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1,602 | How to Allow Cookies on an iPhone | 1. Open your iPhone's Settings.
Tap the Settings icon .
This gear icon will be on your Home screen and/or in your App Library.
2. Scroll down and select "Safari."
Tap Safari.
It's toward the middle of the menu.
3. Scroll down to "Block All Cookies."
You'll see a "Block All Cookies" slider under the "PRIVACY & SECURITY."
This is about halfway down the menu. If cookies are currently blocked, the switch will be set to the On (green) position.
If the switch is set to Off (gray), cookies are already allowed and there's no need to make any changes.
4. Toggle the switch to the Off position.
Tap the "Block All Cookies" switch to turn the feature off position.
Safari will now allow cookies from all websites. This will let you stay logged in to websites, save your user preferences, and use other advanced website features.
If you browse a website using Private mode, cookies will only be saved until you exit the browsing window.
Warnings
Allowing all cookies is potentially dangerous and can threaten your personal information. Many viruses and malware can steal the information contained within cookies or use cookies to infect your iPhone.
Most popular third-party web browsers, including Google Chrome and Firefox, do not offer the option to disable cookies.[1]
X
Research source
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:44",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Open your iPhone's Settings.\\nTap the Settings icon .\\nThis gear icon will be on your Home screen and/or in your App Library.\\n2. Scroll down and select \\\"Safari.\\\"\\nTap Safari.\\nIt's toward the middle of the menu.\\n3. Scroll down to \\\"Block All Cookies.\\\"\\nYou'll see a \\\"Block All Cookies\\\" slider under the \\\"PRIVACY & SECURITY.\\\"\\nThis is about halfway down the menu. If cookies are currently blocked, the switch will be set to the On (green) position.\\nIf the switch is set to Off (gray), cookies are already allowed and there's no need to make any changes.\\n4. Toggle the switch to the Off position.\\nTap the \\\"Block All Cookies\\\" switch to turn the feature off position.\\nSafari will now allow cookies from all websites. This will let you stay logged in to websites, save your user preferences, and use other advanced website features.\\nIf you browse a website using Private mode, cookies will only be saved until you exit the browsing window.\\nWarnings\\nAllowing all cookies is potentially dangerous and can threaten your personal information. Many viruses and malware can steal the information contained within cookies or use cookies to infect your iPhone.\\nMost popular third-party web browsers, including Google Chrome and Firefox, do not offer the option to disable cookies.[1]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"This wikiHow teaches you how to allow Safari to accept cookies on your iPhone or iPad. Cookies allow Safari to store and use important information like usernames, passwords, shopping cart items, and user preferences for later use. If you're using a third-party web browser like Chrome or Firefox, cookies are enabled by default and cannot be disabled.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open your iPhone's Settings.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Tap the Settings icon .\", \"描述\": \"This gear icon will be on your Home screen and/or in your App Library.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Scroll down and select \\\"Safari.\\\"\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Tap Safari.\", \"描述\": \"It's toward the middle of the menu.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Scroll down to \\\"Block All Cookies.\\\"\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"You'll see a \\\"Block All Cookies\\\" slider under the \\\"PRIVACY & SECURITY.\\\"\", \"描述\": \"This is about halfway down the menu. If cookies are currently blocked, the switch will be set to the On (green) position.\\nIf the switch is set to Off (gray), cookies are already allowed and there's no need to make any changes.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Toggle the switch to the Off position.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Tap the \\\"Block All Cookies\\\" switch to turn the feature off position.\", \"描述\": \"Safari will now allow cookies from all websites. This will let you stay logged in to websites, save your user preferences, and use other advanced website features.\\nIf you browse a website using Private mode, cookies will only be saved until you exit the browsing window.\"}], \"注意事项\": [\"Allowing all cookies is potentially dangerous and can threaten your personal information. Many viruses and malware can steal the information contained within cookies or use cookies to infect your iPhone.\\n\", \"Most popular third-party web browsers, including Google Chrome and Firefox, do not offer the option to disable cookies.[1]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,603 | How to Allow Facebook Messenger to Access Your Photos | 1. Using an iPhone or iPad
1-1. Open your iPhone's Settings.
This is the grey gear icon located on your Home screen.
1-2. Scroll down and tap Privacy.
This option is in the same block of options as , but you have to scroll down to see it.
1-3. Tap Photos.
This will show you a list of all apps that have requested access to your photos.
1-4. Slide the Messenger switch to On position.
The switch will turn green. You can now access the photos on your device from Facebook Messenger.
2. Using an Android
2-1. Open your device's Settings.
You can do this by tapping the Settings app on your Apps list.
2-2. Scroll down and tap Apps.
This option will be under the heading, and it will open a list of all applications installed on your device.
2-3. Scroll down and tap Messenger.
2-4. Tap Permissions.
2-5. Slide the Storage switch to On position.
This will allow you to share photos, media, and files from your device's galleries to your friends on Messenger, and save images from conversations.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:44",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Using an iPhone or iPad\\n1-1. Open your iPhone's Settings.\\nThis is the grey gear icon located on your Home screen.\\n1-2. Scroll down and tap Privacy.\\nThis option is in the same block of options as , but you have to scroll down to see it.\\n1-3. Tap Photos.\\nThis will show you a list of all apps that have requested access to your photos.\\n1-4. Slide the Messenger switch to On position.\\nThe switch will turn green. You can now access the photos on your device from Facebook Messenger.\\n2. Using an Android\\n2-1. Open your device's Settings.\\nYou can do this by tapping the Settings app on your Apps list.\\n2-2. Scroll down and tap Apps.\\nThis option will be under the heading, and it will open a list of all applications installed on your device.\\n2-3. Scroll down and tap Messenger.\\n\\n2-4. Tap Permissions.\\n\\n2-5. Slide the Storage switch to On position.\\nThis will allow you to share photos, media, and files from your device's galleries to your friends on Messenger, and save images from conversations.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"This wikiHow teaches you how to give Facebook Messenger access to your photos so you can save images from Messenger to your device, and share your photos with your friends on Messenger.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Using an iPhone or iPad\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open your iPhone's Settings.\", \"描述\": \"This is the grey gear icon located on your Home screen.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Scroll down and tap Privacy.\", \"描述\": \"This option is in the same block of options as , but you have to scroll down to see it.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Tap Photos.\", \"描述\": \"This will show you a list of all apps that have requested access to your photos.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Slide the Messenger switch to On position.\", \"描述\": \"The switch will turn green. You can now access the photos on your device from Facebook Messenger.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Using an Android\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open your device's Settings.\", \"描述\": \"You can do this by tapping the Settings app on your Apps list.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Scroll down and tap Apps.\", \"描述\": \"This option will be under the heading, and it will open a list of all applications installed on your device.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Scroll down and tap Messenger.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Tap Permissions.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Slide the Storage switch to On position.\", \"描述\": \"This will allow you to share photos, media, and files from your device's galleries to your friends on Messenger, and save images from conversations.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,604 | How to Allow JavaScript Alerts to Show in Google Chrome | 1. Enabling JavaScript
1-1. Make sure you have JavaScript turned on in the browser.
It is on by default, but it could have been changed by another user. If you're using your company's PC, it may have certain restrictions regarding the use of JavaScript.
1-2. Click the Customize and Control Google Chrome button in the top right corner of the browser (the icon with the 3 horizontal lines).
1-3. Select Settings from the drop down menu.
1-4. Scroll to the bottom and click Show advanced Settings.
1-5. Select Content Settings under Privacy.
A box with a list of settings will appear. Enable or Disable JavaScript is the last option. Select "Enable".
2. Checking It With a Console Alert
2-1. Open the JavaScript Console.
Once you have checked that JavaScript is enabled in your browser, open the JavaScript Console, which is part of the Chrome Developer Tools.
2-2. Click the Icon on the right hand corner again.
Select More tools --> Developer Tools, and it will open the console in the browser that you are currently using. Make sure the Console tab is selected.
2-3. Clear the Console.
If there is anything in the Console, type clear() and it will clear the Console. Type alert("Hello World"); and press enter. An alert box should pop up in the browser with the message you typed. You can put any words you want in between the quotes.
If you want to add an alert to an html file you can add it by using a script tag.
Tips
JavaScript is very sensitive to typos, and is also case sensitive, so if something is not working, check to make sure your syntax is correct and you are not missing anything such as a closing quote or a semicolon.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:44",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Enabling JavaScript\\n1-1. Make sure you have JavaScript turned on in the browser.\\nIt is on by default, but it could have been changed by another user. If you're using your company's PC, it may have certain restrictions regarding the use of JavaScript.\\n1-2. Click the Customize and Control Google Chrome button in the top right corner of the browser (the icon with the 3 horizontal lines).\\n\\n1-3. Select Settings from the drop down menu.\\n\\n1-4. Scroll to the bottom and click Show advanced Settings.\\n\\n1-5. Select Content Settings under Privacy.\\nA box with a list of settings will appear. Enable or Disable JavaScript is the last option. Select \\\"Enable\\\".\\n2. Checking It With a Console Alert\\n2-1. Open the JavaScript Console.\\nOnce you have checked that JavaScript is enabled in your browser, open the JavaScript Console, which is part of the Chrome Developer Tools.\\n2-2. Click the Icon on the right hand corner again.\\nSelect More tools --> Developer Tools, and it will open the console in the browser that you are currently using. Make sure the Console tab is selected.\\n2-3. Clear the Console.\\nIf there is anything in the Console, type clear() and it will clear the Console. Type alert(\\\"Hello World\\\"); and press enter. An alert box should pop up in the browser with the message you typed. You can put any words you want in between the quotes.\\nIf you want to add an alert to an html file you can add it by using a script tag.\\nTips\\nJavaScript is very sensitive to typos, and is also case sensitive, so if something is not working, check to make sure your syntax is correct and you are not missing anything such as a closing quote or a semicolon.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Are you having trouble with your Google Chrome alerts not showing up? This article will show you how to enable / disable JavaScript in Google Chrome and then check it’s working by displaying an alert dialogue box using the JavaScript console.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Enabling JavaScript\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make sure you have JavaScript turned on in the browser.\", \"描述\": \"It is on by default, but it could have been changed by another user. If you're using your company's PC, it may have certain restrictions regarding the use of JavaScript.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click the Customize and Control Google Chrome button in the top right corner of the browser (the icon with the 3 horizontal lines).\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Select Settings from the drop down menu.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Scroll to the bottom and click Show advanced Settings.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Select Content Settings under Privacy.\", \"描述\": \"A box with a list of settings will appear. Enable or Disable JavaScript is the last option. Select \\\"Enable\\\".\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Checking It With a Console Alert\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open the JavaScript Console.\", \"描述\": \"Once you have checked that JavaScript is enabled in your browser, open the JavaScript Console, which is part of the Chrome Developer Tools.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click the Icon on the right hand corner again.\", \"描述\": \"Select More tools --> Developer Tools, and it will open the console in the browser that you are currently using. Make sure the Console tab is selected.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Clear the Console.\", \"描述\": \"If there is anything in the Console, type clear() and it will clear the Console. Type alert(\\\"Hello World\\\"); and press enter. An alert box should pop up in the browser with the message you typed. You can put any words you want in between the quotes.\\nIf you want to add an alert to an html file you can add it by using a script tag.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"JavaScript is very sensitive to typos, and is also case sensitive, so if something is not working, check to make sure your syntax is correct and you are not missing anything such as a closing quote or a semicolon.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,605 | How to Allow Messages from Non Friends on Facebook on iPhone or iPad | 1. Allowing Non-Friends to Find You
1-1. Open Facebook on your iPhone or iPad.
It’s the blue icon with a white “f” inside. You’ll usually find it on the home screen.
These steps will help you make it easy for people you're not connected with to find you on Facebook.
Changing these settings is optional--you can still receive messages from non-friends without adjusting these settings. They'll just have to know how to find your profile.
1-2. Tap ☰.
It’s at the bottom-right corner of the screen.
1-3. Scroll down and tap Settings.
It’s at the bottom of the menu.
1-4. Tap Account Settings.
It’s at the top of the list.
1-5. Tap Privacy.
It’s at the top of the second section.
1-6. Allow people to look you up by your email address.
You can choose to allow anyone on Facebook or just friends-of-friends to find you if they have your email address. Here’s how:
Tap
Select to allow anyone in the world to find you by email address, or to restrict it a little bit more.
1-7. Allow people to look you up by phone number.
Like with your email address, you can choose to allow everyone or just friends-of-friends to find you by phone number. Here’s how:
Tap
Select to allow anyone in the world to find you by email address, or to restrict it just a little bit more.
1-8. Allow people to find you using search engines like Google.
If you don’t want your profile indexed by Google you can skip this step. Otherwise, here’s how to ensure that people searching the web for your name can find your Facebook:
Scroll down and tap
Slide the switch to {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/1\/15\/Iphoneswitchonicon1.png","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/15\/Iphoneswitchonicon1.png\/46px-Iphoneswitchonicon1.png","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":300,"bigWidth":46,"bigHeight":30,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>I edited this screenshot of an iPhone\n<\/p><p>License: <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fair_use\">Fair Use<\/a><br>\n<\/p><\/div>"}.
Tap the back button to return to the previous screen.
2. Viewing Messages from Non-Friends
2-1. Open Facebook Messenger on your iPhone or iPad.
It’s the blue chat bubble icon with a white lightning bolt inside. You’ll usually find it on the home screen.
2-2. Tap People.
It’s at the bottom of the screen.
2-3. Tap Message Requests.
It’s the first item in the list.
2-4. Tap a message.
The message from this non-contact now appears on the screen.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:44",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Allowing Non-Friends to Find You\\n1-1. Open Facebook on your iPhone or iPad.\\nIt’s the blue icon with a white “f” inside. You’ll usually find it on the home screen.\\nThese steps will help you make it easy for people you're not connected with to find you on Facebook.\\nChanging these settings is optional--you can still receive messages from non-friends without adjusting these settings. They'll just have to know how to find your profile.\\n1-2. Tap ☰.\\nIt’s at the bottom-right corner of the screen.\\n1-3. Scroll down and tap Settings.\\nIt’s at the bottom of the menu.\\n1-4. Tap Account Settings.\\nIt’s at the top of the list.\\n1-5. Tap Privacy.\\nIt’s at the top of the second section.\\n1-6. Allow people to look you up by your email address.\\nYou can choose to allow anyone on Facebook or just friends-of-friends to find you if they have your email address. Here’s how:\\nTap \\nSelect to allow anyone in the world to find you by email address, or to restrict it a little bit more.\\n1-7. Allow people to look you up by phone number.\\nLike with your email address, you can choose to allow everyone or just friends-of-friends to find you by phone number. Here’s how:\\nTap \\nSelect to allow anyone in the world to find you by email address, or to restrict it just a little bit more.\\n1-8. Allow people to find you using search engines like Google.\\nIf you don’t want your profile indexed by Google you can skip this step. Otherwise, here’s how to ensure that people searching the web for your name can find your Facebook:\\nScroll down and tap \\nSlide the switch to {\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/1\\\\/15\\\\/Iphoneswitchonicon1.png\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/1\\\\/15\\\\/Iphoneswitchonicon1.png\\\\/46px-Iphoneswitchonicon1.png\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":300,\\\"bigWidth\\\":46,\\\"bigHeight\\\":30,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>I edited this screenshot of an iPhone\\\\n<\\\\/p><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"http:\\\\/\\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\\/wiki\\\\/Fair_use\\\\\\\">Fair Use<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}.\\nTap the back button to return to the previous screen.\\n2. Viewing Messages from Non-Friends\\n2-1. Open Facebook Messenger on your iPhone or iPad.\\nIt’s the blue chat bubble icon with a white lightning bolt inside. You’ll usually find it on the home screen.\\n2-2. Tap People.\\nIt’s at the bottom of the screen.\\n2-3. Tap Message Requests.\\nIt’s the first item in the list.\\n2-4. Tap a message.\\nThe message from this non-contact now appears on the screen.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"This wikiHow teaches you how to ensure that people you’re not already connected with on Facebook are able to send you messages. Facebook Messenger lets all non-friends to send you messages, but those messages will appear in a separate folder.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Allowing Non-Friends to Find You\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Facebook on your iPhone or iPad.\", \"描述\": \"It’s the blue icon with a white “f” inside. You’ll usually find it on the home screen.\\nThese steps will help you make it easy for people you're not connected with to find you on Facebook.\\nChanging these settings is optional--you can still receive messages from non-friends without adjusting these settings. They'll just have to know how to find your profile.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tap ☰.\", \"描述\": \"It’s at the bottom-right corner of the screen.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Scroll down and tap Settings.\", \"描述\": \"It’s at the bottom of the menu.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Tap Account Settings.\", \"描述\": \"It’s at the top of the list.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Tap Privacy.\", \"描述\": \"It’s at the top of the second section.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Allow people to look you up by your email address.\", \"描述\": \"You can choose to allow anyone on Facebook or just friends-of-friends to find you if they have your email address. Here’s how:\\nTap \\nSelect to allow anyone in the world to find you by email address, or to restrict it a little bit more.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Allow people to look you up by phone number.\", \"描述\": \"Like with your email address, you can choose to allow everyone or just friends-of-friends to find you by phone number. Here’s how:\\nTap \\nSelect to allow anyone in the world to find you by email address, or to restrict it just a little bit more.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Allow people to find you using search engines like Google.\", \"描述\": \"If you don’t want your profile indexed by Google you can skip this step. Otherwise, here’s how to ensure that people searching the web for your name can find your Facebook:\\nScroll down and tap \\nSlide the switch to {\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/1\\\\/15\\\\/Iphoneswitchonicon1.png\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/1\\\\/15\\\\/Iphoneswitchonicon1.png\\\\/46px-Iphoneswitchonicon1.png\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":300,\\\"bigWidth\\\":46,\\\"bigHeight\\\":30,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>I edited this screenshot of an iPhone\\\\n<\\\\/p><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"http:\\\\/\\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\\/wiki\\\\/Fair_use\\\\\\\">Fair Use<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}.\\nTap the back button to return to the previous screen.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Viewing Messages from Non-Friends\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Facebook Messenger on your iPhone or iPad.\", \"描述\": \"It’s the blue chat bubble icon with a white lightning bolt inside. You’ll usually find it on the home screen.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tap People.\", \"描述\": \"It’s at the bottom of the screen.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Tap Message Requests.\", \"描述\": \"It’s the first item in the list.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Tap a message.\", \"描述\": \"The message from this non-contact now appears on the screen.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,606 | How to Enable Pop-Ups in Chrome on Your Computer | 1. Allowing all Pop-ups
1-1. Open Google Chrome.
You'll want to use your desktop browser, not a mobile one.
1-2. Click ⋮.
You'll see this three-dot menu icon in the upper-right corner of the window.
1-3. Click Settings.
It's near the bottom of the menu and will open a new tab.
1-4. Click Privacy and security.
You'll see this next to a checkered shield on the left side of the page.
1-5. Click Site settings.
It's near the bottom of the "Privacy and security" section next to an icon of three sliders.
1-6. Click Popups and redirects.
You'll have to scroll to the bottom of the page to find this under the "Content" header.
1-7. Click to select "Sites can send pop-ups and use redirects" under the "Default Behavior" header.
The circle will fill to indicate that it's selected and all sites will, by default, allow pop-ups and redirects.
You can block pop-ups from individual sites by clicking under the "Customized Behavior" section of the menu and entering the URL of the site from which you wish to block the content.
2. Allowing Pop-ups from a Specific Site
2-1. Open Google Chrome.
You'll want to use your desktop browser, not a mobile one.
2-2. Click ⋮.
This three-dot menu icon is in the upper-right corner of the browser window.
2-3. Click Settings.
It's near the bottom of the menu and will open a new tab.
2-4. Click Privacy and security.
You'll see this next to a checkered shield on the left side of the page.
2-5. Click Site settings.
It's near the bottom of the "Privacy and security" section next to an icon of three sliders.
2-6. Click Popups and redirects.
You'll have to scroll to the bottom of the page to find this under the "Content" header.
2-7. Click Add.
You'll see this in the "Customized Behaviors" header under "Allowed to send pop-ups and use redirects."
2-8. Enter a URL.
Type the address of the site from which you'd like to allow pop-ups.
2-9. Click ADD.
You will now see pop-up windows from this site when you encounter them in Chrome.
Warnings
When you allow pop-ups on Google Chrome your computer may slow down or freeze (stop functioning). Some pop-ups can contain animation or videos that automatically start playing when the pop-up opens. This hogs your Internet speed and computer hardware causing slow web browsing or possible operating system crashes.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:44",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Allowing all Pop-ups\\n1-1. Open Google Chrome.\\nYou'll want to use your desktop browser, not a mobile one.\\n1-2. Click ⋮.\\nYou'll see this three-dot menu icon in the upper-right corner of the window.\\n1-3. Click Settings.\\nIt's near the bottom of the menu and will open a new tab.\\n1-4. Click Privacy and security.\\nYou'll see this next to a checkered shield on the left side of the page.\\n1-5. Click Site settings.\\nIt's near the bottom of the \\\"Privacy and security\\\" section next to an icon of three sliders.\\n1-6. Click Popups and redirects.\\nYou'll have to scroll to the bottom of the page to find this under the \\\"Content\\\" header.\\n1-7. Click to select \\\"Sites can send pop-ups and use redirects\\\" under the \\\"Default Behavior\\\" header.\\nThe circle will fill to indicate that it's selected and all sites will, by default, allow pop-ups and redirects.\\nYou can block pop-ups from individual sites by clicking under the \\\"Customized Behavior\\\" section of the menu and entering the URL of the site from which you wish to block the content.\\n2. Allowing Pop-ups from a Specific Site\\n2-1. Open Google Chrome.\\nYou'll want to use your desktop browser, not a mobile one.\\n2-2. Click ⋮.\\nThis three-dot menu icon is in the upper-right corner of the browser window.\\n2-3. Click Settings.\\nIt's near the bottom of the menu and will open a new tab.\\n2-4. Click Privacy and security.\\nYou'll see this next to a checkered shield on the left side of the page.\\n2-5. Click Site settings.\\nIt's near the bottom of the \\\"Privacy and security\\\" section next to an icon of three sliders.\\n2-6. Click Popups and redirects.\\nYou'll have to scroll to the bottom of the page to find this under the \\\"Content\\\" header.\\n2-7. Click Add.\\nYou'll see this in the \\\"Customized Behaviors\\\" header under \\\"Allowed to send pop-ups and use redirects.\\\"\\n2-8. Enter a URL.\\nType the address of the site from which you'd like to allow pop-ups.\\n2-9. Click ADD.\\nYou will now see pop-up windows from this site when you encounter them in Chrome.\\nWarnings\\nWhen you allow pop-ups on Google Chrome your computer may slow down or freeze (stop functioning). Some pop-ups can contain animation or videos that automatically start playing when the pop-up opens. This hogs your Internet speed and computer hardware causing slow web browsing or possible operating system crashes.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Did your browser block that pop-up that would help you log in? Sites can use pop-ups for good reasons as well as annoying ones, but you might need them to log in or learn more about a feature. This wikiHow article teaches you how to change the settings in Google Chrome to allow pop-up ads to appear while you browse the internet, or if you only want to allow pop-up ads for a specific site, how to add a website to the \\\"Allowed\\\" list in the pop-up settings section of Google Chrome.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Allowing all Pop-ups\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Google Chrome.\", \"描述\": \"You'll want to use your desktop browser, not a mobile one.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click ⋮.\", \"描述\": \"You'll see this three-dot menu icon in the upper-right corner of the window.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click Settings.\", \"描述\": \"It's near the bottom of the menu and will open a new tab.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Click Privacy and security.\", \"描述\": \"You'll see this next to a checkered shield on the left side of the page.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Click Site settings.\", \"描述\": \"It's near the bottom of the \\\"Privacy and security\\\" section next to an icon of three sliders.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Click Popups and redirects.\", \"描述\": \"You'll have to scroll to the bottom of the page to find this under the \\\"Content\\\" header.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Click to select \\\"Sites can send pop-ups and use redirects\\\" under the \\\"Default Behavior\\\" header.\", \"描述\": \"The circle will fill to indicate that it's selected and all sites will, by default, allow pop-ups and redirects.\\nYou can block pop-ups from individual sites by clicking under the \\\"Customized Behavior\\\" section of the menu and entering the URL of the site from which you wish to block the content.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Allowing Pop-ups from a Specific Site\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Google Chrome.\", \"描述\": \"You'll want to use your desktop browser, not a mobile one.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click ⋮.\", \"描述\": \"This three-dot menu icon is in the upper-right corner of the browser window.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click Settings.\", \"描述\": \"It's near the bottom of the menu and will open a new tab.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Click Privacy and security.\", \"描述\": \"You'll see this next to a checkered shield on the left side of the page.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Click Site settings.\", \"描述\": \"It's near the bottom of the \\\"Privacy and security\\\" section next to an icon of three sliders.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Click Popups and redirects.\", \"描述\": \"You'll have to scroll to the bottom of the page to find this under the \\\"Content\\\" header.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Click Add.\", \"描述\": \"You'll see this in the \\\"Customized Behaviors\\\" header under \\\"Allowed to send pop-ups and use redirects.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Enter a URL.\", \"描述\": \"Type the address of the site from which you'd like to allow pop-ups.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Click ADD.\", \"描述\": \"You will now see pop-up windows from this site when you encounter them in Chrome.\"}], \"注意事项\": [\"When you allow pop-ups on Google Chrome your computer may slow down or freeze (stop functioning). Some pop-ups can contain animation or videos that automatically start playing when the pop-up opens. This hogs your Internet speed and computer hardware causing slow web browsing or possible operating system crashes.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,607 | How to Allow Pop–ups | 1. Google Chrome on Desktop
1-1. Open Google Chrome .
It's the red, yellow, green, and blue sphere app icon.
1-2. Click the menu ⋮.
It's the three vertical dots at the top-right corner of Chrome.
1-3. Click Settings.
It's near the bottom of the menu.
1-4. Click the Privacy and security tab.
It's in the left panel.
1-5. Click Site Settings.
It's in the right panel under "Privacy and security." Additional options will expand.
1-6. Click Pop-ups and redirects.
It's under the "Content" header toward the bottom of the page.
1-7. Select Sites can send pop-ups and use redirects.
This is the first option at the top of the page. As long as this option is selected, websites can show pop-ups in Chrome.
If you'd rather just allow pop-ups on some sites, click next to "Allowed to send pop-ups and use redirects" at the bottom of the page, enter the website's main URL (e.g., https://www.wikihow.com), and then click .
You can also unblock pop-ups from a specific site when viewing a website that tries to display one. When a pop-up is blocked, you'll see "Pop-up blocked" and icon that looks like a window with a red-and-white X in the address bar. When the window opens, click and choose . Refresh the page so the settings take effect.
2. Google Chrome on iPhone or iPad
2-1. Open Google Chrome .
Tap the Chrome app icon, which is the yellow, blue, and red sphere in your app list.
2-2. Tap the three horizontal dots at the bottom-right corner of Chrome.
A menu will expand.
If you just want to unblock pop-ups from a single site, open the page that displays pop-ups, tap at the bottom, and then tap .
2-3. Tap Settings.
It's at the bottom of the menu.
2-4. Scroll down and tap Content Settings.
This option is near the bottom of the menu.
2-5. Tap Block Pop-ups.
If you see "Off" next to "Block Pop-ups," pop-ups are not currently blocked. But if you see "On," tap this option to continue.
2-6. Tap the blue "Block Pop-ups" switch to disable pop-ups.
The switch will turn white or gray, which means pop-ups are no longer blocked.
2-7. Tap Done.
It's in the top-right corner of the screen. This saves your changes.
3. Google Chrome on Android
3-1. Open Google Chrome .
Tap the Chrome app icon, which is a green, yellow, blue, and red sphere.
3-2. Tap the three-dot menu ⋮.
It's in the top-right corner of the screen next to the address bar.
If you just want to unblock pop-ups from a single site, open the page that displays pop-ups, tap at the bottom, and then tap .
3-3. Tap Settings.
This option is near the bottom of the menu.
3-4. Tap Site Settings.
You may have to scroll down a little to see this option.
3-5. Tap Pop-ups and redirects.
This displays the pop-ups control switch.
3-6. Toggle the "Pop-ups and redirects" switch to the On position .
This allows pop-ups in Google Chrome.
If the switch is already on (blue), there's no need to make any changes.
4. Microsoft Edge on a Computer
4-1. Open Microsoft Edge.
You'll find its blue-green wave icon on your Windows Start menu or in your Mac's Applications folder.
4-2. Click the three horizontal dots ⋯.
It's at the top-right corner of Edge.
4-3. Click Settings.
This option is at the bottom of the menu.
4-4. Click Cookies and site permissions.
This tab is on the left side of the Settings page.
4-5. Scroll down and click Pop-ups and redirects.
You'll find this under "All permissions" in the right panel.
4-6. Click the blue "Block pop-ups" switch .
The switch will turn white, which tells Edge to allow pop-ups.
If you want to allow pop-ups from a particular site, just click next to "Allow" and enter the site's URL (e.g., https://www.wikihow.com).
5. Safari on a Mac
5-1. Open Safari.
Click the compass-shaped Safari app icon in your Mac's Dock to do so.
If you just want to enable pop-ups for a particular website, go to that website now. Once the site is open, continue to the next step.
5-2. Click the Safari menu.
This menu item is in the top-left corner of the screen. A drop-down menu will appear.
5-3. Click Preferences….
It's near the top of the drop-down menu. Doing so prompts a window to open.
5-4. Click the Websites tab.
This is the globe icon at the top of the window.
5-5. Click Pop-up Windows.
It's at the bottom of the left panel.
5-6. Select Allow from the "When visiting other websites" menu.
This menu is at the bottom-right corner of the screen. When selecting this option, all pop-ups will be allowed through Safari.
If you just want to enable pop-ups for one website, click the menu to the right of its name in the "Currently Open Websites" panel and select .
6. Safari on iPhone or iPad
6-1. Open your iPhone's Settings .
This is the gray gear icon on your home screen or in your App Library.
6-2. Scroll down and tap Safari.
It's about a third of the way down the Settings page.
6-3. Toggle the "Block Pop-ups" switch to the Off position .
It's in the "GENERAL" section. Turning this switch off allows all pop-ups through Safari.
7. Firefox on a Computer
7-1. Open Firefox.
You'll find it in your Windows Start menu or your Mac's Applications folder.
If you just want to unblock pop-ups on a specific website, go to that website. When it tries to show a pop-up, you'll see a yellow bar running along the top of the browser that says "Firefox prevented this site from opening (number of) pop-up windows." To allow pop-ups from this site, click the button on the yellow bar and select .
7-2. Open your Firefox Settings.
The steps are a little different depending on your operating system:
Click the three horizontal lines at the top-right corner and select .
Click the menu in the menu bar and select .
7-3. Click the Privacy & Security tab.
It's on the left side of the window.
7-4. Uncheck the "Block pop-up windows" box.
This option is near the bottom of the "Permissions" section in the right panel. Removing the checkmark allows pop-ups to come through in Firefox.
Alternatively, you can click to the right of the "Block pop-up windows" box, type in a website's address, click , and click to allow pop-ups for a specific site, but not your entire browser.
8. Firefox on iPhone
8-1. Open Firefox on your iPhone.
Tap the Firefox app icon, which is the orange fox wrapped around a purple globe.
There is no longer a way to allow pop-ups in the Android version of Firefox. This is because the latest versions of Firefox disable the advanced configuration editor. If pop-ups are necessary, use Google Chrome.
8-2. Tap the three horizontal lines ☰.
This icon is at the bottom of the screen. This displays the menu.
8-3. Tap Settings.
This is the gear icon at the bottom of the menu.
8-4. Tap the blue "Block Pop-up Windows" switch .
This disables pop-up blocking, allowing you to see pop-ups when browsing with Firefox.
Warnings
Some pop-ups are malicious and will attempt to infect your computer with malware when clicked. Avoid selecting pop-ups that you don't trust or recognize.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:44",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Google Chrome on Desktop\\n1-1. Open Google Chrome .\\nIt's the red, yellow, green, and blue sphere app icon.\\n1-2. Click the menu ⋮.\\nIt's the three vertical dots at the top-right corner of Chrome.\\n1-3. Click Settings.\\nIt's near the bottom of the menu.\\n1-4. Click the Privacy and security tab.\\nIt's in the left panel.\\n1-5. Click Site Settings.\\nIt's in the right panel under \\\"Privacy and security.\\\" Additional options will expand.\\n1-6. Click Pop-ups and redirects.\\nIt's under the \\\"Content\\\" header toward the bottom of the page.\\n1-7. Select Sites can send pop-ups and use redirects.\\nThis is the first option at the top of the page. As long as this option is selected, websites can show pop-ups in Chrome.\\nIf you'd rather just allow pop-ups on some sites, click next to \\\"Allowed to send pop-ups and use redirects\\\" at the bottom of the page, enter the website's main URL (e.g., https://www.wikihow.com), and then click .\\nYou can also unblock pop-ups from a specific site when viewing a website that tries to display one. When a pop-up is blocked, you'll see \\\"Pop-up blocked\\\" and icon that looks like a window with a red-and-white X in the address bar. When the window opens, click and choose . Refresh the page so the settings take effect.\\n2. Google Chrome on iPhone or iPad\\n2-1. Open Google Chrome .\\nTap the Chrome app icon, which is the yellow, blue, and red sphere in your app list.\\n2-2. Tap the three horizontal dots at the bottom-right corner of Chrome.\\nA menu will expand.\\nIf you just want to unblock pop-ups from a single site, open the page that displays pop-ups, tap at the bottom, and then tap .\\n2-3. Tap Settings.\\nIt's at the bottom of the menu.\\n2-4. Scroll down and tap Content Settings.\\nThis option is near the bottom of the menu.\\n2-5. Tap Block Pop-ups.\\nIf you see \\\"Off\\\" next to \\\"Block Pop-ups,\\\" pop-ups are not currently blocked. But if you see \\\"On,\\\" tap this option to continue.\\n2-6. Tap the blue \\\"Block Pop-ups\\\" switch to disable pop-ups.\\nThe switch will turn white or gray, which means pop-ups are no longer blocked.\\n2-7. Tap Done.\\nIt's in the top-right corner of the screen. This saves your changes.\\n3. Google Chrome on Android\\n3-1. Open Google Chrome .\\nTap the Chrome app icon, which is a green, yellow, blue, and red sphere.\\n3-2. Tap the three-dot menu ⋮.\\nIt's in the top-right corner of the screen next to the address bar.\\nIf you just want to unblock pop-ups from a single site, open the page that displays pop-ups, tap at the bottom, and then tap .\\n3-3. Tap Settings.\\nThis option is near the bottom of the menu.\\n3-4. Tap Site Settings.\\nYou may have to scroll down a little to see this option.\\n3-5. Tap Pop-ups and redirects.\\nThis displays the pop-ups control switch.\\n3-6. Toggle the \\\"Pop-ups and redirects\\\" switch to the On position .\\nThis allows pop-ups in Google Chrome.\\nIf the switch is already on (blue), there's no need to make any changes.\\n4. Microsoft Edge on a Computer\\n4-1. Open Microsoft Edge.\\nYou'll find its blue-green wave icon on your Windows Start menu or in your Mac's Applications folder.\\n4-2. Click the three horizontal dots ⋯.\\nIt's at the top-right corner of Edge.\\n4-3. Click Settings.\\nThis option is at the bottom of the menu.\\n4-4. Click Cookies and site permissions.\\nThis tab is on the left side of the Settings page.\\n4-5. Scroll down and click Pop-ups and redirects.\\nYou'll find this under \\\"All permissions\\\" in the right panel.\\n4-6. Click the blue \\\"Block pop-ups\\\" switch .\\nThe switch will turn white, which tells Edge to allow pop-ups.\\nIf you want to allow pop-ups from a particular site, just click next to \\\"Allow\\\" and enter the site's URL (e.g., https://www.wikihow.com).\\n5. Safari on a Mac\\n5-1. Open Safari.\\nClick the compass-shaped Safari app icon in your Mac's Dock to do so.\\nIf you just want to enable pop-ups for a particular website, go to that website now. Once the site is open, continue to the next step.\\n5-2. Click the Safari menu.\\nThis menu item is in the top-left corner of the screen. A drop-down menu will appear.\\n5-3. Click Preferences….\\nIt's near the top of the drop-down menu. Doing so prompts a window to open.\\n5-4. Click the Websites tab.\\nThis is the globe icon at the top of the window.\\n5-5. Click Pop-up Windows.\\nIt's at the bottom of the left panel.\\n5-6. Select Allow from the \\\"When visiting other websites\\\" menu.\\nThis menu is at the bottom-right corner of the screen. When selecting this option, all pop-ups will be allowed through Safari.\\nIf you just want to enable pop-ups for one website, click the menu to the right of its name in the \\\"Currently Open Websites\\\" panel and select .\\n6. Safari on iPhone or iPad\\n6-1. Open your iPhone's Settings .\\nThis is the gray gear icon on your home screen or in your App Library.\\n6-2. Scroll down and tap Safari.\\nIt's about a third of the way down the Settings page.\\n6-3. Toggle the \\\"Block Pop-ups\\\" switch to the Off position .\\nIt's in the \\\"GENERAL\\\" section. Turning this switch off allows all pop-ups through Safari.\\n7. Firefox on a Computer\\n7-1. Open Firefox.\\nYou'll find it in your Windows Start menu or your Mac's Applications folder.\\nIf you just want to unblock pop-ups on a specific website, go to that website. When it tries to show a pop-up, you'll see a yellow bar running along the top of the browser that says \\\"Firefox prevented this site from opening (number of) pop-up windows.\\\" To allow pop-ups from this site, click the button on the yellow bar and select .\\n7-2. Open your Firefox Settings.\\nThe steps are a little different depending on your operating system:\\n\\n Click the three horizontal lines at the top-right corner and select .\\n Click the menu in the menu bar and select .\\n7-3. Click the Privacy & Security tab.\\nIt's on the left side of the window.\\n7-4. Uncheck the \\\"Block pop-up windows\\\" box.\\nThis option is near the bottom of the \\\"Permissions\\\" section in the right panel. Removing the checkmark allows pop-ups to come through in Firefox.\\nAlternatively, you can click to the right of the \\\"Block pop-up windows\\\" box, type in a website's address, click , and click to allow pop-ups for a specific site, but not your entire browser.\\n8. Firefox on iPhone\\n8-1. Open Firefox on your iPhone.\\nTap the Firefox app icon, which is the orange fox wrapped around a purple globe.\\nThere is no longer a way to allow pop-ups in the Android version of Firefox. This is because the latest versions of Firefox disable the advanced configuration editor. If pop-ups are necessary, use Google Chrome.\\n8-2. Tap the three horizontal lines ☰.\\nThis icon is at the bottom of the screen. This displays the menu.\\n8-3. Tap Settings.\\nThis is the gear icon at the bottom of the menu.\\n8-4. Tap the blue \\\"Block Pop-up Windows\\\" switch .\\nThis disables pop-up blocking, allowing you to see pop-ups when browsing with Firefox.\\nWarnings\\nSome pop-ups are malicious and will attempt to infect your computer with malware when clicked. Avoid selecting pop-ups that you don't trust or recognize.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"This wikiHow teaches you how to allow pop-up ads and notifications in your web browser. While sometimes irritating, pop-ups may be essential for certain websites to function properly. Nearly all web browsers disable pop-ups by default, but you can disable pop-up blocking on all major web browsers except for Firefox on Android phones and tablets. If you've installed a third-party pop-up blocker, you'll need to remove it as well, as it may also be blocking pop-ups.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Google Chrome on Desktop\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Google Chrome .\", \"描述\": \"It's the red, yellow, green, and blue sphere app icon.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click the menu ⋮.\", \"描述\": \"It's the three vertical dots at the top-right corner of Chrome.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click Settings.\", \"描述\": \"It's near the bottom of the menu.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Click the Privacy and security tab.\", \"描述\": \"It's in the left panel.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Click Site Settings.\", \"描述\": \"It's in the right panel under \\\"Privacy and security.\\\" Additional options will expand.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Click Pop-ups and redirects.\", \"描述\": \"It's under the \\\"Content\\\" header toward the bottom of the page.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Select Sites can send pop-ups and use redirects.\", \"描述\": \"This is the first option at the top of the page. As long as this option is selected, websites can show pop-ups in Chrome.\\nIf you'd rather just allow pop-ups on some sites, click next to \\\"Allowed to send pop-ups and use redirects\\\" at the bottom of the page, enter the website's main URL (e.g., https://www.wikihow.com), and then click .\\nYou can also unblock pop-ups from a specific site when viewing a website that tries to display one. When a pop-up is blocked, you'll see \\\"Pop-up blocked\\\" and icon that looks like a window with a red-and-white X in the address bar. When the window opens, click and choose . Refresh the page so the settings take effect.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Google Chrome on iPhone or iPad\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Google Chrome .\", \"描述\": \"Tap the Chrome app icon, which is the yellow, blue, and red sphere in your app list.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tap the three horizontal dots at the bottom-right corner of Chrome.\", \"描述\": \"A menu will expand.\\nIf you just want to unblock pop-ups from a single site, open the page that displays pop-ups, tap at the bottom, and then tap .\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Tap Settings.\", \"描述\": \"It's at the bottom of the menu.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Scroll down and tap Content Settings.\", \"描述\": \"This option is near the bottom of the menu.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Tap Block Pop-ups.\", \"描述\": \"If you see \\\"Off\\\" next to \\\"Block Pop-ups,\\\" pop-ups are not currently blocked. But if you see \\\"On,\\\" tap this option to continue.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Tap the blue \\\"Block Pop-ups\\\" switch to disable pop-ups.\", \"描述\": \"The switch will turn white or gray, which means pop-ups are no longer blocked.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Tap Done.\", \"描述\": \"It's in the top-right corner of the screen. This saves your changes.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Google Chrome on Android\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Google Chrome .\", \"描述\": \"Tap the Chrome app icon, which is a green, yellow, blue, and red sphere.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tap the three-dot menu ⋮.\", \"描述\": \"It's in the top-right corner of the screen next to the address bar.\\nIf you just want to unblock pop-ups from a single site, open the page that displays pop-ups, tap at the bottom, and then tap .\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Tap Settings.\", \"描述\": \"This option is near the bottom of the menu.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Tap Site Settings.\", \"描述\": \"You may have to scroll down a little to see this option.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Tap Pop-ups and redirects.\", \"描述\": \"This displays the pop-ups control switch.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Toggle the \\\"Pop-ups and redirects\\\" switch to the On position .\", \"描述\": \"This allows pop-ups in Google Chrome.\\nIf the switch is already on (blue), there's no need to make any changes.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Microsoft Edge on a Computer\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Microsoft Edge.\", \"描述\": \"You'll find its blue-green wave icon on your Windows Start menu or in your Mac's Applications folder.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click the three horizontal dots ⋯.\", \"描述\": \"It's at the top-right corner of Edge.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click Settings.\", \"描述\": \"This option is at the bottom of the menu.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Click Cookies and site permissions.\", \"描述\": \"This tab is on the left side of the Settings page.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Scroll down and click Pop-ups and redirects.\", \"描述\": \"You'll find this under \\\"All permissions\\\" in the right panel.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Click the blue \\\"Block pop-ups\\\" switch .\", \"描述\": \"The switch will turn white, which tells Edge to allow pop-ups.\\nIf you want to allow pop-ups from a particular site, just click next to \\\"Allow\\\" and enter the site's URL (e.g., https://www.wikihow.com).\"}]}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Safari on a Mac\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Safari.\", \"描述\": \"Click the compass-shaped Safari app icon in your Mac's Dock to do so.\\nIf you just want to enable pop-ups for a particular website, go to that website now. Once the site is open, continue to the next step.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click the Safari menu.\", \"描述\": \"This menu item is in the top-left corner of the screen. A drop-down menu will appear.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click Preferences….\", \"描述\": \"It's near the top of the drop-down menu. Doing so prompts a window to open.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Click the Websites tab.\", \"描述\": \"This is the globe icon at the top of the window.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Click Pop-up Windows.\", \"描述\": \"It's at the bottom of the left panel.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Select Allow from the \\\"When visiting other websites\\\" menu.\", \"描述\": \"This menu is at the bottom-right corner of the screen. When selecting this option, all pop-ups will be allowed through Safari.\\nIf you just want to enable pop-ups for one website, click the menu to the right of its name in the \\\"Currently Open Websites\\\" panel and select .\"}]}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Safari on iPhone or iPad\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open your iPhone's Settings .\", \"描述\": \"This is the gray gear icon on your home screen or in your App Library.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Scroll down and tap Safari.\", \"描述\": \"It's about a third of the way down the Settings page.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Toggle the \\\"Block Pop-ups\\\" switch to the Off position .\", \"描述\": \"It's in the \\\"GENERAL\\\" section. Turning this switch off allows all pop-ups through Safari.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Firefox on a Computer\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Firefox.\", \"描述\": \"You'll find it in your Windows Start menu or your Mac's Applications folder.\\nIf you just want to unblock pop-ups on a specific website, go to that website. When it tries to show a pop-up, you'll see a yellow bar running along the top of the browser that says \\\"Firefox prevented this site from opening (number of) pop-up windows.\\\" To allow pop-ups from this site, click the button on the yellow bar and select .\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Open your Firefox Settings.\", \"描述\": \"The steps are a little different depending on your operating system:\\n\\n Click the three horizontal lines at the top-right corner and select .\\n Click the menu in the menu bar and select .\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click the Privacy & Security tab.\", \"描述\": \"It's on the left side of the window.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Uncheck the \\\"Block pop-up windows\\\" box.\", \"描述\": \"This option is near the bottom of the \\\"Permissions\\\" section in the right panel. Removing the checkmark allows pop-ups to come through in Firefox.\\nAlternatively, you can click to the right of the \\\"Block pop-up windows\\\" box, type in a website's address, click , and click to allow pop-ups for a specific site, but not your entire browser.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Firefox on iPhone\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Firefox on your iPhone.\", \"描述\": \"Tap the Firefox app icon, which is the orange fox wrapped around a purple globe.\\nThere is no longer a way to allow pop-ups in the Android version of Firefox. This is because the latest versions of Firefox disable the advanced configuration editor. If pop-ups are necessary, use Google Chrome.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tap the three horizontal lines ☰.\", \"描述\": \"This icon is at the bottom of the screen. This displays the menu.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Tap Settings.\", \"描述\": \"This is the gear icon at the bottom of the menu.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Tap the blue \\\"Block Pop-up Windows\\\" switch .\", \"描述\": \"This disables pop-up blocking, allowing you to see pop-ups when browsing with Firefox.\"}], \"注意事项\": [\"Some pop-ups are malicious and will attempt to infect your computer with malware when clicked. Avoid selecting pop-ups that you don't trust or recognize.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,608 | How to Allow iCloud to Use Cellular Data for Transfers on an iPhone | 1. Steps
1-1. Open your iPhone’s Settings .
This is the grey gear icon on your iPhone's home screen. If you don't see it there, it'll be in the Utilities folder in your app library.
1-2. Tap Cellular.
It's in the first group of options.
1-3. Tap the "Cellular Data" switch to turn it on .
If the switch was already on (green), skip this step.
1-4. Scroll all the way down to "iCloud Drive."
This option is at the bottom of the menu, past all of the other apps.
1-5. Tap the "iCloud Drive" switch to turn it on .
This ensures that the data on your iCloud drive will continue to sync over your cellular when Wi-Fi is unavailable.
1-6. Enable cellular data for other iCloud-related apps .
Scroll back up to look at the other apps in the list. If an app's switch is green, that the app or service can use cellular when Wi-Fi is unavailable. If the switch is gray/white, it cannot. These are the iCloud-related apps and services for which you can enable cellular data:
App Store
Calendar
Contacts
Find My
Keynote
Mail
Messages
Music
Notes
Numbers
Pages
Photos
Reminders
Tips
If you don't have an unlimited data plan, you may be charged for additional data usage when enabling cellular data.
If you want to back up your iPhone but don't have access to Wi-Fi, you can back up the phone to a computer.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:44",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Open your iPhone’s Settings .\\nThis is the grey gear icon on your iPhone's home screen. If you don't see it there, it'll be in the Utilities folder in your app library.\\n1-2. Tap Cellular.\\nIt's in the first group of options.\\n1-3. Tap the \\\"Cellular Data\\\" switch to turn it on .\\nIf the switch was already on (green), skip this step.\\n1-4. Scroll all the way down to \\\"iCloud Drive.\\\"\\nThis option is at the bottom of the menu, past all of the other apps.\\n1-5. Tap the \\\"iCloud Drive\\\" switch to turn it on .\\nThis ensures that the data on your iCloud drive will continue to sync over your cellular when Wi-Fi is unavailable.\\n1-6. Enable cellular data for other iCloud-related apps .\\nScroll back up to look at the other apps in the list. If an app's switch is green, that the app or service can use cellular when Wi-Fi is unavailable. If the switch is gray/white, it cannot. These are the iCloud-related apps and services for which you can enable cellular data:\\nApp Store\\nCalendar\\nContacts\\nFind My\\nKeynote\\nMail\\nMessages\\nMusic\\nNotes\\nNumbers\\nPages\\nPhotos\\nReminders\\nTips\\nIf you don't have an unlimited data plan, you may be charged for additional data usage when enabling cellular data.\\nIf you want to back up your iPhone but don't have access to Wi-Fi, you can back up the phone to a computer.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"This wikiHow teaches you how to use iCloud Drive and other iCloud services on your iPhone when you don't have access to Wi-Fi. Although it's not possible to sync an iCloud backup over the cellular network, you can transfer files using your iCloud Drive, as well as sync your Photos, Notes, Reminders, and more.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open your iPhone’s Settings .\", \"描述\": \"This is the grey gear icon on your iPhone's home screen. If you don't see it there, it'll be in the Utilities folder in your app library.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tap Cellular.\", \"描述\": \"It's in the first group of options.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Tap the \\\"Cellular Data\\\" switch to turn it on .\", \"描述\": \"If the switch was already on (green), skip this step.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Scroll all the way down to \\\"iCloud Drive.\\\"\", \"描述\": \"This option is at the bottom of the menu, past all of the other apps.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Tap the \\\"iCloud Drive\\\" switch to turn it on .\", \"描述\": \"This ensures that the data on your iCloud drive will continue to sync over your cellular when Wi-Fi is unavailable.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Enable cellular data for other iCloud-related apps .\", \"描述\": \"Scroll back up to look at the other apps in the list. If an app's switch is green, that the app or service can use cellular when Wi-Fi is unavailable. If the switch is gray/white, it cannot. These are the iCloud-related apps and services for which you can enable cellular data:\\nApp Store\\nCalendar\\nContacts\\nFind My\\nKeynote\\nMail\\nMessages\\nMusic\\nNotes\\nNumbers\\nPages\\nPhotos\\nReminders\"}], \"小提示\": [\"If you don't have an unlimited data plan, you may be charged for additional data usage when enabling cellular data.\\n\", \"If you want to back up your iPhone but don't have access to Wi-Fi, you can back up the phone to a computer.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,609 | How to Ally with the Grox in Spore | 1. Steps
1-1. Go toward the center of the galaxy with a colony Incredi-Pak (if you're a Zealot, the Incredi-Pak is not needed).
