis in preparation for sexual reproduction).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" }, { "text": "Number of chromosomes found in gametes Diploid number Chromosome number of a diploid organism Tetraploid number Chromosome number of a tetraploid organism", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

[ { "value": "in cells", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 2 } ]

[ { "text": "Chromosomes hold an organism’s DNA and protein within the cells.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" }, { "text": "A chromosome is a double-helix structure that houses DNA and protein in cells.", "source": "https://www.diffen.com/difference/Diploid_vs_Haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": "It is type of cell division in which chromosomes of parent cells are duplicated and equally distributed into two daughter cells.", "source": "https://www.majordifferences.com/2018/05/difference-between-cleavage-and-mitosis.html" }, { "text": "No DNA replication happens between meiosis I and meiosis II because the chromosomes are already duplicated.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "The paired chromosomes are called bivalent or tetrad chromosomes.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" }, { "text": "The paired and replicated chromosomes are called bivalents or tetrads, which have two chromosomes and four chromatids, with one chromosome coming from each parent.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "If the diploid number in a liver cell is 52, how many chromosomes are there in the egg of this organism?", "source": "https://quizlet.com/73131262/unit-9-meiosis-flash-cards/" }, { "text": "If the diploid number in a liver cell is 52, how many chromosomes are there in the egg of this organism?", "source": "https://quizlet.com/95378626/meiosis-worksheet-flash-cards/" } ]

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[ { "text": "genome is inherited from the meiosis II oocyte where the chromosomes are condensed in a mitotic‐like state.", "source": "https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Zygote" }, { "text": "genome is inherited from the meiosis II oocyte where the chromosomes are condensed in a mitotic‐like state.", "source": "https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Zygote" } ]

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[ { "text": "Image of the mitotic spindle in a human cell showing microtubules in green, chromosomes (DNA) in blue, and kinetochores in red.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" }, { "text": "Image of the mitotic spindle in a human cell showing microtubules in green, chromosomes (DNA) in blue, and kinetochores in red.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "A gamete is a haploid cell that contains 23 chromosomes, which is half of the chromosomes necessary to develop a new organism.", "source": "https://theydiffer.com/difference-between-a-gamete-and-a-zygote/" }, { "text": "Sperm cells are produced by a cell division called meiosis, which results in each cell having 23 chromosomes, which is half of the chromosomes found in every other cell in the human body except for the female egg, which also contains only 23.", "source": "https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-sperm-cells.htm" } ]

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[ { "text": "The zygote, like the oocyte, is encased by its protective covering, the zona pellucida and contains 46 unique chromosomes with the entire genetic blueprint of a new individual.", "source": "https://www.ckrtl.org/life-issues/human-development-2/human-development-life-in-the-womb/" }, { "text": "The zygote, like the oocyte, is encased by its protective covering, the zona pellucida, [More about the zona] and contains 46 unique chromosomes with the entire genetic blueprint of a new individual.", "source": "https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_unit1.php" } ]

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[ { "text": "In that fraction of a second when the chromosomes form pairs, the sex of the new child will be determined, hereditary characteristics received from each parent will be set, and a new life will have begun.", "source": "https://www.lifenews.com/2015/01/08/41-quotes-from-medical-textbooks-prove-human-life-begins-at-conception/" }, { "text": "In that fraction of a second when the chromosomes form pairs, [at conception] the sex of the new child will be determined, hereditary characteristics received from each parent will be set, and a new life will have begun.", "source": "https://www.lifenews.com/2015/01/08/41-quotes-from-medical-textbooks-prove-human-life-begins-at-conception/" } ]

[ { "value": "approximately", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 2 }, { "value": "into homologous chromosome pairs", "type": "OTHER", "support": 2 } ]

[ { "text": "The zygotene stage, also known as zygonema, from Greek words meaning \"paired threads\",:27 occurs as the chromosomes approximately line up with each other into homologous chromosome pairs.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" }, { "text": "The zygotene stage, also known as zygonema, from Greek words meaning \"paired threads\", :27 occurs as the chromosomes approximately line up with each other into homologous chromosome pairs.", "source": "https://en.mimi.hu/biology/zygote.html" } ]

[ { "value": "within the nucleus of a cell", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In humans, animals, and plants, most chromosomes are arranged in pairs within the nucleus of a cell.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" }, { "text": "If a somatic cell contains chromosomes arranged in pairs, it is called diploid and the organism is called a diploid organism.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cells" } ]

