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2rvsba
|
how does the mars rover send data(photos) from mars to earth?
|
[
{
"answer": "It has a UHF radio that it uses to talk to the orbiter (the thing that brought it to Mars that stayed up in orbit.) The orbiter has more power and a bigger radio dish; it relays msgs to/from the rover and Earth.\n\nIt takes 14 minutes for the radio data to go between Mars and Earth.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "32642539",
"title": "Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 593,
"text": "The \"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" (MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft launched in 2005 designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit. The spacecraft is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The HiRISE camera onboard the MRO is at the forefront of the ongoing RSL studies as it helps chart the features with images of closely monitored sites typically taken every few weeks. The 2001 \"Mars Odyssey\" orbiter has been using spectrometers and a thermal imager for over 16 years to detect evidence of past or present water and ice. It has detected none at the RSL.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32615052",
"title": "Mars Orbiter Camera",
"section": "Section::::Introduction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "In addition to taking images, the MOC instrument's 12 MB memory buffer serviced the Mars Global Surveyor's Mars Relay antenna as temporary data storage for communications between Earth and landed spacecraft on Mars. For example, more than 7.6 terabits of data were transferred to and from the Mars Exploration Rovers (\"Spirit\" and \"Opportunity\"). The camera also enabled NASA scientists to choose suitable landing sites for other exploration missions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33825382",
"title": "Electra (radio)",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 559,
"text": "When NASA's landers and rovers land safely on Mars, Electra can provide precise Doppler data which, when combined with \"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" position information, can accurately determine the location of the lander or rover on the surface of Mars. Electra can also provide UHF coverage to Mars landers and rovers on the surface using its nadir-pointed (pointed straight down at the surface) antenna. This coverage would be important to landed crafts on Mars that might not have sufficient radio power to communicate directly with Earth by themselves.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "101447",
"title": "Mars 2",
"section": "Section::::Lander.:Lander spacecraft system.:Prop-M Rover.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 292,
"text": "The rover was planned to be placed on the surface after landing by a manipulator arm and to move in the field of view of the television cameras and stop to make measurements every 1.5 metres. The traces of movement in the Martian soil would also be recorded to determine material properties.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18959",
"title": "2001 Mars Odyssey",
"section": "Section::::Mission.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 549,
"text": "About 85% of images and other data from NASA's twin Mars Exploration Rovers, \"Spirit\" and \"Opportunity\", have reached Earth via communications relay by \"Odyssey\". The orbiter helped analyze potential landing sites for the rovers and performed the same task for NASA's Phoenix mission, which landed on Mars in May 2008. \"Odyssey\" aided NASA's \"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\", which reached Mars in March 2006, by monitoring atmospheric conditions during months when the newly arrived orbiter used aerobraking to alter its orbit into the desired shape.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "101448",
"title": "Mars 3",
"section": "Section::::Lander.:Possible images of lander on Mars.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 374,
"text": "On 11 April 2013, NASA announced that the \"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter\" (MRO) may have imaged the Mars 3 lander hardware on the surface of Mars. The HiRISE camera on the MRO took images of what may be the parachute, retrorockets, heat shield and lander. The \"Mars 3\" lander hardware was found by amateur space enthusiasts looking through publicly available archived images.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "36298144",
"title": "Mars Geyser Hopper",
"section": "Section::::Spacecraft.:Communication.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 222,
"text": "The lander will communicate through X-band direct to Earth on cruise deck for transit; it will then use UHF antenna. Imaging and all data relaying would be coordinated with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter operations team.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6r7nzy
|
we read about libraries that are sinking due to the weight of the books they store. we build cities with huge skyscrapers weighting millions of tons all in one place. can this affect earth rotation, or make the earth wobble, even by a small amount?
|
[
{
"answer": "In short, no. The size of even a skyscraper is small compared to earth. Looking at e.g. Mt. Everest, which is over 8km high, its hardly noticable if you look at the whole earth. It is also massive, pure rock, whereas a building is so to speak hollow, and a lot lighter.\n\nTo add to this (and use the Everest reference again), earth is not perfectly round anyway. However the shape is not too important, since the earth travels through space along a path at the center of mass which it rotates around. Without aerodynamics in space, a building cant make any impact on the rotation.\n\nLast thing you can do is shift the center of mass. For that you'd have to build a very large building (very large is an understatement, this would practically be impossible to accomplish), and you'd ideally put it on one side, bringing the material in from the other side of the world. If you pile up whatever you have in the area to build a skyscraper, on a large scale it will not change a thing.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "[This website](_URL_0_) estimates that all of Manhattan weighs in the neighborhood of 125 million tons, and imperial tons are close enough to metric tonnes that we can call them equal for this mental exercise. That's 125e+6 tons. As someone else has pointed out, Earth weighs about 6e+21 tons. \n\nThis means all of Manhattan makes up about 0.000000000001% of the Earth's mass. And even if I have misplaced a decimal point and made the number ten times or a hundred times too big, we are still talking about a level of precision that's simply not required by any but the most extreme experiments and observations.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Two different things here.\n\n1) Library that are sinking is because of two variables. The pressure of the building on the ground and the resistance of that ground. If a building is sinking, that's just bad engineering. Either because the engineer that designed the building were unaware of the exact composition of the ground or they choose the wrong method for their fondation. If your building have too much mass for the ground you are building on, then you make a large fondation to spread the force or you find a way to build directly on rock. For a skyscraper, it's pratically impossible to build simply on the ground, you need to reach the bedrock either by digging deeper or more often pile foundation.\n\n2) In theory if you build up mass on a particular side of a planet, then you could change the rotation of that planet. But the earth is big, a lot bigger than you can imagine. From the top of Mount Everest down to the Mariana Trench, you have a difference of 19.85km, but compare to the 12,735 km diameter on average of the earth that's just about 0.15% Compare that to a billiard ball which is 2.25 inches in diameer and has a tolerance of +/-0.005 inches or about 0.44%. A billiard ball if less smooth than the surface of the earth (but the earth isn't as spherical as a billiard ball).\n\nEven the biggest building possible woudn't even make a difference.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "292242",
"title": "Indiana University Bloomington",
"section": "Section::::Libraries.:Herman B Wells Library.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 355,
"text": "An oft-repeated urban legend holds that the library is sinking because when it was built, engineers failed to take into account the weight of all the books that would occupy the building. An article in the Indiana Daily Student newspaper debunks this myth, stating, among other things, that the building rests on a 94 ft (28.6 m) thick limestone bedrock.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19489954",
"title": "Pilkington Library",
"section": "Section::::Architecture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 336,
"text": "As a result of a story published in \"Label Magazine\" (published by the students' union) as an April fool there is an ongoing urban myth that the Library building is sinking due to the weight of the books contained within it not having been taken into account at the design stage, although no such errors or movement have ever occurred.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "521765",
"title": "W. E. B. Du Bois Library",
"section": "Section::::Building myths.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 372,
"text": "The building has fallen victim to several myths since its opening in 1973, the most popular of these being a variation of the \"Sinking Library Myth,\" where the architect supposedly forgot to account for the weight of the books in the buildings designs, resulting in a settling of the building. This is a popular myth attributed to many university libraries and is untrue.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28667314",
"title": "Eugene Public Library",
"section": "Section::::Current building.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 209,
"text": "The library's latest building and its underground parking garage have been described as \"energy efficient, low maintenance, and filled with daylight.\" The new building is four times larger than the older one.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31597208",
"title": "Cornish Library",
"section": "Section::::Architecture and fittings.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 420,
"text": "The library, in size, was built in keeping with Andrew Carnegie's specifications, being of a simple plan that was characterized by classical details, fenestration and modest interior appointments. Resting on a concrete foundation, it has nearly 4,000 cu. m. (141,074 cu. ft.) of interior space, 75 million bricks, 1,002 superficial sq. m. of plaster, and 229 cu. m. of concrete. The building cost approximately $30,000.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "497231",
"title": "Carnegie library",
"section": "Section::::Continuing legacy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 661,
"text": "While hundreds of the library buildings have become museums, community centers, office buildings, residences, or are otherwise used, more than half of those in the United States still serve their communities as libraries over a century after their construction, many in middle- to low-income neighborhoods. For example, Carnegie libraries still form the nucleus of the New York Public Library system in New York City, with 31 of the original 39 buildings still in operation. Also, the main library and eighteen branches of the Pittsburgh public library system are Carnegie libraries. The public library system there is named the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33797225",
"title": "The People's Library",
"section": "Section::::Collection.:Reaction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 933,
"text": "The executive director of Common Cause said in a statement that the City should \"replace each title, buying two new copies for each one destroyed\" and \"for whatever number is unaccounted for, the city should provide Occupy's librarians with funds sufficient to buy twice as many.\" UC Irvine history professor Mark LeVine expressed his sentiment that \"tents can be replaced, even most personal effects. But destroying books is like destroying the soul of the movement\" and filmmaker Udi Aloni added that \"When they disrespect books, they disrespect humankind, and when they destroy books, they destroy the spirit of humanity. The library was great because people gave more than they took. OWS was not just a place for activism, but also a place for education and rethinking; not for just blathering on when you don't know, but being humble and willing to learn. By taking out the library, they've tried to stop that crucial process.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
cw9tuf
|
why is underwear "a pair"?
|
[
{
"answer": "I'm totally not right but is a pair of pants because it's clothing a pair of legs?? Why is it called a pant leg then and not a pant...",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "\nPants used to be made in two parts, one for each leg. A shirt was made from a single piece of cloth.\n\nWhen pants became one piece, the plural usage persisted with shorts and underwear following suit. \n\nSource: _URL_0_\n\nEdit: thank you for the award!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Pants/trousers used to be two separate pieces that were lashed together with something similar to a shoelace. Shirts on the other hand were often a single piece of fabric. Over time pants were made into a single unit that was permanently stitched together and closed via button flies and eventually zippers as opposed to being laced together but the linguistic heritage of them being plural due to being two tubes remained. \n\nWearing clothing under your pants to help keep them clean and thus need washing less became common and this article of clothing was often called \"under-pants\" because they were worn under your pants. The plurality of the nature of pants stuck to the words used to reference what is under them, and so they are called a pair.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Doesn't make much sense any more. You'd think if anything was called a \"pair\" it would be a bra.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Your upper body is mostly one big part with two smaller parts. Your lower body is mostly two big parts with one smaller part.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "More importantly, why is it called a toothbrush? Was it invented in the Appalachian Mountains?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Pants previously were two legs in Medieval Times. They were called [hosen](_URL_0_). They were somewhat like chaps except not connected.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Why is \"boning\" and \"deboning\" a fish the same thing? Why should I weigh whey way away from here? \"Though through thorough thought the tough trough caught trout.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Pants originally were two separate pieces, one for each leg, tied together at the pelvis. Eventually they merged into one garment, but we kept the plural, while shirt, jacket, blouse, dress, etc. are always singular.\n\nUnderwear is also known as underpants, because they are pants worn under clothing. Today's underwear is typically much shorter, but long underwear still resembles tight underpants. You have a \"pair of underwear\" because it refers to the pants, with one pant or pantalon, referring to just one piece covering one leg.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A popular explanation claims pants to be originally made in two separate parts, but that’s just a folk tale. It’s rather a quirk of the English language; similarly to how sunglasses, pliers, or scissors are plural only..\nThere’s no sense to it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Why do you park in a driveway and drive on a parkway???",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because they're called \"pants\" in most places, not underwear... which is an abbreviation of \"pantaloons\" which has a \"pair\" of legs. (edit: and also \"panties\")",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I know it’s not exactly related but.. Nordstrom will sell a single shoe of any kind, even designer, at half the price for amputees. A consolation I know but I find it kind of cool.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I know it’s not exactly related but.. Nordstrom will sell a single shoe of any kind, even designer, at half the price for amputees. A consolation I know but I find it kind of cool.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In the 80s you could get jeans that [zipped](_URL_0_) all the way front to back.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The explanation is already there that the two pant legs used to be separate garments. Here's the best picture I can find of [what they looked like](_URL_0_) (called hosen in German and English chausses in French at the time). The word pants came about after the hose had morphed into one piece but we kept calling it a pair because no one cares about consistency.\n\nThen you have underpants and since the outer pants are a pair it's only consistent to keep the 'pair of pants' phrasing for consistency.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2011",
"title": "Comparison of American and British English",
"section": "Section::::Vocabulary.:Words and phrases with different meanings.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 335,
"text": "Similarly, in AmE the word \"pants\" is the common word for the BrE \"trousers\" and \"knickers\" refers to a variety of half-length trousers (though most AmE users would use the term \"shorts\" rather than knickers), while the majority of BrE speakers would understand \"pants\" to mean \"underpants\" and \"knickers\" to mean \"female underpants\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "348639",
"title": "Panties",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 467,
"text": "Panties (in American English, also called pants, undies or knickers in British English) are a form of underwear primarily worn by women. Panties can be form-fitting or loose. Typical components include an elastic waistband, a crotch panel to cover the genitalia (usually lined with absorbent material such as cotton), and a pair of leg openings that, like the waistband, are often made of elastic. Various materials are used, but are usually chosen to be breathable.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1327891",
"title": "Underoos",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 512,
"text": "Underoos is a brand of underwear primarily for children, produced by the Fruit of the Loom company. The packages include a matching top and bottom for either boys or girls, featuring a character from popular entertainment media, especially superhero comics, animated programs, and fantasy/science fiction. In many cases, the garment mimics the distinctive costume of the character, encouraging the wearer to pretend to be the character. In others it features an image of the character or logo on the undershirt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "348639",
"title": "Panties",
"section": "Section::::Terminology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 974,
"text": "In the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Malaysia, Singapore and occasionally in other Commonwealth countries such as Australia and New Zealand, panties may be referred to as \"undies\" or \"knickers\"; \"knickers\" can also refer to male underwear, while \"panties\" generally refers only to female underwear. In Australia, men's underpants are often referred to as \"undies\", although the word can also refer to women's underpants. The term is little used in the United States and Canada, where the term \"panties\" is usually favoured. In the UK, the term \"pants\" is also used for both men's and women's underwear (not to be confused with the North American usage of \"pants\", referring to what both Americans and the British call \"trousers\" — although \"pants\" is also used in some parts of Northern England). Both men's and women's underwear is also sometimes referred to as \"drawers\". In any context, \"drawers\" suggests underwear that is dowdy, not fashionable or attractive.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1580640",
"title": "Australian English vocabulary",
"section": "Section::::Comparison with other varieties.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 1495,
"text": "In addition, a number of words in Australian English have different meanings from those ascribed in other varieties of English. Clothing-related examples are notable. \"Pants\" in Australian English follows American usage in reference to British English \"trousers\" but in British English refer to Australian English \"underpants\"; \"vest\" in Australian English pass also in American refers to British English \"waistcoat\" but in British English refers to Australian English \"singlet\". \"Thong\" in both American and British English refers to underwear (known in Australia as a \"G-string\"), while in Australian English it refers to British and American English \"flip-flop\" (footwear). There are numerous other examples, including \"biscuit\" which refers in Australian and British English to what in American English is \"cookie\" or \"cracker\" but to a savoury cake in American English; \"Asian\", which in Australian and American English commonly refers to people of East Asian heritage, as opposed to British English, in which it commonly refers to people of South Asian descent; \"(potato) chips\" which refers both to British English \"crisps\" (which is not commonly used in Australian English) and to American English \"French fries\" (which is used alongside \"hot chips\"); and \"football\", which in Australian English refers to Australian rules football, Rugby league or Rugby union – what British refer to as football is referred to as \"soccer\" and what Americans term football is referred to as \"gridiron\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1897",
"title": "Australian English",
"section": "Section::::Vocabulary.:Comparison with other varieties.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 56,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 56,
"end_character": 1495,
"text": "In addition, a number of words in Australian English have different meanings from those ascribed in other varieties of English. Clothing-related examples are notable. \"Pants\" in Australian English follows American usage in reference to British English \"trousers\" but in British English refer to Australian English \"underpants\"; \"vest\" in Australian English pass also in American refers to British English \"waistcoat\" but in British English refers to Australian English \"singlet\". \"Thong\" in both American and British English refers to underwear (known in Australia as a \"G-string\"), while in Australian English it refers to British and American English \"flip-flop\" (footwear). There are numerous other examples, including \"biscuit\" which refers in Australian and British English to what in American English is \"cookie\" or \"cracker\" but to a savoury cake in American English; \"Asian\", which in Australian and American English commonly refers to people of East Asian heritage, as opposed to British English, in which it commonly refers to people of South Asian descent; \"(potato) chips\" which refers both to British English \"crisps\" (which is not commonly used in Australian English) and to American English \"French fries\" (which is used alongside \"hot chips\"); and \"football\", which in Australian English refers to Australian rules football, Rugby league or Rugby union - what British refer to as football is referred to as \"soccer\" and what Americans term football is referred to as \"gridiron\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "193243",
"title": "Shorts",
"section": "Section::::Terminological differences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 572,
"text": "The term, \"boxer shorts\", is an American coinage for a particular kind of men's underwear, and is now also common in Britain. However, boxer shorts are often referred to merely as \"boxers\" in the USA. Moreover, whereas the American English usage of the word \"pants\" refers to outerwear (i.e., \"trousers\" in British English), the usage of \"pants\" in British English refers to the garment worn under one’s trousers, such as boxers; such a garment, however, is referred to as \"underpants\" in American English (note the qualification of the word \"pants\" by the word \"under\").\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
g7rkq
|
How long would an earth day be if there had never been a moon?
|
[
{
"answer": "While it's true that the moon is slowing down the earth's rotation period, it's much slower than what's causing the leap seconds. Leap seconds have to do with a difference between how seconds are defined (in terms of atomic vibrations of cesium) and the number of seconds in a day. We need approximately .6 leap seconds per year, while the earth's rotation is slowing by .0016 s/century. \n\nI'd also add that if there had never been a moon, there's no way to know how long the day on the earth would be. The day is a function of the earth's angular momentum. We believe that the moon was created during a collision between a young earth and a mars-sized object. We can't know if that collision sped the earth's rotation up or slowed it down, although it probably had a dramatic effect.\n\nCheck out: _URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "30647",
"title": "Tidal acceleration",
"section": "Section::::Theory.:Effect on the satellite motion around the planet.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 87,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 87,
"end_character": 339,
"text": "For the earth-moon system, d\"r\"/d\"t\" gives 1.2x10 meter per second, or 3.7 cm per year. This is a 1% increase in the earth-moon distance in 100 million years. d\"n\"/d\"t\" is 1.3x10sec, and for a period of 29.5 days is equivalent to 7 minutes in 1 million years, or 1 day (i.e. lengthening of the lunar period in 1 day) in 210 million years.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30647",
"title": "Tidal acceleration",
"section": "Section::::Theory.:Retardation of the planet's rotation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 79,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 79,
"end_character": 337,
"text": "For the earth-moon system, taking formula_30 of 1/13 and \"k\"=0.2, we get 4.5x10sec. For a 24-hour day, this is equivalent to 17 seconds in 1 million years, or 1 hour (i.e. lengthening of the day by 1 hour) in 210 million years. Due to the additional 20% effect of the sun, the day lengthens by 1 hour in approximately 180 million years.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "181251",
"title": "Lunar day",
"section": "Section::::Alternate usage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 285,
"text": "BULLET::::- The term \"lunar day\" may also refer to the period between moonrises or high moon in a particular location on Earth. This period is typically about 50 minutes longer than a 24-hour Earth day, as the Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as the Earth's axial rotation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27006209",
"title": "Adhik Maas",
"section": "Section::::Scientific calculation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 664,
"text": "The Moon takes about 27.3 days to make one complete orbit around the earth. The earth orbits around the sun once every 365.2422 days (= earth's orbital speed of 29.79 km per second). The earth and the moon in 27.3 days have moved as a system about 1/12 of the way around the sun. This means that from one full moon to the next full moon, the moon must travel 2.2 extra days before it appears again as a full moon, due to the curve of the earth's orbit around the sun. Ultimately this creates a variance of 10.87 days a year between a lunar year and a solar year. To compensate for this difference, the additional month is added after every 32.5 months on average.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7844741",
"title": "Zimmer tower",
"section": "Section::::Description of the dials.:The age of the moon.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 386,
"text": "The time between two full moons is about 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes. This is the time it takes the Moon to make one orbit around the Earth. The dial shows how many days passed since last new moon, indicating the day in the cycle of the moon and showing on the inner circumference the phases of New Moon (, N.M.), First Quarter (, E.K.), Full Moon (, V.M.) and Last Quarter (, L.K.).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16565439",
"title": "July 2000 lunar eclipse",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "The Moon passed through the very center of the Earth's shadow. Totality lasted for 106 minutes, the longest duration since 26 July 1953 and 13 August 1859, and next longer won't be until the year 3000.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3222721",
"title": "Neith (hypothetical moon)",
"section": "Section::::Observations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 371,
"text": "In 1884, Jean-Charles Houzeau, the former director of the Royal Observatory of Brussels suggested that the \"moon\" was actually a planet which orbited the Sun every 283 days. Such a planet would be in conjunction with Venus every 1080 days, which fit with the recorded observations. Houzeau was also the first to give the object the name Neith, after an Egyptian goddess.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1xnppy
|
Why are there no other species within the genus Homo still in existence while the genus Pan has two species that have stood the test of time?
|
[
{
"answer": "In part because a lot of taxonomy is, essentially, artificial -- *we* created it; nature doesn't have genera and phyla and kingdoms, they're labels we came up with to classify things. Before DNA sequencing, it was even more arbitrary, and because of the long-held belief of a hierarchy of life there was an inherent need to classify humans as \"different\". The result with hominids is that there [has been a debate about how to classify chimps and bonobos for a while now.](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "60888586",
"title": "Homo (subgenus)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 396,
"text": "The genus Homo, which contains many extinct species, are grouped into sub-genera. The sub genus Homo contains species which are derived from each other within one million to 800 thousand years. Both Homo sapiens and Neanderthals are grouped within the Sub genus Homo, because of their ability to interbreed without having sterile offspring. Other sub genus names are either unknown or undecided.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24755810",
"title": "Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor",
"section": "Section::::Taxonomy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 583,
"text": "The taxon \"tribe Hominini\" was proposed on basis of the idea that, regarding a trichotomy, the least similar species should be separated from the other two. Originally, this produced a separated genus \"Homo\", which, predictably, was deemed \"most different\" from the other two genera, \"Pan\" and \"Gorilla\". However, later discoveries and analyses revealed that \"Pan\" and \"Homo\" are closer genetically than are \"Pan\" and \"Gorilla\"; thus, \"Pan\" was referred to the tribe Hominini with \"Homo\". \"Gorilla\" now became the separated genus and was referred to the new taxon 'tribe Gorillini'.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42705816",
"title": "SK 847",
"section": "Section::::Taxonomy.:Evidence suggesting that SK 847 is an australopithecine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 624,
"text": "Paleoanthropologists who rejected the classification of SK 847 as \"Homo\" referred to the single species hypothesis, which states that because of competitive exclusion, two species of hominids could not occupy the same niche. Therefore, all hominids from Swartkrans were of the same species and SK 847 is simply a small robust australopithecine. However, the single species hypothesis is no longer valid or accepted as true by anthropologists. Also, at the time of discovery, Swartkrans was known as a place with bulk of australopithecine fossils and this individual would be the only evidence of \"Homo\" found in Swartkrans.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "488341",
"title": "Homo",
"section": "Section::::Names and taxonomy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 480,
"text": "Even today, the genus \"Homo\" has not been properly defined. Since the early human fossil record began to slowly emerge from the earth, the boundaries and definitions of the genus \"Homo\" have been poorly defined and constantly in flux. Because there was no reason to think it would ever have any additional members, Carl Linnaeus did not even bother to define \"Homo\" when he first created it for humans in the 18th century. The discovery of Neanderthal brought the first addition.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3097571",
"title": "Human taxonomy",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 433,
"text": "The genus \"Homo\" is placed in the tribe \"Hominini\" alongside \"Pan\" (chimpanzees). The two genera are estimated to have diverged over an extended time of hybridization spanning roughly 10 to 6 million years ago, with possible admixture as late as 4 million years ago. A subtribe of uncertain validity, grouping archaic \"pre-human\" or \"para-human\" species younger than the \"Homo\"-\"Pan\" split is \"Australopithecina\" (proposed in 1939).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47774240",
"title": "Homo naledi",
"section": "Section::::Fossils.:Morphology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 386,
"text": "The overall anatomical structure of the species has prompted the investigating scientists to classify the species within the genus \"Homo\", rather than within the genus \"Australopithecus\". The \"H. naledi\" skeletons indicate that the origins of the genus \"Homo\" were complex and may be polyphyletic (hybrid), and that the species may have evolved separately in different parts of Africa.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1108628",
"title": "Homo floresiensis",
"section": "Section::::Earlier debate regarding specimens as \"Homo sapiens\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 264,
"text": "While consensus is emerging that these individuals are a separate species, the finding generated considerable controversy, with some scientists arguing that the specimens were \"Homo sapiens\" and that the morphological differences could be attributed to pathology.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1n79ro
|
Were Greek and Roman males shorter than they would be now?
|
[
{
"answer": "The Romans and Greeks (and practically everyone else before the present time) were [much shorter than us generally](_URL_0_) ('The Biological Standard of Living in Europe During the Last Two Millennia', Nikola Koepke and Joerg Baten, European Review of Economic History / Volume / Issue 01 / April 2005'). \nHowever, [it is a myth that 'exercising before the body is finished growing' causes stunted growth](_URL_1_). There is no scientific basis for it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "8514515",
"title": "Tirones",
"section": "Section::::Enlistment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 566,
"text": "We find the ancients very fond of procuring the tallest men they could for the service, since the standard for the cavalry of the wings and for the infantry of the first legionary cohorts was fixed at six feet, or at least five feet ten inches. These requirements might easily be kept up in those times when such numbers followed the profession of arms and before it was the fashion for the flower of Roman youth to devote themselves to the civil offices of state. But when necessity requires it, the height of a man is not to be regarded so much as his strength...\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52992201",
"title": "Agriculture in the Middle Ages",
"section": "Section::::Tall men of the Middle Ages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 536,
"text": "A study of 9,477 skeletons collected from all of Europe reached a similar conclusion that European men in the Middle Ages were slightly taller than their Roman ancestors and early modern successors. The average height of men during the Roman Empire was about . In the 6th century, shortly after the traditional date for the fall of Rome, average height jumped to , and men remained slightly taller than the Roman average for most of the Middle Ages. Average height of men in Europe reached a low point of less than in the 17th century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8416397",
"title": "Long hair",
"section": "Section::::Cultural history.:Europe.:Ancient Greece and Rome.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 1422,
"text": "In ancient Greece, long male hair was a symbol of wealth and power, while a shaven head was appropriate for a slave. The ancient Greeks had several gods and heroes who wore their hair long, including Zeus, Achilles, Apollo, and Poseidon. Greek soldiers are said to have worn their hair long in battle. Such warriors considered it a sign of aristocracy and are said to have combed it openly in order to show off. Also, in order to keep enemies from getting a hold of it in battle, they were known to cut the front short, but leave it long in the back, where it was more out of reach (mullet). A widely held alternative interpretation of the conventional belief is that they kept it long, and simply tied it back in a style known as a ponytail in order to keep it out of their enemies' reach. The ponytail method allowed warriors, who often traveled to battle with a minimal amount of equipment in order to avoid excessively heavy loads over long marches, to keep their hair manageable with a small piece of string to hold their pony tail in place and a knife to cut the back to length with one simple slice. Around the sixth century, however, the Greek men shifted to shorter hairstyles, with the exception of the Spartans. Women in the culture remained with the longer style, which for them showed freedom, health, and wealth, as well as good behavior. In men, long hair was considered a sign of false pride by this time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27298083",
"title": "Neanderthal",
"section": "Section::::Anatomy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "Neanderthals were much stronger than modern humans, with particularly strong arms and hands, while they were comparable in height; based on 45 long bones from 14 males and 7 females, three different methods of estimating height produced averages for Neanderthal males from and for females. Samples of 26 specimens found an average weight of for males and for females.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5468312",
"title": "William Armstrong Percy III",
"section": "Section::::Career.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 611,
"text": "Since then, Percy has posted on his own website a great many more refutations of Scheidel's work. The triumvirate of Saller, Shaw, and Scheidel persist in their position that ancient Roman males married around age 28 instead of 18, and to females of 148 instead of 14. The earlier average dates were found by Percy among his personal trove of ancient Roman wedding licenses. Of all ancient people studied by Percy, only Greek males waited until about 30 to marry. In Sparta, they normally married females of 18, but in other free cities, they married females aged from 14-16, soon after the passage to puberty.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20598355",
"title": "Human penis size",
"section": "Section::::Historical perceptions.:Antiquity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 766,
"text": "The ancient Greeks believed that small penises were ideal. Scholars believe that most ancient Greeks probably had roughly the same size penises as most other Europeans, but Greek artistic portrayals of handsome youths show them with inordinately small, uncircumcised penises with disproportionately large foreskins, indicating that these were seen as ideal. Large penises in Greek art are reserved exclusively for comically grotesque figures, such as satyrs, a class of hideous, horse-like woodland spirits, who are shown in Greek art with absurdly massive penises. Actors portraying male characters in ancient Greek comedy wore enormous, fake, red penises, which dangled underneath their costumes; these were intended as ridiculous and were meant to be laughed at.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "418512",
"title": "Mullet (haircut)",
"section": "Section::::Fashion history.:Ancient mullets.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 210,
"text": "In the sixth century, Byzantine scholar Procopius wrote that some factions of young males wore their hair long at the back and cut it short over the forehead. This non-Roman style was termed the 'Hunnic' look.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1rymji
|
kant's view on determinism
|
[
{
"answer": "Someone has a paper due...",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "21478754",
"title": "Common sense",
"section": "Section::::Contemporary philosophy.:Ethics: what the community would think.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 65,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 65,
"end_character": 923,
"text": "Hannah Arendt adapted Kant's concept of as a faculty of aesthetic judgement that imagines the judgements of others, into something relevant for political judgement. Thus she created a \"Kantian\" political philosophy, which, as she said herself, Kant did not write. She argued that there was often a banality to evil in the real world, for example in the case of someone like Adolf Eichmann, which consisted in a lack of and thoughtfulness generally. Arendt and also Jürgen Habermas, who took a similar position concerning Kant's , were criticised by Lyotard for their use of Kant's as a standard for real political judgement. Lyotard also saw Kant's as an important concept for understanding political judgement, not aiming at any consensus, but rather at a possibility of a \"euphony\" in \"dis-sensus\". Lyotard claimed that any attempt to impose any in real politics would mean imposture by an empowered faction upon others.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20347",
"title": "Meaning of life",
"section": "Section::::Western philosophical perspectives.:Enlightenment philosophy.:Kantianism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 76,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 76,
"end_character": 433,
"text": "Kantianism is a philosophy based on the ethical, epistemological, and metaphysical works of Immanuel Kant. Kant is known for his deontological theory where there is a single moral obligation, the \"Categorical Imperative\", derived from the concept of duty. Kantians believe all actions are performed in accordance with some underlying maxim or principle, and for actions to be ethical, they must adhere to the categorical imperative.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5515510",
"title": "Kantian ethics",
"section": "Section::::Significance of Kantian ethics.:Influenced by Kantian ethics.:Jürgen Habermas.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 618,
"text": "Habermas argues that his ethical theory is an improvement on Kant's ethics. He rejects the dualistic framework of Kant's ethics. Kant distinguished between the phenomena world, which can be sensed and experienced by humans, and the noumena, or spiritual world, which is inaccessible to humans. This dichotomy was necessary for Kant because it could explain the autonomy of a human agent: although a human is bound in the phenomenal world, their actions are free in the intelligible world. For Habermas, morality arises from discourse, which is made necessary by their rationality and needs, rather than their freedom.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9258",
"title": "Ethics",
"section": "Section::::Normative ethics.:Deontology.:Discourse ethics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 87,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 87,
"end_character": 618,
"text": "Habermas argues that his ethical theory is an improvement on Kant's ethics. He rejects the dualistic framework of Kant's ethics. Kant distinguished between the phenomena world, which can be sensed and experienced by humans, and the noumena, or spiritual world, which is inaccessible to humans. This dichotomy was necessary for Kant because it could explain the autonomy of a human agent: although a human is bound in the phenomenal world, their actions are free in the intelligible world. For Habermas, morality arises from discourse, which is made necessary by their rationality and needs, rather than their freedom.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7730205",
"title": "Aenesidemus (book)",
"section": "Section::::Schulze's skepticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 285,
"text": "Kant's critical philosophy is self-contradictory. He said that things-in-themselves cause sensations in an observer's mind. Kant applied causality to noumena. But, in his critique, he had claimed that causality is a category of the understanding that can only be applied to phenomena.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "214856",
"title": "Categorical imperative",
"section": "Section::::Nature of the concept.:Freedom and autonomy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 673,
"text": "Although Kant conceded that there could be no conceivable example of free will, because any example would only show us a will as it \"appears\" to us—as a subject of natural laws—he nevertheless argued against determinism. He proposed that determinism is logically inconsistent: the determinist claims that because \"A\" caused \"B\", and \"B\" caused \"C\", that \"A\" is the true cause of \"C\". Applied to a case of the human will, a determinist would argue that the will does not have causal power and that something outside the will causes the will to act as it does. But this argument merely assumes what it sets out to prove: viz. that the human will is part of the causal chain.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "549047",
"title": "Critique of Judgment",
"section": "Section::::Teleology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 921,
"text": "Kant attempted to legitimize purposive categories in the life sciences, without a theological commitment. He recognized the concept of purpose has epistemological value for finality, while denying its implications about creative intentions at life and the universe's source. Kant described natural purposes as organized beings, meaning that the principle of knowledge presupposes living creatures as purposive entities. He called this supposition the finality concept as a regulative use, which satisfies living beings specificity of knowledge. This heuristic framework claims there is a teleology principle at purpose's source and it is the mechanical devices of the individual original organism, including its heredity. Such entities appear to be self-organizing in patterns. Kant's ideas allowed Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and his followers to formulate the science of types (morphology) and to justify its autonomy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
trvj5
|
Underwater Cave/Air Pocket/Breaching
|
[
{
"answer": "Water would flow down, and the air would bubble up the newly drilled tube. There's nothing particularly unusual about the scenario you describe. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Not just a hypothetical: [Lake Peigneur drilling disaster](_URL_0_).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "291811",
"title": "Cave diving",
"section": "Section::::Cave diving venues.:North America.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 138,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 138,
"end_character": 507,
"text": "One deep underwater cave in the United States is \"Weeki Wachee Spring\". Due to its strong outflow, divers have had limited success penetrating this first magnitude spring until 2007, when drought conditions eased the out-flowing water allowing team divers from Karst Underwater Research to penetrate to depths of The current deepest known underwater cave in the United States as of 2013 is Phantom Springs Cave located in west Texas. Phantom Springs has been explored down to in water filled cave passages.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56361792",
"title": "Cave-in (excavation)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 456,
"text": "Cave-in in an excavation is the detachment of the mass of soil in the side of trench and the sudden displacement inside the excavation which represent a hazard to the person inside. Cave-ins is considered as the most critical risk beside other related hazards within trenches.The reasons that lead to cave-ins fall between pressure on soil, vibration of equipment and excess loads. Cave-ins in excavation is prevented using sloping, shoring and shielding.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9521439",
"title": "Vortex Spring",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 475,
"text": "In 2010, Ben McDaniel, a diver who was not certified for cave diving, but had been witnessed by staff and other divers gaining access to the restricted area of the cave by forcing open the gate, did not resurface after an employee let him through the gate one evening. It was initially assumed that he had died accidentally after becoming trapped underwater, but extensive searches did not find his body, nor any sign that one was present in the remote recesses of the cave.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7266349",
"title": "Torricellian chamber",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 513,
"text": "In cave diving, a Torricellian chamber is a cave chamber with an airspace above the water at less than atmospheric pressure. This is formed when the water level drops and there is no way for more air to get into the chamber. In theory such chambers could pose a risk of decompression sickness to divers, similar to flying after diving. Also, in a Torricellian chamber the diver's depth gauge is unlikely to give an accurate reading of pressure as most depth gauges are not designed to show depths less than zero.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "291811",
"title": "Cave diving",
"section": "Section::::Hazards.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 571,
"text": "Cave diving is one of the most challenging and potentially dangerous kinds of diving or caving and presents many hazards. Cave diving is a form of penetration diving, meaning that in an emergency a diver cannot swim vertically to the surface due to the cave's ceilings, and so must swim the entire way back out. The underwater navigation through the cave system may be difficult and exit routes may be at considerable distance, requiring the diver to have sufficient breathing gas to make the journey. The dive may also be deep, resulting in potential deep diving risks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52412360",
"title": "Jordbrugrotta",
"section": "Section::::Discovery and exploration.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 389,
"text": "Exploration is complicated by the cold water and narrow passages of the underwater cave system, and divers can get lost in its side passages. The connection between Jordbrugrotta and Steinugleflåget caves remained undiscovered for decades, in part because of the difficult access route to the dry cave, Steinugleflåget. Reaching its head pool requires a vertical dry-cave climb of over . \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "291811",
"title": "Cave diving",
"section": "Section::::Procedures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 684,
"text": "As most cave diving is done in an environment where there is no free surface with breathable air allowing an above-water exit, it is critically important to be able to find the way out before the breathing gas runs out. This is ensured by the use of a continuous guideline between the dive team and outside of the flooded cave, and diligent planning and monitoring of gas supplies. Two basic types of guideline are used: permanent lines, and temporary lines. Permanent lines may include a main line starting near the entrance/exit, and side lines or branch lines, and are marked to indicate the direction to the nearest exit. Temporary lines include exploration lines and jump lines.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
b02xf9
|
please eli5 the rules of magic: the gathering
|
[
{
"answer": "There are 5 colours, red, blue, green, white , black.\n\nYou play “land” cards to gain mana of that colour. (Eg forests give green mana, islands give blue mana).\n\nMinions and spell cards cost mana, some (or all) of that mana needs to be of a certain colour. There are also multi-coloured cards that cost multiple types of mana (eg a 4 cost minion of 1 red, 1 black, 2 any). There are also “artifact” cards that can use any mana.\n\nDuring combat, you choose which minions to Attack with. Your minions may not Attack during the turn they are summoned (usually using mana). By default, all attacks go to the opponent’s life total, unless they choose to block.\n\nWhen an opponent attacks, you choose which of your minions to block with, and which targets they should block (eg using an expendable minion to block their huge minion).\n\nDuring blocking, each minion doing battle takes damage equal to the other minion’s Attack. This is deducted from their health.\n\nAfter combat, minions with 0/negative health are destroyed. Minions which are not destroyed have their health “refreshed” during the end of turn (ie they recover to full health at the end of turn).\n\nSpells and minions can only be cast during the “main phase”, and may not be cast in reaction to the opponent’s card, unless they have the property “instant” or “flash”. Chains work the same as in Yugioh, the last card in the chain resolves first.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "r/magicdeckbuilding is probably a pretty good resource. Better than here at least.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "11877161",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering (1997 video game)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 729,
"text": "Magic: The Gathering is a video game published by MicroProse in April 1997 based on the collectible card game \"\". It is often referred to as \"Shandalar\" after the of , where the game takes place. The player must travel the land and fight random enemies to gain cards, and defeat five wizards representing the five colors. The player must prevent one color from gaining too much power, and defeat the planeswalker Arzakon, who has a deck of all five colors. Adventure game and role-playing game elements are present, including inventory, gold, towns, dungeons, random battles, and character progression in the form of new abilities and a higher life point total. An oversized version of Aswan Jaguar was included in the game box.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "805737",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering video games",
"section": "Section::::\"Magic: The Gathering\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 705,
"text": "Named after the game itself, Magic: The Gathering was published by MicroProse in February 1997. The game takes place in the of Shandalar, where the player must travel the land and fight random enemies to gain cards, and defeat five wizards representing the five colors. The player must prevent one color from gaining too much power, and defeat the planeswalker Arzakon, who has a deck of all five colors. Adventure game and role-playing game elements are present, including inventory, gold, towns, dungeons, random battles, and character progression in the form of new abilities and a higher life point total. Two expansion packs were published, \"Spells of the Ancients\" and \"Duels of the Planeswalkers\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35963232",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering – Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 595,
"text": "Magic: The Gathering – Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 (referred to in shorthand as DotP 2013 or Magic 2013) is a video game based on the popular collectible card game , first published by Wizards of the Coast in 1993. The game was released on June 20, 2012 via Steam, Xbox Live Arcade, the PlayStation Network, and iPad, and is the third game in the \"\" series. The gameplay follows that of the original card game, however within a more restrained framework. It received mainly positive reviews and was number one in the PlayStation Network sales for June. The sequel, \"\", was released in 2013.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48855312",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering – Puzzle Quest",
"section": "Section::::Gameplay.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 253,
"text": "\"Magic: The Gathering – Puzzle Quest\" puts the player in the role of one of several Planeswalkers that fight against a number of enemies including other Planeswalkers. The game's \"Magic\" side is based on the at-the-time current \"Magic Origins\" cardset.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31144208",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering – Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 449,
"text": "Magic: The Gathering – Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 (referred to in shorthand as DotP 2012 or Magic 2012) is a video game based on the popular collectible card game , published by Wizards of the Coast. It was released on June 15, 2011. The game is a follow up to the highly popular \"\", which was released in 2009. An expansion for the game, called \"Ascend into Darkness\", was released on September 14, 2011. The sequel, \"\", was released in 2012.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "805737",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering video games",
"section": "Section::::Magic: The Gathering Online.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 867,
"text": "Magic: The Gathering Online is a 2002 game developed by Leaping Lizard Software and maintained by Wizards of the Coast itself since version 2.0 in 2004. It focuses purely on gameplay, and includes no additional storyline. Included are cards from all expansions starting with \"\" with the exception of the sets \"\", \"\", and \"\" which would not easily translate to computer play. Updates become available as new sets are printed. Games are held in chatroom-style sessions, and virtual cards can be won or purchased with real money. \"Magic Online\" offers a variety of both casual games in which players can use cards they own for fun, and competitive online tournaments in which players use purchased/traded tickets and booster packs to enter into events, both Limited (decks built with cards opened from boosters) and Constructed (decks built from a player's collection).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60661549",
"title": "Magic: The Gathering Organized Play",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 527,
"text": "Magic: The Gathering Organized Play is the worldwide program for all levels of tournaments for the trading card game . Created in 1993 by Wizards of the Coast, the Organized Play program has grown to host some of the largest trading card game tournaments ever, with hundreds of thousands of events each year. The vast majority of events are casual gaming events hosted at local stores, however, due to a common ranking system and set of rules and policies, these events ultimately feed players into the highest levels of play.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1we5bv
|
when there is a holiday and trash pickup is delayed a day, how does the schedule right itself the following week?
|
[
{
"answer": "In my city Friday is not usually a normal trash pick up day. It's reserved for special pick ups of large items or large amounts of junk. When there is a holiday Friday becomes a normal pick up day and the special pick ups are cancelled that week. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "199990",
"title": "Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 521,
"text": "Note that where a public holiday falls on a Saturday or a Sunday, or possibly coincides with another public holiday, it is generally observed (as a day off work) on the next available weekday, even though the public holiday itself does not move. In such cases, an employee is entitled to at least one of the following (as chosen by the employer): a day off within a month, an additional day's paid annual leave or an additional day's pay. The usual practice is, however, to award a day off on the next available weekday.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39109900",
"title": "Holidays Act 2003",
"section": "Section::::Sick Leave.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 365,
"text": "The Holidays Act describes sick leave entitlement in days and does not provide for smaller units. If an employee works part of a day and then takes the remainder of the day off as sick leave, then the whole day is counted as sick leave. Despite this, and employer and employee may agree to use hours or part days, as long as the employee is better off as a result.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23226172",
"title": "Public holidays in Uruguay",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 206,
"text": "Only 5 of these holidays (January 1, May 1, July 18, August 25 and December 25) imply a mandatory paid leave for workers. Most of the other days are only observed by schools and some public sector offices.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "460201",
"title": "Public holidays in New Zealand",
"section": "Section::::Annual leave and non-working days.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 777,
"text": "In addition to the above holidays, from 1 April 2007 all workers must be given four weeks annual leave, often taken in the summer Christmas – New Year period. In many industries there is a Christmas – New Year shutdown of business. With only three working days between Christmas and New Year, many workers take this time off, as they can have a ten-day summer break for only three days leave. Many retail outlets also hold sales at this time to stimulate business while others close down due to low demand for services. The days from 25 December to 15 January are not considered to be working days for official government purposes. The public counters of most government departments do open on weekdays during this period, though often only a limited service may be available.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "843459",
"title": "Public holidays in China",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 448,
"text": "Generally, if there is a three-day or four-day (if Mid-Autumn Festival is near National Day) holiday, the government will declare it to be a seven-day or eight-day holiday. However, citizens are required to work during a nearby weekend. Businesses and schools would then treat the affected Saturdays and Sundays as the weekdays that the weekend has been swapped with. Schedules are released late in the year prior and might change during the year.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "167130",
"title": "Public holidays in Australia",
"section": "Section::::Nature of public holidays.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 393,
"text": "If a standard public holiday falls on a weekend, a substitute public holiday will sometimes be observed on the first non-weekend day (usually Monday) after the weekend, whether by virtue of the public holiday legislation or by \"ad hoc\" proclamation. Workers required to work on a public holiday or substituted public holiday will usually be entitled to remuneration at a holiday penalty rate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "665809",
"title": "Long weekend",
"section": "Section::::North America.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "In the United States, the Uniform Monday Holiday Act officially moved federal government observances of many holidays to Mondays, largely at the behest of the travel industry. The resulting long weekends are often termed \"three-day weekends\" as a result.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
31bysh
|
Can an expert on the history of Poland provide an exegesis of this video?
|
[
{
"answer": "Please see: _URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "340687",
"title": "Gleiwitz incident",
"section": "Section::::In popular culture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 244,
"text": "It was also mentioned in a video game; \"\" (2004), which stirred up controversy in Poland where the game was briefly discussed in Polish media as anti-Polish falsification of history, before the issue was cleared up as a case of poor reporting.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12467768",
"title": "Lviv Chronicle",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 585,
"text": "This chronicle reflects the events in Kievan Rus from year 1498 to 1649, revealing valuable information about the political and economic conditions of the Ukrainian lands, as well as their relations with other polities, such as Poland, Muscovy, and the Crimean Khanate. It describes such events as the Crimean Tatar raids, imposition of Catholicism in Western Ukraine by Uniate clergy and nobility, Ukrainian Cossack rebellion of 1630s, and the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648—1654). It mentions a number of unique facts from Ukrainian history that are not available from any other source.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18594937",
"title": "Historiography of the Volyn tragedy",
"section": "Section::::Polish historiography.:Independent Poland.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 996,
"text": "According to Roman Hrytskiv a characteristic of Polish historiography is the national component in its understanding of the problem. This is evident by the treatment of the Ukrainian-Polish conflict as an episode of purely Polish history; focusing attention to the anti-Polish terror of the UPA and demanding that the Ukrainians condemn these actions. The treatment of the anti-Ukrainian actions of the Polish underground is relegated to a secondary position, and the moral and emotional style of exposition of materials, the inclusion of materials whose authenticity is questionable (memoirs, eye witness accounts, works of literature etc.). At the same time, it is in Poland that the professional study of Ukrainian-Polish conflict was started. Polish historians were the first to thoroughly study and analyse the facts of this conflict, developed a periodization, collected a significant number of Polish historic sources and developed a number of alternative methods of studying the problem.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1218488",
"title": "Gallus Anonymus",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 208,
"text": "\"Gallus\" is generally regarded as the first historian to have described Poland. His \"Chronicles\" are an obligatory text for university courses in Poland's history. Very little is known of the author himself.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19147993",
"title": "Józef Piłsudski Institute of America",
"section": "Section::::Collections.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 722,
"text": "As of 2011, among Polish libraries and research centers in the USA the Piłsudski Institute of America has the largest collection of documents concerning the recent history of Poland (exceeded only by that of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University in California). The collection includes archives salvaged during World War II from its predecessor (the former Research Institute of Most Recent History of Poland), the Belvedere Collection (part of which consists in the archive of the Commander-in-Chief), materials from the Liquidation Committee of General Lucjan Żeligowski, the archive of the Ukrainian Military Mission in Poland and the archive of the Silesian Uprisings smuggled out of Poland in September 1939.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14162",
"title": "Timeline of Polish history",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 293,
"text": "This is a timeline of Polish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Poland and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Poland. See also the list of Polish monarchs and list of Prime Ministers of Poland.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10839337",
"title": "Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 282,
"text": "Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae, short name Chronica Polonorum, is a Latin history of Poland written by Wincenty Kadłubek between 1190 and 1208 CE. The work was probably commissioned by Casimir II of Poland. Consisting of four books, it describes Polish history.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2eknt9
|
how do olympic athletes like ryan lochte fit 10,000 calories into their stomachs?
|
[
{
"answer": "They eat a lot of high calorie foods, and they eat a lot of meals. \n\nHigh tier swimmers might eat 4 or 5 big meals a day, plus snacks in between. They burn calories like crazy too.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "28860545",
"title": "Nathmal Pahalwan",
"section": "Section::::Diet and Workouts.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 399,
"text": "His daily diet included having a high protein diet that included lots of almonds, milk, fruits and Ghee (pasteurized butter). He had built such great stamina with his 3-4 hour workout, that many times he could swim across the Hoogly river, a distance of 0.75 Km (0.5 mile) with relative ease. His daily regimen also included wrestling with multiple wrestlers and teaching them the art of wrestling.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1325054",
"title": "Tony Galento",
"section": "Section::::Training.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "Galento, who claimed to be 5'9 (177 cm) tall, liked to weigh in at about 235 lb (107 kg) for his matches. He achieved this level of fitness by eating whatever, whenever he wanted. A typical meal for Galento consisted of six chickens, a side of spaghetti, all washed down with a half gallon of red wine, or beer, or both at one sitting. When he did go to training camp, he foiled his trainer's attempts to modify his diet, and terrorized his sparring partners by eating their meals in addition to his.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13059378",
"title": "The Biggest Loser (season 4)",
"section": "Section::::Episodes.:Week 3.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 423,
"text": "The teams face a temptation - the player who consumes the most calories in four minutes wins a 3-pound pass at the weigh in. Nobody on the Black team or Red team partakes in the challenge. Neil eats 1700 calories but his teammate, Patty, consumes over 2000 calories despite a team agreement that Neil be the only team member to eat. Bob and the Blue team hash out sore feelings after the temptation before hitting the gym.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "901710",
"title": "Béla Károlyi",
"section": "Section::::Controversy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 380,
"text": "Károlyi was also said to strictly monitor his gymnasts' food intake: Moceanu, for instance, stated that at meets away from home, gymnasts were limited to consuming as few as 900 Calories a day. Even Károlyi's supporters have admitted that at certain competitions, his gymnasts ate so sparingly that members of the men's gymnastics team smuggled food to them in their hotel rooms.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54592428",
"title": "Carmen Cincotti",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 398,
"text": "Carmen Cincotti (born July 4, 1992) is an American competitive eater and holder of multiple records in Major League Eating, who earned $10,000 for his second-place finish in the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest in 2017 in which he ate 60 hot dogs in ten minutes, ten fewer than repeat champion Joey Chestnut. As of August 2018 to June 2019, he was formerly ranked number two in Major League Eating,\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5729054",
"title": "Oscar Pistorius",
"section": "Section::::Sporting career.:2012 Summer Olympics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 415,
"text": "At the 2012 Summer Olympics on 4 August 2012, Pistorius became the first amputee runner to compete at an Olympic Games. In the 400-metre race, he took second place in the first heat of five runners, finishing with a time of 45.44 seconds (his best time of the season so far) to advance to the semi-finals on 5 August. He ran in the second semi-final, where he finished eighth and last with a time of 46.54 seconds.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18745000",
"title": "László Harasztosi",
"section": "Section::::Activity.:Improving athletes' achievement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 255,
"text": "He claims to regularly charge up chosen athletes with focused cosmic energy, which creates further resources for them, enabling them to achieve better results, increase endurance, make their muscles more flexible, shorten reaction time and recovery time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6t766z
|
how do icebreaker boats not get stuck in thick ice?
|
[
{
"answer": "Below the water line they have massive weights on moveable carts on tracks. The ships power on to the ice. If they can't crack the ice with their thick hulls, they ride on over the ice with the ship's bow. Then the weight is moved from the back of the ship to the front and the extra weight breaks the ice.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "483060",
"title": "Icebreaker",
"section": "Section::::Characteristics.:Ice resistance and hull form.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 563,
"text": "Icebreakers are often described as ships that drive their sloping bows onto the ice and break it under the weight of the ship. In reality, this only happens in very thick ice where the icebreaker will proceed at walking pace or may even have to repeatedly back down several ship lengths and ram the ice pack at full power. More commonly the ice, which has a relatively low flexural strength, is easily broken and submerged under the hull without a noticeable change in the icebreaker's trim while the vessel moves forward at a relatively high and constant speed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "483060",
"title": "Icebreaker",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 820,
"text": "Icebreakers clear paths by pushing straight into frozen-over water or pack ice. The bending strength of sea ice is low enough that the ice breaks usually without noticeable change in the vessel's trim. In cases of very thick ice, an icebreaker can drive its bow onto the ice to break it under the weight of the ship. A buildup of broken ice in front of a ship can slow it down much more than the breaking of the ice itself, so icebreakers have a specially designed hull to direct the broken ice around or under the vessel. The external components of the ship's propulsion system (propellers, propeller shafts, etc.) are at greater risk of damage than the vessel's hull, so the ability of an icebreaker to propel itself onto the ice, break it, and clear the debris from its path successfully is essential for its safety.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "489965",
"title": "Black ice",
"section": "Section::::Formation.:On water.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 584,
"text": "Ice can also be formed by seawater spray and water vapour freezing upon contact with a vessel's superstructure when temperature is low enough. Ice formed in this manner is known as \"rime\". As the formation progress, the aboveboard weight of the vessel increases and may ultimately cause capsizing. Furthermore, rime ice may impede the correct functioning of important navigational instruments on board, such as radar or radio installations. Different strategies for the removal of such ice are employed: chipping away the ice or even using fire hoses in an attempt to remove the ice.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "483169",
"title": "Nuclear-powered icebreaker",
"section": "Section::::Russian nuclear icebreakers.:Infrastructure.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 445,
"text": "Icebreakers generally try to navigate paths with the least possible ice in order to make speedier progress and to help ensure that they do not become trapped in ice too thick for them to break. In the 1970s and 1980s, land-based aircraft would observe and map the ice to help with course plotting. Over time, most of this work has been taken over by satellite surveillance systems, sometimes aided by the helicopters carried by the icebreakers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "483060",
"title": "Icebreaker",
"section": "Section::::Function.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 765,
"text": "Today, most icebreakers are needed to keep trade routes open where there are either seasonal or permanent ice conditions. While the merchant vessels calling ports in these regions are strengthened for navigation in ice, they are usually not powerful enough to manage the ice by themselves. For this reason, in the Baltic Sea, the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway, and along the Northern Sea Route, the main function of icebreakers is to escort convoys of one or more ships safely through ice-filled waters. When a ship becomes immobilized by ice, the icebreaker has to free it by breaking the ice surrounding the ship and, if necessary, open a safe passage through the ice field. In difficult ice conditions, the icebreaker can also tow the weakest ships.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "483169",
"title": "Nuclear-powered icebreaker",
"section": "Section::::Russian nuclear icebreakers.:Ships.:\"Arktika\" class.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 640,
"text": "\"Arktika\"-class icebreakers have a double hull, with the outer hull being approximately 48 mm thick at the ice-breaking areas and 25 mm thick elsewhere. There is water ballast between the inner and outer hulls which can be shifted to aid icebreaking. Icebreaking is also assisted by an air bubbling system which can deliver 24 m³/s of air from jets 9 m below the surface. Some ships have polymer coated hulls to reduce friction. \"Arktika\"-class ships can break ice while making way either forwards or backwards. Although they have two reactors, normally only one is used to provide power, with the other being maintained in a standby mode.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3610306",
"title": "Diving plane",
"section": "Section::::Fairwater planes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 230,
"text": "When operating beneath polar ice, a submarine with planes on the sail must break them through the ice when surfacing. From the they were arranged to be able to be pointed vertically upwards, rather than being rigged or folded in.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
14me6u
|
What knockon effects did Edward VIII's abdication have on the British public's perception of royal duty?
|
[
{
"answer": "I think if you're looking for a concrete \"Edward VIII's abdication resulted in A, B, and C being changed in the monarchical system\", you may be out of luck as this sort of symbolic system is very difficult to pin down.\n\nIn addition to that, George VI who succeeded Edward was extremely popular (obviously not among EVERYONE, but by the general public). Because of this, people could kind of ignore Edward VIII as just a \"bad phase\" which the monarchy grew out of. \n\nFor these reasons, it is very difficult to succinctly nail down any sort of immediate impact it had.\n\nHowever, if we look at Edward's abdication as part of a larger trend in the history of \"royal duty\", it begins to make a clearer picture. In many ways, Edward VIII's abdication was a byproduct of the increasingly public role of the monarch.\n\nThe 20th century really brought an end to the Monarchy as a strictly aristocratic institution. Before the advent of radio, public newspapers, television, etc., British monarchs were really only visible to a small group of wealthy individuals. They would present themselves at royal balls, banquets, showings of the theatre, etc. These were, for the most part, strictly aristocratic events and most common people would never have seen the monarchs or their families in any real capacity. \n\nWhen radio and newspapers were brought into the mix, this started to change. Common people could now here all the \"gossip\" about the monarchy. As the private lives of the monarchy became more and more common knowledge, their role in society changed. They had to start \"representing the spirit of the nation\" (a task which the current monarch Queen Elizabeth II has taken on to heart). \n\nHowever, this role doesn't suit everyone. It is very emotionally demanding and the pressure of this extremely public presence really was too much for Edward VIII. Thus, it wasn't so much that Edward VIII CHANGED the nature of \"royal duty\", he just didn't FIT IN with the new role of the monarchy that had been blossoming since the turn of the century. He was too \"wild\" and \"emotional\" for such a role. \n\nGeorge VI fit this role perfectly; he acted as a stoic defender of Britain. During the Blitz he stayed in London with his daughters to show that the monarch was not above other Britons. He was a king who understood and succeeded in the new role of the monarchy.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "59507538",
"title": "Duke and Duchess of Windsor's tour of Germany, 1937",
"section": "Section::::Overture and organisation.:Organising.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 1069,
"text": "George VI was said to have been horrified by his brother's entry into European political affairs at such a delicate time, particularly because, in his eyes, it was in direct contravention of his abdication oath to take a low profile (when he had sworn \"to quit public affairs altogether\"). Sarah Bradford has suggested that not only the visit itself but the high-profile manner in which it was organised, indicated that Windsor had no intention of lowering his public profile in the wake of his abdication. Contemporaries were aware of the negative connotations of such a trip, and even those sympathetic to Windsor—such as Winston Churchill and Lord Beaverbrook—attempted to dissuade him from going. Even the intervention of an old friend of the Duchess, Herman Rogers, against the trip, proved unsuccessful. Windsor was warned that the Nazis were \"past masters in the arts of propaganda\", to which he promised \"not to make any speeches\". The fact that he kept to this promise, says Sebba, means that \"there are at least no words to be thrown back at him\" by critics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47544367",
"title": "December 1936",
"section": "Section::::December 1, 1936 (Tuesday).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 476,
"text": "BULLET::::- The Edward VIII abdication crisis finally came out into the open in Britain when the Bishop of Bradford Alfred Blunt, speaking at his diocesan conference about the upcoming royal coronation, said of the king that \"Some of us wish that he gave more positive signs of his awareness.\" \"The Yorkshire Post\" used the speech to question the king's behaviour and the rest of the British press soon followed suit, finally breaking their policy of self-imposed censorship.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15752960",
"title": "Cultural depictions of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson",
"section": "Section::::Film and television.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 585,
"text": "The abdication is mentioned frequently in the 1st season of Netflix television series The Crown, in which the former King now titled Duke Of Windsor returns to London for the funeral of King George VI and accession of Elizabeth II. Queen Mary is depicted as continuing her condemnation of his marriage to Wallis Simpson and his decision to abdicate, and faces animosity towards his attendance of Elizabeth's coronation, subsequently declining his invite. His abdication is also cited as a factor in the opposition to the marriage of Princess Margaret and Group Captain Peter Townsend.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15752960",
"title": "Cultural depictions of Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson",
"section": "Section::::Film and television.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 207,
"text": "The abdication of Edward VIII was featured in the multi-award winning historical drama film The Kings Speech, in which his decision to stand-down was depicted solely upon his desire to marry Wallis Simpson.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40392071",
"title": "Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth",
"section": "Section::::Preparation.:Planning.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 666,
"text": "After the abdication of Edward VIII, the coronation committee continued to plan the event for George VI with minimal disruption; according to Sir Roy Strong, at the next meeting after the abdication \"no reference was made at all to the change of sovereign, everything immediately being assumed to have been done for the new king.\" After the abdication, though, many of the traditional elements that Edward VIII cared less for were restored, with Queen Mary taking an interest in the design of furniture and insisting on a more traditional appearance; indeed, much of the service and the furnishings were to closely resemble those of the 1911 coronation of George V.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47544364",
"title": "October 1936",
"section": "Section::::October 22, 1936 (Thursday).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 105,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 105,
"end_character": 698,
"text": "BULLET::::- The British press continued to tiptoe around the Edward VIII abdication crisis. London publication \"The News Week\" wrote that \"the effects of the unofficial censorship have been disastrous, giving the impression abroad that there is something to hide.\" The weekly publication \"Cavalcade\", which had been running articles about the king and his friendship with Mrs. Simpson for weeks, ran a short notice of Simpson's divorce suit and mentioned that thousands of words had been published in the United States about it. \"The Guardian\" ran an article about the possibility of the king's coronation being postponed but avoided any direct explanation for why a postponement might take place.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "222097",
"title": "Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester",
"section": "Section::::Abdication of Edward VIII.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 396,
"text": "Edward VIII, who became Duke of Windsor after abdicating, recalled that it was Henry who reacted least to the news of his abdication. The brothers had never been close, and apart from horses, they had not much in common. But Edward did admit regretting the implications the abdication would have on \"The Unknown Soldier\", a nickname he teasingly used to refer to Henry, owing to his low profile.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1nj8dy
|
where do all these surveys saying "__% of americans approve/disapprove ____" get their info from?