1-2. Keep going until you meet the Grox.
They should have a red or orange face, depending on whether you have the Gracious Greeting passive ability.
1-3. You'll know you have met the Grox when three things happen:
As mentioned above, they have a bad relation by default.
They have a unique empire color.
A bunch of ships should come to "greet" you with lasers.
1-4. Get out and find a good planet near the Grox to use the Incred-Pak.
If you're a Zealot, go to a home system near the Grox and use Fanatical Frenzy.
1-5. Start doing missions for the Grox.
If you're a Zealot, you may save, exit, and reload to capture another planet. Repeat this process.
1-6. If you're not a Scientist or a Zealot, try to build up your colonies by placing 200 buildings or conquering 50 systems.
This should unlock the Planet Buster.
1-7. Buy four or five Busters and start busting planets near the Grox.
If you're a Scientist or Zealot, go use your superpower near the Grox, and do missions for them.
1-8. Once you've used the destructive super weapons and done enough missions, you should be friendly (blue faced) with the Grox.
Now, go over to one of their systems. Notice that they still attack you. Once you look at the communications, you should see this:
Completed Missions +50
Broke the Galactic Code +50
We Distrust Strangers -70.
1-9. You may also have the Gracious Greeting + 10.
If so, ask for a trade route. If not, bribe them until you get Gifts +10, then ask for a trade route, or vice versa.
1-10. Wait.
1-11. Soon the trade route should give you a +30, and now the Grox have a green face.
Now just fly over, open communications, go to diplomacy and ally.
1-12. You're done!
Tips
Allying with the Grox will get you the "Dance With The Devil" badge.
It really helps to be a Zealot, as you get a weapon that both takes over a planet *and* breaks the Galactic Code.
Don't destroy the ships that attack you, for this will make it harder to ally.
Warnings
Going into Grox space with an auto blaster or allies will start a war.
The Grox colonies are T0, but do not terraform them. The Grox are cyborgs, and cannot survive on T1+ colonies. Terraforming them will give you a -200 "bonus."
All other races will have a -200 "bonus" after you ally with the Grox. Don't be surprised if your arm of the galaxy is filled with war declarations. You WILL get Warmonger 5 badge for allying with the Grox. If you zoom out, Right out, you will quite literally not be able to see the galaxy at all because there will be so many open communication buttons you cannot see.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:44",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Go toward the center of the galaxy with a colony Incredi-Pak (if you're a Zealot, the Incredi-Pak is not needed).\\n\\n1-2. Keep going until you meet the Grox.\\nThey should have a red or orange face, depending on whether you have the Gracious Greeting passive ability.\\n1-3. You'll know you have met the Grox when three things happen:\\nAs mentioned above, they have a bad relation by default.\\nThey have a unique empire color.\\nA bunch of ships should come to \\\"greet\\\" you with lasers.\\n1-4. Get out and find a good planet near the Grox to use the Incred-Pak.\\nIf you're a Zealot, go to a home system near the Grox and use Fanatical Frenzy.\\n1-5. Start doing missions for the Grox.\\nIf you're a Zealot, you may save, exit, and reload to capture another planet. Repeat this process.\\n1-6. If you're not a Scientist or a Zealot, try to build up your colonies by placing 200 buildings or conquering 50 systems.\\nThis should unlock the Planet Buster.\\n1-7. Buy four or five Busters and start busting planets near the Grox.\\nIf you're a Scientist or Zealot, go use your superpower near the Grox, and do missions for them.\\n1-8. Once you've used the destructive super weapons and done enough missions, you should be friendly (blue faced) with the Grox.\\nNow, go over to one of their systems. Notice that they still attack you. Once you look at the communications, you should see this:\\nCompleted Missions +50\\nBroke the Galactic Code +50\\nWe Distrust Strangers -70.\\n1-9. You may also have the Gracious Greeting + 10.\\nIf so, ask for a trade route. If not, bribe them until you get Gifts +10, then ask for a trade route, or vice versa.\\n1-10. Wait.\\n\\n1-11. Soon the trade route should give you a +30, and now the Grox have a green face.\\nNow just fly over, open communications, go to diplomacy and ally.\\n1-12. You're done!\\n\\nTips\\nAllying with the Grox will get you the \\\"Dance With The Devil\\\" badge.\\nIt really helps to be a Zealot, as you get a weapon that both takes over a planet *and* breaks the Galactic Code.\\nDon't destroy the ships that attack you, for this will make it harder to ally.\\nWarnings\\nGoing into Grox space with an auto blaster or allies will start a war.\\nThe Grox colonies are T0, but do not terraform them. The Grox are cyborgs, and cannot survive on T1+ colonies. Terraforming them will give you a -200 \\\"bonus.\\\"\\nAll other races will have a -200 \\\"bonus\\\" after you ally with the Grox. Don't be surprised if your arm of the galaxy is filled with war declarations. You WILL get Warmonger 5 badge for allying with the Grox. If you zoom out, Right out, you will quite literally not be able to see the galaxy at all because there will be so many open communication buttons you cannot see.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"The Grox are by far the meanest and most feared race in the Spore galaxy. Despite this, you can ally with them. Here's how:\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Go toward the center of the galaxy with a colony Incredi-Pak (if you're a Zealot, the Incredi-Pak is not needed).\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Keep going until you meet the Grox.\", \"描述\": \"They should have a red or orange face, depending on whether you have the Gracious Greeting passive ability.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"You'll know you have met the Grox when three things happen:\", \"描述\": \"As mentioned above, they have a bad relation by default.\\nThey have a unique empire color.\\nA bunch of ships should come to \\\"greet\\\" you with lasers.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Get out and find a good planet near the Grox to use the Incred-Pak.\", \"描述\": \"If you're a Zealot, go to a home system near the Grox and use Fanatical Frenzy.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Start doing missions for the Grox.\", \"描述\": \"If you're a Zealot, you may save, exit, and reload to capture another planet. Repeat this process.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"If you're not a Scientist or a Zealot, try to build up your colonies by placing 200 buildings or conquering 50 systems.\", \"描述\": \"This should unlock the Planet Buster.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Buy four or five Busters and start busting planets near the Grox.\", \"描述\": \"If you're a Scientist or Zealot, go use your superpower near the Grox, and do missions for them.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Once you've used the destructive super weapons and done enough missions, you should be friendly (blue faced) with the Grox.\", \"描述\": \"Now, go over to one of their systems. Notice that they still attack you. Once you look at the communications, you should see this:\\nCompleted Missions +50\\nBroke the Galactic Code +50\\nWe Distrust Strangers -70.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"You may also have the Gracious Greeting + 10.\", \"描述\": \"If so, ask for a trade route. If not, bribe them until you get Gifts +10, then ask for a trade route, or vice versa.\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Wait.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Soon the trade route should give you a +30, and now the Grox have a green face.\", \"描述\": \"Now just fly over, open communications, go to diplomacy and ally.\"}, {\"编号\": 12, \"标题\": \"You're done!\", \"描述\": \"\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Allying with the Grox will get you the \\\"Dance With The Devil\\\" badge.\\n\", \"It really helps to be a Zealot, as you get a weapon that both takes over a planet *and* breaks the Galactic Code.\\n\", \"Don't destroy the ships that attack you, for this will make it harder to ally.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Going into Grox space with an auto blaster or allies will start a war.\\n\", \"The Grox colonies are T0, but do not terraform them. The Grox are cyborgs, and cannot survive on T1+ colonies. Terraforming them will give you a -200 \\\"bonus.\\\"\\n\", \"All other races will have a -200 \\\"bonus\\\" after you ally with the Grox. Don't be surprised if your arm of the galaxy is filled with war declarations. You WILL get Warmonger 5 badge for allying with the Grox. If you zoom out, Right out, you will quite literally not be able to see the galaxy at all because there will be so many open communication buttons you cannot see.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,610 | How to Alpha Roll an Aggressive Dog | 1. Defusing an Aggressive Situation
1-1. Talk to the dog in a calm voice.
You can try to relax your dog by telling them that everything is all right. Use a soothing, calm tone to reassure your dog. The gentleness of your voice may help reduce stress and relax them in a tense situation.
Focusing on positive reinforcement and calm leadership from you will ensure that your dog responds reliably to commands. Rewarding calmness will help your dog to be calmer in future. Proactively notice when the dog is being calm, say "good boy/girl" to reinforce the positive behavior.
1-2. Remove your dog from the situation.
If your dog is growling, snapping, or snarling at another person or animal, the best thing you can do is remove them from the situation. Place them in a different room. If you are outside, you can lead them away on their leash. Use commands, such as “come, boy”, to make them follow you away.
1-3. Command the dog to sit.
If you have trained your dog to answer to commands, you may be able to distract them from the target of their aggression. Use a command to have them lay down. If they do so, reward them by praising them, petting them, or giving them a treat.
At this point, you might also ask them to rollover. If they do so, you have successfully distracted them from their target and do not need to use a physical rollover.
1-4. Avoid punishing the dog.
Yelling at the dog, jerking their leash or collar, or hitting the dog will not reduce their aggression in a tense situation. These punishments may provoke your dog more. Even if these methods temporarily stop the situation, they can encourage fearful or aggressive behavior later on.
2. Rolling Your Dog
2-1. Assess the situation.
If you absolutely feel as if there is no other way to calm down your dog, you can try the traditional alpha roll. This should be a situation where the dog will not listen to commands or where you cannot remove the dog from the situation.
Yawning, staring, licking their tongue, or tensing their body are signs that a dog might bite. The best thing you can do in this situation is stay still and avoid eye contact until the dog relaxes. An alpha roll may increase your chances of being bitten.
2-2. Pin the dog on their side.
The goal is to force the dog onto their side. Lean over the dog, and lift their front legs. Gently nudge them until they are on their side. Do not slam the dog against the ground.
If the dog is threatening to bite you, do not do this. Your face will be very close to theirs, putting you in a vulnerable position to be bitten.
Small dogs can be picked up and rolled over. The larger the dog, the more difficult it will be to roll them over, and the more dangerous it may be to provoke them with a rollover.
A submissive dog will voluntarily expose their belly to someone they trust. Dogs who are forced to roll over will often fight back.
2-3. Hold the dog down.
Hold them down by placing a flat hand on their chest or neck. Do not squeeze or choke the dog. If you splay your fingers, you can keep them pinned without using much force or pressure.
Do not hold a snarling or snapping dog by the muzzle or your hand may be bitten.
2-4. Release them after a few seconds.
Contrary to some advice, you should not hold down your dog until they calm down. This will increase their fear, and it could even make them more aggressive. You only need to hold them down for a few seconds. Once you release them, walk away for a few minutes before you interact with your dog again.
If your dog urinates, this means that you have frightened them. Release them immediately. Fear is not an effective training tool, and it cause your dog to act unpredictably aggressive in the future.
2-5. Avoid growling or eye contact.
Growling at your dog or making aggressive eye contact will only increase their aggression. It will not calm them down, and it may provoke them into attacking you. It can also damage your relationship with your dog in the long term, as your dog may grow to be afraid of you.
Hitting your dog or pulling on a choke chain can also increase aggression in a dog.
3. Preventing Aggression Through Positive Reinforcement
3-1. Reward the dog for good behavior.
Treats are a powerful training tool that can reward your dog for appropriate behavior. It will train them to associate certain acts with positive emotions. If you give your dog a treat after they successfully complete a command, they will be more obedient when you state this command in the future and more likely to listen to you in aggressive situations.
Do not use treats to distract or lure your dog away from a target or when they are in an aggressive mood as this can reward them for that behavior. Use treats only when they are calm.
3-2. Praise the dog.
If your dog did something right, tell them. Use a happy, gentle tone as you praise their behavior. Be sure to pet them as you do so. The dog will pick up on the signal and understand that this is the appropriate way to act.
Shouting or yelling at the dog can increase aggression. If the dog is an aggressive state, yelling at the dog may worsen the situation.
3-3. Limit exposure to triggers.
In some cases, aggressive behavior cannot be completely controlled. If you know that your dog is aggressive towards strangers or if your dog has a tendency to lunge at small children or animals, you can prevent a bad situation by removing the dog from these circumstances.
Confine the dog in a separate room while guests are over.
Keep the dog on a leash when going outside of your home.
Make sure that children and other animals do not have access to their food bowl or toys.
3-4. Seek advice from a dog behaviorist.
A behaviorist is a special type of trainer that helps teach both the dog and the owner appropriate socializing techniques. This can prevent aggression in the dog and help the owner communicate effectively with the dog. Each behaviorist can tailor the program towards the specific dog and owner. Seek a behaviorist who excels in positive training techniques, as these have been proven to be the most effective.
You can ask your vet for a recommendation for a behaviorist. Your vet may also be able to recommend hormone therapy or other ways to manage your dog’s aggression.
Aggression is one of the most common reasons that people seek out dog behaviorists.
Tips
The alpha roll is not meant to be used on a regular basis. The more you use it, the less effective it will be, and it could increase aggression in your dog.
Trying to assert dominance in your dog may not be the most effective route. Positive training through the reinforcement of good behaviors will prevent aggression before it begins.
Warnings
Do not try to get between two dogs who are fighting or you may be bitten.
The alpha roll may cause a dog to bite you. Only use it in serious situations.
Many consider the alpha roll to be a form of animal abuse.
Dominance training, by and large, does not work to decrease aggression in dogs. In fact, it can potentially make a dog more aggressive. Use positive training techniques to prevent aggression.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:45",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Defusing an Aggressive Situation\\n1-1. Talk to the dog in a calm voice.\\nYou can try to relax your dog by telling them that everything is all right. Use a soothing, calm tone to reassure your dog. The gentleness of your voice may help reduce stress and relax them in a tense situation.\\nFocusing on positive reinforcement and calm leadership from you will ensure that your dog responds reliably to commands. Rewarding calmness will help your dog to be calmer in future. Proactively notice when the dog is being calm, say \\\"good boy/girl\\\" to reinforce the positive behavior.\\n1-2. Remove your dog from the situation.\\nIf your dog is growling, snapping, or snarling at another person or animal, the best thing you can do is remove them from the situation. Place them in a different room. If you are outside, you can lead them away on their leash. Use commands, such as “come, boy”, to make them follow you away.\\n1-3. Command the dog to sit.\\nIf you have trained your dog to answer to commands, you may be able to distract them from the target of their aggression. Use a command to have them lay down. If they do so, reward them by praising them, petting them, or giving them a treat.\\nAt this point, you might also ask them to rollover. If they do so, you have successfully distracted them from their target and do not need to use a physical rollover.\\n1-4. Avoid punishing the dog.\\nYelling at the dog, jerking their leash or collar, or hitting the dog will not reduce their aggression in a tense situation. These punishments may provoke your dog more. Even if these methods temporarily stop the situation, they can encourage fearful or aggressive behavior later on.\\n2. Rolling Your Dog\\n2-1. Assess the situation.\\nIf you absolutely feel as if there is no other way to calm down your dog, you can try the traditional alpha roll. This should be a situation where the dog will not listen to commands or where you cannot remove the dog from the situation.\\nYawning, staring, licking their tongue, or tensing their body are signs that a dog might bite. The best thing you can do in this situation is stay still and avoid eye contact until the dog relaxes. An alpha roll may increase your chances of being bitten.\\n2-2. Pin the dog on their side.\\nThe goal is to force the dog onto their side. Lean over the dog, and lift their front legs. Gently nudge them until they are on their side. Do not slam the dog against the ground.\\nIf the dog is threatening to bite you, do not do this. Your face will be very close to theirs, putting you in a vulnerable position to be bitten.\\nSmall dogs can be picked up and rolled over. The larger the dog, the more difficult it will be to roll them over, and the more dangerous it may be to provoke them with a rollover.\\nA submissive dog will voluntarily expose their belly to someone they trust. Dogs who are forced to roll over will often fight back.\\n2-3. Hold the dog down.\\nHold them down by placing a flat hand on their chest or neck. Do not squeeze or choke the dog. If you splay your fingers, you can keep them pinned without using much force or pressure.\\nDo not hold a snarling or snapping dog by the muzzle or your hand may be bitten.\\n2-4. Release them after a few seconds.\\nContrary to some advice, you should not hold down your dog until they calm down. This will increase their fear, and it could even make them more aggressive. You only need to hold them down for a few seconds. Once you release them, walk away for a few minutes before you interact with your dog again.\\nIf your dog urinates, this means that you have frightened them. Release them immediately. Fear is not an effective training tool, and it cause your dog to act unpredictably aggressive in the future.\\n2-5. Avoid growling or eye contact.\\nGrowling at your dog or making aggressive eye contact will only increase their aggression. It will not calm them down, and it may provoke them into attacking you. It can also damage your relationship with your dog in the long term, as your dog may grow to be afraid of you.\\nHitting your dog or pulling on a choke chain can also increase aggression in a dog.\\n3. Preventing Aggression Through Positive Reinforcement\\n3-1. Reward the dog for good behavior.\\nTreats are a powerful training tool that can reward your dog for appropriate behavior. It will train them to associate certain acts with positive emotions. If you give your dog a treat after they successfully complete a command, they will be more obedient when you state this command in the future and more likely to listen to you in aggressive situations.\\nDo not use treats to distract or lure your dog away from a target or when they are in an aggressive mood as this can reward them for that behavior. Use treats only when they are calm.\\n3-2. Praise the dog.\\nIf your dog did something right, tell them. Use a happy, gentle tone as you praise their behavior. Be sure to pet them as you do so. The dog will pick up on the signal and understand that this is the appropriate way to act.\\nShouting or yelling at the dog can increase aggression. If the dog is an aggressive state, yelling at the dog may worsen the situation.\\n3-3. Limit exposure to triggers.\\nIn some cases, aggressive behavior cannot be completely controlled. If you know that your dog is aggressive towards strangers or if your dog has a tendency to lunge at small children or animals, you can prevent a bad situation by removing the dog from these circumstances.\\nConfine the dog in a separate room while guests are over.\\nKeep the dog on a leash when going outside of your home.\\nMake sure that children and other animals do not have access to their food bowl or toys.\\n3-4. Seek advice from a dog behaviorist.\\nA behaviorist is a special type of trainer that helps teach both the dog and the owner appropriate socializing techniques. This can prevent aggression in the dog and help the owner communicate effectively with the dog. Each behaviorist can tailor the program towards the specific dog and owner. Seek a behaviorist who excels in positive training techniques, as these have been proven to be the most effective.\\nYou can ask your vet for a recommendation for a behaviorist. Your vet may also be able to recommend hormone therapy or other ways to manage your dog’s aggression.\\nAggression is one of the most common reasons that people seek out dog behaviorists.\\nTips\\nThe alpha roll is not meant to be used on a regular basis. The more you use it, the less effective it will be, and it could increase aggression in your dog.\\nTrying to assert dominance in your dog may not be the most effective route. Positive training through the reinforcement of good behaviors will prevent aggression before it begins.\\nWarnings\\nDo not try to get between two dogs who are fighting or you may be bitten.\\nThe alpha roll may cause a dog to bite you. Only use it in serious situations.\\nMany consider the alpha roll to be a form of animal abuse.\\nDominance training, by and large, does not work to decrease aggression in dogs. In fact, it can potentially make a dog more aggressive. Use positive training techniques to prevent aggression.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"The alpha roll is a controversial technique that stops aggression in dogs by forcibly rolling them over. Alpha rolls should not be used except in dire situations where the dog cannot be calmed down through any other means. It can instill fear in a dog and increase the dog’s aggressive tendencies throughout their life. Before resorting to an alpha roll, you should always try to calm the dog through other techniques. If you must roll the dog, keep in mind your own safety as you gently push the dog to their side. The best way to stop aggression in dogs is to prevent it. When your dog is calm, you should use positive training to reinforce good behavior.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Defusing an Aggressive Situation\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Talk to the dog in a calm voice.\", \"描述\": \"You can try to relax your dog by telling them that everything is all right. Use a soothing, calm tone to reassure your dog. The gentleness of your voice may help reduce stress and relax them in a tense situation.\\nFocusing on positive reinforcement and calm leadership from you will ensure that your dog responds reliably to commands. Rewarding calmness will help your dog to be calmer in future. Proactively notice when the dog is being calm, say \\\"good boy/girl\\\" to reinforce the positive behavior.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Remove your dog from the situation.\", \"描述\": \"If your dog is growling, snapping, or snarling at another person or animal, the best thing you can do is remove them from the situation. Place them in a different room. If you are outside, you can lead them away on their leash. Use commands, such as “come, boy”, to make them follow you away.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Command the dog to sit.\", \"描述\": \"If you have trained your dog to answer to commands, you may be able to distract them from the target of their aggression. Use a command to have them lay down. If they do so, reward them by praising them, petting them, or giving them a treat.\\nAt this point, you might also ask them to rollover. If they do so, you have successfully distracted them from their target and do not need to use a physical rollover.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Avoid punishing the dog.\", \"描述\": \"Yelling at the dog, jerking their leash or collar, or hitting the dog will not reduce their aggression in a tense situation. These punishments may provoke your dog more. Even if these methods temporarily stop the situation, they can encourage fearful or aggressive behavior later on.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Rolling Your Dog\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Assess the situation.\", \"描述\": \"If you absolutely feel as if there is no other way to calm down your dog, you can try the traditional alpha roll. This should be a situation where the dog will not listen to commands or where you cannot remove the dog from the situation.\\nYawning, staring, licking their tongue, or tensing their body are signs that a dog might bite. The best thing you can do in this situation is stay still and avoid eye contact until the dog relaxes. An alpha roll may increase your chances of being bitten.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Pin the dog on their side.\", \"描述\": \"The goal is to force the dog onto their side. Lean over the dog, and lift their front legs. Gently nudge them until they are on their side. Do not slam the dog against the ground.\\nIf the dog is threatening to bite you, do not do this. Your face will be very close to theirs, putting you in a vulnerable position to be bitten.\\nSmall dogs can be picked up and rolled over. The larger the dog, the more difficult it will be to roll them over, and the more dangerous it may be to provoke them with a rollover.\\nA submissive dog will voluntarily expose their belly to someone they trust. Dogs who are forced to roll over will often fight back.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Hold the dog down.\", \"描述\": \"Hold them down by placing a flat hand on their chest or neck. Do not squeeze or choke the dog. If you splay your fingers, you can keep them pinned without using much force or pressure.\\nDo not hold a snarling or snapping dog by the muzzle or your hand may be bitten.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Release them after a few seconds.\", \"描述\": \"Contrary to some advice, you should not hold down your dog until they calm down. This will increase their fear, and it could even make them more aggressive. You only need to hold them down for a few seconds. Once you release them, walk away for a few minutes before you interact with your dog again.\\nIf your dog urinates, this means that you have frightened them. Release them immediately. Fear is not an effective training tool, and it cause your dog to act unpredictably aggressive in the future.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Avoid growling or eye contact.\", \"描述\": \"Growling at your dog or making aggressive eye contact will only increase their aggression. It will not calm them down, and it may provoke them into attacking you. It can also damage your relationship with your dog in the long term, as your dog may grow to be afraid of you.\\nHitting your dog or pulling on a choke chain can also increase aggression in a dog.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Preventing Aggression Through Positive Reinforcement\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Reward the dog for good behavior.\", \"描述\": \"Treats are a powerful training tool that can reward your dog for appropriate behavior. It will train them to associate certain acts with positive emotions. If you give your dog a treat after they successfully complete a command, they will be more obedient when you state this command in the future and more likely to listen to you in aggressive situations.\\nDo not use treats to distract or lure your dog away from a target or when they are in an aggressive mood as this can reward them for that behavior. Use treats only when they are calm.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Praise the dog.\", \"描述\": \"If your dog did something right, tell them. Use a happy, gentle tone as you praise their behavior. Be sure to pet them as you do so. The dog will pick up on the signal and understand that this is the appropriate way to act.\\nShouting or yelling at the dog can increase aggression. If the dog is an aggressive state, yelling at the dog may worsen the situation.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Limit exposure to triggers.\", \"描述\": \"In some cases, aggressive behavior cannot be completely controlled. If you know that your dog is aggressive towards strangers or if your dog has a tendency to lunge at small children or animals, you can prevent a bad situation by removing the dog from these circumstances.\\nConfine the dog in a separate room while guests are over.\\nKeep the dog on a leash when going outside of your home.\\nMake sure that children and other animals do not have access to their food bowl or toys.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Seek advice from a dog behaviorist.\", \"描述\": \"A behaviorist is a special type of trainer that helps teach both the dog and the owner appropriate socializing techniques. This can prevent aggression in the dog and help the owner communicate effectively with the dog. Each behaviorist can tailor the program towards the specific dog and owner. Seek a behaviorist who excels in positive training techniques, as these have been proven to be the most effective.\\nYou can ask your vet for a recommendation for a behaviorist. Your vet may also be able to recommend hormone therapy or other ways to manage your dog’s aggression.\\nAggression is one of the most common reasons that people seek out dog behaviorists.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"The alpha roll is not meant to be used on a regular basis. The more you use it, the less effective it will be, and it could increase aggression in your dog.\\n\", \"Trying to assert dominance in your dog may not be the most effective route. Positive training through the reinforcement of good behaviors will prevent aggression before it begins.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Do not try to get between two dogs who are fighting or you may be bitten.\\n\", \"The alpha roll may cause a dog to bite you. Only use it in serious situations.\\n\", \"Many consider the alpha roll to be a form of animal abuse.\\n\", \"Dominance training, by and large, does not work to decrease aggression in dogs. In fact, it can potentially make a dog more aggressive. Use positive training techniques to prevent aggression.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,611 | How to Alphabetize | 1. Preparing Your Information for Alphabetizing
1-1. Place your information or objects in an easily visible location.
Seeing all of the data that you need to alphabetize will help make the process go quickly and smoothly.
If you’re organizing data on a computer, it may help to create a new file or folder for alphabetizing to avoid confusion.
If you’re alphabetizing objects, such as records or books, remove them from their current placement so that you can more easily see the names
1-2. Create an open and accessible space to place your information or objects for alphabetizing.
Avoid clutter and confusion by creating a clear area where your data or objects will go as you alphabetize them.
1-3. Decide if you wish to place your objects or data in alphabetical order by name, title or another system.
2. Alphabetizing your Information
2-1. Place the item that begins with the letter “A” at the beginning and work in order through the alphabet towards “Z”.
2-2. Compare the first letter in the first word.
Place the two items next to each other to determine which comes first in the alphabet.
Choose the one that is closer to the beginning of the alphabet (“A”) first, followed by the one that comes later in the alphabet.
2-3. Compare the next letter in the words if the first letter is the same.
For example, if the first two letters in one word are “Am” and the first to letters in the other word are “An”, then place “Am” before “An”.
Continue comparing the next letter in the word if the words continue to have the same letters until you reach a difference in the letters, then place the word that has a letter that appears first in the alphabet before the other word.
If you get to a point where there are no more letters to compare in one word to the other, the word with the shorter string of letters goes first in the alphabetical order.
If the first words in two items are the same, look to the spelling of the next word to determine which one goes first.
2-4. Organize the names of individuals by last name followed by first name and then middle initial or name.
If you’re alphabetizing books or documents, it’s easier to organize and search using the author’s last name.
For example, “John W. Adams” would be listed as “Adams, John W.” and would go before “Adams, John B.”, which would go before “Adams, Lenny A.”
2-5. Treat hyphenated names and titles as one word.
2-6. Spell out numbers in titles to alphabetize them.
For example, “12 Angry Men” should be ordered as though it were written as “Twelve Angry Men”.
2-7. Make a record of the system you used to alphabetize.
If you’re organizing a large amount of data or objects, a record will help other people follow and maintain your system, and remind you if you forget.
Tips
Ignore articles at the beginning of titles. You can disregard the words “a”, “an” or “the” if they begin a title as they are very common and can make searching through alphabetized information confusing.
Keep a copy of the alphabet in front of you or next to the items you are alphabetizing to stay on track.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:45",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Preparing Your Information for Alphabetizing\\n1-1. Place your information or objects in an easily visible location.\\nSeeing all of the data that you need to alphabetize will help make the process go quickly and smoothly.\\nIf you’re organizing data on a computer, it may help to create a new file or folder for alphabetizing to avoid confusion.\\nIf you’re alphabetizing objects, such as records or books, remove them from their current placement so that you can more easily see the names\\n1-2. Create an open and accessible space to place your information or objects for alphabetizing.\\nAvoid clutter and confusion by creating a clear area where your data or objects will go as you alphabetize them.\\n1-3. Decide if you wish to place your objects or data in alphabetical order by name, title or another system.\\n\\n2. Alphabetizing your Information\\n2-1. Place the item that begins with the letter “A” at the beginning and work in order through the alphabet towards “Z”.\\n\\n2-2. Compare the first letter in the first word.\\nPlace the two items next to each other to determine which comes first in the alphabet.\\nChoose the one that is closer to the beginning of the alphabet (“A”) first, followed by the one that comes later in the alphabet.\\n2-3. Compare the next letter in the words if the first letter is the same.\\nFor example, if the first two letters in one word are “Am” and the first to letters in the other word are “An”, then place “Am” before “An”.\\nContinue comparing the next letter in the word if the words continue to have the same letters until you reach a difference in the letters, then place the word that has a letter that appears first in the alphabet before the other word.\\nIf you get to a point where there are no more letters to compare in one word to the other, the word with the shorter string of letters goes first in the alphabetical order.\\nIf the first words in two items are the same, look to the spelling of the next word to determine which one goes first.\\n2-4. Organize the names of individuals by last name followed by first name and then middle initial or name.\\nIf you’re alphabetizing books or documents, it’s easier to organize and search using the author’s last name.\\nFor example, “John W. Adams” would be listed as “Adams, John W.” and would go before “Adams, John B.”, which would go before “Adams, Lenny A.”\\n2-5. Treat hyphenated names and titles as one word.\\n\\n2-6. Spell out numbers in titles to alphabetize them.\\nFor example, “12 Angry Men” should be ordered as though it were written as “Twelve Angry Men”.\\n2-7. Make a record of the system you used to alphabetize.\\nIf you’re organizing a large amount of data or objects, a record will help other people follow and maintain your system, and remind you if you forget.\\nTips\\nIgnore articles at the beginning of titles. You can disregard the words “a”, “an” or “the” if they begin a title as they are very common and can make searching through alphabetized information confusing.\\nKeep a copy of the alphabet in front of you or next to the items you are alphabetizing to stay on track.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Alphabetizing is a useful and effective way to organize words, information and objects for school, work or personal use. Whether you’re planning to alphabetize important documents or your massive record collection, the rules of alphabetizing can be trickier than just knowing your ABCs. Follow these steps to properly alphabetize.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Preparing Your Information for Alphabetizing\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Place your information or objects in an easily visible location.\", \"描述\": \"Seeing all of the data that you need to alphabetize will help make the process go quickly and smoothly.\\nIf you’re organizing data on a computer, it may help to create a new file or folder for alphabetizing to avoid confusion.\\nIf you’re alphabetizing objects, such as records or books, remove them from their current placement so that you can more easily see the names\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Create an open and accessible space to place your information or objects for alphabetizing.\", \"描述\": \"Avoid clutter and confusion by creating a clear area where your data or objects will go as you alphabetize them.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Decide if you wish to place your objects or data in alphabetical order by name, title or another system.\", \"描述\": \"\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Alphabetizing your Information\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Place the item that begins with the letter “A” at the beginning and work in order through the alphabet towards “Z”.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Compare the first letter in the first word.\", \"描述\": \"Place the two items next to each other to determine which comes first in the alphabet.\\nChoose the one that is closer to the beginning of the alphabet (“A”) first, followed by the one that comes later in the alphabet.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Compare the next letter in the words if the first letter is the same.\", \"描述\": \"For example, if the first two letters in one word are “Am” and the first to letters in the other word are “An”, then place “Am” before “An”.\\nContinue comparing the next letter in the word if the words continue to have the same letters until you reach a difference in the letters, then place the word that has a letter that appears first in the alphabet before the other word.\\nIf you get to a point where there are no more letters to compare in one word to the other, the word with the shorter string of letters goes first in the alphabetical order.\\nIf the first words in two items are the same, look to the spelling of the next word to determine which one goes first.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Organize the names of individuals by last name followed by first name and then middle initial or name.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re alphabetizing books or documents, it’s easier to organize and search using the author’s last name.\\nFor example, “John W. Adams” would be listed as “Adams, John W.” and would go before “Adams, John B.”, which would go before “Adams, Lenny A.”\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Treat hyphenated names and titles as one word.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Spell out numbers in titles to alphabetize them.\", \"描述\": \"For example, “12 Angry Men” should be ordered as though it were written as “Twelve Angry Men”.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Make a record of the system you used to alphabetize.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re organizing a large amount of data or objects, a record will help other people follow and maintain your system, and remind you if you forget.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Ignore articles at the beginning of titles. You can disregard the words “a”, “an” or “the” if they begin a title as they are very common and can make searching through alphabetized information confusing.\\n\", \"Keep a copy of the alphabet in front of you or next to the items you are alphabetizing to stay on track.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,612 | 3 Easy Ways to Organize iPhone Apps in Alphabetical Order | 1. Resetting Home Screen Layout
1-1. Open Settings .
This is the grey cog icon. Make sure to update your iPhone.
This method will reset all default apps to their default locations and alphabetize all third-party apps. This will also erase any existing app folders on your home screen.
If you don't want to lose unique folders, try manually organizing the apps instead.
1-2. Tap General.
This can be towards the middle of .
1-3. Tap Transfer or Reset iPhone.
You can find this towards the bottom, above .
1-4. Tap Reset.
A pop-up menu will open.
1-5. Tap Reset Home Screen Layout.
This will reset your Home screen to its default settings with default apps. All third-party apps you have installed will be organized alphabetically.
If you're looking for new ways to organize your iPhone, consider an aesthetic Home screen layout.
2. Manually Organizing Apps
2-1. Tap and hold an app on your Home screen.
If you added apps to your Home screen, you can easily organize them how you want.
Use this method to manually alphabetize your Home screen apps.
2-2. Drag the app to a new location.
Doing so will put your Home screen in mode, and the apps will shake.
You can also long-press an app and tap .
2-3. Release the app.
This will place the app in the designated position.
2-4. Repeat for all remaining apps.
Use steps 1 to 3 to manually place the apps in alphabetical order.
2-5. Click Done when finished.
This will exit mode.
Alternatively, click anywhere on the Home screen to exit mode.
3. Using the App Library
3-1. Swipe left on your Home screen.
If you have more than one page for your Home screen, continue to swipe until you see the .
The App Library contains a list of pre-alphabetized apps.
3-2. Click the search bar at the top.
Your apps will be displayed in alphabetical order.
Scroll up and down to view the apps, or use the letters listed on the right side to navigate.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:45",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Resetting Home Screen Layout\\n1-1. Open Settings .\\nThis is the grey cog icon. Make sure to update your iPhone.\\nThis method will reset all default apps to their default locations and alphabetize all third-party apps. This will also erase any existing app folders on your home screen.\\nIf you don't want to lose unique folders, try manually organizing the apps instead.\\n1-2. Tap General.\\nThis can be towards the middle of .\\n1-3. Tap Transfer or Reset iPhone.\\nYou can find this towards the bottom, above .\\n1-4. Tap Reset.\\nA pop-up menu will open.\\n1-5. Tap Reset Home Screen Layout.\\nThis will reset your Home screen to its default settings with default apps. All third-party apps you have installed will be organized alphabetically.\\nIf you're looking for new ways to organize your iPhone, consider an aesthetic Home screen layout.\\n2. Manually Organizing Apps\\n2-1. Tap and hold an app on your Home screen.\\nIf you added apps to your Home screen, you can easily organize them how you want.\\nUse this method to manually alphabetize your Home screen apps.\\n2-2. Drag the app to a new location.\\nDoing so will put your Home screen in mode, and the apps will shake.\\nYou can also long-press an app and tap .\\n2-3. Release the app.\\nThis will place the app in the designated position.\\n2-4. Repeat for all remaining apps.\\nUse steps 1 to 3 to manually place the apps in alphabetical order.\\n2-5. Click Done when finished.\\nThis will exit mode.\\nAlternatively, click anywhere on the Home screen to exit mode.\\n3. Using the App Library\\n3-1. Swipe left on your Home screen.\\nIf you have more than one page for your Home screen, continue to swipe until you see the .\\nThe App Library contains a list of pre-alphabetized apps.\\n3-2. Click the search bar at the top.\\nYour apps will be displayed in alphabetical order.\\nScroll up and down to view the apps, or use the letters listed on the right side to navigate.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Do you want to arrange your iPhone apps in alphabetical order? You can quickly reset your Home screen layout in your Settings or you can manually alphabetize your apps. iOS's \\\"App Library\\\" also provides an alphabetized list for easy access. This wikiHow will show you how to get your apps in alphabetical order on your iPhone 14, 13, 12, 11, SE, and older.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Resetting Home Screen Layout\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Settings .\", \"描述\": \"This is the grey cog icon. Make sure to update your iPhone.\\nThis method will reset all default apps to their default locations and alphabetize all third-party apps. This will also erase any existing app folders on your home screen.\\nIf you don't want to lose unique folders, try manually organizing the apps instead.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tap General.\", \"描述\": \"This can be towards the middle of .\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Tap Transfer or Reset iPhone.\", \"描述\": \"You can find this towards the bottom, above .\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Tap Reset.\", \"描述\": \"A pop-up menu will open.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Tap Reset Home Screen Layout.\", \"描述\": \"This will reset your Home screen to its default settings with default apps. All third-party apps you have installed will be organized alphabetically.\\nIf you're looking for new ways to organize your iPhone, consider an aesthetic Home screen layout.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Manually Organizing Apps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Tap and hold an app on your Home screen.\", \"描述\": \"If you added apps to your Home screen, you can easily organize them how you want.\\nUse this method to manually alphabetize your Home screen apps.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Drag the app to a new location.\", \"描述\": \"Doing so will put your Home screen in mode, and the apps will shake.\\nYou can also long-press an app and tap .\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Release the app.\", \"描述\": \"This will place the app in the designated position.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Repeat for all remaining apps.\", \"描述\": \"Use steps 1 to 3 to manually place the apps in alphabetical order.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Click Done when finished.\", \"描述\": \"This will exit mode.\\nAlternatively, click anywhere on the Home screen to exit mode.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Using the App Library\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Swipe left on your Home screen.\", \"描述\": \"If you have more than one page for your Home screen, continue to swipe until you see the .\\nThe App Library contains a list of pre-alphabetized apps.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click the search bar at the top.\", \"描述\": \"Your apps will be displayed in alphabetical order.\\nScroll up and down to view the apps, or use the letters listed on the right side to navigate.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,613 | How to Alphabetize a Bibliography | 1. Using the Basics of Alphabetization
1-1. Go letter by letter.
The first letter indicates where it goes generally in your bibliography. For instance, in "Smith," "S" tells you it goes with the "S"s. Once you get to the "S"s, though, you need to know where "Smith" goes among the other "S"s, so you move on to the next letter, "M." You continue going letter-by-letter until you figure out where it fits in with the other entries.
For example, say you have "Sheldon," "Smith," and "Sherry" as last names you need to alphabetize. "Sheldon" and "Sherry" both have the same first three letters, so you keep going until they are different. The fourth letters in each name are "L" and "R," respectively. Since "L" comes before "R" in the alphabet, "Sheldon" comes before "Sherry" in your bibliography. Therefore, these names would be alphabetized in order in this way: Sheldon, Sherry, Smith.
"Smith" comes last because the second letter in "Smith," "M," comes after "H" in the alphabet, which is the second letter in both "Sheldon" and "Sherry."
1-2. Look at the author’s first name or title.
If you have two or more works by two authors with the same last name, then you would use their first names to alphabetize your list of entries. If you have two or more works by the same author, then you would use the title of the work to alphabetize.
For example, if one author’s name is Robert Smith and the other is Cynthia Smith, then the entry for Cynthia Smith’s work would come first.
If you have two books or other sources written by Cynthia Smith, then you would look at the titles of these works. For example, if one of the works is called Bird Tales and the other is called Zoo Life, then “Bird Tales” would come first in the list and “Zoo Life” would come second.
1-3. Treat hyphenated names as one name.
In other words, use the first letter of the hyphenated name to alphabetize the name. Therefore, if you have the name "Sheldon-Meyers," the name would be alphabetized under "Sheldon."
If you have a "Sheldon" and a "Sheldon-Meyers," the shorter name always comes first, so "Sheldon" would come before "Sheldon-Meyers."
1-4. Skip punctuation and spaces.
When alphabetizing, you don't pay attention to things like accent marks, spaces, or capitalization. You just continue going letter-by-letter to alphabetize.
As an example, if you have the name "Mc Murry," you essentially treat it as "Mcmurry" for alphabetizing purposes.
1-5. Ignore unimportant words.
Sometimes, you will be alphabetizing by title. When that's the case, you skip unimportant words at the beginning. The main unimportant words are articles, such as "the," "an," or "a."
In other words, if the title is "The Cat Who Couldn't Sleep," you would file it under "Cat." One of the reasons for this rule is that so many titles begin with articles that if they were alphabetized under those words, those sections would have too many titles to be useful for finding it later.
2. Applying the Basics of Bibliographical Alphabetization
2-1. Use the author's last name to alphabetize.
In most style guidelines, the main way to alphabetize is to use the author's last name. If your book has more than one author, use the author whose name is listed first to alphabetize, though you will list all of the names in the citation.
For instance, most citations begin with the author's last name, followed by the author's first name or initial, like this: Smith, Josie.
Therefore, you use "Smith" to place this citation in its proper place in the bibliography.
If your book had two authors, it would be cited as "Smith, Josie, and Roberta George." Therefore, it would still be alphabetized under "Smith," unless Roberta George was listed first in the book. Use the title page as your guide.
2-2. Alphabetize the editor's name on anthologies.
Certain works, such as anthologies, will have editors as the main attribution in place of author. In other words, the editor or editors put together a work by many authors, so when you're listing the complete work, you use the editor's name or editors' names in place of an author's name.
For instance, if the editor's name was Jess Jacob, you would alphabetize the entry under Jacob, Jess.
2-3. Look at the title if the book has no author.
Sometimes, a resource will not have a named author. If that's the case, you use the title of the resource to alphabetize the book in place of the author's last name.
For instance, if the title of the resource is "Cats and Their Sleeping Habits," you would file it under "Cats."
2-4. List works by the same author according to style guidelines.
Sometimes you may end up with more than one work by the same author. If this happens, then you will need to list each work in a separate entry, but the way you go about doing this depends on the documentation style that you are using for the assignment. If you are not sure which style your instructor prefers, then make sure that you ask.
APA style. Create a normal APA style bibliography entry for each of the works, but place them in the order that they were published. For example, if one work was published in 1993 and another in 1997, then the 1993 work would come first.
MLA style. Start with a normal works cited page entry for the author’s work that comes first in the alphabet. For example, Pride and Prejudice would come before Sense and Sensibility in a list of works by Jane Austen. Then, start a new entry right after this entry, but begin it with two hyphens instead of listing the author’s last and first name again.
3. Alphabetizing the Bibliography
3-1. Get your citations in order.
Before you can alphabetize, you need to make sure you have your citations correct. To know exactly how to do a citation, you need to know what style guidelines your teacher or school requires. Some of the main styles are the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, the American Psychology Association (APA) style, and the Chicago Manual style.
For instance, a basic citation in MLA will look something like this one: Smith, George. How Cats Behave. New York: Cat Publishing House, 1989. Print.
In this instance, the author's name is George Smith. "How Cats Behave" is the title. "New York" is the city it was published in, and "Cat Publishing House" is the publisher, while "1989" is the year it was published. "Print" is the format it was published in.
In Chicago Style, this citation would look this way in the bibliography: Smith, George. How Cats Behave. New York: Cat Publishing House, 1989. The basic style is fairly similar to MLA in the bibliography.
The same citation would look like this in APA: Smith, G. (1989). How Cats Behave. New York: Cat Publishing House. Notice that this citation only uses the first initial of the author's name and moves the publication date closer to the beginning.
3-2. Alphabetize manually.
The easiest way to alphabetize manually is to start with the "A"s. Find all the citations that start with an "A," and pull them to the top. Sort them out so that they are alphabetical, then move on to the "B"s. Keep going until you've sorted all your citations.
3-3. Remember that you'll be alphabetizing citations that begin with author's names and titles all together.
Your first citation, for example, could start with the title "Aardvark Studies." This could be followed by a citation that starts with an author's name, like "Abraham, Lindsay."
Apply the alphabetizing rules as you go.
3-4. Sort with the word processing software.
Another way to alphabetize is to let your word processing software do the work. Put your citations in as separate paragraphs, meaning you just have a line between each citation. Highlight the text. In Microsoft Office, click on the button under the "Home" ribbon that says "AZ" with a little arrow.
You might also need to look under the "Table" menu to find the sort button. It will ask you how you want them sorted. Choose by paragraph and text in ascending order.
The list will be sorted alphabetically, but you will need to format the citations with proper indentations and such still.
3-5. Use a bibliography generator.
A final option is to use a bibliography generator. You put all the information for your citations into a generator. It makes sure the citations are correct in the style you need, then it spits out an alphabetized list ready for you to use.
