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[ { "text": "So, while a single chromosome is a linear entity, a replicated chromosome looks more like an asymmetrical letter \"X,\" or a pair of boomerangs meeting at the apices of their curve.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-zygote-13714437.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "You have cells with 46 chromosomes (somatic or body cells) and cells with 23 chromosomes (gamete or sex cells).", "source": "https://passel2.unl.edu/view/lesson/f57a1a8ce6f5/2" } ]

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[ { "text": "Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "Crossing over , wherein the chromosomes exchange small portions of DNA", "source": "https://sciencing.com/happens-chromosomal-level-result-fertilization-18707.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "After the DNA is replicated during the S stage of interphase, each chromosome has two identical molecules of DNA, called sister chromatids, forming the \"X\" shaped molecule depicted in Figure below.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "In synthesis, the chromosomes are replicated.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/a/tawasbraves.net/haley-ap-biology-2014/cell-division-mitosis-and-meiosis" } ]

[ { "value": "into sister chromatids", "type": "TRANSITIVE-OBJECT", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During meiosis, chromosomes are replicated once in S phase (just like mitosis) into sister chromatids, but the cell divides twice.", "source": "https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "The zygote undergoes a process known as mitosis, in which it replicates its chromosomes (which carry each parent’s DNA) and then divides, resulting in two identical cells.", "source": "https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/item/what-are-stem-cells/" } ]

[ { "value": "properly", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Once the final chromosome is properly aligned and attached the final signal dissipates and triggers the abrupt shift to anaphase.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "Whether they become male or female is determined by one chromosome delivered by the sperm.", "source": "https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/reproductive/reproductive-process" } ]

[ { "value": "due to continuous counterbalancing forces", "type": "CAUSE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Homologous pairs move together along the metaphase plate: As kinetochore microtubules from both spindle poles attach to their respective kinetochores, the paired homologous chromosomes align along an equatorial plane that bisects the spindle, due to continuous counterbalancing forces exerted on the bivalents by the microtubules emanating from the two kinetochores of homologous chromosomes.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "At this point the chromosomes are still condensing and are currently one step away from being the most coiled and condensed they will be, and the spindle fibers have already connected to the kinetochores.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "With enough chromosomes to form two identical sets, the zygote separates and splits down the middle to form two identical cells.", "source": "https://quizlet.com/144355393/lifespan-development-chapter-3-flash-cards/" } ]

[ { "value": "with exchanging random amounts of material", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 }, { "value": "with each other", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Instead, the homologous chromosomes (i.e., chromosome 8 from the mother and chromosome 8 from the father) come into physical contact with each other, with their corresponding arms exchanging random amounts of material.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-zygote-13714437.html" } ]

[ { "value": "to form a single cell", "type": "PURPOSE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The chromosomes of the sperm combine with those of the egg to form a single cell, called a zygote, and the germinal stage of embryonic development commences.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stages_of_human_development" } ]

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[ { "text": "The monoploid number equals the total chromosome number divided by the ploidy level of the somatic cells: 48 chromosomes in total divided by a ploidy level of 4 equals a monoploid number of 12.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": ", there are 2^23, or 8 million , possible assortments of chromosomes inherited for every cell!!", "source": "https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "(One Homologue may carry the blue eye color gene, while the other carries the brown eye color gene, but BOTH chromosomes carry an eye color gene!", "source": "https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html" } ]

[ { "value": "in the other gamete", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The 23 chromosomes in each gamete will pair up with the chromosomes in the other gamete which carry the same information.", "source": "https://biologydictionary.net/diploid/" } ]

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[ { "text": "The chromosomes assume a formation called a cleavage spindle, which is a phase of mitosis.", "source": "https://www.ehd.org/dev_article_unit1.php" } ]

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[ { "text": "For example, in humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cells" } ]

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[ { "text": "The paired chromosomes are called bivalent or tetrad chromosomes.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

[ { "value": "except for the female egg", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 }, { "value": "in the human body", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Sperm cells are produced by a cell division called meiosis, which results in each cell having 23 chromosomes, which is half of the chromosomes found in every other cell in the human body except for the female egg, which also contains only 23.", "source": "https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-sperm-cells.htm" } ]

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[ { "text": "Each resulting chromosome is made of 1/2 of the \"X\".", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "To begin with, it has been demonstrated above that the immediate product of fertilization is a human being with 46 chromosomes, a human embryo, an individual member of the human species, and that this is the beginning of the embryonic period.", "source": "https://www.princeton.edu/~prolife/articles/wdhbb.html" } ]