|
[
{
"answer": "You don't need particularly large sample sizes to get relatively good results. So if you go to [_URL_2_](_URL_0_) and just click on the first [poll available](_URL_0_/obama_ad.htm), you'll see a line that looks like this:\n\n\nCBS News/New York Times Poll. Sept. 19-23, 2013. N=1,014 adults nationwide. Margin of error ± 3.\n\n\nSo that tells you who conducted the poll, when it was conducted, how many people were surveyed (1014 in this case), and the margin of error. The margin of error tells you, statically, how far off from the true number the polling number is likely to be 95% of the time (95% is just a common confidence interval that most polls will use). That poll (on the Obama Administrations handling of foreign policy) suggests that the current approval rating is 40%. With 95% confidence we can say that if you polled the entire adult population of the US, that it's between 37% and 43% (plus or minus 3%, the margin of error). That still means 5% of the time it will be wrong by more that amount though (this is called an outlier).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3107223",
"title": "Non-interventionism",
"section": "Section::::By country.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 509,
"text": "In December 2013, the Pew Research Center reported that their newest poll, \"American's Place in the World 2013,\" had revealed that 52 percent of respondents in the national poll said that the United States \"should mind its own business internationally and let other countries get along the best they can on their own.\" That was the most people to answer that question this way in the history of the question, which pollsters began asking in 1964. Only about a third of respondents felt that way a decade ago.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1257011",
"title": "United States non-interventionism",
"section": "Section::::Non-interventionism in the 21st century.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 513,
"text": "In December 2013, the Pew Research Center reported that their newest poll, \"American's Place in the World 2013,\" had revealed that 52 percent of respondents in the national poll said that the United States \"should mind its own business internationally and let other countries get along the best they can on their own.\" This was the most people to answer that question this way in the history of the question, one which pollsters began asking in 1964. Only about a third of respondents felt this way a decade ago.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17738346",
"title": "Encuesta, Inc.",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 400,
"text": "Additionally, Encuesta, Inc. is responsible for the Americanos Poll, an opinion poll created in 2005 to provide an accurate representation of U.S. Hispanic public opinion. Through the Americanos Poll (whose findings are released to the public free of charge), Encuesta, Inc. has demonstrated experience in studies related to public opinion and issue-oriented research, as well as political research.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49464325",
"title": "Joseph Turow",
"section": "Section::::Career and research.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 834,
"text": "From 1999 onward, his national surveys of the American public on issues relating to marketing, new media, and society have received a great deal of attention in the popular press as well as in the research community. In 2015, for example, he and two colleagues (Michael Hennessy and Nora Draper) brought evidence from a representative national telephone survey of Americans to support their hypothesis that internet marketers are incorrect when they assert Americans give up their data after rational analyses of the benefits and privacy costs of doing that. Rather, Americans give up their data because they are “resigned” to not being able to control data about them even though they want to do it. The findings started a wide-ranging discussion in the general press, the marketing trade press, and at the Federal Trade Commission.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31756",
"title": "United States Congress",
"section": "Section::::Congress and the public.:Advantage of incumbency.:Public perceptions of Congress.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 113,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 113,
"end_character": 416,
"text": "Since 2006, Congress has dropped 10 points in the Gallup confidence poll with only 9% having \"a great deal\" or \"quite a lot\" of confidence in their legislators. Since 2011, Gallup poll has reported Congress's approval rating among Americans at 10% or below three times. Public opinion of Congress plummeted further to 5% in October 2013 after parts of the U.S. government deemed 'nonessential government' shut down.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "70101",
"title": "National Rifle Association",
"section": "Section::::Public opinion and image.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 107,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 107,
"end_character": 557,
"text": "A 2018 NBC News/ Wall Street Journal poll found that \"for the first time since at least 2000, Americans hold a net unfavorable view of the NRA\"- the poll showed respondents view of the NRA was 40% negative and 37% positive. The poll showed that compared to the same question in 2017, the favorability rating of the NRA overall dropped 5%, noting that the shift was largely due to favorability declines among certain demographics: married white women, urban residents, white women (overall), and moderate Republicans. Several 2018 polls had similar results.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26550343",
"title": "MyTwoCensus",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 1010,
"text": "The group was created by Stephen Robert Morse, a journalist and filmmaker as a project to identify reasons why the 2010 U.S. Census would be a controversial process. As part of this process, Morse applied and won a grant through The Robert Novak Journalism Fellowship program from the Phillips Foundation. The award allowed Morse to continue his pet project. Morse first developed the idea as he was on Craigslist, looking for an additional job in San Francisco soon after college graduation, and noticed that the US Census Bureau was looking to hire employees in the Bay Area at the rate of $22-$26 per hour. After further research, Morse and University of Pennsylvania friend Evan Goldin created the group's website and blog, MyTwoCensus.com, in order to provide unofficial oversight for the U.S. Census Bureau. In March 2010, the site added a community message board operated through the social-networking site, Ning. Journalists from The Washington Post and CNN have cited MyTwoCensus in their reporting. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
pgy8x
|
how do people get convicted of statutory rape?
|
[
{
"answer": "Physical evidence is *extremely* rarer than the media might lead you to believe. Even for the most serious of crimes, a majority of convictions weren't based on conclusive physical evidence.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Generally, what happens, based on my experience is that a 14 year old girl starts texting her friends that she had sex. Or she begins sneaking out at night, and mom finds out where she is going by asking her or her friends where she has been going. That may not be enough for a conviction, but it may be enough for probable cause. \n\nWith probable cause, the cops can get a warrant to search the car of the accused and seize his hard drive and cell phone. Usually there is enough evidence there to convince a grand jury that something is going on between this adult and the child. When the prosecutor shows that the accused has over 100gbs of child porn, has been sending pictures of his penis to the alleged victim, and her purse was found in the back seat of his minivan, most of the time the jury/judge will find the accused guilty. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "First, hearsay is not what you think it is. I would recommend another ELI5 for that, if you want to learn more.\n\nSecond, \"statutory rape\" is a \"strict liability\" crime, meaning: you do not need the mental presence to commit the crime. I am not talking about sanity vs. insanity, I am talking about the accused's knowledge of the age of the partner - the actual knowledge of the elements of the crime.\n\nNow, most statutory rape statutes make it a crime to engage in intercourse (even with consent) with an underage partner. And in trial (if there even is one), hearsay will never be allowed (barring very few exceptions to that rule).\n\nThe evidence of the crime will have to be declaratory (testimony), physical (semen, clothing, etc.), demonstrative (think reenactments), or stipulations (each side agrees to something). THAT IS IT.\n\nJust like any other criminal proceeding, the prosecution has to convince a jury (or judge for a bench trial) that the accused has committed the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\n\nThere is no trick here. Without strong physical evidence, it will be a lot of \"he said, she said\" and circumstantial evidence, which is true for almost any criminal trial.\n\nIn the end, the jury will believe who they want to believe.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "5672680",
"title": "Laws regarding rape",
"section": "Section::::Terminology and definitions.:Actus reus.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 734,
"text": "To sustain a conviction, rape might require proof that the defendant had sexual penetration with another person. Depending on the jurisdiction, the actus reus of rape may consist of \"having carnal knowledge of\" a woman, or \"having sexual intercourse with\" a woman (including a girl) specifically, or either a woman or a man (including a girl or a boy) generally, or engaging in sexual intercourse with a person (which term includes an intersex person who might arguably be neither a woman nor a man) or having \"sexual connection\" with a person affected by penile penetration of that person's genitalia, or penile penetration of the vagina, anus or mouth (these terms construed as including surgically constructed organs) of a person.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44114830",
"title": "Sexual violence in Finland",
"section": "Section::::Law.:Rape 1 § (27.6.2014/509).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 217,
"text": "If a person forces someone into sexual intercourse by using violence or threat of violence, the person is to be convicted for rape. The convicted should receive a jail sentence of at least one and at most six years. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20921374",
"title": "Ages of consent in the United States",
"section": "Section::::State laws.:Georgia.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 164,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 164,
"end_character": 747,
"text": "The crime of \"\"statutory rape\"\" makes it illegal for a perpetrator of any age to have sexual intercourse with someone under the age of 16 that they are not married to. This law specifies that a defendant cannot be convicted on the testimony of the victim alone; some other evidence must be present. This offense carries a minimum sentence of 1 year in prison, and a maximum of 20 years. If the offender is 21 years of age or older, the minimum is raised to 10 years in prison, and the offender is subject to sex offender sentencing guidelines. However, if the victim is 14 or 15 years old and the actor is age 18 or younger and within 4 years of the victim's age, the crime is reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum sentence of 1 year in prison.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38119740",
"title": "Attempted Rape Act 1948",
"section": "Section::::Full text.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 313,
"text": "1. Punishment for attempted rape.—Where a person is convicted in England or Wales of an attempt to commit rape, the court shall have power to pass a sentence of penal servitude for a term of not more than seven years, in lieu of dealing with him in any other manner in which the court has power to deal with him.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20921374",
"title": "Ages of consent in the United States",
"section": "Section::::State laws.:Missouri.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 262,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 262,
"end_character": 208,
"text": "566.034. 1. A person commits the crime of statutory rape in the second degree if being twenty-one years of age or older, he has sexual intercourse with another person who is less than seventeen years of age.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20921374",
"title": "Ages of consent in the United States",
"section": "Section::::State laws.:South Dakota.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 405,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 405,
"end_character": 296,
"text": "22-22-1. Rape defined—Degrees—Felony. Rape is an act of sexual penetration accomplished with any person under any of the following circumstances: ... (5)If the victim is thirteen years of age, but less than sixteen years of age, and the perpetrator is at least three years older than the victim.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19666880",
"title": "Statutory rape",
"section": "Section::::Rationale of statutory rape laws.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 270,
"text": "Statutory rape laws are based on the premise that an individual is legally incapable of consenting to sexual intercourse until that person reaches a certain age. The law mandates that even if he or she willingly engages in sexual intercourse, the sex is not consensual.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
122kj2
|
why is protectionism (specifically in a us context) a bad idea?
|
[
{
"answer": "Well if we put steep tariffs in place for their products, they'll do so for ours, in the end everyone ends up screwed. It might be an acceptable practice in very particular conditions or limited timeframes, but generally it just makes everything more expensive.\n\nAlso, it would definitely piss off countries that import a lot to us.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "35853255",
"title": "International trade in fine art",
"section": "Section::::Protectionism vs. Liberalization.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 606,
"text": "Protectionism is a nationalistic viewpoint that contends that a healthy cultural industry is necessary to assert national sovereignty and identity. Countries with small domestic markets are often overwhelmed by imports from larger markets in which producers can make up their costs of production by dumping content abroad. America is the largest exporter of artwork in the world, and English speaking countries are especially vulnerable to American imports. Protectionists view this as a modern form of American imperialism, which reduces cultural diversity when national industries are unable to compete.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29678",
"title": "Trade",
"section": "Section::::Perspectives.:Protectionism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 65,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 65,
"end_character": 318,
"text": "Protectionism is the policy of restraining and discouraging trade between states and contrasts with the policy of free trade. This policy often takes of form of tariffs and restrictive quotas. Protectionist policies were particularly prevalent in the 1930s, between the Great Depression and the onset of World War II.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "153023",
"title": "Protectionism",
"section": "Section::::Impact.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 686,
"text": "Protectionism is frequently criticized by economists as harming the people it is meant to help. Mainstream economists instead support free trade. The principle of comparative advantage shows that the gains from free trade outweigh any losses as free trade creates more jobs than it destroys because it allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. Protectionism results in deadweight loss; this loss to overall welfare gives no-one any benefit, unlike in a free market, where there is no such total loss. According to economist Stephen P. Magee, the benefits of free trade outweigh the losses by as much as 100 to 1.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "153023",
"title": "Protectionism",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 680,
"text": "There is a consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare, while free trade, deregulation, and the reduction of trade barriers has a significantly positive effect on economic growth. Some scholars have implicated protectionism as the cause of some economic crises, most notably the Great Depression. However, although trade liberalization can sometimes result in large and unequally distributed losses and gains, and can, in the short run, cause significant economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors, free trade has advantages of lowering costs of goods and services for both producers and consumers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "153023",
"title": "Protectionism",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 622,
"text": "Protectionism is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations. Proponents claim that protectionist policies shield the producers, businesses, and workers of the import-competing sector in the country from foreign competitors. However, they also reduce trade and adversely affect consumers in general (by raising the cost of imported goods), and harm the producers and workers in export sectors, both in the country implementing protectionist policies and in the countries protected against.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30844007",
"title": "Strategic trade theory",
"section": "Section::::Competitive Theories.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 657,
"text": "Protectionism is the economic policy of restraining trade between states, through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to discourage imports, and prevent foreign take-over of native markets and companies. The main emphasis of this policy is the protection of the local economy and the interests of the state, regardless of the natural flow of the global market. This policy contrasts with free trade and is not entirely in line with strategic trade policy since the latter gives greater emphasis on the state's assistance to local firms in their entry into the global market.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "153023",
"title": "Protectionism",
"section": "Section::::Impact.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 221,
"text": "There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare, while free trade and the reduction of trade barriers has a positive effect on economic growth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
173gll
|
How did the Scandinavian welfare state come into being?
|
[
{
"answer": "~~In short social democracy happened. Denmark have mostly had social democratic prime ministers in socialist/socialliberal coalitions since WWII.~~\n\n The welfare state really started expanding in the 1950s with the danish public pension act of 1956. The public health care system got widely expanded from 1965 to 1976, which also included care for handicapped persons. In the same period, there was a wide range of policies intended to make education available to everyone(with the state paying students money and covering all costs of the university), a minimum standard of living. Kindergartens, after-school programs and similar projects were also implemented that allowed women to enter the workforce.\n\n[Source(in Danish)](_URL_0_).\n\nIf you want to learn more about Denmark, the website _URL_1_ is a great source reviewed and managed by historian at Aarhus University. The site is in Danish though, but the results you get through Google Translate are decent.\n\nEDIT: Please see [Fjosnisse's reply](_URL_2_). This comment regards only the actual policy implementations, not the reasons for their implementation.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Big question, interesting too. Let's start with establishing something once and for all, while Scandinavia is famous for welfare states today, it isn't where the idea comes from, nor is it were things started. The idea of creating a safe society for your subjects is *ancient*. To call this a welfare state is a bit thin though so let's look at an acceptable definition of what a welfare state really is. \n\nFor simplicity, let's go with EB who defines it as a *\"concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization.\"*\n\nThe basic ideas of the welfare state are usually attributed to German enconomist/student of the law/historian Gustav von Schmoller who in 1872 founded the *Verein für Socialpolitik*. Six years later, Otto von Bismark proposes the *Sozialgesetzgebung* (roughly, social security system containing financial protection against the adverse effect of illness, accidents, inability to work and a form of pension). The proposition was not accepted right away but most of the ideas contained within were accepted and implemented by 1889. Otto von Bismark called this State Socialism. The ideas were quickly adopted by the liberals in England and the socialist workers movement in Sweden but most countries in western Europe followed not long afterwards. \n\nNow, the Scandinavian (or technically, Nordic) countries followed a slightly different path than most of western Europe. This Nordic model of welfare is generally characterized by a highly unionized labour force (usually around 2/3 of the total workforce), a large public sector, especially in Denmark, with corresponding levels of public spending and a very comprehensive social safety net. There is also a heavy focus on gender equality and transparency in most things along with an almost unique model under which the employers, the unions and the government negotiate the terms regulating the workplace rather than having the government impose them by law.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "One should read about the way Norway take of the income generated by oil and gas. One could say that the norwegian people is the largest owner of stock in Europe, through the goverment pension fund. _URL_0_\n\nStatoil is the biggest Norwegian oil company and is mostly owned by the state. Companys have to pay a considerate amount of tax on their income in norwegian oil and gas fields.\n\nAlthough Norway started building what we could call a welfare state before we had any oil revenue, Norway's success when it comes to creating a country where everybody is guaranteed a minimum can largely be attributed to how Norway have handled it's natural resources. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "28244758",
"title": "Welfare in Finland",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 940,
"text": "According to Finnish sociologist Erik Allardt, the hallmark of the Nordic welfare system was its comprehensiveness. Unlike the welfare systems of the United States or most West European countries, those of the Nordic countries cover the entire population, and they are not limited to those groups unable to care for themselves. Examples of this universality of coverage are national flat-rate pensions available to all once they reached a certain age, regardless of what they had paid into the plan, and national health plans based on medical needs rather than on financial means. In addition, the citizens of the Nordic countries have a legal right to the benefits provided by their welfare systems, the provisions of which were designed to meet what was perceived as a collective responsibility to ensure everyone a decent standard of living. The Nordic system also is distinguished by the many aspects of people's lives it touched upon.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "222839",
"title": "Welfare state",
"section": "Section::::By country or region.:Nordic countries.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 428,
"text": "The Nordic welfare model refers to the welfare policies of the Nordic countries, which also tie into their labor market policies. The Nordic model of welfare is distinguished from other types of welfare states by its emphasis on maximizing labor force participation, promoting gender equality, egalitarian and extensive benefit levels, the large magnitude of income redistribution and liberal use of expansionary fiscal policy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11595783",
"title": "Nordic model",
"section": "Section::::Aspects.:Nordic welfare model.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 430,
"text": "The Nordic welfare model refers to the welfare policies of the Nordic countries, which also tie into their labour market policies. The Nordic model of welfare is distinguished from other types of welfare states by its emphasis on maximising labour force participation, promoting gender equality, egalitarian and extensive benefit levels, the large magnitude of income redistribution and liberal use of expansionary fiscal policy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23711165",
"title": "Nordic countries",
"section": "Section::::Politics.:Nordic model.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 489,
"text": "A central theme in the Nordic model is the \"universalist\" welfare state aimed specifically at enhancing individual autonomy, promoting social mobility and ensuring the universal provision of basic human rights, as well as for stabilizing the economy. In this model welfare is not just aid to those who are in need of it, but a central part of the life of everybody: education is free, healthcare has zero or nominal fees in most cases, most children go to municipal day care, \"et cetera\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "222839",
"title": "Welfare state",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 466,
"text": "As a type of mixed economy, the welfare state funds the governmental institutions for healthcare and education along with direct benefits paid to individual citizens. Modern welfare states include Germany and France, Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as the Nordic countries, which employ a system known as the Nordic model. The various implementations of the welfare state fall into three categories: (i) social democratic, (ii) conservative, and (iii) liberal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "247817",
"title": "Welfare",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 337,
"text": "Modern welfare states include Germany, France, the Netherlands, as well as the Nordic countries, such as Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland which employ a system known as the Nordic model. Esping-Andersen classified the most developed welfare state systems into three categories; Social Democratic, Conservative, and Liberal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11595783",
"title": "Nordic model",
"section": "Section::::Aspects.:Nordic welfare model.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 535,
"text": "Despite the common values, the Nordic countries take different approaches to the practical administration of the welfare state. Denmark features a high degree of private sector provision of public services and welfare, alongside an assimilation immigration policy. Iceland's welfare model is based on a \"welfare-to-work\" (see workfare) model while part of Finland's welfare state includes the voluntary sector playing a significant role in providing care for the elderly. Norway relies most extensively on public provision of welfare.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2zjzye
|
why are melting ice sheets such a big deal?
|
[
{
"answer": "Most of the world's largest cities are coastal. Having to write them off because of rising water levels would cripple the global economy. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Of course, the threat can be exaggerated. But some considerations. \n\n- The rise may well be non-sudden, but that doesn't somehow lower the cost of moving all of the people and things from areas that will be flooded, especially when this will have to happen in many places at once. Likewise, it doesn't erase the losses from things that can't be easily moved. \n\n- In some cases it will be \"sudden.\" Higher seas mean more flooding during storms, and so while the overall rise in sea levels may be slow, storms and other disasters might become disproportionately more damaging. \n\n- Outside of the directly economic context, this will change the character of the oceans, which are already undergoing some pretty profound changes. This might shift weather patterns, harm sea life, and, though \"slow\" on the scale of, say, an earthquake, would be quick enough that species could have difficulty adapting. \n\nAgain, this threat can definitely be exaggerated and overblown and discussed without the needed scientific confidence. But it involves a massive change in a relatively short period of time, and there is good reason to believe that the costs of that kind of dislocation will be significant. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Reducing the size of the polar ice caps and glaciers result in overall increase in energy received by the land since there would be less of an albedo effect. Overall, the temperatures will increase and this could be detrimental for everyone not only for rising sea levels, but other problems will arise. Mosquitoes with malaria will also spread to areas which they don't normally live in. Not to mention, due to increased temperatures, a lot of species will die off as well.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "493760",
"title": "Ice sheet",
"section": "Section::::Predicted effects of global warming.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 829,
"text": "The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall. Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting. However, in the words of the IPCC, \"\"Dynamical processes related to ice flow not included in current models but suggested by recent observations could increase the vulnerability of the ice sheets to warming, increasing future sea level rise. Understanding of these processes is limited and there is no consensus on their magnitude.\"\" More research work is therefore required to improve the reliability of predictions of ice-sheet response on global warming. In 2018, scientists discovered channels between the East and West Antarctic ice sheets that may allow melted ice to flow more quickly to the sea.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "493760",
"title": "Ice sheet",
"section": "Section::::Predicted effects of global warming.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 396,
"text": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), loss of Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet mass contributed, respectively, about 0.21 ± 0.35 and 0.21 ± 0.07 mm/year to sea level rise between 1993 and 2003.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2065110",
"title": "Ice algae",
"section": "Section::::Terrestrial ice algae.:Implications for climate change.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 384,
"text": "Recent research, known as the Black and Bloom project, has shown the impact of ice algae on the rate of melting of ice sheets. Because of the dark colors of the algae, sunlight absorption by the ice is enhanced, leading to an increase in the melting rate. The goal of the Black and Bloom project is to determine how much the algae are contributing to the darkening of the ice sheets.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1328496",
"title": "Northern Dimension",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 217,
"text": "Also a new dimension of this complex relationship is emerging with the melting of the Arctic because of climate change. Melting of sea ice leads to newly accessible natural resources which could cause power struggle.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12120",
"title": "Geography of Greenland",
"section": "Section::::Climate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 473,
"text": "Researchers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the University of Kansas reported in February 2006 that the glaciers are melting twice as fast as they were five years ago. By 2005, Greenland was beginning to lose more ice volume than anyone expected – an annual loss of up to per year, according to more recent satellite gravity measurements released by JPL. The increased ice loss may be partially offset by increased snow accumulation due to increased precipitation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "55254540",
"title": "25zero",
"section": "Section::::Naming the project.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 332,
"text": "According to the project team, this is important because melting ice is an excellent proxy indicator for climate change impacts. While much of the public global interest centres around ice-melt at the Earth's poles, relatively little attention is given to the ice at more unexpected locations, such as in the high-altitude tropics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "179863",
"title": "Climate of Antarctica",
"section": "Section::::Ice cover.:Ice shelves.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 305,
"text": "The George VI Ice Shelf, which may be on the brink of instability, has probably existed for approximately 8,000 years, after melting 1,500 years earlier. Warm ocean currents may have been the cause of the melting. Not only the ice sheets are losing mass, but they are losing mass at an accelerating rate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
53wq1u
|
why does "hard resetting" seem to fix just about anything like phones or gaming consoles?
|
[
{
"answer": "All computers have memory. When they start up they copy the instructions they need to run into memory. If something goes wrong, the instructions in memory can break. Computers don't work when following broken instructions. When you turn off the computer, it removes all the instructions from memory. When it turns back on it copies the correct instructions back into memory, and everything works again.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "(stole this analogy from a thread long ago)\n\nImagine you're playing a game of chess and you realize far into the game that both of your bishops are on white squares. At some point, you clearly made an illegal move, but neither you nor your opponent remember when, so you can't back up to fix it. You also can't progress meaningfully with the game. You can only really reset the game to the starting positions and play again.\n\nThis is how computer bugs work. Something gets out of whack, and so you have to start from a known good position.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Imagine that I am going to write down instructions for you to do stuff, we are going to use a whiteboard, an erasable marker and a whiteboard eraser.\n\nObviously, this is easy - I can write, erase and repeat for as long as you have the patience to follow my instructions. Unfortunately, what if I suck at erasing? and, in fact, am leaving bits and pieces behind everytime I try to erase the board. It would make the board hard to read and hard to write on over time.\n\nThis is perhaps the biggest main reason \"hard resetting\" machines work - computers and programs are usually rather flawless in creating data or doing their function - but not great at internally cleaning that situation up- hard resetting usually erases all that mess. (This is called volatile memory).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I write custom software for a living. Things that are only ever used on on 1 or maybe a handful of machines and I usually only get a few weeks to do it and if I did a good enough job, I don't see it again. I pride myself on rarely having a bug that requires you to power cycle, but they do still come up from time to time. Usually things like this are memory related mistakes.\n\nSometimes you have a hunk of data over here, lets say it's a string with 50 characters, and you want to copy it over to this other place. Maybe that other place is only big enough to hold 40 characters and you copy the whole 50 by mistake. Now you have 10 characters worth of data, (160 bits if it's unicode, 80 bits if it isn't) that just wrote over who knows what.\n\nOther times you have a big array of crap, call it 50 integers, and you're looping through it do some math or something and you loop through 51 times. You just did some math on a hunk of memory at the end of the array that doesn't belong to the array and who knows what that spot in memory was doing.\n\nOccasionally, you use a seldom used function from a new library in a clever way and find out that the guys that made that library are human too and their function is doing bad things to memory it shouldn't be playing with.\n\nStill other times, it is just bad logic. If X happens when you're doing Y go to state Z and you neglect to put any logic in state Z that lets you leave state Z, so now you're stuck in state Z until you power cycle.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "5067528",
"title": "Active pixel sensor",
"section": "Section::::Design variants.:Hard reset.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 836,
"text": "Operating the pixel via hard reset results in a Johnson–Nyquist noise on the photodiode of formula_3 or formula_4, but prevents image lag, sometimes a desirable tradeoff. One way to use hard reset is replace M with a p-type transistor and invert the polarity of the RST signal. The presence of the p-type device reduces fill factor, as extra space is required between p- and n-devices; it also removes the possibility of using the reset transistor as an overflow anti-blooming drain, which is a commonly exploited benefit of the n-type reset FET. Another way to achieve hard reset, with the n-type FET, is to lower the voltage of V relative to the on-voltage of RST. This reduction may reduce headroom, or full-well charge capacity, but does not affect fill factor, unless V is then routed on a separate wire with its original voltage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32409010",
"title": "Hard Reset",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 451,
"text": "Hard Reset is a first-person shooter for Microsoft Windows, developed by Flying Wild Hog and released in September 2011. The game features a cyberpunk plot within a dystopian world, and draws inspiration from the works of William Gibson, Neal Stephenson, and Philip K. Dick to create its story, setting and atmosphere. In 2012, \"Hard Reset\" received a free expansion titled \"Hard Reset: Exile\", and was then bundled as \"Hard Reset: Extended Edition\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6999096",
"title": "Reset (computing)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 792,
"text": "Most computers have a reset line that brings the device into the startup state and is active for a short time after powering on. For example, in the x86 architecture, asserting the RESET line halts the CPU; this is done after the system is switched on and before the power supply has asserted \"power good\" to indicate that it is ready to supply stable voltages at sufficient power levels. Reset places less stress on the hardware than power cycling, as the power is not removed. Many computers, especially older models, have user accessible \"reset\" buttons that assert the reset line to facilitate a system reboot in a way that cannot be trapped (i.e. prevented) by the operating system. Out-of-band management also frequently provides the possibility to reset the remote system in this way.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5067528",
"title": "Active pixel sensor",
"section": "Section::::Design variants.:Combinations of hard and soft reset.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 613,
"text": "Techniques such as flushed reset, pseudo-flash reset, and hard-to-soft reset combine soft and hard reset. The details of these methods differ, but the basic idea is the same. First, a hard reset is done, eliminating image lag. Next, a soft reset is done, causing a low noise reset without adding any lag. Pseudo-flash reset requires separating V from V, while the other two techniques add more complicated column circuitry. Specifically, pseudo-flash reset and hard-to-soft reset both add transistors between the pixel power supplies and the actual V. The result is lower headroom, without affecting fill factor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47239761",
"title": "Reboot Restore Rx",
"section": "Section::::Accolades.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 491,
"text": "In a review of the product, Lifehacker wrote, \"There's nothing worse than rebooting your computer thinking everything is fine only to find out something's busted and you need to troubleshoot it. It's especially bad if you start having problems after a driver update or a series of Windows updates, and you're stuck trying to figure out which thing caused the problem in the first place. Reboot Restore RX takes the hassle out of it. The app can even restore when Windows won't boot at all.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5096985",
"title": "Wii Remote",
"section": "Section::::Design.:Home Menu.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 344,
"text": "Reset: In applications and games (both retail and downloadable), the Reset button is available. This performs a soft reset of that particular application, for example returning a game to its title screen or the loading screen of a Wii Menu channel, the same as what would happen if the player were to press the console's physical reset button.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13078034",
"title": "Chip creep",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 340,
"text": "To fix chip creep, users of older systems would often have to remove the case cover and push the loose chip back into the socket. Today's computer systems are not as affected by chip creep, since chips are more securely held, either by various types of retainer clips or by being soldered into place, and since system cooling has improved.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1fjejw
|
Does civilization lead to gene selection in humans?
|
[
{
"answer": "More often, crimes are influenced by the person's environment rather than genetics ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Anything that influences humans is part of evolution. Some of that influence can be very indirect.\n\nAs such, death sentences and incarceration do have an influence on evolution - but not necessarily a predictable influence.\n\nCriminal behaviour is subjective. Different societies have had different ideas about what is criminal.\n\nNor is criminal behaviour primarily genetically influenced. Education has a strong influence on criminality, for example.\n\nMost criminal acts are not punished. In America, the vast majority of those who have consumed illegal drugs are never caught and prosecuted.\n\nIf, a country had consistent laws for an extended time, breach of those laws was genetically influenced, detection and punishment of those crimes was consistent, and such punishment reduced breeding.... then genetic based criminality might be reduced.\n\nAs it stands, modern society is part of the environment that affects the process of evolution, but it is nearly impossible to predict the nature of that influence.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm not sure your first statement is entirely accurate. Can you say for sure that people who have been deemed criminals have a significantly lower chance of having offspring, or that offspring of people who have been deemed criminals have fewer offspring?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "769065",
"title": "Niche construction",
"section": "Section::::Humans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 926,
"text": "Mathematical models have established that cultural niche construction can modify natural selection on human genes and drive evolutionary events. This interaction is known as gene-culture coevolution. There is now little doubt that human cultural niche construction has co-directed human evolution. Humans have modified selection, for instance, by dispersing into new environments with different climatic regimes, devising agricultural practices or domesticating livestock. A well-researched example is the finding that dairy farming created the selection pressure that led to the spread of alleles for adult lactase persistence. Analyses of the human genome have identified many hundreds of genes subject to recent selection, and human cultural activities are thought to be a major source of selection in many cases. The lactose persistence example may be representative of a very general pattern of gene-culture coevolution.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2339577",
"title": "Evidence of common descent",
"section": "Section::::Evidence from selection.:Vertebrates.:Humans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 221,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 221,
"end_character": 600,
"text": "Natural selection is observed in contemporary human populations, with recent findings demonstrating that the population at risk of the severe debilitating disease kuru has significant over-representation of an immune variant of the prion protein gene G127V versus non-immune alleles. Scientists postulate one of the reasons for the rapid selection of this genetic variant is the lethality of the disease in non-immune persons. Other reported evolutionary trends in other populations include a lengthening of the reproductive period, reduction in cholesterol levels, blood glucose and blood pressure.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4816754",
"title": "Human genetic variation",
"section": "Section::::Categorization of the world population.:Genetic clustering.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 75,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 75,
"end_character": 319,
"text": "The study of 53 populations taken from the HapMap and CEPH data (1138 unrelated individuals) suggested that natural selection may shape the human genome much more slowly than previously thought, with factors such as migration within and among continents more heavily influencing the distribution of genetic variations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10326",
"title": "Human evolution",
"section": "Section::::Recent and current human evolution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 161,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 161,
"end_character": 795,
"text": "Evolution has continued in anatomically modern human populations, which are affected by both natural selection and genetic drift. Although selection pressure on some traits, such as resistance to smallpox, has decreased in modern human life, humans are still undergoing natural selection for many other traits. Some of these are due to specific environmental pressures, while others are related to lifestyle changes since the development of agriculture (10,000 years ago), urban civilization (5,000), and industrialization (250 years ago). It has been argued that human evolution has accelerated since the development of agriculture 10,000 years ago and civilization some 5,000 years ago, resulting, it is claimed, in substantial genetic differences between different current human populations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12339",
"title": "Genetically modified organism",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 653,
"text": "Humans have domesticated plants and animals since around 12,000 BCE, using selective breeding or artificial selection (as contrasted with natural selection). The process of selective breeding, in which organisms with desired traits (and thus with the desired genes) are used to breed the next generation and organisms lacking the trait are not bred, is a precursor to the modern concept of genetic modification. Various advancements in genetics allowed humans to directly alter the DNA and therefore genes of organisms. In 1972 Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecule when he combined DNA from a monkey virus with that of the lambda virus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "426305",
"title": "Group selection",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Gene-culture coevolution in humans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 838,
"text": "In 2003, the behavioral scientist Herbert Gintis examined cultural evolution statistically, offering evidence that societies that promote pro-social norms have higher survival rates than societies that do not. Gintis wrote that genetic and cultural evolution can work together. Genes transfer information in DNA, and cultures transfer information encoded in brains, artifacts, or documents. Language, tools, lethal weapons, fire, cooking, etc., have a long-term effect on genetics. For example, cooking led to a reduction of size of the human gut, since less digestion is needed for cooked food. Language led to a change in the human larynx and an increase in brain size. Projectile weapons led to changes in human hands and shoulders, such that humans are much better at throwing objects than the closest human relative, the chimpanzee.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3869283",
"title": "Dual inheritance theory",
"section": "Section::::Theoretical basis.:Genes and culture co-evolve.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 563,
"text": "Cultural traits alter the social and physical environments under which genetic selection operates. For example, the cultural adoptions of agriculture and dairying have, in humans, caused genetic selection for the traits to digest starch and lactose, respectively. As another example, it is likely that once culture became adaptive, genetic selection caused a refinement of the cognitive architecture that stores and transmits cultural information. This refinement may have further influenced the way culture is stored and the biases that govern its transmission.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
64lfhg
|
what happens to old churches?
|
[
{
"answer": "No, not unless you'll feel bad about it. Many churches meet in decidedly \"unholy\" locations. My current church used to meet in a movie theatre, currently in a repurposed warehouse. My old church meets in a nightclub. \n\nNow, I suppose the sellers of the building may want certain assurances before selling to you, but it's unlikely. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's really going to vary widely between different denominations or religions. \n\nMany evangelical churches don't meet in a specially-designated church: I lived in rural areas for a while and you'll find churches in shopping centers, in houses, etc. A local church in my hometown would rent out the auditorium at our high school on the weekends for their services. \n\nEpiscopals do. The Episcopal church in my town burned down and they held a ceremony a few weeks after the fire but before the clearing and rebuilding to de-consecrate what was left of the old building. Then they consecrated the new building. The deconsecration was held in the lawn because firefighters wouldn't let them into the building given that it was basically a shell. It's down the street from me so I went to watch out of curiosity. I'm not sure if this means that the Anglicans in general do. Catholics consecrate churches, but Googling out of curiosity suggests that there isn't a de-consecration ceremony - the church is considered de-consecrated when secular activities happen there. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "21043406",
"title": "City of London Cemetery and Crematorium",
"section": "Section::::Reburial and memorials.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 290,
"text": "Some churches were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and never rebuilt due to the Rebuilding Act. Many were joined with other parishes. The remains in their churchyards were either left, moved to a new location or to this cemetery (sometimes at a later date). Among these were:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29027015",
"title": "St Mary's Church, Wilton",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 276,
"text": "As a result, the old church was partially demolished, apart from the chancel and one bay of the nave. The ruins consist of the three arches of the south arcade, fragments of the north arcade and the altered eastern arch of the west tower or west window within the churchyard.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11708373",
"title": "Historic center of Mexico City",
"section": "Section::::20th and 21st centuries.:Deterioration of religious buildings.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 90,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 90,
"end_character": 585,
"text": "Many of historic churches in the oldest parts of the city are in serious disrepair and are in danger of being lost. Efforts to save these churches are hampered by disagreements between the Church and the federal government. Because these churches are both active religious institutions and historical landmarks, their legal situation is complicated. By law, religious institutions cannot appeal to the government for financial help, but agencies like the National Council for Culture and Arts (CONACULTA) do have say in how these places are maintained because of their historic value.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53276693",
"title": "Church of San Salvatore, Campi",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 564,
"text": "The church was damaged in an earthquake on 24 August 2016, and it was declared to be unsafe and was closed. It was almost completely destroyed in a series of subsequent earthquakes in October 2016, with most of the church collapsing on 26 October and the remaining parts collapsing four days later on 30 October. Only part of the perimeter wall remains standing, with the rest of the site being a pile of rubble. A wooden crucifix and fresco fragments have been recovered from the ruins, and efforts are being made to preserve as much as possible from the rubble.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1194755",
"title": "All Hallows Staining",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 243,
"text": "The old church survived the Great Fire of London in 1666 but collapsed five years later in 1671. It was thought its foundations had been weakened by too many burials in the churchyard close to the church walls. The church was rebuilt in 1674.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13384429",
"title": "Ivor Bulmer-Thomas",
"section": "Section::::Church of England.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 53,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 53,
"end_character": 421,
"text": "The Historic Churches Preservation Trust achieved its desired funding and persuaded the Church Assembly to pass the Inspection of Churches Measure, to properly assess the condition of old Churches every five years. Bulmer-Thomas' obituary in \"The Independent\" commented that \"more than any other single Act, this modest Measure has prevented many of those sudden 'repairs crises' which carry off too many fine churches\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5023769",
"title": "Bođani Monastery",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "The church has been demolished and rebuilt several times. It was damaged in wars, burned in fires and flooded during the major floods of the Danube, like in the late 18th century or 1920s, when the church was flooded by water up to high. The existing church was built in 1722. After the last major reconstruction, a glass plate was installed in front of the altar, so that archaeological remains of the previous churches can be seen.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
mojzm
|
If we we're to have the same Black Plague that happened in 1348 would we be able to create a cure and prevent it?
|
[
{
"answer": "We have a [vaccine](_URL_0_), so I think we're good.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "How do you know the date of the black death but you haven't read enough to know it was spread mostly by rats and their fleas, is bacterial and is now treatable, and was certainly greatly exacerbated by poor hygiene and a lack of understanding of how it was spread?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Plague is actually quite responsive to [many modern antibiotics](_URL_0_), including Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline and Co-trimoxazole. Unless it somehow develops a resistance to all of these, the plague isn't that big of a worry.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We have a [vaccine](_URL_0_), so I think we're good.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "How do you know the date of the black death but you haven't read enough to know it was spread mostly by rats and their fleas, is bacterial and is now treatable, and was certainly greatly exacerbated by poor hygiene and a lack of understanding of how it was spread?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Plague is actually quite responsive to [many modern antibiotics](_URL_0_), including Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline and Co-trimoxazole. Unless it somehow develops a resistance to all of these, the plague isn't that big of a worry.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "20993417",
"title": "Black Death in England",
"section": "Section::::Background.:The Black Death.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 351,
"text": "Genotyping showed that it was [at that time] a newly evolved strain, ancestor of all modern strains and proved the Black Death was bubonic plague. Modern medical knowledge suggests that because it was a new strain, the human immune system would have had little or no defence against it, helping to explain the plague's virulence and high death rates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3049041",
"title": "Guy de Chauliac",
"section": "Section::::Life.:Life during the Black Death era.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 235,
"text": "When the Black Death arrived in Avignon in 1348, physicians fled the city. However, Chauliac stayed on, treating plague patients and documenting symptoms meticulously. He claimed to have been himself infected and survived the disease.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33398353",
"title": "Safa Khulusi",
"section": "Section::::Islamic and Arab contributions in the history of science.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 61,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 61,
"end_character": 281,
"text": "Lisan ad-Din ibn al-Khatib's (d.1374) translated treatise on the Black Death (bubonic plague) was used widely in Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries. ibn al-Khatib emphasized the contagious nature of the disease to a greater extent than earlier Greek texts on this subject.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15555913",
"title": "Nuova Cronica",
"section": "Section::::Notable passages.:Black Death of 1348.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 695,
"text": "Villani describes how the plague of Black Death in 1348 was much more widespread amongst the inhabitants of Pistoia, Prato, Bologna, Romagna, Avignon and the whole of France than it was in Florence and Tuscany. He notes that the Black Death also killed many more in Greece, Turkey (Anatolia), in countries amongst the Tartars and in places \"beyond the sea\", across the whole Levant and Mesopotamia in the areas of Syria and \"Chaldea\", as well as the islands of Cyprus, Crete, Rhodes, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Elba, and \"from there soon reached all the shores of the mainland\". Relating the course of events and the sailors from Genoa who brought the plague to mainland Europe, Villani writes:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4501",
"title": "Black Death",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:DNA evidence.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 534,
"text": "The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 \"that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of \"Y. pestis\" that may no longer exist.\" A study published in \"Nature\" in October 2011 sequenced the genome of \"Y. pestis\" from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4501",
"title": "Black Death",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Alternative explanations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 659,
"text": "The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations. In 1984, zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly, and his doubts about the identity of the Black Death have been taken up by a number of authors, including Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002 and 2013), David Herlihy (1997), and Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan (2001).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16164135",
"title": "History of County Wexford",
"section": "Section::::Templars suppressed and the Black Death.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 653,
"text": "The Black Death ravaged Ireland 1348–49. One of the most vivid accounts of the plague was written by Friar John Clyn at Kilkenny, who thought that all mankind might die. He reports that particularly in the months of September and October, 1348, people came from all over Ireland to St. Mullins, County Carlow, including many no doubt from County Wexford, out of fear, to seek divine protection from the 'pestilence' as he calls it – as it was then very prevalent. He comments on how it was rare for only one member of a family to die, but that usually the entire family was wiped out. John Clyn himself is believed to have died in 1349 from the plague.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3wsnmz
|
Does a black hole ever appear to collapse?
|
[
{
"answer": "This is something of a paradox and I think you'll get different answers from different people, depending on their background. \n\nYou're right that in some sense, we (the external observer) never see anything cross the event horizon. Time gets dilated to shit and any infalling observer basically gets their last second of life frozen as an image on the event horizon. In our frame, we only ever see the infaller asymptotically approach the event horizon for all eternity, like some kind of twisted \"Death by Zeno's paradox.\"\n\n[Edit: This was also recently depicted in today's Kurz Gesagt video on black holes.](_URL_0_)\n\nThe infalling observer's frame actually makes sense - it crosses the event horizon without much ceremony before plunging into the singularity. In the infalling observer's frame he's constantly emitting photons back out towards the rest of the universe before he crosses the event horizon. If he's emitting like a black body, then we see that black body ever more redshifted as he approaches the event horizon. \n\nThis means that the 'image' of the infalling observer that we see on the event horizon isn't like a picture tacked to a bulletin board, but it's like a TV that just got turned off, growing dimmer. Additionally, in practice, there's a last photon that the observer will emit before crossing the event horizon, and it's not long before the image of the infaller has decayed to little more than noise. In this way, an isolated black hole really is *black.* \n\nI've always believed that this interpretation makes the most sense, but again this is something that I think people will debate. \n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Nobody's actually watched this sort of stuff happen, so we don't really know what happens. What you describe lines up with what we believe will happen.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n\" ...\nSo if you, watching from a safe distance, attempt to witness my fall into the hole, you'll see me fall more and more slowly as the light delay increases. You'll never see me actually get to the event horizon. My watch, to you, will tick more and more slowly, but will never reach the time that I see as I fall into the black hole. Notice that this is really an optical effect caused by the paths of the light rays.\n\nThis is also true for the dying star itself. If you attempt to witness the black hole's formation, you'll see the star collapse more and more slowly, never precisely reaching the Schwarzschild radius.\n\nNow, this led early on to an image of a black hole as a strange sort of suspended-animation object, a \"frozen star\" with immobilized falling debris and gedankenexperiment astronauts hanging above it in eternally slowing precipitation. This is, however, not what you'd see. The reason is that as things get closer to the event horizon, they also get dimmer. Light from them is redshifted and dimmed, and if one considers that light is actually made up of discrete photons, the time of escape of the last photon is actually finite, and not very large. So things would wink out as they got close, including the dying star, and the name \"black hole\" is justified.\n... \"\n\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's not new photons being reflected off the astronaut.\n\nImagine that based on geometry and physics, you know that the astronaut will cross the event horizon at time **n**.\n\nAlso, you're God. So you decide to put time stamps on the photons being reflected off of the astronaut. \n\nAs you see the astronaut freeze, you'll observe that the photons coming from him are from times *before* **n**. They keep counting down toward **n**, but you'll notice that the frequency of the photons keeps decreasing, and the image becoming dimmer. \n\nYou're receiving photons at a slower rate, because the gravity is warping space so much that the light has a longer and longer path to travel before reaching you. Light gets dimmer and more redshifted the longer it travels.\n\nSo eventually, the effective path for the photon becomes so long that it dims past what we can observe. While the image still never reaches the event horizon, it disappears from view.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A lot of half explanations here, and MUCH of this is caused by physicists trying to simplify black holes in layman's terms. There is a lot lost in the details, but i think i can offer an OK explanation. To understand black holes in the basest of sense, you need a basic grasp of causality, space-time, and gravity. PBS' SpaceTime on youtube [here](_URL_0_) has many many wonderful videos that explain these concepts in good detail and present them in such a way as to go into detail without assuming you're incapable of understanding physics.\n\nSo... what is gravity? well... gravity is really an illusion... or i should say, the idea of gravity from newton's perspective is. Gravity as we see it is more of a distortion of space-time caused by matter... or more specifically, caused by condensed engery, aka matter. Something that is incredibly energy dense will distort space-time by a great deal. Distort space-time enough and you can cause space-time to collapse in on itself. This is what a black hole is. A black hole is a singularity that warps the fabric of space-time to such a degree that all paths after a certain point, always lead towards the singularity. Think of it as a semi-permeable bubble, which you can cross through in one way while heading towards the singularity, but after you've crossed the horizon, if you turned around, you would still see the singularity... if you looked left, there is the singularity, to the right, up down, etc. Its a non-euclidean space. Once crossed, there is no path back. at all. This is why we call it the Event Horizon. Because the universe literally cannot observe any events past this point since nothing can leave, because any direction something moves past the horizon just leads towards the singularity.\n\nOk... so thats what an event horizon is... but why does that matter? Well, a black hole forms, when a neutron star grows so heavy, that the even't horizon is able to expand larger its surface. Because the horizon expands past where the star \"was\" the star is lost from the universe and as such, since the star was physically within the event horizon's radius, there is no latent image of a neutron star to \"show\" and since all paths at or inside the horizon head toward the singularity, all we see is just a void. Additionally, time is part of that space-time thing ;) In order to warp all causal paths to this degree, time must also be affected. In such a way, it is, and time slows down from an external viewpoint, but you can still observe at your \"own rate\" technically, you're observing exceptionally slow relative to the rest of the universe, but you wont notice it because all your neurological processes are also processing at that speed (time dilation is wierd that way)... Time essentially stops at the singularity surface... in a way, you will literally never cross it, well, not within the time of the universe as it is technically accurate that if you were to look tangental to the event horizon as you \"crossed it\" you would see the end of the universe (if there is such a thing). But, Xevrym, thats wrong. And you're absolutely right! remember, you're made of matter! matter is made of condensed engery, and energy distorts space-time! the fact that you exert a space-time distortion is the ONLY reason you can cross the asemptote of the event horizon. Albeit very very far in the future. AFter that point, we have no idea what really happens... and will never know, well.. maybe we could if we could ride between two black holes to cause the Event-horizon to distort... but that is something for another time... ;)\n\nSo what does this have to do with light? Nothing really. Light is actually fairly meaningless in physics, its often explained as being very important, but itself it isn't anything but electromagnetic radiation... big whoop. What its typically transposed for is something FAR MORE IMPORTANT: Causality (the 'c' in E=mc^2). Causality is actually the fastest thing in the universe, as its literally the speed at which things are capable of interacting in space-time and its defined more-or-less by the plank length and plank time and as such is limited by our universe to be roughly 300,000 m/s. It just is. there is no faster. So, Where am i going with this? To observe something, you have a causal influence, or causal path from A-to-B. Light interacts with things and is observed, thus requries a causal path to traverse. If there is no path, you cannot see it, because you cannot observe it.\n\nAll that said, taking all the above, here is the TL;DR: Black holes warp space, they warp it so much, they isolate themselves from the universe in such a way there are no causal paths leaving the singularity, in order to interact with something, i.e. observe it, a causal path must exist between the thing and the observer. The 'point' of where all points lead to the singularity and paths away from the singularity are causily possible is called the Event Horizon. Since light requries a causal path to traverse, everything outside this is visible, everything inside it is not.\n\n\nI hope that helps a little :)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "6146346",
"title": "Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object",
"section": "Section::::Theoretical model.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 232,
"text": "In fact, the collapse gets slower and slower, so a singularity could only form in an infinite future. Unlike a black hole, the MECO never fully collapses. Rather, according to the model it slows down and enters an eternal collapse.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "619926",
"title": "Gravitational collapse",
"section": "Section::::Stellar remnants.:Black holes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 529,
"text": "On the other hand, the nature of the kind of singularity to be expected inside a black hole remains rather controversial. According to some theories, at a later stage, the collapsing object will reach the maximum possible energy density for a certain volume of space or the Planck density (as there is nothing that can stop it). This is when the known laws of gravity cease to be valid. There are competing theories as to what occurs at this point, but it can no longer really be considered gravitational collapse at that stage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "619926",
"title": "Gravitational collapse",
"section": "Section::::Stellar remnants.:Black holes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 743,
"text": "Once a body collapses to within its Schwarzschild radius it forms what is called a black hole, meaning a space-time region from which not even light can escape. It follows from a theorem of Roger Penrose that the subsequent formation of some kind of singularity is inevitable. Nevertheless, according to Penrose's cosmic censorship hypothesis, the singularity will be confined within the event horizon bounding the black hole, so the space-time region outside will still have a well behaved geometry, with strong but finite curvature, that is expected to evolve towards a rather simple form describable by the historic Schwarzschild metric in the spherical limit and by the more recently discovered Kerr metric if angular momentum is present.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "48803",
"title": "Gamma-ray burst",
"section": "Section::::Progenitors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 220,
"text": "An alternative explanation proposed by Friedwardt Winterberg is that in the course of a gravitational collapse and in reaching the event horizon of a black hole, all matter disintegrates into a burst of gamma radiation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "327127",
"title": "John Archibald Wheeler",
"section": "Section::::Later career in academia.:General relativity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 662,
"text": "Wheeler said the term was suggested to him during a lecture when a member of the audience was tired of hearing Wheeler say \"gravitationally completely collapsed object.\" However, the term Black Hole had been used four years earlier at an astrophysics conference in Dallas, Texas as science writer Marcia Bartusiak reported in a talk at the 50th anniversary of the Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. American astrophysicist and publisher Hong-Yee Chiu, said he remembered a seminar in Princeton University, perhaps as early as 1960, when the physicist Robert H. Dicke spoke about gravitationally collapsed objects as \"like the Black Hole of Calcutta.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "510340",
"title": "Stellar black hole",
"section": "Section::::Properties.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 635,
"text": "The gravitational collapse of a star is a natural process that can produce a black hole. It is inevitable at the end of the life of a star, when all stellar energy sources are exhausted. If the mass of the collapsing part of the star is below the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) limit for neutron-degenerate matter, the end product is a compact star — either a white dwarf (for masses below the Chandrasekhar limit) or a neutron star or a (hypothetical) quark star. If the collapsing star has a mass exceeding the TOV limit, the crush will continue until zero volume is achieved and a black hole is formed around that point in space.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "207820",
"title": "Compact star",
"section": "Section::::Black holes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 760,
"text": "In the classical theory of general relativity, a gravitational singularity occupying no more than a point will form. There may be a new halt of the catastrophic gravitational collapse at a size comparable to the Planck length, but at these lengths there is no known theory of gravity to predict what will happen. Adding any extra mass to the black hole will cause the radius of the event horizon to increase linearly with the mass of the central singularity. This will induce certain changes in the properties of the black hole, such as reducing the tidal stress near the event horizon, and reducing the gravitational field strength at the horizon. However, there will not be any further qualitative changes in the structure associated with any mass increase.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
b1z6k0
|
What causes an iceberg to just tip over?
|
[
{
"answer": "Iceberg is mostly made of frozen fresh water (not sea water, as it contains various salts).\n\nMajority of the iceberg (approximately 90%) is below the waterline.\n\nThus when the iceberg melts, the balance of the iceberg changes, in some cases, tip over,",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "146230",
"title": "Iceberg",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 341,
"text": "An iceberg will flip in the water as it melts and breaks apart because gravity continually pulls the heavier side downward. Most flipping occurs when the iceberg is young and establishing balance. Flipping can occur anytime and without warning. Large icebergs that flip can give off as much energy as an atomic bomb and produce earthquakes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24077653",
"title": "Ilulissat Icefjord",
"section": "Section::::Geography.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 605,
"text": "Icebergs breaking from the glacier are often so large —up to a kilometer (3,300 ft) in height— that they are too tall to float down the fjord and lie stuck on the bottom of its shallower areas, sometimes for years, until they are broken up by the force of the glacier and icebergs further up the fjord. On breaking up the icebergs emerge into the open sea and initially travel north with ocean currents before turning south and running into the Atlantic Ocean. Larger icebergs typically do not melt until they reach 40-45 degrees north —further south than the United Kingdom and level with New York City.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "685244",
"title": "Jökulsárlón",
"section": "Section::::Geography.:Features.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 465,
"text": "The icebergs that calve from the glacier edge move towards the river mouth and get entrenched at the bottom. The movement of the icebergs fluctuates with the tide currents, as well as being affected by wind. However, they start floating as icebergs when their size is small enough to drift to the sea. These icebergs are seen in two shades: milky white and bright blue, which depends on the air trapped within the ice and is an interplay of light and ice crystals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "146230",
"title": "Iceberg",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 214,
"text": "An iceberg is a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open (salt) water. Small bits of disintegrating icebergs are called \"growlers\" or \"bergy bits\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21171721",
"title": "Sea level rise",
"section": "Section::::Contributions.:Antarctica.:West Antarctica.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 707,
"text": "Multiple types of instability are at play in West Antarctica. One is the Marine Ice Sheet Instability, where the bedrock on which parts of the ice sheet rest is deeper inland. This means that when a part of the ice sheet melts, a thicker part of the ice sheet is exposed to the ocean, which may lead to additional ice loss. Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability\".\" Because they function as a buttress to the ice sheet, their melt leads to additional ice flow (see animation one minute into video). Melt of ice shelves is accelerated when surface melt creates crevasses and these crevasses cause fracturing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "546592",
"title": "Amundsen Sea",
"section": "Section::::Amundsen Sea Embayment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 308,
"text": "A study in October 2004 suggested that because the ice in the Amundsen Sea had been melting rapidly and riven with cracks, the offshore ice shelf was set to collapse \"within five years\". The study projected a sea level rise of from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet if all the sea ice in the Amundsen Sea melted.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17288465",
"title": "Ice-sheet dynamics",
"section": "Section::::General.:Boundary conditions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 629,
"text": "Ice shelves are thick layers of ice floating on the sea – can stabilise the glaciers that feed them. These tend to have accumulation on their tops, may experience melting on their bases, and calve icebergs at their periphery. The catastrophic collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf in the space of three weeks during February 2002 yielded some unexpected observations. The glaciers that had fed the ice sheet (Crane, Jorum, Green, Hektoria – see image) increased substantially in velocity. This cannot have been due to seasonal variability, as glaciers flowing into the remnants of the ice shelf (Flask, Leppard) did not accelerate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
24qq4g
|
why is italy no longer a forward thinking and revolutionary civilization as they were in the past?
|
[
{
"answer": "For the same reason they aren't conquering the Mediterranean any more: it's not the same culture and society. Peoples change over time, the Renaissance was four hundred years ago. On top of that, Italy (along with Germany) are not natural constructs, they have historically been divided or united by military/political force. Hell, when Italy was formed only 3% of the population spoke Italian. ",
"provenance": null
},
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "9804204",
"title": "Kingdom of Italy",
"section": "Section::::History.:Unification process (1848–1870).:Economy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 394,
"text": "In terms of the entire period, Giovanni Federico has argued that Italy was not economically backward, for there was substantial development at various times between 1860 and 1940. Unlike most modern nations that relied on large corporations, industrial growth in Italy was a product of the entrepreneurial efforts of small, family-owned firms that succeeded in a local competitive environment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25182948",
"title": "Italic League",
"section": "Section::::Consequences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 653,
"text": "As a result of the \"détente\", unlike France, Spain and England, Italy failed to coalesce into a nation state in the Middle Ages, and was ripe for conquest by the major European powers. Several factors have been considered causes of this; Francesco Guicciardini blamed particularism, for example, while Niccolò Machiavelli believed it resulted from the moral and civil decay of institutions and morals and in Papal policy, for centuries aimed at avoiding the formation of a unitary Italy. It should be borne in mind, however, that Machiavelli's great work \"The Prince\" was a reflection of the political equilibrium resulting from the League's existence.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "283846",
"title": "Culture of Italy",
"section": "Section::::Italian culture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 107,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 107,
"end_character": 245,
"text": "Italy is the wellspring of Western civilization and has been a world crossroads for over 2,000 years. Continuous learning, creativity, and technological advancement on the Italian peninsula have shaped virtually every aspect of Western culture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1161280",
"title": "Italy in the Middle Ages",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "The republics of Venice, Florence, Genoa, Pisa, among others, rose to great political power and paved the way for the Italian Renaissance and ultimately the \"European miracle\", the resurgence of Western civilization from comparative obscurity in the Early Modern period. On the other hand, the Italian city states were in a state of constant warfare, adding to and overlapping with the persistent conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10494547",
"title": "National Fascist Party",
"section": "Section::::Ideology.:Nationalism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 716,
"text": "It identifies modern Italy as the heir to the Roman Empire and Italy during the Renaissance and promotes the cultural identity of \"Romanitas\" (\"Roman-ness\"). Italian Fascism historically sought to forge a strong Italian Empire as a \"Third Rome\", identifying ancient Rome as the \"First Rome\" and Renaissance-era Italy as the \"Second Rome\". Italian Fascism has emulated ancient Rome and Mussolini in particular emulated ancient Roman leaders, such as Julius Cæsar as a model for the Fascists' rise to power and Augustus as a model for empire-building. Italian Fascism has directly promoted imperialism, such as within the \"Doctrine of Fascism\" (1932) ghostwritten by Giovanni Gentile on behalf of Mussolini, declared:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "385155",
"title": "Italians",
"section": "Section::::Italian diaspora.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 146,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 146,
"end_character": 705,
"text": "Italy after its unification did not seek nationalism but instead sought work. However, a unified state did not automatically constitute a sound economy. The global economic expansion, ranging from Britain's Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and through mid 19th century, to the use of slave labor in the Americas did not hit Italy until much later (with the exception of the \"industrial triangle\" between Milan, Genoa and Turin) This lag resulted in a deficit of work available in Italy and the need to look for work elsewhere.The mass industrialization and urbanization globally resulted in higher labor mobility and the need for Italians to stay anchored to the land for economic support declined.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5142662",
"title": "Italian Fascism",
"section": "Section::::Principal beliefs.:Nationalism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 701,
"text": "It identifies modern Italy as the heir to the Roman Empire and Italy during the Renaissance and promotes the cultural identity of \"Romanitas\" (Roman-ness). Italian Fascism historically sought to forge a strong Italian Empire as a Third Rome, identifying ancient Rome as the First Rome and Renaissance-era Italy as the Second Rome. Italian Fascism has emulated ancient Rome and Mussolini in particular emulated ancient Roman leaders, such as Julius Caesar as a model for the Fascists' rise to power and Augustus as a model for empire-building. Italian Fascism has directly promoted imperialism, such as within the \"Doctrine of Fascism\" (1932), ghostwritten by Giovanni Gentile on behalf of Mussolini: \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2oly7e
|
what exactly happened in the russian revolution of 1917?