However, it's important to check your citations when it's done, as these systems are not perfect.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:45",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Using the Basics of Alphabetization\\n1-1. Go letter by letter.\\nThe first letter indicates where it goes generally in your bibliography. For instance, in \\\"Smith,\\\" \\\"S\\\" tells you it goes with the \\\"S\\\"s. Once you get to the \\\"S\\\"s, though, you need to know where \\\"Smith\\\" goes among the other \\\"S\\\"s, so you move on to the next letter, \\\"M.\\\" You continue going letter-by-letter until you figure out where it fits in with the other entries.\\nFor example, say you have \\\"Sheldon,\\\" \\\"Smith,\\\" and \\\"Sherry\\\" as last names you need to alphabetize. \\\"Sheldon\\\" and \\\"Sherry\\\" both have the same first three letters, so you keep going until they are different. The fourth letters in each name are \\\"L\\\" and \\\"R,\\\" respectively. Since \\\"L\\\" comes before \\\"R\\\" in the alphabet, \\\"Sheldon\\\" comes before \\\"Sherry\\\" in your bibliography. Therefore, these names would be alphabetized in order in this way: Sheldon, Sherry, Smith.\\n\\\"Smith\\\" comes last because the second letter in \\\"Smith,\\\" \\\"M,\\\" comes after \\\"H\\\" in the alphabet, which is the second letter in both \\\"Sheldon\\\" and \\\"Sherry.\\\"\\n1-2. Look at the author’s first name or title.\\nIf you have two or more works by two authors with the same last name, then you would use their first names to alphabetize your list of entries. If you have two or more works by the same author, then you would use the title of the work to alphabetize.\\nFor example, if one author’s name is Robert Smith and the other is Cynthia Smith, then the entry for Cynthia Smith’s work would come first.\\nIf you have two books or other sources written by Cynthia Smith, then you would look at the titles of these works. For example, if one of the works is called Bird Tales and the other is called Zoo Life, then “Bird Tales” would come first in the list and “Zoo Life” would come second.\\n1-3. Treat hyphenated names as one name.\\nIn other words, use the first letter of the hyphenated name to alphabetize the name. Therefore, if you have the name \\\"Sheldon-Meyers,\\\" the name would be alphabetized under \\\"Sheldon.\\\"\\nIf you have a \\\"Sheldon\\\" and a \\\"Sheldon-Meyers,\\\" the shorter name always comes first, so \\\"Sheldon\\\" would come before \\\"Sheldon-Meyers.\\\"\\n1-4. Skip punctuation and spaces.\\nWhen alphabetizing, you don't pay attention to things like accent marks, spaces, or capitalization. You just continue going letter-by-letter to alphabetize.\\nAs an example, if you have the name \\\"Mc Murry,\\\" you essentially treat it as \\\"Mcmurry\\\" for alphabetizing purposes.\\n1-5. Ignore unimportant words.\\nSometimes, you will be alphabetizing by title. When that's the case, you skip unimportant words at the beginning. The main unimportant words are articles, such as \\\"the,\\\" \\\"an,\\\" or \\\"a.\\\"\\nIn other words, if the title is \\\"The Cat Who Couldn't Sleep,\\\" you would file it under \\\"Cat.\\\" One of the reasons for this rule is that so many titles begin with articles that if they were alphabetized under those words, those sections would have too many titles to be useful for finding it later.\\n2. Applying the Basics of Bibliographical Alphabetization\\n2-1. Use the author's last name to alphabetize.\\nIn most style guidelines, the main way to alphabetize is to use the author's last name. If your book has more than one author, use the author whose name is listed first to alphabetize, though you will list all of the names in the citation.\\nFor instance, most citations begin with the author's last name, followed by the author's first name or initial, like this: Smith, Josie.\\nTherefore, you use \\\"Smith\\\" to place this citation in its proper place in the bibliography.\\nIf your book had two authors, it would be cited as \\\"Smith, Josie, and Roberta George.\\\" Therefore, it would still be alphabetized under \\\"Smith,\\\" unless Roberta George was listed first in the book. Use the title page as your guide.\\n2-2. Alphabetize the editor's name on anthologies.\\nCertain works, such as anthologies, will have editors as the main attribution in place of author. In other words, the editor or editors put together a work by many authors, so when you're listing the complete work, you use the editor's name or editors' names in place of an author's name.\\nFor instance, if the editor's name was Jess Jacob, you would alphabetize the entry under Jacob, Jess.\\n2-3. Look at the title if the book has no author.\\nSometimes, a resource will not have a named author. If that's the case, you use the title of the resource to alphabetize the book in place of the author's last name.\\nFor instance, if the title of the resource is \\\"Cats and Their Sleeping Habits,\\\" you would file it under \\\"Cats.\\\"\\n2-4. List works by the same author according to style guidelines.\\nSometimes you may end up with more than one work by the same author. If this happens, then you will need to list each work in a separate entry, but the way you go about doing this depends on the documentation style that you are using for the assignment. If you are not sure which style your instructor prefers, then make sure that you ask.\\n\\nAPA style. Create a normal APA style bibliography entry for each of the works, but place them in the order that they were published. For example, if one work was published in 1993 and another in 1997, then the 1993 work would come first.\\nMLA style. Start with a normal works cited page entry for the author’s work that comes first in the alphabet. For example, Pride and Prejudice would come before Sense and Sensibility in a list of works by Jane Austen. Then, start a new entry right after this entry, but begin it with two hyphens instead of listing the author’s last and first name again.\\n3. Alphabetizing the Bibliography\\n3-1. Get your citations in order.\\nBefore you can alphabetize, you need to make sure you have your citations correct. To know exactly how to do a citation, you need to know what style guidelines your teacher or school requires. Some of the main styles are the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, the American Psychology Association (APA) style, and the Chicago Manual style.\\nFor instance, a basic citation in MLA will look something like this one: Smith, George. How Cats Behave. New York: Cat Publishing House, 1989. Print.\\nIn this instance, the author's name is George Smith. \\\"How Cats Behave\\\" is the title. \\\"New York\\\" is the city it was published in, and \\\"Cat Publishing House\\\" is the publisher, while \\\"1989\\\" is the year it was published. \\\"Print\\\" is the format it was published in.\\nIn Chicago Style, this citation would look this way in the bibliography: Smith, George. How Cats Behave. New York: Cat Publishing House, 1989. The basic style is fairly similar to MLA in the bibliography.\\nThe same citation would look like this in APA: Smith, G. (1989). How Cats Behave. New York: Cat Publishing House. Notice that this citation only uses the first initial of the author's name and moves the publication date closer to the beginning.\\n3-2. Alphabetize manually.\\nThe easiest way to alphabetize manually is to start with the \\\"A\\\"s. Find all the citations that start with an \\\"A,\\\" and pull them to the top. Sort them out so that they are alphabetical, then move on to the \\\"B\\\"s. Keep going until you've sorted all your citations.\\n3-3. Remember that you'll be alphabetizing citations that begin with author's names and titles all together.\\nYour first citation, for example, could start with the title \\\"Aardvark Studies.\\\" This could be followed by a citation that starts with an author's name, like \\\"Abraham, Lindsay.\\\"\\nApply the alphabetizing rules as you go.\\n3-4. Sort with the word processing software.\\nAnother way to alphabetize is to let your word processing software do the work. Put your citations in as separate paragraphs, meaning you just have a line between each citation. Highlight the text. In Microsoft Office, click on the button under the \\\"Home\\\" ribbon that says \\\"AZ\\\" with a little arrow.\\nYou might also need to look under the \\\"Table\\\" menu to find the sort button. It will ask you how you want them sorted. Choose by paragraph and text in ascending order.\\nThe list will be sorted alphabetically, but you will need to format the citations with proper indentations and such still.\\n3-5. Use a bibliography generator.\\nA final option is to use a bibliography generator. You put all the information for your citations into a generator. It makes sure the citations are correct in the style you need, then it spits out an alphabetized list ready for you to use.\\nHowever, it's important to check your citations when it's done, as these systems are not perfect.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Alphabetizing a bibliography may sound complicated, but it's really not. First, though, you must understand the basics of alphabetizing. Even you think you know how to alphabetize, you may find yourself wondering what to do when you run into a hyphenated word, for instance. You also need to know some of the basic rules of citations, so you know what to use to alphabetize the list. Finally, you can put your list in order.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Using the Basics of Alphabetization\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Go letter by letter.\", \"描述\": \"The first letter indicates where it goes generally in your bibliography. For instance, in \\\"Smith,\\\" \\\"S\\\" tells you it goes with the \\\"S\\\"s. Once you get to the \\\"S\\\"s, though, you need to know where \\\"Smith\\\" goes among the other \\\"S\\\"s, so you move on to the next letter, \\\"M.\\\" You continue going letter-by-letter until you figure out where it fits in with the other entries.\\nFor example, say you have \\\"Sheldon,\\\" \\\"Smith,\\\" and \\\"Sherry\\\" as last names you need to alphabetize. \\\"Sheldon\\\" and \\\"Sherry\\\" both have the same first three letters, so you keep going until they are different. The fourth letters in each name are \\\"L\\\" and \\\"R,\\\" respectively. Since \\\"L\\\" comes before \\\"R\\\" in the alphabet, \\\"Sheldon\\\" comes before \\\"Sherry\\\" in your bibliography. Therefore, these names would be alphabetized in order in this way: Sheldon, Sherry, Smith.\\n\\\"Smith\\\" comes last because the second letter in \\\"Smith,\\\" \\\"M,\\\" comes after \\\"H\\\" in the alphabet, which is the second letter in both \\\"Sheldon\\\" and \\\"Sherry.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Look at the author’s first name or title.\", \"描述\": \"If you have two or more works by two authors with the same last name, then you would use their first names to alphabetize your list of entries. If you have two or more works by the same author, then you would use the title of the work to alphabetize.\\nFor example, if one author’s name is Robert Smith and the other is Cynthia Smith, then the entry for Cynthia Smith’s work would come first.\\nIf you have two books or other sources written by Cynthia Smith, then you would look at the titles of these works. For example, if one of the works is called Bird Tales and the other is called Zoo Life, then “Bird Tales” would come first in the list and “Zoo Life” would come second.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Treat hyphenated names as one name.\", \"描述\": \"In other words, use the first letter of the hyphenated name to alphabetize the name. Therefore, if you have the name \\\"Sheldon-Meyers,\\\" the name would be alphabetized under \\\"Sheldon.\\\"\\nIf you have a \\\"Sheldon\\\" and a \\\"Sheldon-Meyers,\\\" the shorter name always comes first, so \\\"Sheldon\\\" would come before \\\"Sheldon-Meyers.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Skip punctuation and spaces.\", \"描述\": \"When alphabetizing, you don't pay attention to things like accent marks, spaces, or capitalization. You just continue going letter-by-letter to alphabetize.\\nAs an example, if you have the name \\\"Mc Murry,\\\" you essentially treat it as \\\"Mcmurry\\\" for alphabetizing purposes.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Ignore unimportant words.\", \"描述\": \"Sometimes, you will be alphabetizing by title. When that's the case, you skip unimportant words at the beginning. The main unimportant words are articles, such as \\\"the,\\\" \\\"an,\\\" or \\\"a.\\\"\\nIn other words, if the title is \\\"The Cat Who Couldn't Sleep,\\\" you would file it under \\\"Cat.\\\" One of the reasons for this rule is that so many titles begin with articles that if they were alphabetized under those words, those sections would have too many titles to be useful for finding it later.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Applying the Basics of Bibliographical Alphabetization\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use the author's last name to alphabetize.\", \"描述\": \"In most style guidelines, the main way to alphabetize is to use the author's last name. If your book has more than one author, use the author whose name is listed first to alphabetize, though you will list all of the names in the citation.\\nFor instance, most citations begin with the author's last name, followed by the author's first name or initial, like this: Smith, Josie.\\nTherefore, you use \\\"Smith\\\" to place this citation in its proper place in the bibliography.\\nIf your book had two authors, it would be cited as \\\"Smith, Josie, and Roberta George.\\\" Therefore, it would still be alphabetized under \\\"Smith,\\\" unless Roberta George was listed first in the book. Use the title page as your guide.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Alphabetize the editor's name on anthologies.\", \"描述\": \"Certain works, such as anthologies, will have editors as the main attribution in place of author. In other words, the editor or editors put together a work by many authors, so when you're listing the complete work, you use the editor's name or editors' names in place of an author's name.\\nFor instance, if the editor's name was Jess Jacob, you would alphabetize the entry under Jacob, Jess.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Look at the title if the book has no author.\", \"描述\": \"Sometimes, a resource will not have a named author. If that's the case, you use the title of the resource to alphabetize the book in place of the author's last name.\\nFor instance, if the title of the resource is \\\"Cats and Their Sleeping Habits,\\\" you would file it under \\\"Cats.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"List works by the same author according to style guidelines.\", \"描述\": \"Sometimes you may end up with more than one work by the same author. If this happens, then you will need to list each work in a separate entry, but the way you go about doing this depends on the documentation style that you are using for the assignment. If you are not sure which style your instructor prefers, then make sure that you ask.\\n\\nAPA style. Create a normal APA style bibliography entry for each of the works, but place them in the order that they were published. For example, if one work was published in 1993 and another in 1997, then the 1993 work would come first.\\nMLA style. Start with a normal works cited page entry for the author’s work that comes first in the alphabet. For example, Pride and Prejudice would come before Sense and Sensibility in a list of works by Jane Austen. Then, start a new entry right after this entry, but begin it with two hyphens instead of listing the author’s last and first name again.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Alphabetizing the Bibliography\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Get your citations in order.\", \"描述\": \"Before you can alphabetize, you need to make sure you have your citations correct. To know exactly how to do a citation, you need to know what style guidelines your teacher or school requires. Some of the main styles are the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, the American Psychology Association (APA) style, and the Chicago Manual style.\\nFor instance, a basic citation in MLA will look something like this one: Smith, George. How Cats Behave. New York: Cat Publishing House, 1989. Print.\\nIn this instance, the author's name is George Smith. \\\"How Cats Behave\\\" is the title. \\\"New York\\\" is the city it was published in, and \\\"Cat Publishing House\\\" is the publisher, while \\\"1989\\\" is the year it was published. \\\"Print\\\" is the format it was published in.\\nIn Chicago Style, this citation would look this way in the bibliography: Smith, George. How Cats Behave. New York: Cat Publishing House, 1989. The basic style is fairly similar to MLA in the bibliography.\\nThe same citation would look like this in APA: Smith, G. (1989). How Cats Behave. New York: Cat Publishing House. Notice that this citation only uses the first initial of the author's name and moves the publication date closer to the beginning.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Alphabetize manually.\", \"描述\": \"The easiest way to alphabetize manually is to start with the \\\"A\\\"s. Find all the citations that start with an \\\"A,\\\" and pull them to the top. Sort them out so that they are alphabetical, then move on to the \\\"B\\\"s. Keep going until you've sorted all your citations.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Remember that you'll be alphabetizing citations that begin with author's names and titles all together.\", \"描述\": \"Your first citation, for example, could start with the title \\\"Aardvark Studies.\\\" This could be followed by a citation that starts with an author's name, like \\\"Abraham, Lindsay.\\\"\\nApply the alphabetizing rules as you go.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Sort with the word processing software.\", \"描述\": \"Another way to alphabetize is to let your word processing software do the work. Put your citations in as separate paragraphs, meaning you just have a line between each citation. Highlight the text. In Microsoft Office, click on the button under the \\\"Home\\\" ribbon that says \\\"AZ\\\" with a little arrow.\\nYou might also need to look under the \\\"Table\\\" menu to find the sort button. It will ask you how you want them sorted. Choose by paragraph and text in ascending order.\\nThe list will be sorted alphabetically, but you will need to format the citations with proper indentations and such still.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Use a bibliography generator.\", \"描述\": \"A final option is to use a bibliography generator. You put all the information for your citations into a generator. It makes sure the citations are correct in the style you need, then it spits out an alphabetized list ready for you to use.\\nHowever, it's important to check your citations when it's done, as these systems are not perfect.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,614 | How to Alphabetize in Google Docs: 4 Simple Methods | 1. Sorting Your Documents by Title
1-1. Open Google Docs.
If you’re using a computer, navigate to https://docs.google.com/ in your browser. On your phone or tablet, open the Google Docs app.
1-2. Click or tap the Sort Options menu button.
In the web version of Google Docs, look for an button on the top right side of the screen, just below the and above the list of . In the mobile app, look for a dropdown menu with a down arrow next to it on the top left of the list of documents. Tap this button to see your sorting options.
The default sorting option is .
1-3. Select Title or Name from the dropdown menu.
This will sort your docs by title in alphabetical order. Documents with titles that start with numbers or special characters will be listed first.
2. Alphabetizing Text within a Doc
2-1. Open your document
There’s no built-in way to alphabetize data in Google Docs. However, you can do it easily with an add-on. You’ll need to do this on your computer rather than the app version of Google Docs. Start by opening the doc with the data you want to alphabetize.
Some add-ons are available in the Google Docs app for Android. However, it’s a much more limited selection than what’s available for the web version.
2-2. Click on the Extensions menu.
Once your doc is open, click the drop-down menu at the top of the screen.
2-3. Select Add-ons.
In the menu, click or tap .
2-4. Choose Get add-ons.
Click the option in the submenu. This will open a pop-up window where you can search for and install new add-ons from the .
2-5. Install an add-on with sorting capabilities.
Use the text box at the top of the pop-up window to find the add-on you want to install. Two add-ons that will allow you to sort data within a Google Doc are and . To install the add-on of your choice:
Click the add-on in the search results.
Click the blue button.
Select to confirm that you want to install the add-on in Google Docs.
Choose your Google account in the window that pops up.
Click to allow the add-on to access your account.
A confirmation window will pop up once the add-on is successfully installed. Click .
2-6. Select the text you want to alphabetize.
In your Google Doc, select whichever text you are planning to sort into alphabetical order. In order for the add-on to sort the text, it will need to be arranged in a vertical list or formatted in paragraphs.
For example, if you write a sentence and select it, the add-on will not rearrange the words in alphabetical order. You’d have to put each word on a separate line.
You can also sort paragraphs alphabetically by the first word in each paragraph.
2-7. Choose your add-on from the Extensions menu.
With the text selected, open the menu again. Find your add-on in the drop-down menu and click it or hover your cursor over it to see your sorting options.
2-8. Click the alphabetizing option you want.
Depending on which add-on you are using, you’ll have a few different options for formatting your text. Once you select the option you want, the add-on will reorder your text. For example:
If you’re using the add-on, select to put the text in alphabetical order. Choose to put it in reverse alphabetical order.
In the add-on, choose for alphabetical order and for reverse alphabetical order.
3. Sorting Data Alphabetically in Google Sheets (Desktop)
3-1. Open your spreadsheet in Google Sheets.
You can sort data in the web or mobile version of Google Sheets, but doing it online gives you more options. To get started, navigate to https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets and open the document you want to edit.
3-2. Select the data you want to sort.
Click the letter at the top of a column to select the whole column. You can also select a range of cells by clicking the first cell in the range, then adding additional cells by clicking them while holding the ⇧ Shift key.
While you can also select data in rows instead of columns, Google Docs doesn’t allow you to sort alphabetically across rows. The sorting is column-based.
3-3. Click Data.
With your data selected, open the menu at the top of the document window.
3-4. Select Sort Range.
In the menu, click on or hover your cursor over it to display a sub-menu of sorting options.
3-5. Choose Sort range by column [letter] (A to Z).
For example, if the first column in your selected range is , you’ll see the option to . Click this option to put the first column in your selected range in alphabetical order.
Using this option will only sort the data in the first column. The order of the data in the adjacent columns will stay the same.
Choose for reverse alphabetical order.
3-6. Use Advanced range sorting options to sort multiple columns.
If you want to alphabetize multiple columns without sorting the whole sheet, you’ll need to use the advanced options tool. With the desired range of columns selected, click on , then click . From there:
Check the box next to if your columns have titles. This will prevent the titles from being sorted with the rest of the data.
Select the column you want to sort first from the drop-down menu, then select the sorting order ( or ).
Click to add the next column in your range that you’d like to sort, and select the sorting order you want for that column.
Click to apply the changes.
3-7. Select Sort sheet to sort the whole sheet based on a selected column.
The option alphabetizes the selected column while preserving the relative locations of the data in the adjacent columns. For instance, if you have a list of names in column A and associated dates in column B, this option would arrange the names alphabetically and would also reorder the matching dates in the next column so they stay paired with the original names. To do this:
Select the column you want to sort alphabetically.
Open the menu and select .
Choose the sorting order you want. For example, for alphabetical order, select . You can also sort in reverse alphabetical order.
4. Sorting Data Alphabetically in Google Sheets (Mobile)
4-1. Open your sheet in the Google Sheets app.
You can use the to quickly put a column in alphabetical order. To get started, launch on your phone or tablet and open the sheet you want to edit.
When you alphabetize a column in the Google Sheets app, the data in the adjacent columns will also be reordered so that your original rows are preserved. For instance, if you alphabetize a list of names in column A, the list of dates in column B will be reordered so they stay with the original names.
4-2. Tap a column letter to select a column.
Tap the letter at the top of the column you want to alphabetize.
4-3. Repeat the tap to open a menu.
Tap the column letter again to open a context menu. This menu will give you a few options for editing your data.
4-4. Touch the More button.
If you’re using the Android version of the app, tap to open additional menu options. In the iOS app, tap the until you see the options.
4-5. Select Sort A-Z.
Tap to put the data in the selected column in alphabetical order. You can also select to put the data in reverse alphabetical order.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:45",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Sorting Your Documents by Title\\n1-1. Open Google Docs.\\nIf you’re using a computer, navigate to https://docs.google.com/ in your browser. On your phone or tablet, open the Google Docs app.\\n1-2. Click or tap the Sort Options menu button.\\nIn the web version of Google Docs, look for an button on the top right side of the screen, just below the and above the list of . In the mobile app, look for a dropdown menu with a down arrow next to it on the top left of the list of documents. Tap this button to see your sorting options.\\nThe default sorting option is .\\n1-3. Select Title or Name from the dropdown menu.\\nThis will sort your docs by title in alphabetical order. Documents with titles that start with numbers or special characters will be listed first.\\n2. Alphabetizing Text within a Doc\\n2-1. Open your document\\nThere’s no built-in way to alphabetize data in Google Docs. However, you can do it easily with an add-on. You’ll need to do this on your computer rather than the app version of Google Docs. Start by opening the doc with the data you want to alphabetize.\\nSome add-ons are available in the Google Docs app for Android. However, it’s a much more limited selection than what’s available for the web version.\\n2-2. Click on the Extensions menu.\\nOnce your doc is open, click the drop-down menu at the top of the screen.\\n2-3. Select Add-ons.\\nIn the menu, click or tap .\\n2-4. Choose Get add-ons.\\nClick the option in the submenu. This will open a pop-up window where you can search for and install new add-ons from the .\\n2-5. Install an add-on with sorting capabilities.\\nUse the text box at the top of the pop-up window to find the add-on you want to install. Two add-ons that will allow you to sort data within a Google Doc are and . To install the add-on of your choice:\\nClick the add-on in the search results.\\nClick the blue button.\\nSelect to confirm that you want to install the add-on in Google Docs.\\nChoose your Google account in the window that pops up.\\nClick to allow the add-on to access your account.\\nA confirmation window will pop up once the add-on is successfully installed. Click .\\n2-6. Select the text you want to alphabetize.\\nIn your Google Doc, select whichever text you are planning to sort into alphabetical order. In order for the add-on to sort the text, it will need to be arranged in a vertical list or formatted in paragraphs.\\nFor example, if you write a sentence and select it, the add-on will not rearrange the words in alphabetical order. You’d have to put each word on a separate line.\\nYou can also sort paragraphs alphabetically by the first word in each paragraph.\\n2-7. Choose your add-on from the Extensions menu.\\nWith the text selected, open the menu again. Find your add-on in the drop-down menu and click it or hover your cursor over it to see your sorting options.\\n2-8. Click the alphabetizing option you want.\\nDepending on which add-on you are using, you’ll have a few different options for formatting your text. Once you select the option you want, the add-on will reorder your text. For example:\\nIf you’re using the add-on, select to put the text in alphabetical order. Choose to put it in reverse alphabetical order.\\nIn the add-on, choose for alphabetical order and for reverse alphabetical order.\\n3. Sorting Data Alphabetically in Google Sheets (Desktop)\\n3-1. Open your spreadsheet in Google Sheets.\\nYou can sort data in the web or mobile version of Google Sheets, but doing it online gives you more options. To get started, navigate to https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets and open the document you want to edit.\\n3-2. Select the data you want to sort.\\nClick the letter at the top of a column to select the whole column. You can also select a range of cells by clicking the first cell in the range, then adding additional cells by clicking them while holding the ⇧ Shift key.\\nWhile you can also select data in rows instead of columns, Google Docs doesn’t allow you to sort alphabetically across rows. The sorting is column-based.\\n3-3. Click Data.\\nWith your data selected, open the menu at the top of the document window.\\n3-4. Select Sort Range.\\nIn the menu, click on or hover your cursor over it to display a sub-menu of sorting options.\\n3-5. Choose Sort range by column [letter] (A to Z).\\nFor example, if the first column in your selected range is , you’ll see the option to . Click this option to put the first column in your selected range in alphabetical order.\\nUsing this option will only sort the data in the first column. The order of the data in the adjacent columns will stay the same.\\nChoose for reverse alphabetical order.\\n3-6. Use Advanced range sorting options to sort multiple columns.\\nIf you want to alphabetize multiple columns without sorting the whole sheet, you’ll need to use the advanced options tool. With the desired range of columns selected, click on , then click . From there:\\nCheck the box next to if your columns have titles. This will prevent the titles from being sorted with the rest of the data.\\nSelect the column you want to sort first from the drop-down menu, then select the sorting order ( or ).\\nClick to add the next column in your range that you’d like to sort, and select the sorting order you want for that column.\\nClick to apply the changes.\\n3-7. Select Sort sheet to sort the whole sheet based on a selected column.\\nThe option alphabetizes the selected column while preserving the relative locations of the data in the adjacent columns. For instance, if you have a list of names in column A and associated dates in column B, this option would arrange the names alphabetically and would also reorder the matching dates in the next column so they stay paired with the original names. To do this:\\nSelect the column you want to sort alphabetically.\\nOpen the menu and select .\\nChoose the sorting order you want. For example, for alphabetical order, select . You can also sort in reverse alphabetical order.\\n4. Sorting Data Alphabetically in Google Sheets (Mobile)\\n4-1. Open your sheet in the Google Sheets app.\\nYou can use the to quickly put a column in alphabetical order. To get started, launch on your phone or tablet and open the sheet you want to edit.\\nWhen you alphabetize a column in the Google Sheets app, the data in the adjacent columns will also be reordered so that your original rows are preserved. For instance, if you alphabetize a list of names in column A, the list of dates in column B will be reordered so they stay with the original names.\\n4-2. Tap a column letter to select a column.\\nTap the letter at the top of the column you want to alphabetize.\\n4-3. Repeat the tap to open a menu.\\nTap the column letter again to open a context menu. This menu will give you a few options for editing your data.\\n4-4. Touch the More button.\\nIf you’re using the Android version of the app, tap to open additional menu options. In the iOS app, tap the until you see the options.\\n4-5. Select Sort A-Z.\\nTap to put the data in the selected column in alphabetical order. You can also select to put the data in reverse alphabetical order.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Whether you want to organize all your docs in alphabetical order or sort a list of data within a document, alphabetizing in Google Docs is pretty simple. In this article, we’ll talk you through the best ways to alphabetize in Google Docs and Google Sheets, using both the web-based versions and the Android or iOS apps.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Sorting Your Documents by Title\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Google Docs.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re using a computer, navigate to https://docs.google.com/ in your browser. On your phone or tablet, open the Google Docs app.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click or tap the Sort Options menu button.\", \"描述\": \"In the web version of Google Docs, look for an button on the top right side of the screen, just below the and above the list of . In the mobile app, look for a dropdown menu with a down arrow next to it on the top left of the list of documents. Tap this button to see your sorting options.\\nThe default sorting option is .\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Select Title or Name from the dropdown menu.\", \"描述\": \"This will sort your docs by title in alphabetical order. Documents with titles that start with numbers or special characters will be listed first.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Alphabetizing Text within a Doc\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open your document\", \"描述\": \"There’s no built-in way to alphabetize data in Google Docs. However, you can do it easily with an add-on. You’ll need to do this on your computer rather than the app version of Google Docs. Start by opening the doc with the data you want to alphabetize.\\nSome add-ons are available in the Google Docs app for Android. However, it’s a much more limited selection than what’s available for the web version.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click on the Extensions menu.\", \"描述\": \"Once your doc is open, click the drop-down menu at the top of the screen.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Select Add-ons.\", \"描述\": \"In the menu, click or tap .\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Choose Get add-ons.\", \"描述\": \"Click the option in the submenu. This will open a pop-up window where you can search for and install new add-ons from the .\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Install an add-on with sorting capabilities.\", \"描述\": \"Use the text box at the top of the pop-up window to find the add-on you want to install. Two add-ons that will allow you to sort data within a Google Doc are and . To install the add-on of your choice:\\nClick the add-on in the search results.\\nClick the blue button.\\nSelect to confirm that you want to install the add-on in Google Docs.\\nChoose your Google account in the window that pops up.\\nClick to allow the add-on to access your account.\\nA confirmation window will pop up once the add-on is successfully installed. Click .\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Select the text you want to alphabetize.\", \"描述\": \"In your Google Doc, select whichever text you are planning to sort into alphabetical order. In order for the add-on to sort the text, it will need to be arranged in a vertical list or formatted in paragraphs.\\nFor example, if you write a sentence and select it, the add-on will not rearrange the words in alphabetical order. You’d have to put each word on a separate line.\\nYou can also sort paragraphs alphabetically by the first word in each paragraph.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Choose your add-on from the Extensions menu.\", \"描述\": \"With the text selected, open the menu again. Find your add-on in the drop-down menu and click it or hover your cursor over it to see your sorting options.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Click the alphabetizing option you want.\", \"描述\": \"Depending on which add-on you are using, you’ll have a few different options for formatting your text. Once you select the option you want, the add-on will reorder your text. For example:\\nIf you’re using the add-on, select to put the text in alphabetical order. Choose to put it in reverse alphabetical order.\\nIn the add-on, choose for alphabetical order and for reverse alphabetical order.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Sorting Data Alphabetically in Google Sheets (Desktop)\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open your spreadsheet in Google Sheets.\", \"描述\": \"You can sort data in the web or mobile version of Google Sheets, but doing it online gives you more options. To get started, navigate to https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets and open the document you want to edit.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Select the data you want to sort.\", \"描述\": \"Click the letter at the top of a column to select the whole column. You can also select a range of cells by clicking the first cell in the range, then adding additional cells by clicking them while holding the ⇧ Shift key.\\nWhile you can also select data in rows instead of columns, Google Docs doesn’t allow you to sort alphabetically across rows. The sorting is column-based.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click Data.\", \"描述\": \"With your data selected, open the menu at the top of the document window.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Select Sort Range.\", \"描述\": \"In the menu, click on or hover your cursor over it to display a sub-menu of sorting options.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Choose Sort range by column [letter] (A to Z).\", \"描述\": \"For example, if the first column in your selected range is , you’ll see the option to . Click this option to put the first column in your selected range in alphabetical order.\\nUsing this option will only sort the data in the first column. The order of the data in the adjacent columns will stay the same.\\nChoose for reverse alphabetical order.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Use Advanced range sorting options to sort multiple columns.\", \"描述\": \"If you want to alphabetize multiple columns without sorting the whole sheet, you’ll need to use the advanced options tool. With the desired range of columns selected, click on , then click . From there:\\nCheck the box next to if your columns have titles. This will prevent the titles from being sorted with the rest of the data.\\nSelect the column you want to sort first from the drop-down menu, then select the sorting order ( or ).\\nClick to add the next column in your range that you’d like to sort, and select the sorting order you want for that column.\\nClick to apply the changes.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Select Sort sheet to sort the whole sheet based on a selected column.\", \"描述\": \"The option alphabetizes the selected column while preserving the relative locations of the data in the adjacent columns. For instance, if you have a list of names in column A and associated dates in column B, this option would arrange the names alphabetically and would also reorder the matching dates in the next column so they stay paired with the original names. To do this:\\nSelect the column you want to sort alphabetically.\\nOpen the menu and select .\\nChoose the sorting order you want. For example, for alphabetical order, select . You can also sort in reverse alphabetical order.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Sorting Data Alphabetically in Google Sheets (Mobile)\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open your sheet in the Google Sheets app.\", \"描述\": \"You can use the to quickly put a column in alphabetical order. To get started, launch on your phone or tablet and open the sheet you want to edit.\\nWhen you alphabetize a column in the Google Sheets app, the data in the adjacent columns will also be reordered so that your original rows are preserved. For instance, if you alphabetize a list of names in column A, the list of dates in column B will be reordered so they stay with the original names.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tap a column letter to select a column.\", \"描述\": \"Tap the letter at the top of the column you want to alphabetize.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Repeat the tap to open a menu.\", \"描述\": \"Tap the column letter again to open a context menu. This menu will give you a few options for editing your data.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Touch the More button.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re using the Android version of the app, tap to open additional menu options. In the iOS app, tap the until you see the options.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Select Sort A-Z.\", \"描述\": \"Tap to put the data in the selected column in alphabetical order. You can also select to put the data in reverse alphabetical order.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,615 | How to Alphabetize in Microsoft Word | 1. Using Word 2007/2010/2013
1-1. Open the file that you want to sort.
You can also copy and paste the list of words that you want to sort into a document. In order to alphabetize the words, they need to be formatted as a list, with each entry on its own line.
1-2. Select the text that you want to sort.
If your list is the only part of your document, you don't need to highlight anything. If you want to alphabetize a list that is part of a larger document, highlight the section that you want to sort.
1-3. Click the Home tab.
In the Paragraph section of the Home tab, click the Sort button. The icon is an “A” above a “Z” with an arrow pointing down. This will open the Sort Text dialogue box.
1-4. Choose your order.
By default, the sorting will happen by paragraph. Click the Ascending or Descending button to select which order the list should appear. Ascending will put the list in alphabetical order, and Descending will put the list in reverse alphabetical order.
If you want to sort by the second word for each entry (for example, by last name in a FIRST, LAST format), click the Options button in the Sort Text window. In the “Separate fields by” section, select Other and enter a single space. Press OK, and then select Word 2 in the Sort By menu. Press OK to sort the list.
2. Using Word 2003 and Earlier
2-1. Open the file that you want to sort.
You can also copy and paste the list of words that you want to sort into a document. In order to alphabetize the words, they need to be formatted as a list, with each entry on its own line.
2-2. Select the text that you want to sort.
If your list is the only part of your document, you don't need to highlight anything. If you want to alphabetize a list that is part of a larger document, highlight the section that you want to sort.
2-3. Click the Table menu.
Select Sort. This will open the Sort Text dialogue box.
2-4. Choose your order.
By default, the sorting will happen by paragraph. Click the Ascending or Descending button to select which order the list should appear. Ascending will put the list in alphabetical order, and Descending will put the list in reverse alphabetical order.
If you want to sort by the second word for each entry (for example, by last name in a FIRST, LAST format), click the Options button in the Sort Text window. In the “Separate fields by” section, select Other and enter a single space. Press OK, and then select Word 2 in the Sort By menu. Press OK to sort the list.
Tips
You may need to click on the arrow pointing down at the bottom of an MS Word menu (such as the Table menu) in order to expand the menu and see all of the options.
You can use MS Word as a sorting tool to alphabetize text in any software that allows you to paste text. Just alphabetize in Microsoft Word first and then copy the sorted list and paste it at other destinations.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:45",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Using Word 2007/2010/2013\\n1-1. Open the file that you want to sort.\\nYou can also copy and paste the list of words that you want to sort into a document. In order to alphabetize the words, they need to be formatted as a list, with each entry on its own line.\\n1-2. Select the text that you want to sort.\\nIf your list is the only part of your document, you don't need to highlight anything. If you want to alphabetize a list that is part of a larger document, highlight the section that you want to sort.\\n1-3. Click the Home tab.\\nIn the Paragraph section of the Home tab, click the Sort button. The icon is an “A” above a “Z” with an arrow pointing down. This will open the Sort Text dialogue box.\\n1-4. Choose your order.\\nBy default, the sorting will happen by paragraph. Click the Ascending or Descending button to select which order the list should appear. Ascending will put the list in alphabetical order, and Descending will put the list in reverse alphabetical order.\\nIf you want to sort by the second word for each entry (for example, by last name in a FIRST, LAST format), click the Options button in the Sort Text window. In the “Separate fields by” section, select Other and enter a single space. Press OK, and then select Word 2 in the Sort By menu. Press OK to sort the list.\\n2. Using Word 2003 and Earlier\\n2-1. Open the file that you want to sort.\\nYou can also copy and paste the list of words that you want to sort into a document. In order to alphabetize the words, they need to be formatted as a list, with each entry on its own line.\\n2-2. Select the text that you want to sort.\\nIf your list is the only part of your document, you don't need to highlight anything. If you want to alphabetize a list that is part of a larger document, highlight the section that you want to sort.\\n2-3. Click the Table menu.\\nSelect Sort. This will open the Sort Text dialogue box.\\n2-4. Choose your order.\\nBy default, the sorting will happen by paragraph. Click the Ascending or Descending button to select which order the list should appear. Ascending will put the list in alphabetical order, and Descending will put the list in reverse alphabetical order.\\nIf you want to sort by the second word for each entry (for example, by last name in a FIRST, LAST format), click the Options button in the Sort Text window. In the “Separate fields by” section, select Other and enter a single space. Press OK, and then select Word 2 in the Sort By menu. Press OK to sort the list.\\nTips\\nYou may need to click on the arrow pointing down at the bottom of an MS Word menu (such as the Table menu) in order to expand the menu and see all of the options.\\nYou can use MS Word as a sorting tool to alphabetize text in any software that allows you to paste text. Just alphabetize in Microsoft Word first and then copy the sorted list and paste it at other destinations.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Alphabetizing lists is a good skill to learn in word, especially if you find yourself dealing with directories and lists often. Luckily, the sorting process is quite simple once you learn how to access it. Follow this guide to learn how for any version of Word.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Using Word 2007/2010/2013\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open the file that you want to sort.\", \"描述\": \"You can also copy and paste the list of words that you want to sort into a document. In order to alphabetize the words, they need to be formatted as a list, with each entry on its own line.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Select the text that you want to sort.\", \"描述\": \"If your list is the only part of your document, you don't need to highlight anything. If you want to alphabetize a list that is part of a larger document, highlight the section that you want to sort.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click the Home tab.\", \"描述\": \"In the Paragraph section of the Home tab, click the Sort button. The icon is an “A” above a “Z” with an arrow pointing down. This will open the Sort Text dialogue box.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Choose your order.\", \"描述\": \"By default, the sorting will happen by paragraph. Click the Ascending or Descending button to select which order the list should appear. Ascending will put the list in alphabetical order, and Descending will put the list in reverse alphabetical order.\\nIf you want to sort by the second word for each entry (for example, by last name in a FIRST, LAST format), click the Options button in the Sort Text window. In the “Separate fields by” section, select Other and enter a single space. Press OK, and then select Word 2 in the Sort By menu. Press OK to sort the list.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Using Word 2003 and Earlier\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open the file that you want to sort.\", \"描述\": \"You can also copy and paste the list of words that you want to sort into a document. In order to alphabetize the words, they need to be formatted as a list, with each entry on its own line.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Select the text that you want to sort.\", \"描述\": \"If your list is the only part of your document, you don't need to highlight anything. If you want to alphabetize a list that is part of a larger document, highlight the section that you want to sort.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click the Table menu.\", \"描述\": \"Select Sort. This will open the Sort Text dialogue box.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Choose your order.\", \"描述\": \"By default, the sorting will happen by paragraph. Click the Ascending or Descending button to select which order the list should appear. Ascending will put the list in alphabetical order, and Descending will put the list in reverse alphabetical order.\\nIf you want to sort by the second word for each entry (for example, by last name in a FIRST, LAST format), click the Options button in the Sort Text window. In the “Separate fields by” section, select Other and enter a single space. Press OK, and then select Word 2 in the Sort By menu. Press OK to sort the list.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"You may need to click on the arrow pointing down at the bottom of an MS Word menu (such as the Table menu) in order to expand the menu and see all of the options.\\n\", \"You can use MS Word as a sorting tool to alphabetize text in any software that allows you to paste text. Just alphabetize in Microsoft Word first and then copy the sorted list and paste it at other destinations.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,616 | How to Alpine Ski if You Are a Beginner | 1. Equipment
1-1. Pick skis that are shorter than you.
Look at a ski size chart to see what size you should get ahead of time. You can also stand the skis on their end and pick ones that are about 13cm (5 inches) shorter than you. Shorter skis are easily to learn on than long skis.
The longer the skis are that you choose are, the more finesse it will take to slow down and turn because you have more ski to move.
1-2. Make sure the boots are tight and do not slip around.
Try ski boots on while wearing ski socks, as these are thicker than normal socks. When you first put your boots on, your toes may feel crunched, but this is normal and it will go away. Once the boots are strapped up, you should be able to barely wiggle your toes but your whole foot should be secure.
Ski boots should be tight but not to such a point that your feet are uncomfortable. There is a fine line between the perfect fit and boots that are too small.
Ski boot sizes are not directly related to sneaker sizes. You should ask an employee at the ski park to assist you with choosing the right boots.
Make sure you can walk around in the boots without your calves feeling pinched.
1-3. Grab a set of poles.
Ski poles are used to help you balance and turn. Choose a set of poles that come roughly to your ribs or chest. Find poles that have grips you are comfortable with.
Skis.com has a chart for pole length depending on skier height
Note that most ski resorts teach kids to ski without poles. They aren't necessary for beginners, and are an awkward accessory when beginning to ski. That being said, it may help to get used to them sooner, but they can be easily lost.
1-4. Choose warm but breathable clothes.
Wear layers but avoid clothes that are too bulky. You are still exercising, so you will probably sweat. The exact amount or type of clothes is personal preference.
Wear a tight polyester t-shirt that is breathable as your base layer. Wear a fleece or polyester mid-layer that will keep you warm. Your top layer should be a waterproof jacket, if possible, but not a bulky one that restricts movement.
For pants, you might wear long underwear with waterproof snow pants on top.
Wear warm, wool socks that are comfortable on your feet.
1-5. Wear a helmet and gloves.
Skiing can make you cold for two reasons. The temperature on ski slopes tends to be low anyway given the fact that there is snow on the ground. You are also racing through the air at high speeds which makes you colder. Choose a helmet and gloves that fit snug on your head and hands.
Wear waterproof gloves if you can because you might fall and get snow on them.
Wear a balaclava that completely covers your head and fits well.
Wear a helmet over the balaclava to protect your skull from things you might run into. Some ski places may offer helmet rentals.
You may also choose to wear a hat, but some ski resorts may require helmets for terrain parks. Hats are generally not as popular as they used to be, because of the increased awareness for head injuries.
1-6. Protect yourself.
Wear goggles to protect your eyes from wind burn and to protect your eyes from sunburn. A whole day of wind blowing in your eyes can cause harm to them. Despite the cold, it is possible that you’ll get sunburn from the glare off of the snow. Wear sunscreen to protect your face. Helmets are also a good idea to protect your head in case you fall.
2. Stance
2-1. Set your feet hip-width apart.
The basic stance for skiing, especially for a beginner, is to keep your legs in line with your hips. As you get the feel on the slopes, you can move your feet farther apart or closer together. Keep your skis mostly parallel but with your toes pointed slightly inward.
2-2. Bend your knees.
Skiing uses the same basic athletic stance as most other sports. It is important to bend your knees because it improves your balance and it helps you take on the impact of bumps in the slope.
Your ski boots will restrict how much you can bend your knees, but you only need to bend them slightly.
2-3. Keep a centered and balanced stance.
Move your weight onto the balls of your feet. Stay off your heels and resist leaning back. You will be leaning forward since your body is angled down the slope, but don’t lean too far forward. Keeping your balance centered on your feet will keep you going straight.
Leaning left or right will make you turn and leaning too far forward or backward will throw your balance off, causing you to fall.
3. Basic Skills
3-1. Turn by lifting the ski on the side you want to turn toward.
There are a number of ways to turn, but one of the simplest is to lift one ski just off of the snow. This will turn your body in that direction. So if you want to turn to the left, slightly lift your left ski. If you want to turn right, slightly lift your right ski.
Also turn by twisting your hips in the direction you want to go. Twisting your hips will turn your skis in the direction you want to go.
You can also try pushing down harder on the ski opposite to the direction you want to turn. To turn left, push down on the right-side ski, and the edges of your skis will turn you.
3-2. Stop by pointing your toes toward each other.
The simplest stopping technique is the wedge or snowplow method. Turn the front tips of your skis so they are close together, and the back tips are far away from each other, a shape like a slice of pizza or a wedge. To stop completely, get the back of your skis as far apart as you can without having the front tips touching each other.
Point your toes toward each other gradually. If you point your toes together with a quick movement you are likely to throw off your balance.
Practice stopping from slow speeds until you get the hang of it.
How early you slow down depends on how long the hill is and how fast you are going. For small hills, you should slow down in the last 20 yards or so. On larger hills at higher speeds, look to slow down in the last 20% of the hill.
3-3. Take a ski lesson.
Doing online research is great, but nothing beats having an instructor to give you specific instruction and feedback. Sign up for lessons before you get to the ski resort or ask about beginner classes when you arrive.
You may have the option of group classes with other beginners or private lessons, which usually cost more.
4. First Run
4-1. Learn about slope ratings.
Ski parks post signs that tell you the difficulty level of each slope so you can stick to runs that fit your skill level. Look for signs at the ski park you are at to see what system they use.
Common slope ratings go from green circle (easy) to black diamond (hard).
If you can’t find a sign with slope ratings, don’t be afraid to ask an attendant what the rating system is or what some good slopes are for beginners.
4-2. Go slow while you get the hang of it.
You will not be an expert on your first run, so don’t try to tackle the biggest slopes in record speed when you start skiing. Use the wedge or snowplow technique to keep yourself moving at a slow speed until you master slowing, turning, and stopping.
Stop on the hill if you feel like you are picking up too much speed. You can start again and finish the hill. Be sure that you stop on the side of the trail, so other people can avoid running into you.
4-3. Start slowing down before you get to the bottom.
Coming to a complete stop is one of the harder things to get used to when you begin skiing. To keep yourself and others safe, practice stopping long before you get to the very bottom of the hill.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:45",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Equipment\\n1-1. Pick skis that are shorter than you.\\nLook at a ski size chart to see what size you should get ahead of time. You can also stand the skis on their end and pick ones that are about 13cm (5 inches) shorter than you. Shorter skis are easily to learn on than long skis.\\nThe longer the skis are that you choose are, the more finesse it will take to slow down and turn because you have more ski to move.\\n1-2. Make sure the boots are tight and do not slip around.\\nTry ski boots on while wearing ski socks, as these are thicker than normal socks. When you first put your boots on, your toes may feel crunched, but this is normal and it will go away. Once the boots are strapped up, you should be able to barely wiggle your toes but your whole foot should be secure.\\nSki boots should be tight but not to such a point that your feet are uncomfortable. There is a fine line between the perfect fit and boots that are too small.\\nSki boot sizes are not directly related to sneaker sizes. You should ask an employee at the ski park to assist you with choosing the right boots.\\nMake sure you can walk around in the boots without your calves feeling pinched.\\n1-3. Grab a set of poles.\\nSki poles are used to help you balance and turn. Choose a set of poles that come roughly to your ribs or chest. Find poles that have grips you are comfortable with.\\nSkis.com has a chart for pole length depending on skier height\\nNote that most ski resorts teach kids to ski without poles. They aren't necessary for beginners, and are an awkward accessory when beginning to ski. That being said, it may help to get used to them sooner, but they can be easily lost.\\n1-4. Choose warm but breathable clothes.\\nWear layers but avoid clothes that are too bulky. You are still exercising, so you will probably sweat. The exact amount or type of clothes is personal preference.\\nWear a tight polyester t-shirt that is breathable as your base layer. Wear a fleece or polyester mid-layer that will keep you warm. Your top layer should be a waterproof jacket, if possible, but not a bulky one that restricts movement.\\nFor pants, you might wear long underwear with waterproof snow pants on top.\\nWear warm, wool socks that are comfortable on your feet.\\n1-5. Wear a helmet and gloves.\\nSkiing can make you cold for two reasons. The temperature on ski slopes tends to be low anyway given the fact that there is snow on the ground. You are also racing through the air at high speeds which makes you colder. Choose a helmet and gloves that fit snug on your head and hands.\\nWear waterproof gloves if you can because you might fall and get snow on them.\\nWear a balaclava that completely covers your head and fits well.\\nWear a helmet over the balaclava to protect your skull from things you might run into. Some ski places may offer helmet rentals.\\nYou may also choose to wear a hat, but some ski resorts may require helmets for terrain parks. Hats are generally not as popular as they used to be, because of the increased awareness for head injuries.\\n1-6. Protect yourself.\\nWear goggles to protect your eyes from wind burn and to protect your eyes from sunburn. A whole day of wind blowing in your eyes can cause harm to them. Despite the cold, it is possible that you’ll get sunburn from the glare off of the snow. Wear sunscreen to protect your face. Helmets are also a good idea to protect your head in case you fall.\\n2. Stance\\n2-1. Set your feet hip-width apart.\\nThe basic stance for skiing, especially for a beginner, is to keep your legs in line with your hips. As you get the feel on the slopes, you can move your feet farther apart or closer together. Keep your skis mostly parallel but with your toes pointed slightly inward.\\n2-2. Bend your knees.\\nSkiing uses the same basic athletic stance as most other sports. It is important to bend your knees because it improves your balance and it helps you take on the impact of bumps in the slope.\\nYour ski boots will restrict how much you can bend your knees, but you only need to bend them slightly.\\n2-3. Keep a centered and balanced stance.\\nMove your weight onto the balls of your feet. Stay off your heels and resist leaning back. You will be leaning forward since your body is angled down the slope, but don’t lean too far forward. Keeping your balance centered on your feet will keep you going straight.\\nLeaning left or right will make you turn and leaning too far forward or backward will throw your balance off, causing you to fall.\\n3. Basic Skills\\n3-1. Turn by lifting the ski on the side you want to turn toward.\\nThere are a number of ways to turn, but one of the simplest is to lift one ski just off of the snow. This will turn your body in that direction. So if you want to turn to the left, slightly lift your left ski. If you want to turn right, slightly lift your right ski.\\nAlso turn by twisting your hips in the direction you want to go. Twisting your hips will turn your skis in the direction you want to go.\\nYou can also try pushing down harder on the ski opposite to the direction you want to turn. To turn left, push down on the right-side ski, and the edges of your skis will turn you.\\n3-2. Stop by pointing your toes toward each other.\\nThe simplest stopping technique is the wedge or snowplow method. Turn the front tips of your skis so they are close together, and the back tips are far away from each other, a shape like a slice of pizza or a wedge. To stop completely, get the back of your skis as far apart as you can without having the front tips touching each other.\\nPoint your toes toward each other gradually. If you point your toes together with a quick movement you are likely to throw off your balance.\\nPractice stopping from slow speeds until you get the hang of it.\\nHow early you slow down depends on how long the hill is and how fast you are going. For small hills, you should slow down in the last 20 yards or so. On larger hills at higher speeds, look to slow down in the last 20% of the hill.\\n3-3. Take a ski lesson.\\nDoing online research is great, but nothing beats having an instructor to give you specific instruction and feedback. Sign up for lessons before you get to the ski resort or ask about beginner classes when you arrive.\\nYou may have the option of group classes with other beginners or private lessons, which usually cost more.\\n4. First Run\\n4-1. Learn about slope ratings.\\nSki parks post signs that tell you the difficulty level of each slope so you can stick to runs that fit your skill level. Look for signs at the ski park you are at to see what system they use.\\nCommon slope ratings go from green circle (easy) to black diamond (hard).\\nIf you can’t find a sign with slope ratings, don’t be afraid to ask an attendant what the rating system is or what some good slopes are for beginners.\\n4-2. Go slow while you get the hang of it.\\nYou will not be an expert on your first run, so don’t try to tackle the biggest slopes in record speed when you start skiing. Use the wedge or snowplow technique to keep yourself moving at a slow speed until you master slowing, turning, and stopping.\\nStop on the hill if you feel like you are picking up too much speed. You can start again and finish the hill. Be sure that you stop on the side of the trail, so other people can avoid running into you.\\n4-3. Start slowing down before you get to the bottom.\\nComing to a complete stop is one of the harder things to get used to when you begin skiing. To keep yourself and others safe, practice stopping long before you get to the very bottom of the hill.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Skiing is a hobby loved by many people, but it can be dangerous if you jump in without the proper equipment and skills. Choose skis, boots, and poles that fit your height. Get into your stance with feet hip width apart and knees bent. Learn to turn and stop by taking lessons from a ski instructor. Check the slope ratings and stick to the beginner slopes, go slow at first, and always stop before you are at the bottom of the hill.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Equipment\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Pick skis that are shorter than you.\", \"描述\": \"Look at a ski size chart to see what size you should get ahead of time. You can also stand the skis on their end and pick ones that are about 13cm (5 inches) shorter than you. Shorter skis are easily to learn on than long skis.\\nThe longer the skis are that you choose are, the more finesse it will take to slow down and turn because you have more ski to move.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Make sure the boots are tight and do not slip around.\", \"描述\": \"Try ski boots on while wearing ski socks, as these are thicker than normal socks. When you first put your boots on, your toes may feel crunched, but this is normal and it will go away. Once the boots are strapped up, you should be able to barely wiggle your toes but your whole foot should be secure.\\nSki boots should be tight but not to such a point that your feet are uncomfortable. There is a fine line between the perfect fit and boots that are too small.\\nSki boot sizes are not directly related to sneaker sizes. You should ask an employee at the ski park to assist you with choosing the right boots.\\nMake sure you can walk around in the boots without your calves feeling pinched.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Grab a set of poles.\", \"描述\": \"Ski poles are used to help you balance and turn. Choose a set of poles that come roughly to your ribs or chest. Find poles that have grips you are comfortable with.\\nSkis.com has a chart for pole length depending on skier height\\nNote that most ski resorts teach kids to ski without poles. They aren't necessary for beginners, and are an awkward accessory when beginning to ski. That being said, it may help to get used to them sooner, but they can be easily lost.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Choose warm but breathable clothes.\", \"描述\": \"Wear layers but avoid clothes that are too bulky. You are still exercising, so you will probably sweat. The exact amount or type of clothes is personal preference.\\nWear a tight polyester t-shirt that is breathable as your base layer. Wear a fleece or polyester mid-layer that will keep you warm. Your top layer should be a waterproof jacket, if possible, but not a bulky one that restricts movement.\\nFor pants, you might wear long underwear with waterproof snow pants on top.\\nWear warm, wool socks that are comfortable on your feet.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Wear a helmet and gloves.\", \"描述\": \"Skiing can make you cold for two reasons. The temperature on ski slopes tends to be low anyway given the fact that there is snow on the ground. You are also racing through the air at high speeds which makes you colder. Choose a helmet and gloves that fit snug on your head and hands.\\nWear waterproof gloves if you can because you might fall and get snow on them.\\nWear a balaclava that completely covers your head and fits well.\\nWear a helmet over the balaclava to protect your skull from things you might run into. Some ski places may offer helmet rentals.\\nYou may also choose to wear a hat, but some ski resorts may require helmets for terrain parks. Hats are generally not as popular as they used to be, because of the increased awareness for head injuries.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Protect yourself.\", \"描述\": \"Wear goggles to protect your eyes from wind burn and to protect your eyes from sunburn. A whole day of wind blowing in your eyes can cause harm to them. Despite the cold, it is possible that you’ll get sunburn from the glare off of the snow. Wear sunscreen to protect your face. Helmets are also a good idea to protect your head in case you fall.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Stance\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Set your feet hip-width apart.\", \"描述\": \"The basic stance for skiing, especially for a beginner, is to keep your legs in line with your hips. As you get the feel on the slopes, you can move your feet farther apart or closer together. Keep your skis mostly parallel but with your toes pointed slightly inward.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Bend your knees.\", \"描述\": \"Skiing uses the same basic athletic stance as most other sports. It is important to bend your knees because it improves your balance and it helps you take on the impact of bumps in the slope.\\nYour ski boots will restrict how much you can bend your knees, but you only need to bend them slightly.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Keep a centered and balanced stance.\", \"描述\": \"Move your weight onto the balls of your feet. Stay off your heels and resist leaning back. You will be leaning forward since your body is angled down the slope, but don’t lean too far forward. Keeping your balance centered on your feet will keep you going straight.\\nLeaning left or right will make you turn and leaning too far forward or backward will throw your balance off, causing you to fall.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Basic Skills\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Turn by lifting the ski on the side you want to turn toward.\", \"描述\": \"There are a number of ways to turn, but one of the simplest is to lift one ski just off of the snow. This will turn your body in that direction. So if you want to turn to the left, slightly lift your left ski. If you want to turn right, slightly lift your right ski.\\nAlso turn by twisting your hips in the direction you want to go. Twisting your hips will turn your skis in the direction you want to go.\\nYou can also try pushing down harder on the ski opposite to the direction you want to turn. To turn left, push down on the right-side ski, and the edges of your skis will turn you.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Stop by pointing your toes toward each other.\", \"描述\": \"The simplest stopping technique is the wedge or snowplow method. Turn the front tips of your skis so they are close together, and the back tips are far away from each other, a shape like a slice of pizza or a wedge. To stop completely, get the back of your skis as far apart as you can without having the front tips touching each other.\\nPoint your toes toward each other gradually. If you point your toes together with a quick movement you are likely to throw off your balance.\\nPractice stopping from slow speeds until you get the hang of it.\\nHow early you slow down depends on how long the hill is and how fast you are going. For small hills, you should slow down in the last 20 yards or so. On larger hills at higher speeds, look to slow down in the last 20% of the hill.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Take a ski lesson.\", \"描述\": \"Doing online research is great, but nothing beats having an instructor to give you specific instruction and feedback. Sign up for lessons before you get to the ski resort or ask about beginner classes when you arrive.\\nYou may have the option of group classes with other beginners or private lessons, which usually cost more.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"First Run\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Learn about slope ratings.\", \"描述\": \"Ski parks post signs that tell you the difficulty level of each slope so you can stick to runs that fit your skill level. Look for signs at the ski park you are at to see what system they use.\\nCommon slope ratings go from green circle (easy) to black diamond (hard).\\nIf you can’t find a sign with slope ratings, don’t be afraid to ask an attendant what the rating system is or what some good slopes are for beginners.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Go slow while you get the hang of it.\", \"描述\": \"You will not be an expert on your first run, so don’t try to tackle the biggest slopes in record speed when you start skiing. Use the wedge or snowplow technique to keep yourself moving at a slow speed until you master slowing, turning, and stopping.\\nStop on the hill if you feel like you are picking up too much speed. You can start again and finish the hill. Be sure that you stop on the side of the trail, so other people can avoid running into you.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Start slowing down before you get to the bottom.\", \"描述\": \"Coming to a complete stop is one of the harder things to get used to when you begin skiing. To keep yourself and others safe, practice stopping long before you get to the very bottom of the hill.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,617 | How to Alter Pants | 1. Taking in the Waist
1-1. Decide how much fabric to remove from the waist.