[ { "value": "very", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Each individual chromosome, in fact, consists of one very long DNA molecule along with a significant amount of structural protein.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-zygote-13714437.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "During this time, homologous chromosomes pair with each other and undergo genetic recombination, a programmed process in which DNA may be cut and then repaired, which allows them to exchange some of their genetic information.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "At fertilisation, parental chromosomes combine.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation" } ]

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[ { "text": "Females carry identical sex chromosomes (XX), while males have two different chromosomes (XY).", "source": "https://theydiffer.com/difference-between-a-gamete-and-a-zygote/" } ]

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[ { "text": "While the chromosomes for other parts of the body are the same size and shape — forming an identical pairing — the X and Y chromosomes have different structures.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "Double-stranded chromosomes are known as sister chromatids.", "source": "https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" } ]

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[ { "text": "Chromosomes will also be visible under a microscope and will be connected at the centromere.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "I segregates homologous chromosomes, which are joined as tetrads (2n, 4c), producing two haploid cells (n chromosomes, 23 in humans) which each contain chromatid pairs (1n, 2c).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "The first meiotic division effectively ends when the chromosomes arrive at the poles.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

[ { "value": "properly", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The cell senses this tension and does not progress with anaphase until all the chromosomes are properly bi-oriented.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "After the DNA is replicated during the S stage of interphase, each chromosome has two identical molecules of DNA, called sister chromatids, forming the \"X\" shaped molecule depicted in Figure below.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "A zygote can end up with one fewer chromosome than normal -- monosomy -- because one of the fertilizing gametes was missing a chromosome.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/occurs-zygote-one-fewer-chromosome-usual-17818.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "While the chromosomes for other parts of the body are the same size and shape — forming an identical pairing — the X and Y chromosomes have different structures.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "So, while a single chromosome is a linear entity, a replicated chromosome looks more like an asymmetrical letter \"X,\" or a pair of boomerangs meeting at the apices of their curve.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-zygote-13714437.html" } ]

[]

[ { "text": "The paired and replicated chromosomes are called bivalents or tetrads, which have two chromosomes and four chromatids, with one chromosome coming from each parent.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

[ { "value": "within the nucleus of a cell", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In humans, animals, and plants, most chromosomes are arranged in pairs within the nucleus of a cell.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "The exchange of information between the non-sister chromatids results in a recombination of information; each chromosome has the complete set of information it had before, and there are no gaps formed as a result of the process.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

[ { "value": "normally", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Meiosis refers to the halving of the number of chromosomes that are normally present in a germ cell - the precursor of a sperm or a definitive oocyte - in order for fertilization to take place.", "source": "https://www.princeton.edu/~prolife/articles/wdhbb.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "Due to the fusion of the two gametes, a human zygote contains 46 chromosomes (i.e. 23 pairs).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cells" } ]

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[ { "text": "Mono-\" is Greek for \"one\"; people with monosomy have one copy of a particular chromosome in cells instead of the normal two copies.", "source": "https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/mutationsanddisorders/chromosomalconditions" } ]

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[ { "text": "Once the final chromosome is properly aligned and attached the final signal dissipates and triggers the abrupt shift to anaphase.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "If multiple sperm were to penetrate an egg, the condition is referred to as polyspermy and the result is that the zygote has extra chromosomes, in which case it is no longer viable.", "source": "https://sciencetrends.com/female-male-gametes/" } ]

[ { "value": "together", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Following DNA replication, the single-stranded chromosomes become double-stranded chromosomes held together at a region called the centromere.", "source": "https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" } ]

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[ { "text": "The chromosomes themselves uncoil a bit, allowing some transcription of DNA.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "Each chromosome in the homologous pair has the same genes in the same place on the chromosome so a switch between chromosomes does not affect anything.", "source": "https://quizlet.com/62889512/meiosis-flash-cards/" } ]

[ { "value": "under a microscope", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Chromosomes will also be visible under a microscope and will be connected at the centromere.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

[ { "value": "in their double-stranded dna", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 }, { "value": "at the same locations", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During this condensation and alignment period in meiosis, the homologous chromosomes undergo a break in their double-stranded DNA at the same locations, followed by a recombination of the now fragmented parental DNA strands into non-parental combinations, known as crossing over.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) pushing and pulling on centromeres of both chromatids thereby causing the chromosome to move to the center.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

[ { "value": "entirely", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "If a chromosome is entirely missing, development is often cut short.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/occurs-zygote-one-fewer-chromosome-usual-17818.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "How many chromosomes are in the human nucleus?", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

[ { "value": "in the offspring", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In diploid organisms, the parents each donate one set of chromosomes that will make up the two sets in the offspring.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" } ]

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[ { "text": "Humans have 23 distinct chromosomes, including 22 numbered chromosomes (called autosomes) and one sex chromosome.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-zygote-13714437.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "Anaphase is a very short stage of the cell cycle and it occurs after the chromosomes align at the mitotic plate.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "The chromosomes line up in a row, one on top of the next.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