|
[
{
"answer": "There were two major revolutions in 1917, the February and the October revolution (may differ because of calendars, but these are the most popular dates). The **February** revolution caused the abdication (stepping down) of the Tsar (Nicholas II) which ended the ~300 year rule of the Romanov dynasty. He was also captured on his train to Moscow?(not exactly sure) and later held captive and was executed a year later in 1918 (don't have the exact date). \nThis revolution also created a Provision Government which was VERY unstable due to the amount of parties inside the government, which meant that it was constantly changing, on the other side there was the Petrograd Soviet which was the PG's \"rival\" so to speak, which meant Russia was ruled with a \"dual power\" (two groups at the top). The Tsar himself was very weak as a leader, he was not ready to become a Tsar and was more the let's go out hunting type of guy. \n\nSo **February** Revolution\n\n* Abdication of the Tsar (was not executed until later)\n* Creation of a Provisional Government and the concept of \"Dual Power\"\n* Gave citizens hope for a better Russia (this is important later)\n\nNow the **October** revolution was led by Lenin, but the mastermind was Trotsky (who later got ice-picked in the head by Stalin) who planned everything, Lenin was just the face of the revolution, and thus the one who took charge and got all the credit.\n\nThe revolution revolved around the Bolshevik's Red Guards capturing the Winter Palace (in Petrograd, Russia's capital at the time) where most of the Provisional Government was seated, this allowed the Bolshevik (~~surprisingly, actual meaning is minority~~ Majority) to take control of Russia as the power house after the power vacuum left by the abdication of the Tsar. This is extremely important because it paves way for the Russian Civil war which was the Bolshevik's against every other party alongside allied forces, but since you didn't ask about this, I won't explain it. \n\nThe october revolution ultimately caused the Bolshevik to seize power, creat a civil war and destroy the idea of \"Dual-Power\". It also allowed Lenin to create the image of himself as a God.\n\n**October** Revolution\n\n* Bolshevik party takes power from all the other parties to become the governing group of Russia\n* Russian Civil War starts, the Red (bolshevik) vs Whites (Anti-bolsheviks + allied forces) and Greens (Russians, not in Russia, Ukrainians, Czech? and so on)\n* Dual Power no longer exists\n\n\nEDIT: To answer your question directly.\n\nIt was caused by the social unrest in Russia at the time due to the unpopular leader, the Tsar, the terrible economy and the world war.\n\nThe main parties involved during this time period were the Socialist-Revolutionists Party (SRs), Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and Constitutional Democratic party (cadets). ",
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{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "62092",
"title": "Trotskyism",
"section": "Section::::History.:Trotskyism and the 1917 Russian Revolution.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 230,
"text": "The Russian revolution of 1917 was marked by two revolutions: the relatively spontaneous February 1917 revolution, and the 25 October 1917 seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, who had gained the leadership of the Petrograd soviet.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "599519",
"title": "Russian Revolution (disambiguation)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
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"end_character": 295,
"text": "The Russian Revolution was a series of uprisings that led to the fall of the Russian Empire, the end of Russian involvement in the First World War (1914-1918), the Russian Civil War (1917-1923), and the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Soviet Union - 1923-1991).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "885795",
"title": "Modern history",
"section": "Section::::Late modern period.:European decline and the 20th century.:World Wars era.:Revolutions and war in Eurasia.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 250,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 250,
"end_character": 574,
"text": "The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the Russian Provisional Government was established. In October 1917, a \"red\" faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard, armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg (then known as Petrograd) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10996515",
"title": "Council of Labor and Defense",
"section": "Section::::History.:Economic background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 549,
"text": "The Russian Revolution of 1917 concluded in the fall with the October Revolution, organized and achieved through the direction of V.I. Lenin's radical Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. With the country already decimated and disorganized by three brutal years of the First World War, the fledgling socialist state struggled to hang on and survive civil war, a multinational foreign military intervention, and the collapse of the economy, including the broad depopulation of major cities and the onset of hyperinflation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45137597",
"title": "February Revolution",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 570,
"text": "The revolution appeared to break out without any real leadership or formal planning. Russia had been suffering from a number of economic and social problems, which compounded after the start of World War I in 1914. Disaffected soldiers from the city's garrison joined bread rioters, primarily women in bread lines, and industrial strikers on the streets. As more and more troops deserted, and with loyal troops away at the Front, the city fell into chaos, leading to the overthrow of the Tsar. In all, over 1,300 people were killed during the protests of February 1917.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20972",
"title": "Marxism–Leninism",
"section": "Section::::History.:October Revolution (1917) & Civil War (1918–1925).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 591,
"text": "In March 1917, the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II led to the Russian Provisional Government (March–July 1917), who then proclaimed the Russian Republic (September–November 1917). Later, in the October Revolution, the Bolshevik's \"coup d'état\" against the Provisional Government resulted in their establishment of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991); yet parts of Russia remained occupied by the counter-revolutionary White Movement of anti-communists who had united to form the White Army to fight the Russian Civil War (1917–1922) against the Bolshevik government.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1336707",
"title": "Military history of the Soviet Union",
"section": "Section::::Czarist and revolutionary background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "The February Revolution replaced the Tsar with the Russian Provisional Government, 1917 which was itself overthrown by the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The Russian army, exhausted by its participation in World War I, was in the final stages of disintegration and collapse.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6p3unz
|
What's the difference between Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana Buddhism?
|
[
{
"answer": "Theravada is the oldest form still around.\n\nThree important main ones is that in theravada, post enlightenment buddhas only retain form for a short while. After that the enter paranirvana and no longer have a causal relationship to anything in reality. The goal of those in theravada is just to likewise enter paranirvana. In mahayana, this is considered a lower goal. The higher goal is to stay in the world helping others get enlightened. And buddhas often stay in their own realms and incarnate repeatedly or bring you there. For this reason mahayana is much more likely to believe that everyone will get enlightened eventually.\n\nA second important distinction is that the concept of emptiness is expanded. Theravada points out that distinct objects and composites are empty. Implying that what exists are just the parts in perpetual flowingness. Mahayana expands this by saying that even the pieces are empty of distinct existence.\n\nThe third is the dharmakaya. Theravada describes very little about what happens when you enter paranirvana. It only describes it by what its not. Like negative theology. Mahayana expands this into a kind of abstract... its not a thing, but an underlying reality. And is the true reality that in a sense \"is\" what buddhas become. Note that point #2 and 3 are not necessarily incompatible with what theravada believes per say, but rather expand on it. There are other things, but those are some major ones.\n\nVajrayana is a bit harder to place, since some consider it to just be part of mahayana. It is like mahayana, but often tries to expand it in esoteric ways, and tries to create special practices for liberation that is closer than the far off ones others hope for. It also sometimes believes in something called an adibuddha which is the closest there is to a monotheistic god in buddhism. Its kind of a collective group mind of all buddhas, but in reverse is the fundamental reality that all buddhas are by virtue of enlightenment. Vajrayana talks about esoteric things like underlying ability to tap into and channel buddhas.",
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{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "30994",
"title": "Theravada",
"section": "Section::::Study (\"pariyatti\").:Core doctrines.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 102,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 102,
"end_character": 286,
"text": "The core of Theravāda doctrine is contained in the Pāli Canon, the only complete collection of Early Buddhist texts surviving in a classical Indic language. These ideas are shared by other Early Buddhist schools as well as by Mahayana traditions. They include central concepts such as:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8108570",
"title": "History of Buddhism in India",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 533,
"text": "With the reign of the Buddhist Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist community split into two branches: the Mahāsāṃghika and the Sthaviravāda, each of which spread throughout India and split into numerous sub-sects. In modern times, two major branches of Buddhism exist: the Theravāda in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, and the Mahāyāna throughout the Himalayas and East Asia. The Buddhist tradition of Vajrayana is sometimes classified as a part of Mahāyāna Buddhism, but some scholars consider it to be a different branch altogether.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3267529",
"title": "Buddhism",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 247,
"text": "Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia such as Myanmar and Thailand. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon and Tiantai (Tendai), is found throughout East Asia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "571649",
"title": "Schools of Buddhism",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 459,
"text": "From a largely English-language standpoint, and to some extent in most of Western academia, Buddhism is separated into two groups at its foundation: Theravāda, literally \"the Teaching of the Elders\" or \"the Ancient Teaching,\" and Mahāyāna, literally the \"Great Vehicle.\" The most common classification among scholars is threefold, with Mahāyāna itself split between the traditional Mahāyāna teachings, and the Vajrayāna teachings which emphasize esotericism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "27937488",
"title": "Mahayana",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "Mahāyāna (English: ; Sanskrit: महायान for \"Great Vehicle\") is one of two main existing branches of Buddhism (the other being Theravada) and a term for classification of Buddhist philosophies and practice. This movement added a further set of discourses, and although it was initially small in India, it had long-term historical significance. The Buddhist tradition of Vajrayana is sometimes classified as a part of Mahāyāna Buddhism, but some scholars consider it to be a different branch altogether.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30994",
"title": "Theravada",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 494,
"text": "Theravāda developed as a distinct school of early Buddhism in Sri Lanka and subsequently spread to the rest of Southeast Asia. It is the dominant religion in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand and is practiced by minorities in India, Bangladesh, China, Nepal, and Vietnam. The diaspora of all of these groups, as well as converts around the world, also practice Theravāda. Contemporary expressions include Buddhist modernism, the Vipassana movement and the Thai Forest Tradition.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3267529",
"title": "Buddhism",
"section": "Section::::Schools and traditions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 216,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 216,
"end_character": 364,
"text": "Buddhists generally classify themselves as either Theravada or Mahayana. This classification is also used by some scholars and is the one ordinarily used in the English language. An alternative scheme used by some scholars divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: Theravada, East Asian Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
35icx3
|
the relationship between hospitals and universities (when the two are associated with each other)?
|
[
{
"answer": "Yeah, the hospital acts as a regular hospital for the community, while also being a research and training facility for the school. It is usually a subsidiary of the school in every way. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "602009",
"title": "List of university hospitals",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 269,
"text": "A university hospital is an institution which combines the services of a hospital with the education of medical students and with medical research. These hospitals are typically affiliated with a medical school or university. The following is a list of such hospitals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "919089",
"title": "Hebei Medical University",
"section": "Section::::Affiliated hospitals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 333,
"text": "The university has six affiliated hospitals, in which there are 4,566 in-patient beds. Four hospitals have been granted the status of \"first-class hospitals in the third category\". In addition, it also has 77 teaching hospitals and practice bases providing students with sites of clinical teaching, specialist teaching and practice.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7946227",
"title": "Uppsala University Hospital",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 212,
"text": "The university hospital has its origins in two older hospitals: one was founded in 1302 and is older than the university, the other one was founded for the Faculty of Medicine in 1708. These were merged in 1850.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "710011",
"title": "List of hospitals in the Netherlands",
"section": "Section::::University and supra-regional hospitals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 290,
"text": "A level and type of care similar to that offered by university hospitals is offered by a number of large hospitals which are not directly affiliated with a university, though these hospitals tend to be somewhat smaller. These hospitals are frequently referred to as \"top-clinical\" centers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5290513",
"title": "University of Ulm",
"section": "Section::::Organisation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 359,
"text": "The university is composed of four divisions, which in German universities traditionally are called faculties, and separate institutes. The four faculties are the medical faculty, the engineering and computer science faculty, the natural science faculty and the mathematics and economics faculty. A university hospital is associated with the medical faculty.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22946931",
"title": "United Hospitals",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 402,
"text": "United Hospitals is the historical collective name of the medical schools of London. They are all part of the University of London (UL) with the exception of Imperial College School of Medicine which left in 2007. The original United Hospitals referred to Guy's Hospital and St Thomas's Hospital and their relationship prior to 1769. Since then the name has been adopted by the London medical schools.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1351187",
"title": "International Medical University",
"section": "Section::::Partner universities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 401,
"text": "IMU has co-operation programmes with more than 30 partner medical schools (as of 2015) around the world, mainly in the United Kingdom and Australia, but also in New Zealand, Ireland, Canada and China. Its partner universities include the University of Edinburgh, Queen Mary University of London, the University of Manchester, the Australian National University, and the University of New South Wales.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
75flpf
|
how are we able to tell which time is right or exact?
|
[
{
"answer": "If I'm not mistaken, exact time is held by an atomic clock. We use the atomic clock to set standard times that are kept by satellite/carrier signal. If you have wifi/Ethernet, your time will be the same as anyone in your time zone. If the device isn't connected via internet/satellite, it will not be right/exact.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There's an organization called the International Bureau of Weights and Measures based in France that oversees this. \n\n\nPretty much they reference a number of highly accurate atomic time keeping methods and set a universal time, which computers from all across the world set themselves to, including you're phone.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Before time zones, correct time was when the sun was directly overhead. Noon. That still applies today, but screws up trying to do any kind of business. So time zones were invented.\n\nOnce time zones were invented, one place was decided to have absolute time, Greenwich Mean Time. The choice was arbitrary, just a popular longitude. Coordinated Universal Time superseded it.\n\n As for how to tell the time is correct, there are atomic clocks which do a much better job of keeping time than even the Earth rotating and revolving around the Sun does.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "31585265",
"title": "Clock position",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 295,
"text": "A clock position is the relative direction of an object described using the analogy of a 12-hour clock to describe angles and directions. One imagines a clock face lying either upright or flat in front of oneself, and identifies the twelve hour markings with the directions in which they point.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "143335",
"title": "Celestial navigation",
"section": "Section::::Practical navigation.:Longitude.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 1121,
"text": "Presently, lay-person calculations of longitude can be made by noting the exact local time (leaving out any reference for Daylight Saving Time) when the sun is at its highest point in the sky. The calculation of noon can be made more easily and accurately with a small, exactly vertical rod driven into level ground—take the time reading when the shadow is pointing due north (in the northern hemisphere). Then take your local time reading and subtract it from GMT (Greenwich Mean Time) or the time in London, England. For example, a noon reading (1200 hours) near central Canada or the US would occur at approximately 6 pm (1800 hours) in London. The six-hour differential is one quarter of a 24-hour day, or 90 degrees of a 360-degree circle (the Earth). The calculation can also be made by taking the number of hours (use decimals for fractions of an hour) multiplied by 15, the number of degrees in one hour. Either way, it can be demonstrated that much of central North America is at or near 90 degrees west longitude. Eastern longitudes can be determined by adding the local time to GMT, with similar calculations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "76956",
"title": "Right angle",
"section": "Section::::Rule of 3-4-5.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 745,
"text": "Throughout history, carpenters and masons have known a quick way to confirm if an angle is a true \"right angle\". It is based on the most widely known Pythagorean triple and so called the \"rule of 3-4-5\". From the angle in question, running a straight line along one side exactly 3 units in length, and along the second side exactly 4 units in length, will create a hypotenuse (the longer line opposite the right angle that connects the two measured endpoints) of exactly 5 units in length. This measurement can be made quickly and without technical instruments. The geometric law behind the measurement is the Pythagorean theorem (\"The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the two adjacent sides\").\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21666983",
"title": "Synchronous frame",
"section": "Section::::Synchronization over a curved space.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "In the special relativity theory, too, proper time elapses differently for clocks moving relatively to each other. In general relativity, proper time is different even in the same reference frame at different points of space. This means that the interval of proper time between two events occurring at some space point and the time interval between the events simultaneous with those at another space point are, in general, different from one another.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "438948",
"title": "Equation of time",
"section": "Section::::Calculating the equation of time.:Right ascension calculation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 74,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 74,
"end_character": 265,
"text": "The right ascension, and hence the equation of time, can be calculated from Newton's two-body theory of celestial motion, in which the bodies (Earth and Sun) describe elliptical orbits about their common mass center. Using this theory, the equation of time becomes\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2882854",
"title": "Longitude by chronometer",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 358,
"text": "From this, it can be seen that a navigator will need to know the time very accurately so that the position of the observed celestial body is known just as accurately. The position of the sun is given in degrees and minutes north or south of the equational or celestial equator and east or west of Greenwich, established by the English as the Prime Meridian.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "72907",
"title": "Sundial",
"section": "Section::::Terminology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 675,
"text": "The time is indicated where a shadow or light falls on the dial face, which is usually inscribed with hour lines. Although usually straight, these hour lines may also be curved, depending on the design of the sundial (see below). In some designs, it is possible to determine the date of the year, or it may be required to know the date to find the correct time. In such cases, there may be multiple sets of hour lines for different months, or there may be mechanisms for setting/calculating the month. In addition to the hour lines, the dial face may offer other data—such as the horizon, the equator and the tropics—which are referred to collectively as the dial furniture.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6dgehr
|
how does stuff get stuck up your anus and you need an doctor to get it out when your ass is made for stuff to come out
|
[
{
"answer": "Ok so muscles spasm post trauma. Your anus is inherently one way. So post slipping an object in, should it be wider than your natural orifice, you will sustain trauma. This will cause the muscles to spasm post stimuli. The clamping action of the spasm with further push the foreign object deeper and deeper until it won't go any further. Your own natural waste, will not be harder than that object, which will cause a blockage.\nTl/dr your ass is one way. Use toys not tools",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Your ass is made *specifically for fecal matter* to come out, not general 'stuff'. Your lower digestive tract is highly specialized to get that shit on outta there, and it does so with great efficiency. \n\nSmall muscles along the colon spasm to push poop down to the rectum, which has walls that stretch to accommodate it, and then on to the anal canal. The anal canal has *two* sphincters, and the inner anal sphincter is not under conscious control. It stays contracted to prevent leakage. The external anal sphincter surrounds that.\n\nSo all of this is specifically fine tuned to push out poop, which is normally fairly soft. When you shove a lightbulb or something up there, your body isn't equipped to handle that. Things stretch in ways they're not meant to, which creates trauma, and muscles designed to move stool aren't strong enough to propel a yankee candle. Also, your stool isn't solid enough to push something heavy out ahead of it.\n\nIt's kinda like putting diesel in a gas engine. It's just not what it's designed for.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "970932",
"title": "Anal masturbation",
"section": "Section::::Safety.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 560,
"text": "Insertion of foreign objects into the anus is not without dangers. This area is fragile, the intestinal walls do not feel pain and for objects pushed too far, surgery may be necessary for removal (even without injury). Unsafe anal masturbation methods cause harm and a potential trip to the hospital emergency room. However, anal masturbation can be carried out in greater safety by ensuring that the bowel is emptied before beginning, the anus and rectum are sufficiently lubricated and relaxed throughout, and the inserted object is not of too great a size.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "147091",
"title": "Butt plug",
"section": "Section::::Basics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 405,
"text": "Unlike the vagina, which is closed off by the cervix, the rectum leads to the sigmoid colon. Objects that are inserted into the rectum can therefore potentially travel up into the bowel: the flared end on a butt plug exists to prevent this. Some dildos lack a flared end, and thus it is ill-advised to use such dildos anally since they may get stuck; rectal foreign bodies may require medical extraction.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "147091",
"title": "Butt plug",
"section": "Section::::Risks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 935,
"text": "Sex toys that are used in the anus can easily get lost as rectal muscles contract and can suck an object up and up, potentially obstructing the colon; to prevent this from occurring, it is recommended that individuals use sex toys with a flared base or a string. However, the flared flange is not a foolproof method of preventing the plug from entering the rectum completely with the inability to retrieve it. This is uncomfortable and may require medical intervention. Butt plugs of excess diameter can, especially when inserted too rapidly and/or too forcefully, lead to sphincter tear, detachment or other rectal failure. Kegel exercises can help maintain normal, healthy sphincter function. When inserting a butt plug, one should be gentle, use plenty of lubrication, start with smaller sizes, and exercise patience. While medical data is sparse, some recommend not leaving a butt plug inserted for longer than two to three hours.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33897883",
"title": "Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 2003–2004",
"section": "Section::::Appalachian Emergency Room.:Recurring characters.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 722,
"text": "BULLET::::- Tyler (Chris Parnell) appears in nearly every sketch, and is greeted by the receptionist with the question, \"What is it this time, Tyler?\" Tyler proceeds to explain how some implausible object has wedged its way into his anus (although in the Jack Black/Neil Young episode, Tyler actually has a gift-wrapped watermelon stuck to his penis). In the Ben Affleck/N*E*R*D episode, Tyler explains that it is a canister of Axe Body Spray, and that if he moves in a certain way, he \"can still make it spray.\" In the May 21, 2005 episode, he re-emerges from the examination room that he was sent to and declares that he now has \"about 20 cotton balls\" up his rectum, but adds, \"it's OK though, they're in a glass jar!\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28845",
"title": "Safe sex",
"section": "Section::::Ineffective methods.:Anal sex.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 236,
"text": "It is important that the man washes and cleans his penis after anal intercourse if he intends to penetrate the vagina. Bacteria from the rectum are easily transferred to the vagina, which may cause vaginal and urinary tract infections.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "970932",
"title": "Anal masturbation",
"section": "Section::::Hygiene.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 517,
"text": "The biological function of the anus is to expel intestinal gas and feces from the body; therefore, when engaging in anal masturbation, hygiene is important. One may wish to cover butt plugs or other objects with a condom before insertion and then dispose of the condom afterwards. To minimize the potential transfer of germs between sexual partners, there are practices of safe sex recommended by healthcare professionals. Oral or vaginal infection may occur similarly to penile anus-to-mouth or anilingus practices.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7792030",
"title": "Urine collection device",
"section": "Section::::Description.:Condom catheters.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 958,
"text": "Male external catheters, urisheaths, Texas catheters or condom catheters are made of silicone or latex (depending on the brand/manufacturer) and cover the penis just like a condom but with an opening at the end to allow the connection to the urine bag. The sheath is worn over the penis and looks like a condom. It stays in place by use of an adhesive, that can either be built into the sheath or come as a separate adhesive liner. The urine gets funneled away from the body, keeping the skin dry at all times. The urine runs into a urine bag that is attached at the bottom of the external catheter. During the day, a drainable leg bag can be used, and at night it is recommended to use a large-capacity bedside drainage bag. Male external catheters are designed to be worn 24/7 and changed daily – and can be used by men with both light and severe incontinence. Male external catheters come in several sizes and lengths to accommodate anatomical variation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
319pqn
|
What did people think of William Tecumseh Sherman during and shortly after the war?
|
[
{
"answer": "Sherman could quite possibly have been president in the 1880s. The main person stopping him was...William Tecumseh Sherman who rightly realized he would be a terrible president.But he's a beloved figure in the North especially before the southern historians get a hand on him given that he's clearly the #2 general crucial to securing the union victory. \n\nlook at his quotes about the 1884 election in his letters (including his famous \"I will not accept if nominated and will not serve if elected.\"\n\nalso the new york public library (and online) as a good collection of old newspapers from NYC. his 1890s eulogies could be an interesting way to get views of him (since you can't use the internet this might only be valid fi you live in nyc. \n\nBrands' **American colossus** has a decent amount about him in it re: shortly after the war. \n\n ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "46720",
"title": "William Tecumseh Sherman",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 430,
"text": "William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 – February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65), for which he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy as well as criticism for the harshness of the scorched earth policies he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46720",
"title": "William Tecumseh Sherman",
"section": "Section::::Strategies.:Total warfare.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 73,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 73,
"end_character": 714,
"text": "Sherman's advance through Georgia and South Carolina was characterized by widespread destruction of civilian supplies and infrastructure. Although looting was officially forbidden, historians disagree on how well this regulation was enforced. Union soldiers who foraged from Southern homes became known as bummers. The speed and efficiency of the destruction by Sherman's army was remarkable. The practice of heating rails and bending them around trees, leaving behind what came to be known as \"Sherman's neckties,\" made repairs difficult. Accusations that civilians were targeted and war crimes were committed on the march have made Sherman a controversial figure to this day, particularly in the American South.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "164406",
"title": "Scorched earth",
"section": "Section::::Nineteenth century.:American Civil War.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 917,
"text": "Sherman's tactics were an attempt to destroy the enemy's will and logistics through burning or destroying crops or other resources that might be used for the Confederate force. The next century of \"later generations of American war leaders would use in World War II, Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan.\" During Sherman's campaign, his \"men piled all deed books in front of the courthouse and burned them. The logic was that the big plantations would not be able to prove land ownership. These actions are the bane of Georgia and South Carolina genealogists.” Another instance in his campaign was when in \"for thirty-six days that army moved through Georgia, with very little opposition, pillaging the countryside. It was a sort of military promenade, requiring very little military skill in the performance, and as little personal prowess, as well trained union troops were deployed against defenseless citizens.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46720",
"title": "William Tecumseh Sherman",
"section": "Section::::Slavery and emancipation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 449,
"text": "Sherman was not an abolitionist before the war and, like others of his time and background, he did not believe in \"Negro equality\". Before the war, Sherman at times even expressed some sympathy with the view of Southern whites that the black race was benefiting from slavery, although he opposed breaking up slave families and advocated teaching slaves to read and write. During the Civil War, Sherman declined to employ black troops in his armies.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46720",
"title": "William Tecumseh Sherman",
"section": "Section::::Slavery and emancipation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 67,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 67,
"end_character": 718,
"text": "Although the context is often overlooked, and the quotation usually chopped off, one of Sherman's most famous statements about his hard-war views arose in part from the racial attitudes summarized above. In his \"Memoirs\", Sherman noted political pressures in 1864–1865 to encourage the escape of slaves, in part to avoid the possibility that \"'able-bodied slaves will be called into the military service of the rebels.'\" Sherman thought concentration on such policies would have delayed the \"successful end\" of the war and the \"liberat[ion of] \"all\" slaves\". He went on to summarize vividly his hard-war philosophy and to add, in effect, that he really did not want the help of liberated slaves in subduing the South:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2899869",
"title": "Historical characters in the Southern Victory Series",
"section": "Section::::United States.:Sherman, William T..\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 159,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 159,
"end_character": 862,
"text": "Despite having fought with valor and distinction at the historical Battles of Bull Run and Shiloh, the victories of William Tecumseh Sherman amounted to nothing after the United States' defeat at Camp Hill and the encirclement of Washington, DC. Sherman was stripped of his rank of brigadier general and would never command regular troops again. Sherman remained in the US Army and by 1881, he commanded the defences of San Francisco from his headquarters at the Presidio. When the Second Mexican War began later that year, Sherman organised volunteers and harbour guns in preparation for any attacks. His efforts were mocked by Samuel Clemens in his newspaper, the San Francisco \"Morning Call\". Because of this, he investigated Clemens on suspicion that he was a Confederate agent, but found nothing to substantiate it and gave Clemens a letter to that effect.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46720",
"title": "William Tecumseh Sherman",
"section": "Section::::Departmental commander and Reconstruction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 84,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 84,
"end_character": 658,
"text": "One of Sherman's main concerns in postwar commands was to protect the construction and operation of the railroads from attack by hostile Indians. Sherman's views on Indian matters were often strongly expressed. He regarded the railroads \"as the most important element now in progress to facilitate the military interests of our Frontier\". Hence, in 1867, he wrote to Grant that \"we are not going to let a few thieving, ragged Indians check and stop the progress of [the railroads].\" After the 1866 Fetterman Massacre, Sherman wrote Grant that \"we must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux, even to their extermination, men, women and children.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
8qia1h
|
How are amounts of money from centuries ago adjusted for inflation in today's currency?
|
[
{
"answer": "Real wages, prices and so on are calculated on the basis of currency/gold standard. Various datasets have been cropping up in the past two decades that list every conceivable currency's real value over time, generally starting with the late early modern period. See for instance those released by the [Global Price and Income History Group](_URL_1_), or those systhematized by the social history institute in Amsterdam (_URL_0_, datasets section). I know this doesn't entirely answer your question, but I am sure a real economic historian will come along soon.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2878852",
"title": "Financial crisis",
"section": "Section::::History.:Prior to 19th century.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 71,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 71,
"end_character": 227,
"text": "Reinhart and Rogoff trace inflation (to reduce debt) to Dionysius of Syracuse, of the 4th century BC, and begin their \"eight centuries\" in 1258; debasement of currency also occurred under the Roman empire and Byzantine empire.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2210730",
"title": "1920s Berlin",
"section": "Section::::Infrastructure and industrialization.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 273,
"text": "The government began printing tremendous amounts of currency to pay reparations; this caused staggering inflation that destroyed middle-class savings. However, economic expansion resumed after mid-decade, aided by U.S. loans. It was then that culture blossomed especially.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38286",
"title": "Inflation",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 882,
"text": "By the nineteenth century, economists categorized three separate factors that cause a rise or fall in the price of goods: a change in the \"value\" or production costs of the good, a change in the \"price of money\" which then was usually a fluctuation in the commodity price of the metallic content in the currency, and \"currency depreciation\" resulting from an increased supply of currency relative to the quantity of redeemable metal backing the currency. Following the proliferation of private banknote currency printed during the American Civil War, the term \"inflation\" started to appear as a direct reference to the \"currency depreciation\" that occurred as the quantity of redeemable banknotes outstripped the quantity of metal available for their redemption. At that time, the term inflation referred to the devaluation of the currency, and not to a rise in the price of goods.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2356849",
"title": "Plano Real",
"section": "Section::::Result.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 552,
"text": "The currency’s appreciation was crucial to keep inflation under control. Mainly, it assured the supply of cheap imported products to meet the domestic demand and forced domestic producers to sell at lower prices in order to maintain their market shares. This was especially important in the period immediately following the adoption of the new currency, when the sudden drop in inflation caused a surge in demand. The increased imports, therefore, were essential to avoid demand-side inflationary pressures that would undermine the stabilization plan.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "178748",
"title": "Debt relief",
"section": "Section::::Inflation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 564,
"text": "Inflation, in an economy that is growing, is caused by more money being introduced into circulation by the central bank. If the amount of tender remains constant, a currency \"grows or falls\" at the rate of the reserves that back it. The global prevalence of fractional reserve banking has caused most currencies to decline in value consistently. In a non-fractional (fully backed) reserve system, the growth of a currency is equal to the growth (or decline) of the assets backing it, fees are charged in an upfront manner, and money is worth by what it is backed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38286",
"title": "Inflation",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Keynesian view.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 56,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 56,
"end_character": 723,
"text": "The effect of money on inflation is most obvious when governments finance spending in a crisis, such as a civil war, by printing money excessively. This sometimes leads to hyperinflation, a condition where prices can double in a month or less. The money supply is also thought to play a major role in determining moderate levels of inflation, although there are differences of opinion on how important it is. For example, monetarist economists believe that the link is very strong; Keynesian economists, by contrast, typically emphasize the role of aggregate demand in the economy rather than the money supply in determining inflation. That is, for Keynesians, the money supply is only one determinant of aggregate demand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30296",
"title": "Tax Freedom Day",
"section": "Section::::History and methodology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 292,
"text": "BULLET::::2. Inflation or currency debasement increases the supply of currency. This new currency could be used to pay for government, but the increased supply results in a decrease in value of each unit of currency. As the value of currency decreases, commodity prices increase as a result.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
7mciaw
|
if amber lensed computer glasses reflect the blue light, why aren't they blue?
|
[
{
"answer": "Amber lenses *absorb* the blue light, blocking it from coming through. They don't reflect it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They're not reflecting the blue light, they're absorbing it. And all other colours except amber. So amber is what you see coming through them as well as bouncing off them. When light is absorbed it is used to vibrate the molecules that make up the glass. This makes it slightly warmer, but not so much you'd notice, normally.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "74844",
"title": "Glasses",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Yellow-tinted computer/gaming glasses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 707,
"text": "Yellow tinted glasses are a type of glasses with a minor yellow tint. They perform minor color correction, on top of reducing eyestrain due to lack of blinking. They may also be considered minor corrective unprescribed glasses. Depending on the company, these computer or gaming glasses can also filter out high energy blue and ultra-violet light from LCD screens, fluorescent lighting, and other sources of light. This allows for reduced eye-strain. These glasses can be ordered as standard or prescription lenses that fit into standard optical frames. Due to the ultra-violet light blocking nature of these lenses, they also help users sleep at night along with reducing age-related macular degeneration.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24990312",
"title": "Optics and vision",
"section": "Section::::Non-Surgical Visual Correction.:Corrective lens.:Contact lenses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 451,
"text": "Contact lenses usually serve the same corrective purpose as glasses, but are lightweight and virtually invisible—many commercial lenses are tinted a faint blue to make them more visible when immersed in cleaning and storage solutions. Some cosmetic lenses are deliberately colored to alter the appearance of the eye. Lenses now have a slight bluish tint which is a thin UV coating; this reduces glare and cornea damage much like a pair of sunglasses.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1788660",
"title": "Anaglyph 3D",
"section": "Section::::Viewing.:Red sharpened anaglyph glasses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 713,
"text": "Simple paper uncorrected gel glasses, cannot compensate for the 250 nanometer difference in the wavelengths of the red-cyan filters. With simple glasses, the red filtered image is somewhat blurry, when viewing a close computer screen or printed image. The (RED) retinal focus differs from the image through the (CYAN) filter, which dominates the eyes' focusing. Better-quality molded acrylic glasses frequently employ a compensating differential diopter power (a spherical correction) to balance the red filter focus shift relative to the cyan, which reduces the innate softness and diffraction of red filtered light. Low-power reading glasses worn along with the paper glasses also sharpen the image noticeably.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13591771",
"title": "Monochrome monitor",
"section": "Section::::Design.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 250,
"text": "An amber screen was claimed to give improved ergonomics, specifically by reducing eye strain; this claim appears to have little scientific basis. However, the color amber is a softer light, and would be less disruptive to a user's circadian rhythm. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4615500",
"title": "Sea glass",
"section": "Section::::Colors.:Antique black sea glass.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 1182,
"text": "Black glass is often green or brown when held up to light, although it appears black to the unaided eye. Weathering and oxidation, together with UV light interacting with metallic oxides and chemicals in the glass and seawater are all factors affecting the color of sea glass over long exposure and time frames. In texture and color black sea glass resembles black beach rock, very much resembling the extrusive igneous rock basalt, or weathered black obsidian, a natural black volcanic glass. Gas bubbles are often trapped in old glass, impurities and irregularities in the original bottles were common and one indicator of age. Early examples were hand blown, later ones utilized a mold. Due to the inherent strength, you'll find larger size pieces of old black glass, including pieces that survived for centuries. Potential age of black beach glass found depends on your search location. Small pieces require a trained eye to spot. Texture is a good tool to employ along with color. Black glass is the rarest of all the sea/beach glasses due to age and difficulty in finding it. Although when you find an old, long used location it can produce a considerable amount of material.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3193137",
"title": "History of the single-lens reflex camera",
"section": "Section::::Chronology.:1970s.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 210,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 210,
"end_character": 1154,
"text": "BULLET::::- 1975: E. Leitz APO-Telyt-R 180mm f/3.4 (West Germany): first apochromatic lens for consumer cameras (Leicaflex series SLRs). The refractive index of glass increases from red to blue of the light spectrum (color dispersion). Blue is focused closer to the lens than red causing rainbow-like color fringing (chromatic aberration). Most photographic camera lenses are achromatically corrected to bring blue and red to a common focus – leaving large residual green and violet chromatic aberrations that degrades image sharpness; especially severe in long focus or telephoto lenses. If red, green and blue are brought to a common focus (plus other aberration corrections) with very little residual aberration, the lens is called apochromatic. Chromatic aberration was an issue at the dawn of photography (daguerreotypes [invented 1839] were blue sensitive only, while the human eye focused primarily using yellow), but apochromatic photographic lenses were considered unnecessary until the dominance of color film. The use of extra-low dispersion glasses made most 1980s professional telephotos and many 1990s amateur telephoto zooms apochromatic.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1788660",
"title": "Anaglyph 3D",
"section": "Section::::Types.:Compensating focus diopter glasses for red-cyan method.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 1153,
"text": "Simple sheet or uncorrected molded glasses do not compensate for the 250 nanometer difference in the wavelengths of the red-cyan filters. With simple glasses the red filter image can be blurry when viewing a close computer screen or printed image since the retinal focus differs from the cyan filtered image, which dominates the eyes' focusing. Better quality molded plastic glasses employ a compensating differential diopter power to equalize the red filter focus shift relative to the cyan. The direct view focus on computer monitors has been recently improved by manufacturers providing secondary paired lenses, fitted and attached inside the red-cyan primary filters of some high-end anaglyph glasses. They are used where very high resolution is required, including science, stereo macros, and animation studio applications. They use carefully balanced cyan (blue-green) acrylic lenses, which pass a minute percentage of red to improve skin tone perception. Simple red/blue glasses work well with black and white, but the blue filter is unsuitable for human skin in color. U.S. Patent No. 6,561,646 was issued to the inventor in 2003. In the trade,\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2b88dw
|
How accurate is Caligula: 1400 Days of Terror and/or how much of the Caligula legend is bs?
|
[
{
"answer": "Like with Nero, a lot of the allegations have to be taken with a grain of salt. Although a lot of the things brought up in the documentary are true, many of them are angled to make them look worse than they were. The orgies and such surely happened, but the sleeping around and all that is hard for us to proof and is common slander not only in Roman times, but all through history.\n\nEssentially, figuring out what's true or not is what makes historians specialists. If one reads all of the slander against Caligula and blindly accepts it as true because it's written by contemporaries, he's going to look extremely bad - like he's remembered by many today. However, if you look at who the writers are: Suetonius, a senator, or Tacitus, also a senator, another picture emerges. Some of the stories can surely be accredited to youth (like the throwing coins from a height story), while others are fabricated to make the emperor look bad.\n\nIf you consider who Caligula was (told in the beginning of the documentary) it's not hard to understand that he's not very adept in the politics of Rome. He was brought up as a soldier, so he knows the soldier's life (and he's also very popular with the army). However, having your family eradicated would be a rather reasonable event to become paranoid.\n\nThey tell a story about Caligula ordering his soldiers to march on the sea. That, along with him participating in theatrical plays, is part of a bigger picture. He was brought up as a soldier away from Rome and thus may not fully have understood how unacceptable it was to participate in plays as the emperor. Theatre was for lowly born people, not the leader of Rome. Caligula ordering his soldiers to march on the sea could be complete slander, but there are other similar stories, which suggests *some* truth to it. Essentially, he was unable to differ between himself as the holder of *numen* and himself as an actual god.\n\nTo quote a couple of lines from the documentary:\n\n > It's really hard to sift through and understand who Caligula was. We do know that he was excessive, we do know that he was vindictive, we do know that he was paranoid. (Darius Arya)\n\n\n > But the senate is not happy with Caligula at all. He's hanging out with the kind of people that they really don't approve of. He's mixing with actors [...] this is not what they wanted from their emperor. (Valerie Higgins)\n\nThere was a similar question about the vomitorium a few months ago with a [humorous explanation](_URL_0_).\n\nSidenote: Drusilla was NOT the first Roman woman to be declared a goddess. Livia was deified when she died in 27 AD and thus was the first. Drusilla's deification is more for show than anything else, it's scarcely recognized, in part probably because Caligula wasn't deified. One would think that a Yale scholar wouldn't spread false facts...\n\nIf you'd choose to watch the documentary again, I'd suggest you pay close attention to what Valerie Higgins and Darius Arya says, and ignore most of what Amanda Ruggeri says.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "2839484",
"title": "Terror Firma",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
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"text": "Terror Firma is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". The story follows on directly from the previous Eighth Doctor audio drama \"The Next Life\" and flashes back to scenes that takes place before (and lead into) the first Eighth Doctor audio story \"Storm Warning\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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{
"wikipedia_id": "4374766",
"title": "Stambovsky v. Ackley",
"section": "Section::::Ghost Stories.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "Despite these somewhat unnerving tales, the Ackleys said they had a peaceful coexistence with the poltergeists, and the only account of any terrorizing events is Kavanagh's tale reproduced above. Kavanagh later reflected on the incidents that he experienced and came to the conclusion that the ghosts were evaluating him to make sure he was a good suitor for Cynthia.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23435832",
"title": "Mahakaal",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
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"end_character": 414,
"text": "Mahakaal (also known as The Monster and Time of Death) is a 1993 Indian horror film. It was directed by Shyam Ramsay and Tulsi Ramsay and is a ripoff of the American horror film franchise \"A Nightmare on Elm Street\". It was released on DVD in the US by distributor Mondo Macabro in 2009. The film soundtrack was composed by Anand–Milind, and the background score was composed by K. J. Sing, Y.V. Tyagi and Vishal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7867425",
"title": "List of films based on actual events",
"section": "Section::::2000s.:2004.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 536,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 536,
"end_character": 222,
"text": "BULLET::::- \"12 Days of Terror\" (2004) – based on true events that occurred in July 1916 in central and southern New Jersey; recounts 12 days during which people along the Jersey coast were subjected to attacks by a shark\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "596177",
"title": "Terror of the Vervoids",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 628,
"text": "Terror of the Vervoids is the third serial of the larger narrative known as \"The Trial of a Time Lord\" which encompasses the whole of the 23rd season of the British science fiction television series \"Doctor Who\". It was first broadcast in four weekly parts on BBC1 from 1 to 22 November 1986. The title \"Terror of the Vervoids\" is never used on screen and was first used in relation to these episodes for the 1987 novelisation, with the four episodes that comprise the season being referred to as \"The Trial of a Time Lord\" Parts Nine to Twelve. This serial is the first appearance of Bonnie Langford as the companion Mel Bush.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25972799",
"title": "The Last Days of Pompeii (1959 film)",
"section": "Section::::Production.:Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 675,
"text": "There have been many film adaptations of the Pompeii legend, but most of them have not followed Edward Bulwer-Lytton's novel. The story of Pompeii's destruction was one of the most popular topics of early Italian cinema and was filmed several times during the silent movie era. It has been filmed twice as a Hollywood epic. The first was produced in 1935 by Merian C. Cooper. In 2007 Roman Polanski was attached to a film adaptation based on a Robert Harris novel set in the city—but that project was ultimately brought to fruition by Paul W. S. Anderson in 2014. The 1984 television film is the only version so far to have closely followed the original Bulwer-Lytton novel.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54582166",
"title": "Tenali Rama (TV series)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
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"text": "Tenali Rama is an Indian historical comedy drama based on the life of the legendary Telugu poet Tenali Ramakrishna, one of the Ashtadiggajas (or the eight honorable) poets at the court of Vijayanagara Emperor Krishnadevaraya (r. 1509–1529), who is often cited as the greatest Vijayanagara emperor. The series premiered on SAB TV on 11 July 2017.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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]
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] | null |
7fxdv4
|
why do people say that you can break your neck if you crack it the wrong way? how does this happen?
|
[
{
"answer": "Generally speaking, the casual neck popping shouldn't be an issue. The actual trouble is that our bodies are unpredictable and anything can happen. Some people use a lot of force to get their neck to pop and with too much pressure in the wrong place you could break something.\n\nCase in point - when I was a kid my best friend's mom broke her wrist pressing trash down into the trash can. Broke it in 3 places and the Dr. just said that she happened to push down too hard in the right places. She didn't have any bone disease or anything. So just be careful.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I don't think it's exactly going the \"wrong way\". I believe it's how far you extend it around. Your muscles can't stretch as far or fast so your neck snaps. ",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": null,
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{
"wikipedia_id": "3586686",
"title": "Spinal lock",
"section": "Section::::Neck crank.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
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"end_character": 635,
"text": "A neck crank (sometimes also referred to as a neck lock, and technically known as a cervical lock) is a spinal lock applied to the cervical spine causing hyperextension, hyperflexion, lateral hyperflexion, hyperrotation or extension-distraction. This happens either through bending, twisting or elongating. A neck crank is typically applied by pulling or twisting the head beyond its normal ranges of rotation. Neck cranks are usually banned from sports competitions, with notable exceptions in combat sports such as submission wrestling and mixed martial arts, where they are used as submission holds or as a guard passing technique.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "1258362",
"title": "Cervical fracture",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 371,
"text": "A cervical fracture, commonly called a broken neck, is a catastrophic fracture of any of the seven cervical vertebrae in the neck. Examples of common causes in humans are traffic collisions and diving into shallow water. Abnormal movement of neck bones or pieces of bone can cause a spinal cord injury resulting in loss of sensation, paralysis, or usually instant death.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13357775",
"title": "Break Ya Neck",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
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"text": "\"Break Ya Neck\" is the second single by American rapper Busta Rhymes from his fifth album \"Genesis\" (2001). The song was produced by Dr. Dre and Scott Storch. Truth Hurts provides background vocals. The song contains an interpolation of the Red Hot Chili Peppers song \"Give It Away\". The official remix of the single features Twista & Do or Die.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12144557",
"title": "Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide",
"section": "Section::::Murders and suicide.:Chris Benoit.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 440,
"text": "On the 2016 \"Talk is Jericho\" podcast, Nancy's sister Sandra Toffoloni clarified some details further. She said that over the weekend after the murders, the search history on Benoit's computer showed he had researched \"the quickest and easiest way to break a neck\". He had then later used a towel around his neck attached to the handle of the machine, which he pulled down using a very heavy weight and let go, breaking his neck instantly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3992826",
"title": "Set-in neck",
"section": "Section::::Disadvantages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 234,
"text": "BULLET::::- Certain models seem prone to neck breakage. Though this may be due to weaker neck wood (mahogany instead of maple), the greater difficulty in replacing a neck that is glued-in vs. one that is bolted on should be apparent.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "194950",
"title": "Tetraplegia",
"section": "Section::::Causes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 326,
"text": "It is possible to suffer a broken neck without becoming tetraplegic if the vertebrae are fractured or dislocated but the spinal cord is not damaged. Conversely, it is possible to injure the spinal cord without breaking the spine, for example when a ruptured disc or bone spur on the vertebra protrudes into the spinal column.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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{
"wikipedia_id": "6836777",
"title": "Safeword (sports)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 241,
"text": "Professional rugby union footballers recognize the safeword \"neck\". This is said, during a scrum, when a player fears that his neck risks being broken. Players on both teams will recognize this and immediately release any downward pressure.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
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]
}
] | null |
1j4qhq
|
What was early Christianity like?
|
[
{
"answer": "It was not \"High\" church. There was no pomp, no celebrating Christmas or Easter. Until 70 AD, they would still have likely celebrated all the Jewish holidays of course, since the earliest Christians were nearly all Jewish, and important events in Jesus' life occurred on Jewish holidays (i.e. dying on Passover). \nIt was very countercultural. There would not be many people of high prominence who would openly identify with them. \nPicture small groups of 10-20 people meeting wherever they can to study together and talk and share life. Picture a conversion happening in a storefront while a shop owner and a customer are chatting together. They might meet in the local Synagogue in one town, and be tolerated well enough, but then in the next town they might be thrown out of that town's Synagogue.\n\nI would not expect the pomp and ceremony to be at max level until around 300 AD when Constantine made the official merger with the Roman religion[s]. \n\nTheologically, I think they were always diverse. If you read Augustine or Iraneus, or Tertullian or any of those guys, they agree on the basics, but beyond that, all bets are off.\n\nAs far as what it mostly looked like organizationally? I think structurally (not necessarily theologically) it would most resemble Paganism, New Age, or aggregated Protestantism today. That is, there is no central authority that presides over everybody. There may be a general movement as to what is, and is not acceptable. But most issues would be open ended with only 3 or so issues worth dying over.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "\"Christianity\" when Jesus was alive is a *non sequitur*. It simply didn't exist. The movement is predicated on the significance of Jesus' *death*, not his life. As Ephesians puts it:\n\n > This mystery is that the Gentiles are fellow heirs, members of the same body, and partakers of the promise in Christ Jesus through the gospel.\n\nThis salvific act was the death of Jesus, and through it, salvation, particularly for Gentiles, could be realized. That this is the significance is borne out by comparison with Romans 11.1--all Israel shall be saved (independently of Christ). Gentiles are what is new, but they (and therefore the new movement) only exist through the death and resurrection.\n\nSo early Christianity cannot be defined as existing *during* the life of Jesus, only after his death. And relatively shortly thereafter, we get a window into at least one strain--that of Paul.\n\nPaul is an interesting figure for an awful, awful lot of reasons. But we're only going to look at a few here, and first his disputes, particularly regarding circumcision, and faith/works.\n\nThe traditional, Augustinian/Lutheran view has Paul espousing Christianity as a religion of faith in Christ against a view of righteousness by works, in which Judaism is legalistic. By legalistic, it is meant that there is a measuring of sins against transgressions, by God, at the judgment of each soul. Paul says one is saved by faith, the Jews (or Judaizers--christians promoting the circumcision) say it is by legalistic works.\n\nThis view has largely fallen out of fashion since Sanders' *Paul and Palestinian Judaism* (1977). Sanders argues--incredibly powerfully, the type of paradigm shifting work that rarely occurs--that legalism never existed in Palestinian Judaism, and therefore cannot have been Paul's opponent. What exactly his opponents *were* espousing has since been the subject of considerable debate, but most have followed Dunn in suggesting that \"works of the law\" refer to religious boundary markers (circumcision, table fellowship, etc).\n\nI point to this to stress the nature of division in early Christianity. It was not *eccelesiological*, or related to organized church, it was *theological*, or related to the understanding of God, and *soteriological,* related to the nature of salvation.\n\nIt was also thunderously eschatological, or waiting for the end times. Perhaps the clearest example of this, when Paul expresses the guarantee for \"those who have fallen asleep\" (1Thess.4.13-15). That anyone died before the end seems to be a surprise.\n\nIt was also contested. What was the nature of salvation? Did Gentiles need circumcision to be saved? If they didn't, then what of laws regarding table fellowship? Should Jew and Gentile dine together? Paul says yes. His opponents (including Peter, it would appear, said no). Nobody seems to dispute that Gentiles *can* join Israel, but there appears to be some disagreement as to *how* they are to do so.\n\nDespite this diversity and apparent lack of control there *does* seem to have been have been a central authority. The Jerusalem \"pillars\" (Gal.2.9). How much authority they had, or whether they were authoritative in any meaningful sense, is debated.\n\nTheir interest was *christological*, and not historical. Virtually nothing about the life of Jesus survives in the epistolary record. A great deal regarding the nature of Christ resurrected does. This contrasts sharply with the later record, where they were so eager to find out about the life of Jesus that they made things up based on scripture. This tendency only got worse over time.\n\nI suppose the long and the short of it is that we don't really know what Christianity was like, only what Paul dealt with (and, depending on what dating one finds persuasive, the enigmas of Hebrews and James).",
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"answer": null,
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{
"wikipedia_id": "25727573",
"title": "Early centers of Christianity",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 441,
"text": "Early Christianity (generally considered the time period from its origin to the First Council of Nicaea in 325) spread from the Eastern Mediterranean throughout the Roman Empire and beyond. Originally, this progression was closely connected to already established Jewish centers in the Holy Land and the Jewish diaspora. The first followers of Christianity were Jews or proselytes, commonly referred to as Jewish Christians and God-fearers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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{
"wikipedia_id": "6704",
"title": "Christendom",
"section": "Section::::History.:Rise of Christendom.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 451,
"text": "In the beginning of Christendom, early Christianity was a religion spread in the Greek/Roman world and beyond as a 1st-century Jewish sect, which historians refer to as Jewish Christianity. It may be divided into two distinct phases: the apostolic period, when the first apostles were alive and organizing the Church, and the post-apostolic period, when an early episcopal structure developed, whereby bishoprics were governed by bishops (overseers).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3862933",
"title": "Buddhism and Christianity",
"section": "Section::::Origins and early contacts.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 448,
"text": "The origins of Christianity go back to Roman Judea in the early first century. The four canonical gospels date from around 70–90 AD, the Pauline epistles having been written before them around 50–60 AD. By the early second century, post-apostolic Christian theology had taken shape, in the works of authors such as Irenaeus, although Christianity is seen as the fulfillment of Jewish prophecy regarding the \"Messiah\" which dates back much further.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "211143",
"title": "List of Christian denominations",
"section": "Section::::Historical groups.:Early Christian.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 592,
"text": "Early Christianity is often divided into three different branches that differ in theology and traditions, which all appeared in the 1st century AD. They include Jewish Christianity, Pauline Christianity and Gnostic Christianity. All modern Christian denominations are said to have descended from the Jewish and Pauline Christianities, with Gnostic Christianity dying, or being hunted, out of existence after the early Christian era and being largely forgotten until discoveries made in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries. There are also other theories on the origin of Christianity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "14117",
"title": "History of Christianity",
"section": "Section::::Early Christianity (c. 31/33–324).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 236,
"text": "Early Christianity may be divided into two distinct phases: the apostolic period (1st century), when the first apostles were alive and led the Church, and the Ante-Nicene Period, (c.100–325) when an early episcopal structure developed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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"wikipedia_id": "10599238",
"title": "Christianity and Paganism",
"section": "Section::::Origins.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 501,
"text": "Early Christianity arose as a movement within Second Temple Judaism, following the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. With a missionary commitment to both Jews and Gentiles (non-Jews), Christianity rapidly spread into the greater Roman empire and beyond. Here, Christianity came into contact with the dominant Pagan religions. Acts 19 recounts a riot that occurred in Ephesus, instigated by silversmiths who crafted images of Artemis, and were concerned that Paul's success was cutting into their trade.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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},
{
"wikipedia_id": "823743",
"title": "Jewish Christian",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 370,
"text": "Early Christianity had its roots in Hellenistic Judaism and the Jewish messianism of the first century and Jewish Christians were the first Christians. Christianity started with Jewish eschatological expectations, and it developed into the veneration of a deified Jesus after his earthly ministry, his crucifixion, and the post–crucifixion experiences of his followers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
c4606e
|
why is the research done at high energy particle accelerators important for mankind?
|
[
{
"answer": "Particle accelerators help scientists understand how the physical world works. Theoretical physicists can construct models of quantum mechanics and particle physics, but without experimental equipment like particle accelerators, they're flying blind. \n\nHigh level physics is how we get the super high density computing in your smartphone. Or the radiotherapy to treat cancer. Or atomic clocks that let GPS work. \n\nThere are also spinoffs that come from developing the computers to analyse all the particle physics data. All websites run on HTTP, which was developed at CERN.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Its the same as Galileo dropping stuff off the leaning tower of piza to better understand gravity. The only way you better understand something is by testing exactly what it does under certain circumstances. Understanding gravity better has no doubt helped science and society, understanding these particles is just the next step along those lines",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This is pure research so there isn't a direct practical application. However having greater knowledge of how the universe functions may be the key to unlocking more advanced technology -- perhaps a energized particle will exhibit some particularly useful behavior, or the understanding will inspire a new materials process. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) describes this more.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Don’t forget the higher level chemistry being done as well, the large particle accelerators in Russia and Germany are used to literally create new elements. By smashing two elements together at incredible speed there’s a moment where the protons and neutrons from the element being sped through the accelerator will bind with the element at the other end.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "39321174",
"title": "PingER Project",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 262,
"text": "High energy particle physicists began the project in 1995, because they needed to access large amounts of data at laboratories sometimes as far away as across an ocean. They needed to know how the Internet was performing, identify problems, and apply solutions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20556903",
"title": "Higgs boson",
"section": "Section::::Significance.:Practical and technological impact.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 364,
"text": "The challenges in particle physics have furthered major technological progress of widespread importance. For example, the World Wide Web began as a project to improve CERN's communication system. CERN's requirement to process massive amounts of data produced by the Large Hadron Collider also led to contributions to the fields of distributed and cloud computing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7035802",
"title": "Astroparticle physics",
"section": "Section::::Experimental facilities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 608,
"text": "The rapid development of this field has led to the design of new types of infrastructure. In underground laboratories or with specially designed telescopes, antennas and satellite experiments, astroparticle physicists employ new detection methods to observe a wide range of cosmic particles including neutrinos, gamma rays and cosmic rays at the highest energies. They are also searching for dark matter and gravitational waves. Experimental particle physicists are limited by the technology of their terrestrial accelerators, which are only able to produce a small fraction of the energies found in nature.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18589032",
"title": "Particle accelerator",
"section": "Section::::Uses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 806,
"text": "Beams of high-energy particles are useful for fundamental and applied research in the sciences, and also in many technical and industrial fields unrelated to fundamental research. It has been estimated that there are approximately 30,000 accelerators worldwide. Of these, only about 1% are research machines with energies above 1 GeV, while about 44% are for radiotherapy, 41% for ion implantation, 9% for industrial processing and research, and 4% for biomedical and other low-energy research. The bar graph shows the breakdown of the number of industrial accelerators according to their applications. The numbers are based on 2012 statistics available from various sources, including production and sales data published in presentations or market surveys, and data provided by a number of manufacturers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41030586",
"title": "Lajos Jánossy",
"section": "Section::::Work.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 383,
"text": "Until the 1950s, the most important field in the research of high-energy particles was the investigation of cosmic radiation. But as the large accelerators started to take over the leading role, Jánossy turned away from the investigation of cosmic radiation and focussed on theoretical problems of quantum mechanics, the dual character of light, as well as the theory of relativity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23259",
"title": "Particle physics",
"section": "Section::::Practical applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 928,
"text": "In principle, all physics (and practical applications developed therefrom) can be derived from the study of fundamental particles. In practice, even if \"particle physics\" is taken to mean only \"high-energy atom smashers\", many technologies have been developed during these pioneering investigations that later find wide uses in society. Particle accelerators are used to produce medical isotopes for research and treatment (for example, isotopes used in PET imaging), or used directly in external beam radiotherapy. The development of superconductors has been pushed forward by their use in particle physics. The World Wide Web and touchscreen technology were initially developed at CERN. Additional applications are found in medicine, national security, industry, computing, science, and workforce development, illustrating a long and growing list of beneficial practical applications with contributions from particle physics.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47278268",
"title": "Future Circular Collider",
"section": "Section::::Technologies.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 269,
"text": "As the development of a next generation particle accelerator requires new technology the FCC Study has studied the equipment and machines that are needed for the realization of the project, taking into account the experience from past and present accelerator projects.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2wxdp3
|
why did the edward snowden ama drop from nearly 11,000 upvotes to 6,500 upvotes in under 5 minutes?
|
[
{
"answer": "Yes. Reddit uses something called vote-fuzzing, which hides the number of total upvotes and downvotes on a thread, while internally keeping track, and while publicly displaying the overall ratio of upvotes to downvotes.\n\nThis is because votes from spammers and other cheaters are blocked by reddit's system, but if the publicly displayed vote count was perfectly accurate, it would be easy for spammers to know when their accounts had been blocked, or 'shadow-banned'",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There is a soft cap on net upvotes that applies to particularly popular threads. [Deimorz (an admin) explains it here](_URL_0_) in more detail.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "18585693",
"title": "PollyVote",
"section": "Section::::Accuracy of the PollyVote.:2008 U.S. presidential election.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 269,
"text": "The 2008 PollyVote was launched in August 2007 and forecast a victory for Barack Obama over the 14 months that it was making daily forecasts. On Election Eve, it predicted that Obama would receive 53.0% of the popular two-party vote, an error of 0.7 percentage points.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18585693",
"title": "PollyVote",
"section": "Section::::Accuracy of the PollyVote.:2012 U.S. presidential election.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 273,
"text": "The 2012 PollyVote was launched in January 2011 and forecast a victory for President Obama over the 22 months that it was making daily forecasts. On Election Eve, it predicted that Obama would receive 51.0% of the popular two-party vote, an error of 0.9 percentage points.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6343949",
"title": "Controversies of the 2006 Mexican general election",
"section": "Section::::Alleged irregularities.:PREP.:Allegations of added or missing votes (overvotes and undervotes).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 90,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 90,
"end_character": 411,
"text": "According to Mochán (p. 14 in) others have speculated in the press that the majority of overvotes and undervotes come from so-called \"contiguous polling places\" and are the result of confusion on the part of the voters, who deposited their ballots in the wrong box (the explanation follows). Mochán neither confirms nor denies the provenance of the overvotes and undervotes, and only reports aggregated totals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18585693",
"title": "PollyVote",
"section": "Section::::Accuracy of the PollyVote.:2004 U.S. presidential election.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 307,
"text": "The 2004 PollyVote was launched in March 2004 and forecast a victory for President Bush over the 8 months that it was making forecasts. The final forecast published on the morning of the election predicted that President would receive 51.5% of the popular two-party vote, an error of 0.3 percentage points.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "371301",
"title": "Electronic voting",
"section": "Section::::Documented problems with electronic voting.:United States.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 136,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 136,
"end_character": 261,
"text": "BULLET::::- Sarasota, Florida: There was an 18,000-person \"undervote\" in a congressional election. The subsequent investigation found that the undervote was not caused by software error. Poor ballot design was widely acknowledged as the cause of the undervote.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "54135531",
"title": "Social influence bias",
"section": "Section::::Results.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 1304,
"text": "The up-vote treatment increased the probability of up-voting by the first viewer by 32% over the control group (Figure 1A), while the probability of down-voting did not change compared to the control group, which means that users did not correct the random positive rating. The upward bias remained inplace for the observed 5-month period. The accumulating herding effect increased the comment’s mean rating by 25% compared to the control group comments (Figure 1C). Positively manipulated comments did receive higher ratings at all parts of the distribution, which means that they were also more likely to collect extremely high scores. The negative manipulation created an asymmetric herd effect: although the probability of subsequent down-votes was increased by the negative treatment, the probability of up-voting also grew for these comments. The community performed a correction which neutralized the negative treatment and resulted non-different final mean ratings from the control group. The authors also compared the final mean scores of comments across the most active topic categories on the website. The observed positive herding effect was present in the “politics,” “culture and society,” and “business” subreddits, but was not applicable for “economics,” “IT,” “fun,” and “general news”.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "171323",
"title": "Bandwagon effect",
"section": "Section::::In politics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 364,
"text": "Additionally, British polls have shown an increase to public exposure. Sixty-eight percent of voters had heard of the general election campaign results of the opinion poll in 1979. In 1987, this number of voters aware of the results increased to 74%. According to British studies, there is a consistent pattern of apparent bandwagon effects for the leading party.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
vgli4
|
Why does water jump around on a hot grill?
|
[
{
"answer": "You're observing (quite astutely) a cool phenomenon called the [Leidenfrost effect](_URL_0_). Because the grill is so hot, the water vaporizes and cushions the droplet, so it glides very easily. It also acts to insulate the water so it vaporizes slower than you might expect.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "a steam cushion forms between the water and the metal.\n\nlike a tiny hovercraft. \n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "294812",
"title": "Barbecue grill",
"section": "Section::::Parts.:Cooking grate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 69,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 69,
"end_character": 392,
"text": "Cooking grates used over gas or charcoal barbecues will allow fat and oil to drop between the grill bars. This can cause the fat or oil to ignite in a 'flare-up', the flames from which can blacken or burn the food on the grate. In an attempt to combat this problem, some barbecues are fitted with plates, baffles or other means to deflect the dripping flammable fluids away from the burners.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1909939",
"title": "Hot tub",
"section": "Section::::Water treatment.:Heating and energy use.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 330,
"text": "Hot tubs are usually heated using an electric or natural gas heater, though there are also submersible wood fire hot tub heaters, as well as solar hot water systems. Hot tubs are also found at natural hot springs; in this case, the water may be dangerously hot and must be combined with cool water for a safe soaking temperature.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11079079",
"title": "Mongolian barbecue",
"section": "Section::::Preparation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 357,
"text": "The round shape of the grill allows two or more chefs to cook food simultaneously, and to cook quickly due to the thinly sliced ingredients, so the food is typically cooked in one revolution of the grill. Oil or water may be added to ease cooking. The ingredients are stir-fried continuously over the high heat and all food remains identifiable and intact.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "275178",
"title": "Searing",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 263,
"text": "Typically in grilling, the food will be seared over very high heat and then moved to a lower-temperature area of the grill to finish cooking. In braising, the seared surface acts to flavor, color and otherwise enrich the liquid in which the food is being cooked.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1277505",
"title": "Steam explosion",
"section": "Section::::Practical uses.:Flash boiling in cooking.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 687,
"text": "A cooking technique called flash boiling uses a small amount of water to quicken the process of boiling. For example, this technique can be used to melt a slice of cheese onto a hamburger patty. The cheese slice is placed on top of the meat on a hot surface such as a frying pan, and a small quantity of cold water is thrown onto the surface near the patty. A vessel (such as a pot or frying-pan cover) is then used to quickly seal the steam-flash reaction, dispersing much of the steamed water on the cheese and patty. This results in a large release of heat, transferred via vaporized water condensing back into a liquid (a principle also used in refrigerator and freezer production).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5933947",
"title": "Fire bucket",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 258,
"text": "Often they have a convex, protruding bottom. The rounded bottom results in a strong, directed stream of water when the water is thrown at the fire. The rounded-bottom bucket is far more efficient in launching the water at the fire than a flat bottom bucket.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37135",
"title": "Barbecue",
"section": "Section::::Styles.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 691,
"text": "In American English usage, \"grilling\" refers to a fast process over high heat while \"barbecuing\" refers to a slow process using indirect heat or hot smoke, similar to some forms of roasting. In a typical U.S. home grill, food is cooked on a grate directly over hot charcoal, while in a U.S. barbecue the coals are dispersed to the sides or at a significant distance from the grate. In British usage, \"barbecuing\" refers to a fast cooking process done directly over high heat, while \"grilling\" refers to cooking under a source of direct, moderate-to-high heat—known in the United States as \"broiling\". Its South American versions are the southern Brazilian churrasco and the Argentine asado.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
261nuy
|
Why does French use so many silent letters?