Try on the pants and pinch the excess fabric at the waist until the waist is as tight as you like. Mark the place where you're pinching with pins or chalk, being sure to get both sides of the pinched fabric. Then, take the pants off and measure between the two points you marked to see how much fabric to remove.
For example, if you need a small adjustment, you might only need to remove 1 inch (2.5 cm) of fabric. For a larger alteration, you could remove 2 to 3 inches (5.1 to 7.6 cm).
1-2. Remove the belt loop from the back of the pants.
Take off the pants and use a seam ripper to pull out all of the stitches that are securing the back belt loop to the waist of the pants. Then, remove the loop and set it aside.
Keep the back loop so you can reattach it to the pants after you've adjusted the waist.
1-3. Seam rip along the back of the waist near the middle.
Use the seam ripper to remove the stitches from the middle of the waist on the back of the pants. Remember to start in the center and remove an equal length of stitches along both sides of the waist.
For example, if you wanted to take in the waist by 2 inches (5.1 cm), you'll need to take out the center 2 inches (5.1 cm) of stitches on the back of the waist.
Once you've removed the stitches, you should be able to open up and unfold this part of the waistband.
1-4. Turn the pants inside out and pin the excess fabric from the center seam.
Fold the inside-out pants in half so the creased pant legs are stacked. Then, pinch the excess fabric along the waist that you want to remove.
For example, if you want to make the waist 2 inches (5.1 cm) narrower, pin 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the fabric from the center seam. Since the pants are folded, this will mean you're reducing the waist by 2 inches (5.1 cm).
1-5. Straight stitch from the top to the bottom of the waist.
Start stitching where you pinched the fabric together. You will probably need to remove pins as you sew so you don't stitch over them. Straight stitch until you reach the bottom of the waist.
You can use a sewing machine or stitch the waist by hand.
Once you've sewn the waist, try on the pants to see if the waist fits better.
Keep in mind that the excess fabric will form a small loop inside the waist of the pants.
1-6. Fold the waistband and straight stitch it closed.
If you're happy with how the waist now fits, fold the waistband back down. The waistband stitches should line up with where they were before you seam ripped them out. Then, sew the waistband back in place and reattach the back belt loop if you like.
Turn the pants right side out before you're ready to wear them.
2. Tapering the Legs
2-1. Turn the pants inside out and decide how much fabric you want to remove.
Put the inside-out pants on and use your fingers to pinch the excess fabric along the inseam of the pants.
For a dramatic taper, you'll probably want to remove more fabric from the pant leg hemline than from the inner thigh.
2-2. Mark the new seam with tailor's chalk.
Keep the pants on inside-out and continue to pinch the excess fabric with one hand. Use your other hand to draw a new seam line with tailor's chalk. Remember to mark the inside seam of the other pant leg as well.
It will be easier to have someone else do this, so ask a friend to help you mark the pants.
Tailor's chalk will wash out easily or dissolve if you iron the pants.
2-3. Remove the stitches from the bottom of the pant legs.
Take a seam ripper and tear out about 3 inches (7.6 cm) of stitches from each pant leg hemline where it meets the inseam of the pant leg.
2-4. Straight stitch along the guideline you drew.
Take the pants over to your sewing machine and use a straight stitch starting near the crotch of the pants. Sew along the line you made with tailor's chalk until you reach the hemline. Then, sew the other pant leg in the same way.
If you chose to pin the pants, remember to remove them before you accidentally sew over them.
2-5. Cut the excess fabric from the inside of the pant legs.
Take a pair of sharp scissors and cut away the excess fabric while leaving about ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) allowance. This will prevent you from accidentally cutting into your inseam.
2-6. Sew the hemline near the bottom of the pant legs.
Fold the hemline that you ripped out so it lines up with the rest of the pant leg. Then, straight stitch the hemline closed and repeat this for the other pant leg.
For a neater, more finished look, iron the pants along the new inseam and hemline.
3. Hemming Pants
3-1. Determine where you want the hemline.
Wear the pants with the shoes you intend to wear with them. This will help you see where the hemline falls. Then, use tailor's chalk to make a mark where you'd like the hemline to be.
Since it can be tricky to accurately mark your own hemline, ask a friend to mark it for you.
3-2. Take off the pants and measure how much fabric to remove.
Fold the pants in half and lay them flat so the pant legs are stacked on top of each other. Use a measuring tape to find the distance from the current hem to the mark you made. This will show you how much fabric you'll need to remove when you hem the legs.
For example, if you're drastically altering the hemline, you might want to remove 5 inches (13 cm) from the bottom of the pants.
3-3. Pin the pants and mark the fold line.
Use 2 sewing pins to pin the pants in place near the thighs. The pins will prevent the pant legs from shifting around while you mark the legs. Then, use the tailor's chalk and a ruler to mark a straight line around the entire pant leg where you want the new hemline will be. This will be your fold line.
Remember to mark the fold line for the pant leg that's underneath the top one.
3-4. Mark the cutting line across both pant legs.
Since you'll need to leave a hem allowance in order to fold and sew the hemline, decide how much space you'd like to leave in order to fold the hemline. Then, make a straight horizontal line below the fold line to make the cutting line.
If you're unsure how much space to leave between the fold and cutting lines, measure the distance between the original hemline and the bottom of the pants. For example, the cutting line might need to be 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the hemline.
3-5. Cut the pant legs along the cutting line.
Use a sharp pair of scissors to carefully cut along the straight cutting line you marked. You can discard the excess fabric and take the pins out of the pant legs.
3-6. Fold the pants at the fold line and straight stitch across to hem the pants.
You should have fabric below the fold line that you can now fold inside the pant leg. The fold line that you marked will now be the bottom of the pant leg. Use a sewing machine to straight stitch across the folded pant leg to create the new hemline.
You can fold the pant leg as you sew or fold it all first and pin it in place. If you use pins, ensure that you don't accidentally sew over them or you could damage your sewing machine.
Repeat this for the other pant leg.
3-7. Iron the new hemline.
Fold the pair of pants in half so the legs are stacked on top of each other. The seams for each pant leg should be stacked in the center. Then, move the pants to an ironing board and press the hemline with a hot iron. This will remove wrinkles and the markings you made with the tailor's chalk.
Use high heat with steam for cotton fabric, such as jeans or scrubs. If you're altering rayon or polyester, use medium heat.
4. Altering the Crotch on a Pattern
4-1. Try on a muslin mock-up of the pant legs.
Instead of wasting high-quality fabric on pants that need a lot of alteration, make a muslin mock-up of the pants. Sew it according to the pattern and put it on. Then, wrap an elastic band around the waist to hold it up.
The mock-up will show you exactly how the fabric will fit in the crotch area. You'll be able to see if it's hanging too low or puckering in spots.
4-2. Take in the crotch if there's excess fabric along the seam.
If the crotch is hanging too low, use your fingers to pinch the excess fabric. While you're pinching the fabric, insert sewing pins to make the crotch shorter. Walk around a little and try to sit in the mock-up pants. Adjust the pins until the crotch feels comfortable.
Keep in mind that you'll probably only need to make a small adjustment, no more than about ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm).
4-3. Add an extra strip of fabric if the crotch needs to be longer.
You might notice that the crotch is too tight or difficult to move in, which means it's too short. To fix this, use scissors to cut the front seam that runs from the waist down to the bottom of your crotch. Then, slide a piece of muslin into the slit you just made. This will give you more fabric to work with and you can now pin the adjusted crotch where it feels comfortable.
It doesn't matter size what the fabric piece is as long as you can easily expand the crotch and pin it in place.
4-4. Remove the mock-up pants and measure the new crotch.
Lay the mock-up pants on a flat work surface and fold them in half so the crotch line that you pinned is on 1 end. The legs should be stacked on top of each other. Now take a ruler and measure the distance from the pins that you inserted to the fold of the fabric.
This measurement will show you how much you need to take in or extend the crotch.
4-5. Cut the lengthen/shorten line to leave an ⁄8 inch (0.32 cm) hinge.
You should see this horizontal line on your pattern. It moves from the outer hip side to the crotch. Cut along the line starting at the crotch and stopping when you're about ⁄8 inch (0.32 cm) from the other end.
4-6. Move the hinged pattern piece to lengthen or shorten the crotch.
If you need to make the crotch longer, open the hinge you just cut by the measurement you took. Then, tape pattern paper underneath it to fill in the gap. To shorten the crotch, adjust the hinge until the top and bottom pattern pieces are overlapping by the amount you measured.
For example, your hinged pattern piece might overlap by ⁄4 inch (0.64 cm) or there may be a ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) gap that you've filled with pattern paper.
4-7. Sew
Lay your adjusted pattern on muslin and cut out the pieces. Sew the muslin mock-up and try it on again so you can see if the crotch now fits the way you want. If you're happy with how it fits, you can use the adjusted pattern pieces to cut out the actual fabric you'll use for the pants.
Don't be afraid to make more adjustments to the crotch. You might find that you need another alteration in order to get the perfect fit.
Tips
If you're struggling to alter your pants, look for a local tailor who can take custom measurements and alter your pants for you.
Use a color of thread that will match the color of your pants unless you want the thread to be visible.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:46",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Taking in the Waist\\n1-1. Decide how much fabric to remove from the waist.\\nTry on the pants and pinch the excess fabric at the waist until the waist is as tight as you like. Mark the place where you're pinching with pins or chalk, being sure to get both sides of the pinched fabric. Then, take the pants off and measure between the two points you marked to see how much fabric to remove.\\nFor example, if you need a small adjustment, you might only need to remove 1 inch (2.5 cm) of fabric. For a larger alteration, you could remove 2 to 3 inches (5.1 to 7.6 cm).\\n1-2. Remove the belt loop from the back of the pants.\\nTake off the pants and use a seam ripper to pull out all of the stitches that are securing the back belt loop to the waist of the pants. Then, remove the loop and set it aside.\\nKeep the back loop so you can reattach it to the pants after you've adjusted the waist.\\n1-3. Seam rip along the back of the waist near the middle.\\nUse the seam ripper to remove the stitches from the middle of the waist on the back of the pants. Remember to start in the center and remove an equal length of stitches along both sides of the waist.\\nFor example, if you wanted to take in the waist by 2 inches (5.1 cm), you'll need to take out the center 2 inches (5.1 cm) of stitches on the back of the waist.\\nOnce you've removed the stitches, you should be able to open up and unfold this part of the waistband.\\n1-4. Turn the pants inside out and pin the excess fabric from the center seam.\\nFold the inside-out pants in half so the creased pant legs are stacked. Then, pinch the excess fabric along the waist that you want to remove.\\nFor example, if you want to make the waist 2 inches (5.1 cm) narrower, pin 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the fabric from the center seam. Since the pants are folded, this will mean you're reducing the waist by 2 inches (5.1 cm).\\n1-5. Straight stitch from the top to the bottom of the waist.\\nStart stitching where you pinched the fabric together. You will probably need to remove pins as you sew so you don't stitch over them. Straight stitch until you reach the bottom of the waist.\\nYou can use a sewing machine or stitch the waist by hand.\\nOnce you've sewn the waist, try on the pants to see if the waist fits better.\\nKeep in mind that the excess fabric will form a small loop inside the waist of the pants.\\n1-6. Fold the waistband and straight stitch it closed.\\nIf you're happy with how the waist now fits, fold the waistband back down. The waistband stitches should line up with where they were before you seam ripped them out. Then, sew the waistband back in place and reattach the back belt loop if you like.\\nTurn the pants right side out before you're ready to wear them.\\n2. Tapering the Legs\\n2-1. Turn the pants inside out and decide how much fabric you want to remove.\\nPut the inside-out pants on and use your fingers to pinch the excess fabric along the inseam of the pants.\\nFor a dramatic taper, you'll probably want to remove more fabric from the pant leg hemline than from the inner thigh.\\n2-2. Mark the new seam with tailor's chalk.\\nKeep the pants on inside-out and continue to pinch the excess fabric with one hand. Use your other hand to draw a new seam line with tailor's chalk. Remember to mark the inside seam of the other pant leg as well.\\nIt will be easier to have someone else do this, so ask a friend to help you mark the pants.\\nTailor's chalk will wash out easily or dissolve if you iron the pants.\\n2-3. Remove the stitches from the bottom of the pant legs.\\nTake a seam ripper and tear out about 3 inches (7.6 cm) of stitches from each pant leg hemline where it meets the inseam of the pant leg.\\n2-4. Straight stitch along the guideline you drew.\\nTake the pants over to your sewing machine and use a straight stitch starting near the crotch of the pants. Sew along the line you made with tailor's chalk until you reach the hemline. Then, sew the other pant leg in the same way.\\nIf you chose to pin the pants, remember to remove them before you accidentally sew over them.\\n2-5. Cut the excess fabric from the inside of the pant legs.\\nTake a pair of sharp scissors and cut away the excess fabric while leaving about ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) allowance. This will prevent you from accidentally cutting into your inseam.\\n2-6. Sew the hemline near the bottom of the pant legs.\\nFold the hemline that you ripped out so it lines up with the rest of the pant leg. Then, straight stitch the hemline closed and repeat this for the other pant leg.\\nFor a neater, more finished look, iron the pants along the new inseam and hemline.\\n3. Hemming Pants\\n3-1. Determine where you want the hemline.\\nWear the pants with the shoes you intend to wear with them. This will help you see where the hemline falls. Then, use tailor's chalk to make a mark where you'd like the hemline to be.\\nSince it can be tricky to accurately mark your own hemline, ask a friend to mark it for you.\\n3-2. Take off the pants and measure how much fabric to remove.\\nFold the pants in half and lay them flat so the pant legs are stacked on top of each other. Use a measuring tape to find the distance from the current hem to the mark you made. This will show you how much fabric you'll need to remove when you hem the legs.\\nFor example, if you're drastically altering the hemline, you might want to remove 5 inches (13 cm) from the bottom of the pants.\\n3-3. Pin the pants and mark the fold line.\\nUse 2 sewing pins to pin the pants in place near the thighs. The pins will prevent the pant legs from shifting around while you mark the legs. Then, use the tailor's chalk and a ruler to mark a straight line around the entire pant leg where you want the new hemline will be. This will be your fold line.\\nRemember to mark the fold line for the pant leg that's underneath the top one.\\n3-4. Mark the cutting line across both pant legs.\\nSince you'll need to leave a hem allowance in order to fold and sew the hemline, decide how much space you'd like to leave in order to fold the hemline. Then, make a straight horizontal line below the fold line to make the cutting line.\\nIf you're unsure how much space to leave between the fold and cutting lines, measure the distance between the original hemline and the bottom of the pants. For example, the cutting line might need to be 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the hemline.\\n3-5. Cut the pant legs along the cutting line.\\nUse a sharp pair of scissors to carefully cut along the straight cutting line you marked. You can discard the excess fabric and take the pins out of the pant legs.\\n3-6. Fold the pants at the fold line and straight stitch across to hem the pants.\\nYou should have fabric below the fold line that you can now fold inside the pant leg. The fold line that you marked will now be the bottom of the pant leg. Use a sewing machine to straight stitch across the folded pant leg to create the new hemline.\\nYou can fold the pant leg as you sew or fold it all first and pin it in place. If you use pins, ensure that you don't accidentally sew over them or you could damage your sewing machine.\\nRepeat this for the other pant leg.\\n3-7. Iron the new hemline.\\nFold the pair of pants in half so the legs are stacked on top of each other. The seams for each pant leg should be stacked in the center. Then, move the pants to an ironing board and press the hemline with a hot iron. This will remove wrinkles and the markings you made with the tailor's chalk.\\nUse high heat with steam for cotton fabric, such as jeans or scrubs. If you're altering rayon or polyester, use medium heat.\\n4. Altering the Crotch on a Pattern\\n4-1. Try on a muslin mock-up of the pant legs.\\nInstead of wasting high-quality fabric on pants that need a lot of alteration, make a muslin mock-up of the pants. Sew it according to the pattern and put it on. Then, wrap an elastic band around the waist to hold it up.\\nThe mock-up will show you exactly how the fabric will fit in the crotch area. You'll be able to see if it's hanging too low or puckering in spots.\\n4-2. Take in the crotch if there's excess fabric along the seam.\\nIf the crotch is hanging too low, use your fingers to pinch the excess fabric. While you're pinching the fabric, insert sewing pins to make the crotch shorter. Walk around a little and try to sit in the mock-up pants. Adjust the pins until the crotch feels comfortable.\\nKeep in mind that you'll probably only need to make a small adjustment, no more than about ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm).\\n4-3. Add an extra strip of fabric if the crotch needs to be longer.\\nYou might notice that the crotch is too tight or difficult to move in, which means it's too short. To fix this, use scissors to cut the front seam that runs from the waist down to the bottom of your crotch. Then, slide a piece of muslin into the slit you just made. This will give you more fabric to work with and you can now pin the adjusted crotch where it feels comfortable.\\nIt doesn't matter size what the fabric piece is as long as you can easily expand the crotch and pin it in place.\\n4-4. Remove the mock-up pants and measure the new crotch.\\nLay the mock-up pants on a flat work surface and fold them in half so the crotch line that you pinned is on 1 end. The legs should be stacked on top of each other. Now take a ruler and measure the distance from the pins that you inserted to the fold of the fabric.\\nThis measurement will show you how much you need to take in or extend the crotch.\\n4-5. Cut the lengthen/shorten line to leave an ⁄8 inch (0.32 cm) hinge.\\nYou should see this horizontal line on your pattern. It moves from the outer hip side to the crotch. Cut along the line starting at the crotch and stopping when you're about ⁄8 inch (0.32 cm) from the other end.\\n4-6. Move the hinged pattern piece to lengthen or shorten the crotch.\\nIf you need to make the crotch longer, open the hinge you just cut by the measurement you took. Then, tape pattern paper underneath it to fill in the gap. To shorten the crotch, adjust the hinge until the top and bottom pattern pieces are overlapping by the amount you measured.\\nFor example, your hinged pattern piece might overlap by ⁄4 inch (0.64 cm) or there may be a ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) gap that you've filled with pattern paper.\\n4-7. Sew\\nLay your adjusted pattern on muslin and cut out the pieces. Sew the muslin mock-up and try it on again so you can see if the crotch now fits the way you want. If you're happy with how it fits, you can use the adjusted pattern pieces to cut out the actual fabric you'll use for the pants.\\nDon't be afraid to make more adjustments to the crotch. You might find that you need another alteration in order to get the perfect fit.\\nTips\\nIf you're struggling to alter your pants, look for a local tailor who can take custom measurements and alter your pants for you.\\nUse a color of thread that will match the color of your pants unless you want the thread to be visible.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Finding pants that fit your body can sometimes be a challenge. It's unlikely that store-bought pants will fit you perfectly, even if they are your size. Fortunately, it's easy to adjust the waist, take in the pant legs, or hem the pants to make them shorter. If you need to alter the crotch, make adjustments on the pattern. You'll find that it's easier, cheaper, and faster to alter your own pants than getting them professionally tailored.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Taking in the Waist\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Decide how much fabric to remove from the waist.\", \"描述\": \"Try on the pants and pinch the excess fabric at the waist until the waist is as tight as you like. Mark the place where you're pinching with pins or chalk, being sure to get both sides of the pinched fabric. Then, take the pants off and measure between the two points you marked to see how much fabric to remove.\\nFor example, if you need a small adjustment, you might only need to remove 1 inch (2.5 cm) of fabric. For a larger alteration, you could remove 2 to 3 inches (5.1 to 7.6 cm).\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Remove the belt loop from the back of the pants.\", \"描述\": \"Take off the pants and use a seam ripper to pull out all of the stitches that are securing the back belt loop to the waist of the pants. Then, remove the loop and set it aside.\\nKeep the back loop so you can reattach it to the pants after you've adjusted the waist.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Seam rip along the back of the waist near the middle.\", \"描述\": \"Use the seam ripper to remove the stitches from the middle of the waist on the back of the pants. Remember to start in the center and remove an equal length of stitches along both sides of the waist.\\nFor example, if you wanted to take in the waist by 2 inches (5.1 cm), you'll need to take out the center 2 inches (5.1 cm) of stitches on the back of the waist.\\nOnce you've removed the stitches, you should be able to open up and unfold this part of the waistband.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Turn the pants inside out and pin the excess fabric from the center seam.\", \"描述\": \"Fold the inside-out pants in half so the creased pant legs are stacked. Then, pinch the excess fabric along the waist that you want to remove.\\nFor example, if you want to make the waist 2 inches (5.1 cm) narrower, pin 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the fabric from the center seam. Since the pants are folded, this will mean you're reducing the waist by 2 inches (5.1 cm).\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Straight stitch from the top to the bottom of the waist.\", \"描述\": \"Start stitching where you pinched the fabric together. You will probably need to remove pins as you sew so you don't stitch over them. Straight stitch until you reach the bottom of the waist.\\nYou can use a sewing machine or stitch the waist by hand.\\nOnce you've sewn the waist, try on the pants to see if the waist fits better.\\nKeep in mind that the excess fabric will form a small loop inside the waist of the pants.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Fold the waistband and straight stitch it closed.\", \"描述\": \"If you're happy with how the waist now fits, fold the waistband back down. The waistband stitches should line up with where they were before you seam ripped them out. Then, sew the waistband back in place and reattach the back belt loop if you like.\\nTurn the pants right side out before you're ready to wear them.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tapering the Legs\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Turn the pants inside out and decide how much fabric you want to remove.\", \"描述\": \"Put the inside-out pants on and use your fingers to pinch the excess fabric along the inseam of the pants.\\nFor a dramatic taper, you'll probably want to remove more fabric from the pant leg hemline than from the inner thigh.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Mark the new seam with tailor's chalk.\", \"描述\": \"Keep the pants on inside-out and continue to pinch the excess fabric with one hand. Use your other hand to draw a new seam line with tailor's chalk. Remember to mark the inside seam of the other pant leg as well.\\nIt will be easier to have someone else do this, so ask a friend to help you mark the pants.\\nTailor's chalk will wash out easily or dissolve if you iron the pants.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Remove the stitches from the bottom of the pant legs.\", \"描述\": \"Take a seam ripper and tear out about 3 inches (7.6 cm) of stitches from each pant leg hemline where it meets the inseam of the pant leg.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Straight stitch along the guideline you drew.\", \"描述\": \"Take the pants over to your sewing machine and use a straight stitch starting near the crotch of the pants. Sew along the line you made with tailor's chalk until you reach the hemline. Then, sew the other pant leg in the same way.\\nIf you chose to pin the pants, remember to remove them before you accidentally sew over them.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Cut the excess fabric from the inside of the pant legs.\", \"描述\": \"Take a pair of sharp scissors and cut away the excess fabric while leaving about ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) allowance. This will prevent you from accidentally cutting into your inseam.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Sew the hemline near the bottom of the pant legs.\", \"描述\": \"Fold the hemline that you ripped out so it lines up with the rest of the pant leg. Then, straight stitch the hemline closed and repeat this for the other pant leg.\\nFor a neater, more finished look, iron the pants along the new inseam and hemline.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Hemming Pants\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine where you want the hemline.\", \"描述\": \"Wear the pants with the shoes you intend to wear with them. This will help you see where the hemline falls. Then, use tailor's chalk to make a mark where you'd like the hemline to be.\\nSince it can be tricky to accurately mark your own hemline, ask a friend to mark it for you.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Take off the pants and measure how much fabric to remove.\", \"描述\": \"Fold the pants in half and lay them flat so the pant legs are stacked on top of each other. Use a measuring tape to find the distance from the current hem to the mark you made. This will show you how much fabric you'll need to remove when you hem the legs.\\nFor example, if you're drastically altering the hemline, you might want to remove 5 inches (13 cm) from the bottom of the pants.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Pin the pants and mark the fold line.\", \"描述\": \"Use 2 sewing pins to pin the pants in place near the thighs. The pins will prevent the pant legs from shifting around while you mark the legs. Then, use the tailor's chalk and a ruler to mark a straight line around the entire pant leg where you want the new hemline will be. This will be your fold line.\\nRemember to mark the fold line for the pant leg that's underneath the top one.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Mark the cutting line across both pant legs.\", \"描述\": \"Since you'll need to leave a hem allowance in order to fold and sew the hemline, decide how much space you'd like to leave in order to fold the hemline. Then, make a straight horizontal line below the fold line to make the cutting line.\\nIf you're unsure how much space to leave between the fold and cutting lines, measure the distance between the original hemline and the bottom of the pants. For example, the cutting line might need to be 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the hemline.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Cut the pant legs along the cutting line.\", \"描述\": \"Use a sharp pair of scissors to carefully cut along the straight cutting line you marked. You can discard the excess fabric and take the pins out of the pant legs.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Fold the pants at the fold line and straight stitch across to hem the pants.\", \"描述\": \"You should have fabric below the fold line that you can now fold inside the pant leg. The fold line that you marked will now be the bottom of the pant leg. Use a sewing machine to straight stitch across the folded pant leg to create the new hemline.\\nYou can fold the pant leg as you sew or fold it all first and pin it in place. If you use pins, ensure that you don't accidentally sew over them or you could damage your sewing machine.\\nRepeat this for the other pant leg.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Iron the new hemline.\", \"描述\": \"Fold the pair of pants in half so the legs are stacked on top of each other. The seams for each pant leg should be stacked in the center. Then, move the pants to an ironing board and press the hemline with a hot iron. This will remove wrinkles and the markings you made with the tailor's chalk.\\nUse high heat with steam for cotton fabric, such as jeans or scrubs. If you're altering rayon or polyester, use medium heat.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Altering the Crotch on a Pattern\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Try on a muslin mock-up of the pant legs.\", \"描述\": \"Instead of wasting high-quality fabric on pants that need a lot of alteration, make a muslin mock-up of the pants. Sew it according to the pattern and put it on. Then, wrap an elastic band around the waist to hold it up.\\nThe mock-up will show you exactly how the fabric will fit in the crotch area. You'll be able to see if it's hanging too low or puckering in spots.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Take in the crotch if there's excess fabric along the seam.\", \"描述\": \"If the crotch is hanging too low, use your fingers to pinch the excess fabric. While you're pinching the fabric, insert sewing pins to make the crotch shorter. Walk around a little and try to sit in the mock-up pants. Adjust the pins until the crotch feels comfortable.\\nKeep in mind that you'll probably only need to make a small adjustment, no more than about ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm).\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Add an extra strip of fabric if the crotch needs to be longer.\", \"描述\": \"You might notice that the crotch is too tight or difficult to move in, which means it's too short. To fix this, use scissors to cut the front seam that runs from the waist down to the bottom of your crotch. Then, slide a piece of muslin into the slit you just made. This will give you more fabric to work with and you can now pin the adjusted crotch where it feels comfortable.\\nIt doesn't matter size what the fabric piece is as long as you can easily expand the crotch and pin it in place.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Remove the mock-up pants and measure the new crotch.\", \"描述\": \"Lay the mock-up pants on a flat work surface and fold them in half so the crotch line that you pinned is on 1 end. The legs should be stacked on top of each other. Now take a ruler and measure the distance from the pins that you inserted to the fold of the fabric.\\nThis measurement will show you how much you need to take in or extend the crotch.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Cut the lengthen/shorten line to leave an ⁄8 inch (0.32 cm) hinge.\", \"描述\": \"You should see this horizontal line on your pattern. It moves from the outer hip side to the crotch. Cut along the line starting at the crotch and stopping when you're about ⁄8 inch (0.32 cm) from the other end.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Move the hinged pattern piece to lengthen or shorten the crotch.\", \"描述\": \"If you need to make the crotch longer, open the hinge you just cut by the measurement you took. Then, tape pattern paper underneath it to fill in the gap. To shorten the crotch, adjust the hinge until the top and bottom pattern pieces are overlapping by the amount you measured.\\nFor example, your hinged pattern piece might overlap by ⁄4 inch (0.64 cm) or there may be a ⁄2 inch (1.3 cm) gap that you've filled with pattern paper.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Sew\", \"描述\": \"Lay your adjusted pattern on muslin and cut out the pieces. Sew the muslin mock-up and try it on again so you can see if the crotch now fits the way you want. If you're happy with how it fits, you can use the adjusted pattern pieces to cut out the actual fabric you'll use for the pants.\\nDon't be afraid to make more adjustments to the crotch. You might find that you need another alteration in order to get the perfect fit.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"If you're struggling to alter your pants, look for a local tailor who can take custom measurements and alter your pants for you.\\n\", \"Use a color of thread that will match the color of your pants unless you want the thread to be visible.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,618 | How to Alter Startup Programs in Windows XP | 1. MSConfig
1-1. Open Microsoft's System Configuration Utility (called MSConfig).
Go to START -> Run, and enter . Hit enter to start the program. The following window should appear.
Choose .
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If Run is not found in the Start Menu, : Right click Start -> Properties -> select tab "Start Menu" -> Customize -> Customize Start Menu -> check the Run box -> Apply -> OK .
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1-2. Click on the 'Startup' tab.
Here, you will see a list of programs that is similar to the one below:
1-3. Uncheck any programs that you do not want Windows to run at startup.
1-4. Click 'OK'.
A new window will appear, asking you to restart your computer.
1-5. Click 'Restart.'
2. Windows Defender
2-1. Download Windows Defender from Microsoft.
2-2. Click on the Start menu.
Click All Programs and then select Windows Defender.
2-3. Choose Tools and the Software Explorer.
2-4. Click the names of the programs in the Name column that you want to disable.
When you are finished, click Disable.
3. Registry Editor
3-1. Open the Start menu and click Run.
Type into the field.
3-2. Locate 1 of the following registry keys:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
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HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce
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3-3. Find the program that you want to remove from the startup sequence.
Delete that one program from either or both of those registry keys.
Caution: Do not delete other items in regedit that you see. Many may be unknown, peculiarly named system files. You could easily disable program associations, needed services, make the system fail or to be unstable.
Tips
If you are unsure which programs are slowing your computer down, disable all the startup programs in Windows XP by clicking the Disable All button on the Startup Tab window. Restart your PC and, if the speed improves, then start adding programs back in one at a time until you discover which program is slowing down your startup.
If you are unsure whether or not to leave a program running, search for the file name on ProcessLibrary.com to see whether a particular startup process should or should not be removed.
Warnings
Back up your registry before you alter it, just in case you make an error.
Some programs are essential to system stability, such as ctfmon.exe, cmd.exe, and svchost.exe. Do not disable these processes.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:46",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. MSConfig\\n1-1. Open Microsoft's System Configuration Utility (called MSConfig).\\nGo to START -> Run, and enter . Hit enter to start the program. The following window should appear.\\nChoose .\\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/d\\\\/d4\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\\/v4-460px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/d\\\\/d4\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\\/aid43890-v4-728px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":728,\\\"bigHeight\\\":546,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/creativecommons.org\\\\/licenses\\\\/by-nc-sa\\\\/3.0\\\\/\\\\\\\">Creative Commons<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><p><br \\\\/>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\\nIf Run is not found in the Start Menu, : Right click Start -> Properties -> select tab \\\"Start Menu\\\" -> Customize -> Customize Start Menu -> check the Run box -> Apply -> OK . \\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/71\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\\/v4-460px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/71\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\\/aid43890-v4-728px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":728,\\\"bigHeight\\\":546,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/creativecommons.org\\\\/licenses\\\\/by-nc-sa\\\\/3.0\\\\/\\\\\\\">Creative Commons<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><p><br \\\\/>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\\n1-2. Click on the 'Startup' tab.\\nHere, you will see a list of programs that is similar to the one below:\\n1-3. Uncheck any programs that you do not want Windows to run at startup.\\n\\n1-4. Click 'OK'.\\nA new window will appear, asking you to restart your computer.\\n1-5. Click 'Restart.'\\n\\n2. Windows Defender\\n2-1. Download Windows Defender from Microsoft.\\n\\n2-2. Click on the Start menu.\\nClick All Programs and then select Windows Defender.\\n2-3. Choose Tools and the Software Explorer.\\n\\n2-4. Click the names of the programs in the Name column that you want to disable.\\nWhen you are finished, click Disable.\\n3. Registry Editor\\n3-1. Open the Start menu and click Run.\\nType into the field.\\n3-2. Locate 1 of the following registry keys:\\nHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\\\SOFTWARE\\\\Microsoft\\\\Windows\\\\CurrentVersion\\\\Run\\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/79\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\\/v4-460px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/79\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\\/aid43890-v4-728px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":728,\\\"bigHeight\\\":546,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/creativecommons.org\\\\/licenses\\\\/by-nc-sa\\\\/3.0\\\\/\\\\\\\">Creative Commons<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><p><br \\\\/>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\\nHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\\\SOFTWARE\\\\Microsoft\\\\Windows\\\\CurrentVersion\\\\RunOnce\\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/c\\\\/cc\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\\/v4-460px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/c\\\\/cc\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\\/aid43890-v4-728px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":728,\\\"bigHeight\\\":546,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/creativecommons.org\\\\/licenses\\\\/by-nc-sa\\\\/3.0\\\\/\\\\\\\">Creative Commons<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><p><br \\\\/>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\\n3-3. Find the program that you want to remove from the startup sequence.\\nDelete that one program from either or both of those registry keys.\\nCaution: Do not delete other items in regedit that you see. Many may be unknown, peculiarly named system files. You could easily disable program associations, needed services, make the system fail or to be unstable.\\nTips\\nIf you are unsure which programs are slowing your computer down, disable all the startup programs in Windows XP by clicking the Disable All button on the Startup Tab window. Restart your PC and, if the speed improves, then start adding programs back in one at a time until you discover which program is slowing down your startup.\\nIf you are unsure whether or not to leave a program running, search for the file name on ProcessLibrary.com to see whether a particular startup process should or should not be removed.\\nWarnings\\nBack up your registry before you alter it, just in case you make an error.\\nSome programs are essential to system stability, such as ctfmon.exe, cmd.exe, and svchost.exe. Do not disable these processes.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"If you've been using Windows XP for a while, you may have noticed that your computer is taking longer to boot up. This is because programs are adding themselves to your start up, and they all have to load before you can start using the computer. Just follow the simple steps below and your computer will start a lot faster!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"MSConfig\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open Microsoft's System Configuration Utility (called MSConfig).\", \"描述\": \"Go to START -> Run, and enter . Hit enter to start the program. The following window should appear.\\nChoose .\\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/d\\\\/d4\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\\/v4-460px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/d\\\\/d4\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\\/aid43890-v4-728px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":728,\\\"bigHeight\\\":546,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/creativecommons.org\\\\/licenses\\\\/by-nc-sa\\\\/3.0\\\\/\\\\\\\">Creative Commons<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><p><br \\\\/>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\\nIf Run is not found in the Start Menu, : Right click Start -> Properties -> select tab \\\"Start Menu\\\" -> Customize -> Customize Start Menu -> check the Run box -> Apply -> OK . \\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/71\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\\/v4-460px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/71\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\\/aid43890-v4-728px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-1Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":728,\\\"bigHeight\\\":546,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/creativecommons.org\\\\/licenses\\\\/by-nc-sa\\\\/3.0\\\\/\\\\\\\">Creative Commons<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><p><br \\\\/>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click on the 'Startup' tab.\", \"描述\": \"Here, you will see a list of programs that is similar to the one below:\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Uncheck any programs that you do not want Windows to run at startup.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Click 'OK'.\", \"描述\": \"A new window will appear, asking you to restart your computer.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Click 'Restart.'\", \"描述\": \"\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Windows Defender\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Download Windows Defender from Microsoft.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click on the Start menu.\", \"描述\": \"Click All Programs and then select Windows Defender.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Choose Tools and the Software Explorer.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Click the names of the programs in the Name column that you want to disable.\", \"描述\": \"When you are finished, click Disable.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Registry Editor\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open the Start menu and click Run.\", \"描述\": \"Type into the field.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Locate 1 of the following registry keys:\", \"描述\": \"HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\\\SOFTWARE\\\\Microsoft\\\\Windows\\\\CurrentVersion\\\\Run\\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/79\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\\/v4-460px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/79\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\\/aid43890-v4-728px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet1-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":728,\\\"bigHeight\\\":546,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/creativecommons.org\\\\/licenses\\\\/by-nc-sa\\\\/3.0\\\\/\\\\\\\">Creative Commons<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><p><br \\\\/>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\\nHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\\\SOFTWARE\\\\Microsoft\\\\Windows\\\\CurrentVersion\\\\RunOnce\\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/c\\\\/cc\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\\/v4-460px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/c\\\\/cc\\\\/Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\\/aid43890-v4-728px-Alter-Startup-Programs-in-Windows-XP-Step-11Bullet2-Version-2.jpg\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":728,\\\"bigHeight\\\":546,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/creativecommons.org\\\\/licenses\\\\/by-nc-sa\\\\/3.0\\\\/\\\\\\\">Creative Commons<\\\\/a><br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><p><br \\\\/>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Find the program that you want to remove from the startup sequence.\", \"描述\": \"Delete that one program from either or both of those registry keys.\\nCaution: Do not delete other items in regedit that you see. Many may be unknown, peculiarly named system files. You could easily disable program associations, needed services, make the system fail or to be unstable.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"If you are unsure which programs are slowing your computer down, disable all the startup programs in Windows XP by clicking the Disable All button on the Startup Tab window. Restart your PC and, if the speed improves, then start adding programs back in one at a time until you discover which program is slowing down your startup.\\n\", \"If you are unsure whether or not to leave a program running, search for the file name on ProcessLibrary.com to see whether a particular startup process should or should not be removed.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Back up your registry before you alter it, just in case you make an error.\\n\", \"Some programs are essential to system stability, such as ctfmon.exe, cmd.exe, and svchost.exe. Do not disable these processes.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,619 | How to Alter Your Diet to Avoid Colon Polyps | 1. Adding Nutrient Dense Foods to Prevent Polyps
1-1. Focus on red, yellow and orange vegetables.
Vegetables are an important food group to prevent a variety of diseases and cancers. However, red, yellow and orange vegetables have high levels of vitamins and antioxidants that can help keep your colon healthy.
What makes these vegetables that particular color are the vitamins and antioxidants that are found in them. Red, yellow and orange vegetables are particularly high in an antioxidant known as beta carotene which is an orange/red color.
This antioxidant is often associated with Vitamin A as it is a precursor to becoming Vitamin A in your body. Adequate intakes are also associated with a decreased rate of colon cancer.
Include a one cup serving of any of these colored vegetables. You can try: red, yellow and orange bell peppers, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, butternut squash and carrots.
1-2. Include folate-rich foods.
Another group of foods that can help protect your colon and resist the formation of polyps are folate-rich foods. Luckily, folate can be found in a wide variety of foods.
Studies have shown that an intake of 400 IU of folate every day can help prevent the formation of polyps but also helps prevent colon cancer as well.
400 IU of folate is easily consumed if you eat a balanced diet and focus on folate-rich foods.
Specific foods that are high in folate include: fortified breakfast cereals, spinach, black-eyed peas, asparagus, broccoli, green peas, whole wheat bread and peanuts.
1-3. Consume calcium-rich foods.
Calcium is another commonly found mineral that has been shown to prevent the formation of colon polyps. Including regular servings of foods high in calcium can help protect your colon.
One study in particular showed that those people who consumed 1200 mg of calcium daily (which you can get from three servings of calcium-rich foods), had a 20% less recurrence of cancerous colon polyps.
Calcium is found most commonly in dairy foods. You can have milk, yogurt, kefir, cheese or cottage cheese to get in an adequate serving of calcium.
In addition, calcium is found in other plant-based foods outside of the dairy group. Almonds, broccoli, dark greens, and fortified orange juice or soy milk offer another source of calcium.
1-4. Focus on healthy fats.
Some foods contain a certain type of fat called omega-3 fats. Often known as heart healthy fats, these fats are also beneficial to your colon.
Studies have shown that omega-3 fats help maintain and even improve cell health in the colon. Include regular servings of healthy fats to help prevent colon polyps.
Healthy fats are found in a wide variety of foods. Include a serving of these foods daily to help protect your colon and prevent the formation of polyps.
Include foods like: avocado, olive oil, olives, salmon, tuna, sardines, mackerel, walnuts and flaxseeds.
1-5. Drink green tea.
Many studies have shown the benefits of green tea in preventing polyps and colon cancer. Try swapping out your morning coffee for a cup of green tea or drink a cup or two of decaffeinated green tea after dinner.
1-6. Drink more water.
Although water is not a specific food or a nutrient, it's essential to overall health. Specifically, studies have shown that a lack of adequate water can lead to dehydration and polyp formation in your colon.
When you don't drink adequate amounts of fluids, your body will harvest free water from other areas - like your stool or other cells. This causes dehydration and constipation.
Decreased bowel transit time and the concentration of carcinogenic compounds that are found in cells can increase your risk for the growth of cancerous polyps.
Health professionals recommend drinking about 64 oz or 8 glasses of water everyday. However, you may need to increase your water intake to prevent constipation.
2. Following a High Fiber Diet
2-1. Eat an adequate amount of vegetables daily.
Vegetables are high in a variety of nutrients that can keep your body healthy. However, they're also high in fiber which can help protect your colon.
Fiber is essential to keeping your bowels moving at a healthy speed. When your bowel transit is slow, you increase your risk for colon polyps and cancer.
To meet your recommended fiber intake, include three to five servings of vegetables everyday. Measure out one cup of vegetables or two cups of salad greens.
Vegetables that are particularly high in fiber include: artichokes, asparagus, avocado, sweet potatoes, bean sprouts, dark greens, beets, broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage.
2-2. Include enough servings of fruit.
Fruits are also high in a variety of nutrients. Some fruits are also exceptionally high in fiber which can help you increase your overall fiber intake.
Include one to two servings of fruits everyday. Measure out the appropriate portion. You can choose one small piece of fruit or measure out 1/2 cup of of chopped fruit.
Fruit that is particularly high in fiber include: apples, apricots, berries, bananas, cantaloupe, oranges and coconut.
2-3. Go for 100% whole grains.
One specific group of foods that are also known for being very high in fiber are grains. However, choose 100% whole grains over the refined grains for the most nutrient dense choice.
Whenever you choose to eat grains (like bread, rice or pasta), go for 100% whole grains. These foods are less processed and much higher in fiber compared to refined grains (like white rice or white bread).
Include two to three servings of whole grains every day. Measure these out to 1/2 cup of cooked grains or 2 oz per serving.
Choose foods like: brown rice, quinoa, oatmeal, whole wheat bread, whole grain pasta, millet, farro or barley.
2-4. Choose high fiber protein sources.
You might not think that many protein foods are high in fiber. But vegetarian sources of protein do offer a decent amount of fiber per serving.
Legumes are not only high in protein, but are also very high in fiber. These are a great food group to add to your diet to help increase your overall fiber intake.
Legumes are a plant-based group that include foods like beans, lentils and nuts.
Since they do fall into the protein group, they follow the recommendations for those serving sizes. Measure out 1/2 cup of these foods per serving.
Choose foods like: black beans, chickpeas, lentils, peanuts, soy beans, lima beans, kidney beans and pinto beans.
2-5. Choose foods fortified with extra fiber.
Since fiber plays such an important role in general health, many food manufacturers have been adding fiber to their products. This is a great way to help people meet their daily needs.
Fiber is found in a wide variety of foods, but it can still be difficult to meet your daily needs. Men need 38 g of fiber daily while women need about 25 g of fiber daily.
In addition to choosing foods and food groups that are high in fiber, also look for foods that have added fiber to them. This fiber is added during the processing of the food and can help you meet your needs.
Foods that are commonly fortified with extra fiber include: yogurt, soy milk, cereals, breads, orange juice and granola bars.
3. Avoiding Foods that can Harm Your Colon
3-1. Limit your intake of saturated fats.
Although there are many foods that you should eat more often to help prevent colon polyps, there are foods that you should limit or avoid.
Saturated fats, unlike omega-3 fats, have been shown to increase your risk for the formation of colon polyps and colon cancer.
One study in particular found that for every additional 100 grams of red meat that you consume (which is higher in saturated fat) your risk for colon cancer increases by 14%.
Limit meats: fatty cuts of beef, salami, hot dogs, bacon, sausage and deli meat. These are highly processed and high in saturated fat.
If you do choose to have these foods occasionally, stick to the appropriate portion of 3 to 4 oz total per serving.
3-2. Decrease your sugar consumption.
You may not realize that another group of foods that has been linked to colon polyps and colon cancer are sugary, sweetened foods. Limit these in your diet.
The sugar from sweetened foods increase your glucose levels. Studies have shown that with increased glucose levels, your risk for the formation of colon cancer increases as well.
Foods that are high in sugar and that should be limited include: sweetened beverages, candy, cookies, cakes, pies, ice cream, sugary cereals, pastries and fruit juices.
If you do choose to have these foods, make sure they are small portions and something you only eat occasionally - not on a regular basis.
3-3. Try to avoid burned, charred, or fried meats.
In addition to avoiding or limiting certain foods, you should also take care of how you prepare certain foods. Charring or burning foods when you cook them may increase your risk of colon cancer.
When you cook foods, especially over a grill, you can char or burn them. Although this may taste good, this charring creates carcinogenic substances in the food which have been associated with higher rates of colon cancer.
If you are grilling foods try to avoid foods from becoming overly charred. When eating, avoid the blackened bits or areas that are charred. Remove with a fork and knife so they are completely removed from your serving.
Another trick is to grill or cook foods over aluminum foil. This helps prevent foods from becoming too charred or burned.
3-4. Limit your intake of alcohol.
In addition to sweetened beverages, alcoholic beverages have also been linked to the formation of colon polyps. You should limit your overall intake of alcoholic beverages.
Studies have shown that regular consumption of alcohol (more than the recommended limit of one to two glasses daily) is associated with increased risk of colon polyp formation.
In addition, those people who have had a history of colon polyps are at an increased risk for those polyps becoming cancerous with more excessive intake of alcoholic beverages.
Try to limit how much alcohol you consume. Women shouldn't consume more than one drink daily and men should limit their intake to two drinks or less per day.
Tips
If you have a history of colon polyps, make sure to talk to your doctor about the best way to alter diet to prevent more polyps from forming.