[ { "value": "during these phases", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During these phases, chromosomes are separated, moved to opposite poles of the cell, and contained within newly formed nuclei.", "source": "https://www.thoughtco.com/daughter-cells-defined-4024745" } ]

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[ { "text": "During Prohase of Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes in the cell Pair up alongside each other lengthwise, and Swap bits and pieces of their chromosomes, shuffling the genome!", "source": "https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html" } ]

[ { "value": "with the exception of gametes", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 }, { "value": "in all cells", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 }, { "value": "to be discussed in detail", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Chromosomes are found in pairs in all cells with the exception of gametes, to be discussed in detail shortly.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-zygote-13714437.html" } ]

[ { "value": "from sticking to each other", "type": "TRANSITIVE-OBJECT", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Telomeres are repetitive sequences of DNA on the ends of chromosomes that protect chromosomes from sticking to each other or tangling.", "source": "https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/telomerase-human-development" } ]

[ { "value": "towards the equator of the spindle", "type": "TRANSITIVE-OBJECT", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Chromosomes then slide along the microtubules towards the equator of the spindle, at which point the chromosome kinetochores form end-on attachments to microtubules.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

[ { "value": "during this time", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 }, { "value": "with each other", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "During this time, homologous chromosomes pair with each other and undergo genetic recombination, a programmed process in which DNA may be cut and then repaired, which allows them to exchange some of their genetic information.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

[ { "value": "in mitosis", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In mitosis, the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two nuclei.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/a/tawasbraves.net/haley-ap-biology-2014/cell-division-mitosis-and-meiosis" } ]

[ { "value": "within the cells", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Chromosomes hold an organism’s DNA and protein within the cells.", "source": "https://blog.udemy.com/haploid-vs-diploid/" } ]

[ { "value": "within the nucleus of a cell", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In humans, animals, and plants, most chromosomes are arranged in pairs within the nucleus of a cell.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "Zygoidy is the state in which the chromosomes are paired and can undergo meiosis.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

[ { "value": "within the nucleus of a cell", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In humans, animals, and plants, most chromosomes are arranged in pairs within the nucleus of a cell.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "While the chromosomes for other parts of the body are the same size and shape — forming an identical pairing — the X and Y chromosomes have different structures.", "source": "https://www.livescience.com/27248-chromosomes.html" } ]

[ { "value": "together", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "For example, a fungal dikaryon with two separate haploid nuclei is distinguished from a diploid cell in which the chromosomes share a nucleus and can be shuffled together.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

[ { "value": "with the cytoplasm", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single circular chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)" } ]

[ { "value": "functionally", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "A human cell with one extra set of the 23 normal chromosomes (functionally triploid) would be considered euploid.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

[ { "value": "in cells", "type": "LOCATION", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "A chromosome is a double-helix structure that houses DNA and protein in cells.", "source": "https://www.diffen.com/difference/Diploid_vs_Haploid" } ]

[ { "value": "at this point", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "At this point, the chromosomes are ready to split into opposite poles of the cell towards the spindle to which they are connected.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "The tightly packed chromosomes in the sperm now begin to decondense and are surrounded by a temporary membrane that forms the paternal pronucleus.", "source": "https://sciencing.com/happens-zygote-following-fertilization-20062.html" } ]

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[ { "text": "If the extra chromosome is absorbed into a polar body rather than being passed into the oocyte, trisomy can be avoided.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_body" } ]

[ { "value": "prior to the mitotic division", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The 46 chromosomes undergo changes prior to the mitotic division which leads to the formation of the embryo having two cells.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" } ]

[ { "value": "excluding presence", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "Aneuploidy is the state where one or more individual chromosomes of a normal set are absent or present in more than their usual number of copies (excluding the absence or presence of complete sets, which is considered euploidy).", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

[ { "value": "tightly", "type": "MANNER", "support": 1 }, { "value": "at chiasmata", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "However, the homologous chromosomes of each bivalent remain tightly bound at chiasmata, the regions where crossing-over occurred.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

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[ { "text": "The chromosomes in each pair, one of which comes from the sperm and one from the egg, are said to be homologous.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

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[ { "text": "A somatic (body) cell has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).", "source": "https://www.answers.com/Q/In_an_organism_the_zygote_is_the_only_diploid_cell_in" } ]

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[ { "text": "Metaphase I: The homologous chromosomes line up in pairs in the middle of the cell.", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "The chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" } ]

[ { "value": "from the calculation", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "The X and Y chromosomes undergo no crossover events[citation needed] and are therefore excluded from the calculation.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation" } ]