|
[
{
"answer": "You could try asking /r/linguistics too. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The simple answer is that they weren't silent at some point in the past, and spelling didn't change as quickly as pronunciation. \n\nFrench spelling is based on old French pronunciation. When the spelling of, e.g., *veulent* (Latin *volunt*) was fossilized around 1100-1200, we can see that the vowels were no longer pronounced as o and e were during that time period and were thus changed. The consonants remained the same. Now, despite the fact the *nt* isn't pronounced, we know it was in the Latin and can confidently guess it was in Old French.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's the right sub to post it, because it's an HISTORICAL fact.\n\nBasically languages evolve at a faster pace than official grammars do. Academically we refer to the phenomenon you're asking about as \"grafia storica\" in Italian. I am really sorry, but I am not able to find a suitable translation over the internet right now for it.\n\nHow does it work? Let's take English. If you are not native speaker (as me) the first thing you notice is that sometimes there is no clear correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. That's why you need to \"spell\" things (and I guess you have contests for kids about it, as far as I got from The Simpsons, but I digress) sometimes.\n\n\"Borough\" for example has many silent letters. But you can find thousands of instances, and not only in English. You point out French, which is a good example, for instance when looking at d-p-s-t as ending letters, as they do not translate into spoken phonemes. In Persian we write خو (transliterated KH-W) but we only read خ (KH).\n\nWhy is it so, then? \nThe reason is pretty simple usually: we used to read them as they were written. When a spoken dialect became an official language with a standard written system, the words were categorized and written (more or less) as they were heard. Then they became TAUGHT in that way for different centuries. But languages flow, and change. So does pronunciation, like in the Great Vowel Shift.\nBut usually written language is less receptive to these changes, as they are often understood in pejorative terms from the \"old norm\". And so it happened in French: the silent letters were pronounced, then they became standard written in that way, then the letters became silent and they are still standardly written with them.\n\nHope this makes sense!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The Académie Française has met several times to ask this question. Simply put, silent letters were kept, despite not being pronounced, to show the etymology and word history. You can think of our English work 'knee' which used to be pronounced WITH the /k/ sound. Compare this with the Monty Python word, 'ni.' I am sure you can see the interest in keeping some history in spelling. Spanish as a counter-example has perfectly phonetic spelling, all ancient pronunciations were simply discarded.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Beyond the explanations already given, I'd also like to point out that technically, what we consider a \"silent letter\" is based on our bias of how we think letters should be interpreted to sound. It is necessary to recognize that the correspondences between sound and letter are arbitrary in many ways, and dependent on context. Think how many English words we do *not* consider to have a \"silent\" letter, when in fact, if we took every letter at face value, we would find that they do-- for instance, when was the last time you pronounced the first \"a\" in \"parade\" the way you normally think an \"a\" should be pronounced? (Assuming you speak some sort of 21st century American English)\n\nMy point is, letters only seem \"silent\" when you take them at a prescribed face-value.\n\nInstead, consider the letters of a word in its whole, in context: \"l'état\" is made of 5 letters that, in that order, produce the sound (rendered in English colloquial spelling) \"leh-tah\". None of the letters in l'état are silent-- for their combination triggers the intended pronunciation, which is all any written word does.\n\nSaying that French has a lot of silent letters implies that the words are somehow incomplete or that there are sounds that are not being said. This is not true-- in fact, all the letters of every French word contribute to the sound that a reader makes when he/she reads it. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1716967",
"title": "Silent letter",
"section": "Section::::Romance languages.:French.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 260,
"text": "Silent letters are common in French, including the last letter of most words. Ignoring auxiliary letters that create digraphs (such as , , , , , , and , and and as signals for nasalized vowels), they include almost every possible letter except , , , , , and .\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1716967",
"title": "Silent letter",
"section": "Section::::Romance languages.:French.:Consonants.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 481,
"text": "In most dialects, the letter is almost always silent, except in the digraphs and . However, in some words, an initial letter marks an audible hiatus that prevents liaison, cf. words starting with an aspirated h. Numerous doubled consonants exist; French does not distinguish doubled consonants from single consonants in pronunciation as Italian does. A marked distinction exists between a single and doubled : doubled is always voiceless , while an intervocalic single is voiced .\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "415406",
"title": "English as a second or foreign language",
"section": "Section::::Difficulties for learners.:Vocabulary.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 624,
"text": "BULLET::::- Silent letters - Within English, almost every letter has the 'opportunity' to be silent in a word, except \"F, J, Q, R, V, and Y\". The most common is \"e\", usually at the end of the word and is used to elongate the previous vowel(s). The common usage of silent letters can throw off how ESL learners interpret the language (especially those who are fluent in a Germanic language), since a common step to learning words in most languages is to pronounce them phonetically. Words such as \"Queue\", \"Colonel\", \"Knight\" and \"Wednesday\" tend to throw off the learner, since they contain large amounts of silent letters.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1716967",
"title": "Silent letter",
"section": "Section::::Romance languages.:Italian.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 70,
"end_character": 278,
"text": "Silent is also used in forms of the verb \"avere\" ('have') – \"ho\", \"hai\" and \"hanno\" – to distinguish these from their homophones \"o\" ('or'), \"ai\" ('to the') and \"anno\" ('year'). The letter is also silent at the beginning of words borrowed from other languages, such as \"hotel\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26226",
"title": "Rhyme",
"section": "Section::::Rhyme in various languages.:French.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 72,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 72,
"end_character": 681,
"text": "The most important \"silent\" letter is the \"mute e\". In spoken French today, final \"e\" is, in some regional accents (in Paris for example), omitted after consonants; but in Classical French prosody, it was considered an integral part of the rhyme even when following the vowel. \"Joue\" could rhyme with \"boue\", but not with \"trou\". Rhyming words ending with this silent \"e\" were said to make up a \"double rhyme\", while words not ending with this silent \"e\" made up a \"single rhyme\". It was a principle of stanza-formation that single and double rhymes had to alternate in the stanza. Virtually all 17th-century French plays in verse alternate single and double alexandrine couplets.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1900370",
"title": "Silent e",
"section": "Section::::Effect of silent on simple vowels.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 469,
"text": "Depending on dialect, English has anywhere from 13 to more than 20 separate vowel phonemes, both monophthongs and diphthongs. Silent is one of the ways English orthography is able to use the Latin alphabet's five vowel characters to represent so many vowel sounds. There is usually only one consonant between the silent and the preceding vowel; a double consonant may be a cue that the is not silent and does not affect the preceding vowel (as in \"Jesse\" and \"posse\").\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5567734",
"title": "Hard and soft G",
"section": "Section::::Other languages.:Latin script.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 333,
"text": "BULLET::::- French, Catalan, Spanish, and Portuguese orthographies use a silent (e.g. French \"guerre\", Catalan \"guerra\", Spanish \"guitarra\", Portuguese \"guitarra\"). With the exception of Portuguese, a trema over the is used to indicate that it is not silent (e.g. Spanish \"vergüenza\" is pronounced , with both a hard and non-mute ).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3pfg25
|
why are there so many rats in new york city?
|
[
{
"answer": "Where there are people, there will be rats.\n\n\nWhere there is garbage, there will be rats.\n\n\nThe more you have of either, the more rats you will have.\n\n\nNew York has a LOT of both.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "nyc is just kind of dirty. where large amounts of trash exist, so then do rodents. Sure you may not see how dirty it is, but NYC has multitudes of places for rats to flourish, hidden crevices between older buildings, hundreds of subway tracks (especially some unused), and the sewer system is one of the largest and most complex systems in the world, also containing several unused/secret tunnels that can make for great rat breeding grounds.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In tandem with previous comments, the natural predator count in NYC might be lower because of urbanisation as well. Less things eating rats, plus opportune feeding resorts, and space to expand, make ideal locations for any creature to reach noticeably plague proportions.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I read a book in high school that was about the rat infestation in nyc during the 1800's, and it said that part of the reason why the rat population grew so much was that the city tried to systematically exterminate rats by poisoning them or catching them. It turned out that the ones they caught or killed with traps/poison were the weaker and diseased rats that resorted to risking being caught in order to survive. The stronger and healthier rats didn't have to expose themselves like that because they could successfully fight off other rats for resources (food and breeding spots). These rats then reproduced to make healthier offspring and the cycle continued with there being fewer unhealthy rats to compete for resources with.\n\ntl;dr the city tried to kill them all but only killed off weaker rats, allowing stronger rats to have less competition for survival ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "26834953",
"title": "Rats in New York City",
"section": "Section::::Description.:Population.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 621,
"text": "In 2014, the television channel Animal Planet named New York City the \"Worst Rat City in the World,\" and rodentologist Bobby Corrigan called New York City the \"USA's No. 1 Pestropolis.\" Compared to other cities within the United States, studies indicate New York is particularly well-suited for rats. This conclusion is based on characteristics such as human population patterns, public sanitation practices, climate, housing construction standards and other variables. Experts consider that the actual population of rats varies, depending on climate, sanitation practices, efforts to control the population, and season.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26834953",
"title": "Rats in New York City",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 575,
"text": "Rats in New York City are widespread, as they are in many densely populated areas. For a long time, the number of rats in New York City was unknown, and a common urban legend declared there were up to five times as many rats as people. In 2014, however, scientists more accurately measured the entire city's rat population to be approximately only 24% of the number of humans. That would reduce the urban legend's ratio considerably, with approximately 2 million rats to New York's 8.4 million people at the time of the study. Even the city's subway system has had problems.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26834953",
"title": "Rats in New York City",
"section": "Section::::Control.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 462,
"text": "The New York City Department of Health handles enforcement of rat infestation problems in New York City. Local authorities in New York have long recognized that eliminating rats from the city is unrealistic, but have made various efforts to control their prevalence. The approach has traditionally been reactive: after receiving complaints of infestation, officials would commence control efforts at that site by placing rodent poison, traps, or contraceptives.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52740147",
"title": "Rats (2016 film)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 254,
"text": "Rats, also known as Rats NYC, is a 2016 American documentary horror film directed by Morgan Spurlock. Based on a book by Robert Sullivan and distributed by the Discovery Channel, the film chronicles rat infestations in major cities throughout the world.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56109",
"title": "Brown rat",
"section": "Section::::Distribution and habitat.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 985,
"text": "It is often said that there are as many rats in cities as people, but this varies from area to area depending on climate, living conditions, etc. Brown rats in cities tend not to wander extensively, often staying within of their nest if a suitable concentrated food supply is available, but they will range more widely where food availability is lower. It is difficult to determine the extent of their home range because they do not utilize a whole area but rather use regular runways to get from one location to another. There is great debate over the size of the population of rats in New York City, with estimates from almost 100 million rats to as few as 250,000. Experts suggest that New York is a particularly attractive place for rats because of its aging infrastructure, high moisture, and high poverty rates. In addition to sewers, rats are very comfortable living in alleyways and residential buildings, as there is usually a large and continuous food source in those areas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26834953",
"title": "Rats in New York City",
"section": "Section::::Description.:Species.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 466,
"text": "Rarely seen in daylight, rats have been reported in New York City since early colonial days. As recently as 1944, two distinct species were prevalent: the brown rat (Norway rat) and the black rat (ship rat, roof rat). Over the next few decades, the more aggressive brown variety displaced the black rats, typically by attacking and killing them, but also by out-competing them for food and shelter. By 2014, the city's rat population was dominated by the brown rat.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8323362",
"title": "The Rats (2002 film)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 461,
"text": "The Rats is a 2002 made-for-TV horror film, written by Frank Deasy and directed by John Lafia It is about a clan of rats in New York City transformed, as part of a DNA research trial, into man-eating killers who take over a Manhattan department store and threaten to overrun New York City. It was known as \"The Colony\" before it was released. Originally, intended to be aired on September 11, 2001, its release was delayed until after the September 11 attacks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5ncs61
|
Did people other than royalty ever really have titles like 'Steve the strong' or 'Craig the wise' and if so, how did they get them?
|
[
{
"answer": "I'm not sure if this is exactly what you're looking for, but in Ireland it was/is very common to identify someone by a nickname that is long the same lines as those in your question. \n\nThis is a practice that starts very early - though I am hesitant to put a date on it we do have records in old Irish with warriors or chieftains having nicknames - and the most recent article I've read about it was published in 2010: Walsh, Colm. \"Nicknames: A Directory of Occupations, Geographies, Prejudices and Habits.\" History Ireland 18, no. 3 (2010): 26-28\n\nEspecially in smaller communities where you would have an overlap of names in people that you knew, people were often given nicknames so that you could distinguish one Patrick from the other, say. Often, these nicknames were determined by physical features, or personal attributes. Colours were particularly common, usually the colour of the person's hair: Black Thomas had dark hair while Red Thomas had red hair. These are the ones that come up the most often, in my experience, but you will get things like Strong Tom or Bold Nora. \n\nMy personal favourite is the surname name Kennedy, which comes from the old Irish *ceann éidigh* meaning 'ugly head.' \n\nTitles like the ones you describe did occur as well, usually in reference to someone's habit or profession. John the Doctor, Colm the Master, those sorts of things. \n\nOff the top of my head the only article I can think of that discusses things more in depth is: \n\nBreen, Richard. \"Naming Practices in Western Ireland.\" Man, New Series, 17, no. 4 (1982): 701-13\n\nHowever if I can scrounge up any more, I certainly will share.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Yes, that kind of last name is called a \"byname\" or an \"epithet\".\n\nPeople have been using that kind of last name for thousands of years. Most of the non-Roman last names you see in the Bible, for example, are of this variety, including John the Baptist and Mary Magdalene (who is also known as Mary of Magdelena).\n\nBy the Middle Ages in Europe, these type of bynames had become a little bit more formal. Since a lord might have five different \"John\"s living on his manor, these bynames helped avoid confusion when it came to tax collecting and inheritence and other such matters. So, a byname was usually attached to a peasant around the time they became an adult/got married/started their own farm, and that name would be attached to that person their entire life. So even if \"John at the Wood\" later moved to a new farm by the creek, he'd still be known as \"John at the Wood\" for the rest of his life, because that's what the tax collector knew him as.\n\nFixed family surnames didn't arise until the Normans invaded England in 1066. There is some evidence that fixed surnames were in use shortly before that in France and Ireland, but not much longer--maybe a generation or two.\n\nIn much of the rest of Europe, the populations didn't go straight down the \"fixed surnames\" road. Instead, some adopted a \"patronymic\" naming system, such as in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, parts of northern Germany, Russia, Italy, and elsewhere. One by one, these populations adopted the modern \"fixed surname\" system, though that process played out over hundreds of years, and in Iceland, they still use the old patronymic system to this day.\n\nHow this system worked is that your father's first name became your last name. Your name is John and your dad's name is Peter? Then your last name is Peterson, and your kids' last name will be Johnson.\n\nThe problem with this system was that it led to a lot of people having the same first and last name as someone else who lived nearby, so these societies still kept using bynames as well. A full Dutch name up until the 1700s was something like \"John Peterson the Smith\" (or \"Jan Pietersen de Smid\"). In day to day conversation, people would usually just call you \"Jan Pietersen\", but the tax collector would insist on using your full name because three other \"Jan Pietersen\"s lived in the same town.\n\nThere were three kinds of bynames: geographical, occupational, or physical, e.g. \"John by the Hill\", \"John the Tanner\", or \"John the Red\". \n\nAgain, this byname was given to you around the time you got married or moved out on your own. Until that point, you would be using your father's. You'd be known as \"Peter, son of John on the Hill\" or else \"Peter on the Hill\".\n\nOnce you established your own home and family, your new byname was settled upon by your community. It wasn't something you chose yourself.\n\nAnd you were stuck with it, unless you became very famous and got to be known as \"the Great\" or something, or else if you immigrated somewhere else. If \"John on the Hill\" who lives near Paris moved to London, he'd be \"John of Paris\" by the time he got there. It was *possible* for a peasant to end up with a byname such as \"the Wise\" or \"the Strong\" but it was relatively rare. Most often, peasants ended up with a more conventional geographical or occupational byname.\n\nI have [written on this topic before](_URL_4_) and my previous answer may be of some use as well.\n\nAnd [here](_URL_3_) is a book of transcriptions of documents relating to the King of Scotland in the 1100s and 1200s. Perusing the document, you can see that in the earlier entries, many of the last names still in use were not yet fixed surnames, but bynames. But by the end of the 1200s, at the end of that book, most people in the British isles had made the switch to the \"fixed surname\" system. \n\nSources:\n\n[Personal and Family Names](_URL_6_)\n\n[Family Names And Their Story](_URL_2_)\n\n[The History of the Norman Conquest of England](_URL_1_)\n\n[English Surnames: Essays on Family Nomenclature](_URL_0_)\n\n[The World's Great Classics: The History of Europe In the Middle Ages](_URL_5_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "48090",
"title": "Llywelyn the Great",
"section": "Section::::Death and aftermath.:Historical assessment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 295,
"text": "Llywelyn dominated Wales for more than 40 years, and was one of only two Welsh rulers to be called \"the Great\", the other being his ancestor Rhodri the Great. The first person to give Llywelyn the title \"the Great\" seems to have been his near-contemporary, the English chronicler Matthew Paris.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "214273",
"title": "List of people known as \"the Great\"",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 730,
"text": "In Persia, the title \"the Great\" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title \"Great King\". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia. The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet \"Great\" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus) assumes that everyone knew who \"Alexander the Great\" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called \"the Great\". The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used \"Great King\" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12780987",
"title": "Jean de Suarez d'Aulan",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 203,
"text": "He was known to be a very powerful, influential, and important man who made himself known to many. He came from a powerful French aristocratic family as well as one of the oldest Spanish aristocracies. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1075176",
"title": "Padishah",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 204,
"text": "It was adopted by several monarchs claiming the highest rank, roughly equivalent to the ancient Persian notion of \"The Great\" or \"Great King\", and later adopted by post-Achaemenid and Christian Emperors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "416853",
"title": "Magnate",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 402,
"text": "A magnate, from the late Latin \"magnas\", a great man, itself from Latin \"magnus\", \"great\", is a noble or a man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities. In reference to the Middle Ages, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage, and in Poland for the richest Szlachta.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15517821",
"title": "List of El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera characters",
"section": "Section::::Rivera family members.:Mighty Cheetar.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 602,
"text": "The Mighty Cheetar was Grandpapi's grandfather, The Justice Jaguar's father, Rodolfo's great-grandfather, and Manny's great-great grandfather. He was a supervillain like his grandson, who wore a more primitive steam powered robot suit. The suit was used by Grandpapi in \"Puma Licito\" to save Manny and Frida from El Oso, and to protect his super villain title. He appeared in \"The Grave Escape\" when Manny and Frida were transported to the Land of the Dead and he, along with Manny's other relatives, helped stop Sartana. He is known as the \"Scourge of the Seven Seas\" and speaks with a pirate accent.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "228998",
"title": "Christopher Hitchens",
"section": "Section::::Illness and death.:Reactions to death.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 236,
"text": "Richard Dawkins, a friend of Hitchens, said, \"I think he was one of the greatest orators of all time. He was a polymath, a wit, immensely knowledgeable, and a valiant fighter against all tyrants, including imaginary supernatural ones.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3fx4nk
|
why is walmart known as asda in the uk?
|
[
{
"answer": "Asda existed before Walmart was even a thing. Walmart bought them (including their well-known name). They feel the Asda brand is valuable and well known in the UK, so they wanted to keep it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "33589",
"title": "Walmart",
"section": "Section::::Operating divisions.:Walmart International.:United Kingdom.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 95,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 95,
"end_character": 1140,
"text": "Walmart's UK subsidiary Asda (which retained its name after being acquired by Walmart) is based in Leeds and accounted for 42.7percent of 2006 sales of Walmart's international division. In contrast to the U.S. operations, Asda was originally and still remains primarily a grocery chain, but with a stronger focus on non-food items than most UK supermarket chains other than Tesco. Asda had 633 stores, including 147 from the 2010 acquisition of Netto UK. In addition to small suburban Asda Supermarkets, which has 209 locations, larger stores are branded Supercentres, which has 32 locations. Other banners include Asda Superstores (341 locations), Asda Living (33 locations), and Asda Petrol Fueling Station (18 locations). In July 2015, Asda updated its logo featuring the Walmart Asterisks behind the first 'A' in the Logo. In May 2018, Walmart announced plans to sell Asda to rival Sainsburys for $10.1 billion. Under the terms of the deal, Walmart gets a 42% stake in the combined company and about £3 billion in cash. In April 2019, United Kingdom's Competition and Markets Authority blocked the proposed sale of Asda to Sainsburys. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "167937",
"title": "Asda",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 853,
"text": "Asda Stores Ltd () trading as Asda, is a British supermarket retailer, headquartered in Leeds, West Yorkshire. The company was founded in 1949 when the supermarket owning Asquith family merged with the Associated Dairies company of Yorkshire. It expanded into the south of England during the 1970s and 1980s, and acquired Allied Carpets, 61 large Gateway Supermarkets and other businesses, such as MFI, then sold off its acquisitions during the 1990s to concentrate on the supermarkets. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange until 1999 when it was acquired by the American retail giant Walmart for £6.7 billion. Asda was the second-largest supermarket chain in Britain between 2003 and 2014 by market share, at which point it fell into third place. Since April 2019 it has regained its second-place position, behind Tesco and ahead of Sainsbury's.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "167937",
"title": "Asda",
"section": "Section::::Brands and services.:George clothing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 67,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 67,
"end_character": 779,
"text": "Asda has its own range of clothing known as George, which was created and trialled in selected stores in 1989, and officially launched and rolled out to the main superstore estate in 1990. It replaced the older Asdale/Asda clothing labels of the 1970s and 1980s. This is marketed as quality fashion clothing at affordable prices. Walmart also sells the George brand in Argentina, Canada, China, India, Japan, Mexico, and the US (and in South Korea until Walmart pulled out of that market). George clothing is also sold at four stand alone dedicated stores in Malta, the first opening in 2013. The label is named after George Davies, founder of Next, who was its original chief designer. Davies himself parted company with Asda in 2000 and is no longer associated with the brand.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6115280",
"title": "Shoprite (Isle of Man)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 342,
"text": "It has long-standing trading relationships with major FMCG brands such as Waitrose (UK supermarket chain), Iceland (UK discount supermarket chain), Subway (US owned fast food franchise, currently the largest in the world), Cook (UK frozen ready meal supplier), Peacocks (UK \"value\" fashion retailer), and Lloyds Pharmacy (UK pharmacy chain).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "154557",
"title": "Marks & Spencer",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 295,
"text": "Marks & Spencer Group plc (also known as M&S) is a major British multinational retailer headquartered in Westminster, London that specialises in selling high quality clothing, home products and food products. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33589",
"title": "Walmart",
"section": "Section::::Subsidiaries.:Private label brands.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 126,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 126,
"end_character": 695,
"text": "About 40 percent of products sold in Walmart are [[private label]] [[store brand]]s, which are produced for the company through contracts with manufacturers. Walmart began offering private label brands in 1991, with the launch of [[Sam's Choice]], a line of drinks produced by [[Cott]] Beverages for Walmart. Sam's Choice quickly became popular and by 1993, was the third-most-popular beverage brand in the United States. Other Walmart brands include Great Value and Equate in the U.S. and Canada and Smart Price in Britain. A 2006 study talked of \"the magnitude of mind-share Walmart appears to hold in the shoppers' minds when it comes to the awareness of private label brands and retailers.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33589",
"title": "Walmart",
"section": "Section::::Operating divisions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 410,
"text": "Walmart's operations are organized into four divisions: Walmart U.S., Walmart International, Sam's Club and Global eCommerce. The company offers various retail formats throughout these divisions, including supercenters, supermarkets, hypermarkets, warehouse clubs, cash-and-carry stores, home improvement, specialty electronics, restaurants, apparel stores, drugstores, convenience stores, and digital retail.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
4lh21c
|
why do witches carry broomsticks?
|
[
{
"answer": "It's thought to have been connected with drug use.\n\nOne of the earliest accounts of the trial of a \"witch\" in the 14th century says that one of the things found in her possession was some \"ointment\" with which she \"greased her staff upon which she ambled\".\n\nIt's thought to have happened like this: during the Middle Ages, Europeans discovered some plants that had hallucinogenic properties, such as henbane or deadly nightshade. Some of these happened also to be poisonous, so it was quite a bit more dangerous than LSD, but otherwise... well, it made you feel good and gave you some awesome hallucinations, including a feeling of flying. This theory also has the benefit of explaining the image of witches hunched around a cauldron, brewing up their potions -- they were actually making their drugs, in a sort of mediaeval version of a meth lab.\n\nThe best way to apply the resulting \"ointment\" was to smear it on a smooth stick, like a broomstick, and push that into an orifice where it is easily absorbed into the bloodstream. For women, application through the -- let's not mince words -- vagina was an excellent method, and probably also... particularly pleasurable.\n\nAnd there you have it: women straddling broomsticks and \"flying\".",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "779883",
"title": "Magical objects in Harry Potter",
"section": "Section::::Transportation.:Broomsticks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 185,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 185,
"end_character": 407,
"text": "Broomsticks are used for transportation by witches and wizards of all ages, and for participating in the game of Quidditch. Their use is similar to that of flying carpets, although the latter are banned in Great Britain by the Ministry of Magic. However, they are uncomfortable for extended trips, even with a cushion charm applied, and thus many wizards favour other means of transport for those journeys.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11304838",
"title": "Magical tools in Wicca",
"section": "Section::::Other tools.:Besom.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 293,
"text": "The besom, or broom, is often associated with witches and witchcraft. The stories of witches flying on brooms originated from the besom. In Wicca, it is used in handfasting ceremonies, when a couple jumps over it. It is also used in seasonal fertility dances as a representation of a phallus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59701",
"title": "Broom",
"section": "Section::::In wider culture.:Literature.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 287,
"text": "BULLET::::- In J.K. Rowling's \"Harry Potter\" novels and film adaptations, broomsticks are a common form of transport for wizards and witches in Britain. These are also used for the magical sport of Quidditch, in which players use their broomsticks to fly around a field and shoot goals.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "530583",
"title": "Witch's broom",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 289,
"text": "Witch's broom or witches' broom is a deformity in a woody plant, typically a tree, where the natural structure of the plant is changed. A dense mass of shoots grows from a single point, with the resulting structure resembling a broom or a bird's nest. It is sometimes caused by pathogens.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59701",
"title": "Broom",
"section": "Section::::Magic.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 324,
"text": "In the context of witchcraft, \"broomstick\" is likely to refer to the broom as a whole, known as a besom. The first known reference to witches flying on broomsticks dates to 1453, confessed by the male witch Guillaume Edelin. The concept of a flying ointment used by witches appears at about the same time, recorded in 1456.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59572",
"title": "Quidditch",
"section": "Section::::Development.:Broomsticks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 302,
"text": "Magical flying broomsticks are one of the forms of transportation for wizards and witches, as well as being used for playing Quidditch. The three most prominent broomsticks in the books are the Nimbus 2000, Nimbus 2001, and the Firebolt, both of which have been produced as merchandise by Warner Bros.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "530583",
"title": "Witch's broom",
"section": "Section::::Uses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 402,
"text": "Witches' brooms are of wide ecological importance. They generally tend to be inhabited by a wide variety of organisms apart from the causative organisms. Some of the invading organisms, such as some species of moths, are specific to particular types of witches' brooms, relying on them for food and shelter for their larvae. Various larger animals nest in them, including the northern flying squirrel.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
429ctw
|
why do certain artists have hits but then go into obscurity?
|
[
{
"answer": "Making a hit song is really, really hard. Especially if you don't have a huge industry backer. \n\nSome bands just absolutely nail it with one or two albums and then just can't make it happen again. It might be because the band changes lineups or styles, or just because the public has moved on and they can't adapt to new popular styles. \n\nIt takes a while to make an album, even if you can afford to spend all your time in the studio, and the public moves on fast. You have to keep hitting a new sweet spot every time, and that takes a lot of skill and some luck.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "One hit wonders are not always, but can be basically a fluke. A band usually makes music for a while, nothing too special, but as statistics ensure, about 1/10000 or something to that kind of extent (probably lower than that), make something that sounds amazing, give it to the public and they love it. The band becomes so caught up in that rush, they either don't make any more music, or just simply can't replicate the greatness they produced before and fall back into obscurity.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Hits are hard to predict, and sometimes the stress of having a hit- and the massive change of life needed to capitalise on that hit- can mean you suddenly aren't able or don't want to follow up on it. I'll use D'Angelo as an example. He puts out one album that does fairly well. A decent hit single on RnB charts. Follows it up with an album that is a commercial success and a critical smash. The resulting tour and attempts to write a follow up take a huge personal toll, leading to a decade of alcohol abuse and crippling self criticism. There's a happy ending to it of course since Black Messiah is at least as good as Voodoo, but not all artists get that happy ending, and some are maybe a few years away yet.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "32900047",
"title": "Disco Not Disco",
"section": "Section::::Reception.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 324,
"text": "BULLET::::- Allmusic (4.5/5) – states that \"not only does the music stand on its own (there's a reason why thousands of young DJs and vinyl hounds collapsed in confoundment upon finding out that these rare gems were being issued together), but the liner notes provide a story behind each song, only adding to the mystique.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1076048",
"title": "Xenomania",
"section": "Section::::History.:Failed collaborations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 31,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 31,
"end_character": 759,
"text": "\"Everything about us is about enormous enthusiasm for something. And therefore big artists can come in and they think \"they're the flavour of the whatever, let's take their thing and then we'll do what we want with it...\" Well, no, that's not acceptable anyway. I've had that experience happen where the big artists were fine until they got into the mix room and then they basically pulled the record to pieces. So I took my name off the record and the writing credits off the record. Because they're assholes. And they sold about 20,000 copies, and they've never been seen since. So big artists are often jerks of the biggest order. And often people say don't meet your heroes because you'll be let down, and I sort of understand why people would say that.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30736081",
"title": "The Searchers discography",
"section": "Section::::Albums.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 499,
"text": "Notes: \"Smash Hits\" and \"Smash Hits Vol. 2\" are compilation albums that have been included because a number of charts hits never made it to a regular album. \"Hear Hear!\" and \"This Is Us\" are seldom mentioned on the web. They have been included because they contain songs that did not appear on other albums. The \"Play the System\" album has been added because that album too contains early 1960s songs that did not appear on previous albums. \"Needles and Pins\" features new recordings of their hits.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "770126",
"title": "Swedish hip hop",
"section": "Section::::History.:In the 21st century.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 354,
"text": "Due to file sharing via the Internet and changing consumer markets, the number of records an artist has sold is not necessarily indicative of how popular or important that artist is. There are Swedish hip hop acts who release records for what they know is going to be an economic loss, in hope of earning their money through concerts and other ventures.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53818185",
"title": "List of artists who left right before their bands became famous",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 409,
"text": "Artists who were only meant to be temporary stand-ins in their bands should not be included in this list. The bands the listed artists left must be notable, can be from any genre of music, and include vocal groups whose members do not play instruments. Because these artists left before their former bands' mainstream breakthrough, they should not be considered part of their former bands' \"classic\" lineups.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45494626",
"title": "The Past, the Present, the Future (Jodeci album)",
"section": "Section::::Background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 276,
"text": "\"You can fall into the trap that a lot of artists fall into by just putting records out there because fans are excited and start tarnishing your legacy and body of work you’ve created. People waited all these years for some quality music – not just throwing music out there.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50488731",
"title": "Soul Searchin' (Jimmy Barnes album)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 408,
"text": "Barnes said, \"The idea was to find more obscure soul songs that people may not have heard – the diamonds in the rough. I was just looking and looking for songs that for one reason or another were skipped over or they were too hard for radio or the singer was cross-eyed – for whatever reason, these songs were missed. I can't wait to get to sing these songs again when I take them on tour. It will be wild.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
38y24o
|
how realistic is the shot and the recovery from the bullet "into the lung" in the movie focus (2015)?
|
[
{
"answer": "I don't know what kind of firearm and bullet were supposed to be used, but no, it's not realistic. A through and through wound would leave massive cavitation and other tissue damage as well as blowing a large exit hole - typically. It's a movies, they frequently are inaccurate .",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm just going by the plot synposis on IMDB since I haven't seen the movie. \n\n > Nicky then gets shot in the chest by Owens, which horrifies Garriga and causes him to leave. Nicky appears to bleed out as Jess cries and tells him she loves him. It looks like Nicky dies until Owens says he shot Nicky in the right spot to avoid any major arteries, although he did puncture his lung.\n\nSo it's totally possible to get shot, have the bullet pass through the torso, and poke a couple holes in the lung. Usually the problem isn't so much blood in the lung as air in the chest cavity. Your body keeps the pressure in the area between your lung and your rib at a lower pressure than the atmosphere. If you create a hole for air to move from your lung into your chest, you disrupt this pressure barrier and your lung collapses. This can be solved with a chest tube. I suggest the movie 3 Kings if you want a decent example.\n\nThe likelihood of the bullet going all the way through a person depends on the power of the bullet and the range at which it is fired, and also what it runs into going through the body. Through-and-through wounds are generally less damaging than a wound in which the bullet stops in the body because the body hasn't absorbed the full energy of the bullet. \n\nThe problem with this scenario is that it's not possible to choose the right spot to shoot someone like that. If the bullet hits the ribs (bone), it can shatter them, change direction, etc. Also, there are a lot of really important blood vessels in the chest area. Bullets also don't just poke a hole, there can be areas of tissue that get destroyed by the blunt force of the bullet and essentially liquify.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1138986",
"title": "Eyemo",
"section": "Section::::Construction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 436,
"text": "The Eyemo takes an internal load of 100 feet (30,5 m) of film, which lasts just over one minute when filming at 24 fps. Some models also accept a 400 ft or 1000 ft magazine that is attached to the back, and can hold 4⅓ and 11 minutes of film respectively. When used with a 400 ft magazine, the Eyemo is cumbersome (but not impossible) to operate without the use of a tripod, while the use of a 1000-ft magazine requires tripod support.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3320422",
"title": "Nikon Coolpix 8400",
"section": "Section::::Specifications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 205,
"text": "BULLET::::- Lens / Digital zoom : 3.5× Zoom-Nikkor; 6.1–21.6 mm [35 mm (135) format equivalent to 24–85 mm]; f/2.6–4.9; 10 elements in 7 groups; two glass molded ED lens elements included; 4× digital zoom\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47243511",
"title": "Aldrete's scoring system",
"section": "Section::::Alternatives.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 403,
"text": "BULLET::::- White in 1999 proposed \"fast-track criteria\" to determine if patients can be transferred straight from theatre to Phase II recovery. He proposes a minimum overall score of 12 with no score 1 in any category. He includes Consciousness, activity, circulation, respiration, oxygen saturations, pain and emesis. This does not include bleeding or urine output. This was used by Song et al. 2004.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35082604",
"title": "Fujifilm X-mount",
"section": "Section::::Fujinon XF and XC lenses.:XC zoom lenses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 204,
"text": "BULLET::::- Fujinon XC 15-45mm F/3.5-5.6 OIS PZ: This is a lightweight, collapsible, consumer-grade power zoom lens with a short 13 cm close focusing distance. It is the kit lens for the X-A5 and X-T100.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3320422",
"title": "Nikon Coolpix 8400",
"section": "Section::::Specifications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 259,
"text": "BULLET::::- Battery life : Approx. 260 images (EN-EL7; based on CIPA standard, Industry standard for measuring life of camera batteries. Measured at ; zoom adjusted with each shot, built-in Speedlight fired with every other shot, image mode set to NORMAL/8M)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30122531",
"title": "List of Sony Cyber-shot cameras",
"section": "Section::::HX series.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "BULLET::::- DSC-HX400 / HX400V (2014, 20.4 megapixels, 50x optical zoom, 100x Clear Image zoom, Carl Zeiss lens, Optical SteadyShot® image stabilization, AVCHD™ 1080/60p Full HD video, up to 10 fps, WiFi and NFC)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47011590",
"title": "Canon PowerShot G3 X",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 386,
"text": "It has the longest focal length zoom range of any Powershot G-Series, from 24-600mm (35mm equivalent) with a maximum aperture of f/2.8 at widest, decreasing to f/5.6 at 600mm. In terms of overall specification it is the most capable of the current-production G-series cameras but this comes at the expense of overall size and weight - it is also the largest and heaviest of the series.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1ylal9
|
what is happening with az sb1062 and hb2153 (relating to the free exercise of religion)?
|
[
{
"answer": "So basically, Free Exercise of Religion is the issue here.\n\nAt it's simplest form, Free Exercise of Religion means that for example, I can't make a law that says \"You can't worship Jesus Christ.\"\n\nThat's a CLEAR violation of Free Exercise. \n\nHowever, there is a concept called a \"Neutral Law of General Applicability\"\n\nThere's a US Supreme Court case (Employment Division vs. Smith) that addressed the issue. Basically, the state in question had laws banning a certain psychoactive drug called Peyote. A Native American man was fired for using Peyote and he argued that his religion required the use of Peyote in a religious ritual. \n\nThe court basically said that if the law doesn't target a religion specifically, but is instead applicable to the general population equally, it's ok that it otherwise burdens the religious freedoms of people.\n\nAnd this is a GOOD thing. If you could just ignore any law because it infringed on your religion, you become, as Scalia wrote, \"A law unto [yourself]\"\n\nLets say I want to make my own religion. As a part of my religion, I MUST murder one person who annoys me each day. You can't do anything about it, if you do, you're infringing on my religious beliefs. \n\nDoes that sound like a world you want to live in? It's a hyperbolic example for humor's effect, but basically this prevents people from using their religion as an excuse to break the law. If the law doesn't single out your religion, then you can't use religious freedom to get around it.\n\nWhat SB1062 does is specifically state that people are protected from even laws of general applicability if the law violates a sincerely held religious belief.\n\nThe caveat is that the state may restrict their religious belief if the government can prove two things:\n\n1: There is a compelling government interest in restricting the religious freedom\n\n2: The methods used are the least restrictive of furthering that compelling interest.\n\nFor this reason, the Arizona bill doesn't suddenly legalize the situation I described above, where I get to make my \"I get to murder anyone I dislike religion\" and get away with it. Preventing murder is a compelling government interest and stopping me from murdering people I don't like is the least restrictive means to do so.\n\nBut what if my religious belief isn't murder...but something else.\n\nYou see, the problem with the compelling state interest test is that it's incredibly difficult (read: Nearly Impossible) to pass that test.\n\nIt's the test lawmakers and courts use when they want the government to lose. It's INCREDIBLY hard to prove that a law is a compelling government interest and that you are using the least restrictive means to accomplish that goal.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1973385",
"title": "Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 942,
"text": "The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), , codified as et seq., is a United States federal law that prohibits the imposition of burdens on the ability of prisoners to worship as they please and gives churches and other religious institutions a way to avoid zoning law restrictions on their property use. It also defines the term \"religious exercise\" to include \"any exercise of religion, whether or not compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief.\" RLUIPA was enacted by the United States Congress in 2000 to correct the problems of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) of 1993. The act was passed in both the House of Representatives and the Senate by unanimous consent in voice votes, meaning that no objection was raised to its passage, so no written vote was taken. The S. 2869 legislation was enacted into law by the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton on September 22, 2000.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2090795",
"title": "Workplace Religious Freedom Act",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 269,
"text": "The Workplace Religious Freedom Act (WRFA) is a proposed amendment to title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would limit employers' discretion to decline to accommodate the religious practices of their employees or prospective employees in the United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16144234",
"title": "Freedom of religion in Uzbekistan",
"section": "Section::::Status of religious freedom.:Legal and policy framework.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 734,
"text": "The Law on Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations (1998 Religion Law) provides for freedom of worship, freedom from religious persecution, separation of church and state, and the right to establish schools and train clergy; however, the law grants those rights only to registered groups. It also restricts religious rights that are judged to be in conflict with national security, prohibits proselytizing, bans religious subjects in public schools, prohibits the private teaching of religious principles, and requires religious groups to obtain a license to publish or distribute materials. The Committee on Religious Affairs (CRA), an agency accountable to the Cabinet of Ministers, must approve all religious literature.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26024218",
"title": "Clergy housing allowance",
"section": "Section::::United States.:Legal challenges to tax-free status.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 398,
"text": "On October 6, 2017, the federal judge struck down the clergy housing allowance, ruling that the law is an unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment's establishment clause, \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion\", because the law \"does not have a secular purpose or effect and because a reasonable observer would view the statute as an endorsement of religion\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "980151",
"title": "American Association of University Professors",
"section": "Section::::Conflict with religious institutions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 659,
"text": "Some scholars have criticized the AAUP's \"antipathy toward religious colleges and universities.\" And the AAUP has censured numerous religious institutions, including Brigham Young University and The Catholic University of America. Others have criticized the AAUP's current stance regarding academic freedom in religious institutions as contradicting its 1940 statement on academic freedom, which permits religious institutions to place limits on academic freedom if those limitations are clearly stated. In 1970, the AAUP criticized its 1940 statement, positing that most religious institutions \"no longer need or desire\" to place limits on academic freedom.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42306993",
"title": "Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.",
"section": "Section::::Background.:Federal law.:Religious Freedom Restoration Act.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 757,
"text": "In 1993, the US Congress responded by passing the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), requiring strict scrutiny when a neutral law of general applicability \"substantially burden[s] a person's exercise of religion\". The RFRA was amended in 2000 by the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) to redefine \"exercise of religion\" as any exercise of religion, \"whether or not compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief\", which is to be \"construed in favor of a broad protection of religious exercise, to the maximum extent permitted by the terms of this chapter and the Constitution\". The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the RFRA as applied to federal statutes in \"Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita\" in 2006.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49908845",
"title": "Zubik v. Burwell",
"section": "Section::::Background.:Federal law.:Religious Freedom Restoration Act.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 759,
"text": "In 1993, the U.S. Congress responded by passing the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), requiring strict scrutiny when a neutral law of general applicability \"substantially burden[s] a person's exercise of religion\". The RFRA was amended in 2000 by the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) to redefine \"exercise of religion\" as any exercise of religion, \"whether or not compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief\", which is to be \"construed in favor of a broad protection of religious exercise, to the maximum extent permitted by the terms of this chapter and the Constitution\". The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the RFRA as applied to federal statutes in \"Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita\" in 2006.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
fgxiog
|
how do erasable pens work? and why is the ink usually lighter than conventional ball and gel pens?
|
[
{
"answer": "The ink is actually temperature sensitive, when it gets heated up, it becomes white, so when you erase, the friction from the eraser heats the paper and it becomes white\n\nThis is also why it looks lighter, because it has to turn white \n\nInterestingly enough, if you put it in the freezer the ink that has been erased will come back",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I once accidentally grabbed a frixion pen to sign a title over for a pickup. When the buyer put it on the hot black hood to sign his name, all my signatures vanished. The guy was like WTF?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "4519",
"title": "Ballpoint pen",
"section": "Section::::Types of ballpoint pens.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 506,
"text": "Ballpoint pens with erasable ink were pioneered by the Paper Mate pen company. The ink formulas of erasable ballpoints have properties similar to rubber cement, allowing the ink to be literally rubbed clean from the writing surface before drying and eventually becoming permanent. Erasable ink is much thicker than standard ballpoint inks, requiring pressurized cartridges to facilitate inkflow—meaning they can also write upside-down. Though these pens are equipped with erasers, any eraser will suffice.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11175230",
"title": "Erasermate",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 267,
"text": "The erasable ink took over a decade to develop and needs to be pressurized slightly for continuous flow during use. A positive consequence of this pressure is that writing is possible through a wider range of paper to pen angle than with non-erasable ballpoint pens.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3372324",
"title": "Gel pen",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 282,
"text": "A gel pen uses ink in which pigment is suspended in a water-based gel. Because the ink is thick and opaque, it shows up more clearly on dark or slick surfaces than the typical inks used in ballpoint or felt tip pens. Gel pens can be used for many types of writing and illustration.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60284",
"title": "Fountain pen",
"section": "Section::::Cartridges.:Concerns and alternatives.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 87,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 87,
"end_character": 631,
"text": "Pen manufacturers using a proprietary cartridge (which in almost all cases are the more expensive ones like the ones mentioned above) tend to discourage the use of cheaper internationally standardised short/long cartridges or adaptations thereof due to their variance in ink quality in the cartridges which may not offer as much performance, or be of lesser quality than the manufacturer of the pen; ink that has been designed specifically for the pen. In addition, cheaper ink tends to take longer to dry on paper, may skip or produce uneven colour on the page and less \"tolerant\" on lower, thinner grades of paper (e.g. 75gs/m).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2584331",
"title": "Rollerball pen",
"section": "Section::::Disadvantages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 463,
"text": "BULLET::::- Water-based roller ball ink is more likely to smudge than a ballpoint pen's oil-based ink because water-based ink dries more slowly than its counterpart. Also if one writes in a notebook, closing it before the ink dries can stain the opposite page. This can also prove a problem for left-handed writers or users of right-to-left scripts. Gel ink dries much more rapidly than liquid-ink, making it much more, but not completely, resistant to smudging.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7371707",
"title": "Solid ink",
"section": "Section::::Design.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 915,
"text": "Solid ink technology utilizes solid ink sticks instead of the fluid ink or toner powder usually used in printers. Some types of solid ink printers use small spheres of solid ink, which are stored in a hopper before being transferred to the printing head by a worm gear. After the solid ink is loaded into the printing device, it is melted and used to produce images on paper in a process similar to offset printing. Xerox claims that solid ink printing produces more vibrant colors than other methods, is easier to use, can print on a wide range of media, and is more environmentally friendly due to reduced waste output. The sticks are non-toxic and safe to handle. In the mid-1990s, the president of Tektronix actually ate part of a stick of solid ink, demonstrating that they are safe to handle and presumably, eat. The medium of the ink was (at least at the time) made from food-grade processed vegetable oils.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23085",
"title": "Plotter",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 698,
"text": "One type of plotter pen uses a cellulose fiber rod inserted through a circular foam tube saturated with ink, with the end of the rod sharpened into a conical tip. As the pen moves across the paper surface, capillary wicking draws the ink from the foam, down the rod, and onto the paper. As the ink supply in the foam is depleted, the migration of ink to the tip begins to slow down, resulting in faint lines. Slowing the plotting speed will allow the lines drawn by a worn-out pen to remain dark, but the fading will continue until the foam is completely depleted. Also, as the fiber tip pen is used, the tip slowly wears away on the plotting medium, producing a progressively wider, smudged line.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
a3g39q
|
why do the inside of your ears get sweaty and itchy if you have earbuds in after a while?
|
[
{
"answer": "Your ears, nose, and throat are all connected. Earbuds plug your ears, so your normally open ear canal is now closed. It then gets warm in there like a room on a summer day, causing the skin inside your ear to sweat in an attempt to cool down. Not sure why it gets itchy. Hope this helps. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "6589243",
"title": "Otitis externa in animals",
"section": "Section::::Symptoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 288,
"text": "Signs of ear infection include shaking of the head, and scratching at or under the ear. Some animals may also paw the ear or try to rub it on other objects to relieve pain and discomfort. Ear infections often result in a darker red ear, dirt in the ear, or a general inflamed appearance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28598",
"title": "Sinusitis",
"section": "Section::::Signs and symptoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 265,
"text": "Sinus infections can also cause middle ear problems due to the congestion of the nasal passages. This can be demonstrated by dizziness, \"a pressurized or heavy head\", or vibrating sensations in the head. Post-nasal drip is also a symptom of chronic rhinosinusitis.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "147020",
"title": "Hygiene",
"section": "Section::::Personal hygiene.:Excessive body hygiene.:Excessive body hygiene of internal ear canals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 103,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 103,
"end_character": 773,
"text": "Excessive body hygiene of the ear canals can result in infection or irritation. The ear canals require less body hygiene care than other parts of the body, because they are sensitive, and the body adequately cares for them. Most of the time the ear canals are self-cleaning; that is, there is a slow and orderly migration of the skin lining the ear canal from the eardrum to the outer opening of the ear. Old earwax is constantly being transported from the deeper areas of the ear canal out to the opening where it usually dries, flakes, and falls out. Attempts to clean the ear canals through the removal of earwax can reduce ear canal cleanliness by pushing debris and foreign material into the ear that the natural movement of ear wax out of the ear would have removed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1965528",
"title": "Itching ears",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 250,
"text": "Itching ears is a term used in the Bible to describe individuals who seek out messages and doctrines that condone their own lifestyle, as opposed to adhering to the teachings of the apostles. The term is found only once in the Bible, in 2 Timothy 4.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1965528",
"title": "Itching ears",
"section": "Section::::Greek context.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 253,
"text": "The phrase from which \"itching ears\" originates in the original Greek is κνηθόμενοι τὴν ἀκοήν (\"knēthomenoi tēn akoēn\"). κνηθόμενοι, the translation for \"having an itching ear\", is a present participle, signifying a present, continual action occurring.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3887619",
"title": "Surfer's ear",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 488,
"text": "Irritation from cold wind and water exposure causes the bone surrounding the ear canal to develop lumps of new bony growth which constrict the ear canal. Where the ear canal is actually blocked by this condition, water and wax can become trapped and give rise to infection. The condition is so named due to its prevalence among cold water surfers. Warm water surfers are also at risk for exostosis due to the evaporative cooling caused by wind and the presence of water in the ear canal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30871736",
"title": "Otitis externa",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Objects in ear.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 414,
"text": "Even without exposure to water, the use of objects such as cotton swabs or other small objects to clear the ear canal is enough to cause breaks in the skin, and allow the condition to develop. Once the skin of the ear canal is inflamed, external otitis can be drastically enhanced by either scratching the ear canal with an object, or by allowing water to remain in the ear canal for any prolonged length of time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
84vzll
|
why do car companies produce new models every year? could you produce the same car, save design and development expense, and make super cheap cars?
|
[
{
"answer": "While car makers produce new models every year, they only make substantial changes every 6-7 years or so that require significant design and development costs.\n\nTypically mid-cycle (3 years after introduction), they will freshen up the design, maybe by tweaking the bumper/grill, tail lights, etc. which are all relatively minor updates. Maybe update the engines offered, if they've developed a new one that is better suited.\n\nAnd the annual changes are typically updates to problem parts, such as a part that experiences a high rate of failure (switching an engine component that breaks after 20k mi) or that's unpopular/hard to use (too small cup holders); or updates to more current technology (add Apple Car Play); and perhaps some cosmetic updates like new paint colors, wheel designs.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "they don't make entirely new designs every year. And even between models, many of the parts are shared, even the entire engine in many cases. \n\nSo really you should be talking about car bodies, which can last for ~5 years of production and be sold for millions of cars. Even at a $500m retooling cost, that's only ~$500 per car. \n\nPlenty of costs won't be reduced by producing a horribly cheap car: the $4000 dealer profit and shipping cost, the $3000 in metal, the $1000 in other materials, etc. \n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Manufacturers don't want to sell cheap cars though: they're doing this to make money.\n\nIn America, most people *need* a car but many of us get away with buying used cars or lower-end vehicles. But automakers want to entice you to buy the latest and greatest, which makes them FAR more money than their fleet of used vehicles kicking around for longer. \n\nSo making cool new models entices people to come check them out and (hopefully) decide the extra expense of a new tricked-out vehicle is a luxury they'd enjoy having. And since they keep doing it, it apparently must be working.\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I think the term is \"planned obsolescence\". Manufacturers in the old days (1950s I believe) figured out that if they changed the style of vehicles, it would cause people to easily distinguish a newer model from an older one. As a result, to \"keep up with the Joneses\", people are compelled to buy a new car or risk looking out of fashion.\n\nNow, that was then and this is now. Technology is changing so quickly that new innovations are added to models each year to improve safety, mileage, handling, etc. I totally see what you're saying though, I've always wondered why GM wouldn't just recreate the 69 GTO or something like that just like it was. It would seem to be cheaper, but unsafe I guess. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1443189",
"title": "Facelift (product)",
"section": "Section::::Purpose.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 511,
"text": "In automotive industry, the product lifecycle of mass-produced productions is always 4 to 6 years, and during that period, the competitor company will introduce new product to hold more market share. When new cars have launched into the market for 2 and 3 years, to keep their strength in the market, company will push out a facelift version to attract new and past customers to change their cars as they observe the sales revenue starts decreasing. This process is controlled by product life cycle management.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "816396",
"title": "Economy car",
"section": "Section::::Economy cars since 2000.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 126,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 126,
"end_character": 1302,
"text": "\"I discovered why people didn't make what they call 'Sub A' segment cars, small city cars – you don't make any money on them. Because the tooling and development cost for a small car is almost the same as for a bigger car. So people would rather build larger cars and make more profit. That's when I started thinking, that if this is going to work there needs to be a new way of making the cars, that is cost effective. That high capital pressed components using low labour cost countries a long distance from developed world markets has a large environmental cost. Car manufacturers say that production emissions are small compared to tailpipe emissions, but in fact they are a very significant proportion of total emissions. We need to re-think the Henry Ford design of mass production.\" Murray's solution is a laser cut tubular steel space-frame chassis built with an automated tube mill, braced with bonded low-cost composite sheets that would be a cheaper and greener means of production. Murray's 'iStream' simplifies each process with an eighty percent smaller factory with lower cost production, making light weight efficient cars. There are no sheet metal presses, spot welders or paint plants. It would be built local to its market. Murray was reported to be negotiating production licences.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26492577",
"title": "Automotive industry by country",
"section": "Section::::Asia.:Pakistan.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 68,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 68,
"end_character": 797,
"text": "Surprisingly, despite its production volume, only a few car models are assembled in the country and customers have a very small variety of vehicles to choose from. The lack of competition in the auto industry due to the dominance of a few players, and restrictions on imports in the form of heavy duties have resulted in very high prices of cars in the country. Currently some of the major world automakers have set up assembly plants or are in joint ventures with local companies, including Toyota, General Motors, Honda, Suzuki, and Nissan Motors. The total contribution of auto industry to GDP in 2007 was 2.8% which was estimated to increase significantly over the next decade. The auto sector presently contributes 16% to the manufacturing sector which is predicted to increase even further.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "337691",
"title": "Vintage car",
"section": "Section::::Collecting.:Rarity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 619,
"text": "Cars that were made in small numbers or often have a higher value but can be more difficult to maintain. Certain year and model cars became popular to turn into hot rods thus destroying their original condition. Other models were produced in such quantities that the price is still not inflated. Market trend is an important part in the price of a vintage car. An \"almost\" original and in perfect shape model A that was abundantly produced can be purchased for $20,000.00. A collector as an investor would have to know the potential market and have a belief that the future market will bring a return on an investment.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8239601",
"title": "Industrial market segmentation",
"section": "Section::::Approaches.:A generic principle.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 352,
"text": "The problem with the many-to-many model is that it can stretch a company’s resources too thinly and soften its focus. One reason for the current financial problems of the world’s largest car maker, General Motors, is that it has tried to be everything to everybody, launching model after model with no clear segmenting, targeting or branding strategy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "440246",
"title": "Corporate average fuel economy",
"section": "Section::::Active debate.:Economic arguments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 104,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 104,
"end_character": 546,
"text": "Automakers have said that small, fuel-efficient vehicles cost the auto industry billions of dollars. They cost almost as much to design and market but cannot be sold for as much as larger vehicles such as SUVs, because consumers expect small cars to be inexpensive. In 1999, \"USA Today\" reported small cars tend to depreciate faster than larger cars, so they are worth less in value to the consumer over time. However, 2007 Edmunds depreciation data show that some small cars, primarily premium models, are among the best in holding their value.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3247790",
"title": "World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations",
"section": "Section::::Regulatory differences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 95,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 95,
"end_character": 528,
"text": "It is not currently possible to produce a single car design that fully meets both UN and US requirements simultaneously, but it is growing easier as technology and both sets of regulations evolve. Given the size of the US vehicle market, and differing marketing strategies in North America vs. the rest of the world, many manufacturers produce vehicles in four versions: North American, right-hand drive (RHD), left-hand-drive (LHD) and Rest of the World (for non regulated countries of Countries with poor market fuel quality.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5ay524
|
why do we jump when we get excited?
|
[
{
"answer": "Is it because we get a surge of adrenaline which gives us energy?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "5757089",
"title": "Jump (Alliance–Union universe)",
"section": "Section::::Effects of jump.:Disorientation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 705,
"text": "Jump is a disorientating experience for those using it, although the degree of discomfort varies depending on the species. Most humans experience extreme psychological distress, potentially resulting in madness, and need to \"trank down\" or tranquilize themselves prior to each jump. The oxygen-breathing species native to Cherryh's Compact space, with the exception of the Stsho, do not require drugs during jump as their bodies naturally enter a deep sleep. However, some species in the Alliance-Union universe can function normally during jump and require little to no assistance (presumably the Knnn, since their ships can change course in mid-jump, but also the Kif, who keep this capability secret).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "163390",
"title": "Feeling",
"section": "Section::::Feelings about feelings.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 341,
"text": "Individuals in society predict that something will give them a certain desired outcome or feeling. Indulging in what one might have thought would've made them happy or excited might only cause a temporary thrill, or it might result in the opposite of what was expected. Events and experiences are done and relived to satisfy one's feelings.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3732070",
"title": "Ski flying",
"section": "Section::::History.:1990s.:Breaking the 200 metre barrier.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 66,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 66,
"end_character": 389,
"text": "It was the kind of jump in which, even when arriving [at the bottom of the hill] in the landing position and not knowing at all what lies ahead, I remember that my legs were trembling. That's how terrified I was. ... Overcoming your own fears is the best feeling. The nature of the sport is that one has to challenge themselves. That's why this jump has remained a highlight of my career.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38433069",
"title": "Impulse (Steven Gould novel)",
"section": "Section::::Jumping.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 803,
"text": "It seems that the ability to teleport or \"jump\" can be learned. David was the first one and just did it, but Millie and Cent did it under stress after being jumped lots of times. In the different sequels of the series the main characters discover different principles to their capabilities of jumping. In \"Jumper\", David realizes that he is changing momentum when he jumps, both because he can jump off of a cliff and, after picking up great speed, he can jump to a perfect standstill. He also realizes that jumping is opening a hole between two different places. In \"Reflex\", he learns to jump back and forth between two places that it effectively keeps this hole open. In \"Impulse\", Cent learns to jump and add momentum/velocity as she arrives, resulting in the ability to throw herself into the air.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22748920",
"title": "Jump (Flo Rida song)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 379,
"text": "\"Jump\" is the fourth official single taken from Flo Rida's second album \"R.O.O.T.S.\" Nelly Furtado makes an appearance on the song with an upbeat hook. Flo-Rida said: \"I used a whole different delivery on this one. We're talking about different situations to get people hype in the club. 'Jump!' Whether you're an athlete running in the stadium or you're in the club. Get hype!\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "147733",
"title": "Slam dunk",
"section": "Section::::Dunk types.:Double Clutch.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 558,
"text": "At the onset of the jump, the ball is controlled by either one or both hands and once in the air is typically brought to chest level. The player will then quickly thrust the ball downwards and fully extend their arms, bringing the ball below the waist. Finally the ball is brought above the head and dunked with one or both hands; and the double clutch appears as one fluid motion. As a demonstration of athletic prowess, the ball may be held in the below-the-waist position for milliseconds longer, thus showcasing the player's hang time (jumping ability).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "317464",
"title": "Fierljeppen",
"section": "Section::::Description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 265,
"text": "A jump consists of a sprint to the pole (polsstok), jumping and grabbing it, then climbing to the top of the pole while trying to control its forward and lateral movements over a body of water, and finishing by landing on a sand bed opposite to the starting point.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1imje6
|
why do some countries (soviet union, china, north korea, etc.) call themselves communist even though all they really were only dictatorships?