Slowly evaluate your diet. Start phasing out some of the foods that could increase your risk for the formation of polyps.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:46",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Adding Nutrient Dense Foods to Prevent Polyps\\n1-1. Focus on red, yellow and orange vegetables.\\nVegetables are an important food group to prevent a variety of diseases and cancers. However, red, yellow and orange vegetables have high levels of vitamins and antioxidants that can help keep your colon healthy.\\nWhat makes these vegetables that particular color are the vitamins and antioxidants that are found in them. Red, yellow and orange vegetables are particularly high in an antioxidant known as beta carotene which is an orange/red color.\\nThis antioxidant is often associated with Vitamin A as it is a precursor to becoming Vitamin A in your body. Adequate intakes are also associated with a decreased rate of colon cancer.\\nInclude a one cup serving of any of these colored vegetables. You can try: red, yellow and orange bell peppers, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, butternut squash and carrots.\\n1-2. Include folate-rich foods.\\nAnother group of foods that can help protect your colon and resist the formation of polyps are folate-rich foods. Luckily, folate can be found in a wide variety of foods.\\nStudies have shown that an intake of 400 IU of folate every day can help prevent the formation of polyps but also helps prevent colon cancer as well.\\n400 IU of folate is easily consumed if you eat a balanced diet and focus on folate-rich foods.\\nSpecific foods that are high in folate include: fortified breakfast cereals, spinach, black-eyed peas, asparagus, broccoli, green peas, whole wheat bread and peanuts.\\n1-3. Consume calcium-rich foods.\\nCalcium is another commonly found mineral that has been shown to prevent the formation of colon polyps. Including regular servings of foods high in calcium can help protect your colon.\\nOne study in particular showed that those people who consumed 1200 mg of calcium daily (which you can get from three servings of calcium-rich foods), had a 20% less recurrence of cancerous colon polyps.\\nCalcium is found most commonly in dairy foods. You can have milk, yogurt, kefir, cheese or cottage cheese to get in an adequate serving of calcium.\\nIn addition, calcium is found in other plant-based foods outside of the dairy group. Almonds, broccoli, dark greens, and fortified orange juice or soy milk offer another source of calcium.\\n1-4. Focus on healthy fats.\\nSome foods contain a certain type of fat called omega-3 fats. Often known as heart healthy fats, these fats are also beneficial to your colon. \\nStudies have shown that omega-3 fats help maintain and even improve cell health in the colon. Include regular servings of healthy fats to help prevent colon polyps.\\nHealthy fats are found in a wide variety of foods. Include a serving of these foods daily to help protect your colon and prevent the formation of polyps.\\nInclude foods like: avocado, olive oil, olives, salmon, tuna, sardines, mackerel, walnuts and flaxseeds.\\n1-5. Drink green tea.\\nMany studies have shown the benefits of green tea in preventing polyps and colon cancer. Try swapping out your morning coffee for a cup of green tea or drink a cup or two of decaffeinated green tea after dinner.\\n1-6. Drink more water.\\nAlthough water is not a specific food or a nutrient, it's essential to overall health. Specifically, studies have shown that a lack of adequate water can lead to dehydration and polyp formation in your colon.\\nWhen you don't drink adequate amounts of fluids, your body will harvest free water from other areas - like your stool or other cells. This causes dehydration and constipation.\\nDecreased bowel transit time and the concentration of carcinogenic compounds that are found in cells can increase your risk for the growth of cancerous polyps.\\nHealth professionals recommend drinking about 64 oz or 8 glasses of water everyday. However, you may need to increase your water intake to prevent constipation.\\n2. Following a High Fiber Diet\\n2-1. Eat an adequate amount of vegetables daily.\\nVegetables are high in a variety of nutrients that can keep your body healthy. However, they're also high in fiber which can help protect your colon.\\nFiber is essential to keeping your bowels moving at a healthy speed. When your bowel transit is slow, you increase your risk for colon polyps and cancer.\\nTo meet your recommended fiber intake, include three to five servings of vegetables everyday. Measure out one cup of vegetables or two cups of salad greens.\\nVegetables that are particularly high in fiber include: artichokes, asparagus, avocado, sweet potatoes, bean sprouts, dark greens, beets, broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage.\\n2-2. Include enough servings of fruit.\\nFruits are also high in a variety of nutrients. Some fruits are also exceptionally high in fiber which can help you increase your overall fiber intake.\\nInclude one to two servings of fruits everyday. Measure out the appropriate portion. You can choose one small piece of fruit or measure out 1/2 cup of of chopped fruit.\\nFruit that is particularly high in fiber include: apples, apricots, berries, bananas, cantaloupe, oranges and coconut.\\n2-3. Go for 100% whole grains.\\nOne specific group of foods that are also known for being very high in fiber are grains. However, choose 100% whole grains over the refined grains for the most nutrient dense choice.\\nWhenever you choose to eat grains (like bread, rice or pasta), go for 100% whole grains. These foods are less processed and much higher in fiber compared to refined grains (like white rice or white bread).\\nInclude two to three servings of whole grains every day. Measure these out to 1/2 cup of cooked grains or 2 oz per serving.\\nChoose foods like: brown rice, quinoa, oatmeal, whole wheat bread, whole grain pasta, millet, farro or barley.\\n2-4. Choose high fiber protein sources.\\nYou might not think that many protein foods are high in fiber. But vegetarian sources of protein do offer a decent amount of fiber per serving.\\nLegumes are not only high in protein, but are also very high in fiber. These are a great food group to add to your diet to help increase your overall fiber intake.\\nLegumes are a plant-based group that include foods like beans, lentils and nuts.\\nSince they do fall into the protein group, they follow the recommendations for those serving sizes. Measure out 1/2 cup of these foods per serving.\\nChoose foods like: black beans, chickpeas, lentils, peanuts, soy beans, lima beans, kidney beans and pinto beans.\\n2-5. Choose foods fortified with extra fiber.\\nSince fiber plays such an important role in general health, many food manufacturers have been adding fiber to their products. This is a great way to help people meet their daily needs.\\nFiber is found in a wide variety of foods, but it can still be difficult to meet your daily needs. Men need 38 g of fiber daily while women need about 25 g of fiber daily.\\nIn addition to choosing foods and food groups that are high in fiber, also look for foods that have added fiber to them. This fiber is added during the processing of the food and can help you meet your needs.\\nFoods that are commonly fortified with extra fiber include: yogurt, soy milk, cereals, breads, orange juice and granola bars.\\n3. Avoiding Foods that can Harm Your Colon\\n3-1. Limit your intake of saturated fats.\\nAlthough there are many foods that you should eat more often to help prevent colon polyps, there are foods that you should limit or avoid. \\nSaturated fats, unlike omega-3 fats, have been shown to increase your risk for the formation of colon polyps and colon cancer.\\nOne study in particular found that for every additional 100 grams of red meat that you consume (which is higher in saturated fat) your risk for colon cancer increases by 14%.\\nLimit meats: fatty cuts of beef, salami, hot dogs, bacon, sausage and deli meat. These are highly processed and high in saturated fat.\\nIf you do choose to have these foods occasionally, stick to the appropriate portion of 3 to 4 oz total per serving.\\n3-2. Decrease your sugar consumption.\\nYou may not realize that another group of foods that has been linked to colon polyps and colon cancer are sugary, sweetened foods. Limit these in your diet.\\nThe sugar from sweetened foods increase your glucose levels. Studies have shown that with increased glucose levels, your risk for the formation of colon cancer increases as well.\\nFoods that are high in sugar and that should be limited include: sweetened beverages, candy, cookies, cakes, pies, ice cream, sugary cereals, pastries and fruit juices.\\nIf you do choose to have these foods, make sure they are small portions and something you only eat occasionally - not on a regular basis.\\n3-3. Try to avoid burned, charred, or fried meats.\\nIn addition to avoiding or limiting certain foods, you should also take care of how you prepare certain foods. Charring or burning foods when you cook them may increase your risk of colon cancer.\\nWhen you cook foods, especially over a grill, you can char or burn them. Although this may taste good, this charring creates carcinogenic substances in the food which have been associated with higher rates of colon cancer.\\nIf you are grilling foods try to avoid foods from becoming overly charred. When eating, avoid the blackened bits or areas that are charred. Remove with a fork and knife so they are completely removed from your serving.\\nAnother trick is to grill or cook foods over aluminum foil. This helps prevent foods from becoming too charred or burned.\\n3-4. Limit your intake of alcohol.\\nIn addition to sweetened beverages, alcoholic beverages have also been linked to the formation of colon polyps. You should limit your overall intake of alcoholic beverages.\\nStudies have shown that regular consumption of alcohol (more than the recommended limit of one to two glasses daily) is associated with increased risk of colon polyp formation.\\nIn addition, those people who have had a history of colon polyps are at an increased risk for those polyps becoming cancerous with more excessive intake of alcoholic beverages.\\nTry to limit how much alcohol you consume. Women shouldn't consume more than one drink daily and men should limit their intake to two drinks or less per day.\\nTips\\nIf you have a history of colon polyps, make sure to talk to your doctor about the best way to alter diet to prevent more polyps from forming.\\nSlowly evaluate your diet. Start phasing out some of the foods that could increase your risk for the formation of polyps.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Colon polyps are little nodules that are found along the lining of the large intestine. These little mushroom-shaped growths can be very small but also grow to the size of a golf ball as well. Some types of polyps, especially the smaller ones, are benign. However, other types and the ones that have gotten much larger may turn into colon cancer. Although colon polyps can be removed (as during a colonoscopy), it's also important to make sure that you alter your diet to help prevent polyps from forming in the first place.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Adding Nutrient Dense Foods to Prevent Polyps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Focus on red, yellow and orange vegetables.\", \"描述\": \"Vegetables are an important food group to prevent a variety of diseases and cancers. However, red, yellow and orange vegetables have high levels of vitamins and antioxidants that can help keep your colon healthy.\\nWhat makes these vegetables that particular color are the vitamins and antioxidants that are found in them. Red, yellow and orange vegetables are particularly high in an antioxidant known as beta carotene which is an orange/red color.\\nThis antioxidant is often associated with Vitamin A as it is a precursor to becoming Vitamin A in your body. Adequate intakes are also associated with a decreased rate of colon cancer.\\nInclude a one cup serving of any of these colored vegetables. You can try: red, yellow and orange bell peppers, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, butternut squash and carrots.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Include folate-rich foods.\", \"描述\": \"Another group of foods that can help protect your colon and resist the formation of polyps are folate-rich foods. Luckily, folate can be found in a wide variety of foods.\\nStudies have shown that an intake of 400 IU of folate every day can help prevent the formation of polyps but also helps prevent colon cancer as well.\\n400 IU of folate is easily consumed if you eat a balanced diet and focus on folate-rich foods.\\nSpecific foods that are high in folate include: fortified breakfast cereals, spinach, black-eyed peas, asparagus, broccoli, green peas, whole wheat bread and peanuts.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Consume calcium-rich foods.\", \"描述\": \"Calcium is another commonly found mineral that has been shown to prevent the formation of colon polyps. Including regular servings of foods high in calcium can help protect your colon.\\nOne study in particular showed that those people who consumed 1200 mg of calcium daily (which you can get from three servings of calcium-rich foods), had a 20% less recurrence of cancerous colon polyps.\\nCalcium is found most commonly in dairy foods. You can have milk, yogurt, kefir, cheese or cottage cheese to get in an adequate serving of calcium.\\nIn addition, calcium is found in other plant-based foods outside of the dairy group. Almonds, broccoli, dark greens, and fortified orange juice or soy milk offer another source of calcium.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Focus on healthy fats.\", \"描述\": \"Some foods contain a certain type of fat called omega-3 fats. Often known as heart healthy fats, these fats are also beneficial to your colon. \\nStudies have shown that omega-3 fats help maintain and even improve cell health in the colon. Include regular servings of healthy fats to help prevent colon polyps.\\nHealthy fats are found in a wide variety of foods. Include a serving of these foods daily to help protect your colon and prevent the formation of polyps.\\nInclude foods like: avocado, olive oil, olives, salmon, tuna, sardines, mackerel, walnuts and flaxseeds.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Drink green tea.\", \"描述\": \"Many studies have shown the benefits of green tea in preventing polyps and colon cancer. Try swapping out your morning coffee for a cup of green tea or drink a cup or two of decaffeinated green tea after dinner.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Drink more water.\", \"描述\": \"Although water is not a specific food or a nutrient, it's essential to overall health. Specifically, studies have shown that a lack of adequate water can lead to dehydration and polyp formation in your colon.\\nWhen you don't drink adequate amounts of fluids, your body will harvest free water from other areas - like your stool or other cells. This causes dehydration and constipation.\\nDecreased bowel transit time and the concentration of carcinogenic compounds that are found in cells can increase your risk for the growth of cancerous polyps.\\nHealth professionals recommend drinking about 64 oz or 8 glasses of water everyday. However, you may need to increase your water intake to prevent constipation.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Following a High Fiber Diet\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Eat an adequate amount of vegetables daily.\", \"描述\": \"Vegetables are high in a variety of nutrients that can keep your body healthy. However, they're also high in fiber which can help protect your colon.\\nFiber is essential to keeping your bowels moving at a healthy speed. When your bowel transit is slow, you increase your risk for colon polyps and cancer.\\nTo meet your recommended fiber intake, include three to five servings of vegetables everyday. Measure out one cup of vegetables or two cups of salad greens.\\nVegetables that are particularly high in fiber include: artichokes, asparagus, avocado, sweet potatoes, bean sprouts, dark greens, beets, broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Include enough servings of fruit.\", \"描述\": \"Fruits are also high in a variety of nutrients. Some fruits are also exceptionally high in fiber which can help you increase your overall fiber intake.\\nInclude one to two servings of fruits everyday. Measure out the appropriate portion. You can choose one small piece of fruit or measure out 1/2 cup of of chopped fruit.\\nFruit that is particularly high in fiber include: apples, apricots, berries, bananas, cantaloupe, oranges and coconut.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Go for 100% whole grains.\", \"描述\": \"One specific group of foods that are also known for being very high in fiber are grains. However, choose 100% whole grains over the refined grains for the most nutrient dense choice.\\nWhenever you choose to eat grains (like bread, rice or pasta), go for 100% whole grains. These foods are less processed and much higher in fiber compared to refined grains (like white rice or white bread).\\nInclude two to three servings of whole grains every day. Measure these out to 1/2 cup of cooked grains or 2 oz per serving.\\nChoose foods like: brown rice, quinoa, oatmeal, whole wheat bread, whole grain pasta, millet, farro or barley.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Choose high fiber protein sources.\", \"描述\": \"You might not think that many protein foods are high in fiber. But vegetarian sources of protein do offer a decent amount of fiber per serving.\\nLegumes are not only high in protein, but are also very high in fiber. These are a great food group to add to your diet to help increase your overall fiber intake.\\nLegumes are a plant-based group that include foods like beans, lentils and nuts.\\nSince they do fall into the protein group, they follow the recommendations for those serving sizes. Measure out 1/2 cup of these foods per serving.\\nChoose foods like: black beans, chickpeas, lentils, peanuts, soy beans, lima beans, kidney beans and pinto beans.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Choose foods fortified with extra fiber.\", \"描述\": \"Since fiber plays such an important role in general health, many food manufacturers have been adding fiber to their products. This is a great way to help people meet their daily needs.\\nFiber is found in a wide variety of foods, but it can still be difficult to meet your daily needs. Men need 38 g of fiber daily while women need about 25 g of fiber daily.\\nIn addition to choosing foods and food groups that are high in fiber, also look for foods that have added fiber to them. This fiber is added during the processing of the food and can help you meet your needs.\\nFoods that are commonly fortified with extra fiber include: yogurt, soy milk, cereals, breads, orange juice and granola bars.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Avoiding Foods that can Harm Your Colon\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Limit your intake of saturated fats.\", \"描述\": \"Although there are many foods that you should eat more often to help prevent colon polyps, there are foods that you should limit or avoid. \\nSaturated fats, unlike omega-3 fats, have been shown to increase your risk for the formation of colon polyps and colon cancer.\\nOne study in particular found that for every additional 100 grams of red meat that you consume (which is higher in saturated fat) your risk for colon cancer increases by 14%.\\nLimit meats: fatty cuts of beef, salami, hot dogs, bacon, sausage and deli meat. These are highly processed and high in saturated fat.\\nIf you do choose to have these foods occasionally, stick to the appropriate portion of 3 to 4 oz total per serving.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Decrease your sugar consumption.\", \"描述\": \"You may not realize that another group of foods that has been linked to colon polyps and colon cancer are sugary, sweetened foods. Limit these in your diet.\\nThe sugar from sweetened foods increase your glucose levels. Studies have shown that with increased glucose levels, your risk for the formation of colon cancer increases as well.\\nFoods that are high in sugar and that should be limited include: sweetened beverages, candy, cookies, cakes, pies, ice cream, sugary cereals, pastries and fruit juices.\\nIf you do choose to have these foods, make sure they are small portions and something you only eat occasionally - not on a regular basis.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Try to avoid burned, charred, or fried meats.\", \"描述\": \"In addition to avoiding or limiting certain foods, you should also take care of how you prepare certain foods. Charring or burning foods when you cook them may increase your risk of colon cancer.\\nWhen you cook foods, especially over a grill, you can char or burn them. Although this may taste good, this charring creates carcinogenic substances in the food which have been associated with higher rates of colon cancer.\\nIf you are grilling foods try to avoid foods from becoming overly charred. When eating, avoid the blackened bits or areas that are charred. Remove with a fork and knife so they are completely removed from your serving.\\nAnother trick is to grill or cook foods over aluminum foil. This helps prevent foods from becoming too charred or burned.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Limit your intake of alcohol.\", \"描述\": \"In addition to sweetened beverages, alcoholic beverages have also been linked to the formation of colon polyps. You should limit your overall intake of alcoholic beverages.\\nStudies have shown that regular consumption of alcohol (more than the recommended limit of one to two glasses daily) is associated with increased risk of colon polyp formation.\\nIn addition, those people who have had a history of colon polyps are at an increased risk for those polyps becoming cancerous with more excessive intake of alcoholic beverages.\\nTry to limit how much alcohol you consume. Women shouldn't consume more than one drink daily and men should limit their intake to two drinks or less per day.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"If you have a history of colon polyps, make sure to talk to your doctor about the best way to alter diet to prevent more polyps from forming.\\n\", \"Slowly evaluate your diet. Start phasing out some of the foods that could increase your risk for the formation of polyps.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,620 | How to Alter a Shirt | 1. Altering a T-Shirt
1-1. Lay the well-fitting shirt over the ill-fitting shirt.
Lay your ill-fitting t-shirt out flat and then lay the well-fitting shirt over it. Make sure that both shirts are flat and lined up at the shoulders and neckline. Leave the t-shirt sleeves on both shirts untucked.
1-2. Trace along the edges of the well-fitting shirt.
Trace around the outside of the entire shirt including around the underside of the sleeves (around the armpit areas). Make sure that the shoulders and neckline of the t-shirts are lined up.
1-3. Cut along the lines you have drawn.
Use your scissors to cut straight, even lines following the chalk lines you have drawn on the ill-fitting shirt. Cut around the undersides of the sleeves as well.
1-4. Shorten the sleeves.
For a t-shirt, you will only need to adjust the length of your sleeves. Line up the t-shirt sleeves so that the shoulder seams are lined up. Then, use a piece of chalk to trace ½” (1.3 cm) from the end of the well-fitting sleeve. Cut off the excess, and then fold over the end of your sleeve by ½” (1.3 cm) all the way around the sleeve opening. This will be the new hemline for your t-shirt sleeve.
1-5. Sew along the edges of the t-shirt.
Sew along the edges going from the bottom of the t-shirt to the ends of the sleeves. Then, sew around the pinned areas at the end of the t-shirt sleeves to create your new sleeve hem. Remove the pins as you sew. Your seam should be about ½” (1.3 cm) from the raw edge of the fabric.
When you are finished, you can turn your t-shirt inside out and try it on!
2. Altering a Button-Down Shirt
2-1. Place a shirt that fits well over your oversized shirt.
Turn your oversized shirt inside out and then lay out your oversized shirt so that it is completely flat.
Tuck the sleeves of the well-fitting shirt into the armholes before you begin.
Leave the sleeves of the ill-fitting shirt untucked and spread out.
Make sure that both shirts are buttoned up all the way as well.
2-2. Trace around the edges with chalk.
Next, take a piece of chalk and trace around the outer edges of the button-down shirt. Start at the bottom of the shirt and trace ½” (1.3 cm) from the edges of the well-fitting shirt on both sides. This will provide some extra fabric for your seam allowance.
Tuck in the sleeves on your well-fitting shirt all the way to the sleeve seam. This is where the shoulder and sleeve meet on your shirt.
Do not trace around the sleeves. Only trace around the sleeve openings.
2-3. Cut along the lines you have drawn.
Use a sharp pair of scissors to cut along the lines you have drawn onto the ill-fitting shirt. Make sure to cut straight, even lines. Do not cut inside or outside of the lines. Cut right along them.
Cut the sleeves completely off of the body piece of the shirt.
2-4. Trim down the sleeves as needed.
Leave the sleeves turned inside out to do this. Measure the sleeve length on your ill-fitting shirt against the sleeve length of your well-fitting shirt to determine how much you want to trim them down. To do this, lay the ill-fitting sleeve out flat and then line up the well-fitting sleeve over it so that the sleeve cuffs and top edges are lined up. Make sure that the well-fitting sleeve is flat as well. Trace around the bottom edge and arm seam of your well-fitting sleeve with a piece of chalk leaving a ½” (1.3 cm) seam allowance.
Do this for both sleeves.
2-5. Sew along the edges of the shirt.
When you have finished making your adjustments to the t-shirt or button-down shirt, you can sew along the edges to secure the new fit. Sew a straight seam about ½” (1.3 cm) from the edges of the body of the shirt.
Do not sew across the armhole openings. Leave these open so that you can reattach the sleeves.
2-6. Turn the sleeves right side out.
Your body piece will need to remain inside out, but your sleeves will need to be right side out to reattach them properly. Turn the sleeves right side out before you begin.
2-7. Insert the sleeves through the armhole openings.
To line up the edges of your sleeve openings and sleeves, you will need to completely insert the sleeves into the arm openings cuff first. Insert the cuffs into the arm openings and keep going until the ends of your sleeves are lined up with the openings.
2-8. Pin the sleeves in place.
After you have inserted the sleeves through the sleeve openings completely, you can pin around the edges to secure them. Make sure that the edges of the sleeves and sleeves openings are lined up evenly.
2-9. Sew the sleeves back onto the shirt.
When you are satisfied with the way the sleeves are pinned, you can sew the sleeves in place. Sew along the pinned edges about ½” (1.3 cm) from the raw edges to secure the sleeves. Remove the pins as you sew.
After you finish sewing both sleeves into place, you can turn the shirt inside out and try it on!
3. Pinching and Pinning Your Shirt
3-1. Turn the shirt inside out and put it on.
Pinning and pinching is a fairly easy way to improve the fit of a shirt. To get started, all you need to do is turn the shirt inside out and put it on. This way you will be able to sew the areas you have pinned when you remove the shirt.
If you are tailoring a button-down shirt, then make sure that you button it up all the way before putting the shirt on.
3-2. Pinch the areas where you would like the shirt to fit better.
Locate the areas of the shirt where it is ill-fitting and pinch them so that they will be the size you’d like them to be. Then, place a pin through the fabric in each of these areas to hold the fabric in place.
You may also ask a friend to do this for you if you find it difficult to pinch and pin the shirt you are wearing.
3-3. Remove the shirt.
When you finish pinning the shirt in all of the areas where the fit is off, carefully take off the shirt. Make sure that you do this carefully and slowly to avoid removing any of the pins in the process.
3-4. Sew along the edges of the pinned areas.
To secure the fabric in the areas you have pinned, sew a straight stitch just outside of the areas you have pinned. Remove the pins as you sew.
3-5. Cut away the excess fabric.
When you finish sewing along the pinned areas, you will need to cut away the excess fabric that is outside of the seam. Cut about ½” (1.3 cm) from the new seam to remove the excess fabric.
After you cut away the excess fabric, your shirt will be ready to wear. Turn it right side out and try it on!
Tips
For more ideas on turning a baggy t-shirt into something you'd be happy to wear, see: How to Cut Oversized T Shirts, which includes making a racerback tank from a baggy tee or a trendy tied shirt.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:46",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Altering a T-Shirt\\n1-1. Lay the well-fitting shirt over the ill-fitting shirt.\\nLay your ill-fitting t-shirt out flat and then lay the well-fitting shirt over it. Make sure that both shirts are flat and lined up at the shoulders and neckline. Leave the t-shirt sleeves on both shirts untucked.\\n1-2. Trace along the edges of the well-fitting shirt.\\nTrace around the outside of the entire shirt including around the underside of the sleeves (around the armpit areas). Make sure that the shoulders and neckline of the t-shirts are lined up.\\n1-3. Cut along the lines you have drawn.\\nUse your scissors to cut straight, even lines following the chalk lines you have drawn on the ill-fitting shirt. Cut around the undersides of the sleeves as well.\\n1-4. Shorten the sleeves.\\nFor a t-shirt, you will only need to adjust the length of your sleeves. Line up the t-shirt sleeves so that the shoulder seams are lined up. Then, use a piece of chalk to trace ½” (1.3 cm) from the end of the well-fitting sleeve. Cut off the excess, and then fold over the end of your sleeve by ½” (1.3 cm) all the way around the sleeve opening. This will be the new hemline for your t-shirt sleeve.\\n1-5. Sew along the edges of the t-shirt.\\nSew along the edges going from the bottom of the t-shirt to the ends of the sleeves. Then, sew around the pinned areas at the end of the t-shirt sleeves to create your new sleeve hem. Remove the pins as you sew. Your seam should be about ½” (1.3 cm) from the raw edge of the fabric.\\nWhen you are finished, you can turn your t-shirt inside out and try it on!\\n2. Altering a Button-Down Shirt\\n2-1. Place a shirt that fits well over your oversized shirt.\\nTurn your oversized shirt inside out and then lay out your oversized shirt so that it is completely flat.\\nTuck the sleeves of the well-fitting shirt into the armholes before you begin.\\nLeave the sleeves of the ill-fitting shirt untucked and spread out.\\nMake sure that both shirts are buttoned up all the way as well.\\n2-2. Trace around the edges with chalk.\\nNext, take a piece of chalk and trace around the outer edges of the button-down shirt. Start at the bottom of the shirt and trace ½” (1.3 cm) from the edges of the well-fitting shirt on both sides. This will provide some extra fabric for your seam allowance.\\nTuck in the sleeves on your well-fitting shirt all the way to the sleeve seam. This is where the shoulder and sleeve meet on your shirt.\\nDo not trace around the sleeves. Only trace around the sleeve openings.\\n2-3. Cut along the lines you have drawn.\\nUse a sharp pair of scissors to cut along the lines you have drawn onto the ill-fitting shirt. Make sure to cut straight, even lines. Do not cut inside or outside of the lines. Cut right along them.\\nCut the sleeves completely off of the body piece of the shirt.\\n2-4. Trim down the sleeves as needed.\\nLeave the sleeves turned inside out to do this. Measure the sleeve length on your ill-fitting shirt against the sleeve length of your well-fitting shirt to determine how much you want to trim them down. To do this, lay the ill-fitting sleeve out flat and then line up the well-fitting sleeve over it so that the sleeve cuffs and top edges are lined up. Make sure that the well-fitting sleeve is flat as well. Trace around the bottom edge and arm seam of your well-fitting sleeve with a piece of chalk leaving a ½” (1.3 cm) seam allowance.\\nDo this for both sleeves.\\n2-5. Sew along the edges of the shirt.\\nWhen you have finished making your adjustments to the t-shirt or button-down shirt, you can sew along the edges to secure the new fit. Sew a straight seam about ½” (1.3 cm) from the edges of the body of the shirt.\\nDo not sew across the armhole openings. Leave these open so that you can reattach the sleeves.\\n2-6. Turn the sleeves right side out.\\nYour body piece will need to remain inside out, but your sleeves will need to be right side out to reattach them properly. Turn the sleeves right side out before you begin.\\n2-7. Insert the sleeves through the armhole openings.\\nTo line up the edges of your sleeve openings and sleeves, you will need to completely insert the sleeves into the arm openings cuff first. Insert the cuffs into the arm openings and keep going until the ends of your sleeves are lined up with the openings.\\n2-8. Pin the sleeves in place.\\nAfter you have inserted the sleeves through the sleeve openings completely, you can pin around the edges to secure them. Make sure that the edges of the sleeves and sleeves openings are lined up evenly.\\n2-9. Sew the sleeves back onto the shirt.\\nWhen you are satisfied with the way the sleeves are pinned, you can sew the sleeves in place. Sew along the pinned edges about ½” (1.3 cm) from the raw edges to secure the sleeves. Remove the pins as you sew.\\nAfter you finish sewing both sleeves into place, you can turn the shirt inside out and try it on!\\n3. Pinching and Pinning Your Shirt\\n3-1. Turn the shirt inside out and put it on.\\nPinning and pinching is a fairly easy way to improve the fit of a shirt. To get started, all you need to do is turn the shirt inside out and put it on. This way you will be able to sew the areas you have pinned when you remove the shirt.\\nIf you are tailoring a button-down shirt, then make sure that you button it up all the way before putting the shirt on.\\n3-2. Pinch the areas where you would like the shirt to fit better.\\nLocate the areas of the shirt where it is ill-fitting and pinch them so that they will be the size you’d like them to be. Then, place a pin through the fabric in each of these areas to hold the fabric in place.\\nYou may also ask a friend to do this for you if you find it difficult to pinch and pin the shirt you are wearing.\\n3-3. Remove the shirt.\\nWhen you finish pinning the shirt in all of the areas where the fit is off, carefully take off the shirt. Make sure that you do this carefully and slowly to avoid removing any of the pins in the process.\\n3-4. Sew along the edges of the pinned areas.\\nTo secure the fabric in the areas you have pinned, sew a straight stitch just outside of the areas you have pinned. Remove the pins as you sew.\\n3-5. Cut away the excess fabric.\\nWhen you finish sewing along the pinned areas, you will need to cut away the excess fabric that is outside of the seam. Cut about ½” (1.3 cm) from the new seam to remove the excess fabric.\\nAfter you cut away the excess fabric, your shirt will be ready to wear. Turn it right side out and try it on!\\nTips\\nFor more ideas on turning a baggy t-shirt into something you'd be happy to wear, see: How to Cut Oversized T Shirts, which includes making a racerback tank from a baggy tee or a trendy tied shirt.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Shirts that are too large can be unflattering, but there’s no reason to get rid of a shirt just because it is a little baggy. If you have a button-down shirt or t-shirt that is too big for you, then you can alter your shirt to improve the fit. You can either use a shirt that fits you well as a guide, or you can pinch and pin the shirt to get the right fit. Either way, you will need a sewing machine and basic sewing skills to achieve a professional looking alteration.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Altering a T-Shirt\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Lay the well-fitting shirt over the ill-fitting shirt.\", \"描述\": \"Lay your ill-fitting t-shirt out flat and then lay the well-fitting shirt over it. Make sure that both shirts are flat and lined up at the shoulders and neckline. Leave the t-shirt sleeves on both shirts untucked.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Trace along the edges of the well-fitting shirt.\", \"描述\": \"Trace around the outside of the entire shirt including around the underside of the sleeves (around the armpit areas). Make sure that the shoulders and neckline of the t-shirts are lined up.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Cut along the lines you have drawn.\", \"描述\": \"Use your scissors to cut straight, even lines following the chalk lines you have drawn on the ill-fitting shirt. Cut around the undersides of the sleeves as well.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Shorten the sleeves.\", \"描述\": \"For a t-shirt, you will only need to adjust the length of your sleeves. Line up the t-shirt sleeves so that the shoulder seams are lined up. Then, use a piece of chalk to trace ½” (1.3 cm) from the end of the well-fitting sleeve. Cut off the excess, and then fold over the end of your sleeve by ½” (1.3 cm) all the way around the sleeve opening. This will be the new hemline for your t-shirt sleeve.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Sew along the edges of the t-shirt.\", \"描述\": \"Sew along the edges going from the bottom of the t-shirt to the ends of the sleeves. Then, sew around the pinned areas at the end of the t-shirt sleeves to create your new sleeve hem. Remove the pins as you sew. Your seam should be about ½” (1.3 cm) from the raw edge of the fabric.\\nWhen you are finished, you can turn your t-shirt inside out and try it on!\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Altering a Button-Down Shirt\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Place a shirt that fits well over your oversized shirt.\", \"描述\": \"Turn your oversized shirt inside out and then lay out your oversized shirt so that it is completely flat.\\nTuck the sleeves of the well-fitting shirt into the armholes before you begin.\\nLeave the sleeves of the ill-fitting shirt untucked and spread out.\\nMake sure that both shirts are buttoned up all the way as well.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Trace around the edges with chalk.\", \"描述\": \"Next, take a piece of chalk and trace around the outer edges of the button-down shirt. Start at the bottom of the shirt and trace ½” (1.3 cm) from the edges of the well-fitting shirt on both sides. This will provide some extra fabric for your seam allowance.\\nTuck in the sleeves on your well-fitting shirt all the way to the sleeve seam. This is where the shoulder and sleeve meet on your shirt.\\nDo not trace around the sleeves. Only trace around the sleeve openings.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Cut along the lines you have drawn.\", \"描述\": \"Use a sharp pair of scissors to cut along the lines you have drawn onto the ill-fitting shirt. Make sure to cut straight, even lines. Do not cut inside or outside of the lines. Cut right along them.\\nCut the sleeves completely off of the body piece of the shirt.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Trim down the sleeves as needed.\", \"描述\": \"Leave the sleeves turned inside out to do this. Measure the sleeve length on your ill-fitting shirt against the sleeve length of your well-fitting shirt to determine how much you want to trim them down. To do this, lay the ill-fitting sleeve out flat and then line up the well-fitting sleeve over it so that the sleeve cuffs and top edges are lined up. Make sure that the well-fitting sleeve is flat as well. Trace around the bottom edge and arm seam of your well-fitting sleeve with a piece of chalk leaving a ½” (1.3 cm) seam allowance.\\nDo this for both sleeves.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Sew along the edges of the shirt.\", \"描述\": \"When you have finished making your adjustments to the t-shirt or button-down shirt, you can sew along the edges to secure the new fit. Sew a straight seam about ½” (1.3 cm) from the edges of the body of the shirt.\\nDo not sew across the armhole openings. Leave these open so that you can reattach the sleeves.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Turn the sleeves right side out.\", \"描述\": \"Your body piece will need to remain inside out, but your sleeves will need to be right side out to reattach them properly. Turn the sleeves right side out before you begin.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Insert the sleeves through the armhole openings.\", \"描述\": \"To line up the edges of your sleeve openings and sleeves, you will need to completely insert the sleeves into the arm openings cuff first. Insert the cuffs into the arm openings and keep going until the ends of your sleeves are lined up with the openings.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Pin the sleeves in place.\", \"描述\": \"After you have inserted the sleeves through the sleeve openings completely, you can pin around the edges to secure them. Make sure that the edges of the sleeves and sleeves openings are lined up evenly.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Sew the sleeves back onto the shirt.\", \"描述\": \"When you are satisfied with the way the sleeves are pinned, you can sew the sleeves in place. Sew along the pinned edges about ½” (1.3 cm) from the raw edges to secure the sleeves. Remove the pins as you sew.\\nAfter you finish sewing both sleeves into place, you can turn the shirt inside out and try it on!\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Pinching and Pinning Your Shirt\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Turn the shirt inside out and put it on.\", \"描述\": \"Pinning and pinching is a fairly easy way to improve the fit of a shirt. To get started, all you need to do is turn the shirt inside out and put it on. This way you will be able to sew the areas you have pinned when you remove the shirt.\\nIf you are tailoring a button-down shirt, then make sure that you button it up all the way before putting the shirt on.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Pinch the areas where you would like the shirt to fit better.\", \"描述\": \"Locate the areas of the shirt where it is ill-fitting and pinch them so that they will be the size you’d like them to be. Then, place a pin through the fabric in each of these areas to hold the fabric in place.\\nYou may also ask a friend to do this for you if you find it difficult to pinch and pin the shirt you are wearing.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Remove the shirt.\", \"描述\": \"When you finish pinning the shirt in all of the areas where the fit is off, carefully take off the shirt. Make sure that you do this carefully and slowly to avoid removing any of the pins in the process.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Sew along the edges of the pinned areas.\", \"描述\": \"To secure the fabric in the areas you have pinned, sew a straight stitch just outside of the areas you have pinned. Remove the pins as you sew.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Cut away the excess fabric.\", \"描述\": \"When you finish sewing along the pinned areas, you will need to cut away the excess fabric that is outside of the seam. Cut about ½” (1.3 cm) from the new seam to remove the excess fabric.\\nAfter you cut away the excess fabric, your shirt will be ready to wear. Turn it right side out and try it on!\"}], \"小提示\": [\"For more ideas on turning a baggy t-shirt into something you'd be happy to wear, see: How to Cut Oversized T Shirts, which includes making a racerback tank from a baggy tee or a trendy tied shirt.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,621 | How to Alter the Size of Your Windows Desktop Taskbar | 1. Steps
1-1. Unlock the taskbar.
To alter the size of your Windows desktop taskbar, make sure that the taskbar is not locked. To see whether or not it is locked, right-click any empty space on the taskbar, and check there is no checkmark next to 'Lock the taskbar'. If there is, click 'Lock the taskbar' once to unlock it.
1-2. Place the mouse cursor on the line at the top of the taskbar.
The pointer will turn into a two-headed arrow.
1-3. Click and drag the taskbar's edge up.
This will increase the size of the taskbar. Alternatively, drag the taskbar's edge down to make is smaller.
1-4. Reposition the taskbar.
You can reposition the taskbar to the right, left, or top of the screen. Simply click and drag the taskbar to the top, left, or right side of the screen.
This can be useful when the taskbar is blocking something at the bottom of the screen. You can temporarily move the taskbar out of the way.
1-5. Turn off Auto-hide.
Your computer may sometimes automatically hide the taskbar from view. If this is an annoyance to you, use the following steps to turn off auto-hide:
Right-click any empty space in the taskbar.
Click ( on Windows 7 & 8) at the bottom of the pop-up menu.
Click the toggle switch next to "Automatically hide the taskbar in desktop mode."
Click the toggle switch next to "Automatically hide the taskbar in tablet mode."
1-6. Make the taskbar icons small.
If you want to make the icons in the taskbar small, use the following steps:
Right-click any empty space in the taskbar.
Click ( on Windows 7 & 8) at the bottom of the pop-up menu.
Click the toggle switch next to "Use small taskbar buttons."
1-7. Click in the lower-right corner (Windows 8 & 10 only).
It's the icon that resembles a bracket pointing up. This displays all the hidden mini-icons in a pop-up box. You can adjust which icons you want to be in the taskbar or in the hidden icons box by clicking and dragging icons from the taskbar to the hidden icons box, and vice-versa. This allows you to move some icons off of the taskbar, creating more space in the taskbar.
1-8. Lock the taskbar again.
At this stage, you may lock the taskbar again if you wish. To do so, right-click any empty space on the taskbar and click .
Warnings
Increasing the size of your taskbar may waste space that was otherwise useful to you.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:46",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Unlock the taskbar.\\nTo alter the size of your Windows desktop taskbar, make sure that the taskbar is not locked. To see whether or not it is locked, right-click any empty space on the taskbar, and check there is no checkmark next to 'Lock the taskbar'. If there is, click 'Lock the taskbar' once to unlock it.\\n1-2. Place the mouse cursor on the line at the top of the taskbar.\\nThe pointer will turn into a two-headed arrow.\\n1-3. Click and drag the taskbar's edge up.\\nThis will increase the size of the taskbar. Alternatively, drag the taskbar's edge down to make is smaller.\\n1-4. Reposition the taskbar.\\nYou can reposition the taskbar to the right, left, or top of the screen. Simply click and drag the taskbar to the top, left, or right side of the screen.\\nThis can be useful when the taskbar is blocking something at the bottom of the screen. You can temporarily move the taskbar out of the way.\\n1-5. Turn off Auto-hide.\\nYour computer may sometimes automatically hide the taskbar from view. If this is an annoyance to you, use the following steps to turn off auto-hide:\\nRight-click any empty space in the taskbar.\\nClick ( on Windows 7 & 8) at the bottom of the pop-up menu.\\nClick the toggle switch next to \\\"Automatically hide the taskbar in desktop mode.\\\"\\nClick the toggle switch next to \\\"Automatically hide the taskbar in tablet mode.\\\"\\n1-6. Make the taskbar icons small.\\nIf you want to make the icons in the taskbar small, use the following steps:\\nRight-click any empty space in the taskbar.\\nClick ( on Windows 7 & 8) at the bottom of the pop-up menu.\\nClick the toggle switch next to \\\"Use small taskbar buttons.\\\"\\n1-7. Click in the lower-right corner (Windows 8 & 10 only).\\nIt's the icon that resembles a bracket pointing up. This displays all the hidden mini-icons in a pop-up box. You can adjust which icons you want to be in the taskbar or in the hidden icons box by clicking and dragging icons from the taskbar to the hidden icons box, and vice-versa. This allows you to move some icons off of the taskbar, creating more space in the taskbar.\\n1-8. Lock the taskbar again.\\nAt this stage, you may lock the taskbar again if you wish. To do so, right-click any empty space on the taskbar and click .\\nWarnings\\nIncreasing the size of your taskbar may waste space that was otherwise useful to you.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"The Windows taskbar can be made larger and smaller without any real technical knowledge! Perhaps you wish to make it bigger or smaller, stop it from hiding or vice versa and even put it at the top or sides of the screen. This guide will show you how to do all these things.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Unlock the taskbar.\", \"描述\": \"To alter the size of your Windows desktop taskbar, make sure that the taskbar is not locked. To see whether or not it is locked, right-click any empty space on the taskbar, and check there is no checkmark next to 'Lock the taskbar'. If there is, click 'Lock the taskbar' once to unlock it.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Place the mouse cursor on the line at the top of the taskbar.\", \"描述\": \"The pointer will turn into a two-headed arrow.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click and drag the taskbar's edge up.\", \"描述\": \"This will increase the size of the taskbar. Alternatively, drag the taskbar's edge down to make is smaller.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Reposition the taskbar.\", \"描述\": \"You can reposition the taskbar to the right, left, or top of the screen. Simply click and drag the taskbar to the top, left, or right side of the screen.\\nThis can be useful when the taskbar is blocking something at the bottom of the screen. You can temporarily move the taskbar out of the way.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Turn off Auto-hide.\", \"描述\": \"Your computer may sometimes automatically hide the taskbar from view. If this is an annoyance to you, use the following steps to turn off auto-hide:\\nRight-click any empty space in the taskbar.\\nClick ( on Windows 7 & 8) at the bottom of the pop-up menu.\\nClick the toggle switch next to \\\"Automatically hide the taskbar in desktop mode.\\\"\\nClick the toggle switch next to \\\"Automatically hide the taskbar in tablet mode.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Make the taskbar icons small.\", \"描述\": \"If you want to make the icons in the taskbar small, use the following steps:\\nRight-click any empty space in the taskbar.\\nClick ( on Windows 7 & 8) at the bottom of the pop-up menu.\\nClick the toggle switch next to \\\"Use small taskbar buttons.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Click in the lower-right corner (Windows 8 & 10 only).\", \"描述\": \"It's the icon that resembles a bracket pointing up. This displays all the hidden mini-icons in a pop-up box. You can adjust which icons you want to be in the taskbar or in the hidden icons box by clicking and dragging icons from the taskbar to the hidden icons box, and vice-versa. This allows you to move some icons off of the taskbar, creating more space in the taskbar.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Lock the taskbar again.\", \"描述\": \"At this stage, you may lock the taskbar again if you wish. To do so, right-click any empty space on the taskbar and click .\"}], \"注意事项\": [\"Increasing the size of your taskbar may waste space that was otherwise useful to you.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,622 | Main Differences Between Aluminum & Fiberglass Ladders | 1. Advantages of Aluminum Ladders
1-1. Aluminum ladders are lightweight.
Aluminum is a very lightweight material, so you’ll hardly have trouble carrying this ladder around while you get work done and can maneuver it along your house without the fear that you might accidentally bust through one of your windows. Aluminum is the lightest material in comparison to both fiberglass and wood.
The weight of a ladder will definitely vary by length and size, but aluminum ladders consistently weigh less than fiberglass ladders.
A 24 ft (7.3 m) extension ladder, one of the largest ladders, can weigh up to 170 lb (77.1 kg) when made of fiberglass, but only around 35 lb (15.9 kg) when made of aluminum.
1-2. They are extremely cost-effective.
These ladders will be much cheaper than their fiberglass counterparts, and you’ll still be getting a stable and durable ladder despite the low cost.
For example, a 24 ft (7.3 m) aluminum ladder could cost around $280 already, but a fiberglass ladder can make that price shoot up to nearly $500.
1-3. Aluminum ladders are easier to maintain.
While certain measures must be taken to ensure the longevity of other types of ladders, aluminum ladders do not require much care on your part. Of course, cleaning them after using them will help preserve them longer, but other than that they require no special treatment.
The average life expectancy of an aluminum ladder is around 20 years.
They also are not as susceptible to chipping and cracking like fiberglass ladders, whose coating can also be damaged when left out in the sun.
2. Advantages of Fiberglass Ladders
2-1. They do not conduct electricity.
Fiberglass is a plastic material reinforced by glass, neither of which conduct electricity. This makes it very safe to use when working with electricity or power supplies. Aluminum, on the other, is extremely conductive.
2-2. They can withstand heat.
Unlike aluminum ladders, fiberglass ladders will not conduct heat as quickly and are thus safer to use when working near heat sources To avoid injury when working with machines or tools that may give off a lot of heat, a fiberglass ladder will be a much safer option.
2-3. Fiberglass ladders are some of the most durable ladders.
While they are susceptible to chipping and cracking, fiberglass ladders are able to withstand these dents, scratches, and peeling for a longer period of time than other ladders. Given their heat-resistant properties, they also aren’t likely to bend and warp as easily as aluminum ladders.
Many fiberglass ladders have the highest durability rating of 1AA, meaning that they can carry a maximum of 375 lb (170.1 kg).
3. Which one should you choose?
3-1. Use fiberglass ladders for electrical work and simple at-home projects.
Given how they are made of non-conducting material, a fiberglass ladder will be the safest option when working with electricity and power sources. Fiberglass ladders also offer more support and stability, with shorter step-ladders not differing much in weight from aluminum ladders. So you might consider trading in your aluminum ladder for a more stable fiberglass one when doing projects that don’t require much height.
Never use an aluminum ladder when dealing with power lines or electrical wiring, as aluminum is extremely conductive and can lead to serious injury.
3-2. Aluminum ladders are best for high-up projects and are durable yet cheap.
When you need to use something like an extension ladder, it’ll be much easier to carry around and maneuver a ladder that’s made of aluminum. You also won’t have to break the bank to get one of these, as they’re very cost-effective while not sacrificing durability or stability.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:46",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Advantages of Aluminum Ladders\\n1-1. Aluminum ladders are lightweight.\\nAluminum is a very lightweight material, so you’ll hardly have trouble carrying this ladder around while you get work done and can maneuver it along your house without the fear that you might accidentally bust through one of your windows. Aluminum is the lightest material in comparison to both fiberglass and wood.\\nThe weight of a ladder will definitely vary by length and size, but aluminum ladders consistently weigh less than fiberglass ladders.\\nA 24 ft (7.3 m) extension ladder, one of the largest ladders, can weigh up to 170 lb (77.1 kg) when made of fiberglass, but only around 35 lb (15.9 kg) when made of aluminum.\\n1-2. They are extremely cost-effective.\\nThese ladders will be much cheaper than their fiberglass counterparts, and you’ll still be getting a stable and durable ladder despite the low cost.\\nFor example, a 24 ft (7.3 m) aluminum ladder could cost around $280 already, but a fiberglass ladder can make that price shoot up to nearly $500.\\n1-3. Aluminum ladders are easier to maintain.\\nWhile certain measures must be taken to ensure the longevity of other types of ladders, aluminum ladders do not require much care on your part. Of course, cleaning them after using them will help preserve them longer, but other than that they require no special treatment.\\nThe average life expectancy of an aluminum ladder is around 20 years.\\nThey also are not as susceptible to chipping and cracking like fiberglass ladders, whose coating can also be damaged when left out in the sun.\\n2. Advantages of Fiberglass Ladders\\n2-1. They do not conduct electricity.\\nFiberglass is a plastic material reinforced by glass, neither of which conduct electricity. This makes it very safe to use when working with electricity or power supplies. Aluminum, on the other, is extremely conductive.\\n2-2. They can withstand heat.\\nUnlike aluminum ladders, fiberglass ladders will not conduct heat as quickly and are thus safer to use when working near heat sources To avoid injury when working with machines or tools that may give off a lot of heat, a fiberglass ladder will be a much safer option.\\n2-3. Fiberglass ladders are some of the most durable ladders.\\nWhile they are susceptible to chipping and cracking, fiberglass ladders are able to withstand these dents, scratches, and peeling for a longer period of time than other ladders. Given their heat-resistant properties, they also aren’t likely to bend and warp as easily as aluminum ladders.\\nMany fiberglass ladders have the highest durability rating of 1AA, meaning that they can carry a maximum of 375 lb (170.1 kg).\\n3. Which one should you choose?\\n3-1. Use fiberglass ladders for electrical work and simple at-home projects.\\nGiven how they are made of non-conducting material, a fiberglass ladder will be the safest option when working with electricity and power sources. Fiberglass ladders also offer more support and stability, with shorter step-ladders not differing much in weight from aluminum ladders. So you might consider trading in your aluminum ladder for a more stable fiberglass one when doing projects that don’t require much height.\\nNever use an aluminum ladder when dealing with power lines or electrical wiring, as aluminum is extremely conductive and can lead to serious injury.\\n3-2. Aluminum ladders are best for high-up projects and are durable yet cheap.\\nWhen you need to use something like an extension ladder, it’ll be much easier to carry around and maneuver a ladder that’s made of aluminum. You also won’t have to break the bank to get one of these, as they’re very cost-effective while not sacrificing durability or stability.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Aluminum and fiberglass are two of the main materials today’s ladders are made of, but which one will be best for you? Finding a ladder that will help you “reach” all of your project goals is important, and choosing a ladder made out of the right material is the first step in finding this match. We’ll walk you through the advantages of each ladder type as well as when each is best to use so you can feel confident when choosing a ladder for your next project.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Advantages of Aluminum Ladders\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Aluminum ladders are lightweight.\", \"描述\": \"Aluminum is a very lightweight material, so you’ll hardly have trouble carrying this ladder around while you get work done and can maneuver it along your house without the fear that you might accidentally bust through one of your windows. Aluminum is the lightest material in comparison to both fiberglass and wood.\\nThe weight of a ladder will definitely vary by length and size, but aluminum ladders consistently weigh less than fiberglass ladders.\\nA 24 ft (7.3 m) extension ladder, one of the largest ladders, can weigh up to 170 lb (77.1 kg) when made of fiberglass, but only around 35 lb (15.9 kg) when made of aluminum.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"They are extremely cost-effective.\", \"描述\": \"These ladders will be much cheaper than their fiberglass counterparts, and you’ll still be getting a stable and durable ladder despite the low cost.\\nFor example, a 24 ft (7.3 m) aluminum ladder could cost around $280 already, but a fiberglass ladder can make that price shoot up to nearly $500.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Aluminum ladders are easier to maintain.\", \"描述\": \"While certain measures must be taken to ensure the longevity of other types of ladders, aluminum ladders do not require much care on your part. Of course, cleaning them after using them will help preserve them longer, but other than that they require no special treatment.\\nThe average life expectancy of an aluminum ladder is around 20 years.\\nThey also are not as susceptible to chipping and cracking like fiberglass ladders, whose coating can also be damaged when left out in the sun.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Advantages of Fiberglass Ladders\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"They do not conduct electricity.\", \"描述\": \"Fiberglass is a plastic material reinforced by glass, neither of which conduct electricity. This makes it very safe to use when working with electricity or power supplies. Aluminum, on the other, is extremely conductive.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"They can withstand heat.\", \"描述\": \"Unlike aluminum ladders, fiberglass ladders will not conduct heat as quickly and are thus safer to use when working near heat sources To avoid injury when working with machines or tools that may give off a lot of heat, a fiberglass ladder will be a much safer option.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Fiberglass ladders are some of the most durable ladders.\", \"描述\": \"While they are susceptible to chipping and cracking, fiberglass ladders are able to withstand these dents, scratches, and peeling for a longer period of time than other ladders. Given their heat-resistant properties, they also aren’t likely to bend and warp as easily as aluminum ladders.\\nMany fiberglass ladders have the highest durability rating of 1AA, meaning that they can carry a maximum of 375 lb (170.1 kg).\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Which one should you choose?\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use fiberglass ladders for electrical work and simple at-home projects.\", \"描述\": \"Given how they are made of non-conducting material, a fiberglass ladder will be the safest option when working with electricity and power sources. Fiberglass ladders also offer more support and stability, with shorter step-ladders not differing much in weight from aluminum ladders. So you might consider trading in your aluminum ladder for a more stable fiberglass one when doing projects that don’t require much height.\\nNever use an aluminum ladder when dealing with power lines or electrical wiring, as aluminum is extremely conductive and can lead to serious injury.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Aluminum ladders are best for high-up projects and are durable yet cheap.\", \"描述\": \"When you need to use something like an extension ladder, it’ll be much easier to carry around and maneuver a ladder that’s made of aluminum. You also won’t have to break the bank to get one of these, as they’re very cost-effective while not sacrificing durability or stability.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,623 | How to Always Be Happy | 1. Loving Your Life
1-1. Learn to love yourself.