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[ { "text": "You have cells with 46 chromosomes (somatic or body cells) and cells with 23 chromosomes (gamete or sex cells).", "source": "https://passel2.unl.edu/view/lesson/f57a1a8ce6f5/2" } ]

[ { "value": "from three different ancestral species", "type": "OTHER", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "As an example, the chromosomes of common wheat are believed to be derived from three different ancestral species, each of which had 7 chromosomes in its haploid gametes.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" } ]

[ { "value": "largely", "type": "DEGREE", "support": 1 }, { "value": "for either 5mc", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "E - Individual chromosomes are largely stained for either 5mC (likely originated from the maternal pronucleus) or 5hmC (likely from the paternal pronucleus) at anaphase of zygote division.", "source": "https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Zygote" } ]

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[ { "text": "22 chromosomes + 1 X chromosome (23, X) nondisjunction- abnormal chromosome segregation begins Meiosis 2 and arrests at metaphase note no interphase replication of DNA, only fertilization will complete Meiosis 2", "source": "https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Fertilization" } ]

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[ { "text": "In S phase, the chromosomes are replicated in order for the genetic content to be maintained.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "Each chromosome is composed of two chromatids held together by a centromere.", "source": "https://www.britannica.com/science/prenatal-development" } ]

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[ { "text": "If an organism has 12 chromosomes in its cells, how many chromosomes will be in its gametes?", "source": "https://sites.google.com/site/lifesciencesinmaine/5-cell-division-reproduction-and-dna" } ]

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[ { "text": "The chromosomes are split apart while the sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division" } ]

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[ { "text": "A chromosome in a diploid organism is hemizygous when only one copy is present.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity" } ]

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[ { "text": "Sperm fuses with ovulated oocyte in the uterine tube Fusion of one sperm prevents other sperm from fertilizing oocyte Zygote (diploid, 46 chromosomes)", "source": "https://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb32/Miller%20notes-Reproduction" }, { "text": "Cell division, cell migration, programmed cell death, differentiation, growth, and cell rearrangement transform the fertilized oocyte, a highly specialized, totipotent cell – a zygote – into a multicellular human being.", "source": "https://www.thescottsmithblog.com/2018/09/life-begins-at-conception-all-science.html" }, { "text": "In mammals, the fertilized oocyte, zygote, 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, and morula resulting from cleavage of the early embryo are examples of totipotent cells (ability to form a complete organism).", "source": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/zygote" } ]

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[ { "text": "Yet, this essay suggests that the zygote retains significant totipotent reprogramming factors from its parental oocyte.", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" }, { "text": "Yet, a zygote may retain most of the key factors from its parental oocyte to reprogram an implanted differentiated genome or the zygote genome toward totipotency.", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" }, { "text": "Therefore, the cellular function of a zygote is totipotent reprogramming endowed by the maternal reprogramming factors inherited from its parental oocyte although the reprogramming activity may be attenuated, but the zygote genome is not in a totipotent state transcriptionally, epigenetically, and functionally.", "source": "https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/scd.2019.0057" } ]

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[ { "text": "Fertilization is a sequence of events that begins with the contact of a sperm (spermatozoon) with a secondary oocyte (ovum) and ends with the fusion of their pronuclei (the haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum) and the mingling of their chromosomes to form a new cell.", "source": "https://www.thescottsmithblog.com/2018/09/life-begins-at-conception-all-science.html" }, { "text": "Human development is a continuous process that begins when an oocyte (ovum) from a female is fertilized by a sperm (spermatozoon) from a male.", "source": "https://www.thescottsmithblog.com/2018/09/life-begins-at-conception-all-science.html" }, { "text": "Fertilization is a sequence of events that begins with the contact of a sperm (spermatozoon) with a secondary oocyte (ovum) and ends with the fusion of their pronuclei (the haploid nuclei of the sperm and ovum) and the mingling of their chromosomes to form a new cell.", "source": "http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/abortion/scientific-communitys-responses-to-the-question-when-does-life-begin.cfm" } ]

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[ { "text": "During sexual intercourse, some sperm ejaculated from the male penis swim up through the female vagina and uterus toward an oocyte (egg cell) floating in one of the uterine tubes.", "source": "https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/reproductive/reproductive-process" }, { "text": "Fraternal twins are dizygotic because they develop from two separate Oocytes (egg cells) that are fertilized by two separate sperm.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity" } ]

[ { "value": "before birth", "type": "TEMPORAL", "support": 1 } ]

[ { "text": "In human fetal oogenesis, all developing oocytes develop to this stage and are arrested in prophase I before birth.", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygotene" }, { "text": "Oocytes experienced the last mitosis weeks or months ago and are arrested in prophase I; they therefore differ the most from somatic cells.", "source": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21711" } ]