|
[
{
"answer": "there's certainly some irony is the official names of these countries. \"People's Democratic Republic...\" is a propaganda thing, not a statement of truth. \n\nbut thats just naming. maybe your question is about something else. are you asking why is it that some countries have Marxist aspirations but fall short of implementing ideal Communism? ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The answer is relatively simple if you look at the conditions prior to these countries 'revolutions.' In every instance that you've mentioned; Korea, China and the USSR the same cultural conditions existed. Prior to the revolutions conditions were poor and the people were poorer. Before to the 1917 October Revolution Russia was a monarchy and essentially a primitive, poor and peasant society consisting of mainly subsistence farmers. China in 1949 was the same thing minus the monarchy and even poorer than Russia in fact & North Korea was basically pushed into the so called 'communism' by the expansionist Soviet Union in 1948 and it like all the others during their inception was a very poor and under-developed country. \n\n\nAnd that is why a lot of the population took side with the communist parties in all these countries because throughout all of this the Soviet Union was not only behind most communist struggles, but it stood as a trophy for the 'soviet socialist model' having shown that it is possible to transform a country from a completely undeveloped agrarian society to an industrial powerhouse. And that is the answer to your question, every single party used the very real moral force of socialism and communism that was alive in the general population and exploited it for their own benefit. \"Their own\" being the intelligentsia of the party which had their own plans for the direction of the society. \n\n\nJust to clarify something none of these countries you've listed have ever had anything remotely close to socialism despite what you may have been told in your high school social studies classroom. The very core, foundational idea of socialism and communism alike is the workers control over production, workers deciding what to produce, how much to produce and have the decision making powers in their own communities. In every single one of the countries you've mentioned that has never existed. In Russia it was destroyed once the idea of a \"Labor Army\" was \ntheorized and actualized, as well as Stalin's top down Five Year Plan system, it was destroyed in China with Mao's Great Leap Forward. But to be completely truthful socialism was denigrated by the mere structure of these societies governance, the central committee utilized in the Soviet Union, China and DPRK alike was as far from socialism as you can get, it is comparable to what an executive board of corporation is. The Central Committee would decide everything, and everyone under the CCCP would follow the orders given. That is as far from traditional socialism that you can possible get. \n\n\n*Just as a side remark:*\nIf you look at the ideas written by Marx and Engels outlining what communism is, in their minds, you'll notice that communism has never existed in any nation state. Ideologically the words \"communism\" and \"state\" are contradictory in terms when considering fundamental communist writing. Communism, idealistically, was described as a moneyless, stateless and classless society, which no \"communist nation\" has ever been. There has only been interpretations of original writings to fit cultural and national conditions, and of course the direction the intelligentsia of the communist parties wanted the country to go in. But in most instances the parties only made it about half way into the transition Marx & Engels outlined, the transitional phase, the dictatorship of the proletariat. [\\(you can find out more about this here\\)](_URL_0_)\n\nHope this helps cut through some of the fallacies you may have been taught to believe. \n\n\n**tl;dr** \"Communist Parties\" exploited the moral force of socialism and communism for their own benefits. Espousing egalitarianism to garner popular support, while actually being hegemonic and dictatorial in practice.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because communist dictatorships are different than capitalist dictatorships.\n\nCommunism vs. capitalism isn't about democracy, it is about planned economies vs. free markets, public ownership vs. private property.\n\nThe types of revolutions that produce communist countries, and the gov't control required to maintain it makes it tend towards totalitarian dictatorships, but that certainly is not a requirement.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "215623",
"title": "Communist state",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 602,
"text": "There have been several instances of Communist states with functioning political participation processes involving several other non-party organisations, such as trade unions, factory committees and direct democratic participation. The term \"Communist state\" is used by Western historians, political scientists and media to refer to these countries. However, contrary to Western usage, these states do not describe themselves as \"communist\" nor do they claim to have achieved communism—most of them refer to themselves as Socialist or Workers' states that are in the process of constructing socialism.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "215623",
"title": "Communist state",
"section": "Section::::Criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 956,
"text": "Countries such as the Soviet Union and China were criticized by Western authors and organisations on the basis of a lack of multi-party Western democracy, in addition to several other areas where socialist society and Western societies differed. For instance, socialist societies were commonly characterised by state ownership or social ownership of the means of production either through administration through party organisations, democratically elected councils and communes and co-operative structures—in opposition to the liberal democratic capitalist free market paradigm of management, ownership and control by corporations and private individuals. Communist states have also been criticised for the influence and outreach of their respective ruling parties on society, in addition to lack of recognition for some Western legal rights and liberties such as the right to ownership of private property and the restriction of the right to free speech.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "102459",
"title": "One-party state",
"section": "Section::::Concept.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 808,
"text": "The term \"communist state\" is sometimes used in the West to describe states in which the ruling party subscribes to a form of Marxism–Leninism. However, such states may not use that term themselves, seeing communism as a phase to develop after the full maturation of socialism, and instead use descriptions such as \"people's republic\", \"socialist republic\", or \"democratic republic\". One peculiar example is Cuba where, despite the role of the Communist Party being enshrined in the constitution, no party, including the Communist Party, is permitted to campaign or run candidates for elections. Candidates are elected on an individual referendum basis without formal party involvement, although elected assemblies predominantly consist of members of the Communist Party alongside non-affiliated candidates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38794736",
"title": "State socialism",
"section": "Section::::State socialism in Communist states.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 235,
"text": "Because of this, classical and orthodox Marxists as well as Trotskyist groups denounced the \"Communist\" states as being Stalinist and their economies as being state capitalist or representing degenerated workers' states, respectively.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38860786",
"title": "Types of socialism",
"section": "Section::::Socialist ideologies.:Marxist communism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 860,
"text": "With the Soviet Union's creation after the end of Russian Civil War that followed to initial success of Red October Revolution in Russia, other socialist parties in other countries and the Bolshevik party itself became Communist parties, owing allegiance of varying degrees to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (see Communist International). After World War II, regimes calling themselves Communist took power in Eastern Europe. In 1949, the Communists in China, supported by Soviet Union and led by Mao Zedong, came to power and established the People's Republic of China. Among the other countries in the Third World that adopted a bureaucratic Communist state as form of government at some point were Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Angola and Mozambique. By the early 1980s, almost one third of the world's population lived under Communist states.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "346286",
"title": "List of communist parties",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 563,
"text": "There are a number of communist parties active in various countries across the world, and a number that used to be active. They differ not only in method, but also in strict ideology and interpretation. The formation of communist parties in various countries was first initiated by the formation of the communist Third International by the Russian Bolsheviks. Undoubtedly the most important of these parties were those of the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China: the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China, respectively.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7720531",
"title": "Criticism of communist party rule",
"section": "Section::::Areas of criticism.:International politics and relations.:Support of terrorism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 284,
"text": "Some states under communist rule have been criticized for directly supporting terrorist groups, such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the Red Army Faction and the Japanese Red Army. North Korea has been implicated in terrorist acts such as Korean Air Flight 858.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
e6dwo0
|
what makes processed meat carcinogenic?
|
[
{
"answer": "Certain chemicals that are used to keep it fresh for longer, as well as some that are produced when cooking meat at very high temperatures, can be carcinogenic. This is why the statement 'processed meat causes cancer' is simply wrong, because it depends how it's processed. Also the red pigment in red meat has been categorised as 'probable carcinogen'.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "10834",
"title": "Food preservation",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 284,
"text": "Some methods of food preservation are known to create carcinogens. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization classified processed meat, i.e. meat that has undergone salting, curing, fermenting, and smoking, as \"carcinogenic to humans\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "6494435",
"title": "Curing (food preservation)",
"section": "Section::::Effect of meat preservation.:On health.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 220,
"text": "In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization classified processed meat, that is, meat that has undergone salting, curing, fermenting, or smoking, as \"carcinogenic to humans\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1855289",
"title": "International Agency for Research on Cancer",
"section": "Section::::Controversies.:Glyphosate Monograph (2015–2018).:Criticism of Monographs methodology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 495,
"text": "On 26 October 2015, a Working Group of 22 experts from 10 countries evaluated the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat and classified the consumption of red meat as \"probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A)\", mainly related to colorectal cancer, and to pancreatic and prostate cancer. It also evaluated processed meat to be \"carcinogenic to humans (Group 1)\", due to \"sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1764200",
"title": "Red meat",
"section": "Section::::Hazards.:Processed meat.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 964,
"text": "Most processed meat contains at least some red meat. To enhance flavor or improve preservation meat is treated by salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, or other processes to create processed meat. Nitrates and nitrites found in processed meat (e.g. bacon, ham, salami, pepperoni, hot dogs, and some sausages) can be converted by the human body into nitrosamines that can be carcinogenic, causing mutation in the colorectal cell line, thereby causing tumorigenesis and eventually leading to cancer. In its Press Release 240 (16 Oct. 2015) the International Agency for Research on Cancer, based on a review of 800 studies over 20 years, concluded that processed meat is definitely carcinogenic (Group 1) and found that for each additional 50g of processed meat consumed per day, the risk of colorectal cancer increased by 18% (up to a maximum of approximately 140g); it also found that there appeared to be an increase in gastric cancer but this was not as clear.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1764200",
"title": "Red meat",
"section": "Section::::Human health.:Cancer.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 803,
"text": "The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified processed meat (e.g., bacon, ham, hot dogs, sausages) as, \"\"carcinogenic to humans\" (Group 1), based on \"sufficient evidence\" in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer.\" IARC also classified red meat as \"\"probably carcinogenic to humans\" (Group 2A), based on \"limited evidence\" that the consumption of red meat causes cancer in humans and \"strong\" mechanistic evidence supporting a carcinogenic effect.\" Subsequent studies have shown that taxing processed meat products could save lives, particularly in the West where meat intensive diets are the norm. If the amount of taxation was linked to the level of harm they caused, some processed meats, such as bacon and sausages, would nearly double in price.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1781370",
"title": "Processed meat",
"section": "Section::::Relationship to cancer.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 262,
"text": "The International Agency for Research on Cancer at the World Health Organization classifies processed meat as Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans), because the IARC has found sufficient evidence that consumption of processed meat by humans causes colorectal cancer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18940",
"title": "Meat",
"section": "Section::::Health.:Cancer.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 124,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 124,
"end_character": 702,
"text": "There are concerns about a relationship between the consumption of meat, in particular processed and red meat, and increased cancer risk. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), classified processed meat (e.g., bacon, ham, hot dogs, sausages) as, \"\"carcinogenic to humans\" (Group 1), based on \"sufficient evidence\" in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer.\" IARC also classified red meat as \"\"probably carcinogenic to humans\" (Group 2A), based on \"limited evidence\" that the consumption of red meat causes cancer in humans and \"strong\" mechanistic evidence supporting a carcinogenic effect.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1jnl73
|
does wealth require poverty?
|
[
{
"answer": "If *wealth* means having more than everyone else, then yes. \n\nIf wealth simply means having a lot of resources, then no. The amount of available resources depend on how much we produce (essentially, how efficient we are). For instance, the industrial revolution greatly increased productivity in many sectors, thus giving lots of people access to things that previously could only be owned by few.\n\nHowever, at present the super rich have far more resources than the earth could possibly sustain if we all lived the same life style. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "14536706",
"title": "Asset poverty",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 1325,
"text": "Asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is more persistent and prevalent than income poverty. It is a household’s inability to access wealth resources that are sufficient to provide for basic needs for a period of three months. Basic needs refer to the minimum standards for consumption and acceptable needs. Wealth resources consist of home ownership, other real estate (second home, rented properties, etc.), net value of farm and business assets, stocks, checking and savings accounts, and other savings (money in savings bonds, life insurance policy cash values, etc.). Wealth is measured in three forms: net worth, net worth minus home equity, and liquid assets. Net worth consists of all the aspects mentioned above. Net worth minus home equity is the same except it does not include home ownership in asset calculations. Liquid assets are resources that are readily available such as cash, checking and savings accounts, stocks, and other sources of savings. There are two types of assets: tangible and intangible. Tangible assets most closely resemble liquid assets in that they include stocks, bonds, property, natural resources, and hard assets not in the form of real estate. Intangible assets are simply the access to credit, social capital, cultural capital, political capital, and human capital.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "64959",
"title": "Poverty",
"section": "Section::::Measuring poverty.:Other aspects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 69,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 69,
"end_character": 1334,
"text": "Asset poverty is an economic and social condition that is more persistent and prevalent than income poverty. It can be defined as a household's inability to access wealth resources that are enough to provide for basic needs for a period of three months. Basic needs refer to the minimum standards for consumption and acceptable needs.Wealth resources consist of home ownership, other real estate (second home, rented properties, etc.), net value of farm and business assets, stocks, checking and savings accounts, and other savings (money in savings bonds, life insurance policy cash values, etc.).Wealth is measured in three forms: net worth, net worth minus home equity, and liquid assets. Net worth consists of all the aspects mentioned above. Net worth minus home equity is the same except it does not include home ownership in asset calculations. Liquid assets are resources that are readily available such as cash, checking and savings accounts, stocks, and other sources of savings. There are two types of assets: tangible and intangible. Tangible assets most closely resemble liquid assets in that they include stocks, bonds, property, natural resources, and hard assets not in the form of real estate. Intangible assets are simply the access to credit, social capital, cultural capital, political capital, and human capital.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "64959",
"title": "Poverty",
"section": "Section::::Measuring poverty.:Other aspects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 477,
"text": "Economic aspects of poverty focus on material needs, typically including the necessities of daily living, such as food, clothing, shelter, or safe drinking water. Poverty in this sense may be understood as a condition in which a person or community is lacking in the basic needs for a minimum standard of well-being and life, particularly as a result of a persistent lack of income. The increase in poverty runs parallel sides with unemployment, hunger, and higher crime rate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28259700",
"title": "Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative",
"section": "Section::::Missing Dimensions of Poverty.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 328,
"text": "Money alone is an incomplete measure of ‘poverty’. Human development is more about giving people the opportunities to live lives they value, and enable them to achieve their own destiny. This goes beyond material resources – as people value many other aspects of life – and also focuses on what people are able to be and to do.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14536706",
"title": "Asset poverty",
"section": "Section::::Policies and conclusion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 1618,
"text": "The poor need to accumulate assets in order to decrease national percentages of asset poverty. One program policy aimed at helping the poor develop assets is Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). These accounts require financial education, they target the poor, and they provide funding through matches, not through tax breaks. IDAs also allow individuals to make deposits into insured and interest-bearing savings accounts. Income-focused poverty plans will not remedy the issue of asset poverty. Asset poverty will only decrease when the poor are able to acquire and sustain assets in order to accumulate wealth. Wealth provides economic protection in difficult financial times and it allows people to invest and prepare for the future. In conclusion, asset poverty appears to be a better measure of poverty in the United States. The probability of an individual or family to raise out of poverty would be illustrated better with asset poverty also. Unlike income poverty, asset poverty incorporates the measure of wealth and transformative assets. The difference between income and wealth as mentioned above is that income is a steady source used to pay bills and take of day to day expenses. Wealth and Transformative assets, however, are long term sources of money that could be used in emergency situations; or, assist in improving one's living conditions or standards. If two families or individuals have the same income but differing levels of wealth or assets, the family with more assets would have a more definite wealth and be able to maintain their social and/or economic status during turbulent times.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34764650",
"title": "Hope International (Christian microfinance)",
"section": "Section::::How HOPE thinks about poverty.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 268,
"text": "While many define poverty as a lack of money, food, or shelter, HOPE believes the roots of poverty run deeper. Using a model developed by The Chalmers Center, HOPE defines poverty as a result of broken relationships – with God, others, self, and the rest of creation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "64959",
"title": "Poverty",
"section": "Section::::Wealth concentration.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 149,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 149,
"end_character": 1047,
"text": "Poverty can also be reduced as an improved economic policy is developed by the governing authorities to facilitate a more equitable distribution of the nation's wealth. Oxfam has called for an international movement to end extreme wealth concentration as a significant step towards ameliorating global poverty. The group stated that the $240 billion added to the fortunes of the world's richest billionaires in 2012 was enough to end extreme poverty four times over. Oxfam argues that the \"concentration of resources in the hands of the top 1% depresses economic activity and makes life harder for everyone else – particularly those at the bottom of the economic ladder.\" It has been reported that only 1% of the world population controls 50% of the wealth today, and the other 99% is having access to the remaining 50% only, and the gap has sharply increased in the recent past. In 2018, Oxfam reported that the gains of the world's billionaires in 2017, which amounted to $762 billion, was enough to end extreme global poverty seven times over.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5s2304
|
Why is the radiation from Chernobyl and Fukushima so intense, when Uranium has a half life of billions of years? Shouldn't it be minimal?
|
[
{
"answer": "Firstly, it depends on the Uranium they were using. U234 and U235 have WAY shorter half-lives.\n\nHalf-life means how long it takes for half the radioactive material to decay, so the most is released up front, then slowly tapers off.\n\nUranium decays into atoms that are also radioactive, some with half-lives on the order of days or even minutes.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "It's not the Uranium that releases most of the radiation. Once the Uranium is washed away or evaporates into the air it's no longer at critical mass and reacting. The half life of U235 is long enough that it doesn't release much radiation, but it is toxic as a heavy metal metal poison.\n\nThe dangerous radiation/fallout around nuclear meltdown sites comes not from the Uranium itself, but from all the nasty byproducts that come from splitting uranium. Uranium splits erratically when hit with a neutrons and forms all sorts of weird and exotic isotopes that can't be found naturally, as any naturally occurring instances of those isotopes would have decayed away to nothing long ago. Then those isotopes decay and form new unstable isotopes.\n\nTL;DR: Uranium itself is fairly stable. It's the byproducts of the fission reaction that create radioactive waste.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Nuclear power plants make energy by splitting uranium nuclei in two: \"nuclear fission\". The two new nuclei made, \"fission products\", are almost always radioactive and under go beta decay. [A wide variety of fission products are made](_URL_0_) with a wide span of half-lives, down to sub-second and up to many years. Most will undergo multiple beta-decays on their way to becoming stable nuclei.\n\nIt's these fission products which dominate the radioactivity in used nuclear fuel, rather than the uranium directly.\n\nFurther, the energy released by these beta decays accounts for about 7% of the total energy produced in the reactor, and the heat produced is what's usually responsible for meltdowns: even after you stop fission in a reactor, it's still initially putting out about 7% power from this [\"decay heat\"](_URL_1_), and that heat needs to be removed from the reactor or it will continue to heat up and eventually melt. This is what happened at Fukushima and Three Mile Island.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1728672",
"title": "Human impact on the environment",
"section": "Section::::Energy industry.:Nuclear power.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 62,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 62,
"end_character": 889,
"text": "Radiation is a carcinogen and causes numerous effects on living organisms and systems. The environmental impacts of nuclear power plant disasters such as the Chernobyl disaster, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and the Three Mile Island accident, among others, persist indefinitely, though several other factors contributed to these events including improper management of fail safe systems and natural disasters putting uncommon stress on the generators. The radioactive decay rate of particles varies greatly, dependent upon the nuclear properties of a particular isotope. Radioactive Plutonium-244 has a half-life of 80.8 million years, which indicates the time duration required for half of a given sample to decay, though very little plutonium-244 is produced in the nuclear fuel cycle and lower half-life materials have lower activity thus giving off less dangerous radiation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8958957",
"title": "Comparison of Chernobyl and other radioactivity releases",
"section": "Section::::Chernobyl compared with an atomic bomb.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 337,
"text": "The radioactivity released at Chernobyl tended to be more long lived than that released by a bomb detonation hence it is not possible to draw a simple comparison between the two events. Also, a dose of radiation spread over many years (as is the case with Chernobyl) is much less harmful than the same dose received over a short period.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31167895",
"title": "Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster",
"section": "Section::::April 2011.:Tuesday, 12 April.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 126,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 126,
"end_character": 296,
"text": "At Chernobyl, approximately 10 times the amount of radiation was released into the atmosphere as was released from Fukushima I through 12 April 2011. The total amount of radioactive material still stored at Fukushima is about 8 times that stored at Chernobyl, and leakage at Fukushima continues.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "701333",
"title": "Nuclear fission product",
"section": "Section::::Decay.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 46,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 46,
"end_character": 503,
"text": "For fission of uranium-235, the predominant radioactive fission products include isotopes of iodine, caesium, strontium, xenon and barium. The threat becomes smaller with the passage of time. Locations where radiation fields once posed immediate mortal threats, such as much of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant on day one of the accident and the ground zero sites of U.S. atomic bombings in Japan (6 hours after detonation) are now relatively safe because the radioactivity has decayed to a low level.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60167773",
"title": "Nuclear fallout effects on an ecosystem",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 1018,
"text": "Factors such as rainfall, wind currents, and the initial explosions at Chernobyl themselves caused the nuclear fallout to spread throughout Europe, Asia, as well as parts of North America. Not only was there a spread of these various radioactive elements previously mentioned, but there were also problems with what are known as hot particles. The Chernobyl reactor didn't just expel aerosol particles, fuel particles, and radioactive gases, but there was an additional expulsion of Uranium fuel fused together with radionuclides. These hot particles could spread for thousands of Kilometers and could produce concentrated substances in the form of raindrops known as Liquid hot particles. These particles were potentially hazardous, even in low-level radiation areas. The radioactive level in each individual hot particle could rise as high as 10 kBq, which is a fairly high dosage of radiation. These liquid hot particle droplets could be absorbed in two main ways; ingestion through food or water, and inhalation. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37257",
"title": "Radioactive waste",
"section": "Section::::Management.:Long term management.:Geologic disposal.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 108,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 108,
"end_character": 568,
"text": "Because some radioactive species have half-lives longer than one million years, even very low container leakage and radionuclide migration rates must be taken into account. Moreover, it may require more than one half-life until some nuclear materials lose enough radioactivity to cease being lethal to living things. A 1983 review of the Swedish radioactive waste disposal program by the National Academy of Sciences found that country's estimate of several hundred thousand years—perhaps up to one million years—being necessary for waste isolation \"fully justified.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19216184",
"title": "Nuclear power debate",
"section": "Section::::Whistleblowers.:Health effects on population near nuclear power plants and workers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 90,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 90,
"end_character": 486,
"text": "Scientists learned about exposure to high level radiation from studies of the effects of bombing populations at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. However, it is difficult to trace the relationship of low level radiation exposure to resulting cancers and mutations. This is because the latency period between exposure and effect can be 25 years or more for cancer and a generation or more for genetic damage. Since nuclear generating plants have a brief history, it is early to judge the effects.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
38auzz
|
why does africa not have the same cocaine production problem that south america faces?
|
[
{
"answer": "You need to think in more than two dimensions, grasshopper. Altitude is a major factor in production of the coca plant. Additionally, generations of knowledge are missing in Africa.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "60604661",
"title": "East African drug trade",
"section": "Section::::Types of drugs.:Cocaine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 623,
"text": "Cocaine is another drug emerging on the continent. While most of the trade comes from North Africa, there is a growing presence in East Africa. Starting in 2004, there have been numerous high-profile seizures in East Africa. In the intervening years, cocaine seizures have increased by four times. While each of these might be dismissed as anomalies as they are far from traditional cocaine smuggling routes, in succession, there is a clear pattern of increased trafficking in the region. A favorite of the emerging middle class, many governments are worried about the prevalence of its appearance in many areas of Africa.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58864644",
"title": "Drug trade in West Africa",
"section": "Section::::Supply.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 371,
"text": "Due to the rising demand of illegal drugs and the rising profits from illicit drugs following the mid-1980s, West Africans branched out of Africa and created outposts in big cities all across the world in order to establish effective drug trading networks. An estimated quarter to two-thirds of the cocaine coming from Latin America to Europe passes through West Africa.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58864644",
"title": "Drug trade in West Africa",
"section": "Section::::Supply.:International Consequences.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 662,
"text": "Brazil and Venezuela have become major embarkation zones for illegal drugs that are headed for West Africa. Between 2005 and 2008 there were 46 metric tonnes of cocaine seized by police. This coincides with the Venezuelan government ceased work with the United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). The lack of law enforcement in Venezuela along with inadequate border control in both countries and insufficient coastline control in Brazil allows the drug trade to thrive in the two countries and neighboring countries. Brazil and Venezuela are capable of shipping cocaine transnationally to West and South Africa due to the lack of security in both continents.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8442323",
"title": "Mexican Drug War",
"section": "Section::::Effects internationally.:West Africa.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 203,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 203,
"end_character": 722,
"text": "At least nine Mexican and Colombian drug cartels have established bases in 11 West African nations. They are reportedly working closely with local criminal gangs to carve out a staging area for access to the lucrative European market. The Colombian and Mexican cartels have discovered that it is much easier to smuggle large loads into West Africa and then break that up into smaller shipments to Europe – mostly Spain, the United Kingdom and France. Higher demand for cocaine in Western Europe in addition to North American interdiction campaigns has led to dramatically increased trafficking in the region: nearly 50% of all non-U.S. bound cocaine, or about 13% of all global flows, is now smuggled through West Africa.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60604661",
"title": "East African drug trade",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 353,
"text": "Despite the lack of records of the illegal drug trade in East Africa, there are still signs that East Africa is continuing to grow as a port of entry and a channel for illegal drugs into the United States and Europe. For instance, \"The UN office on drugs and crime reported a four-fold increase in cocaine seizures in East Africa in 2009–10 from 2005.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "60901743",
"title": "Environmental Effects of Illicit Drug Production",
"section": "Section::::Environmental Impacts of Natural Drugs.:Cocaine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "Most of the world's cocaine is produced in South America, particularly in the Andean region. The environmental destruction caused by the production of cocaine has been well documented, with reports made the UN and other government bodies. Due to the illegal nature of coca production, farmers make little effort in soil conservation and sustainability practices as seen in the high mobility and short life of coca plots in Columbia. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4644067",
"title": "Cocaine paste",
"section": "Section::::\"Paco\" in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 637,
"text": "In 2007, crackdowns in Peru and Bolivia forced traffickers to move to Argentina to produce cocaine which, according to the Los Angeles Times, is ideal for its \"advanced chemical industry, [its] porous border with Bolivia and a notoriously corrupt police force.\" Eventually, this prompted traffickers to sell their byproduct to locals. The use underscores a significant shift in both Argentina and its larger neighbour Brazil, which in just a few years have become sizable cocaine consumers. Brazil now ranks as the second largest total consumer of cocaine in the world after the United States, per the United States Department of State.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
128ii3
|
how can we "see" other galaxies?
|
[
{
"answer": "We use a big telescope that we aim at a tiny piece of blackness in the sky. [This](_URL_1_) is an image we received from the Hubble telescope. We see these galaxies in the piece of blackness because we use a long exposure time. For example, [this](_URL_0_) is what happens if you take a long exposure photo at night. Yes, this picture is taking at night. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "570274",
"title": "Space Interferometry Mission",
"section": "Section::::Mission.:Galactic mapping.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 528,
"text": "Currently, astronomers know little about the shape and size of our galaxy relative to what they know about other galaxies; it is difficult to observe the entire Milky Way from the inside. A good analogy is trying to observe a marching band as a member of the band. Observing other galaxies is much easier because humans are outside those galaxies. Steven Majewski and his team planned to use SIM Lite to help determine not only the shape and size of the Galaxy but also the distribution of its mass and the motion of its stars.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "749810",
"title": "VISTA (telescope)",
"section": "Section::::Selection of VISTA Images.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 817,
"text": "VISTA can also stare far beyond our galaxy. In the example on the left (below the image of the Orion Nebula) the telescope took a family photograph of a cluster of galaxies in the constellation of Fornax (the Chemical Furnace). The wide field allows many galaxies to be captured in a single image including the striking barred-spiral NGC 1365 and the big elliptical galaxy NGC 1399. The image was constructed from images taken through Z, J and Ks filters in the near-infrared part of the spectrum and has captured many of the cluster members in a single image. At the lower-right is the elegant barred-spiral galaxy NGC 1365 and to the left the big elliptical NGC 1399, surrounded by a swarm of faint globular clusters. The image is about 1 degree by 1.5 degrees in extent and the total exposure time was 25 minutes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1011976",
"title": "List of galaxy groups and clusters",
"section": "Section::::Groups visible to the unaided eye.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 359,
"text": "The Local Group contains the largest number of visible galaxies with the naked eye. However, its galaxies are not visually grouped together in the sky, except for the two Magellanic Clouds. The IC342/Maffei Group, the nearest galaxy group, would be visible by the naked eye if it were not obscured by the stars and dust clouds in the Milky Way's spiral arms.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12212921",
"title": "Galaxy Zoo",
"section": "Section::::Origins.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 512,
"text": "Chris Lintott commented that: \"One advantage is that you get to see parts of space that have never been seen before. These images were taken by a robotic telescope and processed automatically, so the odds are that when you log on, that first galaxy you see will be one that no human has seen before.\" This was confirmed by Kevin Schawinski: \"Most of these galaxies have been photographed by a robotic telescope, and then processed by computer. So this is the first time they will have been seen by human eyes.\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37658238",
"title": "MACS0647-JD",
"section": "Section::::Details.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 366,
"text": "The galaxy was discovered with the help of Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH), which uses massive galaxy clusters as cosmic telescopes to magnify distant galaxies behind them, an effect called gravitational lensing. Observations were recorded by the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope, with support from Spitzer Space Telescope.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3826406",
"title": "Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies",
"section": "Section::::List of galaxies in the catalog.:Spiral galaxies.:Spiral galaxies with low surface brightness companions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 339,
"text": "Many of these spiral galaxies are probably interacting with the low surface brightness galaxies in the field of view. In some cases, however, it may be difficult to determine whether the companion is physically near the spiral galaxy or whether the companion is a foreground/background source or a source on the edge of the spiral galaxy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1769573",
"title": "Dark galaxy",
"section": "Section::::Nature of dark galaxy.:Size.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 214,
"text": "The actual size of dark galaxies is unknown because they cannot be observed with normal telescopes. There have been various estimations, ranging from double the size of the Milky Way to the size of a small quasar.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
x1g7s
|
how does download / upload speed affect online game play-ability?
|
[
{
"answer": "There's no direct correlation.\n\nAs long as you meet the requirements for uploading/receeving the game data (which is almost certainly FAR below 3MBit), the speed wont matter.\n\nWhat *will* matter is the latency, or how long it takes a single packet of information to get from your computer to the server. But the latency number is not directly related to the throughput number.\n\nNow, some (not all) high speed connections tend to be on better designed networks with lower latencies and less over subscription, which can mean that a higher speed connection would get you the lower latency, but its a side effect (and one thats not guarenteed).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The download speed doesn't affect your gaming experience unless it's abysmally slow. Usually you don't need more than half an Mbps.\n\nWhat really affects your gaming experience is the time it takes for data to make a *round trip*. This is called your latency or ping.\n\nSo if your ping is 200 ms (ping/latency is always in milliseconds), it takes a 100 ms to reach the server and then another 100 ms to come back to your computer.\n\n100 ms is playable, but you should always aim for < 50 ms.\n\nHowever, there is a catch. Though your download speed doesn't really affect the quality, higher quality lines (which thus allow higher speeds) do benefit your ping.\n\nDo keep in mind that if you are using the copper telephone network (ADSL, ADSL2+ and, in particular, VDSL{2}) having your connection set to the maximum speed might cause some extra errors in the data, this means that data has to be resend, increasing the time a round trip takes.\n\n\n\nOf course, this is pretty much what mcowger said, with the ping/latency is a round trip correction and some extra technical info",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "30734754",
"title": "Web performance",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 739,
"text": "Faster website download speeds have been shown to increase visitor retention and loyalty and user satisfaction, especially for users with slow internet connections and those on mobile devices. Web performance also leads to less data travelling across the web, which in turn lowers a website's power consumption and environmental impact. Some aspects which can affect the speed of page load include browser/server cache, image optimization, and encryption (for example SSL), which can affect the time it takes for pages to render. The performance of the web page can be improved through techniques such as multi-layered cache, light weight design of presentation layer components and asynchronous communication with server side components.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17933",
"title": "Latency (engineering)",
"section": "Section::::Communication latency.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 412,
"text": "Online games are sensitive to latency (or \"lag\"), since fast response times to new events occurring during a game session are rewarded while slow response times may carry penalties. Due to a delay in transmission of game events, a player with a high latency internet connection may show slow responses in spite of appropriate reaction time. This gives players with low latency connections a technical advantage.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "40102006",
"title": "Cốc Cốc",
"section": "Section::::Features.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 325,
"text": "BULLET::::- Files are downloaded in multiple streams, which under certain conditions can accelerate download speeds by up to eight times, depending on the bandwidth of the Internet connections and the speed at which the server sends files. At present, an option to increase or decrease the downloading speed is not provided.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38721817",
"title": "Always-on DRM",
"section": "Section::::Usage and criticism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 805,
"text": "EA was later criticized for making their latest game \"Need for Speed\" always online, even though it had both single player and multiplayer modes. EA later stated that this was because the game was an ever-expanding world that would be constantly updated and that it would be required for taking snapshots and posting them on Autolog, which would earn the player Experience points and other rewards if the snapshots are liked enough. This later garnered more criticism. In the end, it was later found out that the reason for drastic framerate drops in Need for Speed on all platforms was because of the always-online connection. Because of this, EA decided to make all their later games to be playable offline, with the latest Need for Speed game, \"Payback\", having an offline single-player campaign mode.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "473324",
"title": "Uses and gratifications theory",
"section": "Section::::Modern applications of uses and gratifications research.:Online gaming.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 116,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 116,
"end_character": 309,
"text": "This new branch of research explores the U&G of starting to play games online. Achievement, enjoyment and social interaction are all motivations for starting to play an online game, and their success at the game as well as the extent to which their uses were gratified predicted their continuance in playing.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32881",
"title": "Warez",
"section": "Section::::File formats of warez.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 67,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 67,
"end_character": 343,
"text": "BULLET::::- In the case of One-click hosting websites downloading multiple files from one or several sources can significantly increase download speeds. This is because even if the source(s) provides slow download speeds on individual disks, downloading several disks simultaneously will allow the user to achieve much greater download rates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1008327",
"title": "Play-by-post role-playing game",
"section": "Section::::Mediums.:Play-by-internet.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 549,
"text": "Play-by-internet (PBI) refers to fully automated games which take place using server-based software. Play-by-internet games differ from other play-by-post games in that, for most computerized multiplayer games, the players have to be online at the same time, and players can make their moves independently of any other players in the game. The turn-time is usually fixed. A server updates the game after the turn-time has elapsed evaluating all the player's moves sent to the server. The turn-time duration can be hours, days, weeks or even months.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2e0wic
|
How do we construct objects on a nanoscopic scale?
|
[
{
"answer": "Two ways: Bottom-up and Top-down [fabrication](_URL_4_). Top-down fab involves starting with a chunk of material and etching away parts until you have the design you want. This method can make complex shapes^[1](_URL_2_) ^[2](_URL_6_) but is limited to relatively large objects (~ tens of nanometers). For the molecular scale most people think of when imagining nanobots, you need bottom-up fab, where you start with small objects and connect them into larger objects. To connect them, engineers use [self-assembly](_URL_3_). This usually involves chemically [functionalizing](_URL_0_) the building block molecules on one end so they attach in a particular manner. In reality, we are years away from [nanobots](_URL_5_) in the form you are probably imagining them in. We can make arrangements of atoms that act like atomic motors^[3](_URL_1_) but attaching a power source and method of direction control has not, to my knowledge, been achieved at the atomic scale. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "6504692",
"title": "Outline of technology",
"section": "Section::::Branches of technology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 94,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 94,
"end_character": 302,
"text": "BULLET::::- Nanotechnology – The study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 and 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9324236",
"title": "Nanoscopic scale",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 287,
"text": "The nanoscopic scale (or nanoscale) usually refers to structures with a length scale applicable to nanotechnology, usually cited as 1–100 nanometers. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. The nanoscopic scale is (roughly speaking) a lower bound to the mesoscopic scale for most solids.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "382187",
"title": "Macroscopic scale",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 345,
"text": "When applied to physical phenomena and bodies, the macroscopic scale describes things as a person can directly perceive them, without the aid of magnifying devices. This is in contrast to observations (microscopy) or theories (microphysics, statistical physics) of objects of geometric lengths smaller than perhaps some hundreds of micrometers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49642822",
"title": "3D microfabrication",
"section": "Section::::Rapid prototyping.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 708,
"text": "Much like their macroscopic analog, microstructures can be produced using rapid prototyping methods. These techniques generally involve the layering of some resin, with each layer being much thinner than that used for conventional processes in order to produce higher resolution microscopic components. Layers in processes such as electrochemical fabrication can be as thin as 5 to 10 μm. The creation of microscopic structures is similar to conventional additive manufacturing techniques in that a computer aided design model is sliced into an appropriate number of two-dimensional layers in order to create a toolpath. This toolpath is then followed by a mechanical system to produce the desired geometry.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9324236",
"title": "Nanoscopic scale",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 297,
"text": "For technical purposes, the nanoscopic scale is the size at which fluctuations in the averaged properties (due to the motion and behavior of individual particles) begin to have a significant effect (often a few percent) on the behavior of a system, and must be taken into account in its analysis.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39631094",
"title": "Self-assembly of nanoparticles",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 613,
"text": " Certain structural classes are especially relevant to nanoscience. As the dimensions of structures become smaller, their surface area-to-volume ratio increases. Much like molecules, nanostructures at small enough scales are essentially \"all surface\". The mechanical properties of materials are strongly influenced by these surface structures. Fracture strength and character, ductility, and various mechanical moduli all depend on the substructure of the materials over a range of scales. The opportunity to redevelop a science of materials that are nanostructured by design is largely open.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33764165",
"title": "Outline of applied science",
"section": "Section::::Branches of applied science.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 116,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 116,
"end_character": 326,
"text": "BULLET::::- Nanotechnology (outline) – study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
a334dy
|
How much does body fat influence our perception of temperature?
|
[
{
"answer": "Key word in that question is “feel”. That suggests that it’s perceptual therefore it cannot be measured scientifically. What you could measure is the net heating rate. Assume all 3 bodies are identical it could be assumed that the metabolic rate and body controlled changes in body temperatures will be identical therefore the loss of heat due to conduction and convection can be assessed. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "TL;DR heat dissipation is roughly proportional to surface area, while heat production is on volume. As weight goes up, surface area doesn't go up as quickly, and so the heavier people dissipate heat more slowly. That's good for them in the cold and really bad for them in the heat.\n\nLet's make some simplifications to the model to show how this works.\n\n1. We will model the people as cylinders with the density and heat properties of water. Cue some joke about \"spherical cows in a vacuum.\" \n2. We'll say 1.5 m tall and 50, 75, and 100 kg. Because 1 kg of water has a volume of 1 L, these people have volumes of 50 L, 75 L, and 100 L.\n3. Calculating surface area and rounding to the nearest 1000, the surface areas of the people are about 10000, 13000, and 15000 cm^3 \n4. The ratio of area to volume for the people is therefore 200, 173, and 150.\n5. These ratios determine how much relative heat can be dissipated, and therefore the lighter person here is going to dissipate more heat relative to volume than the heavier person is -- good in heat; probably bad in cold. \n\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "24866018",
"title": "Capsinoids",
"section": "Section::::Mechanisms of action: capsaicin vs. capsinoids.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 409,
"text": "Both energy metabolism and body temperature increases are observed in humans following extracted capsinoids or CH-19 Sweet administration. Animal studies also demonstrate these increases, as well as suppressed in body fat accumulation following capsinoids intake. The exact mechanisms and the relative importance of each remain under investigation, as are the effects of capsinoids on appetite and satiation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56565",
"title": "Circadian rhythm",
"section": "Section::::In mammals.:Biological markers and effects.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 284,
"text": "In contradiction to previous studies, it has been found that there is no effect of body temperature on performance on psychological tests. This is likely due to evolutionary pressures for higher cognitive function compared to the other areas of function examined in previous studies.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7455643",
"title": "Thermal comfort",
"section": "Section::::Influencing factors.:Metabolic rate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 458,
"text": "Food and drink habits may have an influence on metabolic rates, which indirectly influences thermal preferences. These effects may change depending on food and drink intake. Body shape is another factor that affects thermal comfort. Heat dissipation depends on body surface area. A tall and skinny person has a larger surface-to-volume ratio, can dissipate heat more easily, and can tolerate higher temperatures more than a person with a rounded body shape.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8331759",
"title": "Human body temperature",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 364,
"text": "Individual body temperature depends upon the age, exertion, infection, sex, and reproductive status of the subject, the time of day, the place in the body at which the measurement is made, and the subject's state of consciousness (waking, sleeping or sedated), activity level, and emotional state. It is typically maintained within this range by thermoregulation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7173874",
"title": "Ecophysiology",
"section": "Section::::Animals.:Humans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 408,
"text": "The environment can have major influences on human physiology. Environmental effects on human physiology are numerous; one of the most carefully studied effects is the alterations in thermoregulation in the body due to outside stresses. This is necessary because in order for enzymes to function, blood to flow, and for various body organs to operate, temperature must remain at consistent, balanced levels.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "569842",
"title": "Thermoreceptor",
"section": "Section::::Location.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 511,
"text": "In mammals, temperature receptors innervate various tissues including the skin (as cutaneous receptors), cornea and urinary bladder. Neurons from the pre-optic and hypothalamic regions of the brain that respond to small changes in temperature have also been described, providing information on core temperature. The hypothalamus is involved in thermoregulation, the thermoreceptors allowing feed-forward responses to a predicted change in core body temperature in response to changing environmental conditions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "378661",
"title": "Thermoregulation",
"section": "Section::::Vertebrates.:In humans.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 1560,
"text": "As in other mammals, thermoregulation is an important aspect of human homeostasis. Most body heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles. Humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the human body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. For example, one of the most common reactions to hot temperatures is heat exhaustion, which is an illness that could happen if one is exposed to high temperatures, resulting in some symptoms such as dizziness, fainting, or a rapid heartbeat. For humans, adaptation to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms resulting from evolution and behavioural mechanisms resulting from conscious cultural adaptations. The physiological control of the body’s core temperature takes place primarily through the hypothalamus, which assumes the role as the body’s “thermostat.” This organ possesses control mechanisms as well as key temperature sensors, which are connected to nerve cells called thermoreceptors. Thermoreceptors come in two subcategories; ones that respond to cold temperatures and ones that respond to warm temperatures. Scattered throughout the body in both peripheral and central nervous systems, these nerve cells are sensitive to changes in temperature and are able to provide useful information to the hypothalamus through the process of negative feedback, thus maintaining a constant core temperature.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6gvsa9
|
what legitament ties do fraternity groups have to what is considered "greek life"?
|
[
{
"answer": "The term \"Greek Life\" literally refers to the activities of fraternities and sororities. It's called Greek Life because most fraternities and sororities are named with three greek letters (Phi Kappa Alpha, Delta Iota Kappa, etc). ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "47400013",
"title": "Fraternities and sororities",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "Fraternities and sororities, or Greek letter organizations (GLOs) (collectively referred to as \"Greek life\"), are social organizations at colleges and universities. A form of the social fraternity, they are prominent in the United States and the Philippines, with much smaller numbers existing in France, Canada, and elsewhere. Similar organizations exist in other countries as well, including the \"Studentenverbindungen\" of German-speaking countries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20522408",
"title": "Student activities",
"section": "Section::::Types of Student Activities.:Greek Organizations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 74,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 74,
"end_character": 738,
"text": "Greek organizations include fraternities and sororities, which are exclusive social organizations. These groups are referred to as 'Greek' for their names are made up of two or 3 Greek letters. These organizations generally focus on the betterment and empowerment of members. Students go through a 'bidding' process in order to be initiated into one of these organizations. Universities and colleges also have Panhellenic and Inter-Fraternity Councils, which act as the governing body over Greek organizations. Some honor societies can also be considered Greek organizations due to their Greek letter affiliation, however, these organizations tend to be co-ed, while fraternities are all-male groups and sororities are all-female groups.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1859",
"title": "Arizona State University",
"section": "Section::::Student life.:Extracurricular programs.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 106,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 106,
"end_character": 304,
"text": "There are multiple councils for Greek Life, including the Interfraternity Council (IFC), Multicultural Greek Council (MGC), National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations (NALFO), National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), Panhellenic Association (PHA), and the Professional Fraternity Council (PFC).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41948020",
"title": "Greek life at the University of Massachusetts Amherst",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 389,
"text": "Greek Life at the University of Massachusetts Amherst comprises many active chapters of social fraternities and sororities. While most of the groups are chapters of national organizations, including members of the North-American Interfraternity Conference, National Panhellenic Conference and National Pan-Hellenic Council, independent groups and those with other affiliations also exist.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56794983",
"title": "Racism in Greek life",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 821,
"text": "Greek life has a long history of policies that have contributed to racism and lack of diversity in many Greek organizations. In resistance to racism in GLOs, in the early 1920s, according to Hunter and Hughey, Black GLOs were founded. Members of other racial groups began to form their own fraternities and sororities. For instance, the first Hispanic fraternity was founded in 1931. In 1948, the first MGLO fraternity was founded at the University of Toledo and in 1981, the first MGLO sorority was founded at Rutgers University. More MGLOs were founded “nationally and locally” the following years to continue as a “foundation transcending racial, national, and religious differences”. Soon after, Multicultural Greek Councils were formed to govern affiliated MGLOs, both national or local fraternities and sororities.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1093037",
"title": "Centenary College of Louisiana",
"section": "Section::::Student life.:Greek life.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 62,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 62,
"end_character": 440,
"text": "The Greek social organizations at Centenary College are five national fraternities: Alpha Phi Alpha, Kappa Alpha Psi, Kappa Alpha, Kappa Sigma, and Tau Kappa Epsilon; and two national sororities: Chi Omega and Zeta Tau Alpha. In addition to encouraging academic excellence, the Greek system provides opportunities to form lifelong friendships, develop leadership skills, and participate in community service projects and social activities.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34795872",
"title": "History of Baldwin Wallace University",
"section": "Section::::Founding and expansion.:Greek life growth.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 638,
"text": "BW's Greek life system is unique in that all fraternities and sororities are housed on campus in the school's residence halls. The reason for this has long been believed to be a city ordinance passed by the city of Berea in the 1960s. Many of the Greek life organizations began to form on the campus during Louis C. Wright's presidency. The locations where Greeks have been housed have changed throughout the school's history, but today many are housed in Heritage and Constitution Halls. The oldest fraternity on campus is Lambda Chi Alpha, which was founded in 1926. The oldest sorority is Alpha Gamma Delta, which was founded in 1940.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
lellk
|
how do slumps and streaks work?
|
[
{
"answer": "Nothing. Usually what you see when there are \"streaks\" and \"slumps\" is just random variation. There's no more mental change in a player when he hits six 3-pointers in a row than there's a mental change in a coin when it comes up heads 7 times in a row. It's just something that happens.\n\nJust a week ago [a study came out](_URL_0_) saying that the odds of a basketball player hitting the 2nd Free Throw after making the first was improved. IMO, though, I don't think two in a row is enough to satisfy a \"streak.\" I'd love to see if the \"streak\" continued from the back end of a 2-shot foul to the next trip to the line. I'd say that's likely muscle memory more than anything.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Nothing. Usually what you see when there are \"streaks\" and \"slumps\" is just random variation. There's no more mental change in a player when he hits six 3-pointers in a row than there's a mental change in a coin when it comes up heads 7 times in a row. It's just something that happens.\n\nJust a week ago [a study came out](_URL_0_) saying that the odds of a basketball player hitting the 2nd Free Throw after making the first was improved. IMO, though, I don't think two in a row is enough to satisfy a \"streak.\" I'd love to see if the \"streak\" continued from the back end of a 2-shot foul to the next trip to the line. I'd say that's likely muscle memory more than anything.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "21550153",
"title": "Amazonis quadrangle",
"section": "Section::::Dark Slope Streaks.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 302,
"text": "The physical process that produces dark slope streaks is still uncertain. They are most likely caused by the mass movement of loose, fine-grained material on oversteepened slopes (i.e., dust avalanches). The avalanching disturbs and removes a bright surface layer of dust to expose a darker substrate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "257916",
"title": "Slump (geology)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 356,
"text": "A slump is a form of mass wasting that occurs when a coherent mass of loosely consolidated materials or rock layers moves a short distance down a slope. Movement is characterized by sliding along a concave-upward or planar surface. Causes of slumping include earthquake shocks, thorough wetting, freezing and thawing, undercutting, and loading of a slope.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39793013",
"title": "Rip-up clasts",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 569,
"text": "Rip-up clasts are pieces of shale or mudstone created when an erosive current containing suspended sediment flows over a shale bed, tears up pieces of it, and carries these \"rip ups\" some distance. Because clay can be quite cohesive, even when freshly deposited, large clasts of shale can be ripped up, transported and subsequently preserved when the eroding current finally deposits its sediment. Shale rip-up clasts are often found at the base of sandy turbidites, in lag deposits at the base of channelized sandstones, and associated with subaqueous dunes and bars.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9696",
"title": "Erosion",
"section": "Section::::Physical processes.:Mass movement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 459,
"text": "\"Slumping\" happens on steep hillsides, occurring along distinct fracture zones, often within materials like clay that, once released, may move quite rapidly downhill. They will often show a spoon-shaped isostatic depression, in which the material has begun to slide downhill. In some cases, the slump is caused by water beneath the slope weakening it. In many cases it is simply the result of poor engineering along highways where it is a regular occurrence.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59416",
"title": "Soil erosion",
"section": "Section::::Physical processes.:Mass movement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 459,
"text": "\"Slumping\" happens on steep hillsides, occurring along distinct fracture zones, often within materials like clay that, once released, may move quite rapidly downhill. They will often show a spoon-shaped isostatic depression, in which the material has begun to slide downhill. In some cases, the slump is caused by water beneath the slope weakening it. In many cases it is simply the result of poor engineering along highways where it is a regular occurrence.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "996315",
"title": "Downhill creep",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 800,
"text": "Downhill creep, also known as soil creep or commonly just creep, is the slow downward progression of rock and soil down a low grade slope; it can also refer to slow deformation of such materials as a result of prolonged pressure and stress. Creep may appear to an observer to be continuous, but it really is the sum of numerous minute, discrete movements of slope material caused by the force of gravity. Friction, being the primary force to resist gravity, is produced when one body of material slides past another offering a mechanical resistance between the two which acts to hold objects (or slopes) in place. As slope on a hill increases, the gravitational force that is perpendicular to the slope decreases and results in less friction between the material that could cause the slope to slide.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22240072",
"title": "Dark slope streak",
"section": "Section::::Formation mechanism.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 420,
"text": "Another model proposes that dark slope streaks are produced by ground-hugging density currents of dry dust lubricated by carbon dioxide (CO) gas. In this scenario, a small initial slump at the surface releases CO gas adsorbed onto subsurface grains. This release produces a gas-supported dust flow that moves as a tenuous density current downslope. This mechanism may help explain slope streaks that are unusually long.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
476qle
|
why it's possible for a 'brain dead' person to wake up while being prepped for an organ donation?
|
[
{
"answer": "It is a cause for concern. Generally a brain scan will be performed which will show if there is electrical activity in the brain.\n\nDoctors do want the freshest most viable organs, the ones least dead.\n\nWhen your brain is dead can be debated to a certain extent. There is an ancient part of the brain buried deep with our brains which resembles the brain of reptiles. In it are basic functions necessary for us to live. This part can be compared to reflex centers in the spinal cord. If stimulated, the reflex centers can cause the legs to walk.\n\nWalking legs do not mean a conscious brain. Nor does breathing although this does include relays in the brain.\n\nI do not know what your criteria for being alive is. If I cannot change the channels on a TV I want someone to pull the plug unless I am blinking in Morse Code.\n\nWe lose brain cells every day. How many we need to function I do not know.\n\nThe last step of organ donation probably includes turning off the breathing machine. This means the brain cells go hypoxic. Any that are alive will fire in a generalized discharge. This will cause a squeezing of the voluntary muscles, a last gasp, a last grasp. It does not mean that her brain was alive.\n\nYou can probably find cases where a brain dead individual will actually sit up when the machinery is turned off. It does not mean the brain was alive or they were alive in any sense we know.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I searched for this story, and could only find a Daily Mail article on it, and which [has been criticized for sensationalizing and ](_URL_1_) [mis-reporting ](_URL_3_)[a variety ](_URL_2_) of [issues before.](_URL_0_) You need to take it with a grain of salt. Given that I can't verify the story through any other news outlet (beyond a single editorial that only referenced the Daily Mail), I fail to see how this can be taken as a true story.\n\n\"Brain death\" is tricky term, but that's a secondary issue to the moral here: I wouldn't Google for your information just to see if something happened, because you can Google anything and find if it ever happened and find claims, such as plane contrails actually being streams of chemicals that are released by the government to control our mind, or that Osama bin Laden and Barack Obama are actually the same person. Does somebody somewhere posting whatever they want on the Internet make it true? Of course not. Claims on the Internet need to be verified before explanations be demanded.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "59822411",
"title": "Organ donation in Ireland",
"section": "Section::::Organ donation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 378,
"text": "After someone has died, a person’s organs can be donated after “brain stem death” or “cardiac death.” Brain stem death is when there is no brain function, with no blood flow or oxygen to the brain. Cardiac death is when the person is injured beyond recovery and will not survive without the support of a ventilator. Two doctors need to verify death via a series of strict tests\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "167166",
"title": "Organ transplantation",
"section": "Section::::Types of donor.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 751,
"text": "Organ donors may be living or may have died of brain death or circulatory death. Most deceased donors are those who have been pronounced brain dead. Brain dead means the cessation of brain function, typically after receiving an injury (either traumatic or pathological) to the brain, or otherwise cutting off blood circulation to the brain (drowning, suffocation, etc.). Breathing is maintained via artificial sources, which, in turn, maintains heartbeat. Once brain death has been declared the person can be considered for organ donation. Criteria for brain death vary. Because less than 3% of all deaths in the U.S. are the result of brain death, the overwhelming majority of deaths are ineligible for organ donation, resulting in severe shortages.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8543743",
"title": "Organ procurement",
"section": "Section::::Procedures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 580,
"text": "Organs cannot be procured after the heart has stopped beating for a long time. Thus, donation after brain death is generally preferred because the organs are still receiving blood from the donor's heart until minutes before being removed from the body and placed on ice. In order to better standardize the evaluation of brain death, The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) published a new set of guidelines in 2010. These guidelines require that three clinical criteria be met in order to establish brain death: coma with a known cause, absence of brain stem reflexes, and apnea.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26411991",
"title": "Beating heart cadaver",
"section": "Section::::Ethical debate.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 827,
"text": "Brain death is defined as irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem: coma (with a known cause), absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea. When doctors take away ventilation systems and patients fail to breathe, move, or show any signs of arousal on their own they are considered brain dead. This test is called an apnea test. The ventilator is taken away and is reconnected only if the person decided to be an organ donor. This definition can create some cognitive dissonance because not responding to stimulation may show a problem with the central nervous system, yet when someone has a beating heart and lungs that will still function with the help of a ventilator it is difficult for some to accept as death. Brain death patients have characteristics of the living and the dead.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41907939",
"title": "Maternal somatic support after brain death",
"section": "Section::::Ethical considerations.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 35,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 35,
"end_character": 431,
"text": "Finally, some ethicists have argued that there are no ethical dilemmas inherent in the case of a pregnant woman who is declared brain dead. They argue that because the brain dead patient is no longer alive, he or she ceases to be a patient; the continuation of ventilation in an effort to save the fetus can be considered a medical experiment that requires ethics committee or IRB-approval before a facility can perform this work.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43846",
"title": "Organ donation",
"section": "Section::::Bioethical issues.:Brain death versus cardiac death.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 112,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 112,
"end_character": 1087,
"text": "Brain death may result in legal death, but still with the heart beating and with mechanical ventilation, keeping all other vital organs alive and functional for a certain period of time. Given long enough, patients who do not fully die in the complete biological sense, but who are declared brain dead, will usually start to build up toxins and wastes in the body. In this way, the organs can eventually dysfunction due to coagulopathy, fluid or electrolyte and nutrient imbalances, or even fail. Thus, the organs will usually only be sustainable and viable for acceptable use up until a certain length of time. This may depend on factors such as how well the patient is maintained, any comorbidities, the skill of the healthcare teams and the quality their facilities. A major point of contention is whether transplantation should be allowed at all if the patient is not yet fully biologically dead, and if brain death is acceptable, whether the person's whole brain needs to have died, or if the death of a certain part of the brain is enough for legal and ethical and moral purposes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1584036",
"title": "Kidney transplantation",
"section": "Section::::Sources of kidneys.:Deceased donors.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 676,
"text": "Although brain-dead (or 'heart beating') donors are considered dead, the donor's heart continues to pump and maintain circulation. This makes it possible for surgeons to start operating while the organs are still being perfused (supplied blood). During the operation, the aorta will be cannulated, after which the donor's blood will be replaced by an ice-cold storage solution, such as UW (Viaspan), HTK, or Perfadex. Depending on which organs are transplanted, more than one solution may be used simultaneously. Due to the temperature of the solution, and since large amounts of cold NaCl-solution are poured over the organs for a rapid cooling, the heart will stop pumping.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
31ch4l
|
why do i feel more out of breath after i stop running than while i'm running?
|
[
{
"answer": "It's an illusion. I want to show you a chart but can't find it. The oxygen that you use, is depending on your needs (howstrong is your cardio excercise). So if you look at the chart of the level of the cardio excercise and the input oxygen, you would see a straight line syarting from (0,0) and suddenly it would go parallel to the level of the cardio ie. The oxygen levels would be the same and stop increasing. That's because your body can't get more, and is at its limits of oxygen. That's when you feel out of breathe. Your muscles want oxygen but you just can't provide it. So after you stop the excercise, your body continues breathing at its limits to use the oxygen that it wanted.\nTl;dr: you are as out of breathe while excercising and right after you stop, just because your body wants more oxygen tries to make you stop for a while and have a break.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "37584762",
"title": "Nii Tackie Tawiah III",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 213,
"text": "He had indicated that although every child developed by learning how to sit, crawl, walk and run, the situation in which the Gas found themselves demanded, that \"we run immediately because we are lagging behind\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26032",
"title": "Running",
"section": "Section::::Benefits of running.:Mental health.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 547,
"text": "Running is an effective way to reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and tension. It helps people who struggle with seasonal affective disorder by being more outside running when it's sunny and warm. Running can improve mental alertness and also improve sleep which is needed for good mental health. Both research and clinical experience have shown that exercise can be a treatment for serious depression and anxiety even some physicians prescribe exercise to most of their patients. Running can have a longer lasting effect than anti-depressants. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1140141",
"title": "Water intoxication",
"section": "Section::::Risk factors.:Endurance sports.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 876,
"text": "Marathon runners are susceptible to water intoxication if they drink too much while running. This is caused when sodium levels drop below 135 μmol/L when athletes consume large amounts of fluid. This has been noted to be the result of the encouragement of excessive fluid replacement by various guidelines. This has largely been identified in marathon runners as a dilutional hyponatremia. A study conducted on participants of the 2002 Boston Marathon found that thirteen percent finished the race with hyponatremia. The study concluded that the strongest predictor of hyponatremia was weight gain while racing (over-hydration), and hyponatremia was just as likely to occur in runners who chose sports drinks as those who chose water. Medical personnel at marathon events are trained to suspect water intoxication immediately when runners collapse or show signs of confusion.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53307515",
"title": "Kieren D’Souza",
"section": "Section::::Training.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 382,
"text": "His training philosophy looks at running as a form of meditation. “For me it’s more like breathing, one cannot run more than 100 km, if they are not as comfortable with it as living their everyday life. That’s always the target – to be comfortable with it. If I’m not running on the road, I’m questioning my own existence.” When he is not running, he likes to cycle long distances.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "26032",
"title": "Running",
"section": "Section::::Benefits of running.:Weight loss benefits.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 43,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 43,
"end_character": 892,
"text": "Running can assist people in losing weight, staying in shape and improving body composition. Research suggests that the person of average weight will burn approximately 100 calories per mile run. Running increases one's metabolism, even after running; one will continue to burn an increased level of calories for a short time after the run. Different speeds and distances are appropriate for different individual health and fitness levels. For new runners, it takes time to get into shape. The key is consistency and a slow increase in speed and distance. While running, it is best to pay attention to how one's body feels. If a runner is gasping for breath or feels exhausted while running, it may be beneficial to slow down or try a shorter distance for a few weeks. If a runner feels that the pace or distance is no longer challenging, then the runner may want to speed up or run farther.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "897177",
"title": "Chris Gayle",
"section": "Section::::Technique and attitude.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 45,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 45,
"end_character": 379,
"text": "\"It is instinct... We premeditate at times, but most of those things are instinct. When a fast bowler runs in to me, my breathing is controlled. So you keep a still head, slow down your breathing. Sometimes I actually hold my breath, so I can be as still and well-balanced as possible. If you get too excited, you overreact more, and with the adrenalin, you lose focus quickly.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "30206738",
"title": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease",
"section": "Section::::Signs and symptoms.:Shortness of breath.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 652,
"text": "Shortness of breath is often the symptom that most bothers people. It is commonly described as: \"my breathing requires effort,\" \"I feel out of breath,\" or \"I can't get enough air in\". Different terms, however, may be used in different cultures. Typically, the shortness of breath is worse on exertion of a prolonged duration and worsens over time. In the advanced stages, or end stage pulmonary disease, it occurs during rest and may be always present. It is a source of both anxiety and a poor quality of life in those with COPD. Many people with more advanced COPD breathe through pursed lips and this action can improve shortness of breath in some.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
bnsytv
|
Need advice on potentially going to grad school for history
|
[
{
"answer": "I'm just typing this from mobile and will add more to it later, but if you suffer from anxiety and depression, academia may not be the best choice for you. And I say this not to be discouraging, but because it can be *tough*. I'm currently doing my PhD in medical history and definitely wished I listened to everyone telling me that PhD's are incredibly isolating and are emotionally taxing.\n\nI'm in the UK so I can't speak too much about American PhD programmes, but I needed relatively high undergrad grades and a Master's degree with similar grades. If you're able, finding a history-related Master's degree would probably be your first step in pursuing a history PhD. There's always hope of funding, but arts degrees typically have less funding than STEM subjects.\n\nEDIT: spelling",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > This resulted in me graduating with a 2.7 GPA. \n\nYou can't go to grad school with that. I'm sorry. \n\nGetting into grad school is a matter of winning over your potential advisor, the department/program, and then getting a rubber-stamp approval from the university. *University* policy--regardless of the department or advisor--just about universally includes a minimum 3.0 undergraduate GPA.\n\nThere's also the thing where *there are no jobs* in academia. If you want to teach, go get an MA in secondary ed with a specialty in history. If you want to learn about history, well, the New York Public Library might be the best in the world. People at AskHistorians would be thrilled to help you find or make a bibliography of books to become a grad school-level expert on a topic. Meanwhile, you could be working a job that would actually pay enough money to live on (everyone I know in a PhD program either has help from their parents or is taking out loans).\n\nBut whether you *should* go isn't the question for you right now.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "18948804",
"title": "SAT Subject Test in World History",
"section": "Section::::Preparation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 524,
"text": "The College Board recommends a one-year preparatory course in World History, as well as independent reading on material related to historical content. However, the questions are very similar to the AP World History Exam, and it is recommended a student do significant outside study by reading and working questions from a commercially available SAT World History, an AP World History preparation book, various online test preparation resources, or an AP Textbook if that student has not taken an AP course in World History.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57437799",
"title": "Princeton University Department of History",
"section": "Section::::Academics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 266,
"text": "The Department of History offers a diverse array of coursework and opportunities for research. Students are able to take courses in other departments, such as Politics, Classics, East Asian Studies, and the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1400795",
"title": "Maine South High School",
"section": "Section::::Academics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 441,
"text": "The school offers 21 Advanced Placement courses in English Language, English Literature, U.S. History, U.S. Government and Politics, Micro/Macro Economics, European History, Comparative Government, Calculus (AB & BC), Computer Science (A), Statistics, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Physics (C), Spanish Language, French Language, Music Theory, Studio Drawing, Chinese Language and Culture, and newly in 2016-'17, World History.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8141503",
"title": "Pauline Maier",
"section": "Section::::Work.:Texts, online courses, avatar gaming.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 70,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 70,
"end_character": 689,
"text": "Beyond traditional college offerings, Maier integrated participatory learning, political history and social history in a collaboration with online MUVE gaming project in a format that younger \"digital divide\" learners find engaging. She reaches out to students before college in texts used in high schools for Advanced Placement courses and previously in a text for middle schoolers with a braille edition. She connects with secondary teachers through the \"Teaching American History\" courses. She has been a TAH presenter and her books are used for required readings in college credit courses around the country for high school teachers to acquire a better background in American history.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "644688",
"title": "The College Preparatory School",
"section": "Section::::Curricula.:History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 687,
"text": "College Prep students must take courses in world history, western civilization, and United States history. As with the majority of College Prep classes, formal Advanced Placement classes are not offered, but the history department offers extracurricular preparation for interested students. After the mandatory history curriculum has been completed, seniors are offered seminar-format elective classes. These courses regularly include introductory economics, linguistics, and United States government. Recent seminars have involved critical study into the American Civil War and Reconstruction, American history after World War II, American protest movements, and comparative religion. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8981769",
"title": "St. Ambrose Academy",
"section": "Section::::Curriculum.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 514,
"text": "The six core subjects are English, history, Latin, math, religion, and science. Topical studies that follow a historical progression are taught in a four-year cycle for the senior high and a three-year cycle for the junior high. Each cycle's historical topic is integrated in history, English, and religion, with the other courses reinforcing these studies where possible, yielding a \"unified and interdisciplinary approach to each historical period.\" High school students are required to take two years of Latin.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57428718",
"title": "Harvard University Department of History",
"section": "Section::::Academics.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 588,
"text": "The Harvard University Department of History is home to some of the world's leading and most renowned scholars in history. The department focuses on multiple areas within history \"including social life, the economy, culture, thought, and politics. Students of history study individuals, groups, communities, and nations from every imaginable perspective.\" The department also runs the History of Science program, which \"deals with important questions about the rise and impact of science, medicine, and technology, both east and west, and at all periods, including the very recent past.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
dwvdtt
|
trees, how do new trees grow?