Learning to love yourself is important for happiness because it means that you have accepted yourself for who you truly are. This satisfaction can help increase your contentment and confidence.
Write down a list of things that you love about yourself. These could be physical attributes, skills, personality traits, or relationships. Read over this list when your self-esteem is low.
Stand in front of a mirror and express your love for yourself. For example, you can say, “I love who I am, and nothing can change that.”
In difficult moments, treat yourself as you would your best friend. Whatever you would say to your friend, tell yourself.
1-2. Tell yourself that you can overcome anything.
People often become what they believe themselves to be. If you believe you cannot do something, it makes you incapable of doing it. Instead, remind yourself that you can handle anything.
If you're faced with a problem or obstacle, instead of giving up, tell yourself, “I can do this” and treat it as an opportunity to learn something new.
Don't be afraid of failure. If you make a mistake, pick yourself back up and try again. Remember that each failure is simply a new learning opportunity.
1-3. Avoid comparing yourself to other people.
Everyone lives life differently, so it is useless to compare yourself to other people. Remind yourself of your own successes, talents, and opportunities. Base your happiness on what you have achieved, not on what others have done.
Social media can cause people to compare themselves to others. If this is a problem for you, consider deleting your social media accounts or reducing how much time you spend on social media.
1-4. Forgive yourself when you make mistakes.
When you do something wrong, treat yourself the way you would treat a friend in the situation. Don't dwell on the mistake, but make a commitment to do better in the future.
1-5. Establish balance in your work, relationships, and hobbies.
Balance is important in all aspects of your life. Give yourself enough time to devote to your work, social life, family activities, personal interests, exercise, and relaxation time.
If you struggle with creating a work-life balance, try making a daily schedule. Block off time for relaxation and social activities, and don't let work run into that time.
Try implementing daily self-care practices in your routine. Give yourself a bubble bath, go for a run, or paint a picture. Do something that helps you relax.
2. Becoming More Positive
2-1. Practice positive thinking
Whenever you find yourself thinking something negative like “I can't do this” or “what an awful day,” stop yourself. Change your thought to something positive, such as “I can do this if I put my mind to it” or “This day is only going to get better.”
To help remind yourself to think positively, stick motivational messages on your phone, computer, mirror, or wallet. These might say something like “you're awesome” or “you can achieve your dreams.”
If you struggle with negative thinking often, try making a list of the potential reasons you may be feeling this way. Think of ways you can change or improve your life to start feeling more optimistic.
2-2. Give compliments
Praise yourself for your efforts and your achievement, even for small successes. Remind yourself how strong, talented, or hard-working you are.
For example, you can tell yourself, "You did so well getting everything done today! Great job!"
It can help to write compliments things down, either in a journal or on the computer.
Give yourself rewards when you've accomplished something big. Take yourself out to dinner, buy yourself something special, or do something fun with loved ones.
2-3. Smile
Just the act of smiling can make you feel better. When you're stressed, anxious, or upset, try smiling. A real smile, when you crinkle your eyes, will boost your mood and relieve tension.
2-4. Surround yourself with positive people.
Your social groups play a big role in how you feel. If you're surrounded by negative or cynical people, their behavior may rub off on you. Instead, seek out positive relationships with happy, optimistic, and cheerful people.
If you're struggling with your relationships, try to meet new people. Volunteer at a local charity, join a club or society, or take a class to learn a new skill.
If certain people complain on social media too much, consider unfriending them or blocking their posts from your view.
2-5. Express gratitude for the good things and people in your life.
Every day, identify a few things that you are thankful for. Think of your relationships, opportunities, favorite memories, and other wonderful things that have happened in your life.
Write these thoughts down in a journal every day. If you're feeling negative or upset, read over your gratitude journal to cheer yourself up.
Make sure to tell the people you love how much you appreciate them. This will make both of you feel happier.
2-6. Write your life as a positive story.
Every day, write what happened to you in a journal, but frame it as a happy story. Focus on the good things. When writing about your struggles, emphasize what you learned or how you grew from the experience.
Remember that everyone has struggles in life. These struggles can't prevent you from achieving happiness.
You can also try to focus on 1 positive thing that stands out to you, no matter how small it may seem.
3. Creating Happiness Habits
3-1. Adjust your expectations as you go along.
Your life will change as you grow older. Instead of sticking to the same expectations, goals, and dreams, feel free to make changes as you go along. Adjusting your expectations can help you stay realistic and avoid disappointment.
You may need to lower your expectations in some cases. Expecting too much of yourself or others can lead to disappointment and frustration.
For example, what you expect out of a partner might change as you get older. You may even want to cut down your list of requirements to help you find someone who will make you happy.
3-2. Build strong relationships with your family, friends, and loved ones.
Relationships are a key component of long-term happiness. You don't need a ton of friends to be happy. Instead, devote time to building strong relationships with people who are close to you.
Plan outings each week with friends or family. You can go on a picnic, see a movie together, or hang out at home.
For those who live far away, make sure to call regularly on the phone, talk over video chat, or send letters.
Remember important dates, like birthdays, anniversaries, and weddings. Give a nice card or a present for these events.
Tell your family and friends how you love and appreciate them often.
3-3. Get between 7-9 hours of sleep every night.
If you don't get enough sleep, you may find yourself feeling more moody, pessimistic, or stressed. A good sleep schedule will ensure that you can feel your best every day.
Avoid using bright screens and electronics 1 hour before going to bed. These screens can make it harder for you to fall asleep.
Make sure your bedroom is an inviting place to sleep. Close the curtains at night. Use a white noise machine or ear plugs to block out any noise.
3-4. Increase your activity levels.
Exercise and movement are great mood boosters. Incorporate more activity into your daily life to keep yourself feeling cheerful and happy. Some easy ways to include more activity include:
Taking a walk after dinner.
Going to the gym 2-3 times a week.
Taking the stairs instead of the escalator or elevator.
Playing with children or pets.
Going on a hike or kayaking on the weekend.
3-5. Meditate
Meditation helps calm your brain and restore you to a sense of peace. Daily meditation can help you cope with difficult or stressful situations.
Go somewhere quiet and peaceful. Close your eyes and focus on your breath. Don't think about anything else. If your mind wanders during this time, gently redirect it back to your breathing.
Start by doing 5 minute meditation sessions. As you get better, work your way up to 10 or 15 minute sessions.
There are many videos and apps that offer guided meditation. These include Headspace, Calm, and Insight Timer.
Tips
It is normal to feel happier at some times than others.
Being happy doesn't mean that you don't feel sad, upset, or angry at certain points. It just means that you are able to cope with these feelings and return to a sense of happiness instead of dwelling on them.
Warnings
Being surrounded by negative people can be harmful to your happiness. Put space between yourself and negative people in your life.
If you're feeling excessively sad, emotionless, or agitated or if you have lost interest in hobbies, work, and relationships, see a mental health professional for advice.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:46",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Loving Your Life\\n1-1. Learn to love yourself.\\nLearning to love yourself is important for happiness because it means that you have accepted yourself for who you truly are. This satisfaction can help increase your contentment and confidence.\\nWrite down a list of things that you love about yourself. These could be physical attributes, skills, personality traits, or relationships. Read over this list when your self-esteem is low.\\nStand in front of a mirror and express your love for yourself. For example, you can say, “I love who I am, and nothing can change that.”\\nIn difficult moments, treat yourself as you would your best friend. Whatever you would say to your friend, tell yourself.\\n1-2. Tell yourself that you can overcome anything.\\nPeople often become what they believe themselves to be. If you believe you cannot do something, it makes you incapable of doing it. Instead, remind yourself that you can handle anything.\\nIf you're faced with a problem or obstacle, instead of giving up, tell yourself, “I can do this” and treat it as an opportunity to learn something new.\\nDon't be afraid of failure. If you make a mistake, pick yourself back up and try again. Remember that each failure is simply a new learning opportunity.\\n1-3. Avoid comparing yourself to other people.\\nEveryone lives life differently, so it is useless to compare yourself to other people. Remind yourself of your own successes, talents, and opportunities. Base your happiness on what you have achieved, not on what others have done. \\nSocial media can cause people to compare themselves to others. If this is a problem for you, consider deleting your social media accounts or reducing how much time you spend on social media.\\n1-4. Forgive yourself when you make mistakes.\\nWhen you do something wrong, treat yourself the way you would treat a friend in the situation. Don't dwell on the mistake, but make a commitment to do better in the future.\\n1-5. Establish balance in your work, relationships, and hobbies.\\nBalance is important in all aspects of your life. Give yourself enough time to devote to your work, social life, family activities, personal interests, exercise, and relaxation time.\\nIf you struggle with creating a work-life balance, try making a daily schedule. Block off time for relaxation and social activities, and don't let work run into that time.\\nTry implementing daily self-care practices in your routine. Give yourself a bubble bath, go for a run, or paint a picture. Do something that helps you relax.\\n2. Becoming More Positive\\n2-1. Practice positive thinking\\nWhenever you find yourself thinking something negative like “I can't do this” or “what an awful day,” stop yourself. Change your thought to something positive, such as “I can do this if I put my mind to it” or “This day is only going to get better.”\\nTo help remind yourself to think positively, stick motivational messages on your phone, computer, mirror, or wallet. These might say something like “you're awesome” or “you can achieve your dreams.”\\nIf you struggle with negative thinking often, try making a list of the potential reasons you may be feeling this way. Think of ways you can change or improve your life to start feeling more optimistic.\\n2-2. Give compliments\\nPraise yourself for your efforts and your achievement, even for small successes. Remind yourself how strong, talented, or hard-working you are.\\nFor example, you can tell yourself, \\\"You did so well getting everything done today! Great job!\\\"\\nIt can help to write compliments things down, either in a journal or on the computer.\\nGive yourself rewards when you've accomplished something big. Take yourself out to dinner, buy yourself something special, or do something fun with loved ones.\\n2-3. Smile\\nJust the act of smiling can make you feel better. When you're stressed, anxious, or upset, try smiling. A real smile, when you crinkle your eyes, will boost your mood and relieve tension.\\n2-4. Surround yourself with positive people.\\nYour social groups play a big role in how you feel. If you're surrounded by negative or cynical people, their behavior may rub off on you. Instead, seek out positive relationships with happy, optimistic, and cheerful people.\\nIf you're struggling with your relationships, try to meet new people. Volunteer at a local charity, join a club or society, or take a class to learn a new skill.\\nIf certain people complain on social media too much, consider unfriending them or blocking their posts from your view.\\n2-5. Express gratitude for the good things and people in your life.\\nEvery day, identify a few things that you are thankful for. Think of your relationships, opportunities, favorite memories, and other wonderful things that have happened in your life.\\nWrite these thoughts down in a journal every day. If you're feeling negative or upset, read over your gratitude journal to cheer yourself up.\\nMake sure to tell the people you love how much you appreciate them. This will make both of you feel happier.\\n2-6. Write your life as a positive story.\\nEvery day, write what happened to you in a journal, but frame it as a happy story. Focus on the good things. When writing about your struggles, emphasize what you learned or how you grew from the experience.\\nRemember that everyone has struggles in life. These struggles can't prevent you from achieving happiness.\\nYou can also try to focus on 1 positive thing that stands out to you, no matter how small it may seem.\\n3. Creating Happiness Habits\\n3-1. Adjust your expectations as you go along.\\nYour life will change as you grow older. Instead of sticking to the same expectations, goals, and dreams, feel free to make changes as you go along. Adjusting your expectations can help you stay realistic and avoid disappointment.\\nYou may need to lower your expectations in some cases. Expecting too much of yourself or others can lead to disappointment and frustration.\\nFor example, what you expect out of a partner might change as you get older. You may even want to cut down your list of requirements to help you find someone who will make you happy.\\n3-2. Build strong relationships with your family, friends, and loved ones.\\nRelationships are a key component of long-term happiness. You don't need a ton of friends to be happy. Instead, devote time to building strong relationships with people who are close to you.\\nPlan outings each week with friends or family. You can go on a picnic, see a movie together, or hang out at home.\\nFor those who live far away, make sure to call regularly on the phone, talk over video chat, or send letters.\\nRemember important dates, like birthdays, anniversaries, and weddings. Give a nice card or a present for these events.\\nTell your family and friends how you love and appreciate them often.\\n3-3. Get between 7-9 hours of sleep every night.\\nIf you don't get enough sleep, you may find yourself feeling more moody, pessimistic, or stressed. A good sleep schedule will ensure that you can feel your best every day.\\nAvoid using bright screens and electronics 1 hour before going to bed. These screens can make it harder for you to fall asleep.\\nMake sure your bedroom is an inviting place to sleep. Close the curtains at night. Use a white noise machine or ear plugs to block out any noise.\\n3-4. Increase your activity levels.\\nExercise and movement are great mood boosters. Incorporate more activity into your daily life to keep yourself feeling cheerful and happy. Some easy ways to include more activity include:\\nTaking a walk after dinner.\\nGoing to the gym 2-3 times a week.\\nTaking the stairs instead of the escalator or elevator.\\nPlaying with children or pets.\\nGoing on a hike or kayaking on the weekend.\\n3-5. Meditate\\nMeditation helps calm your brain and restore you to a sense of peace. Daily meditation can help you cope with difficult or stressful situations.\\nGo somewhere quiet and peaceful. Close your eyes and focus on your breath. Don't think about anything else. If your mind wanders during this time, gently redirect it back to your breathing.\\nStart by doing 5 minute meditation sessions. As you get better, work your way up to 10 or 15 minute sessions.\\nThere are many videos and apps that offer guided meditation. These include Headspace, Calm, and Insight Timer.\\nTips\\nIt is normal to feel happier at some times than others.\\nBeing happy doesn't mean that you don't feel sad, upset, or angry at certain points. It just means that you are able to cope with these feelings and return to a sense of happiness instead of dwelling on them.\\nWarnings\\nBeing surrounded by negative people can be harmful to your happiness. Put space between yourself and negative people in your life.\\nIf you're feeling excessively sad, emotionless, or agitated or if you have lost interest in hobbies, work, and relationships, see a mental health professional for advice.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"It is normal to feel happier at certain times than others, but that doesn't mean that you can't find a consistent pattern of contentment, satisfaction, and gratitude in your life. You must first learn to become happy with yourself. Practice positivity and gratitude in your daily life. To keep up these joyful practices, introduce habits that can help you maintain a good and confident mood.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Loving Your Life\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Learn to love yourself.\", \"描述\": \"Learning to love yourself is important for happiness because it means that you have accepted yourself for who you truly are. This satisfaction can help increase your contentment and confidence.\\nWrite down a list of things that you love about yourself. These could be physical attributes, skills, personality traits, or relationships. Read over this list when your self-esteem is low.\\nStand in front of a mirror and express your love for yourself. For example, you can say, “I love who I am, and nothing can change that.”\\nIn difficult moments, treat yourself as you would your best friend. Whatever you would say to your friend, tell yourself.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tell yourself that you can overcome anything.\", \"描述\": \"People often become what they believe themselves to be. If you believe you cannot do something, it makes you incapable of doing it. Instead, remind yourself that you can handle anything.\\nIf you're faced with a problem or obstacle, instead of giving up, tell yourself, “I can do this” and treat it as an opportunity to learn something new.\\nDon't be afraid of failure. If you make a mistake, pick yourself back up and try again. Remember that each failure is simply a new learning opportunity.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Avoid comparing yourself to other people.\", \"描述\": \"Everyone lives life differently, so it is useless to compare yourself to other people. Remind yourself of your own successes, talents, and opportunities. Base your happiness on what you have achieved, not on what others have done. \\nSocial media can cause people to compare themselves to others. If this is a problem for you, consider deleting your social media accounts or reducing how much time you spend on social media.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Forgive yourself when you make mistakes.\", \"描述\": \"When you do something wrong, treat yourself the way you would treat a friend in the situation. Don't dwell on the mistake, but make a commitment to do better in the future.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Establish balance in your work, relationships, and hobbies.\", \"描述\": \"Balance is important in all aspects of your life. Give yourself enough time to devote to your work, social life, family activities, personal interests, exercise, and relaxation time.\\nIf you struggle with creating a work-life balance, try making a daily schedule. Block off time for relaxation and social activities, and don't let work run into that time.\\nTry implementing daily self-care practices in your routine. Give yourself a bubble bath, go for a run, or paint a picture. Do something that helps you relax.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Becoming More Positive\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Practice positive thinking\", \"描述\": \"Whenever you find yourself thinking something negative like “I can't do this” or “what an awful day,” stop yourself. Change your thought to something positive, such as “I can do this if I put my mind to it” or “This day is only going to get better.”\\nTo help remind yourself to think positively, stick motivational messages on your phone, computer, mirror, or wallet. These might say something like “you're awesome” or “you can achieve your dreams.”\\nIf you struggle with negative thinking often, try making a list of the potential reasons you may be feeling this way. Think of ways you can change or improve your life to start feeling more optimistic.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Give compliments\", \"描述\": \"Praise yourself for your efforts and your achievement, even for small successes. Remind yourself how strong, talented, or hard-working you are.\\nFor example, you can tell yourself, \\\"You did so well getting everything done today! Great job!\\\"\\nIt can help to write compliments things down, either in a journal or on the computer.\\nGive yourself rewards when you've accomplished something big. Take yourself out to dinner, buy yourself something special, or do something fun with loved ones.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Smile\", \"描述\": \"Just the act of smiling can make you feel better. When you're stressed, anxious, or upset, try smiling. A real smile, when you crinkle your eyes, will boost your mood and relieve tension.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Surround yourself with positive people.\", \"描述\": \"Your social groups play a big role in how you feel. If you're surrounded by negative or cynical people, their behavior may rub off on you. Instead, seek out positive relationships with happy, optimistic, and cheerful people.\\nIf you're struggling with your relationships, try to meet new people. Volunteer at a local charity, join a club or society, or take a class to learn a new skill.\\nIf certain people complain on social media too much, consider unfriending them or blocking their posts from your view.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Express gratitude for the good things and people in your life.\", \"描述\": \"Every day, identify a few things that you are thankful for. Think of your relationships, opportunities, favorite memories, and other wonderful things that have happened in your life.\\nWrite these thoughts down in a journal every day. If you're feeling negative or upset, read over your gratitude journal to cheer yourself up.\\nMake sure to tell the people you love how much you appreciate them. This will make both of you feel happier.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Write your life as a positive story.\", \"描述\": \"Every day, write what happened to you in a journal, but frame it as a happy story. Focus on the good things. When writing about your struggles, emphasize what you learned or how you grew from the experience.\\nRemember that everyone has struggles in life. These struggles can't prevent you from achieving happiness.\\nYou can also try to focus on 1 positive thing that stands out to you, no matter how small it may seem.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Creating Happiness Habits\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Adjust your expectations as you go along.\", \"描述\": \"Your life will change as you grow older. Instead of sticking to the same expectations, goals, and dreams, feel free to make changes as you go along. Adjusting your expectations can help you stay realistic and avoid disappointment.\\nYou may need to lower your expectations in some cases. Expecting too much of yourself or others can lead to disappointment and frustration.\\nFor example, what you expect out of a partner might change as you get older. You may even want to cut down your list of requirements to help you find someone who will make you happy.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Build strong relationships with your family, friends, and loved ones.\", \"描述\": \"Relationships are a key component of long-term happiness. You don't need a ton of friends to be happy. Instead, devote time to building strong relationships with people who are close to you.\\nPlan outings each week with friends or family. You can go on a picnic, see a movie together, or hang out at home.\\nFor those who live far away, make sure to call regularly on the phone, talk over video chat, or send letters.\\nRemember important dates, like birthdays, anniversaries, and weddings. Give a nice card or a present for these events.\\nTell your family and friends how you love and appreciate them often.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Get between 7-9 hours of sleep every night.\", \"描述\": \"If you don't get enough sleep, you may find yourself feeling more moody, pessimistic, or stressed. A good sleep schedule will ensure that you can feel your best every day.\\nAvoid using bright screens and electronics 1 hour before going to bed. These screens can make it harder for you to fall asleep.\\nMake sure your bedroom is an inviting place to sleep. Close the curtains at night. Use a white noise machine or ear plugs to block out any noise.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Increase your activity levels.\", \"描述\": \"Exercise and movement are great mood boosters. Incorporate more activity into your daily life to keep yourself feeling cheerful and happy. Some easy ways to include more activity include:\\nTaking a walk after dinner.\\nGoing to the gym 2-3 times a week.\\nTaking the stairs instead of the escalator or elevator.\\nPlaying with children or pets.\\nGoing on a hike or kayaking on the weekend.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Meditate\", \"描述\": \"Meditation helps calm your brain and restore you to a sense of peace. Daily meditation can help you cope with difficult or stressful situations.\\nGo somewhere quiet and peaceful. Close your eyes and focus on your breath. Don't think about anything else. If your mind wanders during this time, gently redirect it back to your breathing.\\nStart by doing 5 minute meditation sessions. As you get better, work your way up to 10 or 15 minute sessions.\\nThere are many videos and apps that offer guided meditation. These include Headspace, Calm, and Insight Timer.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"It is normal to feel happier at some times than others.\\n\", \"Being happy doesn't mean that you don't feel sad, upset, or angry at certain points. It just means that you are able to cope with these feelings and return to a sense of happiness instead of dwelling on them.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Being surrounded by negative people can be harmful to your happiness. Put space between yourself and negative people in your life.\\n\", \"If you're feeling excessively sad, emotionless, or agitated or if you have lost interest in hobbies, work, and relationships, see a mental health professional for advice.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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1,624 | How to Always Be in a Good Mood | 1. Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle
1-1. Exercise your way to a good mood.
Exercise stimulates the release of the biochemicals endorphins and norepinephrine. Endorphins decrease the sensation of pain and norepinephrine may contribute to the regulation of mood. In addition to the chemical effects of exercise, regular workouts will help you feel good about yourself.
Workout for at least half an hour, at least five days a week, to maintain the mood-elevating effects of exercise.
There's no need to join a gym or hire a trainer. A brisk walk is usually all it takes to get your chemicals flowing.
1-2. Eat a healthy, well balanced diet.
A healthy diet also contributes to general feelings of wellbeing, but some vitamins and minerals especially may help to boost mood. B vitamins may help improve mood, so load up on green vegetables, like asparagus. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and eggs, may protect against the effects of stress.
To satisfy your sweet tooth, eat two ounces of dark chocolate each day. Chocolate with at least 70% cocoa has been shown to reduce the levels of cortisol, a stress hormone.
1-3. Sleep well.
Sleep deprivation can contribute to irritability and poor mood regulation. Quality sleep will increase energy and help you manage stress. The optimum amount of sleep varies for individual, but for most adults it's between seven and nine hours.
Sleeping more than this generally will not improve your mood and may actually make you feel depressed or tired.
1-4. Learn to reframe negative thoughts.
Notice when your self-talk or thoughts become pessimistic, abusive, defeatist, or negative. Then consciously take that thought and reframe it in a positive way. This corrects faulty thinking and gives you a better chance of being happy and successful.
If you catch yourself thinking, "This project is too huge. I'll never finish it by the due date," try reframing your thinking to set yourself up for success. Instead, say "This is going to be a challenge, but if I break the assignment down into smaller parts and manage my time, I will get it done."
If your friend snapped at you and you immediately think, "She hates me," reconsider. Reframe with something like, "I know she's going through an extremely stressful time and probably isn't aware of her attitude and demeanor. That response had nothing to do with me."
Reframing takes a conscious effort on your part, but it can help you change the tone of your self-talk into something positive, supportive, and kind.
2. Making Happiness a Habit
2-1. Smile, even if you don't feel like it.
Facial expression seems to have a moderate effect on mood, though scientists don't fully understand why. The act of smiling may induce feelings of happiness, so smile frequently.
The more you smile, the more others will smile at you. This will also improve mood and make social interactions more pleasant.
2-2. Listen to upbeat and inspirational music.
Happy music can instantly improve your mood and increase awareness of positive attributes of others and your environment. Try starting each day by listening to upbeat music while you get dressed.
Keep headphones with you so you can give your mood a boost periodically throughout the day.
2-3. Find a hobby you love.
Spend a little time each day doing something you enjoy. This will give you something to look forward to and provide a brief escape from stress.
For added benefit, start hobbies that require you to go outside. Spending time in nature will contribute to positive mood.
2-4. Meditate regularly.
Meditating helps to manage stress and improve mood. Schedule 20 minutes each day to maintain the benefits of meditation, and take breaks for additional meditation during times of stress.
Meditating takes practice, so be patient.
Find a quiet place to practice meditation.
Close your eyes or focus on a central object, like a candle flame, to reduce visual distractions.
Focus your attention on your breathing. If you struggle with distractions, counting the duration as you inhale and exhale may help.
Consider taking a class for guided meditation to improve your technique. Local yoga studios may offer classes.
2-5. Keep a gratitude journal.
Take time each day to acknowledge all of the things you have to be grateful for. This will help you maintain a positive attitude and a pleasant mood.
Share your good mood by sharing entries of your gratitude journal with those whose actions made it into your journal.
3. Getting Involved
3-1. Engage your social network.
Connecting with others increases self-worth and establishes a sense of belonging, contributing to general wellbeing. Maintain and strengthen relationships with friends and family through regular contact. Schedule time to make phone calls and visits each week.
Schedule walks with friends to combine outdoor exercise and social interaction.
3-2. Serve others.
Volunteering to help others will improve your self-esteem and help you gain a little perspective. Realizing you are in a position to offer something to others will help you to focus on your strengths and resources, improving your mood.
Contact your local community center or look up volunteering opportunities online.
3-3. Join a club or team.
Combine a new hobby or exercise and socializing by joining a club or community sports league. This will improve mood by fostering a sense of belonging, and provide the added benefit of spending time doing something you enjoy.
You can find descriptions of local clubs and social groups online, with a list of scheduled events.
3-4. Perform random acts of kindness.
Random acts of kindness are a great way to boost your mood quickly, without requiring ongoing commitment. The acts don't need to be grand. Consider small gestures like buying coffee for the person behind you in line at a coffee shop, or giving a homeless person your lunch.
Commit to performing a specific number of acts of kindness each day or each week.
Write down each act and how it made you feel for an additional boost to your mood.
Tips
When thinking negatively, express your gratitude. This reminds you of more things to be happy about which makes you positive. Positive outlooks quickly changes pessimistic moods.
Enlist the help of friends and family to remind you to be positive.
A healthy lifestyle can improve mood by decreasing the effects of stress.
Warnings
Don't participate in negative conversations. This may influence your mood.
Avoid use of drugs and alcohol, as they may contribute to depression.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:47",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle\\n1-1. Exercise your way to a good mood.\\nExercise stimulates the release of the biochemicals endorphins and norepinephrine. Endorphins decrease the sensation of pain and norepinephrine may contribute to the regulation of mood. In addition to the chemical effects of exercise, regular workouts will help you feel good about yourself.\\nWorkout for at least half an hour, at least five days a week, to maintain the mood-elevating effects of exercise.\\nThere's no need to join a gym or hire a trainer. A brisk walk is usually all it takes to get your chemicals flowing.\\n1-2. Eat a healthy, well balanced diet.\\nA healthy diet also contributes to general feelings of wellbeing, but some vitamins and minerals especially may help to boost mood. B vitamins may help improve mood, so load up on green vegetables, like asparagus. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and eggs, may protect against the effects of stress.\\nTo satisfy your sweet tooth, eat two ounces of dark chocolate each day. Chocolate with at least 70% cocoa has been shown to reduce the levels of cortisol, a stress hormone.\\n1-3. Sleep well.\\nSleep deprivation can contribute to irritability and poor mood regulation. Quality sleep will increase energy and help you manage stress. The optimum amount of sleep varies for individual, but for most adults it's between seven and nine hours.\\nSleeping more than this generally will not improve your mood and may actually make you feel depressed or tired.\\n1-4. Learn to reframe negative thoughts.\\nNotice when your self-talk or thoughts become pessimistic, abusive, defeatist, or negative. Then consciously take that thought and reframe it in a positive way. This corrects faulty thinking and gives you a better chance of being happy and successful.\\nIf you catch yourself thinking, \\\"This project is too huge. I'll never finish it by the due date,\\\" try reframing your thinking to set yourself up for success. Instead, say \\\"This is going to be a challenge, but if I break the assignment down into smaller parts and manage my time, I will get it done.\\\"\\nIf your friend snapped at you and you immediately think, \\\"She hates me,\\\" reconsider. Reframe with something like, \\\"I know she's going through an extremely stressful time and probably isn't aware of her attitude and demeanor. That response had nothing to do with me.\\\"\\nReframing takes a conscious effort on your part, but it can help you change the tone of your self-talk into something positive, supportive, and kind.\\n2. Making Happiness a Habit\\n2-1. Smile, even if you don't feel like it.\\nFacial expression seems to have a moderate effect on mood, though scientists don't fully understand why. The act of smiling may induce feelings of happiness, so smile frequently.\\nThe more you smile, the more others will smile at you. This will also improve mood and make social interactions more pleasant.\\n2-2. Listen to upbeat and inspirational music.\\nHappy music can instantly improve your mood and increase awareness of positive attributes of others and your environment. Try starting each day by listening to upbeat music while you get dressed.\\nKeep headphones with you so you can give your mood a boost periodically throughout the day.\\n2-3. Find a hobby you love.\\nSpend a little time each day doing something you enjoy. This will give you something to look forward to and provide a brief escape from stress.\\nFor added benefit, start hobbies that require you to go outside. Spending time in nature will contribute to positive mood.\\n2-4. Meditate regularly.\\nMeditating helps to manage stress and improve mood. Schedule 20 minutes each day to maintain the benefits of meditation, and take breaks for additional meditation during times of stress.\\n\\nMeditating takes practice, so be patient.\\nFind a quiet place to practice meditation.\\nClose your eyes or focus on a central object, like a candle flame, to reduce visual distractions.\\nFocus your attention on your breathing. If you struggle with distractions, counting the duration as you inhale and exhale may help.\\nConsider taking a class for guided meditation to improve your technique. Local yoga studios may offer classes.\\n2-5. Keep a gratitude journal.\\nTake time each day to acknowledge all of the things you have to be grateful for. This will help you maintain a positive attitude and a pleasant mood.\\nShare your good mood by sharing entries of your gratitude journal with those whose actions made it into your journal.\\n3. Getting Involved\\n3-1. Engage your social network.\\nConnecting with others increases self-worth and establishes a sense of belonging, contributing to general wellbeing. Maintain and strengthen relationships with friends and family through regular contact. Schedule time to make phone calls and visits each week.\\nSchedule walks with friends to combine outdoor exercise and social interaction.\\n3-2. Serve others.\\nVolunteering to help others will improve your self-esteem and help you gain a little perspective. Realizing you are in a position to offer something to others will help you to focus on your strengths and resources, improving your mood.\\nContact your local community center or look up volunteering opportunities online.\\n3-3. Join a club or team.\\nCombine a new hobby or exercise and socializing by joining a club or community sports league. This will improve mood by fostering a sense of belonging, and provide the added benefit of spending time doing something you enjoy.\\nYou can find descriptions of local clubs and social groups online, with a list of scheduled events.\\n3-4. Perform random acts of kindness.\\nRandom acts of kindness are a great way to boost your mood quickly, without requiring ongoing commitment. The acts don't need to be grand. Consider small gestures like buying coffee for the person behind you in line at a coffee shop, or giving a homeless person your lunch.\\nCommit to performing a specific number of acts of kindness each day or each week.\\nWrite down each act and how it made you feel for an additional boost to your mood.\\nTips\\nWhen thinking negatively, express your gratitude. This reminds you of more things to be happy about which makes you positive. Positive outlooks quickly changes pessimistic moods.\\nEnlist the help of friends and family to remind you to be positive.\\nA healthy lifestyle can improve mood by decreasing the effects of stress.\\nWarnings\\nDon't participate in negative conversations. This may influence your mood.\\nAvoid use of drugs and alcohol, as they may contribute to depression.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Frustration and disappointment are inevitable, but you don't have to let them ruin your mood. With a few behavioral changes, you can alter your experience of life. By focusing on being or doing good, you'll feel good. Happiness is a choice.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Exercise your way to a good mood.\", \"描述\": \"Exercise stimulates the release of the biochemicals endorphins and norepinephrine. Endorphins decrease the sensation of pain and norepinephrine may contribute to the regulation of mood. In addition to the chemical effects of exercise, regular workouts will help you feel good about yourself.\\nWorkout for at least half an hour, at least five days a week, to maintain the mood-elevating effects of exercise.\\nThere's no need to join a gym or hire a trainer. A brisk walk is usually all it takes to get your chemicals flowing.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Eat a healthy, well balanced diet.\", \"描述\": \"A healthy diet also contributes to general feelings of wellbeing, but some vitamins and minerals especially may help to boost mood. B vitamins may help improve mood, so load up on green vegetables, like asparagus. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and eggs, may protect against the effects of stress.\\nTo satisfy your sweet tooth, eat two ounces of dark chocolate each day. Chocolate with at least 70% cocoa has been shown to reduce the levels of cortisol, a stress hormone.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Sleep well.\", \"描述\": \"Sleep deprivation can contribute to irritability and poor mood regulation. Quality sleep will increase energy and help you manage stress. The optimum amount of sleep varies for individual, but for most adults it's between seven and nine hours.\\nSleeping more than this generally will not improve your mood and may actually make you feel depressed or tired.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Learn to reframe negative thoughts.\", \"描述\": \"Notice when your self-talk or thoughts become pessimistic, abusive, defeatist, or negative. Then consciously take that thought and reframe it in a positive way. This corrects faulty thinking and gives you a better chance of being happy and successful.\\nIf you catch yourself thinking, \\\"This project is too huge. I'll never finish it by the due date,\\\" try reframing your thinking to set yourself up for success. Instead, say \\\"This is going to be a challenge, but if I break the assignment down into smaller parts and manage my time, I will get it done.\\\"\\nIf your friend snapped at you and you immediately think, \\\"She hates me,\\\" reconsider. Reframe with something like, \\\"I know she's going through an extremely stressful time and probably isn't aware of her attitude and demeanor. That response had nothing to do with me.\\\"\\nReframing takes a conscious effort on your part, but it can help you change the tone of your self-talk into something positive, supportive, and kind.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Making Happiness a Habit\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Smile, even if you don't feel like it.\", \"描述\": \"Facial expression seems to have a moderate effect on mood, though scientists don't fully understand why. The act of smiling may induce feelings of happiness, so smile frequently.\\nThe more you smile, the more others will smile at you. This will also improve mood and make social interactions more pleasant.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Listen to upbeat and inspirational music.\", \"描述\": \"Happy music can instantly improve your mood and increase awareness of positive attributes of others and your environment. Try starting each day by listening to upbeat music while you get dressed.\\nKeep headphones with you so you can give your mood a boost periodically throughout the day.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Find a hobby you love.\", \"描述\": \"Spend a little time each day doing something you enjoy. This will give you something to look forward to and provide a brief escape from stress.\\nFor added benefit, start hobbies that require you to go outside. Spending time in nature will contribute to positive mood.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Meditate regularly.\", \"描述\": \"Meditating helps to manage stress and improve mood. Schedule 20 minutes each day to maintain the benefits of meditation, and take breaks for additional meditation during times of stress.\\n\\nMeditating takes practice, so be patient.\\nFind a quiet place to practice meditation.\\nClose your eyes or focus on a central object, like a candle flame, to reduce visual distractions.\\nFocus your attention on your breathing. If you struggle with distractions, counting the duration as you inhale and exhale may help.\\nConsider taking a class for guided meditation to improve your technique. Local yoga studios may offer classes.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Keep a gratitude journal.\", \"描述\": \"Take time each day to acknowledge all of the things you have to be grateful for. This will help you maintain a positive attitude and a pleasant mood.\\nShare your good mood by sharing entries of your gratitude journal with those whose actions made it into your journal.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Getting Involved\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Engage your social network.\", \"描述\": \"Connecting with others increases self-worth and establishes a sense of belonging, contributing to general wellbeing. Maintain and strengthen relationships with friends and family through regular contact. Schedule time to make phone calls and visits each week.\\nSchedule walks with friends to combine outdoor exercise and social interaction.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Serve others.\", \"描述\": \"Volunteering to help others will improve your self-esteem and help you gain a little perspective. Realizing you are in a position to offer something to others will help you to focus on your strengths and resources, improving your mood.\\nContact your local community center or look up volunteering opportunities online.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Join a club or team.\", \"描述\": \"Combine a new hobby or exercise and socializing by joining a club or community sports league. This will improve mood by fostering a sense of belonging, and provide the added benefit of spending time doing something you enjoy.\\nYou can find descriptions of local clubs and social groups online, with a list of scheduled events.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Perform random acts of kindness.\", \"描述\": \"Random acts of kindness are a great way to boost your mood quickly, without requiring ongoing commitment. The acts don't need to be grand. Consider small gestures like buying coffee for the person behind you in line at a coffee shop, or giving a homeless person your lunch.\\nCommit to performing a specific number of acts of kindness each day or each week.\\nWrite down each act and how it made you feel for an additional boost to your mood.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"When thinking negatively, express your gratitude. This reminds you of more things to be happy about which makes you positive. Positive outlooks quickly changes pessimistic moods.\\n\", \"Enlist the help of friends and family to remind you to be positive.\\n\", \"A healthy lifestyle can improve mood by decreasing the effects of stress.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Don't participate in negative conversations. This may influence your mood.\\n\", \"Avoid use of drugs and alcohol, as they may contribute to depression.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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} | wikihow |
1,625 | How to Always Catch Pop Culture References | 1. Staying Current on Pop Culture
1-1. Make a list of what your friends watch, read, and listen to now.
Use your friends’ conversations to figure out what’s popular. Pay careful attention to which shows, bands and artists, movies, and celebrities they mention. Make a list and add new references whenever they come up.
You can use this list to pick which people and sources of entertainment you should follow first. It’ll be most important for you to catch the references your friends drop, so this is a great place for you to begin your pop culture education.
1-2. Go online to check celebrity gossip.
There are lots of websites and online magazines that detail the glitzy and glamorous lives of the rich and famous. Some teen magazines also have content on these topics. Use these to make sure you never miss a reference to someone’s new baby or a dramatic breakup.
Download your favorite celebrity news outlet’s app to be instantly informed of new gossip.
Try Us Weekly or People. Seventeen and Teen Vogue are also good sources.
1-3. Watch popular TV shows to be in the know.
TV shows are big sources of pop culture. Even if you don’t have cable, you can stream shows through platforms like Hulu. Be sure to also check out Netflix for binge-able content your friends will surely talk about.
If you’re willing to wait a week for new episodes, you can usually watch popular shows either on the networks’ websites or on Hulu for free.
1-4. Check Top 100 charts to see what music is popular now.
Billboard.com and iTunes both have Top 100 charts that keep track of the most popular songs in the United States. Go online to look at these charts and download the top 10 or 20 songs. You’ll be singing along to all the hits in no time.
Billboard updates their chart weekly, and iTunes updates in real time.
1-5. Go to the movies whenever something exciting is released.
You’ll know when this happens. Even if people aren’t planning Harry Potter-style midnight showing parties, make an event of big movie releases. Get your friends together on a Friday or Saturday night and do a group outing.
1-6. Follow your favorite celebrities on Twitter and Instagram.
Social media has made it much easier to feel connected to the stars. Check Twitter to stay updated on their thoughts, opinions, and even their politics. Use Instagram to see their cute or funny photos.
Check what’s trending on Twitter to see what people are talking about on a day-to-day basis. This is a great way to make sure you don’t miss any viral stories that could be tomorrow’s pop culture references.
1-7. Vary your interests to avoid missing references.
As you start to follow new shows, celebrities, and artists, don’t stick with one genre. You may decide you really like crime shows, but be sure to check out some dramas as well. This will help you avoid missing references that fall a little outside your normal set of interests.
1-8. Listen to podcasts about pop culture.
If you’re a podcast listener, you’re in luck! There are tons of shows dedicated to giving you weekly content just about pop culture. The hosts will make jokes about it, criticize it, and generally keep you informed.
NPR’s Pop Culture Happy Hour and Slate’s Culture Gabfest are catch-all shows about all pop culture. Who Charted? discusses top music and movies. Nerd Culture Podcast focuses on all things nerd, including comics, TV shows, and movies.
You can also follow pop culture writers on Twitter.
2. Reading up on Pop Culture You Missed
2-1. Make a list of references you don’t understand.
If you’re new to pop culture, you’ve likely missed a lot over the past years or even decades. Pay attention when people chat about older shows or movies, and make a list of the ones that come up most often.
If people just drop references without mentioning which show or movie they’re talking about, you may have to ask them. If you’re trying to hide your lack of knowledge, try to memorize the quote or reference and look that up instead.
2-2. Look up quotations from popular shows, movies, and songs.
People love to quote movies and shows to get a laugh or make everyone feel nostalgic. There are tons of online lists that rank the best movies and TV shows of all time. Check out these lists, as well as lists with famous quotations from TV shows and movies.
You can also find lists of quotations from specific shows, such as The Office or Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
2-3. Use online slang dictionaries to look up words you don’t know.
Words and phrases can become part of pop culture, too. If you’re feeling confused when you chat with your friends, go online to look these things up.
Urban Dictionary is one option, or you can just Google the word or phrase.
2-4. Watch or listen to the old stuff with friends.
View your lack of experience with pop culture as a chance to bond with the people you’re close to. Don’t be embarrassed, because they’ll probably be excited they get to binge-watch their favorite shows and movies with you!
Netflix is a great place to look for older shows and movies.
2-5. Don’t try to know it all.
There’s so much that counts as pop culture, and it’s impossible to know everything. That’s ok! Start with the most popular stuff and the things your friends are into, and then develop your own tastes and interests from there. As you become aware of older and newer pop culture, you’ll catch more and more references.
Warnings
Avoid quoting from only one show or movie all the time. This could quickly annoy your friends and family.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:47",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Staying Current on Pop Culture\\n1-1. Make a list of what your friends watch, read, and listen to now.\\nUse your friends’ conversations to figure out what’s popular. Pay careful attention to which shows, bands and artists, movies, and celebrities they mention. Make a list and add new references whenever they come up.\\nYou can use this list to pick which people and sources of entertainment you should follow first. It’ll be most important for you to catch the references your friends drop, so this is a great place for you to begin your pop culture education.\\n1-2. Go online to check celebrity gossip.\\nThere are lots of websites and online magazines that detail the glitzy and glamorous lives of the rich and famous. Some teen magazines also have content on these topics. Use these to make sure you never miss a reference to someone’s new baby or a dramatic breakup.\\nDownload your favorite celebrity news outlet’s app to be instantly informed of new gossip.\\nTry Us Weekly or People. Seventeen and Teen Vogue are also good sources.\\n1-3. Watch popular TV shows to be in the know.\\nTV shows are big sources of pop culture. Even if you don’t have cable, you can stream shows through platforms like Hulu. Be sure to also check out Netflix for binge-able content your friends will surely talk about.\\nIf you’re willing to wait a week for new episodes, you can usually watch popular shows either on the networks’ websites or on Hulu for free.\\n1-4. Check Top 100 charts to see what music is popular now.\\nBillboard.com and iTunes both have Top 100 charts that keep track of the most popular songs in the United States. Go online to look at these charts and download the top 10 or 20 songs. You’ll be singing along to all the hits in no time.\\nBillboard updates their chart weekly, and iTunes updates in real time.\\n1-5. Go to the movies whenever something exciting is released.\\nYou’ll know when this happens. Even if people aren’t planning Harry Potter-style midnight showing parties, make an event of big movie releases. Get your friends together on a Friday or Saturday night and do a group outing.\\n1-6. Follow your favorite celebrities on Twitter and Instagram.\\nSocial media has made it much easier to feel connected to the stars. Check Twitter to stay updated on their thoughts, opinions, and even their politics. Use Instagram to see their cute or funny photos.\\nCheck what’s trending on Twitter to see what people are talking about on a day-to-day basis. This is a great way to make sure you don’t miss any viral stories that could be tomorrow’s pop culture references.\\n1-7. Vary your interests to avoid missing references.\\nAs you start to follow new shows, celebrities, and artists, don’t stick with one genre. You may decide you really like crime shows, but be sure to check out some dramas as well. This will help you avoid missing references that fall a little outside your normal set of interests.\\n1-8. Listen to podcasts about pop culture.\\nIf you’re a podcast listener, you’re in luck! There are tons of shows dedicated to giving you weekly content just about pop culture. The hosts will make jokes about it, criticize it, and generally keep you informed.\\nNPR’s Pop Culture Happy Hour and Slate’s Culture Gabfest are catch-all shows about all pop culture. Who Charted? discusses top music and movies. Nerd Culture Podcast focuses on all things nerd, including comics, TV shows, and movies.\\nYou can also follow pop culture writers on Twitter.\\n2. Reading up on Pop Culture You Missed\\n2-1. Make a list of references you don’t understand.\\nIf you’re new to pop culture, you’ve likely missed a lot over the past years or even decades. Pay attention when people chat about older shows or movies, and make a list of the ones that come up most often.\\nIf people just drop references without mentioning which show or movie they’re talking about, you may have to ask them. If you’re trying to hide your lack of knowledge, try to memorize the quote or reference and look that up instead.\\n2-2. Look up quotations from popular shows, movies, and songs.\\nPeople love to quote movies and shows to get a laugh or make everyone feel nostalgic. There are tons of online lists that rank the best movies and TV shows of all time. Check out these lists, as well as lists with famous quotations from TV shows and movies.\\nYou can also find lists of quotations from specific shows, such as The Office or Buffy the Vampire Slayer.\\n2-3. Use online slang dictionaries to look up words you don’t know.\\nWords and phrases can become part of pop culture, too. If you’re feeling confused when you chat with your friends, go online to look these things up. \\nUrban Dictionary is one option, or you can just Google the word or phrase.\\n2-4. Watch or listen to the old stuff with friends.\\nView your lack of experience with pop culture as a chance to bond with the people you’re close to. Don’t be embarrassed, because they’ll probably be excited they get to binge-watch their favorite shows and movies with you!\\nNetflix is a great place to look for older shows and movies.\\n2-5. Don’t try to know it all.\\nThere’s so much that counts as pop culture, and it’s impossible to know everything. That’s ok! Start with the most popular stuff and the things your friends are into, and then develop your own tastes and interests from there. As you become aware of older and newer pop culture, you’ll catch more and more references.\\nWarnings\\nAvoid quoting from only one show or movie all the time. This could quickly annoy your friends and family.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"People love to drop pop culture references in casual conversations. Missing these references can make you feel out of the loop and even embarrassed. No one wants to be the only one not laughing when someone quotes a popular show! If you stay current on emerging pop culture and read up on popular stuff from years past, you’ll soon be a pop culture expert.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Staying Current on Pop Culture\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make a list of what your friends watch, read, and listen to now.\", \"描述\": \"Use your friends’ conversations to figure out what’s popular. Pay careful attention to which shows, bands and artists, movies, and celebrities they mention. Make a list and add new references whenever they come up.\\nYou can use this list to pick which people and sources of entertainment you should follow first. It’ll be most important for you to catch the references your friends drop, so this is a great place for you to begin your pop culture education.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Go online to check celebrity gossip.\", \"描述\": \"There are lots of websites and online magazines that detail the glitzy and glamorous lives of the rich and famous. Some teen magazines also have content on these topics. Use these to make sure you never miss a reference to someone’s new baby or a dramatic breakup.\\nDownload your favorite celebrity news outlet’s app to be instantly informed of new gossip.\\nTry Us Weekly or People. Seventeen and Teen Vogue are also good sources.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Watch popular TV shows to be in the know.\", \"描述\": \"TV shows are big sources of pop culture. Even if you don’t have cable, you can stream shows through platforms like Hulu. Be sure to also check out Netflix for binge-able content your friends will surely talk about.\\nIf you’re willing to wait a week for new episodes, you can usually watch popular shows either on the networks’ websites or on Hulu for free.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Check Top 100 charts to see what music is popular now.\", \"描述\": \"Billboard.com and iTunes both have Top 100 charts that keep track of the most popular songs in the United States. Go online to look at these charts and download the top 10 or 20 songs. You’ll be singing along to all the hits in no time.\\nBillboard updates their chart weekly, and iTunes updates in real time.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Go to the movies whenever something exciting is released.\", \"描述\": \"You’ll know when this happens. Even if people aren’t planning Harry Potter-style midnight showing parties, make an event of big movie releases. Get your friends together on a Friday or Saturday night and do a group outing.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Follow your favorite celebrities on Twitter and Instagram.\", \"描述\": \"Social media has made it much easier to feel connected to the stars. Check Twitter to stay updated on their thoughts, opinions, and even their politics. Use Instagram to see their cute or funny photos.\\nCheck what’s trending on Twitter to see what people are talking about on a day-to-day basis. This is a great way to make sure you don’t miss any viral stories that could be tomorrow’s pop culture references.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Vary your interests to avoid missing references.\", \"描述\": \"As you start to follow new shows, celebrities, and artists, don’t stick with one genre. You may decide you really like crime shows, but be sure to check out some dramas as well. This will help you avoid missing references that fall a little outside your normal set of interests.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Listen to podcasts about pop culture.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re a podcast listener, you’re in luck! There are tons of shows dedicated to giving you weekly content just about pop culture. The hosts will make jokes about it, criticize it, and generally keep you informed.\\nNPR’s Pop Culture Happy Hour and Slate’s Culture Gabfest are catch-all shows about all pop culture. Who Charted? discusses top music and movies. Nerd Culture Podcast focuses on all things nerd, including comics, TV shows, and movies.\\nYou can also follow pop culture writers on Twitter.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Reading up on Pop Culture You Missed\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make a list of references you don’t understand.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re new to pop culture, you’ve likely missed a lot over the past years or even decades. Pay attention when people chat about older shows or movies, and make a list of the ones that come up most often.\\nIf people just drop references without mentioning which show or movie they’re talking about, you may have to ask them. If you’re trying to hide your lack of knowledge, try to memorize the quote or reference and look that up instead.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Look up quotations from popular shows, movies, and songs.\", \"描述\": \"People love to quote movies and shows to get a laugh or make everyone feel nostalgic. There are tons of online lists that rank the best movies and TV shows of all time. Check out these lists, as well as lists with famous quotations from TV shows and movies.\\nYou can also find lists of quotations from specific shows, such as The Office or Buffy the Vampire Slayer.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Use online slang dictionaries to look up words you don’t know.\", \"描述\": \"Words and phrases can become part of pop culture, too. If you’re feeling confused when you chat with your friends, go online to look these things up. \\nUrban Dictionary is one option, or you can just Google the word or phrase.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Watch or listen to the old stuff with friends.\", \"描述\": \"View your lack of experience with pop culture as a chance to bond with the people you’re close to. Don’t be embarrassed, because they’ll probably be excited they get to binge-watch their favorite shows and movies with you!\\nNetflix is a great place to look for older shows and movies.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Don’t try to know it all.\", \"描述\": \"There’s so much that counts as pop culture, and it’s impossible to know everything. That’s ok! Start with the most popular stuff and the things your friends are into, and then develop your own tastes and interests from there. As you become aware of older and newer pop culture, you’ll catch more and more references.\"}], \"注意事项\": [\"Avoid quoting from only one show or movie all the time. This could quickly annoy your friends and family.\\n\"]}]}}",
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} | wikihow |
1,626 | How to Always Have Something to Look Forward To | 1. Making Plans to Look Forward To
1-1. Start scheduling future plans on a calendar.