[ { "value": "towards the spindle", "type": "TRANSITIVE-OBJECT", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "At this point, the chromosomes are ready to split into opposite poles of the cell towards the spindle to which they are connected.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

[ { "value": "appropriately", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "It forms into densely packed chromosomes, which can be separated appropriately into the daughter cells.", "source": "https://biologydictionary.net/daughter-cells/" } ]

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[ { "text": "After the oocyte finishes meiosis, the paternal and maternal chromosomes come together, resulting in the formation of a zygote containing a single diploid nucleus.", "source": "https://www.thescottsmithblog.com/2018/09/life-begins-at-conception-all-science.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "In biology, the term pliody is used to define the number of sets of chromosomes found within the nucleus of a cell.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" } ]

[ { "value": "during prohase of meiosis i", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During Prohase of Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes in the cell Pair up alongside each other lengthwise, and Swap bits and pieces of their chromosomes, shuffling the genome!", "source": "https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "During these phases, chromosomes are separated, moved to opposite poles of the cell, and contained within newly formed nuclei.", "source": "https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" } ]

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[ { "text": "Chromosomes from the mother or from the father can each attach to either side of the spindle.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "The exchange of information between the non-sister chromatids results in a recombination of information; each chromosome has the complete set of information it had before, and there are no gaps formed as a result of the process.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "The tightly packed chromosomes in the sperm now begin to decondense and are surrounded by a temporary membrane that forms the paternal pronucleus.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/happens-zygote-following-fertilization-20062.html" } ]

[ { "value": "during mitosis", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During mitosis, the newly duplicated chromosomes are divided into two daughter nuclei.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "Each daughter cell now has half the number of chromosomes but each chromosome consists of a pair of chromatids.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": ", which makes sure the two versions of each gene wind up in separate gametes Independent assortment, which ensures the duplicated chromosomes split off into different gametes", "source": "https://sciencing.com/happens-chromosomal-level-result-fertilization-18707.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "The X and Y chromosomes undergo no crossover events[citation needed] and are therefore excluded from the calculation.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation" } ]

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[ { "text": "So, while a single chromosome is a linear entity, a replicated chromosome looks more like an asymmetrical letter \"X,\" or a pair of boomerangs meeting at the apices of their curve.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-zygote-13714437.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "The monoploid number equals the total chromosome number divided by the ploidy level of the somatic cells: 48 chromosomes in total divided by a ploidy level of 4 equals a monoploid number of 12.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": "An adult human generally has 46 chromosomes (packets of genetic material) in the vast majority of his cells, 23 from the mother and 23 from the father.", "source": "https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-zygote.htm" } ]

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[ { "text": "A gamete's chromosomes are not exact duplicates of either of the sets of chromosomes carried in the diploid chromosomes, and may undergo random mutations resulting in modified DNA and subsequently, new proteins and phenotypes.[citation needed]", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametes" } ]

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[ { "text": "The chromosomes within daughter cells are termed daughter chromosomes.", "source": "https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" } ]

[ { "value": "newly", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During these phases, chromosomes are separated, moved to opposite poles of the cell, and contained within newly formed nuclei.", "source": "https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" } ]

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[ { "text": "Chromosomes are thread-like molecules that carry hereditary information for everything from height to eye color.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "How many individual chromosomes are present in a diploid zygote?", "source": "https://biologydictionary.net/diploid/" } ]

[ { "value": "in the replicated state", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Chromosomes, in the replicated state, consist of two identical halves called chromatids, which are joined by a condensed spot of chromatin called the centromere.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-zygote-13714437.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "During prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic information (homologous recombination).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules, called chromosomes, which are associated with histone proteins.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" } ]

[ { "value": "for everything from height", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Chromosomes are thread-like molecules that carry hereditary information for everything from height to eye color.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "The chromosomes themselves uncoil a bit, allowing some transcription of DNA.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "Following DNA replication, the single-stranded chromosomes become double-stranded chromosomes held together at a region called the centromere.", "source": "https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" } ]

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[ { "text": "While the chromosomes for other parts of the body are the same size and shape — forming an identical pairing — the X and Y chromosomes have different structures.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "A chromosome is a double-helix structure that houses DNA and protein in cells.", "source": "https://www.diffen.com/difference/Diploid_vs_Haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": "In S phase, the chromosomes are replicated in order for the genetic content to be maintained.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]