|
[
{
"answer": "When mama tree and papa tree love each other very much, insects or winds take pollen from papa tree flowers and put them on the stamen of mama tree flowers. Then the little egg cell turns into a seed, which has all the genetic information needed to produce a new tree, and has a food reserve, a few cells that will grow into a root and a few more that will grow into leaves. Once the seed is in favorable conditions (warm enough, wet enough etc) it will start to develop a miniature tree. Then it grows from there by adding new cells, some that make leaves, some for the trunk, some for the root - etc. Of course, some trees are selfish and don’t share their genetic material so they self-pollinate and make seeds without other trees. And some can just clone themselves into new copies, either from a branch or root system.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > \ttell me simply how they grow\n\nThey are plants. The existing trees produce pollen and then the fertilized seeds are dropped and dispersed around the land. A seed in appropriate conditions will start to grow from a sprout up until eventually becoming a full grown tree.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "11312315",
"title": "Cinchona pubescens",
"section": "Section::::Ecology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "It reproduces rapidly and spreads its seeds via wind. It reaches maturity and begins seeding in 4 years. Growing at a rate of 1–2 m per year, it quickly reaches a tall height where it can shade out the rest of the native plants. Adult trees grow much slower than juveniles.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18258915",
"title": "Tree: A Life Story",
"section": "Section::::Synopsis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 461,
"text": "Over the centuries, the tree grows thicker and taller as successive rings develop around its trunk and new buds grow on the branches. The tree becomes part of an old growth forest with a shaded and damp understory of broadleaf trees, shrubs, and ferns. In the canopy, a mat of dead needles and lichen accumulate on the wide upper branches. Exposed to light, air, and rain, the needles decompose and the mat becomes colonized by insects, fungus, and new plants.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1019164",
"title": "Ficus citrifolia",
"section": "Section::::Ecology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 218,
"text": "New trees begin their life as an epiphyte, a strategy which allows them to avoid competition for light and land. \"F. citrifolia\" commonly attacks palms, bald cypress, oaks and other trees, strangling them as it grows.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "170750",
"title": "Populus sect. Populus",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 813,
"text": "All of the species in section \"Populus\" typically grow in large clonal colonies derived from a single seedling, and spreading by means of root suckers; new stems in the colony may appear at up to 30–40 metres from the previous trees. Each individual tree can live for 40–150 years above ground, but the root system of the colony is long-lived, sending up new trunks as the older trunks die off above ground, spreading about a metre per year, sometimes eventually covering many hectares. They are able to survive forest fires because the roots are below the heat of the fire, and new sprouts can grow from the roots. One colony of American aspen (\"P. tremuloides\") in Utah, given the nickname of \"Pando\", has been estimated to be 80,000 years old (disputed), making it possibly the oldest living colony of aspens.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12747796",
"title": "Glossary of plant morphology",
"section": "Section::::General plant terms.:Plant habit.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 874,
"text": "Each plant commences its growth as a herbaceous plant. Plants that remain herbaceous are shorter and seasonal, dying back at the end of their growth season. Woody plants (such as trees, shrubs and woody vines (lianas) will gradually acquire woody (lignaceous) tissues, which provide strength and protection for the vascular system, and they tend to be tall and relatively long lived. The formation of woody tissue is an example of secondary growth, a change in existing tissues, in contrast to primary growth that creates new tissues, such as the elongating tip of a plant shoot. The process of wood formation (lignification) is commonest in the Spermatophytes (seed bearing plants) and has evolved independently a number of times. The roots may also lignify, aiding in the role of supporting and anchoring tall plants, and may be part of a descriptor of the plant's habit.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18955875",
"title": "Tree",
"section": "Section::::Parts and function.:Roots.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 958,
"text": "The roots of a tree serve to anchor it to the ground and gather water and nutrients to transfer to all parts of the tree. They are also used for reproduction, defence, survival, energy storage and many other purposes. The radicle or embryonic root is the first part of a seedling to emerge from the seed during the process of germination. This develops into a taproot which goes straight downwards. Within a few weeks lateral roots branch out of the side of this and grow horizontally through the upper layers of the soil. In most trees, the taproot eventually withers away and the wide-spreading laterals remain. Near the tip of the finer roots are single cell root hairs. These are in immediate contact with the soil particles and can absorb water and nutrients such as potassium in solution. The roots require oxygen to respire and only a few species such as mangroves and the pond cypress (\"Taxodium ascendens\") can live in permanently waterlogged soil.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3189338",
"title": "Lithosere",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 462,
"text": "As the plant succession develops further, trees start to appear. The first trees (or pioneer trees) that appear are typically fast growing trees such as birch, willow or rowan. In turn these will be replaced by slow growing, larger trees such as ash and oak. This is the climax community on a lithosere, defined as the point where a plant succession does not develop any further—it reaches a delicate equilibrium with the environment, in particular the climate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2siak2
|
would it be possible to charge our smartphone batteries using wi-fi waves "power"?
|
[
{
"answer": "Current WiFi is far too weak. Technically you could do so if it was made more powerful, but you wouldn't want it to be WiFi (you want a steady frequency) and it would need to be extremely powerful (probably dangerously so).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Technically speaking yes.\n\nPractically speaking, no.\n\nWe can extract a charge, but it will be so small it would dissipate almost immediately.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Technically, yes. As Msj2705 said, though, practically it would be a nightmare. One problem is that it would be hard to get an antenna big enough to pick up enough power from the signal into a small device like a smartphone.\n\nOne way of wireless charging which does work (although somewhat inefficiently) is called \"Inductive Charging\". It takes advantage of the fact that a changing magnetic field near an electrical conductor causes a current to flow in that conductor. This means all you need is a varying magnetic field (e.g. from an electromagnet), along with a coil of metal in the device to generate the current (and therefore charge the battery) with.\n\nInductive charging is great for things like medical implants (you can have implants fully inside the body, and charge them without having to perform surgery), and places where corrosion of the contacts would be a risk - for example, my electric toothbrush is charged via inductive charging.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "57000350",
"title": "Wi-Charge",
"section": "Section::::Technology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 985,
"text": "Wi-Charge claims to deliver power using focused beams of invisible infrared light. The system consists of a transmitter and a receiver. Transmitter connects to a standard power outlet and converts electricity into infrared laser beam. Receivers use a miniature photo-voltaic cell to convert transmitted light into electrical power. Receivers can be embedded into a device or connected into an existing charging port. The transmitter automatically identifies chargeable receivers and start charging. Several devices can charge at the same time. According to Wi-Charge it can deliver several watts of power to a device at several meters away. The core technology is based on a \"distributed laser resonator\" which is formed by the retroreflectors within the transmitter and the receiver. This unique concept allows the charging of multiple devices without any moving components and if an opaque object enters one of the beams the corresponding power transfer is turned off automatically.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "570662",
"title": "Wireless power transfer",
"section": "Section::::Far-field (radiative) techniques.:Microwaves.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 475,
"text": "In 2015, researchers at the University of Washington introduced power over Wi-Fi, which trickle-charges batteries and powered battery-free cameras and temperature sensors using transmissions from Wi-Fi routers. Wi-Fi signals were shown to power battery-free temperature and camera sensors at ranges of up to 20 feet. It was also shown that Wi-Fi can be used to wirelessly trickle-charge nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion coin-cell batteries at distances of up to 28 feet.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2155746",
"title": "Mobile phone features",
"section": "Section::::Power supply.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 409,
"text": "Mobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of ways used to charge cell phones, including USB, portable batteries, mains power (using an AC adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or a dynamo. In 2009, the first wireless charger was released for consumer use. Some manufacturers have been experimenting with alternative power sources, including solar cells.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57000350",
"title": "Wi-Charge",
"section": "Section::::Limitations and Advantages.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 269,
"text": "Companies that integrate Wi-Charge usually embed a rechargeable battery or super-capacitor in their products. This allows to both overcome periods where new charge is not received, as well as to deliver momentary larger bursts of energy than the average charging rate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "25908079",
"title": "FastPort",
"section": "Section::::Functions.:Charging the battery/powering the phone.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 516,
"text": "The port can charge the battery and power the phone while it is connected to, for example, a hands-free solution in a car. The FastPort became the only way to get external power to the phones. Chargers comes in several varieties, from 12/24 volt DC to use in cars, to 100-250 volt AC to use elsewhere. Some charger-models can only charge the phone (the cable is attached at the middle), in others all the connector pins through to the plug end, thus supporting data/signal transfer while the phone is being charged.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32248775",
"title": "Solar cell phone charger",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 545,
"text": "Solar cell phone chargers use solar panels to charge cell phone batteries. They can be used when no electricity supply is available—either mains or, for example, a vehicle battery—and are sometimes suggested as a way to charge phones without consuming mains electricity, unlike electrical cell phone chargers. Some can also be used as a conventional charger by plugging into an electrical outlet. Some chargers have an internal rechargeable battery which is charged in sunlight and then used to charge a phone; others charge the phone directly.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32248775",
"title": "Solar cell phone charger",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 338,
"text": "Solar chargers used to charge a phone directly, rather than by using an internal battery, can damage a phone if the output is not well-controlled, for example by supplying excessive voltage in bright sunlight.In less bright light, although there is electrical output it may be too low to support charging, it will not just charge slower.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2na65q
|
Could the gravitational pull of one black hole pull you out past the event horizon of a second?
|
[
{
"answer": "no. Gravity of a blackhole is like gravity of any massive object.. It varies with distance from the object. On the other hand, the event horizon is a surface which when you/anything crosses, it cannot come back.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "No, it can't. When black holes get close enough, their event horizons merge into one, unavoidably creating a single (bigger) black hole in finite time, so there's no possible way to \"overlap\" the two event horizons in such a way that the gravitational pull cancels in the region inside, without the black holes merging. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "55278",
"title": "Warp drive",
"section": "Section::::\"Star Trek\".:Slingshot effect.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 42,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 42,
"end_character": 435,
"text": "This \"slingshot\" effect has been explored in theoretical physics: it is hypothetically possible to slingshot oneself \"around\" the event horizon of a black hole. As a result of the black hole's extreme gravitation, time would pass at a slower rate near the event horizon, relative to the outside universe; the traveler would experience the passage of only several minutes or hours, while hundreds of years would pass in 'normal' space.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1508445",
"title": "Ergosphere",
"section": "Section::::Radial pull.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "Since the ergosphere is outside the event horizon, it is still possible for objects that enter that region with sufficient velocity to escape from the gravitational pull of the black hole. An object can gain energy by entering the black hole's rotation and then escaping from it, thus taking some of the black hole's energy with it (making the maneuver similar to the exploitation of the Oberth effect around \"normal\" space objects).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29320146",
"title": "Event horizon",
"section": "Section::::Interacting with an event horizon.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 1190,
"text": "In the case of the horizon around a black hole, observers stationary with respect to a distant object will all agree on where the horizon is. While this seems to allow an observer lowered towards the hole on a rope (or rod) to contact the horizon, in practice this cannot be done. The proper distance to the horizon is finite, so the length of rope needed would be finite as well, but if the rope were lowered slowly (so that each point on the rope was approximately at rest in Schwarzschild coordinates), the proper acceleration (G-force) experienced by points on the rope closer and closer to the horizon would approach infinity, so the rope would be torn apart. If the rope is lowered quickly (perhaps even in freefall), then indeed the observer at the bottom of the rope can touch and even cross the event horizon. But once this happens it is impossible to pull the bottom of rope back out of the event horizon, since if the rope is pulled taut, the forces along the rope increase without bound as they approach the event horizon and at some point the rope must break. Furthermore, the break must occur not at the event horizon, but at a point where the second observer can observe it.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9223226",
"title": "Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates",
"section": "Section::::Speeds of light.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 378,
"text": "BULLET::::- At the event horizon, formula_30 the speed of light shining outward away from the center of black hole is formula_31 It can not escape from the event horizon. Instead, it gets stuck at the event horizon. Since light moves faster than all others, matter can only move inward at the event horizon. Everything inside the event horizon is hidden from the outside world.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4650",
"title": "Black hole",
"section": "Section::::Properties and structure.:Singularity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 559,
"text": "Observers falling into a Schwarzschild black hole (\"i.e.\", non-rotating and not charged) cannot avoid being carried into the singularity, once they cross the event horizon. They can prolong the experience by accelerating away to slow their descent, but only up to a limit. When they reach the singularity, they are crushed to infinite density and their mass is added to the total of the black hole. Before that happens, they will have been torn apart by the growing tidal forces in a process sometimes referred to as spaghettification or the \"noodle effect\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "207820",
"title": "Compact star",
"section": "Section::::Black holes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 760,
"text": "In the classical theory of general relativity, a gravitational singularity occupying no more than a point will form. There may be a new halt of the catastrophic gravitational collapse at a size comparable to the Planck length, but at these lengths there is no known theory of gravity to predict what will happen. Adding any extra mass to the black hole will cause the radius of the event horizon to increase linearly with the mass of the central singularity. This will induce certain changes in the properties of the black hole, such as reducing the tidal stress near the event horizon, and reducing the gravitational field strength at the horizon. However, there will not be any further qualitative changes in the structure associated with any mass increase.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2579267",
"title": "Ring singularity",
"section": "Section::::Traversability and nakedness.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 297,
"text": "An observer crossing the event horizon of a non-rotating and uncharged (or Schwarzschild) black hole cannot avoid the central singularity, which lies in the future world line of everything within the horizon. Thus one cannot avoid spaghettification by the tidal forces of the central singularity.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3acjr0
|
how were the spaniards able to ally with the rival tribes to beat the aztecs, when they didn't know a single word of their language?
|
[
{
"answer": "Simple, kidnap some kids, bring them back to your home, treat them like kings for six months, return the kids, have them tell stories about how amazing these new Gods from across the lands are.\n\nDuring the time you have the kid, you learn some of their language, and they learn yours. Instant translator for the New Gods.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Geronimo de Aguilar was a monk who was shipwrecked in the Yucatan before Cortes went to present day Mexico. While there, he was able to learn a lot of the Mayan language; his learning as a monk made it a lot easier to pick up. The Spanish later found him and took him with them. \n\nWhen they landed in present day Mexico, they met La Malinche, a woman who was given to them as a slave. She could speak Mayan and the Aztec language, Nahuatl. So, until La Malinche learned Spanish fluently, Cortes would talk to Aguilar who would talk to La Malinche.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The Spaniards were fresh off the battlefields of Europe at the time and were not unacquainted with strategy. After surveying who was the primary powers and wielders of the most gold, they would have looked for ways of gathering further information and subsequently found that the Aztecs had more enemies than allies. Most of the first interactions with natives were pictographic or symbolic (pointing to your own dagger and saying dagger effectively names the item to anyone regardless of language). In a short period of time you can learn many things about a foreign language and especially so when necessity calls for it.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Also I wanted to make another point; Tlaxcaltec and other Aztec enemies were not \"tribes\" but kingdoms with a bureaucracy, large cities, etc. Not unlike the Italian city-states of the same period in many aspects, actually.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "19222",
"title": "History of Mexico",
"section": "Section::::Spanish conquest.:Analysis of defeat.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 75,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 75,
"end_character": 202,
"text": "The Alliance ambushed indigenous ceremonies, such as during The Feast of Huitzilopochtli, which allowed the superior Spanish conquerors to avoid fighting the best Aztec warriors in direct armed battle.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2835731",
"title": "La Noche Triste",
"section": "Section::::Aftermath.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 394,
"text": "Further battles awaited the Spaniards and their allies as they fought their way around the north end of Lake Zumpango. Two weeks later, at the Battle of Otumba, not far from Teotihuacan, they turned to fight the pursuing Aztecs, decisively defeating them — according to Cortés, because he slew the Aztec commander — and giving the Spaniards a small respite that allowed them to reach Tlaxcala.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7853009",
"title": "Battle of Otumba",
"section": "Section::::Battle.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 309,
"text": "After being beleaguered on the causeway leading out of the city, the surviving Spanish forces arrived at the plain of Otumba, where they encountered a vast Aztec army. Despite their opponents' exhaustion and hunger, the Aztecs failed to capitalize on their numerical superiority by not attacking right away. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16507482",
"title": "Xicotencatl II",
"section": "Section::::Biography.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 720,
"text": "When fighting the Spaniards he used an ambush strategy; he first engaged the enemy with a small force that feigned a retreat, and then lured the Spaniards back to a better fortified position where the main force waited. The Spaniards retreated when too many of their men were killed or wounded, and they sought a peace treaty with the Tlaxcaltecs. Maxixcatzin, the ruler of Ocotelolco, was in favour of allying with the Spaniards, but Xicotencatl II opposed this idea and continued to fight, nearly wiping out the Spanish force. However, in a crucial moment, the soldiers from Ocotelolco retreated from the battlefield following the orders of Maxixcatzin, and Xicotencatl was forced to accept the proposed peace treaty.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "363176",
"title": "History of Mexico City",
"section": "Section::::Spanish conquest and reconstruction of city.:Conquest of Tenochtitlan.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 349,
"text": "For a time, these allied peoples made use of the arrival of the European in the hopes of creating a world freed of Aztec domination. Spanish objective, however, was that they themselves would benefit from the destruction of Tenochtitlan, making the native peoples not free, but rather more subservient to the Spaniards than they were to the Aztecs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1890743",
"title": "Fall of Tenochtitlan",
"section": "Section::::Siege of Tenochtitlan.:The first battles.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 82,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 82,
"end_character": 598,
"text": "The Aztec canoe fleets worked well for attacking the Spanish because they allowed the Aztecs to surround the Spanish on both sides of the causeway. Cortés decided to make an opening in the causeway so that his brigantines could help defend his forces from both sides. He then distributed the launches amongst his attacking forces, four to Alvarado, six for Olid, and two to Sandoval on the Tepeaquilla causeway. After this move, the Aztecs could no longer attack from their canoes on the opposite side of the Spanish brigantines, and \"the fighting went very much in our favour\", according to Díaz.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7853009",
"title": "Battle of Otumba",
"section": "Section::::Battle.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 602,
"text": "According to conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo's account of the events, it was the Castilian Cavalry that was decisive for victory in the perilous battle. The Aztecs regarded the Spaniards as already defeated, and were looking to gain glory from capturing live Spaniards to sacrifice to their gods. The Castilian cavalry spearheaded the attack, breaking through the ranks and decimating the Aztec lines, preparing them for the assault of the Castilian rodeleros and Tlaxcalan infantry. Though this approach was successful, the sheer numbers of the Aztecs still managed to overwhelm the Castilians.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
dflott
|
Including animals that no longer exist, what animal is the largest ever?
|
[
{
"answer": "The blue whale is the largest known to have existed. Largest doesn’t mean longest. A 2 meter snake is pretty small compared to a 1.8 meter human.\n\nOne candidate for largest dinosaur (Argentinosaurus) is estimated to have weighed about 70 metric tons. Blue whales can get up to about 170 tons. The dinosaur was longer than a whale but much of that was skinny neck and tail.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The heaviest known is indeed the Blue Whale, living today.\n\nThere are however other candidates for longest. Among living animals, a Bootlace Worm was measured in the 19th century at 55 metres, but it may have been stretched compared to when it was alive. The Lion's man jellyfish also has very long tentacles, longer than a blue whale.\n\nAs far as extinct creatures go, large sauropod dinosaurs are the longest known. Many lengths are estimates though. The longest dinosaur we have a nearly-complete skeleton of is *Diplodocus carnegii* at 24 metres, larger species are known only from partial skeletons and the rest must be extrapolated. Something like Argentinosaurus, we're confident it's real and huge, we're less confident just *how* huge.\n\nI'd say it's probable that a large sauropod was the longest vertebrate ever, but considering also invertebrates I think a large jellyfish or worm would be longer still. The fossil record of invertebrates is much poorer though.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "11039790",
"title": "Animal",
"section": "Section::::Diversity.:Largest and smallest.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 22,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 22,
"end_character": 654,
"text": "The blue whale (\"Balaenoptera musculus\") is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 metric tonnes and measuring up to long. The largest extant terrestrial animal is the African bush elephant (\"Loxodonta africana\"), weighing up to 12.25 tonnes and measuring up to long. The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were titanosaur sauropod dinosaurs such as \"Argentinosaurus\", which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes. Several animals are microscopic; some Myxozoa (obligate parasites within the Cnidaria) never grow larger than 20 µm, and one of the smallest species (\"Myxobolus shekel\") is no more than 8.5 µm when fully grown.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20598041",
"title": "Largest organisms",
"section": "Section::::Animals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 276,
"text": "A member of the infraorder Cetacea, the blue whale (\"Balaenoptera musculus\"), is thought to be the largest animal ever to have lived. The maximum recorded weight was 190 metric tonnes for a specimen measuring , whereas longer ones, up to , have been recorded but not weighed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8375147",
"title": "Cephalopod size",
"section": "Section::::Maximum size.:Scientifically validated records.:Extinct taxa.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 68,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 68,
"end_character": 1195,
"text": "Certain extinct cephalopods rivalled or even exceeded the size of the largest living species (Carnall, 2017). In particular, the subclass Ammonoidea is known to have included a considerable number of species that may be considered \"giant\" (defined by Stevens, 1988 as those exceeding in shell diameter). The largest confirmed ammonite, a specimen of \"Parapuzosia seppenradensis\" discovered in a German quarry in 1895, measures in diameter (Kennedy & Kaplan, 1995:21), though its living chamber is largely missing. The diameter of the complete shell has been estimated at , assuming the living chamber took up one-fourth of the outer whorl (Landois, 1895:100). Teichert & Kummel (1960:6) suggested an even larger original shell diameter of around for this specimen, assuming the body chamber extended for three-fourths to one full whorl. In 1971 a portion of an ammonite possibly surpassing this specimen was reportedly found in a brickyard in Bottrop, western Germany (Beer, 2015). A specimen found by Jim Rockwood, from the Late Triassic near Williston Lake, British Columbia, was said to measure more than across, but was later determined to be a concretion ([Anonymous],; [Anonymous], 2008).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20598041",
"title": "Largest organisms",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 280,
"text": "Among animals, the largest species are all marine mammals, specifically whales. The blue whale is believed to be the largest animal to have ever lived. The largest land animal classification is also dominated by mammals, with the African bush elephant being the largest of these.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58594403",
"title": "Ledumahadi",
"section": "Section::::Description.:Size.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 558,
"text": "At its time in the Early Jurassic epoch, \"Ledumahadi\" is thought to have been the largest land animal that had ever lived. It is estimated to have reached a maximum size of around in weight; well over twice any confident weight estimates for a Triassic sauropod (around 3 tonnes, in \"Camelotia\"), and still significantly larger than the highest estimates for \"Lessemsaurus\", around 7 tonnes; even early true sauropods, such as \"Vulcanodon\", are not known to have been this large; \"L. mafube\" was more comparable to the later sauropod \"Diplodocus\" in weight.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13960214",
"title": "Hyracodontidae",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 366,
"text": "They are typified as having long limbs and no horns. These animals were initially modest in size and fast-moving, having evolved from smaller members of the Rhinocerotoidea during the Late Eocene and Early Oligocene. They later evolved into gigantic forms that included the largest terrestrial mammals ever to have lived (the Indricotheriinae or Paraceratheriinae).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41365507",
"title": "List of largest mammals",
"section": "Section::::Odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 308,
"text": "BULLET::::- The second largest land mammal ever was \"Paraceratherium\" or \"Indricotherium\" (formerly known as the \"Baluchitherium\"), a member of this order. The largest known species (\"Paraceratherium orgosensis\") is believed to have stood up to tall, measured over long and may have weighed about 17 tonnes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6e41rg
|
Do man-made electronics cumulatively make a significant contribution to the Earth's magnetic field?
|
[
{
"answer": "[There has definitely been human impact on the Magnetosphere](_URL_0_), though I'm not sure if that's strictly considered the same as the Earth's magnetic field (this is not my field of research, at all), and a large chunk of that comes from things like Atmospheric Nuclear testing.\n\nThat said, a couple of excerpts from above that are particularly relevant; it's likely there's at least some effect from radio transmission.\n\n > Given ambient terrestrial ionosphere and magnetosphere magnetic field and electron density values, VLF fixed frequency transmissions can not only pass through the medium but can under certain conditions trigger a variety of natural stimulated wave emissions, often interacting with existing particle populations in these regions. Observations exploring these physical mechanisms have been and continue to be conducted both from the ground and in-situ within the ionosphere and magnetosphere. Sect. 3 of Parrot and Zaslavski (1996) provides a mid 1990s snapshot review of observations and mechanisms.\n\nAdditionally, from the above ref, there's debate over the specific contribution from the use of electronics not intended for EMF radiation emssion;\n\n > The possible effects on the space environment of human activities via use of electrical power sources in industrial activities have also been reported from statistical analyses of weekly variations in geomagnetic activity (e.g. Park and Miller 1979; Fraser-Smith 1979), and refuted from other analyses (e.g. Karinen et al. 2002).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "As other responses have mentioned, the fact that man-made electronics point in essentially random directions means that they have very little cumulative effect at all.\n\nTo satisfy some more curiosity, it may be illustrative to look at the question: could man-made electronics affect it at all? \n\nLet's do a basic ballpark estimation. Human electric power consumption is around 25000 TWh a year, or about 3 trillion watts on average. That corresponds to a regular 230 kV power line (or more realistically, many parallel ones) pulling 12 million amps. If we loop that power line around the equator, we turn the Earth into a giant electromagnet generating one microtesla - about 30 times less than Earth's natural magnetic field. So no, even if all the man-made electricity on Earth were to collaborate, we still couldn't beat Mother Nature magnetically.\n\n(Of course, lower voltages generate more magnetism for a given amount of power, so if we instead managed to run our big magnet on regular mains voltage (1000 times lower than the transmission lines) we could create a 1000 times stronger field, beating Earth but requiring one hell of a thick cable.)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "146983",
"title": "Earth's magnetic field",
"section": "Section::::Physical origin.:Earth's core and the geodynamo.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 60,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 60,
"end_character": 324,
"text": "The Earth's magnetic field is believed to be generated by electric currents in the conductive iron alloys of its core, created by convection currents due to heat escaping from the core. However the process is complex, and computer models that reproduce some of its features have only been developed in the last few decades.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "146983",
"title": "Earth's magnetic field",
"section": "Section::::Measurement and analysis.:Detection.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 76,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 76,
"end_character": 515,
"text": "The Earth's magnetic field strength was measured by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832 and has been repeatedly measured since then, showing a relative decay of about 10% over the last 150 years. The Magsat satellite and later satellites have used 3-axis vector magnetometers to probe the 3-D structure of the Earth's magnetic field. The later Ørsted satellite allowed a comparison indicating a dynamic geodynamo in action that appears to be giving rise to an alternate pole under the Atlantic Ocean west of South Africa.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16138237",
"title": "Black powder in gas pipelines",
"section": "Section::::New technology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 245,
"text": "Over the past 15 years, significant improvements in rare earth magnetic technology have created the ability to use magnetic fields as a filter or separator medium which is environmentally and user friendly, highly efficient, and cost effective.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45051",
"title": "Shields (Star Trek)",
"section": "Section::::Real shields.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 456,
"text": "In 2008, \"Cosmos Magazine\" reported on research into creating an artificial replica of Earth's magnetic field around a spacecraft to protect astronauts from health threat from cosmic rays. British and Portuguese scientists used a mathematical simulation to prove that it would be possible to create a \"mini-magnetosphere\" bubble several hundred meters wide, possibly generated by a small unmanned vessel that could accompany a future NASA mission to Mars.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "286106",
"title": "Force field (fiction)",
"section": "Section::::Scientific research.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 449,
"text": "In 2008, \"Cosmos Magazine\" reported on research into creating an artificial replica of Earth’s magnetic field around a spacecraft to protect astronauts from dangerous cosmic rays. British and Portuguese scientists used a mathematical simulation to prove that it would be possible to create a \"mini-magnetosphere\" bubble several hundred meters wide, possibly generated by a small unmanned vessel that could accompany a future manned mission to Mars.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2169417",
"title": "Walter M. Elsasser",
"section": "Section::::Biography.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 506,
"text": "Over 1946–47, Elsasser published papers describing the first mathematical model for the origin of the Earth's magnetic field. He conjectured that it could be a self-sustaining dynamo, powered by convection in the liquid outer core, and outlined a feedback mechanism between flows having two different geometries, toroidal and poloidal (indeed, coining the terms). This had been developed from around 1941 onwards, partly in his spare time during his scientific war service with the U.S. Army Signal Corps.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24793719",
"title": "Energetic neutral atom",
"section": "Section::::Magnetospheric ENA imaging.:Earth's magnetosphere.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 805,
"text": "Understanding the magnetosphere increased in importance with the realization of the detrimental impact of geomagnetic storms, caused by solar coronal mass ejections, particularly in years of high solar activity. In addition to long known effects on Earth's cable communication systems, communications, broadcasting, navigation and security applications are increasingly dependent on satellites. Most of these satellites are well within the protective magnetosphere but are vulnerable to space weather systems that affect them adversely. There are also radiation hazards for humans traveling at high polar altitudes or in orbiting spacecraft Many countries, including the U.S., provide a Space Weather Service reporting existing or predicted Geomagnetic Storms, Solar Radiation Storms and Radio Blackouts.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
67pf9z
|
Did Native Americans independently invent agriculture? And what does that mean about human culture before then?
|
[
{
"answer": "/r/AskAnthropology might be a bigger help to you! ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Yes, agriculture was independently invented in the Americas. \n\nTo copy/paste an answer I gave [previously](_URL_0_)\n\n > There's a number of factors that can contribute to this answer and the debate has raged on for 100 years. Factors such as population density and a dwindling food supply are often mentioned, but I am of the mind that it was the weather. Up until 12,000 years ago the climate around the world fluctuated from hot to cold and back again in intervals as small as a decade in some cases. This makes it extremely difficult to cultivate plants to grow in a certain climate if the climate is never stable. 12,000 years ago marks the Holocene and we have had a relatively stable climate that allowed people to settle down and begin farming. Whether that is, in fact, the case or not is still up for debate but the fact remains that people just were not able to farm before the Holocene.\n\n > [Richerson, Peter J., Robert Boyd, and Robert L. Bettinger\n2001, Was Agriculture Impossible During the Pleistocene But Mandatory During the Holocene? A Climate Change Hypothesis. American Antiquity 66(3):387-411.](_URL_1_)\n\nTo quote the source cited \n\n > \"Might we not expect agriculture to have emerged in the last interglacial 130,000 years ago or even during one of the older interglacials? No archaeological evidence has come to light suggesting the presence of technologies that might be expected to accompany forays into intensive plant collecting or agriculture at this time. Anatomically modern humans may have appeared in Africa as early as 130,000 years ago, but they were not behaviorally modern. Humans of the last interglacial were uniformly archaic in behavior. Very likely, then, the humans of the last interglacial were neither cognitively nor culturally capable of evolving agricultural subsistence. However, climate might also explain the lack of marked subsistence intensification during previous interglacials. Ice cores from the thick Antarctic ice cap at Vostok show that each of the last four interglacials over the last 420,000 years were characteristic by a short, sharp peak of warmth rather than the 11,600 year long stable plateau of the Holocene. Further, the GRIP ice core suggests the last interglacial (130,000-80,000 BP) was more variable than the Holocene, although its lack of agreement with a nearby replicate for for this time period makes this interpretation tenuous. On the other than, the atmospheric concentration of C02 was higher in the three previous interglacials than during the Holocene, and was stable at high levels for about 20,000 years following the warm peak during the last interglacial. The highly continental Vostok site unfortunately does not record the same high-frequency variation in the climate as most other proxy climate records, even those in the southern hemisphere. Some northern hemisphere marine and terrestrial records suggest that the last interglacial was highly variable while other data suggest a Holocene-length period of stable climates ca. 127,000-117,000 BP. Better data on the high frequency part of the Pleistocene beyond the reach of the Greenland ice cores is needed to test hypotheses about events antedating the latest Pleistocene. Long marine cores from areas of rapid sediment accumulation are beginning to reveal the millennial scale record from previous glacial-interglacial cycles. At least the last five glacials have millennial-scale variations like the last glacial. The degree of fluctuations during previous interglacials is still not clear, but at least some proxy data suggest that the Holocene has been less variable than earlier interglacials.\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "51370",
"title": "History of North America",
"section": "Section::::The beginning of North America.:Pre-Columbian era.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 472,
"text": "Agriculture was invented independently in two regions of North America: the Eastern Woodlands and Mesoamerica. The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world, such as tomatoes and squash. Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world's major staples, maize (corn). During the Plains Village period, agriculture and bison-hunting were important to Great Plains tribes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "39118667",
"title": "Native American cultures in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Traditional diet.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 353,
"text": "The traditional diet of Native Americans derived from a mixture of agriculture, hunting, and the gathering of wild foods. By 800 CE the Native Americans had established three main crops — beans, squash, and maize (or corn);— called the three sisters. Other early crops included cotton, sunflower, pumpkins, tobacco, goosefoot, knotgrass, and sump weed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33705695",
"title": "Agriculture in the Southwestern United States",
"section": "Section::::History of agriculture.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 488,
"text": "Native Americans have been in the Southwest United States for at least 12,000 years. Although the agricultural practices of ancient Native Americans is largely unknown in the area, it is known that agriculture was widespread by the arrival of the Pueblos by 100 BC at the latest. The Pueblos relied heavily on hunting and fishing for sustenance at first, only growing pumpkins and corn. They stored their food in pits, and lived in either caves or huts made out of wooden poles and clay.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "577481",
"title": "Cuenca, Ecuador",
"section": "Section::::History.:First inhabitants.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 263,
"text": "Later the early indigenous people used the stable climate, fertile soil and abundant water to develop agriculture. They grew potatoes, melloco, chocho, squash and quinoa. They also domesticated animals such as cuys (guinea pigs) and camelids: llamas and alpacas.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21217",
"title": "Native Americans in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Society, language, and culture.:Traditional diet.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 251,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 251,
"end_character": 355,
"text": "The traditional diet of Native Americans was derived from a mixture of agriculture, hunting and the gathering of wild foods. By 800 CE the Native Americans had established three main crops— beans, squash, and maize (or corn) — called the three sisters. Other early crops included cotton, sunflower, pumpkins, tobacco, goosefoot, knotgrass, and sump weed.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "639115",
"title": "Neolithic Revolution",
"section": "Section::::Development and diffusion.:In the Americas.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 63,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 63,
"end_character": 493,
"text": "Maize (corn), beans and squash were among the earliest crops domesticated in Mesoamerica, with maize beginning about 4000 BC, squash as early as 6000 BC, and beans by no later than 4000 BC. Potatoes and manioc were domesticated in South America. In what is now the eastern United States, Native Americans domesticated sunflower, sumpweed and goosefoot around 2500 BC. Sedentary village life based on farming did not develop until the second millennium BC, referred to as the formative period.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "21217",
"title": "Native Americans in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Society, language, and culture.:Traditional diet.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 254,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 254,
"end_character": 422,
"text": "The most important crop the Native Americans raised was maize. It was first started in Mesoamerica and spread north. About 2,000 years ago it reached eastern America. This crop was important to the Native Americans because it was part of their everyday diet; it could be stored in underground pits during the winter, and no part of it was wasted. The husk was made into art crafts, and the cob was used as fuel for fires.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1g7njy
|
How accurate was Upton Sinclair's The Jungle
|
[
{
"answer": " > ... but a creek that’s constantly bubbling because of chemicals...\n\nChicagoan here. I can confirm this portion of your question. \"[Bubbly Creek](_URL_0_)\" is a local nickname for the South Fork of the South Branch of the Chicago River. As the name implies, it constantly bubbled up methane after being used as an open sewer by the Union Stock Yards. [Efforts have been made](_URL_1_) in recent years to re-oxygenate the stream. The smell has been reduced and fish have begun to return. The city and the Army Corps of Engineers have conducted feasibility studies to improve water flow and restore local wetlands, but local industry fouled it up pretty badly in previous generations (as the book suggests) and restoration will take a lot of time and money. Luckily the money now exists due to significant residential development in the area.\n\nEdit: Changed second link to USACE website. Previously linked to a pay site.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "I can't say as to what the conditions were like outside the packing plants, but after the book was released, President Roosevelt did send some of his executives to conduct an inspection of some of the plants, and for the most part, they found that the conditions were as described in the book (no evidence of grinding up bodies though). Their findings were outlined in the \"Neill-Reynolds Report,\" which enraged the public and (at least partly) led to the creating of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Federal Meat Inspection Act.\n\nThe New York Times released a detailed description of the report and the surrounding story pretty soon afterwards. [Here it is.](_URL_0_) (Hopefully imgur is fine, i'm not really sure how else to upload the pdf.)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Upton Sinclair spent seven weeks undercover working in Chicago meat packing plants. He wasn't particularly well known at the time and given the large numbers of people being employed by the meat packing plants as well as how much more difficult it is gather information on a person then it is today, it is easy to see how Sinclair presence would go unnoticed.\n\n[Source](_URL_0_)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In a word, very. Yes, the stories of the families are fiction, but they are amalgams of reality. \n\nIf you'd like a fantastic scholarly read on the subject, see Jim Barrett's [*Work and Community in \"The Jungle\"*] (_URL_0_) \n\nAnother, more labor-history look at (more or less) the same time period is Rick Halpern's [*Down on the Killing Floor.*](_URL_1_) \n\nThese books have their own goals of course, but taken together, they echo almost exactly the picture of Chicago Sinclair painted.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "You might want to read this threat where similar questions were already asked:\n\n_URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "An important thing to remember about the economic factors, employers had almost no responsibilities to employees. There was no workers comp, you couldn't sue your employer for negligence if you were injured, and there was almost no regulation of business. This was back when Swift and Co. was the law: _URL_0_\n\nSo basically, it was cheaper to just have a high turnover than to have better employment standards.\n\nThis is still kind of problem, currently in meat packing the turnover is huge for a lot of the same problems b/c it's cheaper than providing decent working conditions. _URL_1_\n\nedit: I mispelled employees.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Did research last summer at the Newberry Library in Chicago about the Back of the Yards neighborhood; many of the residents worked in the meatpacking plants. While I look at mostly the community dynamics, I did read about the plants and it sounds pretty vile to me. I even read a French report (Chotteau, Leon. *Les Viandes Americaines*. Librairie de Guillaumin, 1887) that proposed a ban on ham from the US in part because of the totally unsanitary conditions the meat was processed in.\n\ntexaround already answered about Bubbly Creek. Besides the waste from the homes in the area, the factories would dump chemicals and offal in the river, as the sanitation dept would throw the dead dogs and cats in there as well. The smell of the whole area was so bad that people passing through on the Ashland streetcars would have to clamp handkerchiefs over their nose and mouth.\n\nAs for the population being placated, they were a \"great mass of unskilled workers.\" (Barrett, *Work and Community in \"The Jungle,\"* 2) It was basically the only job the could get because most of them didn't speak any English.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "“The Jungle” was intended to dramatize working conditions, NOT food safety. In fact, Sinclair’s fictional claims about food safety were limited to a mere 12 pages, but these pages got all the attention, leading Sinclair to later write, “I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.” (Source: Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900-1916, Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1967, p. 103.)\n\nSinclair’s novel caused a sensation, and led to Congressional investigations, even though many politicians were skeptical of Sinclair. For instance, here’s what President Theodore Roosevelt wrote about him in July 1906 (even though he shared Sinclair’s distrust of big business):\n\n“I have an utter contempt for him. He is hysterical, unbalanced, and untruthful. Three-fourths of the things he said were absolute falsehoods. For some of the remainder there was only a basis of truth.” (Source: letter to William Allen White, July 31, 1906, from “The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt,” 8 vols, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951-54, vol. 5, p. 340.)\n\nSinclair’s fictional characters talk of workers falling into vats and being turned into “Durham’s Pure Leaf Lard,” which was then sold to the public. This was supposedly made possible by the alleged “corruption of government inspectors.” (Source: “The Age of the Moguls” by Stewert H. Holbrook, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1953, pp. 110-111)\n\n- Perry Willis",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This may not be directly relevant, but for similar insight on working conditions and labor relations in a different industry, you might also be interested in reading Lewis's *King Coal* which is, naturally, about the coal industry. I'm not certain it had such a measurable political effect as *The Jungle* but again he tries to document and dramatize the abuses on mine workers, e.g. long hours, company stores, child labor, etc. As a student of literature, I admire works of fiction that not only reflect reality but inspire change.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "My wife's PhD dissertation was on the US food safety regulatory regime and featured some discussion of its history. \n\nI can get her thoughts on it if anyone is interested. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A similar thread on *The Jungle* from last month can be found [here](_URL_0_).",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "207676",
"title": "Muckraker",
"section": "Section::::Early 20th century muckraking.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 499,
"text": "Upton Sinclair published \"The Jungle\" in 1906, which revealed conditions in the meat packing industry in the United States and was a major factor in the establishment of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act. Sinclair wrote the book with the intent of addressing unsafe working conditions in that industry, not food safety. Sinclair was not a professional journalist but his story was first serialized before being published in book form. Sinclair considered himself to be a muckraker.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45654196",
"title": "Labor rights in American meatpacking industry",
"section": "Section::::Workers' rights in industry.:Historical context.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 844,
"text": "Upton Sinclair's polemical 1906 novel \"The Jungle\" revealed the alleged abuses of the meat production industry, and was a factor in the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and the Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906). However, representatives of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry reported to Congress that that Sinclair's novel was inaccurate in many particulars, was \"intentionally misleading and false\", and furthermore engaged in \"willful and deliberate misrepresentations of fact\". The American public \"paid little attention to the...abusive working conditions and treatment\" workers were sometimes subjected to. It took large-scale unionizing by the newly established Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and the effects of the National Labor Relations Act (1935) to improve working conditions for slaughterhouse workers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8528135",
"title": "Social novel",
"section": "Section::::America.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 17,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 17,
"end_character": 480,
"text": "Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel \"The Jungle\", based on the meatpacking industry in Chicago, was first published in serial form in the socialist newspaper \"Appeal to Reason,\" from February 25, 1905 to November 4, 1905. Sinclair had spent about six months investigating the Chicago meatpacking industry for \"Appeal to Reason\", work which inspired his novel. Sinclair intended to \"set forth the breaking of human hearts by a system which exploits the labor of men and women for profit\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "95477",
"title": "Upton Sinclair",
"section": "Section::::Writing.:\"The Jungle\".\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 918,
"text": "Sinclair wrote in \"Cosmopolitan\" in October 1906 about \"The Jungle\": \"I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.\" The novel brought public lobbying for Congressional legislation and government regulation of the industry, including passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. At the time, President Theodore Roosevelt characterized Sinclair as a \"crackpot\", writing to William Allen White, \"I have an utter contempt for him. He is hysterical, unbalanced, and untruthful. Three-fourths of the things he said were absolute falsehoods. For some of the remainder there was only a basis of truth.\" After reading \"The Jungle,\" Roosevelt agreed with some of Sinclair's conclusions, but was opposed to legislation that he considered \"socialist\". He said, \"Radical action must be taken to do away with the efforts of arrogant and selfish greed on the part of the capitalist.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12298703",
"title": "Appeal to Reason (newspaper)",
"section": "Section::::Publication history.:Legacy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 254,
"text": "Upton Sinclair's novel \"The Jungle\" was first published as a serial in the \"Appeal to Reason\", between February 25, 1905, and November 4, 1905. Chapter 30 includes a description of the newspaper, which was read by the novel's protagonist, Jurgis Rudkus.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "159063",
"title": "Fast Food Nation",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 219,
"text": "First serialized by \"Rolling Stone\" in 1999, the book has drawn comparisons to Upton Sinclair's 1906 muckraking novel \"The Jungle\". The book was adapted into a 2006 film of the same name, directed by Richard Linklater.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15620040",
"title": "November 1968",
"section": "Section::::November 25, 1968 (Monday).\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 137,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 137,
"end_character": 346,
"text": "BULLET::::- Died: Upton Sinclair, 90, American novelist and reformer best known for his 1906 classic \"The Jungle\", an exposé of the American meatpacking industry that was influential in the passage of the first meat inspection laws; he commented after the book's success, \"I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
8vcivs
|
why do they put lightning rods on trees?
|
[
{
"answer": "A lightning rod directs the electricity safely into the ground rather than into the tree itself, which normally outright kills the tree.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2449741",
"title": "Lightning strike",
"section": "Section::::Effect on nature.:Impact on vegetation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 33,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 33,
"end_character": 450,
"text": "Trees are frequent conductors of lightning to the ground. Since sap is a relatively poor conductor, its electrical resistance causes it to be heated explosively into steam, which blows off the bark outside the lightning's path. In following seasons trees overgrow the damaged area and may cover it completely, leaving only a vertical scar. If the damage is severe, the tree may not be able to recover, and decay sets in, eventually killing the tree.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20646679",
"title": "Lightning rod",
"section": "Section::::Lightning protection system.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 618,
"text": "Lightning protection systems are used to prevent or lessen lightning strike damage to structures. Lightning protection systems mitigate the fire hazard which lightning strikes pose to structures. A lightning protection system provides a low-impedance path for the lightning current to lessen the heating effect of current flowing through flammable structural materials. If lightning travels through porous and water-saturated materials, these materials may literally explode if their water content is flashed to steam by heat produced from the high current. This is why trees are often shattered by lightning strikes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20646679",
"title": "Lightning rod",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 448,
"text": "A lightning rod (US, AUS) or lightning conductor (UK) is a metal rod mounted on a structure and intended to protect the structure from a lightning strike. If lightning hits the structure, it will preferentially strike the rod and be conducted to ground through a wire, instead of passing through the structure, where it could start a fire or cause electrocution. Lightning rods are also called finials, air terminals or strike termination devices.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3051739",
"title": "Exploding tree",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Lightning.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 520,
"text": "Trees can explode when struck by lightning. The strong electric current is carried mostly by the water-conducting sapwood below the bark, heating it up and boiling the water. The pressure of the steam can make the trunk burst. This happens especially with trees whose trunks are already dying or rotting. The more usual result of lightning striking a tree, however, is a lightning scar, running down the bark, or simply root damage, whose only visible sign above ground is branches that were fed by the root dying back.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "170744",
"title": "Crataegus",
"section": "Section::::Folklore.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 39,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 39,
"end_character": 318,
"text": "The superstitious dread of harming hawthorn trees prevalent in the British Isles may also be connected to an old belief that hawthorns, and more especially 'lone thorns' (self-seeded specimens standing in isolation from other trees) originate from lightning or thunderbolts and give protection from lightning strikes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20646679",
"title": "Lightning rod",
"section": "Section::::Lightning protection system.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 510,
"text": "An example of a structure vulnerable to lightning is a wooden barn. When lightning strikes the barn, the wooden structure and its contents may be ignited by the heat generated by lightning current conducted through parts of the structure. A basic lightning protection system would provide a conductive path between an air terminal and earth, so that most of the lightning's current will follow the path of the lightning protection system, with substantially less current traveling through flammable materials.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "369526",
"title": "Single-wire earth return",
"section": "Section::::Mechanical design.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 269,
"text": "If an area is prone to lightning, modern designs place lightning ground straps in the poles when they are constructed, before erection. The straps and wiring can be arranged to be a low-cost lightning arrestor with rounded edges to avoid attracting a lightning strike.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
whu6a
|
can you literally die from not sleeping too long?
|
[
{
"answer": "We don't know, really. Some people will mention Fatal Familial Insomnia, however that is a prion disease, and current thinking is that it is the prion disease that leads to death, not the insomnia. In rat studies, rats will die after certain periods, but it's unclear why/what actually kills them (some studies have suggested thermoregulation). In humans, however, when deprived of sleep long enough, we start having microsleeps where the brain has involuntary short bursts of sleep to compensate (meaning you sleep no matter what you try to do to stop it), but we don't know how long microsleeps will actually be sufficient'to keep a person alive.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "As far as we know, based on research and observation, sleep deprivation *in itself* can't kill a person, though part of the reason for that is probably that even if a person is voluntarily going without sleep, after a long enough time awake their brain will start automatically shutting down for short periods. These are called \"microsleeps\" and the person is not usually aware that they're happening. They're like mini blackouts.\n\nHowever, you can still die as an indirect result of sleep deprivation, because both short-term total sleep deprivation (as when you pull an all-nighter) and chronic long-term sleep deprivation (as when you habitually get too little sleep) have a very bad effect on your brain, reducing alertness and cognitive performance, and thus making it more likely that you're going to have accidents. (Driving while tired is almost as dangerous as driving while drunk.) It also has bad effects on your overall health, though nothing that's likely to kill you in itself: it increases your blood pressure, your risk of diabetes, and causes a host of small pains and irritations like fatigue, headache, muscle aches, etc. Plus, as if that wasn't enough, it also puts you at risk of depression or psychosis.\n\nSo the short answer is: going without sleep won't kill you in itself, but it can make you slow and stupid enough to cause a fatal accident that you otherwise could have avoided, and it can have a very detrimental effect on your health. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Scientists did an experiment where they put a mouse on a platform in water that whenever the mouse fell asleep, he would fall off. After three days, the mouse died, but it was from drowning.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "50798",
"title": "Insomnia",
"section": "Section::::Prognosis.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 169,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 169,
"end_character": 460,
"text": "The lowest mortality was seen in individuals who slept between six and a half and seven and a half hours per night. Even sleeping only 4.5 hours per night is associated with very little increase in mortality. Thus, mild to moderate insomnia for most people is associated with increased longevity and severe insomnia is associated only with a very small effect on mortality. It is unclear why sleeping longer than 7.5 hours is associated with excess mortality.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16413778",
"title": "Ageing",
"section": "Section::::Prevention and delay.:Lifestyle.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 87,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 87,
"end_character": 902,
"text": "The amount of sleep has an impact on mortality. People who live the longest report sleeping for six to seven hours each night. Lack of sleep (<5 hours) more than doubles the risk of death from cardiovascular disease, but too much sleep (9 hours) is associated with a doubling of the risk of death, though not primarily from cardiovascular disease. Sleeping more than 7 to 8 hours per day has been consistently associated with increased mortality, though the cause is probably other factors such as depression and socioeconomic status, which would correlate statistically. Sleep monitoring of hunter-gatherer tribes from Africa and from South America has shown similar sleep patterns across continents: their average sleeping duration is 6.4 hours (with a summer/winter difference of 1 hour), afternoon naps (siestas) are uncommon, and insomnia is very rare (tenfold less than in industrial societies).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13574469",
"title": "Laurence McKeown",
"section": "Section::::Imprisonment and hunger strike.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 556,
"text": "You're very sleepy and very, very tired and you're sort of nodding off to sleep but something's telling you to keep waking up. This was the thing that kept everybody going through the hunger strike in trying to live or last out as long as possible. I knew death was close but I wasn't afraid to die – and it wasn't any sort of courageous or glorious thing. I think death would have been a release. You can never feel that way again. It's not like tiredness. It's an absolute, total, mental and physical exhaustion. It's literally like slipping into death.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1131368",
"title": "Unconditional positive regard",
"section": "Section::::Examples.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 605,
"text": "Client: Not in the least. I thought no one really cared and I didn't care myself, and I seriously-uh-thought of suicide; if there'd been any way that I could end it all completely and not become a burden or an extra care, I would have committed suicide, I was that low. I didn't want to live. In fact, I hoped that I-I would go to sleep at night and not wake up, because I, I really felt there was nothing to live for. (Therapist: Uh huh [very softly]). Now I, I truly believe that this drug they are giving me helps me a lot, I think, I think it is one drug that really does me good. (Therapist: Uh hm).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "43871",
"title": "Fatal insomnia",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 279,
"text": "Fatal insomnia is a rare disorder that results in trouble sleeping. The problems sleeping typically start out gradually and worsen over time. Other symptoms may include speech problems, coordination problems, and dementia. It results in death within a few months to a few years.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "361217",
"title": "Happy Days (play)",
"section": "Section::::Origin.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 620,
"text": "He said: \"Well I thought that the most dreadful thing that could happen to anybody, would be not to be allowed to sleep so that just as you're dropping off there'd be a 'Dong' and you'd have to keep awake; you’re sinking into the ground alive and it's full of ants; and the sun is shining endlessly day and night and there is not a tree … there’s no shade, nothing, and that bell wakes you up all the time and all you've got is a little parcel of things to see you through life.\" He was referring to the life of the modern woman. Then he said: \"And I thought who would cope with that and go down singing, only a woman.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47216393",
"title": "Sleep hollow",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 409,
"text": "Sleep hollow is a possible medical disease in humans causing them to sleep for days or weeks at a time. This disease has only been reported in a remote village of Kalachi in Kazakhstan. It was first reported in March, 2013 and to date it has claimed 152 lives. The disease is probably non-communicable. The disease disappeared for some time but has re-emerged in mid 2015. The disease affects all age groups.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2l5mug
|
what happens in time sensitive jobs during the daylight saving time hour?
|
[
{
"answer": "I'd assume they always state the time zone in official records. I know in the computing world we tend to use UTC (_URL_0_) for logs - I might convert that to GMT/BST (British Summer Time) when viewing the logs, but they're stored in UTC for consistency. It does mean we have to be extra careful to do any necessary conversions when viewing raw logs.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "We use the current time regardless in hospital settings. Obviously this can result in 2 events happening at 1 am but occurring an hour apart. It isn't a problem cause we can just communicate until we have an understanding and besides, everyone working already knows what's going on anyway.\n\n\nSource: I work in the medical field and had a 13 hour shift that night.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'd like to know how broadcast television handles this. Do they gain an extra hour of programming when they \"Fall behind\" and lose an hour of programming when they \"Spring ahead\"? ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "A lot of computer programs break. Django, an absurdly popular python framework for building web applications, has a utility module called \"timezone\" that is supposed to help. It has tz-aware and tz-naive dates, and functions for converting between them. Last weekend's change had me buried in support emails with \"Ambiguous datetime exceptions\", caused by trying to make a naive date aware during the repeating hour of 'fall-back'. There's even a comment in their code that says it is likely to break during DST changes in the fall. \n\nPissed. Ruined half my weekend.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I work for a program that provides weather information to the FAA. Weather information is incredibly time sensitive. To avoid any such issues, we operate using ~~Greenwich Mean Time~~ Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) which isn't affected by Daylight Savings Time. It also allows us to sync data across all time zone simultaneously.\n\nEdit: Fixed the timezone name",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The computers keep track of the information in [UTC](_URL_0_), which doesn't observe daylight savings time. The time is generally converted to local time for reporting purposes, so they would be somewhat ambiguous. If it really matters for a particular report, the program could use an asterisk or something to indicate that it was the second 2:15 am. I don't believe there's a standard format for that, though.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I used to dispatch for a fire department. It was always interesting to dispatch a call at 1:50something and then dispatch a call after that at 1:06. \n\nIt didn't affect the software we used, so only the order of calls would change for that hour period. If the time change happened during an active call, we would just annotate in the call log that the time change took place. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This isn't exactly about a time sensitive job, but I used to work night shifts at a Pizza Place where my shifts went from five at night to four in the morning. Mind you I work in a college town and this is the only pizza place\nOf that franchise in the town so it gets pretty busy. I was working on Mystery Hour night and that meant that I had a whole extra hour of work ahead of me. It was getting close to 1:50 the first time and we were pretty busy. Then, right as the time changed our computer system resent all the orders that we had received at the first 1:00 back onto the make line, so we were seeing not only the orders that were coming in now but also the ones that had come in an hour earlier. Meanwhile the phones started ringing like crazy because in the confusion people weren't receiving there food and a bunch of the local clubs closed when the clock hit the second one. My manager actually freaked out and couldn't deal with the stress so he went back into the office to call IT and left me in charge of about 30 workers. I ended up having to have my orders taken down by paper and made that way, while someone else called people who placed Internet orders and told them we could only take orders over the phone. All the while I was telling drivers where to go, how to get there, and pulling pizzas out of the oven. One of the crazier nights of work I've had but definitely a fun _URL_0_ boss ended up giving me a nice raise shortly after.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "My boyfriend worked as a Paramedic over daylights saving. They stay the extra hours, and there was some confusion over the log of a call around 2:30am. He gets paid an extra hour for working that night as well. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Most documentation these days is on computers, so the time stamps will show whatever the computer clock says. The main thing to remember is, documentation is only for later review. As long as you did the correct things, people will be able to sort out when you did them later, if need be.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The nurses at my hospital called it \"the second 2 am\" in their notes. In the spring, they put an asterisk next to an event that spanned the \"hour jump\" and wrote down something like \"note that this event took 20 minutes, not 1 hour and 20 minutes\".",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I work at a theme park in Orlando and we're open for extra hours sometimes on the weekend. We were open until 2 Saturday night. So the people with late shifts/closers had to work an hour extra. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm a nurse. If a medication is due at 2am, we'll give it at 1.30am. Some people are on two hourly medications, which would need represcribed to take in the time change though. \n\nWe do twelve-and-a-half hour shifts so, when the clocks go back, we do the extra hour with no extra pay. However, when the clocks go forward, we get paid for the full shift despite working an hour less.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "As a bartender we get an extra hour of work when we turn back the clock. In the spring when we move the clocks ahead, we don't close an hour early. Bars are allowed to stay open until when the would normally close. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In Europe (at least), every train is stopped from 2 am to 3 am, so the arrival hour will be the same and to avoid confussions",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Here's a list of various oddities due to the time change _URL_0_",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Well, I rode the Megabus (horrible low-price bus company) overnight from London to Newcastle, and was joking to my friends that that at least the trip would be one hour shorter on this day (turning back the clock one hour)!\n\nI was giggling at my own joke until we hit 2AM, and the bus stopped an hour at a motorway lay-by!\n\nI just wonder what they do when turning the clock one hour forward?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Your mom only charged me for 1 hour even though I technically got 2.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I make computer systems for power plants. I can tell for a fact that the most crucial systems are not going to be affected because they all run in UTC-time and thus do not care about DST or timezones.\n\nHowever there's a lot of problems in the not-so-crucial systems like analysis and reporting tools. There are quite a few numbers we have to report to government officials or stockholders so it has to be clear which hour was which.\n\nMostly we just keep both, the UTC-timestamp and Local-timestamp in the database. The local time will have a duplicate row, but if the people from internal audit come by there will be UTC-timestamps for them to look at.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Air Traffic Control uses UTC time for all flights globally.\n\n_URL_0_\n\n*UTC is also the time standard used in aviation,[12] e.g., for flight plans and air traffic control clearances. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones and daylight saving time.*",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This proved to be the best night of the year for us in the nightclub business. We were able to stay open for an extra hour, always a huge bonus.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In California the you must stop selling alcohol at 2am. 2am is defined as two hours after midnight so it is not affected by the time changes in that you do not lose and hour or gain an hour for daylight savings time. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Can we PLEASE just abolish this time shift nonsense??",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This year there was a kid born at 1:30am and then his younger twin brother was born 45 minutes later at 1:15am or something like that.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Busdriver here\n\n\nWe simply drive to the end of the line. Go back empty to the start of the line and drive it again.\n\nAn example, in Sweden we changed the time last Saturday to Sunday night, the last departure was at 02.45 AM and it arrives at the end stop at 03.22 AM.\n\nBut when we arrive at the end, the clock is 02.22 AM which pretty much mean we haven't driven the 02.45 AM scheduled departure yet so we simply have to go back and drive it all again.\n\nFun stuff!\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I work in Healthcare IT, and we have to take our electronic medical record system down into read only mode for the overlap hour.\n\nIt comes down at 1:55am. and then we bring it back up at 2:01 am after the time change happens. So we go into read-only mode for a little over 1 hour.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Uhh I don't know if anyone has said this. But depending on if it is in November or in May, the 2AM becomes 3AM or 1AM so once you have the date, the timing will be accurate. Alternatively, if you have something timed in a lab experiment the actual time doesn't matter, the number of hours between treatments or related topics. So as long as you count that the treatment length was 6 hours, it's all you need. Source: Graduate student.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I work in a freezer 12 hours a night. We were told that would just be working an extra hour except our breaks would still remain the same. I ended up being stuck in the freezer for four hours straight. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I once worked an extra hour on a 12 hrs shift because of the DST. I wasn't paid the extra hour. But then, I was paid for 12 hours but only had to work 11 about 6 months later!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I work in shipping and have to have the engine room manned at all times. There are 3 engineers and we each work 4 hours on 8 hours off. If we go back an hour we each work an extra 20 minutes to make the difference. If we go forward an hour we each work 20 mins less. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "47548",
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 532,
"text": "Daylight saving time (DST), also daylight savings time or daylight time (United States) and summer time (United Kingdom, European Union, and others), is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months so that evening daylight lasts longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use daylight saving time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn. In effect, DST causes a lost hour of sleep in the spring and an extra hour of sleep in the fall.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47548",
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"section": "Section::::Dispute over benefits and drawbacks.:Health.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 58,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 58,
"end_character": 222,
"text": "An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56899087",
"title": "2018 California elections",
"section": "Section::::Statewide ballot propositions.:November general election.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 502,
"text": "BULLET::::- Daylight Savings Time. This mandatory proposition, placed by the state legislature and the Governor, will repeal 1949's Proposition 12, allowing the state legislature to enact permanent daylight saving time, subject to approval by the U.S. Congress. Supporters cite the public health and safety drawbacks of the biannual time changes, while opponents say that it is not worth it having people, especially school children, having to walk in the dark in the morning during the winter months.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47548",
"title": "Daylight saving time",
"section": "Section::::Rationale.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 479,
"text": "By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of standard time, individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1077441",
"title": "1916 in Ireland",
"section": "Section::::Events.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 29,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 29,
"end_character": 210,
"text": "BULLET::::- 21 May – daylight saving time begins for the first time throughout the United Kingdom as people put their clocks forward one hour. The purpose is to reduce the number of evening hours to save fuel.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14962425",
"title": "2008 in Australia",
"section": "Section::::Events.:March.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 314,
"text": "BULLET::::- 30 March – The extension of daylight saving time by a week to standardise time in New South Wales, Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania and South Australia causes a \"mini-Y2K problem\" as computer systems, mobile phones and even the \"time man\" incorrectly adjust the time back one hour.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1433899",
"title": "Unfair dismissal in the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Substantive fairness.:Redundancy.:Time off during notice of redundancy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 51,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 51,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "An employee given notice of redundancy is entitled to 40% of paid time off for jobseeking or retraining. Combined with unused holiday, the employee may effectively therefore be able to disappear once the clock starts ticking. Any attempt to make it difficult to take holiday or jobseeking opportunities at that vulnerable time may not look like a reasonable employer.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2t4gbm
|
obama's state of the union address?