A calendar is a concrete reminder of what you have to look forward to during the course of a week or a month. Buy a large calendar from an office shop and use it to schedule exciting future plans.
Are there days of the week when you have some extra time consistently? Do you perhaps work in a job that is busier at the end of the month than the beginning? Look for any holes in your schedule that you can fill with exciting activities.
Once you've found holes in your schedule, make some plans. You don’t have to find a lot of time, just pick a time when you are consistently free during the week or month. For example, maybe you only work until 3 on Thursdays. Try to think of something to do every Thursday for a month. For example, maybe you can promise yourself you'll see a movie every Thursday.
1-2. Start a hobby.
Hobbies can really help you have something to look forward to each day. Find something you enjoy doing or get back into an old hobby you've abandoned. Put your hobby on your calendar once a week or once a month, or as often as you can reasonably manage.
Pick something you like to do. Everyone has a different idea of fun. Try to pick something that caters to your interests. If you love photography, try to invest in a quality camera and start taking pictures. If time permits, you could even enroll in a photography course.
Choose something it is not difficult to do a few times a week. If you love horseback riding, for example, this can be a fun activity but difficult to do regularly, especially if you live in an urban area. Maybe your love of horseback riding stems from a love for animals. Instead of attempting to go riding once a week, think about volunteering at your local animal shelter or walking your dog more often.
1-3. Make dates and plan social gatherings.
Many people look forward to social events, especially at the end of long work weeks. Try to make plans with friends and family members. Regular social activity can help give you something to look forward to. If you're stressed at school or work, happy hour with friends on a Friday night can help you get through the week.
Choose social events you enjoy doing. You may not be a big drinker, for example, so going out to a bar on the weekends may nauseate you. However, maybe you enjoy the outdoors. See if you have a friend who would want to do a Saturday afternoon hike.
Try to see if your group of friends would be down for regular activities. For example, you can agree to do brunch once a month. You can also consider starting a book club or craft club with a group of friends.
Don't forget to add these events to your calendar, just like any other event. You’ll be more likely to anticipate events if you see them coming.
1-4. Plan a vacation.
Researchers have found that one of the main reasons vacations make us happier is because of the anticipation of planning them. One study found that planning a vacation improved happiness for up to 8 weeks. If time and money allows it, try to schedule a vacation in the future.
Ask your boss about how much vacation time you have. Set aside a chunk of the year to take a vacation. Pick a destination that excites you. If you're bored by rural settings, don't go to North Dakota. Instead, schedule a week in Manhattan.
If you can’t get away from work for a long time, plan a mini-vacation over a long weekend.
If you can’t afford to travel far, just plan a family trip to a local orchard, lake, or state park. Studies haven’t found a link between the length of vacation and overall happiness.
Alternatively, plan a staycation, which means spending your time-off at home. Make plans well in advance to go to museums, pools, shows, and shops. You can also plan a week of reading and napping in your hammock.
1-5. Make a countdown calendar for big events.
A countdown calendar can really increase your sense of anticipation. Place sticky notes on a small calendar or poster board. Remove one sticky note each day as the big event approaches. You could also create an online countdown calendar using online apps or programs. This can work great for a vacation, but you can also countdown to anything you're looking forward to, including:
the birth of your grandchild
the end of the school year
your favorite holiday
your sister's next trip to town
the release of the next book in your favorite series
1-6. Allow yourself to enjoy the event itself.
Don’t get so caught up in anticipating the next event that you forget to enjoy the event. When the big day comes, take time to savor what you’re doing. Think about why you anticipated this event, and be mindful of the pleasure it gives you.
Turn off your phone or limit your use of your phone. This will allow you to better enjoy the moment.
Take time to notice your senses. What are you seeing? What are you hearing? How are you feeling?
In the immediate aftermath of the event, reflect and remember the fun times. Instead of feeling sad that the event ended, work on appreciating the event. Focus on your feeling of satisfaction.
2. Finding Excitement in Your Everyday Life
2-1. Create checkpoints to help you feel satisfied.
Checkpoints can be a great way to cultivate a sense of excitement. While many people have longterm checkpoints, you need to have short term day-to-day checkpoints as well. They keep you grounded in the present moment and allow you to have small things to look forward to each day. To make checkpoints, mentally go through your day and jot down a list of what needs to get done. You can cross off checkpoints during the day, giving you a sense of satisfaction after you've completed a given task.
Make a short to-do list including what you need to do on a day-to-day basis. For example, "Wake up, have breakfast, work out, go to work, etc." From there, list things that will motivate you to complete this list. For example, you may be seeing a movie with a friend at the end of a work week. While your week may seem grueling, you have a short term fun checkpoint you're working towards.
Try to make a schedule for yourself that incorporates fun. Add checkpoints that involve daily relaxation and fun. For example, maybe you enjoy a certain television program. Allow yourself to watch an episode before bed.
2-2. Write down what makes you happy.
In order to find happiness in the every day, you need to take stock of what makes you happy. Make a list of what you genuinely enjoy. Try to consider what brings you actual pleasure in life. In addition to having checkpoints that create feelings of satisfaction and accomplishment, you should have check points that encourage happiness.
People have a tendency to see happiness in terms of external goals. While your checkpoints can help your each longterm goals (i.e., more money, a better job, etc.) that can help you feel fulfilled, day-to-day happiness is reliant on small pleasures.
Socializing is a good measure of happiness. Most people struggle to be happy if they don't have people in their life who bring them joy. Think about people you spend time with and write down the things you like to do with them. Maybe you love cooking with your friend Martha or golfing with your friend Jane. Try to schedule these activities throughout your week.
2-3. Schedule time for small moments of happiness.
Once you've figured out what makes you happy, make time for that activity. You may have to get up a little before the rest of your family, find time during your lunch break, or stay up a little late in order to incorporate that 20 minute activity. It will be worth it if you choose an activity that you will anticipate with joy.
In addition to socializing, think of things you can do on your own that make you happy. Studies indicate that laughter and volunteer work can make many people happy. Maybe you can find time to volunteer at the local animal shelter a few times a week. You could also watch a comedy program together every night.
If you can’t find a 20 minute window every day, find an hour in your week to do this activity instead.
2-4. Practice mindfulness to help you better appreciate the present.
Mindfulness is a heightened awareness of your surroundings and your own behaviors. You can better appreciate the moment by practicing mindfulness, which may make you enjoy day-to-day activities more. This can make you look forward to everyday life more. To practice mindfulness, start by paying attention to your five senses as you do something ordinary. While you’re brushing your teeth, think about how it feels, tastes, smells, looks, and sounds.
Pay attention to moments you may normally overlook. If you take the train into work every morning, for example, do not view this as a burden. Take it as an opportunity to relax on your way to a busy day. Pay attention to how the train seat feels. Listen to the voices of other commuters or put a song you like on your iPod. Pay attention to the smell and feel of the train.
Mindfulness can also be a great way to disengage if you experience stressful thoughts during the day. Things you may dread, like work meetings, will seem less daunting if you practice mindfulness. If you feel your mind snowballing before a meeting in anticipation of a meeting, tune into your senses. Pay attention to your breath, the noises in your office, the smells, and the feel of your body on your desk chair.
2-5. Spend time with friends and family.
Studies show socialization is an important key to happiness. If you're engaged socially, you're more likely to feel happier. Try making small tweaks to your schedule that allow you to socialize more often.
If you have a friend who works near you, see if the two of you can meet for coffee or lunch every Tuesday.
If you live with family, try to make a family dinner more of a routine. Instead of eating separately, get together around the kitchen table for a meal at least a few nights a week.
Try to take time to socialize with coworkers. While you do not want to be disruptive, of course, you can take advantage of break time by having coffee and chatting with a co-worker. You may even find you make new friends at work.
If it's hard to see people face-to-face, like if you work from home for example, take advantage of technology. Have a weekly video chat session with long distance friends, for example.
2-6. Find enjoyable solitary rituals.
You cannot have time to socialize every day, as people are busy. If you live alone, find ways to enjoy solitary pleasures. You can take up a solitary hobby, like doing crossword puzzles or reading. You can find a video game to play online or on a game console. You can also watch a TV show you enjoy alone.
Try to schedule in time for these activities. You do not have to have a strict start/end time, but you can have a rough idea when to appreciate alone time. For example, you can always read for an hour before bed.
Avoid getting carried away, especially if the activity you enjoy is something you tend to binge on. If you're the type to overdo video games, for example, try to limit game time to 2 hours a night to make sure it doesn't get in the way of other activities.
3. Cultivating a More Spontaneous Attitude
3-1. Step out of your comfort zone in small increments.
Having a more spontaneous attitude can lead you to embrace fun more. You'll have more to look forward to as you'll be seeking new adventure each day. Every experience will have the potential to turn into unexpected fun. To start becoming more spontaneous, break out of your comfort zone in small increments.
If you're prone to routine by nature, it can be trying to step out of your comfort zone. This is why you'll need to start small. Try to eat lunch with a new group of co-workers, for example.
Be consistent. Try something new every day, whether it's taking a different route to work or trying a new hairstyle. As you get braver and braver, you can push yourself more. For example, after experimenting with different hairstyles, consider cutting or dyeing your hair for a more permanent alteration.
3-2. Redefine fear.
If trying something new gives you butterflies in your stomach, think of them as feelings of excitement instead of fear. You may soon come to look forward to those feelings.
Keep in mind fear is not a bad thing. While you may be afraid of new things, it's the fear that can make trying them thrilling. Try to think of fear as a motivational factor. The feeling of happiness you'll get overcoming your fear is worth it.
Think of fear more in terms of anticipation or excitement. Oftentimes, people are afraid of things that also excite or interest them. If you feel yourself quivering or feel your palms sweating, think, "I am excited" instead of "I am afraid."
3-3. Seek out new friends.
Ask a coworker out for drinks, or sit with someone new in the lunchroom. If you push yourself to form a new social circle, this provides you with more opportunities to have something to look forward to. You'll get invited to more parties and social events, providing you with a richer social life.
If you're shy by nature, try to keep in mind most people are fairly friendly. Many people wish they could socialize with co-workers more, but have the same reservations about interacting with new people you may have.
Do not take a "No" personally. People do get busy. If a co-worker turns down your invitation, this does not me that person does not like you. You can always try to ask again in a few weeks.
3-4. Order something new.
Do you go to the same restaurants and order the same meals every weekend? If you’re stuck in a restaurant rut, either try a new place or pick something completely different off the menu. If you make most of your meals at home, try buying something new or unfamiliar at the grocery store and adding it to your next meal. Having a new food to try can give you something to look forward to during your day. If you grow bored at work, for example, think about the new chili recipe you'll be trying out tonight.
3-5. Treat yourself spontaneously.
Many people are strict with themselves when it comes to rewards or surprises. You may, for example, only eat out once a week or only shop for new clothes once a month. While it's good to have some kind of budget or plan, allow yourself as spontaneous treat once in awhile. If you see a donut at your office cafeteria that you're really craving, allow yourself to indulge just this once.
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"create_time": "20230517 10:45:47",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Making Plans to Look Forward To\\n1-1. Start scheduling future plans on a calendar.\\nA calendar is a concrete reminder of what you have to look forward to during the course of a week or a month. Buy a large calendar from an office shop and use it to schedule exciting future plans.\\nAre there days of the week when you have some extra time consistently? Do you perhaps work in a job that is busier at the end of the month than the beginning? Look for any holes in your schedule that you can fill with exciting activities.\\nOnce you've found holes in your schedule, make some plans. You don’t have to find a lot of time, just pick a time when you are consistently free during the week or month. For example, maybe you only work until 3 on Thursdays. Try to think of something to do every Thursday for a month. For example, maybe you can promise yourself you'll see a movie every Thursday.\\n1-2. Start a hobby.\\nHobbies can really help you have something to look forward to each day. Find something you enjoy doing or get back into an old hobby you've abandoned. Put your hobby on your calendar once a week or once a month, or as often as you can reasonably manage.\\nPick something you like to do. Everyone has a different idea of fun. Try to pick something that caters to your interests. If you love photography, try to invest in a quality camera and start taking pictures. If time permits, you could even enroll in a photography course.\\nChoose something it is not difficult to do a few times a week. If you love horseback riding, for example, this can be a fun activity but difficult to do regularly, especially if you live in an urban area. Maybe your love of horseback riding stems from a love for animals. Instead of attempting to go riding once a week, think about volunteering at your local animal shelter or walking your dog more often.\\n1-3. Make dates and plan social gatherings.\\nMany people look forward to social events, especially at the end of long work weeks. Try to make plans with friends and family members. Regular social activity can help give you something to look forward to. If you're stressed at school or work, happy hour with friends on a Friday night can help you get through the week.\\nChoose social events you enjoy doing. You may not be a big drinker, for example, so going out to a bar on the weekends may nauseate you. However, maybe you enjoy the outdoors. See if you have a friend who would want to do a Saturday afternoon hike.\\nTry to see if your group of friends would be down for regular activities. For example, you can agree to do brunch once a month. You can also consider starting a book club or craft club with a group of friends.\\nDon't forget to add these events to your calendar, just like any other event. You’ll be more likely to anticipate events if you see them coming.\\n1-4. Plan a vacation.\\nResearchers have found that one of the main reasons vacations make us happier is because of the anticipation of planning them. One study found that planning a vacation improved happiness for up to 8 weeks. If time and money allows it, try to schedule a vacation in the future.\\nAsk your boss about how much vacation time you have. Set aside a chunk of the year to take a vacation. Pick a destination that excites you. If you're bored by rural settings, don't go to North Dakota. Instead, schedule a week in Manhattan.\\nIf you can’t get away from work for a long time, plan a mini-vacation over a long weekend.\\nIf you can’t afford to travel far, just plan a family trip to a local orchard, lake, or state park. Studies haven’t found a link between the length of vacation and overall happiness.\\nAlternatively, plan a staycation, which means spending your time-off at home. Make plans well in advance to go to museums, pools, shows, and shops. You can also plan a week of reading and napping in your hammock.\\n1-5. Make a countdown calendar for big events.\\nA countdown calendar can really increase your sense of anticipation. Place sticky notes on a small calendar or poster board. Remove one sticky note each day as the big event approaches. You could also create an online countdown calendar using online apps or programs. This can work great for a vacation, but you can also countdown to anything you're looking forward to, including:\\nthe birth of your grandchild\\nthe end of the school year\\nyour favorite holiday\\nyour sister's next trip to town\\nthe release of the next book in your favorite series\\n1-6. Allow yourself to enjoy the event itself.\\nDon’t get so caught up in anticipating the next event that you forget to enjoy the event. When the big day comes, take time to savor what you’re doing. Think about why you anticipated this event, and be mindful of the pleasure it gives you.\\nTurn off your phone or limit your use of your phone. This will allow you to better enjoy the moment.\\nTake time to notice your senses. What are you seeing? What are you hearing? How are you feeling? \\nIn the immediate aftermath of the event, reflect and remember the fun times. Instead of feeling sad that the event ended, work on appreciating the event. Focus on your feeling of satisfaction.\\n2. Finding Excitement in Your Everyday Life\\n2-1. Create checkpoints to help you feel satisfied.\\nCheckpoints can be a great way to cultivate a sense of excitement. While many people have longterm checkpoints, you need to have short term day-to-day checkpoints as well. They keep you grounded in the present moment and allow you to have small things to look forward to each day. To make checkpoints, mentally go through your day and jot down a list of what needs to get done. You can cross off checkpoints during the day, giving you a sense of satisfaction after you've completed a given task.\\nMake a short to-do list including what you need to do on a day-to-day basis. For example, \\\"Wake up, have breakfast, work out, go to work, etc.\\\" From there, list things that will motivate you to complete this list. For example, you may be seeing a movie with a friend at the end of a work week. While your week may seem grueling, you have a short term fun checkpoint you're working towards.\\nTry to make a schedule for yourself that incorporates fun. Add checkpoints that involve daily relaxation and fun. For example, maybe you enjoy a certain television program. Allow yourself to watch an episode before bed.\\n2-2. Write down what makes you happy.\\nIn order to find happiness in the every day, you need to take stock of what makes you happy. Make a list of what you genuinely enjoy. Try to consider what brings you actual pleasure in life. In addition to having checkpoints that create feelings of satisfaction and accomplishment, you should have check points that encourage happiness.\\nPeople have a tendency to see happiness in terms of external goals. While your checkpoints can help your each longterm goals (i.e., more money, a better job, etc.) that can help you feel fulfilled, day-to-day happiness is reliant on small pleasures.\\nSocializing is a good measure of happiness. Most people struggle to be happy if they don't have people in their life who bring them joy. Think about people you spend time with and write down the things you like to do with them. Maybe you love cooking with your friend Martha or golfing with your friend Jane. Try to schedule these activities throughout your week.\\n2-3. Schedule time for small moments of happiness.\\nOnce you've figured out what makes you happy, make time for that activity. You may have to get up a little before the rest of your family, find time during your lunch break, or stay up a little late in order to incorporate that 20 minute activity. It will be worth it if you choose an activity that you will anticipate with joy.\\nIn addition to socializing, think of things you can do on your own that make you happy. Studies indicate that laughter and volunteer work can make many people happy. Maybe you can find time to volunteer at the local animal shelter a few times a week. You could also watch a comedy program together every night.\\nIf you can’t find a 20 minute window every day, find an hour in your week to do this activity instead.\\n2-4. Practice mindfulness to help you better appreciate the present.\\nMindfulness is a heightened awareness of your surroundings and your own behaviors. You can better appreciate the moment by practicing mindfulness, which may make you enjoy day-to-day activities more. This can make you look forward to everyday life more. To practice mindfulness, start by paying attention to your five senses as you do something ordinary. While you’re brushing your teeth, think about how it feels, tastes, smells, looks, and sounds. \\nPay attention to moments you may normally overlook. If you take the train into work every morning, for example, do not view this as a burden. Take it as an opportunity to relax on your way to a busy day. Pay attention to how the train seat feels. Listen to the voices of other commuters or put a song you like on your iPod. Pay attention to the smell and feel of the train.\\nMindfulness can also be a great way to disengage if you experience stressful thoughts during the day. Things you may dread, like work meetings, will seem less daunting if you practice mindfulness. If you feel your mind snowballing before a meeting in anticipation of a meeting, tune into your senses. Pay attention to your breath, the noises in your office, the smells, and the feel of your body on your desk chair.\\n2-5. Spend time with friends and family.\\nStudies show socialization is an important key to happiness. If you're engaged socially, you're more likely to feel happier. Try making small tweaks to your schedule that allow you to socialize more often.\\nIf you have a friend who works near you, see if the two of you can meet for coffee or lunch every Tuesday.\\nIf you live with family, try to make a family dinner more of a routine. Instead of eating separately, get together around the kitchen table for a meal at least a few nights a week.\\nTry to take time to socialize with coworkers. While you do not want to be disruptive, of course, you can take advantage of break time by having coffee and chatting with a co-worker. You may even find you make new friends at work.\\nIf it's hard to see people face-to-face, like if you work from home for example, take advantage of technology. Have a weekly video chat session with long distance friends, for example.\\n2-6. Find enjoyable solitary rituals.\\nYou cannot have time to socialize every day, as people are busy. If you live alone, find ways to enjoy solitary pleasures. You can take up a solitary hobby, like doing crossword puzzles or reading. You can find a video game to play online or on a game console. You can also watch a TV show you enjoy alone. \\nTry to schedule in time for these activities. You do not have to have a strict start/end time, but you can have a rough idea when to appreciate alone time. For example, you can always read for an hour before bed.\\nAvoid getting carried away, especially if the activity you enjoy is something you tend to binge on. If you're the type to overdo video games, for example, try to limit game time to 2 hours a night to make sure it doesn't get in the way of other activities.\\n3. Cultivating a More Spontaneous Attitude\\n3-1. Step out of your comfort zone in small increments.\\nHaving a more spontaneous attitude can lead you to embrace fun more. You'll have more to look forward to as you'll be seeking new adventure each day. Every experience will have the potential to turn into unexpected fun. To start becoming more spontaneous, break out of your comfort zone in small increments.\\nIf you're prone to routine by nature, it can be trying to step out of your comfort zone. This is why you'll need to start small. Try to eat lunch with a new group of co-workers, for example.\\nBe consistent. Try something new every day, whether it's taking a different route to work or trying a new hairstyle. As you get braver and braver, you can push yourself more. For example, after experimenting with different hairstyles, consider cutting or dyeing your hair for a more permanent alteration.\\n3-2. Redefine fear.\\nIf trying something new gives you butterflies in your stomach, think of them as feelings of excitement instead of fear. You may soon come to look forward to those feelings.\\nKeep in mind fear is not a bad thing. While you may be afraid of new things, it's the fear that can make trying them thrilling. Try to think of fear as a motivational factor. The feeling of happiness you'll get overcoming your fear is worth it.\\nThink of fear more in terms of anticipation or excitement. Oftentimes, people are afraid of things that also excite or interest them. If you feel yourself quivering or feel your palms sweating, think, \\\"I am excited\\\" instead of \\\"I am afraid.\\\"\\n3-3. Seek out new friends.\\nAsk a coworker out for drinks, or sit with someone new in the lunchroom. If you push yourself to form a new social circle, this provides you with more opportunities to have something to look forward to. You'll get invited to more parties and social events, providing you with a richer social life.\\nIf you're shy by nature, try to keep in mind most people are fairly friendly. Many people wish they could socialize with co-workers more, but have the same reservations about interacting with new people you may have.\\nDo not take a \\\"No\\\" personally. People do get busy. If a co-worker turns down your invitation, this does not me that person does not like you. You can always try to ask again in a few weeks.\\n3-4. Order something new.\\nDo you go to the same restaurants and order the same meals every weekend? If you’re stuck in a restaurant rut, either try a new place or pick something completely different off the menu. If you make most of your meals at home, try buying something new or unfamiliar at the grocery store and adding it to your next meal. Having a new food to try can give you something to look forward to during your day. If you grow bored at work, for example, think about the new chili recipe you'll be trying out tonight.\\n3-5. Treat yourself spontaneously.\\nMany people are strict with themselves when it comes to rewards or surprises. You may, for example, only eat out once a week or only shop for new clothes once a month. While it's good to have some kind of budget or plan, allow yourself as spontaneous treat once in awhile. If you see a donut at your office cafeteria that you're really craving, allow yourself to indulge just this once.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Many experts agree that one of the keys to happiness is having something to look forward to. Anticipating something fun means that you get to enjoy the happy experience for longer. If you want to work on enjoying life more, there are steps you can take. Work on making future plans that you will enjoy and focus on cultivating a sense of anticipation. Watch for small pleasures in your day-to-day life so you can have something to look forward to on otherwise average days. Lastly, try to work on having a spontaneous spirit. If you're able to loosen up and not stick to a rigid schedule, you'll encounter more opportunities for fun and pleasure throughout the day.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Making Plans to Look Forward To\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Start scheduling future plans on a calendar.\", \"描述\": \"A calendar is a concrete reminder of what you have to look forward to during the course of a week or a month. Buy a large calendar from an office shop and use it to schedule exciting future plans.\\nAre there days of the week when you have some extra time consistently? Do you perhaps work in a job that is busier at the end of the month than the beginning? Look for any holes in your schedule that you can fill with exciting activities.\\nOnce you've found holes in your schedule, make some plans. You don’t have to find a lot of time, just pick a time when you are consistently free during the week or month. For example, maybe you only work until 3 on Thursdays. Try to think of something to do every Thursday for a month. For example, maybe you can promise yourself you'll see a movie every Thursday.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Start a hobby.\", \"描述\": \"Hobbies can really help you have something to look forward to each day. Find something you enjoy doing or get back into an old hobby you've abandoned. Put your hobby on your calendar once a week or once a month, or as often as you can reasonably manage.\\nPick something you like to do. Everyone has a different idea of fun. Try to pick something that caters to your interests. If you love photography, try to invest in a quality camera and start taking pictures. If time permits, you could even enroll in a photography course.\\nChoose something it is not difficult to do a few times a week. If you love horseback riding, for example, this can be a fun activity but difficult to do regularly, especially if you live in an urban area. Maybe your love of horseback riding stems from a love for animals. Instead of attempting to go riding once a week, think about volunteering at your local animal shelter or walking your dog more often.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Make dates and plan social gatherings.\", \"描述\": \"Many people look forward to social events, especially at the end of long work weeks. Try to make plans with friends and family members. Regular social activity can help give you something to look forward to. If you're stressed at school or work, happy hour with friends on a Friday night can help you get through the week.\\nChoose social events you enjoy doing. You may not be a big drinker, for example, so going out to a bar on the weekends may nauseate you. However, maybe you enjoy the outdoors. See if you have a friend who would want to do a Saturday afternoon hike.\\nTry to see if your group of friends would be down for regular activities. For example, you can agree to do brunch once a month. You can also consider starting a book club or craft club with a group of friends.\\nDon't forget to add these events to your calendar, just like any other event. You’ll be more likely to anticipate events if you see them coming.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Plan a vacation.\", \"描述\": \"Researchers have found that one of the main reasons vacations make us happier is because of the anticipation of planning them. One study found that planning a vacation improved happiness for up to 8 weeks. If time and money allows it, try to schedule a vacation in the future.\\nAsk your boss about how much vacation time you have. Set aside a chunk of the year to take a vacation. Pick a destination that excites you. If you're bored by rural settings, don't go to North Dakota. Instead, schedule a week in Manhattan.\\nIf you can’t get away from work for a long time, plan a mini-vacation over a long weekend.\\nIf you can’t afford to travel far, just plan a family trip to a local orchard, lake, or state park. Studies haven’t found a link between the length of vacation and overall happiness.\\nAlternatively, plan a staycation, which means spending your time-off at home. Make plans well in advance to go to museums, pools, shows, and shops. You can also plan a week of reading and napping in your hammock.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Make a countdown calendar for big events.\", \"描述\": \"A countdown calendar can really increase your sense of anticipation. Place sticky notes on a small calendar or poster board. Remove one sticky note each day as the big event approaches. You could also create an online countdown calendar using online apps or programs. This can work great for a vacation, but you can also countdown to anything you're looking forward to, including:\\nthe birth of your grandchild\\nthe end of the school year\\nyour favorite holiday\\nyour sister's next trip to town\\nthe release of the next book in your favorite series\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Allow yourself to enjoy the event itself.\", \"描述\": \"Don’t get so caught up in anticipating the next event that you forget to enjoy the event. When the big day comes, take time to savor what you’re doing. Think about why you anticipated this event, and be mindful of the pleasure it gives you.\\nTurn off your phone or limit your use of your phone. This will allow you to better enjoy the moment.\\nTake time to notice your senses. What are you seeing? What are you hearing? How are you feeling? \\nIn the immediate aftermath of the event, reflect and remember the fun times. Instead of feeling sad that the event ended, work on appreciating the event. Focus on your feeling of satisfaction.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Finding Excitement in Your Everyday Life\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Create checkpoints to help you feel satisfied.\", \"描述\": \"Checkpoints can be a great way to cultivate a sense of excitement. While many people have longterm checkpoints, you need to have short term day-to-day checkpoints as well. They keep you grounded in the present moment and allow you to have small things to look forward to each day. To make checkpoints, mentally go through your day and jot down a list of what needs to get done. You can cross off checkpoints during the day, giving you a sense of satisfaction after you've completed a given task.\\nMake a short to-do list including what you need to do on a day-to-day basis. For example, \\\"Wake up, have breakfast, work out, go to work, etc.\\\" From there, list things that will motivate you to complete this list. For example, you may be seeing a movie with a friend at the end of a work week. While your week may seem grueling, you have a short term fun checkpoint you're working towards.\\nTry to make a schedule for yourself that incorporates fun. Add checkpoints that involve daily relaxation and fun. For example, maybe you enjoy a certain television program. Allow yourself to watch an episode before bed.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Write down what makes you happy.\", \"描述\": \"In order to find happiness in the every day, you need to take stock of what makes you happy. Make a list of what you genuinely enjoy. Try to consider what brings you actual pleasure in life. In addition to having checkpoints that create feelings of satisfaction and accomplishment, you should have check points that encourage happiness.\\nPeople have a tendency to see happiness in terms of external goals. While your checkpoints can help your each longterm goals (i.e., more money, a better job, etc.) that can help you feel fulfilled, day-to-day happiness is reliant on small pleasures.\\nSocializing is a good measure of happiness. Most people struggle to be happy if they don't have people in their life who bring them joy. Think about people you spend time with and write down the things you like to do with them. Maybe you love cooking with your friend Martha or golfing with your friend Jane. Try to schedule these activities throughout your week.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Schedule time for small moments of happiness.\", \"描述\": \"Once you've figured out what makes you happy, make time for that activity. You may have to get up a little before the rest of your family, find time during your lunch break, or stay up a little late in order to incorporate that 20 minute activity. It will be worth it if you choose an activity that you will anticipate with joy.\\nIn addition to socializing, think of things you can do on your own that make you happy. Studies indicate that laughter and volunteer work can make many people happy. Maybe you can find time to volunteer at the local animal shelter a few times a week. You could also watch a comedy program together every night.\\nIf you can’t find a 20 minute window every day, find an hour in your week to do this activity instead.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Practice mindfulness to help you better appreciate the present.\", \"描述\": \"Mindfulness is a heightened awareness of your surroundings and your own behaviors. You can better appreciate the moment by practicing mindfulness, which may make you enjoy day-to-day activities more. This can make you look forward to everyday life more. To practice mindfulness, start by paying attention to your five senses as you do something ordinary. While you’re brushing your teeth, think about how it feels, tastes, smells, looks, and sounds. \\nPay attention to moments you may normally overlook. If you take the train into work every morning, for example, do not view this as a burden. Take it as an opportunity to relax on your way to a busy day. Pay attention to how the train seat feels. Listen to the voices of other commuters or put a song you like on your iPod. Pay attention to the smell and feel of the train.\\nMindfulness can also be a great way to disengage if you experience stressful thoughts during the day. Things you may dread, like work meetings, will seem less daunting if you practice mindfulness. If you feel your mind snowballing before a meeting in anticipation of a meeting, tune into your senses. Pay attention to your breath, the noises in your office, the smells, and the feel of your body on your desk chair.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Spend time with friends and family.\", \"描述\": \"Studies show socialization is an important key to happiness. If you're engaged socially, you're more likely to feel happier. Try making small tweaks to your schedule that allow you to socialize more often.\\nIf you have a friend who works near you, see if the two of you can meet for coffee or lunch every Tuesday.\\nIf you live with family, try to make a family dinner more of a routine. Instead of eating separately, get together around the kitchen table for a meal at least a few nights a week.\\nTry to take time to socialize with coworkers. While you do not want to be disruptive, of course, you can take advantage of break time by having coffee and chatting with a co-worker. You may even find you make new friends at work.\\nIf it's hard to see people face-to-face, like if you work from home for example, take advantage of technology. Have a weekly video chat session with long distance friends, for example.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Find enjoyable solitary rituals.\", \"描述\": \"You cannot have time to socialize every day, as people are busy. If you live alone, find ways to enjoy solitary pleasures. You can take up a solitary hobby, like doing crossword puzzles or reading. You can find a video game to play online or on a game console. You can also watch a TV show you enjoy alone. \\nTry to schedule in time for these activities. You do not have to have a strict start/end time, but you can have a rough idea when to appreciate alone time. For example, you can always read for an hour before bed.\\nAvoid getting carried away, especially if the activity you enjoy is something you tend to binge on. If you're the type to overdo video games, for example, try to limit game time to 2 hours a night to make sure it doesn't get in the way of other activities.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Cultivating a More Spontaneous Attitude\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Step out of your comfort zone in small increments.\", \"描述\": \"Having a more spontaneous attitude can lead you to embrace fun more. You'll have more to look forward to as you'll be seeking new adventure each day. Every experience will have the potential to turn into unexpected fun. To start becoming more spontaneous, break out of your comfort zone in small increments.\\nIf you're prone to routine by nature, it can be trying to step out of your comfort zone. This is why you'll need to start small. Try to eat lunch with a new group of co-workers, for example.\\nBe consistent. Try something new every day, whether it's taking a different route to work or trying a new hairstyle. As you get braver and braver, you can push yourself more. For example, after experimenting with different hairstyles, consider cutting or dyeing your hair for a more permanent alteration.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Redefine fear.\", \"描述\": \"If trying something new gives you butterflies in your stomach, think of them as feelings of excitement instead of fear. You may soon come to look forward to those feelings.\\nKeep in mind fear is not a bad thing. While you may be afraid of new things, it's the fear that can make trying them thrilling. Try to think of fear as a motivational factor. The feeling of happiness you'll get overcoming your fear is worth it.\\nThink of fear more in terms of anticipation or excitement. Oftentimes, people are afraid of things that also excite or interest them. If you feel yourself quivering or feel your palms sweating, think, \\\"I am excited\\\" instead of \\\"I am afraid.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Seek out new friends.\", \"描述\": \"Ask a coworker out for drinks, or sit with someone new in the lunchroom. If you push yourself to form a new social circle, this provides you with more opportunities to have something to look forward to. You'll get invited to more parties and social events, providing you with a richer social life.\\nIf you're shy by nature, try to keep in mind most people are fairly friendly. Many people wish they could socialize with co-workers more, but have the same reservations about interacting with new people you may have.\\nDo not take a \\\"No\\\" personally. People do get busy. If a co-worker turns down your invitation, this does not me that person does not like you. You can always try to ask again in a few weeks.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Order something new.\", \"描述\": \"Do you go to the same restaurants and order the same meals every weekend? If you’re stuck in a restaurant rut, either try a new place or pick something completely different off the menu. If you make most of your meals at home, try buying something new or unfamiliar at the grocery store and adding it to your next meal. Having a new food to try can give you something to look forward to during your day. If you grow bored at work, for example, think about the new chili recipe you'll be trying out tonight.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Treat yourself spontaneously.\", \"描述\": \"Many people are strict with themselves when it comes to rewards or surprises. You may, for example, only eat out once a week or only shop for new clothes once a month. While it's good to have some kind of budget or plan, allow yourself as spontaneous treat once in awhile. If you see a donut at your office cafeteria that you're really craving, allow yourself to indulge just this once.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,627 | How to Always Make Your Layups in Basketball | 1. Shooting a Layup
1-1. Consider the underhand layup.
You lay the ball with your hand under it. The ball leaves your hand gently and it causes a nice and smooth touch on the backboard. This is useful if you are driving your way towards the basket and are unable to slow down and take the time to aim.
1-2. Use the overhand layup, if you prefer.
The overhand layup is a great alternative to the underhand layup. You hold the ball on top of it as if you will be dunking, it produces more power to touch the backboard roughly. It is useful when you are on the low post.
1-3. Run into the shot, if you're using an underhand layup.
Make sure you’re running into the shot. This is the key to the underhand layup, as during the game you’ll be dodging other players and running toward the basket. Don’t run too fast. When you’re practicing take it easy and try to perfect your skill.
1-4. Perform a one foot layup, if appropriate.
A one foot layup is what most people commonly do. It’s used when you’re moving toward the basket from far away with the ball, or when you’re moving toward the basket and you expect someone to throw you the ball to take a shot.
Run toward the basket.
Once you’re near, jump off one of your feet up toward the basket. You’ll probably jump with one foot (the left) and shoot with the other hand (the right).
Practice this until you’re comfortable running toward the basket and jumping with one foot.
1-5. Consider a two foot layup.
Sometimes it’s more appropriate to do a two foot layup. This is often when you’re positioned near the basket and someone passes the ball to you. When doing this layup, you’ll have to be prepared to catch a ball quickly and to shoot at a moment’s notice.
Be aware, the ball could come from a teammate at any moment. Be ready to jump and aim the second you get the ball, and don’t let distractions or nervousness break your concentration.
You may be able to keep better control of the ball when you do a two-foot layup, especially at the beginning.
1-6. Aim and shoot the ball gently at the "sweet spot.”
After you’re positioned and have the ball, aim and shoot for the sweet spot. The sweet spot is the two corners of the square on the backboard which sits just above the basket. Laying the ball on this spot will assure you to make the shot.
If you’re tall enough, you won’t have to aim for the sweet spot and can just shoot the ball directly into the basket.
If you’re younger or just starting out, try to hit the sweet spot.
Don’t shoot the ball with too much force, as it’ll probably bounce off and won’t go into the basket.
Feel free to experiment without aiming for the sweet spot, if you are confident.
Watch others who are more experienced shoot the ball and emulate their technique.
2. Practicing Your Layups
2-1. Try layups on your own, without a ball.
Before you hit the court with a ball and with other players, make sure to try doing your layups without a ball. Practice your running and jumping technique until you feel comfortable with it. This should help you build your own technique.
2-2. Practice your layups on your own, with a ball.
Practice makes perfect, at least most of the time. When it comes to layups, this is true, too. Make sure to practice your layups with a ball on your own as much as you can.
2-3. Add variation to your practice.
Now that you’ve practiced a bit, add some variations to your approach. Variations will simulate the many situations you might find yourself in during an actual game. Try as many as possible, as you'll never really know what to expect in the heat of the moment.
Practice coming at the basket from different angles.
Practice coming at the basket from different speeds.
Use cones or other obstacles on the court to simulate opposing players who will try to contest your layup.
2-4. Get some good competition to practice, before you play a full game.
When you’re practicing your layups, you need to make sure you’ve got some pretty solid competition who is going to contest your layups. Find some friends who are pretty good on the court, and practice with them. Remember, though, you need to play against people who are as good as or better than you in order to improve your skill.
Play full games and go out of your way to practice your layups against a skillful opponent.
Ask skilled friends to let you practice layups against them.
Realize that skillful competition is key.
2-5. Jump into a game and try your layup.
Now that you’ve perfected your layups and practiced, find some friends and play a game. Take it easy, though. Try to find a few friends who want to play a low-stress game. This’ll be the best way for you to test your skills without the stress of a normal match. Don’t worry if you miss some layups, that’s part of learning.
Keep practicing on your own after the game.
Keep practicing with friends.
Keep finding games to play in order to perfect your skills.
Tips
Once you’ve mastered the one and two foot layup, move on and try to master the jump stop and reverse layup.[10]
X
Research source
Don't do fancy tricks. Doing tricks won't just get your coach angry but also you'll have a hard time getting the ball in.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:47",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Shooting a Layup\\n1-1. Consider the underhand layup.\\nYou lay the ball with your hand under it. The ball leaves your hand gently and it causes a nice and smooth touch on the backboard. This is useful if you are driving your way towards the basket and are unable to slow down and take the time to aim.\\n1-2. Use the overhand layup, if you prefer.\\nThe overhand layup is a great alternative to the underhand layup. You hold the ball on top of it as if you will be dunking, it produces more power to touch the backboard roughly. It is useful when you are on the low post.\\n1-3. Run into the shot, if you're using an underhand layup.\\nMake sure you’re running into the shot. This is the key to the underhand layup, as during the game you’ll be dodging other players and running toward the basket. Don’t run too fast. When you’re practicing take it easy and try to perfect your skill.\\n1-4. Perform a one foot layup, if appropriate.\\nA one foot layup is what most people commonly do. It’s used when you’re moving toward the basket from far away with the ball, or when you’re moving toward the basket and you expect someone to throw you the ball to take a shot.\\nRun toward the basket.\\nOnce you’re near, jump off one of your feet up toward the basket. You’ll probably jump with one foot (the left) and shoot with the other hand (the right).\\nPractice this until you’re comfortable running toward the basket and jumping with one foot.\\n1-5. Consider a two foot layup.\\nSometimes it’s more appropriate to do a two foot layup. This is often when you’re positioned near the basket and someone passes the ball to you. When doing this layup, you’ll have to be prepared to catch a ball quickly and to shoot at a moment’s notice.\\nBe aware, the ball could come from a teammate at any moment. Be ready to jump and aim the second you get the ball, and don’t let distractions or nervousness break your concentration. \\nYou may be able to keep better control of the ball when you do a two-foot layup, especially at the beginning.\\n1-6. Aim and shoot the ball gently at the \\\"sweet spot.”\\nAfter you’re positioned and have the ball, aim and shoot for the sweet spot. The sweet spot is the two corners of the square on the backboard which sits just above the basket. Laying the ball on this spot will assure you to make the shot.\\nIf you’re tall enough, you won’t have to aim for the sweet spot and can just shoot the ball directly into the basket.\\nIf you’re younger or just starting out, try to hit the sweet spot.\\nDon’t shoot the ball with too much force, as it’ll probably bounce off and won’t go into the basket.\\nFeel free to experiment without aiming for the sweet spot, if you are confident.\\nWatch others who are more experienced shoot the ball and emulate their technique.\\n2. Practicing Your Layups\\n2-1. Try layups on your own, without a ball.\\nBefore you hit the court with a ball and with other players, make sure to try doing your layups without a ball. Practice your running and jumping technique until you feel comfortable with it. This should help you build your own technique.\\n2-2. Practice your layups on your own, with a ball.\\nPractice makes perfect, at least most of the time. When it comes to layups, this is true, too. Make sure to practice your layups with a ball on your own as much as you can.\\n2-3. Add variation to your practice.\\nNow that you’ve practiced a bit, add some variations to your approach. Variations will simulate the many situations you might find yourself in during an actual game. Try as many as possible, as you'll never really know what to expect in the heat of the moment.\\nPractice coming at the basket from different angles.\\nPractice coming at the basket from different speeds.\\nUse cones or other obstacles on the court to simulate opposing players who will try to contest your layup.\\n2-4. Get some good competition to practice, before you play a full game.\\nWhen you’re practicing your layups, you need to make sure you’ve got some pretty solid competition who is going to contest your layups. Find some friends who are pretty good on the court, and practice with them. Remember, though, you need to play against people who are as good as or better than you in order to improve your skill.\\nPlay full games and go out of your way to practice your layups against a skillful opponent.\\nAsk skilled friends to let you practice layups against them.\\nRealize that skillful competition is key.\\n2-5. Jump into a game and try your layup.\\nNow that you’ve perfected your layups and practiced, find some friends and play a game. Take it easy, though. Try to find a few friends who want to play a low-stress game. This’ll be the best way for you to test your skills without the stress of a normal match. Don’t worry if you miss some layups, that’s part of learning.\\nKeep practicing on your own after the game.\\nKeep practicing with friends.\\nKeep finding games to play in order to perfect your skills.\\nTips\\nOnce you’ve mastered the one and two foot layup, move on and try to master the jump stop and reverse layup.[10]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nDon't do fancy tricks. Doing tricks won't just get your coach angry but also you'll have a hard time getting the ball in.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Layups can be pretty hard to pull off, but if you work on your technique of laying the ball up to the sweet spot of the backboard, you'll slowly improve your performance. Making your layups is not about being fancy, rather, its about practice and skill. It’s about setting goals and being confident. Don't give up, commit plenty of time to practicing on your own and with others, and soon enough your technique will improve, your skill level will rise, and you'll be making your layups regularly.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Shooting a Layup\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Consider the underhand layup.\", \"描述\": \"You lay the ball with your hand under it. The ball leaves your hand gently and it causes a nice and smooth touch on the backboard. This is useful if you are driving your way towards the basket and are unable to slow down and take the time to aim.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Use the overhand layup, if you prefer.\", \"描述\": \"The overhand layup is a great alternative to the underhand layup. You hold the ball on top of it as if you will be dunking, it produces more power to touch the backboard roughly. It is useful when you are on the low post.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Run into the shot, if you're using an underhand layup.\", \"描述\": \"Make sure you’re running into the shot. This is the key to the underhand layup, as during the game you’ll be dodging other players and running toward the basket. Don’t run too fast. When you’re practicing take it easy and try to perfect your skill.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Perform a one foot layup, if appropriate.\", \"描述\": \"A one foot layup is what most people commonly do. It’s used when you’re moving toward the basket from far away with the ball, or when you’re moving toward the basket and you expect someone to throw you the ball to take a shot.\\nRun toward the basket.\\nOnce you’re near, jump off one of your feet up toward the basket. You’ll probably jump with one foot (the left) and shoot with the other hand (the right).\\nPractice this until you’re comfortable running toward the basket and jumping with one foot.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Consider a two foot layup.\", \"描述\": \"Sometimes it’s more appropriate to do a two foot layup. This is often when you’re positioned near the basket and someone passes the ball to you. When doing this layup, you’ll have to be prepared to catch a ball quickly and to shoot at a moment’s notice.\\nBe aware, the ball could come from a teammate at any moment. Be ready to jump and aim the second you get the ball, and don’t let distractions or nervousness break your concentration. \\nYou may be able to keep better control of the ball when you do a two-foot layup, especially at the beginning.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Aim and shoot the ball gently at the \\\"sweet spot.”\", \"描述\": \"After you’re positioned and have the ball, aim and shoot for the sweet spot. The sweet spot is the two corners of the square on the backboard which sits just above the basket. Laying the ball on this spot will assure you to make the shot.\\nIf you’re tall enough, you won’t have to aim for the sweet spot and can just shoot the ball directly into the basket.\\nIf you’re younger or just starting out, try to hit the sweet spot.\\nDon’t shoot the ball with too much force, as it’ll probably bounce off and won’t go into the basket.\\nFeel free to experiment without aiming for the sweet spot, if you are confident.\\nWatch others who are more experienced shoot the ball and emulate their technique.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Practicing Your Layups\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Try layups on your own, without a ball.\", \"描述\": \"Before you hit the court with a ball and with other players, make sure to try doing your layups without a ball. Practice your running and jumping technique until you feel comfortable with it. This should help you build your own technique.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Practice your layups on your own, with a ball.\", \"描述\": \"Practice makes perfect, at least most of the time. When it comes to layups, this is true, too. Make sure to practice your layups with a ball on your own as much as you can.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Add variation to your practice.\", \"描述\": \"Now that you’ve practiced a bit, add some variations to your approach. Variations will simulate the many situations you might find yourself in during an actual game. Try as many as possible, as you'll never really know what to expect in the heat of the moment.\\nPractice coming at the basket from different angles.\\nPractice coming at the basket from different speeds.\\nUse cones or other obstacles on the court to simulate opposing players who will try to contest your layup.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Get some good competition to practice, before you play a full game.\", \"描述\": \"When you’re practicing your layups, you need to make sure you’ve got some pretty solid competition who is going to contest your layups. Find some friends who are pretty good on the court, and practice with them. Remember, though, you need to play against people who are as good as or better than you in order to improve your skill.\\nPlay full games and go out of your way to practice your layups against a skillful opponent.\\nAsk skilled friends to let you practice layups against them.\\nRealize that skillful competition is key.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Jump into a game and try your layup.\", \"描述\": \"Now that you’ve perfected your layups and practiced, find some friends and play a game. Take it easy, though. Try to find a few friends who want to play a low-stress game. This’ll be the best way for you to test your skills without the stress of a normal match. Don’t worry if you miss some layups, that’s part of learning.\\nKeep practicing on your own after the game.\\nKeep practicing with friends.\\nKeep finding games to play in order to perfect your skills.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Once you’ve mastered the one and two foot layup, move on and try to master the jump stop and reverse layup.[10]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"Don't do fancy tricks. Doing tricks won't just get your coach angry but also you'll have a hard time getting the ball in.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,628 | How to Always Meet Deadlines | 1. Maintaining Good Time Management
1-1. Set a completion timeline for your project.
When setting a completion time, it’s good to be realistic about how long it could potentially take you to complete the project. Consider what you’re expected to deliver, how much time you can dedicate to it, how large the project is. Another way to get a good estimate is to compare it to projects you’ve done in the past. If you don’t think that it’s possible to finish on time, talk to the person who originally assigned the deadline and see if you can get it pushed back.
Determine an estimate of time that it takes for each smaller task. Once you're done, add a time cushion on the end of it to get a realistic time for the entire project.
Make sure that you get complete clarification on the specifics of a project before you agree to a deadline.
Don’t compromise and agree to a deadline that you know is unattainable. This will dissatisfy whoever assigned the deadline and hurt your reputation.
1-2. Break down your project into smaller tasks.
Instead of feeling overwhelmed with the idea of completing a large project, break it down into smaller, easily attainable tasks. Cross out the tasks on your list as you complete them.
If you have to write a paper, doing the research could be your first task. Additional tasks could include writing the first 500 words, completing the introduction, or getting a certain amount of pages written.
If your deadline is for work, make sure you are allotting time effectively. If one of your smaller tasks is taking much longer than usual, it may be a good idea to switch to another portion of the project.
1-3. Finish one project at a time.
Though many of us are forced to multitask in our day-to-day lives, it’s important that you dedicate enough time to each individual project you are working on. Dedicating your attention to a single project makes you more efficient.
If you are forced to work on a parallel timeline for two or more projects, complete a chunk of tasks for one project before switching gears and working on a different one.
1-4. Prioritize your tasks and your projects.
When you have to juggle multiple projects or tasks, it’s important that you can determine which tasks are more critical to the overall success of the project, or which steps need to be completed before you move forward with it.