|
[
{
"answer": "The US Constitution requires that the President give an update to Congress about the \"state of the Union\". It's done in the form of a speech every year, and it's a big moment in US politics because everyone gets to get out their grindstone for their particular axes.\n\nEdit: Every year, not every two.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "37825066",
"title": "Speeches of Barack Obama",
"section": "Section::::State of the Union Address, 2012.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 374,
"text": "The 2012 State of the Union Address was a speech given by former President Barack Obama, from 9 p.m. to 10:17 p.m. EST on Tuesday, January 24, 2012, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives. In his speech, he focused on education reform, repairing America's infrastructure with money not used on the Iraq War, and creating new energy sources in America.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "44291575",
"title": "2015 State of the Union Address",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 763,
"text": "The 2015 State of the Union Address was given by the 44th United States President, Barack Obama, on Tuesday, January 20, 2015, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives. Following recent tradition, Speaker of the House John Boehner sent a letter on December 19, 2014, formally inviting President Obama to speak (despite a proposal from some conservatives that House Republicans withhold the invitation in retaliation for Obama's executive actions on immigration reform). It was addressed to the 114th United States Congress. The State of the Union Address was broadcast on various television and radio stations and webcast from the White House. Webcasts were also provided by other sponsors, including a webcast from the U.S. Republican Party.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "38213370",
"title": "2013 State of the Union Address",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 321,
"text": "The 2013 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama on Tuesday, February 12, 2013, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives, at 9 PM EST. It was simulcast online by the White House website as an \"enhanced version\" with accompanying graphics for key points of the address.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37825066",
"title": "Speeches of Barack Obama",
"section": "Section::::Speech to joint session of Congress, 2009.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 603,
"text": "United States President Barack Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of the 111th United States Congress on February 24, 2009. It was not an official State of the Union address. Obama's first State of the Union Address was the 2010 State of the Union Address. The speech was delivered on the floor of the chamber of the United States House of Representatives in the United States Capitol. Presiding over this joint session was the House Speaker, Nancy Pelosi. Accompanying the Speaker of the House was the President of the United States Senate, Joe Biden, the Vice President of the United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "41358401",
"title": "2014 State of the Union Address",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 466,
"text": "The 2014 State of the Union Address was given by President Barack Obama on Tuesday, January 28, 2014, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives. It was addressed to the 113th United States Congress, and the Senate was present. According to tradition, House Speaker John Boehner invited the president on December 13 to address a joint session of Congress. White House Press Secretary Jay Carney confirmed the president's attendance later that day.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "52943093",
"title": "Barack Obama's farewell address",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 440,
"text": "Barack Obama's farewell address was the of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States, delivered on January 10, 2017 at 9:00 p.m. EST. The farewell address was broadcast on various television and radio stations and livestreamed online by the White House. An estimated 24 million people watched the address live on television. The speech and its transcript are available on the archived version of the Obama Whitehouse website.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37825066",
"title": "Speeches of Barack Obama",
"section": "Section::::State of the Union Address, 2011.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 516,
"text": "The 2011 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama at 9 p.m. EST on January 25, 2011, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives. In this joint session Obama outlined his \"vision for an America that's more determined, more competitive, better positioned for the future—an America where we out-innovate, we out-educate, we out-build the rest of the world; where we take responsibility for our deficits; where we reform our government to meet the demands of a new age.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
88k8zu
|
why is the rate that technology improves rising.
|
[
{
"answer": "As technology advanced, a smaller portion of the population had to be in occupations required to sustain the rest of the population. This allows more of the population to focus on other improvements. Before the agricultural revolution, nearly everybody was involved in the food gathering process. The agricultural revolution allowed specialization and people to focus on other things since agriculture could feed more people. \n\nThis continues today in other areas. We can have more scientists and software engineers rather than factory workers. \n\nThe other part of the equation is the more technology you have, the easier it is to make new discoveries and create new technology. \n\nWith all this being said, its difficult to quantify what the \"rate\" of technological improvement is. Perhaps there are some metrics where its linear and others where it isn't. It may intuitively feel like a non-linear process but it might be. Perhaps there is a sophisticated model out there that can describe this process mathematically. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because once the knowledge is acquired to create new technologies, those technologies can be used for more in-depth research and thus speeding up the researching process.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Better technology allows more people to be supported without devoting their efforts to simple survival. This means more people can be working on advancing technology which in general means faster progress.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3990817",
"title": "Differential technological development",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 400,
"text": "Paul Christiano believes that while accelerating technological progress appears to be one of the best ways to improve human welfare in the next few decades, a faster rate of growth cannot be equally important for the far future because growth must eventually saturate due to physical limits. Hence, from the perspective of the far future, differential technological development appears more crucial.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "213354",
"title": "Positive feedback",
"section": "Section::::Examples and applications.:In economics.:Human population growth.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 74,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 74,
"end_character": 293,
"text": "It is proposed that the growth rate is accelerating because of second-order positive feedback between population and technology. Technological growth increases the carrying capacity of land for people, which leads to a growing population, and this in turn drives further technological growth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10518546",
"title": "Technology life cycle",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 334,
"text": "Technology adoption is the most common phenomenon driving the evolution of industries along the industry lifecycle. After expanding new uses of resources they end with exhausting the efficiency of those processes, producing gains that are first easier and larger over time then exhaustingly more difficult, as the technology matures.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "170826",
"title": "Uneconomic growth",
"section": "Section::::The role of technology, and Jevons paradox.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 1029,
"text": "Mainstream economists would argue that economies are driven by new technology—for instance, we have faster computers today than a year ago, but not necessarily physically more computers. Growth that relies entirely on exploiting increased knowledge rather than exploiting increased resource consumption may thus not qualify as uneconomic growth. In some cases, this may be true where technology enables lower amounts of input to be used in producing the same unit of product (and/or it reduces the amount or hazardousness of the waste generated per unit product produced) (e.g., the increased availability of movies through the Internet or cable television electronically may reduce the demand for physical video tapes or DVDs for films). Nonetheless, it is crucial to also recognise that innovation- or knowledge-driven growth still may not entirely resolve the problem of scale, or increasing resource consumption. For instance, there might likely be more computers due to greater demand and replacements for slower computers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1913978",
"title": "Solow–Swan model",
"section": "Section::::Conditional convergence.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 64,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 64,
"end_character": 344,
"text": "If productivity growth were associated only with high technology then the introduction of information technology should have led to a noticeable productivity acceleration over the past twenty years; but it has not: \"see\": Solow computer paradox. Instead, world productivity appears to have increased relatively steadily since the 19th century.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "424899",
"title": "Productivity",
"section": "Section::::Productivity paradox.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 395,
"text": "Overall productivity growth was relatively slow from the 1970s through the early 1990s. Although several possible causes for the slowdown have been proposed there is no consensus. The matter is subject to a continuing debate that has grown beyond questioning whether just computers can significantly increase productivity to whether the potential to increase productivity is becoming exhausted.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "210183",
"title": "Development economics",
"section": "Section::::Recent developments.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 523,
"text": "The cause of limited growth and divergence in economic growth lies in the high rate of acceleration of technological change by a small number of developed countries. These countries' acceleration of technology was due to increased incentive structures for mass education which in turn created a framework for the population to create and adapt new innovations and methods. Furthermore, the content of their education was composed of secular schooling that resulted in higher productivity levels and modern economic growth.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5bvvb7
|
why are there always big fluctuations in the stock after a major national/world event? (e.g brexit, the election)
|
[
{
"answer": "The stock market is based entirely on sentiment or human perception of data and events. (Stock price = current market valuation driven largely by sentiment)\n\nCompany A reports record breaking earnings, people believe Company A may continue to do so in the future, people buy Company A stock and it rises. \n\nNow with a large geo-political event that has unknown repercussions for nearly every aspect of the economy (Brexit, US Election), sentiment changes with each and every piece of data that is released.\n\nAsk yourself why the FBI announcement to investigate Hillary on new emails caused the market to tank. It's because that info increased the odds of an outcome that had not been priced in by most of the market. Sentiment shifted, and this shift was represented by the price shift.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Markets are based on perception of future economic prospects, profits, etc. So if a major event causes those perceptions to drastically change -- ie. Brexit leading to British and/or European recession -- then the markets will adjust to reflect that.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "32005855",
"title": "Financial crisis of 2007–2008",
"section": "Section::::Stabilization.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 255,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 255,
"end_character": 410,
"text": "The \"New York Times\" identifies March 2009 as the \"nadir of the crisis\" and noted in 2011 that \"Most stock markets around the world are at least 75 percent higher than they were then. Financial stocks, which led the markets down, have also led them up.\" Nevertheless, the lack of fundamental changes in banking and financial markets worries many market participants, including the International Monetary Fund.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "56458225",
"title": "Stock market crashes in India",
"section": "Section::::Crash of 1991.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 362,
"text": "After the liberalization of India in 1991, the stock market saw a number of cycles of booms and busts, some related to scams such as those engineered by players such as Harshad Mehta and Ketan Parekh, some due to global events and a few due to circular trading, rigging of prices and the irrational exuberance of investors leading to bubbles that finally burst.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "63072",
"title": "Creative accounting",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 211,
"text": "Newspaper and television journalists have hypothesized that the stock market downturn of 2002 was precipitated by reports of \"accounting irregularities\" at Enron, Worldcom, and other firms in the United States.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "157649",
"title": "Wall Street Crash of 1929",
"section": "Section::::Effects.:Europe.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 569,
"text": "The stock market crash of October 1929 led directly to the Great Depression in Europe. When stocks plummeted on the New York Stock Exchange, the world noticed immediately. Although financial leaders in the United Kingdom, as in the United States, vastly underestimated the extent of the crisis that would ensue, it soon became clear that the world's economies were more interconnected than ever. The effects of the disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy were soon felt throughout Europe.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "47594836",
"title": "2015–16 stock market selloff",
"section": "Section::::The downturn.:Stock market performance in June 2016 as a result of Brexit vote.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 41,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 41,
"end_character": 458,
"text": "The vote led to stock market crashes around the world. Investors in worldwide stock markets lost more than the equivalent of 2 trillion United States dollars on 24 June 2016, making it the worst single day loss in history. The market losses amounted to a total of 3 trillion US dollars by 27 June 2016. By June 29, 2016, the markets had largely recovered. Britain's sovereign debt credit rating was lowered by Standard & Poor's, as was the European Union's.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "37729052",
"title": "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum",
"section": "Section::::Responses to the referendum campaign.:Exchange rates and stock markets.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 71,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 71,
"end_character": 566,
"text": "Uncertainty over the referendum result, together with several other factors—US interest rates rising, low commodity prices, low Eurozone growth and concerns over emerging markets such as China—contributed to a high level of stock market volatility in January and February 2016. During this period, the FTSE 100 rose or fell by more than 1.5% on 16 days. On 14 June, polls showing that a Brexit was more likely led to the FTSE 100 falling by 2%, losing £98 billion in value. After further polls suggested a move back towards Remain, the pound and the FTSE recovered.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "246066",
"title": "Prediction",
"section": "Section::::Finance.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 1025,
"text": "Mathematical models of stock market behaviour (and economic behaviour in general) are also unreliable in predicting future behaviour. Among other reasons, this is because economic events may span several years, and the world is changing over a similar time frame, thus invalidating the relevance of past observations to the present. Thus there are an extremely small number (of the order of 1) of relevant past data points from which to project the future. In addition, it is generally believed that stock market prices already take into account all the information available to predict the future, and subsequent movements must therefore be the result of unforeseen events. Consequently, it is extremely difficult for a stock investor to anticipate or predict a stock market boom, or a stock market crash. In contrast to predicting the actual stock return, forecasting of broad economic trends tends to have better accuracy. Such analysis is provided by both non-profit groups as well as by for-profit private institutions.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
5b6yhk
|
How does the body react to cauterized vessels during surgery?
|
[
{
"answer": "There are lots and lots of anastomoses in vessels supplying virtually any part of your body and almost no vascularized tissue is dependent on a single individual vessel for blood supply. The microvasculature in tissue also has adaptation mechanisms for both long term and short term changes in blood supply, blood pressure and perfusion of tissue, so even if the blood supplied to the tissue by the remaining vessels are inadequate, the remaining vasculature can compensate for it quite well. If you are looking for a more specific explanation of the adaptation mechanisms or some examples of anastomoses in major vessels I can explain more.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1261740",
"title": "Otoplasty",
"section": "Section::::Surgical otoplasty.:Surgical procedures.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 107,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 107,
"end_character": 434,
"text": "The internal sutures usually are permanent (non-absorbable), but the surgical wound or wounds can be sutured with either absorbable sutures or with non-absorbable sutures that the plastic surgeon removes when the surgical wound has healed. Depending upon the deformity to be corrected, the otoplasty can be performed either as an outpatient surgery or at hospital; while the operating room (OR) time varies between 1.5 and 5.0 hours.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "45599",
"title": "Surgery",
"section": "Section::::Description of surgical procedure.:Surgery.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 1212,
"text": "An incision is made to access the surgical site. Blood vessels may be clamped or cauterized to prevent bleeding, and retractors may be used to expose the site or keep the incision open. The approach to the surgical site may involve several layers of incision and dissection, as in abdominal surgery, where the incision must traverse skin, subcutaneous tissue, three layers of muscle and then the peritoneum. In certain cases, bone may be cut to further access the interior of the body; for example, cutting the skull for brain surgery or cutting the sternum for thoracic (chest) surgery to open up the rib cage. Whilst in surgery aseptic technique is used to prevent infection or further spreading of the disease. The surgeons' and assistants' hands, wrists and forearms are washed thoroughly for at least 4 minutes to prevent germs getting into the operative field, then sterile gloves are placed onto their hands. An antiseptic solution is applied to the area of the patient's body that will be operated on. Sterile drapes are placed around the operative site. Surgical masks are worn by the surgical team to avoid germs on droplets of liquid from their mouths and noses from contaminating the operative site.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13896574",
"title": "Surgical suture",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 512,
"text": "Surgical suture is a medical device used to hold body tissues together after an injury or surgery. Application generally involves using a needle with an attached length of thread. A number of different shapes, sizes, and thread materials have been developed over its millennia of history. Surgeons, physicians, dentists, podiatrists, eye doctors, registered nurses and other trained nursing personnel, medics, and clinical pharmacists typically engage in suturing. Surgical knots are used to secure the sutures.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "14831409",
"title": "Breast surgery",
"section": "Section::::Complications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 244,
"text": "After surgical intervention to the breast, complications may arise related to wound healing. As in other types of surgery, hematoma (post-operative bleeding), seroma (fluid accumulation), or incision-site breakdown (wound infection) may occur.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2186340",
"title": "Achilles tendon rupture",
"section": "Section::::Treatment.:Surgery.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "In percutaneous surgery, the surgeon makes several small incisions, rather than one large incision, and sews the tendon back together through the incision(s). Surgery may be delayed for about a week after the rupture to let the swelling go down. For sedentary patients and those who have vasculopathy or risks for poor healing, percutaneous surgical repair may be a better treatment choice than open surgical repair.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18002168",
"title": "Abdominal trauma",
"section": "Section::::Treatment.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 1187,
"text": "Initial treatment involves stabilizing the patient enough to ensure adequate airway, breathing, and circulation, and identifying other injuries. Surgery may be needed to repair injured organs. Surgical exploration is necessary for people with penetrating injuries and signs of peritonitis or shock. Laparotomy is often performed in blunt abdominal trauma, and is urgently required if an abdominal injury causes a large, potentially deadly bleed. The main goal is to stop any sources of bleeding before moving onto any definitive find and repair any injuries that are found. Due to the time sensitive nature, this procedure also emphasizes expedience in terms of gaining access and controlling the bleeding, thus favoring a long midline incession. Intra-abdominal injuries are also frequently successfully treated nonoperatively as there is little benefit shown if there is no known active bleeding or potential for infection. The use of CT scanning allows care providers to use less surgery because they can identify injuries that can be managed conservatively and rule out other injuries that would need surgery. Depending on the injuries, a patient may or may not need intensive care.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1887241",
"title": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei",
"section": "Section::::Treatment.:Surgical.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 656,
"text": "In debulking, the surgeon attempts to remove as much tumor as possible. CRS or cytoreductive surgery involves surgical removal of the peritoneum and any adjacent organs which appear to have tumor seeding. Since the mucus tends to pool at the bottom of the abdominal cavity, it is common to remove the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and parts of the large intestine. Depending upon the spread of the tumor, other organs might be removed, including but not limited to the gallbladder, spleen, and portions of the small intestine and/or stomach. For organs that cannot be removed safely (like the liver), the surgeon strips off the tumor from the surface.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
53kxq3
|
Would it be more accurate to apply the "Bloody" title to Queen Elizabeth instead of Queen Mary?
|
[
{
"answer": "It's important to consider how long their reigns were. Queen Mary I reigned for 5 years, from 1553-1558. By contrast Queen Elizabeth I reigned for 45 years, from 1558-1603. Even if Queen Elizabeth I was responsible for more deaths, it doesn't necessarily make for a particularly 'bloody' reign.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "19629315",
"title": "Bloody Mary (cocktail)",
"section": "Section::::Origin of the name.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 262,
"text": "The name \"Bloody Mary\" is associated with a number of historical figures—particularly Queen Mary I of England, who was nicknamed as such in \"Foxe's Book of Martyrs\" for attempting to re-establish the Catholic Church in England—and fictional women from folklore.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18823806",
"title": "Queen mother",
"section": "Section::::Notable mothers of kings and queens regnant.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 124,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 124,
"end_character": 354,
"text": "BULLET::::- Mary of Teck (1936–1952): widow of King George V and mother of kings Edward VIII and George VI. Queen Mary never used the title \"Queen Mother\", because she thought it implied advancing years, choosing instead to be known as \"Queen Mary\" and that style was used to describe her in the Court Circular. But she was a queen mother just the same.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1111358",
"title": "List of Blackadder characters",
"section": "Section::::Main characters.:Queenie.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 40,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 40,
"end_character": 732,
"text": "\"Queenie\" (Miranda Richardson) is a caricature of the historical figure Queen Elizabeth I of England featured in \"Blackadder II\". Though she is only twice referred to as \"Queenie\" in the series, this name is commonly used by the general public. In contrast to the usual regal and austere depiction of Elizabeth I, Miranda Richardson's portrayal is childish, spoiled and silly, possessing a fiery temper. Amanda Barrie's portrayal of Cleopatra in the 1964 film \"Carry on Cleo\" as a childish seductress has been suggested as an inspiration for Richardson's interpretation of Elizabeth I. It has been remarked that Queenie closely resembles the character Violet Elizabeth Bott featured in the \"Just William\" books of Richmal Crompton.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20713",
"title": "Mary I of England",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 454,
"text": "Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. She is best known for her aggressive attempt to reverse the English Reformation, which had begun during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. The executions that marked her pursuit of the restoration of Roman Catholicism in England and Ireland led to her denunciation as \"Bloody Mary\" by her Protestant opponents.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20713",
"title": "Mary I of England",
"section": "Section::::Legacy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 452,
"text": "At her funeral service, John White, bishop of Winchester, praised Mary: \"She was a king's daughter; she was a king's sister; she was a king's wife. She was a queen, and by the same title a king also.\" She was the first woman to successfully claim the throne of England, despite competing claims and determined opposition, and enjoyed popular support and sympathy during the earliest parts of her reign, especially from the Roman Catholics of England. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20709",
"title": "Mary II of England",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 253,
"text": "Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, co-reigning with her husband, King William III & II, from 1689 until her death. Popular histories usually refer to their joint reign as that of \"William and Mary\". \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18823806",
"title": "Queen mother",
"section": "Section::::Notable mothers of kings and queens regnant.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 61,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 61,
"end_character": 286,
"text": "BULLET::::- Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1952–2002): the widow of King George VI and mother of Queen Elizabeth II. In some of the British media, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother was often referred to as \"the Queen Mum\", and the term \"Queen Mother\" remains associated with her after her death.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
74s59n
|
why is the average height so much greater in certain parts of the world? why aren't people in general about the same height?
|
[
{
"answer": "Genetically, almost all have similar potential.\n\nBut nutrition plays a big part. Nutrition in them, their parents and even grandparents affects height.\n\nEver notice that second and third generation immigrants to Western countries are usually a lot taller than their first generation grandparents?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The big thing is genetics. While yea, everyone has the ability to be the same height, over time humans have moved away from each other and carried with them those particular genes which allow them to be best suited for that area. That combined with the fact people don't generally move outside their biome and little piece of earth, communities stay rather stagnant, and things a selected genetically. \n\nAdd in the cultural aspects (in some cultures, taller people are preferred over shorter) and environmental (darker skinned people are less likely to get cancer in the sunnier areas like Africa) and certain regions begin having certain specific qualities in humans.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I find the Netherlands an interesting example with the tallest of both sexes in Europe. It is a tiny country bordering Germany and Belgium who are not. The people are not genetically that different from one side of the border to the other. One factor is that the Dutch have a programme where babies are measured and weighed. Those who are not growing fast enough receive extra food (usually milk based) from the state. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "330879",
"title": "Anthropometry",
"section": "Section::::Individual variation.:Auxologic.:Height.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 527,
"text": "The average height in genetically and environmentally homogeneous populations is often proportional across a large number of individuals. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from a population's average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities. It is important to note that a great degree of variation occurs between even the most 'common' bodies (66% of the population), and as such no person can be considered 'average'.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "682482",
"title": "Human",
"section": "Section::::Biology.:Anatomy and physiology.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 57,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 57,
"end_character": 648,
"text": "It is estimated that the worldwide average height for an adult human male is about , while the worldwide average height for adult human females is about . Shrinkage of stature may begin in middle age in some individuals, but tends to be typical in the extremely aged. Through history human populations have universally become taller, probably as a consequence of better nutrition, healthcare, and living conditions. The average mass of an adult human is for females and for males. Like many other conditions, body weight and body type is influenced by both genetic susceptibility and environment and varies greatly among individuals. (see obesity)\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "330879",
"title": "Anthropometry",
"section": "Section::::Individual variation.:Auxologic.:Height.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 283,
"text": "Human height varies greatly between individuals and across populations for a variety of complex biological, genetic, and environmental factors, among others. Due to methodological and practical problems, its measurement is also subject to considerable error in statistical sampling.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "905957",
"title": "Human height",
"section": "Section::::Determinants of growth and height.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 693,
"text": "Attributed as a significant reason for the trend of increasing height in parts of Europe are the egalitarian populations where proper medical care and adequate nutrition are relatively equally distributed. Average (male) height in a nation is correlated with protein quality. Nations that consume more protein in the form of meat, dairy, eggs, and fish tend to be taller, while those that attain more protein from cereals tend to be shorter. Therefore, populations with high cattle per capita and high consumption of dairy live longer and are taller. Historically, this can be seen in the cases of the United States, Argentina, New Zealand and Australia in the beginning of the 19th century. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "905957",
"title": "Human height",
"section": "Section::::History of human height.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 48,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 48,
"end_character": 897,
"text": "In general, there were no big differences in regional height levels throughout the nineteenth century. The only exceptions of this rather uniform height distribution were people in the Anglo-Saxon settlement regions who were taller than the average and people from Southeast Asia with below-average heights. However, at the end of the nineteenth century and in the middle of the first globalisation period, heights between rich and poor countries began to diverge. These differences did not disappear in the deglobalisation period of the two World wars. Baten and Blum (2014) find that in the nineteenth century, important determinants of height were the local availability of cattle, meat and milk as well as the local disease environment. In the late-twentieth century, however, technologies and trade became more important, decreasing the impact of local availability of agricultural products.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "905957",
"title": "Human height",
"section": "Section::::Role of an individual's height.:Height and health.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 37,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 37,
"end_character": 728,
"text": "Nonetheless, modern westernized interpretations of the relationship between height and health fail to account for the observed height variations worldwide. Cavalli-Sforza and Cavalli-Sforza note that variations in height worldwide can be partly attributed to evolutionary pressures resulting from differing environments. These evolutionary pressures result in height related health implications. While tallness is an adaptive benefit in colder climates such as found in Europe, shortness helps dissipate body heat in warmer climatic regions. Consequently, the relationships between health and height cannot be easily generalized since tallness and shortness can both provide health benefits in different environmental settings.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32028",
"title": "Standard of living in the United States",
"section": "Section::::Changing over the past.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 460,
"text": "Historians have used height to measure living standards during this time as average adult heights can point to a population's net nutrition - the amount of nutrition people grew up with as compared to biological stress which can cause lower heights in adulthood, stemming from things like food deprivation, hard work, and disease. According to military records of American and European men, Americans were on average two to three inches taller than Europeans.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2euzby
|
Are there any non-toxic mercury compounds?
|
[
{
"answer": "There are few but they do exist. A common one is Hg2Cl2 which is a well known disinfectant. Another is Hg(1)Cl which is solvable in the human body although only in very small amounts. There are also mercuric alloys that are non-toxic but they aren't really compounds. All in all, non-toxic mercury compounds are out there, it is just tough to find them :) ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Toxicity is much more complicated than y/n... all molecules technically have some level of human toxicity (even water, called dilutional hyponatremia) depending on application (ex:topical, sublingual, inhaled) and quantity. It is even more complicated if you consider toxicity of byproducts (in both synthesis and degradation) to water systems (for example), after a molecule is urinated out of your body (pharmaceuticals). ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "39280844",
"title": "New Idria Mercury Mine",
"section": "Section::::Mercury Speciation in New Idria.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 669,
"text": "Mercury, known to be highly toxic, has been found in various forms in Idria: elemental mercury (Hg(0)), inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) and monomethyl mercury(CHHg, also called MMHg). MMHg, a potent neurotoxin, poses the greatest threat to organisms. Measurements were taken by collecting water samples, which were later analyzed by tin chloride reduction, atomic fluorescence, and cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The samples showed that mercury discharge and interaction was occurring throughout the course of the San Carlos Creek. The biggest contributions were found in the acid mine drainage and the mine tailings 1.2 km downstream from the drainage input.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7994556",
"title": "Rasa shastra",
"section": "Section::::Toxicity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 786,
"text": "Modern medicine finds that mercury is inherently toxic, and that its toxicity is not due to the presence of impurities. While mercury does have anti-microbial properties, and used to be widely used in Western medicine, its toxicity does not warrant the risk of using it as a health product in most circumstances. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have also reported a number of cases of lead poisoning associated with Ayurvedic medicine. Other incidents of heavy metal poisoning have been attributed to the use of \"rasa shastra\" compounds in the United States, and arsenic has also been found in some of the preparations, which have been marketed in the United States under trade names such as \"AyurRelief\", \"GlucoRite\", \"Acnenil\", \"Energize\", \"Cold Aid\", and \"Lean Plus\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35802855",
"title": "Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals",
"section": "Section::::Anomalous properties.:Metals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 843,
"text": "BULLET::::3. Mercury and its compounds have a reputation for toxicity but on a scale of 1 to 10, dimethylmercury ((CH)Hg) (abbr. DMM), a volatile colourless liquid, has been described as a 15. It is so dangerous that scientists have been encouraged to use less toxic mercury compounds wherever possible. In 1997, Karen Wetterhahn, a professor of chemistry specialising in toxic metal exposure, died of mercury poisoning ten months after a few drops of DMM landed on her \"protective\" latex gloves. Although Wetterhahn had been following the then published procedures for handling this compound, it passed through her gloves and skin within seconds. It is now known that DMM is exceptionally permeable to (ordinary) gloves, skin and tissues. And its toxicity is such that less than one-tenth of a ml applied to the skin will be seriously toxic.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "18617142",
"title": "Mercury (element)",
"section": "Section::::Applications.:Medicine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 54,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 54,
"end_character": 282,
"text": "Mercury and its compounds have been used in medicine, although they are much less common today than they once were, now that the toxic effects of mercury and its compounds are more widely understood. The first edition of the Merck's Manual featured many mercuric compounds such as:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "344287",
"title": "Mercury poisoning",
"section": "Section::::Causes.:Sources.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 323,
"text": "Compounds of mercury tend to be much more toxic than either the elemental form or the salts. These compounds have been implicated in causing brain and liver damage. The most dangerous mercury compound, dimethylmercury, is so toxic that even a few microliters spilled on the skin, or even on a latex glove, can cause death.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46659847",
"title": "Heavy metals",
"section": "Section::::Toxicity.:Environmental heavy metals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 27,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 27,
"end_character": 823,
"text": "Chromium, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead have the greatest potential to cause harm on account of their extensive use, the toxicity of some of their combined or elemental forms, and their widespread distribution in the environment. Hexavalent chromium, for example, is highly toxic as are mercury vapour and many mercury compounds. These five elements have a strong affinity for sulfur; in the human body they usually bind, via thiol groups (–SH), to enzymes responsible for controlling the speed of metabolic reactions. The resulting sulfur-metal bonds inhibit the proper functioning of the enzymes involved; human health deteriorates, sometimes fatally. Chromium (in its hexavalent form) and arsenic are carcinogens; cadmium causes a degenerative bone disease; and mercury and lead damage the central nervous system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1754976",
"title": "Isocyanide",
"section": "Section::::Properties.:Toxicity.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 281,
"text": "While some isocyanides (\"e.g.,\" cyclohexyl isocyanide) are toxic, others \"exhibit no appreciable toxicity for mammals\". Referring to ethyl isocyanide, toxicological studies in the 1960s at Bayer showed that \"oral and subcutaneous doses of 500-5000 mg/kg can be tolerated by mice\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1hutkj
|
Time and absolute zero speed...
|
[
{
"answer": "There is no absolute reference for the universe. Time dilation occurs relative to an observer. There's no such thing as absolutely still. If you're moving identically to another observer, time will pass at the exact same rate. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "To determine whether something is absolutely still you need some kind of reference point for which you know the absolute velocity. A century ago it was believed space was filled with 'aether', which could provide a reference point. However, [the experiments to determine the speed at which the earth moved through this aether proved unsuccesful](_URL_0_). This was eventually resolved by Einstein's theory of relativity, which states that there is no absolute reference point and all velocities are always relative to each other. This means \"absolute still\" does simply not exist.\n\nHowever, in your own frame of reference you are always still and time moves normally for you. You only see time dilation in other objects which move relative to you, so for the pilots on the spaceship it seems as though earth is moving away from them really fast and they see time on earth has slowed down.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Gravitational potential energy uses a \"truly inertial rest frame\" as a reference point, i.e. a point infinitely far away from everything with zero gravitational potential. At this theoretical point, time would pass slower than everywhere else as it wouldn't experience any gravitational time dilation.\n\nBut this is just a mathematical construct to simplify equations, not a reachable physical point.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "OK, so the Universe is made up of stuff traveling through space and time. But it's not \"space and time\" like they're two different things. It's *spacetime*, one thing really, that looks a little different depending on how you look at it. Everything travels through spacetime.\n\nNow, here's the thing. Everything always appears to be traveling through spacetime *at the exact same speed*. We call this speed *c*. Some things appear to be traveling more through space and less through time, other things appear to be traveling more through time and less through space.\n\nBut that's all just a matter of perspective. Like, suppose you have a 1x1x10 box. If you set it down on it's long side, it looks really wide. If you set it down on its short side, it looks really tall. Whether its wide or tall isn't really dependent on the box per se, it's dependent on *how you look at the box*.\n\nIt's the same with speed through space versus speed through time. Everything is traveling through spacetime at *c*, but depending on how you look at a particular object, it might look like it's speed is bigger through space and smaller through time, or it might look bigger through time and smaller through space. But now matter how you rotate something, you can't change the fact that it's traveling through spacetime at *c*.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Absolutely still does not make sense. Any speed is always in reference to something else.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "This is a commonly asked question, and there is a concept being missed which leads to it being asked. \n\nLet's say you and I are on two spaceships, and we fly away from each other. What do we measure? I measure that time is passing normally for me and is going slowly for you, and you measure that time is going normally for you and slowly for me. And here is the important part- we're both right!\n\nThis is what is meant by \"no absolute reference frame.\" Everyone, in their own frame, will measure their time as passing by \"one second per second\" and they will see everyone else who is in a different frame having slow time. No one will ever see someone else's clock moving faster than theirs. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": " > Wouldn't that mean that there is a correlation between the passage of time and the speed for an object?\n\nYes, special relativity tells us that when an object moves relative to another, its 'speed' through time decreases.\n\nHow this happens is that when thinking about special relativity, physicists usually use something called the 4-velocity, composed of your usual three velocities (up/down, left/right, forwards/backwards) and another which describes how fast an observer sees the clock of some object moving relative to the observer.\n\nHowever, special relativity states that the magnitude of the 4-velocity (the space-time version of 'speed') is *always* equal to the speed of light.\n\nThis implies that when someone is at rest (zero velocity in any spacial direction), you are moving through time at the speed of light, and things that move the speed of light don't experience time at all. But every observer is at rest in their own frame, so they're always travelling through time at the speed of light.\n\nWhat you seem to be wondering is whether something's 4 velocity can be zero, which is impossible since this result of a constant 4 velocity is exactly what the theory of special relativity states. So unless special relativity is wrong, then there is no such thing as 'still' in the sense of space-time.\n\nBut no matter how much I think about special relativity, I still find it mind-boggling that massless particles don't experience time, so think about that next time you shower ;)",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "33710707",
"title": "Planck units",
"section": "Section::::Derived units.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 209,
"text": "BULLET::::- A speed of 1 Planck length per Planck time is the speed of light in a vacuum, the maximum possible physical speed in special relativity; 1 nano-(Planck length per Planck time) is about 1.079 km/h.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15077",
"title": "Indoor rower",
"section": "Section::::Exercise.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 248,
"text": "The standard measurement of speed on an ergometer is generally known as the \"split\", or the amount of time in minutes and seconds required to travel at the current pace — a split of 2:00 represents a speed of two minutes per 500 metres, or about .\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "142488",
"title": "Harmonic series (mathematics)",
"section": "Section::::Applications.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 59,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 59,
"end_character": 529,
"text": "Calculating the sum (iteratively) shows that to get to the speed of light the time required is only 97 seconds. By continuing beyond this point (exceeding the speed of light, again ignoring special relativity), the time taken to cross the pool will in fact approach zero as the number of iterations becomes very large, and although the time required to cross the pool appears to tend to zero (at an infinite number of iterations), the sum of iterations (time taken for total pool crosses) will still diverge at a very slow rate.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "50969944",
"title": "Glossary of civil engineering",
"section": "Section::::A.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 775,
"text": "BULLET::::- Absolute zero – is the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as 0. Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as −273.15° on the Celsius scale (International System of Units), which equals −459.67° on the Fahrenheit scale (United States customary units or Imperial units). The corresponding Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales set their zero points at absolute zero by definition.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1418",
"title": "Absolute zero",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 726,
"text": "Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as 0. The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as −273.15° on the Celsius scale (International System of Units), which equals −459.67° on the Fahrenheit scale (United States customary units or Imperial units). The corresponding Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales set their zero points at absolute zero by definition.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1255435",
"title": "Zero-X",
"section": "Section::::Construction.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 252,
"text": "\"Zero-X\" has a total delta velocity of 40 miles per second, a standard acceleration of 1 g, a maximum acceleration of 10 g, and an emergency acceleration of 15 g. It is built by New World Aircraft Corporation, the same company that made \"Skyship One\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1249107",
"title": "Standard rate turn",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 329,
"text": "A standard rate turn is defined as a 3° per second turn, which completes a 360° turn in 2 minutes. This is known as a 2-minute turn, or rate one (180°/min). Fast airplanes, or aircraft on certain precision approaches, use a half standard rate ('rate half' in some countries), but the definition of standard rate does not change.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
f8fbza
|
how travel sickness medication works (e.g. kwells)?
|
[
{
"answer": "Believe it or not, your brain has an area that tells you to throw up. Unsurprisingly, it's called the \"vomit center\" of the brain and is located in the medulla obongata. There are multiple pathways to activate the vomit center, but since you asked about motion sickness we will talk about that one. Basically, your inner ear plays a big role in how you balance and orient yourself. When you have motion sickness, it can be because there is a disconnect between what your inner ear feels and what your eyes see. When this happens, your body panics and says \"oh no, I've been poisoned!\" and sends a signal to your vomit center, which in turn makes you nauseous and puke. Of course you haven't been poisoned, but your body can be stupid sometimes and can't differentiate between certain stimuli and just assumes that if two of your systems don't agree that there is something in your body that shouldn't be. Ergo, the vomit. \n\nSo how do the medications work? Basically, the inner ear and the brain don't \"talk\" directly to each other; the inner ear sends a messenger to the brain to tell it what's going on. This messenger's name is acetylcholine. Acetylcholine travels up to the vomiting center, says \"stuff is all messed up yo,\" the brain says \"no problem, I got you\" and then you barf. Medications like Kwells (which is hyoscine or scopolamine) are called anticholinergics, as in anti-acetylcholine (technically they're antimuscarinics, but that's not important). Acetylcholine takes a message from the inner ear and tries to go to the brain, but the anticholinergic medication says \"sorry bro, can't let you talk to the brain.\" The message doesn't get delivered and you don't end up praying to the porcelain gods.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1072572",
"title": "Travel medicine",
"section": "Section::::Disciplines.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 339,
"text": "Travel medicine can primarily be divided into four main topics: prevention (vaccination and travel advice), assistance (dealing with repatriation and medical treatment of travelers), wilderness medicine (e.g. high-altitude medicine, cruise ship medicine, expedition medicine, etc.) and access to health care, provided by travel insurance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1072572",
"title": "Travel medicine",
"section": "Section::::Medication kit.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 385,
"text": "Research has also shown that the best treatment for travellers diarrhoea is to take an antibiotic (e.g. ciprofloxacin) plus a stopper (e.g. loperamide). Due to bacterial resistance, different parts of the world require different antibiotics. It is best to consult a travel doctor to sort out the best medical kit for the exact destination and medical history of the person travelling.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "10089812",
"title": "Carte Jaune",
"section": "Section::::Vaccines.:Others.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 298,
"text": "In addition to these, it is recommended that travellers receive medication for traveller's diarrhoea because of the risk of water-borne pathogens. For those travelling to endemic areas, malaria chemoprophylaxis are recommended; both of these can be prescribed by a physician or nurse practitioner.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "676718",
"title": "Medical tourism",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 1095,
"text": "Medical tourism refers to people traveling abroad to obtain medical treatment. In the past, this usually referred to those who traveled from less-developed countries to major medical centers in highly developed countries for treatment unavailable at home. However, in recent years it may equally refer to those from developed countries who travel to developing countries for lower-priced medical treatments. The motivation may be also for medical services unavailable or non-licensed in the home country: There are differences between the medical agencies (FDA, EMA etc.) world-wide, whether a drug is approved in their country or not. Even within Europe, although therapy protocols might be approved by the European Medical Agency (EMA), several countries have their own review organizations (i.e. NICE by the NHS) in order to evaluate whether the same therapy protocol would be \"cost-effective\", so that patients face differences in the therapy protocols, particularly in the access of these drugs, which might be partially explained by the financial strength of the particular Health System.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1072572",
"title": "Travel medicine",
"section": "Section::::Medication kit.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 23,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 23,
"end_character": 263,
"text": "The traveler should have a medication kit to provide for necessary and useful medication. Based on circumstances, it should also include malaria prophylaxis, condoms, and medication to combat traveler's diarrhea. In addition, a basic first aid kit can be of use.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15150673",
"title": "Medical tourism agent",
"section": "Section::::Practices.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 379,
"text": "Medical tourism or health tourism providers assist travellers in planning their medical travel. They offer complete information on medical facilities, service providers, medical professionals, travel agencies, resorts, medical/travel insurance overseas as well as of local areas. Millions of medical travellers travel overseas for their medical, dental, and cosmetic procedures.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1906107",
"title": "Transtheoretical model",
"section": "Section::::History and core constructs.:Processes of change.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 78,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 78,
"end_character": 494,
"text": "While most of these processes are associated with health interventions such as smoking cessation and other addictive behaviour, some of them are also used in travel interventions. Depending on the target behaviour the effectiveness of the process should differ. Also some processes are recommended in a specific stage, while others can be used in one or more stages. Recently, these processes have been identified in travel interventions, broadening the scope of TTM in other research domains.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3vjxfg
|
Have diseases ever crossed the species barrier between plants and animals?
|
[
{
"answer": "Plants and animals differ all the way to the kingdom level so there are drastic differences in both genetics and cellular composition and given that pathogens tend to be highly specialized there are very few diseases that affect both. However, there are generalist opportunistic pathogens that can basically infect everything. [Pseudomonas aeruginosa](_URL_0_) is one of these and is a remarkable bacterium. In a War of the Worlds type situation I imagine these are what would kill off the aliens.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "632030",
"title": "Allelopathy",
"section": "Section::::Application.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 13,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 13,
"end_character": 642,
"text": "Many invasive plant species interfere with native plants through allelopathy. A famous case of purported allelopathy is in desert shrubs. One of the most widely known early examples was \"Salvia leucophylla\", because it was on the cover of the journal \"Science\" in 1964. Bare zones around the shrubs were hypothesized to be caused by volatile terpenes emitted by the shrubs. However, like many allelopathy studies, it was based on artificial lab experiments and unwarranted extrapolations to natural ecosystems. In 1970, \"Science\" published a study where caging the shrubs to exclude rodents and birds allowed grass to grow in the bare zones.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "11347638",
"title": "Diaporthe helianthi",
"section": "Section::::Management.:Genetic control.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 568,
"text": "In early 1980s all the commercial hybrids available were completely susceptible. Only a couple of varieties like ‘Yubileynaya 60’ and ‘Progress’ were somewhat tolerant with only 5% of plants without disease. It was found out that resistance to this pathogen is polygenic rather than controlled by single dominant gene. After several years of study and research, there were some hybrid varieties developed in Europe that were indeed resistant to \"Phomopsis\". Studies have shown that the genetic mechanisms of resistance correspond to a few genes with additive effects.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5618647",
"title": "Sharpshooter (insect)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 2,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 2,
"end_character": 445,
"text": "This group includes a few species which are plant pests, the most serious of which is \"Homalodisca vitripennis\" (the \"Glassy-winged sharpshooter\"). A microbial plant parasite, \"Xylella fastidiosa\", is carried by this species, and is linked to many plant diseases, including phoney peach disease in the southern United States, oleander leaf scorch and Pierce's disease in California, and citrus X disease (citrus variegated chlorosis) in Brazil.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8273958",
"title": "Genetically modified food controversies",
"section": "Section::::Environment.:Gene flow.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 119,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 119,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "In 2005, scientists at the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology reported the first evidence of horizontal gene transfer of pesticide resistance to weeds, in a few plants from a single season; they found no evidence that any of the hybrids had survived in subsequent seasons.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8160680",
"title": "Biocontainment of genetically modified organisms",
"section": "Section::::Notable escapes.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "In 2005, scientists at the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology reported the first evidence of horizontal gene transfer of pesticide resistance to weeds, in a few plants from a single season; they found no evidence that any of the hybrids had survived in subsequent seasons.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "16234480",
"title": "History of virology",
"section": "Section::::Plant viruses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 223,
"text": "In 1970, the Russian plant virologist Joseph Atabekov discovered that many plant viruses only infect a single species of host plant. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses now recognises over 900 plant viruses.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "244847",
"title": "Fire blight",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 784,
"text": "In the early 1800s, \"E. amylovara\" was the first bacterium that could be used in experiments to demonstrate that it did indeed cause disease in plants. It is accepted that this destructive crop bacterium had initially originated in North America. Today, \"E. amylovara\" can currently be found in all the provinces of Canada, as well as in some parts of the United States of America; states include Alabama, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Other American countries of its occurrence include but are not limited to Mexico and Bermuda. On the African continent, \"E. amylovora\" has been confirmed in Egypt.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
6cx05y
|
how is it possible for a baby beast to grow in the womb and be born without an umbilical cord?
|
[
{
"answer": "The umbilical cord usually breaks while the animal is passing through the birth canal. If it doesn't, it probably shrivels up and falls off on its own.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "2260429",
"title": "Tail",
"section": "Section::::Human tails.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 10,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 10,
"end_character": 441,
"text": "Human embryos have a tail that measures about one-sixth of the size of the embryo itself. As the embryo develops into a fetus, the tail is absorbed by the growing body. Infrequently, a child is born with a ’\"soft tail\", which contains no vertebrae, but only blood vessels, muscles, and nerves, but this is regarded as an abnormality rather than a vestigial true tail, even when such an appendage is located where the tail would be expected.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20130936",
"title": "Fetus",
"section": "Section::::Other animals.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 47,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 47,
"end_character": 628,
"text": "A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms. This stage lies between embryogenesis and birth . Many vertebrates have fetal stages, ranging from most mammals to many fish. In addition, some invertebrates bear live young, including some species of onychophora and many arthropods. The prevalence of convergent evolution to the fetal stage shows that it is relatively easy to develop. It presumably originates from a delay of egg release, with the eggs being hatched inside the parent before being laid. Over time, the robustness of the egg wall can be decreased until it becomes little more than a sac.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20130936",
"title": "Fetus",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 671,
"text": "A fetus or foetus (; plural fetuses, feti, foetuses or foeti) is the unborn offspring of an animal that develops from an embryo. Following embryonic development the fetal stage of development takes place. In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilisation (or eleventh week gestational age) and continues until birth. Prenatal development is a continuum, with no clear defining feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, a fetus is characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional and some not yet situated in their final anatomical location.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2094394",
"title": "Male pregnancy",
"section": "Section::::Humans.:Fetus in fetu.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 437,
"text": "Fetus in fetu, though not an actual pregnancy, is an extremely rare condition in which a mass of tissue resembling a fetus forms inside the body. This is a developmental abnormality in which a fertilized egg splits as if to form identical twins, but one half becomes enveloped by the other, and an entire living organ system with torso and limbs can develop inside the host. The abnormality occurs in 1 in 500,000 live births in humans.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2368360",
"title": "Obstetrical dilemma",
"section": "Section::::Evolution of human birth.:Adaptations to ensure live birth.:Malleable cranium.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 393,
"text": "Humans are born with a very malleable fetal head which is not fully developed when the infant exits the womb. This soft spot on the crown of the infant allows for the head to be compressed in order to better fit through the birth canal without obstructing it. This allows for the head to develop more after birth and for the cranium to continue growing without affecting the birthing process.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "5946733",
"title": "Bicornuate uterus",
"section": "Section::::In pregnancy.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 19,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 19,
"end_character": 410,
"text": "Fetuses developing in bicornuate uteri are more likely to present breech or transverse, with the fetal head in one horn and the feet in the other. This will often necessitate cesarean delivery. If the fetus is vertex (head down), the two horns may not contract in coordination, or the horn that does not contain the pregnancy may interfere with contractions and descent of the fetus, causing obstructed labor.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "83430",
"title": "Mother",
"section": "Section::::Biological mother.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 886,
"text": "Typically, a fetus develops from the viable zygote, resulting in an embryo. Gestation occurs in the woman's uterus until the fetus (assuming it is carried to term) is sufficiently developed to be born. In humans, gestation is often around 9 months in duration, after which the woman experiences labor and gives birth. This is not always the case, however, as some babies are born prematurely, late, or in the case of stillbirth, do not survive gestation. Usually, once the baby is born, the mother produces milk via the lactation process. The mother's breast milk is the source of antibodies for the infant's immune system, and commonly the sole source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to eat and digest other foods; older infants and toddlers may continue to be breastfed, in combination with other foods, which should be introduced from approximately six months of age.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
cuohw6
|
why do spacecraft and satellite components need to be assembled in a sterile environment?
|
[
{
"answer": "Most satellite components are not. Spacecraft that are likely to land on other planets are clean ed thoroughly to minimize the transfer of life to other bodies. \n\nIn space with no atmospheric even oils from your skin can boil and condense to ruin lenses and other electronics equipment. Foreign object debris are one of the largest killers of satellites and to minimize this satellites are often assembled in clean rooms.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They don't need to be however the human race is trying to be very very careful about spreading earth-like life to other planets and moons.\n\nIn our quest to find other kids out there it would be really frustrating to keep finding your own life form.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There's a difference between sterile and clean. A satellite going into Earth orbit doesn't need to be sterile, and isn't assembled as such. It is however, assembled in a clean room. This is to avoid dust, dirt, oils, and non-living contaminants. Things like that interfere with the proper function of a satellite. For example, even a small amount of dust could jam a solar panel or antenna from opening, thus causing brand-new satellite to be unable to function.\n\nOnly spacecraft destined for planets or moons that we think could potentially harbor life (Mars, certain moons of Jupiter and Saturn...etc) are actually sterilized (to the extent possible). These are assembled in clean rooms *and then* go through special procedures to eliminate as many microorganisms as possible in a more stringent clean environment.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "28506",
"title": "Spacecraft propulsion",
"section": "Section::::Requirements.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 818,
"text": "Artificial satellites are first launched into the desired altitude by conventional liquid/solid propelled rockets after which the satellite may use onboard propulsion systems for orbital stationkeeping. Once in the desired orbit, they often need some form of attitude control so that they are correctly pointed with respect to the Earth, the Sun, and possibly some astronomical object of interest. They are also subject to drag from the thin atmosphere, so that to stay in orbit for a long period of time some form of propulsion is occasionally necessary to make small corrections (orbital station-keeping). Many satellites need to be moved from one orbit to another from time to time, and this also requires propulsion. A satellite's useful life is usually over once it has exhausted its ability to adjust its orbit.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "178182",
"title": "Soyuz (spacecraft)",
"section": "Section::::Design.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 618,
"text": "The orbital and service modules are single-use and are destroyed upon reentry in the atmosphere. Though this might seem wasteful, it reduces the amount of heat shielding required for reentry, saving mass compared to designs containing all of the living space and life support in a single capsule. This allows smaller rockets to launch the spacecraft or can be used to increase the habitable space available to the crew (6.2 m in Apollo CM vs 7.5 m in Soyuz) in the mass budget. The orbital and reentry portions are habitable living space, with the service module containing the fuel, main engines and instrumentation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "147685",
"title": "Geomagnetic storm",
"section": "Section::::Geomagnetic storm effects.:Satellite hardware damage.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 55,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 55,
"end_character": 281,
"text": "As technology has allowed spacecraft components to become smaller, their miniaturized systems have become increasingly vulnerable to the more energetic solar particles. These particles can physically damage microchips and can change software commands in satellite-borne computers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "24919408",
"title": "Space segment",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 243,
"text": "The space segment of an artificial satellite system is one of its three operational components (the others being the user and ground segments). It comprises the satellite or satellite constellation and the uplink and downlink satellite links.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23528366",
"title": "Modular Common Spacecraft Bus",
"section": "Section::::General description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 609,
"text": "The modular MCSB spacecraft bus structure has a versatile octagonal shape that can carry up to of instruments so long as they can fit inside. The bus is made of a lightweight carbon composite and has the ability to perform on various kinds of missions, including voyages to the Moon and Near-Earth objects, with different modules or applicable systems. This modular concept is an innovative way of transitioning away from custom designs and toward multi-use designs and assembly-line production, which could dramatically reduce the cost of spacecraft development. It can be adapted as an orbiter or a lander.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "59118602",
"title": "Starship (spacecraft)",
"section": "Section::::Description.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 21,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 21,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "BULLET::::- satellite delivery spacecraft: a vehicle able to transport and place spacecraft into orbit, or handle the in-space recovery of spacecraft and space debris for return to Earth or movement to another orbit. In the 2017 early design concept, this was shown with a with a large cargo bay door that can open in space to facilitate delivery and pickup of cargo.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9863077",
"title": "Spacecraft Fabrication Facility (Goddard)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 262,
"text": "The Spacecraft Fabrication Facility is a unit at the Goddard Space Flight Center where technicians and engineers manufacture components used for spacecraft assembly. This includes the tools which the astronauts use in space as well as the spacecraft themselves.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3toz1k
|
What were the strategic interests of France and Britain w.r.t. the Sykes-Picot Agreement? Why did they want spheres of influence in that region?
|
[
{
"answer": "I will have to be brief as I am waiting for guests.\n\nEssentially Britain and France had mutual suspicions of each other's intentions in the Middle East since the 19th Century. The 1904 Entente Cordiale papered over these cracks and pushed the issue into dormancy against a common broader strategic interest.\n\nBritain had been happy to see the removal of the Ottomans from Europe well before 1914, however preferred their status quo domination of the Middle East to avoid opportunistic Germans or Russians taking the land to threaten the trade routes to India or access the maritime frontier of India through the Persian Gulf.\n\nThe stagnation on the Middle Eastern Front following Gallipoli and the subsequent ruminations in Whitehall that some sort of olive branch to the various Arab groups would be required to alleviate the pronounced shortfall in troops in this second-rung theatre brought this back to the table. Certainly a fear was that a victory for the Entente an opportunistic Russia would loot these possessions (particularly Constantinople and the Straits, an avowed objective for generations) and harm Britain's strategic imperial position.\n\nFurthermore with the planned fall of the Ottoman Empire it was recognised, particularly in the British Foreign Office, that this could reopen the stagnant tensions between Britain and France. This was rightly predicted to be less than ideal during the existential threat of WW1.\n\nTherefore a preemptive 'management' of the situation during the war, as to allow little in the way of opportunities of unsanctioned land grabs to chance after the war was preferential. It was assumed that the old imperial rivalries would open up almost straight after peace so if the situation was agreed while they were allies in such a way and extent to allow little room for subsequent opportunism then Britain's imperial interests would be the most secured.\n\nThe first preference for decentralised zones within a continuity Ottoman Empire was considered too risky by late 1915. To this end the comprehensive Sykes-Picot agreement thrashed out the respective sphere of influence and allocated possessions between the big three powers.\n\nA large part of the logic (evident when you look at the possessions) was that Britain hoped for a 'buffer' of French land between Britain and its greatest threat, Russia. The era of the Great Game was certainly not vanquished from the collective memory of the British diplomats so this arrangement would best suit their true asset, India.\n\nOverall the area was already hotly contested and despite being allies in WW1 imperial tensions between the Entente powers were simmering in face against a collective aggressor. The situation had been kept at bay for decades previously with the existence of the Ottoman Empire as a barrier to wandering expansionist eyes between the major powers. However WW1 made clear that this arrangement would likely be scuppered in the event of a Central Powers victory. The Sykes-Picot agreement was an attempt by relatively conservative British officials to avoid Russian and to a much lesser extent French expansionism in the face of a collapsed Ottoman Empire post-victory. It was as much an attempt to protect India and its vital trade routes from the Russians than simply a desire to divide the spoils of the Middle East, though it is important not to understate that this was in itself a nice reward. Overall it is a long-term piece of diplomacy aimed very much at addressing the realpolitik of a future post-Ottoman world while things could be sorted amicably and in a way somewhat controlled by the British.\n\n**Sources**\n\nDarwin *The Empire Project* ISBN 9780521317894\n\nPorter *The Lions Share* ISBN 0582089433",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "12701564",
"title": "Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922",
"section": "Section::::The Sykes-Picot Agreement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 376,
"text": "During the First World War, the Sykes–Picot Agreement was struck between the foreign ministers of the United Kingdom and France on behalf of their respective governments on a vision of a post war division of the Ottoman Empire in which the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire (south and west of Anatolia) would be split into spheres of influence for the French and British. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "53687987",
"title": "Diplomatic history of World War I",
"section": "Section::::Allies.:France.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 61,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 61,
"end_character": 332,
"text": "Britain took the lead in most diplomatic initiatives, but Paris was consulted on all key points. The Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 with Britain called for breaking up the Ottoman Empire and dividing it into spheres of French and British influence. France was to get control of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9543796",
"title": "1916 in the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Events.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 218,
"text": "BULLET::::- 16 May – the UK and France conclude the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of the war, into French and British spheres of influence.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "266410",
"title": "Sykes–Picot Agreement",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 762,
"text": "The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement was based on the premise that the Triple Entente would succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I and formed part of a series of secret agreements contemplating its partition. The primary negotiations leading to the agreement occurred between 23 November 1915 and 3 January 1916, on which date the British and French diplomats, Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot, initialled an agreed memorandum. The agreement was ratified by their respective governments on 9 and 16 May 1916. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "34677",
"title": "1916",
"section": "Section::::Events.:May.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 249,
"text": "BULLET::::- Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of WWI and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, into French and British spheres of influence.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "31557493",
"title": "Timeline of the history of the region of Palestine",
"section": "Section::::2nd millennium.:20th century.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 165,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 165,
"end_character": 382,
"text": "BULLET::::- 16 May 1916 – Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, which defines their respective spheres of influence and control in Western Asia after the expected demise of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I. It was largely a trade agreement with a large area set aside for indirect control through an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17801591",
"title": "Martyrs' Day (Lebanon and Syria)",
"section": "Section::::The Fall of Arab Nationalism.:French and British Betrayal.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 650,
"text": "At the same time, collusion was happening across the borders. A secret agreement was struck between the governments of the United Kingdom and France where they agreed to subdivide the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire (excluding the Arabian peninsula) into areas of future British and French control or influence. This agreement came to be known as the infamous Sykes-Picot Agreement should the Triple Entente succeed in defeating the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The terms were negotiated by the French diplomat François Georges-Picot and British Sir Mark Sykes. Nothing in the plan precluded rule through an Arab suzerainty in the areas. \n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
3fjf30
|
We're looking for new moderators and we want you!
|
[
{
"answer": "Also if you have any questions feel free to ask.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Can I join!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "How about making the post sticky for a while until suitable candidates respond?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I love /r/askscience mods. I once submitted a question about mental illness in pets after a few beers. The beers were in me, not the pets, just to be clear. They removed the question, but were so darn polite when I messaged them. Good luck!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I have Web design down",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I have some experience building bots with the Praw library for python. Is that ok, or do I need CSS experience?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I love r/askscience and visit this subreddit every single day. I have a degree in biomedical engineering from Georgia Tech and currently work as a software developer for one of the world's leading biotech company(I'd be happy to be more specific in PMs). I have a strong scientific background and have been using this same reddit account for the last 6 or so years so I'm pretty experienced with reddit and have modded a couple small subreddits.\n\nI'd love to help you guys out, you have set the bar for this subreddit pretty high but I'd do my best to maintain it. Feel free to PM me and we can discuss this in more detail.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'd be fine with handling spam and modmail. I'm not really a coder and haven't used Facebook in 3 years.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I just want to give a shout out to the mods past and mods to be and thank you for your work ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Tfw your real job required fewer qualifications than a reddit moderator position ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I always want to help out in something like this but I guess I'm afraid of commitment :-p\n\nAs my flair would suggest, I'm a software engineer (or silicon valley douchenozzle if you prefer). I tutor high school and intro college physics. I can ostensibly help out with coding or automating stuff. I can probably build 15-30 mins of spam filter work into my morning \"let's procrastinate and not get out of bed\" routine instead of reading Facebook.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I can do CSS, if you need!\n\nPM me for more detail!",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "28311757",
"title": "Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland",
"section": "Section::::Office.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 446,
"text": "The moderator is normally a minister or elder of considerable experience and held in high esteem in the Church of Scotland. The moderator is nominated by the \"Committee to Nominate the Moderator\", which consists of fifteen people elected annually by the General Assembly. The moderator must, however, also be formally elected by the commissioners (i.e. all representatives) at the start of the General Assembly - this is in practice a formality.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "32992924",
"title": "National Youth Assembly",
"section": "Section::::Moderator.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 280,
"text": "The Moderator chairs the debates throughout the weekend and is elected by the previous year's Youth Representatives, along with former Moderators and the Mission & Discipleship Council's Children and Young People Development Worker. A list of previous moderators is listed below:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "366312",
"title": "Town meeting",
"section": "Section::::In the United States.:New Hampshire.:Moderator.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 72,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 72,
"end_character": 360,
"text": "Moderators are elected to two-year terms on even years in towns and are elected in city wards at every other city election. The moderator presides over town meetings, regulates their business, prescribes rules of procedure, decides questions of order, and declares the outcome of each vote. Town meeting voters can override the moderator's procedural rulings.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15587993",
"title": "Online focus group",
"section": "Section::::Typical operation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 597,
"text": "A moderator invites pre-screened, qualified respondents who represent the target of interest to log on to conferencing software at a pre-arranged time and to take part in an online focus group. It is common for respondents to receive an incentive for participating. Discussions generally last one hour to 90 minutes. The moderator guides the discussion using a combination of predetermined questions and unscripted probes. In the best discussions, as with face to face groups, respondents interact with each other as well as the moderator in real time to generate deeper insights about the topic.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "294813",
"title": "Internet forum",
"section": "Section::::Structure.:User groups.:Moderators.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 28,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 28,
"end_character": 845,
"text": "The \"moderators\" (short singular form: \"mod\") are users (or employees) of the forum who are granted access to the posts and threads of all members for the purpose of \"moderating discussion\" (similar to arbitration) and also keeping the forum clean (neutralizing spam and spambots etc.). Moderators also answer users' concerns about the forum, general questions, as well as respond to specific complaints. Common privileges of moderators include: deleting, merging, moving, and splitting of posts and threads, locking, renaming, stickying of threads, banning, unbanning, suspending, unsuspending, warning the members, or adding, editing, and removing the polls of threads. \"Junior Modding\", \"Backseat Modding\", or \"Forum copping\" can refer negatively to the behavior of ordinary users who take a moderator-like tone in criticizing other members.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23930655",
"title": "Moderator (town official)",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 417,
"text": "A moderator is an official of an incorporated town who presides over the town meeting, and in some cases, other municipal meetings. In the United States, the area of the country best known for the town meeting form of government is New England. The office of moderator exists in at least Connecticut (Mandell c. 2007), Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island (Advisory Opinion No. 2009-5 2009) and Vermont.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19522921",
"title": "Google Moderator",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 721,
"text": "Google Moderator was a Google service that used crowdsourcing to rank user-submitted questions, suggestions and ideas. It was launched on September 25, 2008. The service allowed the management of feedback from a large number of people, who could vote for questions they thought should be posed from a pool of questions submitted by others or submit their own to be asked and voted on. The service aimed to ensure that every question was considered, let the audience see others' questions, and helped the moderator of a team or event address the questions that the audience most cared about. The service was nicknamed Dory internally by Google, a reference to \"the fish who asked questions all the time in \"Finding Nemo\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
e20ywm
|
Can a liver from an organ donor be shared and transplanted into two new recipients?
|
[
{
"answer": "Livers are special among human organs. They can regenerate themselves. So liver transplants don't require transplanting the entire liver. Yes, it is theoretically possible a single donor could donate to two people and then also have a fully functioning liver after a period of recovery.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "17384301",
"title": "Liver",
"section": "Section::::Clinical significance.:Liver transplantation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 102,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 102,
"end_character": 703,
"text": "More recently, adult-to-adult liver transplantation has been done using the donor's right hepatic lobe, which amounts to 60 percent of the liver. Due to the ability of the liver to regenerate, both the donor and recipient end up with normal liver function if all goes well. This procedure is more controversial, as it entails performing a much larger operation on the donor, and indeed there have been at least two donor deaths out of the first several hundred cases. A recent publication has addressed the problem of donor mortality, and at least 14 cases have been found. The risk of postoperative complications (and death) is far greater in right-sided operations than that in left-sided operations.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1437810",
"title": "Inter vivos",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 296,
"text": "The term inter vivos is also used to describe living organ donation, in which one patient donates an organ to another while both are alive. Generally, the organs transplanted are either non-vital organs such as corneas or redundant vital organs such as one of the two kidneys or part of a liver.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "46300441",
"title": "Intestine transplantation",
"section": "Section::::Transplantation protocol.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 26,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 26,
"end_character": 849,
"text": "When a liver is being transplanted in conjunction with the intestine, the recipient must first have their own liver removed. Following this, the aorta, cava, and portal veins of the donor and recipient are anastomosed. The graft is then flushed before the caval clamps are removed. The intestine is then reconstructed as in an isolated intestinal transplant, before being connected to the bile duct servicing the new liver. Multivisceral transplants are especially difficult and susceptible to complications because all organs must survive a conjoined procurement, transport, and transplantation. All three of these measures are tailored to the individual needs of the recipient. Preservation of the native spleen, pancreas, and duodenum during a multivisceral transplant can reduce the risk of additional complications related to these structures.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17384301",
"title": "Liver",
"section": "Section::::Clinical significance.:Liver transplantation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 101,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 101,
"end_character": 476,
"text": "Liver allografts for transplant usually come from donors who have died from fatal brain injury. Living donor liver transplantation is a technique in which a portion of a living person's liver is removed (hepatectomy) and used to replace the entire liver of the recipient. This was first performed in 1989 for pediatric liver transplantation. Only 20 percent of an adult's liver (Couinaud segments 2 and 3) is needed to serve as a liver allograft for an infant or small child.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "517879",
"title": "Liver transplantation",
"section": "Section::::Technique.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 30,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 30,
"end_character": 725,
"text": "The large majority of liver transplants use the entire liver from a non-living donor for the transplant, particularly for adult recipients. A major advance in pediatric liver transplantation was the development of reduced size liver transplantation, in which a portion of an adult liver is used for an infant or small child. Further developments in this area included split liver transplantation, in which one liver is used for transplants for two recipients, and living donor liver transplantation, in which a portion of a healthy person's liver is removed and used as the allograft. Living donor liver transplantation for pediatric recipients involves removal of approximately 20% of the liver (Couinaud segments 2 and 3).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "517879",
"title": "Liver transplantation",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 986,
"text": "Liver transplantation or hepatic transplantation is the replacement of a diseased liver with the healthy liver from another person (allograft). Liver transplantation is a treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure, although availability of donor organs is a major limitation. The most common technique is orthotopic transplantation, in which the native liver is removed and replaced by the donor organ in the same anatomic position as the original liver. The surgical procedure is complex, requiring careful harvest of the donor organ and meticulous implantation into the recipient. Liver transplantation is highly regulated, and only performed at designated transplant medical centers by highly trained transplant physicians and supporting medical team. The duration of the surgery ranges from 4 to 18 hours depending on outcome. Favorable outcomes require careful screening for eligible recipient, as well as a well-calibrated live or cadaveric donor match.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17384301",
"title": "Liver",
"section": "Section::::Clinical significance.:Liver transplantation.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 100,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 100,
"end_character": 352,
"text": "Liver transplantation is the only option for those with irreversible liver failure. Most transplants are done for chronic liver diseases leading to cirrhosis, such as chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, and autoimmune hepatitis. Less commonly, liver transplantation is done for fulminant hepatic failure, in which liver failure occurs over days to weeks.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
19r7vj
|
why isn't chrome the standard browser on android?
|
[
{
"answer": "It is on the newer nexus devices. On non-nexus devices, the manufacturer decides what goes on the phone, and it doesn't have to be chrome if they don't like it. Especially since the stock android browser seems to run better, and supports flash.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Google doesn't have anything to say about what browser other companies like Samsung or HTC use. A browser is not a part of the operating system Android. If they would start to force other companies to use Chrome they would probably get in trouble with EU rules for instance. In the same way as Microsoft was fined 500 millions dollars for installing IE as a stock browser.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "19133401",
"title": "Google Chrome",
"section": "Section::::Platforms.:iOS.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 164,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 164,
"end_character": 791,
"text": "Chrome is available on Apple's mobile iOS operating system as \"Google Chrome for iOS.\" Released in the Apple App Store on June 26, 2012, it supports the iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch, and requires that the device has iOS 11.0 or greater installed. In accordance with Apple's requirements for browsers released through their App Store, this version of Chrome uses the \"iOS WebKit\" which is Apple's own mobile rendering engine and components, developed for their \"Safari\" browser therefore it is restricted from using Google's own V8 JavaScript engine. Chrome is the default web browser for the iOS \"Gmail\" application, but it cannot be used as the device-wide default application for opening webpages because Apple has not provided iOS users with the option to change the default from Safari.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19133401",
"title": "Google Chrome",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 309,
"text": "Google Chrome (commonly known simply as Chrome) is a cross-platform web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008 for Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Linux, macOS, iOS, and Android. The browser is also the main component of Chrome OS, where it serves as the platform for web apps.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "35038718",
"title": "Google Chrome for Android",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 432,
"text": "Google's Chrome for Android is an edition of Google Chrome released for the Android system. On February 7, 2012, Google launched \"Google Chrome Beta\" for Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) devices, for selected countries. The first stable version of the browser was released on June 27, 2012. Chrome 18.0.1026.311, released on September 26, 2012, was the first version of Chrome for Android to support Intel x86 based mobile devices.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "23018642",
"title": "Chromium (web browser)",
"section": "Section::::Differences from Google Chrome.:Branding and licensing.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 16,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 16,
"end_character": 252,
"text": "While Chrome has the same user interface functionality as Chromium, it changes the color scheme to the Google-branded one. Unlike Chromium, Chrome is not open-source, so its binaries are licensed as freeware under the \"Google Chrome Terms of Service\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19133401",
"title": "Google Chrome",
"section": "Section::::Features.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 274,
"text": "Google Chrome features a minimalistic user interface, with its user-interface principles later being implemented into other browsers. For example, the merging of the address bar and search bar into the \"omnibox\". Chrome also has a reputation for strong browser performance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19133401",
"title": "Google Chrome",
"section": "Section::::Platforms.:Chrome OS.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 161,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 161,
"end_character": 395,
"text": "Google Chrome is the basis of Google's Chrome OS operating system that ships on specific hardware from Google's manufacturing partners. The user interface has a minimalist design resembling the Google Chrome browser. Chrome OS is aimed at users who spend most of their computer time on the Web; the only applications on the devices are a browser incorporating a media player and a file manager.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19133401",
"title": "Google Chrome",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 3,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 3,
"end_character": 296,
"text": ", StatCounter estimates that Chrome has a 71% worldwide browser market share on traditional PCs and 63.34% share across all platforms. Because of this success, Google has expanded the \"Chrome\" brand name to other products: Chrome OS, Chromecast, Chromebook, Chromebit, Chromebox, and Chromebase.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2lz1br
|
Can anyone offer any insight into this Nazi identification card?
|
[
{
"answer": "This looks like they were both from an exhibiton held in 1945/46 in Amsterdam, called 'Weerbare Democratie', the resilient democracy, an exhibition that apparently dealt with dutch resistance against German occupation. The card reads, essentially, as far as my very limited dutch will carry: \"This is proof that the dutch citizen(s) [Name] [Born] [ID] have visited the exhibition over the resistance 'Weerbare Democratie' on [date]. It has not been possible during the occupation to educate him/her to a National Socialist or Fascist orientation.\" \n\nThe combination of the stamps makes no sense, I'd venture a guess that they are either war trophies or props for the exhibition to make the visitor feel like someone having their papers checked and stamped by the German occupiers. They read (front): Labour Exchange Karlsruhe/Baden; (back) Labour Exchange Münster/Westphalia; The Chief of Police, Karlsruhe; The German Work Front (the labour union of the NS-state), Gau-Bureau, Baden [mid, faded], Labour Exchange Karlsruhe/Baden [again]; and finally a field postal address (a kind of zip code for units at the front), 21535B, which apparently belonged to II/JG 52, the second group of Jagdgeschwader 52, a fighter unit; plus a bunch of dutch stamps.\n\nThe second item seems to be a humorous recollection of the ways the dutch people outwitted their occupiers and collaborateurs, such as taking a diamond ring from a soldier, then buying aid packages for dutch PoWs with it and sending them via the Red Cross; marking the progress of the war on maps (this was often done by listening to stations like the BBC, which was heavily punished), hiding and supplying fugitives and the like.\n\nThese are to very interesting artifacts, thanks for posting! I would myself be pretty interested in a translation (I can make out the gist of it, but no more). ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'd like to point out that the majority of the Dutch community on Reddit has moved from /r/netherlands to /r/thenetherlands after mod on the former sub went rogue and decided to ruin things for everyone. You are much more likely to get a decent answer at the current sub.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "217245",
"title": "John Demjanjuk",
"section": "Section::::Trial in Israel.:Prosecution case.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 752,
"text": "Prosecutors based part of these allegations on an ID card referred to as the \"Trawnicki card\". This ID card was obtained from the USSR and provided to Israel by American industrialist Armand Hammer, a close associate of several Kremlin leaders, including Lenin and Stalin. The defense claimed that the card was forged by Soviet authorities to discredit Demjanjuk. The card had Demjanjuk's photograph, which he identified as his picture at the time. The prosecution called expert witnesses to testify on the authenticity of the card including its signatures by various Nazi officers, paper, and ink. The defense used some evidence supplied by the Soviets to support their case while calling other pieces of evidence supplied by the Soviets \"forgeries\".\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "29715052",
"title": "SS Zivilabzeichen",
"section": "Section::::Known Civil Badge numbers.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 428,
"text": "Adolf Hitler was given honorary SS number \"1\" and was awarded a \"Zivilabzeichen\" by the SS. The badge was stored in Hitler's Munich apartment until it was taken by 1st LT Philip Ben Lieber in 1945. The badge, along with a group of material owned by Hitler, was sold through Mohawk Arms to collectors Stephen Wolfe and Neil Hardin. In 2013, the entire group was purchased by military antique collector and dealer Craig Gottlieb.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "217245",
"title": "John Demjanjuk",
"section": "Section::::Trial in Germany.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 106,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 106,
"end_character": 839,
"text": "BULLET::::- Dr. Grant, who Sheftel claimed was the world's foremost forensic expert and the man who revealed the forgeries of the \"Mussolini diaries\" and the \"Hitler diaries\", testified in Israel that the Demjanjuk signature on the card differed from all the others attributed to him. Dr. Grant pointed out that there were two puncture holes in the right side of the photo on the card but not through the paper of the card. Judging by the purple ink found inside the holes which was similar to ink used by the KGB and the nature of the spacing of the holes, Dr. Grant concluded that the photograph was probably unstapled from some other Soviet document and attached to the ID card in the Soviet Union. Dr. Grant concluded his evidence by saying \"The Trawniki document cannot be an authentic document belonging to the defendant Demjanjuk.\"\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1208396",
"title": "Julian Knight (murderer)",
"section": "Section::::Prison life.:Legal challenges.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 324,
"text": "One sheet of the paper had a large picture of Adolf Hitler in uniform. A second had a picture of Hitler with Nazi insignia and skull and cross-bones and others only the insignia. The cards featured slogans such as \"Stop the Asian invasion\", \"We just hate all queers\", \"White power\" and \"Dial-a-racist\" with contact details.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "217245",
"title": "John Demjanjuk",
"section": "Section::::Trial in Germany.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 103,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 103,
"end_character": 347,
"text": "On 14 April 2010, Anton Dallmeyer, an expert witness, testified that the typeset and handwriting on an ID card being used as key evidence matched four other ID cards believed to have been issued at the SS training camp at Trawniki. Demjanjuk's lawyer argued that all of the ID cards could be forgeries, and that there was no point comparing them.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28839983",
"title": "German identity card",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 9,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 9,
"end_character": 216,
"text": "In 1938 the Nazis obliged men of military age and Jews (who had a 'J' marked on their card) to carry identity cards. Shortly after the start of the war, this was extended to apply to all citizens over the age of 15.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "15899877",
"title": "Kennkarte",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 476,
"text": "The Kennkarte was the basic identity document in use inside Germany (including occupied incorporated territories) during the Third Reich era. They were first introduced in July 1938. They were normally obtained through a police precinct and bore the stamps of the corresponding issuing office and official. Every male German citizen aged 18 and older, and every Jewish citizen (both male and female) was issued one and was expected to produce it when confronted by officials.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
21itdy
|
Puzzle doors are common feature of ancient temples in fiction. Has there been ANY ancient puzzle door found?
|
[
{
"answer": "This is probably not the answer you're looking for, but in Cairo there is a Coptic church - the \"hanging church\" I think - whose doors are made of tiny, interlocking pieces that fit only one way. Because wood is expensive in Egypt, and there were occasional attacks upon churches which often included breaking doors down, the church elders constructed those doors so that a) the attackers wouldn't permanently destroy the doors and b) they'd be fooled into thinking they'd done some serious damage.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "Not exactly a puzzle, but Hero of Alexandria claimed to have designed special temple doors that were opened by lighting a fire on an altar before the temple. This was not meant to keep people out, however, but rather served as a means for a priest to open the temple up in a dramatic and mystical way. This trick worked via a clever combination of pneumatics, pulleys, and counterweights hidden beneath the temple.\n\nSource: Pneumatica, Hero of Alexandria",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Again, not exactly what you are looking for, but there was an object shaped vaguely like a double-ended flute which tended to be buried with women in Egypt from about 2000BC, and the same in Sicily from about 1000 years later. The purpose was completely obscure until in 1907 it was found that they were still in use as door keys in Nubia. Even given that information, I don't think I would be able to deduce how they were used.\n\nSource (and diagram): *Ancient Inventions*, P James and N Thorpe.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "13253580",
"title": "False door",
"section": "Section::::Etruria.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 20,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 20,
"end_character": 814,
"text": "In Etruscan tombs the false door has a Doric design and is always depicted closed. Most often it is painted, but on some occasions it is carved in relief, like in the Tomb of the Charontes at Tarquinia. Unlike the false door in ancient Egyptian tombs, the Etruscan false door has given rise to a diversity of interpretations. It might have been the door the underworld, similar to its use of the ancient Egypt. It could have been used to mark the place where a new doorway and chamber would be carved for future expansion of the tomb. Another possibility is that it is the door of the tomb itself, as seen from outside. In the Tomb of the Augurs at Tarquinia two men are painted to the left and right of a false door. Their gestures of lamentation indicate that the deceased were considered to be behind the door.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13253580",
"title": "False door",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 368,
"text": "A false door is an artistic representation of a door which does not function like a real door. They can be carved in a wall or painted on it. They are a common architectural element in the tombs of Ancient Egypt and Pre-Nuragic Sardinia. Later they also occur in Etruscan tombs and in the time of Ancient Rome they were used in the interiors of both houses and tombs.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4639196",
"title": "The Power of Five",
"section": "Section::::Doorways.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 124,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 124,
"end_character": 882,
"text": "The Doors are located at religious or important sites - but usually, the religious site is built because of the Door. Eleven of the Doors' locations are known specifically, seven are known vaguely, and seven remain unknown. By the time the events of Oblivion took place, the Old Ones knew the locations of nineteen of the doors. The Doors are not always physically doors - they are also known to be caves. For example, the Door at Oblivion in Antarctica was a cave; the Door at Lake Tahoe was a cave; and it is unlikely that there was a physical Door at the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Library in the Dreamworld is a massive structure, and so has Doors around it to allow easy access to all of the Library. As the Library is so vast, it can be presumed that there are hundreds, if not thousands of doors located in it. Only Matt and The Librarian are known to have used these Doors.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "42764",
"title": "Hagia Sophia",
"section": "Section::::Notable elements and decorations.:The Nice Door.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 106,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 106,
"end_character": 398,
"text": "The Nice Door is the oldest architectural element found in the Hagia Sophia dating back to the 2nd century BC. The decorations are of reliefs of geometric shapes as well as plants that are believed to have come from a pagan temple in Tarsus, Mersin now modern-day Turkey. It was incorporated into the building by Emperor Theophilos in 838 where it is placed in the south exit in the inner narthex.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13253580",
"title": "False door",
"section": "Section::::Ancient Egypt.:Historical development.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 15,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 15,
"end_character": 663,
"text": "The configuration of the false door, with its nested series of doorjambs, is derived from the niched palace façade that became a common architectural motif in the early Dynastic period. The false door was used first in the mastabas of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, and its use became nearly universal in tombs of the fourth through sixth dynasties. During the nearly one hundred and fifty years spanning the reigns of the sixth dynasty pharaohs Pepi I, Merenre, and Pepi II, the false door motif went through a sequential series of changes affecting the layout of the panels, allowing historians to date tombs based on which style of false door was used.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8637",
"title": "Door",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 840,
"text": "The ancient Greek and Roman doors were either single doors, double doors, triple doors, sliding doors or folding doors, in the last case the leaves were hinged and folded back. In Eumachia, is a painting of a door with three leaves. In the tomb of Theron at Agrigentum there is a single four-panel door carved in stone. In the Blundell collection is a bas-relief of a temple with double doors, each leaf with five panels. Among existing examples, the bronze doors in the church of SS. Cosmas and Damiano, in Rome, are important examples of Roman metal work of the best period; they are in two leaves, each with two panels, and are framed in bronze. Those of the Pantheon are similar in design, with narrow horizontal panels in addition, at the top, bottom and middle. Two other bronze doors of the Roman period are in the Lateran Basilica.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "8637",
"title": "Door",
"section": "Section::::Design and styles.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 34,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 34,
"end_character": 292,
"text": "BULLET::::- A false door is a wall decoration that looks like a window. In ancient Egyptian architecture, this was a common element in a tomb, the false door representing a gate to the afterlife. They can also be found in the funerary architecture of the desert tribes (e.g., Libyan Ghirza).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
1b0kw6
|
In what order did the kingdoms become multicellular? And, are symbionts ubiquitous?
|
[
{
"answer": "Some of this is simply unknown. Precise phylogeny of these groups of organisms is _extremely_ difficult. In the first place, fossil remains of soft-bodied organisms are rare, making radiometric dating difficult at best. In the second, there has been such a long time of divergent evolution that in most common sequences, the rate of mutations even in unchanged proteins has reached saturation (that is, so many mutations have taken place that most locations along the amino acid change have either not changed at all or have changed more than once), which makes molecular phylogenetic techniques extremely difficult.\n\nOne thing that is known is that fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than to plants, and are furthermore the only other major kingdoms that later diverged. So, after plants, both fungi and animals evolved _at the same time_ - there was one common ancestor and its lineage essentially split into two, so both groups were born simultaneously and are equally distant, evolutionarily, from plants.\n\nThe rest of your questions are pretty far afield from my knowledge base, and I don't have the opportunity at the moment to go grind the research stone.",
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"answer": "Multicellularity has evolved several times, independently in plants and animals for sure, and perhaps more than once within the fungi. A key point is that all true multicellular organisms are made fron eukaryotic cells (as opposed to prokaryotes), and eukaryotes evolved only once (i.e. all eukaryotes can be traced back to a single common ancestor that was most likely a symbiont between an archaon and a bacterium). This is the endosymbiosis theory originally from Lyn Margulis, but its now widely accepted that mitochondria and cholorplasts (and perhaps other organelles) had a bacterial origin.\n\nNick Lane has argued quite convincingly that the key to becoming multicellular is having mitochondria so that we can do respiration internally rather than across our plasma membrane (like bacteria do). This allows us to maintain control over much larger membrane areas over which we do respiration (I'm talking about Peter Mitchell and chemiosmosis here). Bacteria, no matter how much they evolve, simply can't get big and complex in the way that eukaryotes have done, because they are constrained by surface area:volume ratio as they have been unable to 'internalise' their respiration.\n\nSince eukaryotes have done this with mitochondria, they were able to become bigger and more predatory (to eat other things - phagocytosis), and this put them on the road to complexity and ultimately multicellularity. Bacteria don't do this because it would break their outer membrane and disrupt their respiration. It is definitely worth noting that ALL modern eukaryotes either have or once had mitochondria. The origin of the eukaryotic cell may have been indistinguishable from the unity between two prokaryotes that eventually gave rise to mitochondria in larger cells.\n\nHopefully that answers some of your questions",
"provenance": null
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"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "900998",
"title": "List of Foundation universe planets",
"section": "Section::::Fictional planets.:Four Kingdoms.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 130,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 130,
"end_character": 275,
"text": "The \"Four Kingdoms\" was the name given to those portions of the former Province of Anacreon which broke away from the Galactic Empire in the early years of the Foundational Era, to form independent and short-lived kingdoms. The largest and most powerful was Anacreon itself.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1161336",
"title": "Pergamon Altar",
"section": "Section::::The altar in antiquity.:Historical background.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 1287,
"text": "The Pergamene kingdom founded by Philetaerus at the beginning of the 3rd century BC was initially part of the Hellenistic Seleucid empire. Attalus I, successor and nephew of Eumenes I, was the first to achieve full independence for the territory and proclaimed himself king after his victory over the Celtic Galatians in 228 BC. This victory over the Galatians, a threat to the Pergamene kingdom, secured his power, which he then attempted to consolidate. With conquests in Asia Minor at the expense of the weakened Seleucids he could briefly increase the size of his kingdom. A Seleucid counteroffensive under Antiochos III reached the gates of Pergamon but could not put an end to Pergamene independence. Since the Seleucids were becoming stronger in the east, Attalus turned his attention westward to Greece and was able to occupy almost all of Euboea. His son, Eumenes II, further limited the influence of the Galatians and ruled alongside his brother Attalus II, who succeeded him. In 188 BC, Eumenes II was able to create the Treaty of Apamea as an ally of Rome, thus reducing the influence of the Seleucids in Asia Minor. The Attalids were thus an emerging power with the desire to demonstrate their importance to the outside world through the construction of imposing buildings.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "49392751",
"title": "Cavalier-Smith's system of classification",
"section": "Section::::Seven kingdoms model.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 193,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 193,
"end_character": 268,
"text": "In 1987, Cavalier-Smith introduced a classification divided into two superkingdoms (Prokaryota and Eukaryota) and seven kingdoms, two prokaryotic kingdoms (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) and five eukaryotic kingdoms (Protozoa, Chromista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "9127632",
"title": "Biology",
"section": "Section::::Study and research.:Systematic.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 50,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 50,
"end_character": 556,
"text": "Traditionally, living things have been divided into five kingdoms: Monera; Protista; Fungi; Plantae; Animalia. However, many scientists now consider this five-kingdom system outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally begin with the three-domain system: Archaea (originally Archaebacteria); Bacteria (originally Eubacteria) and Eukaryota (including protists, fungi, plants, and animals). These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the chemical composition of key biomolecules such as ribosomes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "19294750",
"title": "Phylum",
"section": "Section::::Known phyla.:Protista.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 473,
"text": "Kingdom Protista (or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom model, where it can be defined as containing all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Protista is a polyphyletic taxon (it includes groups not directly related to one another), which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "299472",
"title": "Multicellular organism",
"section": "Section::::Origin hypotheses.:The colonial theory.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 24,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 24,
"end_character": 722,
"text": "The Colonial Theory of Haeckel, 1874, proposes that the symbiosis of many organisms of the same species (unlike the symbiotic theory, which suggests the symbiosis of different species) led to a multicellular organism. At least some, it is presumed land-evolved, multicellularity occurs by cells separating and then rejoining (e.g., cellular slime molds) whereas for the majority of multicellular types (those that evolved within aquatic environments), multicellularity occurs as a consequence of cells failing to separate following division. The mechanism of this latter colony formation can be as simple as incomplete cytokinesis, though multicellularity is also typically considered to involve cellular differentiation.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "299472",
"title": "Multicellular organism",
"section": "Section::::Origin hypotheses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 14,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 14,
"end_character": 835,
"text": "One hypothesis for the origin of multicellularity is that a group of function-specific cells aggregated into a slug-like mass called a grex, which moved as a multicellular unit. This is essentially what slime molds do. Another hypothesis is that a primitive cell underwent nucleus division, thereby becoming a coenocyte. A membrane would then form around each nucleus (and the cellular space and organelles occupied in the space), thereby resulting in a group of connected cells in one organism (this mechanism is observable in Drosophila). A third hypothesis is that as a unicellular organism divided, the daughter cells failed to separate, resulting in a conglomeration of identical cells in one organism, which could later develop specialized tissues. This is what plant and animal embryos do as well as colonial choanoflagellates.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
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p32fo
|
elit: why germany is such a strong world power
|
[
{
"answer": "Germany is an industrious, educated nation with an excellent social infrastructure and minimal internal strife. They excel in manufacturing and management. In short, per the cliche, they're efficient. ",
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"answer": "A point in addition to all that was said. Germany arises from the very powerful [Prussian empire](_URL_0_).",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "There are many possible reasons. Here is one thing, that might play a role:\n\n500 years back, Protestantism started in Germany. At that time, this meant: fight the power (pope), think for yourself, etc. Out of that developed a so called [protestant work ethic](_URL_0_): we are [free](_URL_1_), and to show that our fellow men, we work our asses off. And if we don't have enough work to do, at least we do the stuff as pedantic and good as possible.\n\nIf it were not for communism, which also was \"invented\" mainly in Germany, Germany would be, where the USA is today: completely burned out.\n\nNote: I just want to point out that I don't think Germany is communist *or* socialist in any way. But Germany was heavily influenced by some ideas of communism, which lead to the social market economy that is at work in Germany now.\n\nMaybe it is the combination of both: Germans work hard, if they feel treated well.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "I believe the sociologist would first refer to [Max Weber's](_URL_0_) Protestant work ethic to explain the German mindset. I cannot give much on this since my own sociological understanding is rather limited, but perhaps our fellow redditors can explain the strengths and weaknesses of this theory in greater detail.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "They make high-quality goods.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Nice overview from stratfor\n\n[Overview](_URL_0_)\n\nIts not that they are industrious, its WHY they are industrious that matters. Lots of this has to do where they are situated geographically and what dealing with that as a nation/ethnic state means.",
"provenance": null
},
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"answer": "Post WWI, the allies tried the tactic of metaphorically ass-raping Germany, setting the stage for Hitler's rise to power and the Third Reich. After WWII, the approach of rehabilitation rather than punishment was taken. France and Germany entered into a trade partnership of Coal and Steel, ensuring that neither could attack the other without losing access to valuable natural resources.\n\nOver the last 50 years, the idea of integration to prevent war led to the establishment of the European Economic Community, and eventually the European Union. Germany has done very well out of this, because they were at the heart of the whole process.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "In addition to stuff others have said, their location is pretty damn good.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "WWI: Powerful and large empires Prussia and Austria Hungary. Lots of natural resources, fertile land and lots of people. Also, a comparably large industry compared to its neighbour countries.\n\nWWII: A whole country going \"all-in\", fuelled by nationalism. After WWI, Germany was more or less raped by the winning nations. Hitler made the Germans feel strong, so they followed him.\n\nPost-WWII: Infrastructure got destroyed, so new stuff had to be built = > good roads, good powerplants, good telephone, ...\n\nGeneral attitudes that help a lot:\n\n-Good work is HIGHLY valued, especially in trade, engineering and science. Education even more so. (Every decent sized city has a university and education is and has been for a long time free).\n\n-Keep your head down and do as you're told. Pretty much most of the time, if a superior tells a German to do something, he'll do it. On time and in good quality.\nWhy? In business/engineering/... because your superior usually worked his way up (CEOs of some of the largest Corporations in Germany are or had been Engineers, chemists etc., in small business your master was an apprentice at some point as well...) and knows his shit.\nIn politics, because very rarely the German politician tried to screw you over, so in most cases it was for a good reason. \n\n-Germans think long-term. Building a house? Your great-grandchildren should be able to live in that thing. Got a child? Get a savings-plan where you put 20bucks in every month so when kid's 18 (s)he can go to any university (s)he needs to.\n\n- Honesty. Germany has and as far as I know always had a fairly low corruption.\n\nPost-WWII:\n\n-Realpolitik. German politics isn't dominated by ideologies like patriotism, religion etc. It's based mostly on facts and is supposed to do the things that need to be done.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "If I had to guess I'd say [Martin Luther](_URL_0_). ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In the words of Lisa Simpson, Germany is \". . .a leading economic power, because they're efficient, punctual, and have a strong work ethic.\"",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "The fact that their full education is paid for by the government probably doesn't hurt. That and their education system starts to specialize people into different fields very early on. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They focused on making tangible things while the other big powers focused on making money out out of money with money by using money and lies.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "During WWII the infrastructure in Germany was targeted by the enemy, not the factories itself, e.g. bridges and train rails were bombed.\n\nSo after the war the Germans didn't need to build everything again, but just the bridges and train rails. Of course this is a simplification, but there are a couple of things like this that can explain fast economic recovery of Western Germany after WWII.",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "People interested in this should read \"Guns, Germs, and Steal\" (or watch the movie of the same name)\n\nIt explains why countries turned out the way they did. Why is Africa poor, why did Europe surpass China, why is the US more advanced than Mexico...\n\nAll the pieces were in place ten thousand years ago. The status of the world has little to do with individuals or politics and everything to do with geograpgy, population trends, resources, and climates",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "All these comments make me happy i'm learning German.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are a lot of good points mentioned here, so I'll just add one that I don't see. A lot of people don't realise that Germany has the highest population of any European country (not including Russia which is also a strong world power). Next after it in population (in Europe) are France and the UK. There are eight Germans for every Grecian, for example.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "They export the machines China and India use to export stuff",
"provenance": null
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{
"answer": "I'm going to quickly say what no-one else seems to be explaining: Motivation.\n\nThe Germans worked hard, they bounced back, they had good infrastructure, whatever. But there was a fire behind all of that--and it's very simple to see. Observe: _URL_0_\n\nNotice where Germany is. Now, notice how many countries are around it. I count 8, subtract 2 for Belgium and Switzerland, plus the fact that most of the countries to the east could very easily funnel troops in from Russia or any other country. Same to the west: France was almost always allied with Britain and Portugal, so troops could always pour in from there, and just about everyone else seemed to have navies that could sink all of Germany in five minutes.\n\nSo, Germany, aside from being industrious and focused, was pretty goddamn scared all the time. The end.\n\nEDIT: Plus, until the late 19th century, nobody inside of Germany could agree on anything long enough to defend from an invasion, so they were even more scared then.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "I feel that Germany has managed a healthy synthesis between free market capitalism and the socialist tendencies of the East German regime prior to the fall of the Berlin Wall. Germany is a nation of manufacturers... perhaps second to none, and the great merger of East and West occurred within it's borders.\n\nThey have done this despite losing 2 World Wars by being pragmatists and not aligning themselves with any particular ideology.\n\nI guess my explanation is vague but I do think it valid.\n\n",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "Germany's success does not owe as much to the \"German spirit\" as so many people here are suggesting. Is there in contrast things wrong with the Portuguese, Greek, Italian, or French \"spirits\" that have made these countries less succesfull?\n\nA countrie's economic success has a lot more to do with the decisions of its leaders and the country's geopolical strength.\n\nYes, Germany was destroyed during WW2, but after the war, West Germany was a close ally of the West that helped Germany rebuild itself. West Germany got reindustrialized and the economy improved as it did in the rest of Europe throughout the 60's. Industrialization is very special to Germany as this is what differentiates it from its European neighbours. Great Britain and France benefitted from selling its products to its colonies or territories of influence. Germany in contrary had to be more competitive as it lost its colonies during WW1.\n\nIn the 1980's and the onslaught of Neo-Liberal politics and the oil crisis of 1970's, European nations turned away from industrialization. In this time, particularly Great Britain under Thatcher, lost its industries. They turned towards consumer economies, and Great Britain particularly turned towards a finance economy. The reunification of with East Germany caused issues as capital was transfered to the East, but it also supplied Germany with a large well trained workforce ready to work in industries.\n\nBeing a developed industrial nation is mainly what makes Germany rich. Now there is in some part due to the German character as labour unions in Germany accepted to keep their wages relatively low in order to remain competitive. In France (who along with Italy is Germany's main industrial rival in Europe) the working week was reduced to 35 hours in order to keep unemployment low. This made French company's less comptitive in comparison to German ones as it is more expensive to produce the same thing since workers have higher wages. Germany has a strong advantage as it has a highly skilled workforce and infrastructure that works for relatively less than other developed nations. Germany was the largest exporter in the World until China surpassed them 2 years ago, and is ahead of the US, almost 4 times its size- _URL_0_\n\nAdd to this a monetary policy of the Euro which is favourable to Germany while being too high for the other economies in Europe and you can understand Germany's success. Its government has also done well to keep the deficit lower than its European neighbours by spending less on Social services.",
"provenance": null
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"answer": "They haven't discovered reddit. Their women have not begun to pintrest. Its only a matter of time til they begin the decline into the third world that the US has begun. \nOn a serious note though, based on my personal experiences studying abroad in Hessen, they seem to be very reliant on a house of cards like bureaucracy that would collapse terribly in a lot of other places. But since Germans seem very dedicated to doing their best, its more of a house of obsidian in minecraft. Obviously I'm not an expert in this, but this is just sorta what my experiences were interacting with the city, university and Dbahn bureaucracy",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Also, very high focus on education and respect for professionals. Meritocracy in action. Of note to me is their vice chancellor, [Philipp Rosler](_URL_0_), a doctor, who just happens to be of Vietnamese decent. ",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Everything runs like fuckin' clockwork. Also beer.",
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{
"answer": "ELIT? Explain Like I'm Ten?",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Because they are hard workers. Very industrious, punctual and productive. Strong ethics makes laziness and excuses in general to be frowned upon in Germany.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "I'm sort of a Germanophile, lived there for a year during high school (ich habe solche Sehnsucht!) and just fell in love. So yeah, I thoroughly enjoyed reading the posts on here, naturally. Thanks OP.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "There are various reasons IMO.\n\n19th century reasons:\n\n1. Late unification. Really big topic. Germany became a state in a modern form relatively late, in [1871](_URL_0_). Before, there were a whole lot of small states (and some bigger ones). They all shared some cultural, political und legal norms, but they also had great differences. This led to a huge diversity in terms of political culture, for example. Connected with this is that the different german small states also had different religions, varying between Catholicism and Protestantism. \n\n2. Resources. Germany had its own rich coal and metal resources, the most important raw materials of the 19th and early 20th century. This helped a lot during industrialization which started far later than in England. But we had it all here, so we had some advantages.\n\n3. Knowledge. Germany has some of the oldest universities in europe and has a reputation of being the \"Land der Dichter und Denker\" (Land of poets and thinkers). Some of the most influential thinkers of the last thousand years spoke german (Kant, Marx, Luther, to name a few. Schiller, Goethe, to name poets). This led to what I would call a thinker's circlejerk: Whoever wanted to become a great scientist had to come to germany in some times. This led to more scientists, more universities and so on. Germany had a pretty good science base in the 19th century.\n\n4. Immigration. Germany finds itself in the middle of europe. So whenever eastern europeans wanted to come to the west, they first came to germany. There are various waves of migration from the 5th century up til today and it's totally normal in germany nowadays to have a family name ending with \"ow\", \"owa\" or \"ic\", hinting towards your ancestor's heritage. This led to a huge supply of workforce when the industry needed workers, which led to fully used factory capacities and low wages. This is terrible, the workers suffered, but it made the german economy strong (however it must be said that workers didn't really earn more in other countries).\n\nNow going to the 20th century:\n1. To quote the simpsons: \"This is germany. It's my best friend because.. Well, geographical convenience.\" After World War II, the two systems \"owned\" their parts of germany. The socialistic DDR was bound to the Soviet Union, whereas the Federal Republic was an Ally of the western capitalistic nations. Germany was the designated battlefield of a Cold War turning hot. Also, it was the weakest border of the minds, because people on both sides of the wall were related, spoke the same language, had the same cultural history. This is why it was so important for the western powers to make sure that the Federal Republic succeeded. A western germany struggling to fight starvation would have been a sign of weakness for the Soviet Union and would have possibly driven west german voters towards the communists. So they set up the Marshall plan, didn't look too much into how former Nazi elites continued being Democratic Elites in the 50s and basically did everything to help the german economy thrive.\n\n2. Humbleness. We are the country of the worst crime of all, the Holocaust. We have see just how much evil normal persons are able to do if someone finds the right (or better: wrong) words and symbols. This hasn't started right after the war, but it's been getting better since the late 1970s. We aren't thinking that we are the greatest in the world, but we're trying not to be the worst. We've given up on trying to spread the german spirit throughout the world, we just want to have our decent wealth and that's it. (Keep in mind: This is a generalization, and it's not working in a globalized world, because it's the opposite of a free market capitalism).\n\n3. Political balance. We have a simple left-right political climate. The two big parties were up to the 1990s the CDU (conservative) and the SPD (social democrats). Yup, no postfascists like in Italy, no socialists like in nearly every other country in europe. We were tired of extremists. This also means that there are some useful dumbasses in those parties who try to grab the votes from the extremists like in the CSU (bavarian version of the CDU with some politicians so right wing that would even be ridiculed in the GOP in the USA). Lately, there's been a change in the political climate with the rise of the Green Party (who aren't leftists, in fact a huge part of their voters are value-conservative moderate upper class people who just care for the environment and so on), the ongoing success of the PDS/Die Linke (leftists, the successor of the socialistic party SED which led the DDR) and most recently the Piratenpartei. But all the parties assembled in the parliament accept our constitution and democracy and though there are always some political showcasings, most of them work together really well. \n\n4. Social security. Ever since Bismarck invented to welfare state in germany (in a desperate try to get rid of the SPD, not because he was into helping workers), we've had the thought in mind that if everything goes wrong, society will at least help us stay alive. Yes, there are some problems with the finances and yes, there are in fact some people who just don't want to work (and receive about 500-600€ a month including rent. It's not that much). But we can count on societies solidarity if we fail. This leads to a peaceful society.\n\n\nThis sounds like I'm more than proud of my country, I'm not. There's a ton of shit that makes me want to emigrate. It's just my version of the reasons why my country has succeeded. For today, I'd say the support by the western allies was the most important factor.\n\n**tl;dr:** Oh come on. Geographical reasons, resources, political culture, a little help from our friends.",
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"answer": "Lets say your economist and your happen to live through ww1 and ww2. You see Germany enter ww1 mostly because all the nations were kinda at the peak of a nationalistic boiling point they picked sides and Germany lost and the Germans actually accepted that. \n\nBut thats when things get weird: The allies ask Germany to pay for the war. Like a payment that won't be repaid until only just a few years ago. The french in particular are really mean about so much to the point that the whole thing is so insulting that it creates an entire generation of German resentment. \n\n\nAs an economist you see this unfolding and say its a bad thing: instead of economic recovery the allies are focused on isolation and exploitation. Everyone laughs at you and says its no biggie. All the while the germans are begin to decide that a better way out of debt is to just roll over all these bitches trying exploit them while having the facade of just playing along. Whats worse is the apologetic resentment economists like you have play into the hands of Germans and nobody does nothing right until the Germans roll over Poland. \n\nAnd thus ww2 happens millions upon millions are dead and suddenly a bunch of economists are like, \"These fucking wars are fucking up our business\" and everyone agrees this time. \n\nSo instead of obstinately forcing a people to pay for war they lost america has a better idea: Rebuild these places fully and make them economic super powered allies for america. \n\nYep america was basically like to japan and their half of Germany, \"We are going to rebuild your entire country, allow to trade with us for free and for now on we are going to protect your country with our own military so you don't need to build one. \" And boy did it work if you take a look at japan and Germany today. Now one would say that not building their own military was a poor move however that was a ton of money save that provided a huge head start over dozens of other countries and eventually these places became prosperous enough to get their own forces once they were back on top. \n\nThat is to say Japan and Germany were some of the first countries to fall in line with the American capitalist dream and in the end (now) won out against the cold war and became world powers with America. Essentially they were the first stepping stones for empire america and now they have become her crown jewels. \n\n\nOne day this will happen to Iraq as well just you wait and watch.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Sincerity, Humility, Industriousness, Obedience, Toughness\n\nSense of Order, Pflichtbewusstsein (Sense of Duty), Self denial, Austerity\n\nBravery without sniveling („Lerne leiden ohne zu klagen“ Learn to suffer without moaning!)\n\nLoyalty, Incorruptibility, Subordination\n\nReliability, Punctuality",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "1318008",
"title": "Causes of World War I",
"section": "Section::::Historiography.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 229,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 229,
"end_character": 207,
"text": "From 1890 on, Germany did pursue world power. This bid arose from deep roots within Germany's economic, political, and social structures. Once the war broke out, world power became Germany's essential goal.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1582312",
"title": "Core countries",
"section": "Section::::Throughout history.:Early 19th century–present.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 36,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 36,
"end_character": 574,
"text": "In 1871, Germany became united and established themselves as the leading industrial nation on the European mainland. Their desire to dominate the mainland helped them to become a core nation. After the First World War, Europe was decimated, and the position for new core nations was opening up. This culminated with the defeat of Nazi Germany in the Second World War, when Britain was forced to sacrifice its hegemony, allowing the United States and the Soviet Union to become world superpowers and major cores. The USSR lost its core status following its collapse in 1991.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "12674",
"title": "German Empire",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 1051,
"text": "Germany became a great power, boasting a rapidly developing rail network, the world's strongest army, and a fast-growing industrial base. In less than a decade, its navy became second only to Britain's Royal Navy. After the removal of Otto von Bismarck by Wilhelm II in 1890, the Empire embarked on Weltpolitik – a bellicose new course that ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I. In addition, Bismarck's successors were incapable of maintaining their predecessor's complex, shifting, and overlapping alliances which had kept Germany from being diplomatically isolated. This period was marked by various factors influencing the Emperor's decisions, which were often perceived as contradictory or unpredictable by the public. In 1879, the German Empire consolidated the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary, followed by the Triple Alliance with Italy in 1882. It also retained strong diplomatic ties to the Ottoman Empire. When the great crisis of 1914 arrived, Italy left the alliance and the Ottoman Empire formally allied with Germany.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "13224",
"title": "History of Germany",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 698,
"text": "By 1900, Germany was the dominant power on the European continent and its rapidly expanding industry had surpassed Britain's, while provoking it in a naval arms race. Germany led the Central Powers in World War I (1914–1918) against France, Great Britain, Russia and (by 1917) the United States. Defeated and partly occupied, Germany was forced to pay war reparations by the Treaty of Versailles and was stripped of its colonies as well as of home territory to be ceded to Czechoslovakia, Belgium, France and Poland. The German Revolution of 1918–19 put an end to the federal constitutional monarchy, which resulted in the establishment of the Weimar Republic, an unstable parliamentary democracy.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "372836",
"title": "Great power",
"section": "Section::::History.:Aftermath of the Cold War.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 38,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 38,
"end_character": 545,
"text": "Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "33796958",
"title": "Timeline of British diplomatic history",
"section": "Section::::1897–1919.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 199,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 199,
"end_character": 572,
"text": "BULLET::::- 1897: German Foreign Secretary Bernhard von Bülow calls for \"Weltpolitik\" (World politics). New policy of Germany to assert its claim to be a global as opposed to a European power. Germany abandons Bismarck-era policy of being a conservative power committed to upholding the \"status quo\", and instead becomes a revisionist power intent on challenging and upsetting international order. It was now the policy of Germany to assert its claim to be a global power. The long-run result was the inability of Britain and Germany to be friends or to form an alliance.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1526868",
"title": "Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian",
"section": "Section::::Appeasement.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 18,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 18,
"end_character": 728,
"text": "I am sure that the idea that by strengthening the military combination against Germany and continuing relentlessly the economic pressure against her, the régime in Germany can be moderated or upset is an entire mistake... The German people are determined by some means or other to recover their natural rights and position in the world equal to that of the great powers. If they feel driven to use force in power-diplomacy or war, they will do so with a terrifying strength, decision and vehemence. Moreover, because they are now beginning to think that England is the barrier in the way, they are already playing with the idea that... they may have to look for support... to Italy and Japan, if they are to achieve their aims.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
agmmmx
|
why don’t countries just put nicotine on the list of forbidden drugs if they want people to quit smoking?
|
[
{
"answer": "Because that would be fantastically unpopular among smokers, and a lot of people smoke. Politicians want to keep getting voted into office, so they tend not to do things that upset large blocks of voters.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Banning things that lots of people want instantly creates a black market for those things. \n\nAlcohol prohibition is the easiest comparison because that actually happened, and the reasons for its failure are well known. In particular, it caused organized crime to reach its all time peak in America. That whole \"1930s mobster mafioso\" thing happened because of prohibition. Organized crime got its claws deep into the government and judiciary because of the money they made from illegal booze. \n\nWhen you make a high-demand substance illegal, you give gangs a new source of revenue that they will use to commit more crime and kill more people. \n\nSmoking is ready becoming a lot less popular in North America. The trend is going in the right direction. At this point, it would be unwise to change course--why fix something that is working?\n\n\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Aside from the re-elected conversation and the money, it is really hard to make someone do something compared to letting them make their own decisions.\n\nIf you make the packaging horrible, the cost obscene, and access difficult; people will say, “screw this, it isn’t worth the effort.” This is the consumer making a choice versus the choice being made for them and that usually sticks better and for longer. Basically, it’s the Matrix.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "In addition to the great answers you've gotten already, many people also care about freedom. I think smoking is bad. I think its a bad decision. I don't think people should smoke. But none of that means that i want to use force to prevent you from smoking. Your life is your life, do what you want.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "18934647",
"title": "Convention on Psychotropic Substances",
"section": "Section::::World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs.:Nicotine.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 49,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 49,
"end_character": 310,
"text": "Traditionally, the UN has been reluctant to control nicotine and other drugs traditionally legal in Europe and North America, citing tolerance of a wide range of lifestyles. This contrasts with the regulatory regime for other highly addictive drugs. Gabriel G. Nahas, in a Bulletin on Narcotics report, noted:\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "3585815",
"title": "Health effects of tobacco",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 507,
"text": "Several countries have taken measures to control the consumption of tobacco with usage and sales restrictions as well as warning messages printed on packaging. Additionally, smoke-free laws that ban smoking in public places such as workplaces, theaters, and bars and restaurants reduce exposure to secondhand smoke and help some people who smoke to quit, without negative economic effects on restaurants or bars. Tobacco taxes that increase the price are also effective, especially in developing countries.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "73298",
"title": "Tobacco smoking",
"section": "Section::::Public policy.:Restrictions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 98,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 98,
"end_character": 1815,
"text": "Several countries such as Ireland, Latvia, Estonia, the Netherlands, Finland, Norway, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Portugal, Singapore, Italy, Indonesia, India, Lithuania, Chile, Spain, Iceland, United Kingdom, Slovenia, Turkey and Malta have legislated against smoking in public places, often including bars and restaurants. Restaurateurs have been permitted in some jurisdictions to build designated smoking areas (or to prohibit smoking). In the United States, many states prohibit smoking in restaurants, and some also prohibit smoking in bars. In provinces of Canada, smoking is illegal in indoor workplaces and public places, including bars and restaurants. As of 31 March 2008 Canada has introduced a smoke-free law ban in all public places, as well as within 10 metres of an entrance to any public place. In Australia, smoke-free laws vary from state to state. Currently, Queensland has completely smoke-free indoor public places (including workplaces, bars, pubs and eateries) as well as patrolled beaches and some outdoor public areas. There are, however, exceptions for designated smoking areas. In Victoria, smoking is restricted in railway stations, bus stops and tram stops as these are public locations where second-hand smoke can affect non-smokers waiting for public transport, and since 1 July 2007 is now extended to all indoor public places. In New Zealand and Brazil, smoking is restricted in enclosed public places including bars, restaurants and pubs. Hong Kong restricted smoking on 1 January 2007 in the workplace, public spaces such as restaurants, karaoke rooms, buildings, and public parks (bars which do not admit minors were exempt until 2009). In Romania smoking is illegal in trains, metro stations, public institutions (except where designated, usually outside) and public transport.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "28352932",
"title": "Smoking in Finland",
"section": "Section::::Smoking cessation initiatives.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 326,
"text": "Nicotine replacement therapy products are widely available in pharmacies and grocery stores, however they are relatively pricy which may not motivate smokers to quit. In addition to aid smoking cessation there are support networks, free of charge telephone \"quitline\" and several internet websites for smokers trying to quit.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "57452857",
"title": "Regulation of nicotine marketing",
"section": "Section::::Advertising restrictions.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 4,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 4,
"end_character": 258,
"text": "Another method of evading restrictions is to sell less-regulated nicotine products instead of the ones for which advertising is more regulated. For instance, while TV ads of cigarettes are banned in the United States, similar TV ads of e-cigarettes are not.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2199688",
"title": "Nicotine marketing",
"section": "Section::::Effects.:Regulation and evasion techniques.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 11,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 11,
"end_character": 258,
"text": "Another method of evading restrictions is to sell less-regulated nicotine products instead of the ones for which advertising is more regulated. For instance, while TV ads of cigarettes are banned in the United States, similar TV ads of e-cigarettes are not.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "58395791",
"title": "History of nicotine marketing",
"section": "Section::::Post-advertising-restrictions; 1970 and later.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 56,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 56,
"end_character": 258,
"text": "Another method of evading restrictions is to sell less-regulated nicotine products instead of the ones for which advertising is more regulated. For instance, while TV ads of cigarettes are banned in the United States, similar TV ads of e-cigarettes are not.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
2383ce
|
why are trains in india so crowded? why not just have more trains?
|
[
{
"answer": "It's not just the trains - everywhere in India is crowded.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "449743",
"title": "Rush hour",
"section": "Section::::Definition.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 591,
"text": "The frequency of public transport service is usually higher in the rush hour, and longer trains or larger vehicles are often used. However, the increase in capacity is often less than the increased number of passengers, due to the limits on available vehicles, staff and, in the case of rail transport, track capacity including platform length. The resulting crowding may force many passengers to stand, and others may be unable to board. If there is inadequate capacity, this can make public transport less attractive, leading to higher car use and partly shifting the congestion to roads.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51450612",
"title": "Train overcrowding in the United Kingdom",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 1,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 1,
"end_character": 435,
"text": "Train overcrowding, technically known as \"passengers in excess of capacity\" is a major source of public complaint about railway travel in the United Kingdom. Large numbers of commuters have to stand on trains into and out of London, and other major cities, with more than a third of passengers standing on some services. Public resentment about overcrowding, combined with the high prices of tickets, have made this a political issue.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51450612",
"title": "Train overcrowding in the United Kingdom",
"section": "Section::::Reasons for overcrowding.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 5,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 5,
"end_character": 584,
"text": "The growth in train overcrowding is largely attributed to increased passenger demand, and the 'walk-up' nature of British railways, in which seat reservations are not required, combined with the inability to run extra trains due to the limitations of the current railway signalling system. To resolve the latter problem, a transition to the European Train Control System (ETCS) is planned, which would allow many more trains to be run; by permitting them to be run closer together, while maintaining similar safety margins, potentially doubling capacity on some routes at busy times.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "17839",
"title": "London Underground",
"section": "Section::::Travelling.:Delays and overcrowding.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 150,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 150,
"end_character": 569,
"text": "During peak hours, stations can get so crowded that they need to be closed. Passengers may not get on the first train and the majority of passengers do not find a seat on their trains, some trains having more than four passengers every square metre. When asked, passengers report overcrowding as the aspect of the network that they are least satisfied with, and overcrowding has been linked to poor productivity and potential poor heart health. Capacity increases have been overtaken by increased demand, and peak overcrowding has increased by 16 percent since 2004/5.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "51114",
"title": "Transport economics",
"section": "Section::::Externalities.:Traffic congestion.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 745,
"text": "Congestion is not limited to road networks; the negative externality imposed by congestion is also important in busy public transport networks as well as crowded pedestrian areas, e.g. on the London Underground on a weekday or any urban train station, at peak times. There is the classical excess in demand compared to supply. This is because at peak times there is a large demand for trains, since people want to go home (i.e., a derived demand). However, space on the platforms and on the trains is limited and small compared to the demand for it. As a result, there are crowds of people outside the train doors and in the train station corridors. This increases delays for commuters, which can often cause a rise in stress or other problems.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "2882132",
"title": "Makedonski Železnici",
"section": "Section::::Overview.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 268,
"text": "According to a local journalists' report dated 2011, passenger service within the country is quite slow, and trains and stations are often poorly maintained. Nonetheless, the inexpensive rail service is well patronized, and on occasions trains are standing-room only.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "216134",
"title": "Railcar",
"section": "Section::::Uses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 7,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 7,
"end_character": 537,
"text": "Railcars are economic to run for light passenger loads because of their small size, and in many countries are often used to run passenger services on minor railway lines, such as rural railway lines where passenger traffic is sparse, and where the use of a longer train would not be cost effective. A famous example of this in the United States was the Galloping Goose railcars of the Rio Grande Southern Railroad, whose introduction allowed the discontinuance of steam passenger service on the line and prolonged its life considerably.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
hda2n
|
How far away are we from a supercomputer being able to simulate the entire universe?
|
[
{
"answer": "That will never happen, because said supercomputer would have to simulate itself as well.\n\nHowever, you probably refer to some sort of scenario in which said computer is an observer, then there's still the problem with [determinism](_URL_0_):\n > At atomic scales the paths of objects can only be predicted in a probabilistic way.\n\nOr in other words: It is widely accepted, that our universe is not deterministic, at least not at the quantum level.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Infinitely far, basically.\n\nThis is a question Laplace would have recognized. Well. I mean, he would have stumbled over the \"computer\" thing, since in those days \"computer\" meant a person who performed calculations. Also, your question is insensitively not written in French. But setting those things aside, Laplace would be pumping his fist and saying things like \"Oui! Oui!\"\n\nOnly problem with that is that Laplace was wrong. Not about much! He doesn't have his name smeared all over modern maths and physics for nothing. But in this respect, Laplace was just pants-on-head wrong.\n\nYou see, Laplace believed that the universe was deterministic. He believed that the future state of a system was solely and completely determined by the initial state of that system. He famously wrote, in his essay on probability, that if we knew the initial positions of every particle, and could describe all the forces acting on those particles, that an individual of sufficient mathematical acumen — a \"computer,\" in the terminology of the day — could calculate the entire history of the universe to infinite precision.\n\nExcept he was wrong. Like completely wrong. Because you see, the universe is *not* deterministic. The future state of a system is, in fact, determined by the initial state of that system, but not *fully.* There are multiple possible outcomes for any given interaction, and those possible outcomes can only be predicted probabilistically. When a photon scatters off an atom, for example, you can say that the possible outcomes of the interaction are *A,* *B,* *C* and *D,* and maybe you can compute the probabilities for those outcomes — .1, .3, .2 and .4 respectively. That allows you to make a prediction that's good for *a billion* scatterings. But as far as predicting the outcome of a *single* scattering event? No chance. All you can do is make a guess.\n\nSo Laplace had it wrong. Given complete knowledge of the initial state of the universe — which is itself unobtainable, but that's another story — it's possible to compute the *probability* that the universe will evolve into each of the possible final states over some span of time. But the breadth of time over which you can make useful predictions is a function of the size of the system you're considering … and the universe is a system of limitless size. So it's impossible to make *any* useful predictions *at all* about the evolution of the universe as a whole, beyond the broadest strokes.\n\nSo it's not so much that we're \"far away\" from what you asked. It's that we understand for a fact that what you asked is completely impossible.",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": "Rephrase the question. Instead of how far away are we from being able to simulate THE entire universe, ask instead how far away we are from being able to simulate AN entire universe.\n\nThis is an excellent question, if we treat the idea not as a simulation of ourselves, and the simulator contained within itself, but instead, as an outside observer simulating an entirely parallel universe.\n\nThis drops into philosophy, not science, but you might find this short paper by Nick Bostrom interesting: [Are You Living In A Computer Simulation](_URL_0_).\n\nIn this paper, he essentially says:\n\n1. A civilization could conceivably create a simulation that contains simulated objects with artificial intelligence.\n2. Such a civilization would run many of these simulations.\n3. A simulated object (person) inside the simulation wouldn’t know that it’s simulated.\n\nIf you accept 1, 2, and 3, then:\n\n* We are one of the civilizations in the universe that will eventually develop the ability to run simulations.\n\nOR\n\n* We are already one of the simulations that is being run.\n\n",
"provenance": null
},
{
"answer": null,
"provenance": [
{
"wikipedia_id": "3581057",
"title": "Isfahan University of Technology",
"section": "Section::::Research and facilities.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 32,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 32,
"end_character": 329,
"text": "A supercomputer was unveiled at the university in 2011. It was made by Isfahan University of Technology scientists and is among the 500 fastest in the world. It has a calculation ability of 34000 billion operations per second and its graphics processing units are able to perform more than 32 billion operations per 100 seconds.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1036106",
"title": "Flash mob computing",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 8,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 8,
"end_character": 389,
"text": "Despite these efforts, the project was unable to achieve its original goal of running a cluster momentarily fast enough to enter the (November 2003) Top 500 list of supercomputers. The system would have had to provide at least 402.5 Gflops to match a Chinese cluster of 256 Intel Xeon nodes. For comparison, the fastest super computer at the time, Earth Simulator, provided 35,860 Gflops.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "22641810",
"title": "SciNet Consortium",
"section": "Section::::Common uses.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 25,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 25,
"end_character": 1031,
"text": "The U of T supercomputer which can perform 300 trillion calculations per second will be used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum mechanical physics, weather forecasting, climate research, climate change models, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical simulations (such as simulation of the Big Bang theory in conjunction with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in CERN, Geneva which will produce cataclysmic conditions that will mimic the beginning of time,and the U of T supercomputer will examine the particle collisions. Part of the collaboration with LHC will be to answer questions about why matter has mass and what comprises the Universe's mass? Additional areas of research will be models of greenhouse gas-induced global warming and the effect on Arctic sea ice. The international ATLAS project will be explored by the new supercomputer to discover forces which govern the universe.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "20044858",
"title": "Predictions made by Ray Kurzweil",
"section": "Section::::Future predictions.:\"The Singularity is Near\" (2005).:Post-2045: \"Waking up\" the Universe.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 245,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 245,
"end_character": 694,
"text": "BULLET::::- At this point, the only possible way to increase the intelligence of the machines any farther is to begin converting all of the matter and energy in the universe into similar massive computers. A.I.s radiate outward from Earth, first into the Solar System and then out into interstellar space, then galaxies in all directions, utilizing starships that are Von Neumann probes with nanobot crews, breaking down whole planets, stars, moons, and meteoroids and reassembling them into computers. This, in effect, \"wakes up\" the universe as all the inanimate \"dumb\" matter (rocks, dust, gases, etc.) is converted into structured matter capable of supporting life (albeit synthetic life).\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "4416073",
"title": "Approximations of π",
"section": "Section::::20th and 21st centuries.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 44,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 44,
"end_character": 201,
"text": "In August 2009, a Japanese supercomputer called the T2K Open Supercomputer more than doubled the previous record by calculating to roughly 2.6 trillion digits in approximately 73 hours and 36 minutes.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "7212867",
"title": "Ohio Supercomputer Center",
"section": "Section::::History.\n",
"start_paragraph_id": 12,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 12,
"end_character": 269,
"text": "Later in the fall of 1989, OSC engineers installed a $22 million Cray Y-MP8/864 system, which was deemed the largest and fastest supercomputer in the world for a short time. The seven-ton system was able to calculate 200 times faster than many mainframes at that time.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
},
{
"wikipedia_id": "1148438",
"title": "MareNostrum",
"section": "",
"start_paragraph_id": 6,
"start_character": 0,
"end_paragraph_id": 6,
"end_character": 455,
"text": "MareNostrum 4 has been dubbed the most diverse and likely the most interesting supercomputer in the world thanks to the heterogeneity of the architecture it will include once installation of the supercomputer is complete. Its total speed will be 13.7 petaflops. It has five storage racks with the capacity to store 14 petabytes (14 million gigabytes) of data. A high-speed Omnipath network connects all the components in the supercomputer to one another.\n",
"bleu_score": null,
"meta": null
}
]
}
] | null |
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