It may be a good idea to start with the most difficult tasks or projects first, when your mind is the most fresh.
1-5. Assume it will take longer than you expect.
It’s important that you factor in unintended circumstances that may delay your project. For some things, this may mean not having the required materials in time, someone getting sick, or a personal emergency.
If there is an emergency that comes up and you’re unable to make the deadline, let the person who issued the deadline know as soon as possible.
1-6. Schedule regular breaks throughout the day.
Constantly working with out taking any breaks makes you less efficient. Instead of burning yourself out, take 10-15 minute breaks in your day so that you don’t lose focus.
Consider how long it usually takes you to lose focus and adjust the amount of time you work at once based on it.
Small scheduled breaks throughout the day also let you evaluate complex problems that may be stumping you.
1-7. Eliminate deadlines if there is no reason for one.
If a deadline is arbitrary or artificial, you should consider removing it all together. Some projects and tasks take time, patience, and high levels of accuracy, and the completion time has no weight on the overall project or organization.
Projects that require a high level of accuracy and testing like in IT or programming should rely less on deadlines, and more about creating a quality product.
While setting fake-deadlines may work for some, studies have shown that they typically don't increase productivity. What matters more is our work ethic, and other behavioral aspects we can aim to improve, like getting more organized.
2. Staying Organized
2-1. Maintain a calendar for each day and stick to it.
Creating a calendar of tasks to do daily allows us to visually interpret the work that we have to do. Make sure to block out the amount of time each task takes to complete and include things like regularly scheduled breaks.
Breaking down your project into 4 smaller parts helps you meet goals and time restrictions throughout the project.
You can use online calendars like Google calendar that will give you text and email reminders for important deadlines.
2-2. Write down a list of things that you have to do.
Not knowing what you need to complete can waste time. Make sure to maintain a clear list of the tasks you need to complete in order to meet the deadlines for your project.
You can keep this list on a physical piece of paper, or an online document.
When you’ve completed tasks on your list, make sure that you cross them off.
2-3. Keep all documents and emails in categorized folders.
Not being able to find critical documents wastes a lot of time and can be stressful. Organizing your documents and categorizing them will enable you to find important information quickly.
Save all emails in a folder that you can access later. If something goes wrong during the project or there is a dispute, you can refer back to old emails to verify your claims.
3. Staying On Task and Not Procrastinating
3-1. Start your project as soon as you can.
Don’t put off a project because the deadline is not close. The earlier you start a project, the earlier you will complete it. If you wait too long, you’ll end up scrambling for time as the deadline approaches.
Analysis Paralysis is when someone analyzes a problem for too long before beginning it, which could lead to project delays or the project never getting completed.
3-2. Hold yourself accountable.
It’s easy to make excuses, but it doesn't help us learn from our mistakes. Instead of making excuses, look at the situation objectively and consider where you can improve. Always take the initiative to get things done early and don’t place blame on others if you’re unable to complete a project.
Telling a friend or family member about a deadline could motivate you to completing it on time.
3-3. Save social time for after you complete it.
If you’re the type of person that is easily distracted, you could benefit from saving social time for after you meet your deadline. If you’re missing important deadlines on smaller tasks because of late nights or spending too much time with your friends, abstain from attending social events until your deadlines are met.
Tell your friends that you have an important deadline, and you would like to go out, but you have to meet your commitments.
3-4. Change your environment.
Your environment affects your mood. If the work space you are using makes you tired, or is uninspiring, consider changing it.
Visiting a local cafe may be the right decision if you can do your work on a laptop.
Simply changing the room you’re in may also help you stay productive.
3-5. Deactivate distractions around you.
Distractions can reduce your productivity and efficiency. If you are regularly being delayed because you are being distracted by websites, social media, or people interrupting you, find a way to limit them. Turning your phone to silent mode and not having social media up are two ways to stay on schedule so you can meet your deadlines.
There are apps that are available that will turn off all notifications from social media so you aren’t tempted to waste time.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:47",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Maintaining Good Time Management\\n1-1. Set a completion timeline for your project.\\nWhen setting a completion time, it’s good to be realistic about how long it could potentially take you to complete the project. Consider what you’re expected to deliver, how much time you can dedicate to it, how large the project is. Another way to get a good estimate is to compare it to projects you’ve done in the past. If you don’t think that it’s possible to finish on time, talk to the person who originally assigned the deadline and see if you can get it pushed back. \\nDetermine an estimate of time that it takes for each smaller task. Once you're done, add a time cushion on the end of it to get a realistic time for the entire project.\\nMake sure that you get complete clarification on the specifics of a project before you agree to a deadline.\\nDon’t compromise and agree to a deadline that you know is unattainable. This will dissatisfy whoever assigned the deadline and hurt your reputation.\\n1-2. Break down your project into smaller tasks.\\nInstead of feeling overwhelmed with the idea of completing a large project, break it down into smaller, easily attainable tasks. Cross out the tasks on your list as you complete them.\\nIf you have to write a paper, doing the research could be your first task. Additional tasks could include writing the first 500 words, completing the introduction, or getting a certain amount of pages written.\\nIf your deadline is for work, make sure you are allotting time effectively. If one of your smaller tasks is taking much longer than usual, it may be a good idea to switch to another portion of the project.\\n1-3. Finish one project at a time.\\nThough many of us are forced to multitask in our day-to-day lives, it’s important that you dedicate enough time to each individual project you are working on. Dedicating your attention to a single project makes you more efficient.\\nIf you are forced to work on a parallel timeline for two or more projects, complete a chunk of tasks for one project before switching gears and working on a different one.\\n1-4. Prioritize your tasks and your projects.\\nWhen you have to juggle multiple projects or tasks, it’s important that you can determine which tasks are more critical to the overall success of the project, or which steps need to be completed before you move forward with it. \\nIt may be a good idea to start with the most difficult tasks or projects first, when your mind is the most fresh.\\n1-5. Assume it will take longer than you expect.\\nIt’s important that you factor in unintended circumstances that may delay your project. For some things, this may mean not having the required materials in time, someone getting sick, or a personal emergency.\\nIf there is an emergency that comes up and you’re unable to make the deadline, let the person who issued the deadline know as soon as possible.\\n1-6. Schedule regular breaks throughout the day.\\nConstantly working with out taking any breaks makes you less efficient. Instead of burning yourself out, take 10-15 minute breaks in your day so that you don’t lose focus.\\nConsider how long it usually takes you to lose focus and adjust the amount of time you work at once based on it.\\nSmall scheduled breaks throughout the day also let you evaluate complex problems that may be stumping you.\\n1-7. Eliminate deadlines if there is no reason for one.\\nIf a deadline is arbitrary or artificial, you should consider removing it all together. Some projects and tasks take time, patience, and high levels of accuracy, and the completion time has no weight on the overall project or organization. \\nProjects that require a high level of accuracy and testing like in IT or programming should rely less on deadlines, and more about creating a quality product.\\nWhile setting fake-deadlines may work for some, studies have shown that they typically don't increase productivity. What matters more is our work ethic, and other behavioral aspects we can aim to improve, like getting more organized.\\n2. Staying Organized\\n2-1. Maintain a calendar for each day and stick to it.\\nCreating a calendar of tasks to do daily allows us to visually interpret the work that we have to do. Make sure to block out the amount of time each task takes to complete and include things like regularly scheduled breaks.\\nBreaking down your project into 4 smaller parts helps you meet goals and time restrictions throughout the project.\\nYou can use online calendars like Google calendar that will give you text and email reminders for important deadlines.\\n2-2. Write down a list of things that you have to do.\\nNot knowing what you need to complete can waste time. Make sure to maintain a clear list of the tasks you need to complete in order to meet the deadlines for your project.\\nYou can keep this list on a physical piece of paper, or an online document.\\nWhen you’ve completed tasks on your list, make sure that you cross them off.\\n2-3. Keep all documents and emails in categorized folders.\\nNot being able to find critical documents wastes a lot of time and can be stressful. Organizing your documents and categorizing them will enable you to find important information quickly. \\nSave all emails in a folder that you can access later. If something goes wrong during the project or there is a dispute, you can refer back to old emails to verify your claims.\\n3. Staying On Task and Not Procrastinating\\n3-1. Start your project as soon as you can.\\nDon’t put off a project because the deadline is not close. The earlier you start a project, the earlier you will complete it. If you wait too long, you’ll end up scrambling for time as the deadline approaches.\\nAnalysis Paralysis is when someone analyzes a problem for too long before beginning it, which could lead to project delays or the project never getting completed.\\n3-2. Hold yourself accountable.\\nIt’s easy to make excuses, but it doesn't help us learn from our mistakes. Instead of making excuses, look at the situation objectively and consider where you can improve. Always take the initiative to get things done early and don’t place blame on others if you’re unable to complete a project. \\nTelling a friend or family member about a deadline could motivate you to completing it on time.\\n3-3. Save social time for after you complete it.\\nIf you’re the type of person that is easily distracted, you could benefit from saving social time for after you meet your deadline. If you’re missing important deadlines on smaller tasks because of late nights or spending too much time with your friends, abstain from attending social events until your deadlines are met. \\nTell your friends that you have an important deadline, and you would like to go out, but you have to meet your commitments.\\n3-4. Change your environment.\\nYour environment affects your mood. If the work space you are using makes you tired, or is uninspiring, consider changing it.\\nVisiting a local cafe may be the right decision if you can do your work on a laptop.\\nSimply changing the room you’re in may also help you stay productive.\\n3-5. Deactivate distractions around you.\\nDistractions can reduce your productivity and efficiency. If you are regularly being delayed because you are being distracted by websites, social media, or people interrupting you, find a way to limit them. Turning your phone to silent mode and not having social media up are two ways to stay on schedule so you can meet your deadlines.\\nThere are apps that are available that will turn off all notifications from social media so you aren’t tempted to waste time.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Whether it’s a school assignment, an art project, registering to vote, or an initiative at work, many things that you do in life have a deadline. For some people, it may be hard to complete a project within the allotted amount of time. Things like procrastination or distractions can hinder your efficiency and cause you to take longer to complete things. Luckily, by employing sound tactics and managing your time well, you can overcome your shortcomings and meet deadlines regularly.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Maintaining Good Time Management\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Set a completion timeline for your project.\", \"描述\": \"When setting a completion time, it’s good to be realistic about how long it could potentially take you to complete the project. Consider what you’re expected to deliver, how much time you can dedicate to it, how large the project is. Another way to get a good estimate is to compare it to projects you’ve done in the past. If you don’t think that it’s possible to finish on time, talk to the person who originally assigned the deadline and see if you can get it pushed back. \\nDetermine an estimate of time that it takes for each smaller task. Once you're done, add a time cushion on the end of it to get a realistic time for the entire project.\\nMake sure that you get complete clarification on the specifics of a project before you agree to a deadline.\\nDon’t compromise and agree to a deadline that you know is unattainable. This will dissatisfy whoever assigned the deadline and hurt your reputation.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Break down your project into smaller tasks.\", \"描述\": \"Instead of feeling overwhelmed with the idea of completing a large project, break it down into smaller, easily attainable tasks. Cross out the tasks on your list as you complete them.\\nIf you have to write a paper, doing the research could be your first task. Additional tasks could include writing the first 500 words, completing the introduction, or getting a certain amount of pages written.\\nIf your deadline is for work, make sure you are allotting time effectively. If one of your smaller tasks is taking much longer than usual, it may be a good idea to switch to another portion of the project.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Finish one project at a time.\", \"描述\": \"Though many of us are forced to multitask in our day-to-day lives, it’s important that you dedicate enough time to each individual project you are working on. Dedicating your attention to a single project makes you more efficient.\\nIf you are forced to work on a parallel timeline for two or more projects, complete a chunk of tasks for one project before switching gears and working on a different one.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Prioritize your tasks and your projects.\", \"描述\": \"When you have to juggle multiple projects or tasks, it’s important that you can determine which tasks are more critical to the overall success of the project, or which steps need to be completed before you move forward with it. \\nIt may be a good idea to start with the most difficult tasks or projects first, when your mind is the most fresh.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Assume it will take longer than you expect.\", \"描述\": \"It’s important that you factor in unintended circumstances that may delay your project. For some things, this may mean not having the required materials in time, someone getting sick, or a personal emergency.\\nIf there is an emergency that comes up and you’re unable to make the deadline, let the person who issued the deadline know as soon as possible.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Schedule regular breaks throughout the day.\", \"描述\": \"Constantly working with out taking any breaks makes you less efficient. Instead of burning yourself out, take 10-15 minute breaks in your day so that you don’t lose focus.\\nConsider how long it usually takes you to lose focus and adjust the amount of time you work at once based on it.\\nSmall scheduled breaks throughout the day also let you evaluate complex problems that may be stumping you.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Eliminate deadlines if there is no reason for one.\", \"描述\": \"If a deadline is arbitrary or artificial, you should consider removing it all together. Some projects and tasks take time, patience, and high levels of accuracy, and the completion time has no weight on the overall project or organization. \\nProjects that require a high level of accuracy and testing like in IT or programming should rely less on deadlines, and more about creating a quality product.\\nWhile setting fake-deadlines may work for some, studies have shown that they typically don't increase productivity. What matters more is our work ethic, and other behavioral aspects we can aim to improve, like getting more organized.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Staying Organized\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Maintain a calendar for each day and stick to it.\", \"描述\": \"Creating a calendar of tasks to do daily allows us to visually interpret the work that we have to do. Make sure to block out the amount of time each task takes to complete and include things like regularly scheduled breaks.\\nBreaking down your project into 4 smaller parts helps you meet goals and time restrictions throughout the project.\\nYou can use online calendars like Google calendar that will give you text and email reminders for important deadlines.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Write down a list of things that you have to do.\", \"描述\": \"Not knowing what you need to complete can waste time. Make sure to maintain a clear list of the tasks you need to complete in order to meet the deadlines for your project.\\nYou can keep this list on a physical piece of paper, or an online document.\\nWhen you’ve completed tasks on your list, make sure that you cross them off.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Keep all documents and emails in categorized folders.\", \"描述\": \"Not being able to find critical documents wastes a lot of time and can be stressful. Organizing your documents and categorizing them will enable you to find important information quickly. \\nSave all emails in a folder that you can access later. If something goes wrong during the project or there is a dispute, you can refer back to old emails to verify your claims.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Staying On Task and Not Procrastinating\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Start your project as soon as you can.\", \"描述\": \"Don’t put off a project because the deadline is not close. The earlier you start a project, the earlier you will complete it. If you wait too long, you’ll end up scrambling for time as the deadline approaches.\\nAnalysis Paralysis is when someone analyzes a problem for too long before beginning it, which could lead to project delays or the project never getting completed.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Hold yourself accountable.\", \"描述\": \"It’s easy to make excuses, but it doesn't help us learn from our mistakes. Instead of making excuses, look at the situation objectively and consider where you can improve. Always take the initiative to get things done early and don’t place blame on others if you’re unable to complete a project. \\nTelling a friend or family member about a deadline could motivate you to completing it on time.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Save social time for after you complete it.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re the type of person that is easily distracted, you could benefit from saving social time for after you meet your deadline. If you’re missing important deadlines on smaller tasks because of late nights or spending too much time with your friends, abstain from attending social events until your deadlines are met. \\nTell your friends that you have an important deadline, and you would like to go out, but you have to meet your commitments.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Change your environment.\", \"描述\": \"Your environment affects your mood. If the work space you are using makes you tired, or is uninspiring, consider changing it.\\nVisiting a local cafe may be the right decision if you can do your work on a laptop.\\nSimply changing the room you’re in may also help you stay productive.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Deactivate distractions around you.\", \"描述\": \"Distractions can reduce your productivity and efficiency. If you are regularly being delayed because you are being distracted by websites, social media, or people interrupting you, find a way to limit them. Turning your phone to silent mode and not having social media up are two ways to stay on schedule so you can meet your deadlines.\\nThere are apps that are available that will turn off all notifications from social media so you aren’t tempted to waste time.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,629 | How to Always Run a Program As an Administrator on Windows | 1. Applications in the Windows (Start) Menu
1-1. Click the menu.
It's usually at the bottom-left corner of the screen.
1-2. Right-click the application you want to always run as administrator.
You'll probably have to scroll down to find it.
Depending on your settings, you may also have to click to see your options.
1-3. Click More.
1-4. Click Open file location.
This opens a File Explorer folder containing the application.
1-5. Right-click the application.
If there are a lot of files in the folder, you may have to scroll down to find it.
1-6. Click Properties.
1-7. Click the Compatibility tab.
1-8. Click the box next to “Run this program as an administrator.”
It's at the bottom of the “Settings” options. A check mark should now appear in the box.
1-9. Click OK.
The selected application will now run as an administrator every time it is launched.
2. Applications on the Desktop
2-1. Right-click the application's icon.
A pop-up menu will appear.
2-2. Click Properties.
2-3. Click the Compatibility tab.
2-4. Click the box next to “Run this program as an administrator.”
It's at the bottom of the “Settings” options. A check mark should now appear in the box.
2-5. Click OK.
The selected application will now run as an administrator every time it is launched.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:47",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Applications in the Windows (Start) Menu\\n1-1. Click the menu.\\nIt's usually at the bottom-left corner of the screen.\\n1-2. Right-click the application you want to always run as administrator.\\nYou'll probably have to scroll down to find it.\\nDepending on your settings, you may also have to click to see your options.\\n1-3. Click More.\\n\\n1-4. Click Open file location.\\nThis opens a File Explorer folder containing the application.\\n1-5. Right-click the application.\\nIf there are a lot of files in the folder, you may have to scroll down to find it.\\n1-6. Click Properties.\\n\\n1-7. Click the Compatibility tab.\\n\\n1-8. Click the box next to “Run this program as an administrator.”\\nIt's at the bottom of the “Settings” options. A check mark should now appear in the box.\\n1-9. Click OK.\\nThe selected application will now run as an administrator every time it is launched.\\n2. Applications on the Desktop\\n2-1. Right-click the application's icon.\\nA pop-up menu will appear.\\n2-2. Click Properties.\\n\\n2-3. Click the Compatibility tab.\\n\\n2-4. Click the box next to “Run this program as an administrator.”\\nIt's at the bottom of the “Settings” options. A check mark should now appear in the box.\\n2-5. Click OK.\\nThe selected application will now run as an administrator every time it is launched.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"This wikiHow teaches you how to set a Windows 10 application to always run as an Administrator. You must be logged in as an administrator to make this change.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Applications in the Windows (Start) Menu\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Click the menu.\", \"描述\": \"It's usually at the bottom-left corner of the screen.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Right-click the application you want to always run as administrator.\", \"描述\": \"You'll probably have to scroll down to find it.\\nDepending on your settings, you may also have to click to see your options.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click More.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Click Open file location.\", \"描述\": \"This opens a File Explorer folder containing the application.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Right-click the application.\", \"描述\": \"If there are a lot of files in the folder, you may have to scroll down to find it.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Click Properties.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Click the Compatibility tab.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Click the box next to “Run this program as an administrator.”\", \"描述\": \"It's at the bottom of the “Settings” options. A check mark should now appear in the box.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Click OK.\", \"描述\": \"The selected application will now run as an administrator every time it is launched.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Applications on the Desktop\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Right-click the application's icon.\", \"描述\": \"A pop-up menu will appear.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Click Properties.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click the Compatibility tab.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Click the box next to “Run this program as an administrator.”\", \"描述\": \"It's at the bottom of the “Settings” options. A check mark should now appear in the box.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Click OK.\", \"描述\": \"The selected application will now run as an administrator every time it is launched.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,630 | How to Always Win Chopsticks | 1. Playing the Game
1-1. Learn the object of the game
Your goal is to be the last person with a hand remaining in the game. A player's hand is “dead” when all 5 of their fingers (chopsticks) have been extended.
1-2. Start with at least 2 players.
2 players are needed for this game, but you can have more players if you wish. More players, however, will require more complicated adding rather than if only 2 players were in the game. You can play with as many people as you'd like, but it is best not to go over 4 or 5 players.
1-3. Begin with 1 finger out on both hands.
Each player begins with both hands extended and 1 finger out on each hand. 1 person starts by touching another player's hand. The player that has been touched adds up the number of fingers they were touched by and extends that number of fingers.
If there are more than 2 players, the play would begin again by moving clockwise around the group.
1-4. Go over the basics of adding and splitting with each player.
Adding and splitting is mostly what the entire game consists of, so it's important that each players understands the basic concept of how it's done. Basically, when someone touches your hand, you have to add 1 finger. If you're getting close to having a “dead” hand (5 finger up), then you can choose to touch your hands together to add a finger to a hand that has only 1 or 2 fingers up.
For example, if you had 4 extended fingers on your left hand a 2 on your right, then you would split that and extend 3 fingers on each hand.
1-5. Choose to touch your own hands or someone else's hand.
When it is your turn, if you have more than 1 finger extended on each hand, you can choose to touch someone else or touch your hands together. These are the only two moves you can make. You can't skip your turn. If you choose to touch your hands together, you will need to add together the number of fingers and then split them between your hands.
2. Winning a 2-Player Game
2-1. Tap the opponent's hand as infrequently as possible.
For example, when your opponent starts the game and taps your hand, split to 3 on 1 hand and 0 on the other. At this point, your opponent has no choice but to tap your hand again. If they don't, they would eventually cause an instant win for you.
2-2. Win even if your opponent starts by splitting 2,0.
Of course, there is always the person that thinks that they're tricky by starting out splitting to 2,0 as their first move. This situation, however, can be forced into a win as well. Once your opponent splits 2,0, tap their 2 hand. If you try to split 2,0 as well your opponent will just split back to 1,1 and it will go in a never-ending loop. From 3,0 your opponent has to split to 2,1, you then split to 2,0. Their only option is to hit you with their 2 hand to be 4,0. Now you split to 2,2.
If your opponent taps one of your 2 hands with their 1, tap out their 2. Your opponent will then have no choice but to tap your 2. Then you will be left with 3,3. Split to 2,4, your opponent will tap out your 4, and then you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.
2-3. Split your 3 hand 2,1.
Once your opponent taps your 3 hand, you have two options to split 2,2 or 3,1. It is ideal to split 3,1 because the game will be won more rapidly. From 3,1, assume your opponent taps your 3 hand. You are left with 4,1. It is then ideal to split 3,2.
If your opponent taps your 3 hand you tap one of their hands with your now 4 hand your opponent will tap your 4 hand and you will be left with 2,0. You split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.
2-4. Tap your opponent's 3 hand.
If your opponent taps your 2 hand you will be left with 3,3. Next, tap either hand with a 3. Your opponent will be left with 4,1. If your opponent splits to 3,2, tap their 2 hand. From this point your opponent has to split their 3. You will then tap their 2, your opponent will tap one of your hands and then you will win.
2-5. Tap the player's 2 hand if your opponent splits 3,2.
If your opponent splits to 3,2 it is ideal tap out their 2 hand. Then your opponent will have no choice but to split to 2,1. Then, tap out their 2 hand. Your opponent has no choice but to tap your 2 hand. Then, it is ideal to split to 4,2. Your opponent will then tap your 4 hand, you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.
2-6. Tap the players 4 hand if you are left with a 2 hand.
If your opponent taps your 2 hand, you tap their 4 hand and you are left with 3,0. Your opponent will have to tap you again, which will give you 4,0. Then, you win by tapping their hand.
2-7. Split 2,2 if your opponent taps your 2 hand.
If your opponent taps your 2 hand, split to 2,2. Your opponent will then tap you leaving you with 3,2. Tap their hand with your 2. Your opponent will have no choice but to split to 1,2. From there tap out their 2 hand and your opponent will have to tap your two hand. Split to 4,2, your opponent will tap your 4 hand and you will be left with 2,0. From there you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.
2-8. Split 3,1 if your opponent taps your 1 hand.
If your opponent taps your 1 hand, split to 3,1. Your opponent will have to tap your 1 hand. From 3,2, tap their hand with your 2. Your opponent will have no choice but to split to 1,2. From there tap out their 2 hand and your opponent will have to tap your two hand. Split to 4,2, your opponent will tap your 4 hand and you will be left with 2,0. From there you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.
2-9. Win from 1,1 against 1,0.
This is one of the easiest wins in the game. Your opponent will tap one of your hands leaving you with 2,1. Split to 3,0, your opponent will be forced to tap your 3 leaving you with 4,0. Finally, you tap their hand to win the game.
3. Winning in Splits
3-1. Redistribute before you reach 5 fingers on one hand.
Your hand is “dead” if you extend all 5 fingers. Make sure to touch your hands together to split your fingers before one of your hands “dies.” Continue doing this anytime you are close to a dead hand.
3-2. Revive a dead hand by splitting.
If one of your hands does happen to “die” you can "revive" a dead hand by splitting. Take one of your turns to touch your hands together in order to get both hands back in the game.
3-3. Call out players that try to split uneven numbers.
The players can only split a finger count in half. If they have 2,0, they can split it 1,1. If they have 3,1, they can split it 2,2. If they have 3,2, they can't split it because there's no way to split five fingers in half. Prevent other people from splitting by pointing this out. This will cause them to lose the game faster.
Tips
If the opponent insists upon going first, as long as they are not familiar with this strategy, it is possible to force them to go through a loop in which both players end up with 1,1 as, if you were starting a game and the opponent now has to tap you.
You can also play a version of this game online.
Don't get annoyed when you and your opponent keep having stalemates. If you try to vary by using only one hand, you will lose faster.
Warnings
Once you become invincible by using this strategy, people will lose interest in playing you and the game in general. To remedy this, it may be advisable to purposely lose occasionally to keep people interested.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:47",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Playing the Game\\n1-1. Learn the object of the game\\nYour goal is to be the last person with a hand remaining in the game. A player's hand is “dead” when all 5 of their fingers (chopsticks) have been extended.\\n1-2. Start with at least 2 players.\\n2 players are needed for this game, but you can have more players if you wish. More players, however, will require more complicated adding rather than if only 2 players were in the game. You can play with as many people as you'd like, but it is best not to go over 4 or 5 players.\\n1-3. Begin with 1 finger out on both hands.\\nEach player begins with both hands extended and 1 finger out on each hand. 1 person starts by touching another player's hand. The player that has been touched adds up the number of fingers they were touched by and extends that number of fingers.\\nIf there are more than 2 players, the play would begin again by moving clockwise around the group.\\n1-4. Go over the basics of adding and splitting with each player.\\nAdding and splitting is mostly what the entire game consists of, so it's important that each players understands the basic concept of how it's done. Basically, when someone touches your hand, you have to add 1 finger. If you're getting close to having a “dead” hand (5 finger up), then you can choose to touch your hands together to add a finger to a hand that has only 1 or 2 fingers up. \\nFor example, if you had 4 extended fingers on your left hand a 2 on your right, then you would split that and extend 3 fingers on each hand.\\n1-5. Choose to touch your own hands or someone else's hand.\\nWhen it is your turn, if you have more than 1 finger extended on each hand, you can choose to touch someone else or touch your hands together. These are the only two moves you can make. You can't skip your turn. If you choose to touch your hands together, you will need to add together the number of fingers and then split them between your hands.\\n2. Winning a 2-Player Game\\n2-1. Tap the opponent's hand as infrequently as possible.\\nFor example, when your opponent starts the game and taps your hand, split to 3 on 1 hand and 0 on the other. At this point, your opponent has no choice but to tap your hand again. If they don't, they would eventually cause an instant win for you.\\n2-2. Win even if your opponent starts by splitting 2,0.\\nOf course, there is always the person that thinks that they're tricky by starting out splitting to 2,0 as their first move. This situation, however, can be forced into a win as well. Once your opponent splits 2,0, tap their 2 hand. If you try to split 2,0 as well your opponent will just split back to 1,1 and it will go in a never-ending loop. From 3,0 your opponent has to split to 2,1, you then split to 2,0. Their only option is to hit you with their 2 hand to be 4,0. Now you split to 2,2.\\nIf your opponent taps one of your 2 hands with their 1, tap out their 2. Your opponent will then have no choice but to tap your 2. Then you will be left with 3,3. Split to 2,4, your opponent will tap out your 4, and then you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\\n2-3. Split your 3 hand 2,1.\\nOnce your opponent taps your 3 hand, you have two options to split 2,2 or 3,1. It is ideal to split 3,1 because the game will be won more rapidly. From 3,1, assume your opponent taps your 3 hand. You are left with 4,1. It is then ideal to split 3,2.\\nIf your opponent taps your 3 hand you tap one of their hands with your now 4 hand your opponent will tap your 4 hand and you will be left with 2,0. You split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\\n2-4. Tap your opponent's 3 hand.\\nIf your opponent taps your 2 hand you will be left with 3,3. Next, tap either hand with a 3. Your opponent will be left with 4,1. If your opponent splits to 3,2, tap their 2 hand. From this point your opponent has to split their 3. You will then tap their 2, your opponent will tap one of your hands and then you will win.\\n2-5. Tap the player's 2 hand if your opponent splits 3,2.\\nIf your opponent splits to 3,2 it is ideal tap out their 2 hand. Then your opponent will have no choice but to split to 2,1. Then, tap out their 2 hand. Your opponent has no choice but to tap your 2 hand. Then, it is ideal to split to 4,2. Your opponent will then tap your 4 hand, you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\\n2-6. Tap the players 4 hand if you are left with a 2 hand.\\nIf your opponent taps your 2 hand, you tap their 4 hand and you are left with 3,0. Your opponent will have to tap you again, which will give you 4,0. Then, you win by tapping their hand.\\n2-7. Split 2,2 if your opponent taps your 2 hand.\\nIf your opponent taps your 2 hand, split to 2,2. Your opponent will then tap you leaving you with 3,2. Tap their hand with your 2. Your opponent will have no choice but to split to 1,2. From there tap out their 2 hand and your opponent will have to tap your two hand. Split to 4,2, your opponent will tap your 4 hand and you will be left with 2,0. From there you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\\n2-8. Split 3,1 if your opponent taps your 1 hand.\\nIf your opponent taps your 1 hand, split to 3,1. Your opponent will have to tap your 1 hand. From 3,2, tap their hand with your 2. Your opponent will have no choice but to split to 1,2. From there tap out their 2 hand and your opponent will have to tap your two hand. Split to 4,2, your opponent will tap your 4 hand and you will be left with 2,0. From there you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\\n2-9. Win from 1,1 against 1,0.\\nThis is one of the easiest wins in the game. Your opponent will tap one of your hands leaving you with 2,1. Split to 3,0, your opponent will be forced to tap your 3 leaving you with 4,0. Finally, you tap their hand to win the game.\\n3. Winning in Splits\\n3-1. Redistribute before you reach 5 fingers on one hand.\\nYour hand is “dead” if you extend all 5 fingers. Make sure to touch your hands together to split your fingers before one of your hands “dies.” Continue doing this anytime you are close to a dead hand.\\n3-2. Revive a dead hand by splitting.\\nIf one of your hands does happen to “die” you can \\\"revive\\\" a dead hand by splitting. Take one of your turns to touch your hands together in order to get both hands back in the game.\\n3-3. Call out players that try to split uneven numbers.\\nThe players can only split a finger count in half. If they have 2,0, they can split it 1,1. If they have 3,1, they can split it 2,2. If they have 3,2, they can't split it because there's no way to split five fingers in half. Prevent other people from splitting by pointing this out. This will cause them to lose the game faster.\\nTips\\nIf the opponent insists upon going first, as long as they are not familiar with this strategy, it is possible to force them to go through a loop in which both players end up with 1,1 as, if you were starting a game and the opponent now has to tap you.\\nYou can also play a version of this game online.\\nDon't get annoyed when you and your opponent keep having stalemates. If you try to vary by using only one hand, you will lose faster.\\nWarnings\\nOnce you become invincible by using this strategy, people will lose interest in playing you and the game in general. To remedy this, it may be advisable to purposely lose occasionally to keep people interested.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Chopsticks is a 2 player traditional Japanese children's hand game. All you need to play this game is at least 2 people and some basic adding skills. You can always win at this game by learning just a few basic strategies. Winning all of the time, however, may be no fun for your opponent, so it's a good idea to let them win every once in a while.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Playing the Game\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Learn the object of the game\", \"描述\": \"Your goal is to be the last person with a hand remaining in the game. A player's hand is “dead” when all 5 of their fingers (chopsticks) have been extended.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Start with at least 2 players.\", \"描述\": \"2 players are needed for this game, but you can have more players if you wish. More players, however, will require more complicated adding rather than if only 2 players were in the game. You can play with as many people as you'd like, but it is best not to go over 4 or 5 players.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Begin with 1 finger out on both hands.\", \"描述\": \"Each player begins with both hands extended and 1 finger out on each hand. 1 person starts by touching another player's hand. The player that has been touched adds up the number of fingers they were touched by and extends that number of fingers.\\nIf there are more than 2 players, the play would begin again by moving clockwise around the group.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Go over the basics of adding and splitting with each player.\", \"描述\": \"Adding and splitting is mostly what the entire game consists of, so it's important that each players understands the basic concept of how it's done. Basically, when someone touches your hand, you have to add 1 finger. If you're getting close to having a “dead” hand (5 finger up), then you can choose to touch your hands together to add a finger to a hand that has only 1 or 2 fingers up. \\nFor example, if you had 4 extended fingers on your left hand a 2 on your right, then you would split that and extend 3 fingers on each hand.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Choose to touch your own hands or someone else's hand.\", \"描述\": \"When it is your turn, if you have more than 1 finger extended on each hand, you can choose to touch someone else or touch your hands together. These are the only two moves you can make. You can't skip your turn. If you choose to touch your hands together, you will need to add together the number of fingers and then split them between your hands.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Winning a 2-Player Game\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Tap the opponent's hand as infrequently as possible.\", \"描述\": \"For example, when your opponent starts the game and taps your hand, split to 3 on 1 hand and 0 on the other. At this point, your opponent has no choice but to tap your hand again. If they don't, they would eventually cause an instant win for you.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Win even if your opponent starts by splitting 2,0.\", \"描述\": \"Of course, there is always the person that thinks that they're tricky by starting out splitting to 2,0 as their first move. This situation, however, can be forced into a win as well. Once your opponent splits 2,0, tap their 2 hand. If you try to split 2,0 as well your opponent will just split back to 1,1 and it will go in a never-ending loop. From 3,0 your opponent has to split to 2,1, you then split to 2,0. Their only option is to hit you with their 2 hand to be 4,0. Now you split to 2,2.\\nIf your opponent taps one of your 2 hands with their 1, tap out their 2. Your opponent will then have no choice but to tap your 2. Then you will be left with 3,3. Split to 2,4, your opponent will tap out your 4, and then you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Split your 3 hand 2,1.\", \"描述\": \"Once your opponent taps your 3 hand, you have two options to split 2,2 or 3,1. It is ideal to split 3,1 because the game will be won more rapidly. From 3,1, assume your opponent taps your 3 hand. You are left with 4,1. It is then ideal to split 3,2.\\nIf your opponent taps your 3 hand you tap one of their hands with your now 4 hand your opponent will tap your 4 hand and you will be left with 2,0. You split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Tap your opponent's 3 hand.\", \"描述\": \"If your opponent taps your 2 hand you will be left with 3,3. Next, tap either hand with a 3. Your opponent will be left with 4,1. If your opponent splits to 3,2, tap their 2 hand. From this point your opponent has to split their 3. You will then tap their 2, your opponent will tap one of your hands and then you will win.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Tap the player's 2 hand if your opponent splits 3,2.\", \"描述\": \"If your opponent splits to 3,2 it is ideal tap out their 2 hand. Then your opponent will have no choice but to split to 2,1. Then, tap out their 2 hand. Your opponent has no choice but to tap your 2 hand. Then, it is ideal to split to 4,2. Your opponent will then tap your 4 hand, you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Tap the players 4 hand if you are left with a 2 hand.\", \"描述\": \"If your opponent taps your 2 hand, you tap their 4 hand and you are left with 3,0. Your opponent will have to tap you again, which will give you 4,0. Then, you win by tapping their hand.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Split 2,2 if your opponent taps your 2 hand.\", \"描述\": \"If your opponent taps your 2 hand, split to 2,2. Your opponent will then tap you leaving you with 3,2. Tap their hand with your 2. Your opponent will have no choice but to split to 1,2. From there tap out their 2 hand and your opponent will have to tap your two hand. Split to 4,2, your opponent will tap your 4 hand and you will be left with 2,0. From there you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Split 3,1 if your opponent taps your 1 hand.\", \"描述\": \"If your opponent taps your 1 hand, split to 3,1. Your opponent will have to tap your 1 hand. From 3,2, tap their hand with your 2. Your opponent will have no choice but to split to 1,2. From there tap out their 2 hand and your opponent will have to tap your two hand. Split to 4,2, your opponent will tap your 4 hand and you will be left with 2,0. From there you split 1,1 and 1,1 against just one finger is an easy win.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Win from 1,1 against 1,0.\", \"描述\": \"This is one of the easiest wins in the game. Your opponent will tap one of your hands leaving you with 2,1. Split to 3,0, your opponent will be forced to tap your 3 leaving you with 4,0. Finally, you tap their hand to win the game.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Winning in Splits\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Redistribute before you reach 5 fingers on one hand.\", \"描述\": \"Your hand is “dead” if you extend all 5 fingers. Make sure to touch your hands together to split your fingers before one of your hands “dies.” Continue doing this anytime you are close to a dead hand.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Revive a dead hand by splitting.\", \"描述\": \"If one of your hands does happen to “die” you can \\\"revive\\\" a dead hand by splitting. Take one of your turns to touch your hands together in order to get both hands back in the game.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Call out players that try to split uneven numbers.\", \"描述\": \"The players can only split a finger count in half. If they have 2,0, they can split it 1,1. If they have 3,1, they can split it 2,2. If they have 3,2, they can't split it because there's no way to split five fingers in half. Prevent other people from splitting by pointing this out. This will cause them to lose the game faster.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"If the opponent insists upon going first, as long as they are not familiar with this strategy, it is possible to force them to go through a loop in which both players end up with 1,1 as, if you were starting a game and the opponent now has to tap you.\\n\", \"You can also play a version of this game online.\\n\", \"Don't get annoyed when you and your opponent keep having stalemates. If you try to vary by using only one hand, you will lose faster.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Once you become invincible by using this strategy, people will lose interest in playing you and the game in general. To remedy this, it may be advisable to purposely lose occasionally to keep people interested.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,631 | How to Always Win an Argument | 1. Improving Your Argumentative Skills
1-1. Lead with evidence and avoid emotion.
The most effective way to win arguments is to build evidence-based cases using logic. This shows that you’re well-informed, prepared, and impartial. If you make emotional arguments that are about what you believe or feel, your opponent will quickly be able to come out on top.
If your argument is full of “I” statements, your opponent may ask why people should trust your opinion. To avoid having to defend yourself in this way, keep the argument from being about you.
This doesn’t mean you need to completely avoid examples or evidence that could cause other people to become emotional. For example, you might want to tell a story about a child affected by toxic drinking water if you’re arguing for better water pipes in your city. Pair this moral example with statistics, historical examples, and other evidence.
1-2. Be logical, clear, and simple when communicating your argument.
Use language that your opponent and anyone who’s listening will understand. Avoid including unnecessarily big words and complex concepts in your argument. Present a step-by-step case that doesn’t leave anyone tilting their head in confusion when you’re finished.
For an example of an argument that uses complex language: “Implementing universal online voter registration and voting might, all things being equal, stimulate voter interest, ameliorate the current bureaucratic morass, and revitalize American democratic processes.”
The same argument presented in simpler terms: “Allowing Americans to register and vote online would make voting easier. This would hopefully encourage more people to vote. It would also cut down on unnecessary paperwork.”
To decide whether you’re using concepts or language that’s too complex, ask yourself whether a 10-year-old could understand your argument. If the answer is yes, then your audience will follow your logic, as well.
1-3. Plan out your argument ahead of time and write an outline.
This is the best way to make a logical, step-by-step case. Structure your argument like an essay. First, introduce your topic and position, then present at least 3 pieces of evidence. Allow your opponent to respond. Finally, conclude by disputing (or rebutting) their points.
Even if you can’t make a written outline of your argument ahead of time, you can still take a minute to organize your case. Silently plan in your head for a minute or so, then begin arguing.
1-4. Take the time to understand your opponent’s argument.
These kind of arguments are what are known as “two-sided arguments,” and they’re much more effective than “one-sided arguments.” If you’re able to see both sides of a topic, you’ll be better prepared. You’ll also have better and more concrete reasons for choosing your side, since you’ll have explored the different options.
Before you come to a decision about a particular issue, look up arguments from both sides. Stay informed by reading the news each day and looking up sources from multiple news outlets.
1-5. Use counter-arguments to undermine your opponent’s argument.
Counter-arguments respond directly to points made by your opponent. This is the most effective way to decisively win arguments. Counter-arguments (or rebuttals) are most powerful when they identify specific details in your opponent’s case that don’t make logical sense.
To keep your debate ethical and fair from start to finish, don’t make emotional or personal counter-arguments.
If your opponent says something like, “Half the country experienced colder winters last year! Climate change isn’t real.” You could counter with: “Climate change doesn’t mean that cold weather won’t happen anymore. Right now, the world is experiencing a general warming, which could actually cause more variation in weather patterns from year to year.”
Don’t respond with a counter like: “How can you assume that just because it’s snowing in Indiana, climate change isn’t real?” This argument attacks your opponent’s intelligence and doesn’t advance your case.
1-6. Identify illogical reasoning in your opponent’s argument.
Point out illogical points during your rebuttal. To make note of them, listen carefully when your opponent makes their case. Notice when they say they’re arguing for one thing, but it’s clear that their position actually supports something different. Evaluate the credibility of their sources. Also look for:
A post hoc fallacy. This is when someone misattributed effects to particular causes. For example, if you’re debating the value of social welfare programs, your opponent could say something like: “When Congress cut welfare spending, unemployment went down and more people got jobs. Welfare spending therefore causes people not to look for jobs.” Since there are lots of reasons (not just one) why unemployment could go up or down at any given time, this argument isn’t logical.
A non sequitur. This happens when someone makes a conclusion that’s related to a certain premise, but the premise doesn’t actually support the conclusion. For example, if you’re debating school lunch menus, your opponent might say: “children really like pizza. Therefore, pizza should be the main lunch food served in public schools.” This is an illogical argument because while it’s true that most children enjoy pizza, it’s not the healthiest lunch food option.
Generalizations based on stereotyping are also common illogical arguments. Be wary if your opponent makes a statement about a whole group of people (“all women,” “poor people,” “inner-city youth”).
2. Being Prepared with Evidence
2-1. Visit the library or go online to do research.
Start by doing a basic Google search on the topic you’re arguing about. This should give you some background information. Then search for books about your topic and head to your local or school library to check them out. The librarian can also help you gather even more information both online and in the stacks.
For example, if you’re arguing about climate change, start by Googling simply “climate change.” You can then do more in-depth online searches by typing phrases like: “debates over climate change” or “scientific studies on climate change.”
2-2. Choose credible sources when you do research.
It’s sometimes difficult to know which sources you can trust. It’s generally a good idea to rely on more recent sources (say, published within the last 5-10 years). You can also look up authors to find their experience and credentials. Ask your librarian for help, as well. They’re trained to find the best possible resources out there.
When doing online research, this is even harder! Look for .gov, .edu, and .org sites. Even with these sites, double-check your information and look up authors. Be especially wary of online sites that have spelling or grammar mistakes.
2-3. Use statistics when you can explain why the numbers matter.
Citing statistics in an argument can be a great way to provide detail-oriented evidence. Statistics also usually provide measurements of results over time. So if you’re arguing about a change in governmental policy, for example, statistics could be the perfect evidence to help you win your argument.
If you’re trying to argue for the effectiveness of gun control laws, for example, you might look up worldwide statistics about gun-related deaths before and after gun control legislation was passed.
When you’re looking up statistical studies, make sure the study was conducted impartially and effectively. Generally, university and government studies are more reliable than those produced by private organizations.
Find out if an organization paid for a statistical study (even if it’s a government or university study) before you cite it! Private funding could cause the results to be biased.
Statistics can be manipulated in the hands of savvy or tricky opponents. If your opponent cites statistics, listen very carefully for the sponsors of the study they’re referring to, the date and length of the study, the accuracy of their numbers, and the relationship of the stats to your argument.
2-4. Rely on historical examples to put your argument in context.
Anecdotal (or narrative) evidence from history can help you explain how your argument relates to what happened in years past. This evidence is useful if you want to show how the world got to where it is today, and if that means that things need to change or stay the same.
For example, if you’re arguing about civil rights protections for LGBTQ folks, you might want to provide some historical background on civil rights struggles and advances for other groups of people around the world. Find out which laws were passed when, why they were passed, and if they’ve made a difference in expanding civil rights.
To look up historical examples, start with credible sources online and then look for more details in book-length studies at the library.
2-5. Cite experts’ opinions and explain how they reached their conclusions.
While you can and should cite experts’ opinions in your argument, be prepared for your opponent to challenge that evidence as an interpretation rather than a fact. To use this kind of evidence effectively, explain how the expert reached their conclusion. Take your opponent through their study and provide key details showing why the study is convincing.
In debate, a “fact” is considered something that’s indisputable, like 2+2=4.
Choose experts who have spent years studying and doing research on the topic you’re arguing about. It’s best if their work isn’t privately funded.
2-6. Research all sides of a topic to prepare for counter-arguments.
Get familiar with all of the available information on a particular subject instead of just sticking to the stuff you agree with. This way, when your opponent brings up a specific case study or example, you’ll be prepared to discuss it and dispute its conclusions. Examine all of your sources critically by asking yourself the following questions as you read:
When was this source written or produced? What was happening in the world at that time that could have affected the author and their interpretation(s)?
What’s the major implication of the study’s conclusion(s)? Is that implication controversial?
What kind of language does the source use? Is it exaggerated or biased?
Is there an obvious part of the story that the source has left out?
3. Arguing without Getting Emotional
3-1. Respect your opponent’s position.
Just because you don’t agree with your opponent doesn’t mean you can’t try to understand why they’re defending this particular position. Empathize with your opponent by putting yourself in their shoes. This will help you form a reasoned argument that accounts for both sides of the issue. It’ll also help you avoid attacking your opponent.
Ask yourself why your opponent is passionate about this topic. What values or belief systems could be motivating them to argue against your point? Did something happen to them in their past that solidified their viewpoint? Even if you don’t agree with those motivations, you can respect them.
3-2. Avoid making personal attacks in your argument.
Statements like “if you believe that, you’re dumb” directed at your opponent won’t help you win your argument. You also shouldn’t make personal attacks on experts or other people that your opponent relies on to make their argument. These attacks are emotionally driven opinions, not fact-based reasons.
For example, you wouldn’t want to say something like “that scientist is a horrible person! Why would you use him as your expert witness?”
3-3. Argue to show why your argument makes sense, not to win.
When you set out only to win, you’re putting limits on what the debate can be. Any argument can be a learning experience for both participants. If you enter the argument hoping to demonstrate the superiority of your argument instead of seeking to tear your opponent down, you’ll be better for it.
Arguing to win and arguing to prove you’ve got the better case are subtly different! When you’re focused on the strength of your position instead of winning or losing, you’ll act more like a teacher giving a reasoned lecture than a general fighting a war.
A win-lose mindset will also be more likely to inspire strong emotions like anger, resentment, or frustration.
3-4. Search for common ground when things heat up.
There’s almost always some point of agreement between 2 sides. To diffuse emotion and bring logical reasoning back into an argument, find that agreement. You can then tell your opponent that you agree with them on some points, but that you differ on others.
This should act like a “reset button,” and you can then continue arguing with renewed courtesy.
3-5. Take deep breaths when you begin to feel angry.
Put the argument on pause for a moment by breathing in through your nose and slowly letting it out through your mouth. Use this break to recenter yourself. Imagine your anger flowing out of your body along with your breath.
As you breathe in, silently remind yourself that this isn’t personal. You’re arguing to show the merits of your case, not to tear someone down or hurt them.
3-6. Know when to walk away from an argument.
Sometimes, it’s impossible to have a logical argument with someone. Unproductive arguments that become emotional and personal don’t help anyone, because neither side will end up learning from the other. If your opponent won’t stop attacking you or your values (or if you can’t prevent yourself from doing the same to them), put an end to the conversation.
Arguments where people are shouting or screaming at each other also aren’t useful.
Don't reply with an immediate, knee-jerk reaction. It's okay to get back to the person later.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:48",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Improving Your Argumentative Skills\\n1-1. Lead with evidence and avoid emotion.\\nThe most effective way to win arguments is to build evidence-based cases using logic. This shows that you’re well-informed, prepared, and impartial. If you make emotional arguments that are about what you believe or feel, your opponent will quickly be able to come out on top.\\nIf your argument is full of “I” statements, your opponent may ask why people should trust your opinion. To avoid having to defend yourself in this way, keep the argument from being about you.\\nThis doesn’t mean you need to completely avoid examples or evidence that could cause other people to become emotional. For example, you might want to tell a story about a child affected by toxic drinking water if you’re arguing for better water pipes in your city. Pair this moral example with statistics, historical examples, and other evidence.\\n1-2. Be logical, clear, and simple when communicating your argument.\\nUse language that your opponent and anyone who’s listening will understand. Avoid including unnecessarily big words and complex concepts in your argument. Present a step-by-step case that doesn’t leave anyone tilting their head in confusion when you’re finished.\\nFor an example of an argument that uses complex language: “Implementing universal online voter registration and voting might, all things being equal, stimulate voter interest, ameliorate the current bureaucratic morass, and revitalize American democratic processes.”\\nThe same argument presented in simpler terms: “Allowing Americans to register and vote online would make voting easier. This would hopefully encourage more people to vote. It would also cut down on unnecessary paperwork.”\\nTo decide whether you’re using concepts or language that’s too complex, ask yourself whether a 10-year-old could understand your argument. If the answer is yes, then your audience will follow your logic, as well.\\n1-3. Plan out your argument ahead of time and write an outline.\\nThis is the best way to make a logical, step-by-step case. Structure your argument like an essay. First, introduce your topic and position, then present at least 3 pieces of evidence. Allow your opponent to respond. Finally, conclude by disputing (or rebutting) their points.\\nEven if you can’t make a written outline of your argument ahead of time, you can still take a minute to organize your case. Silently plan in your head for a minute or so, then begin arguing.\\n1-4. Take the time to understand your opponent’s argument.\\nThese kind of arguments are what are known as “two-sided arguments,” and they’re much more effective than “one-sided arguments.” If you’re able to see both sides of a topic, you’ll be better prepared. You’ll also have better and more concrete reasons for choosing your side, since you’ll have explored the different options.\\nBefore you come to a decision about a particular issue, look up arguments from both sides. Stay informed by reading the news each day and looking up sources from multiple news outlets.\\n1-5. Use counter-arguments to undermine your opponent’s argument.\\nCounter-arguments respond directly to points made by your opponent. This is the most effective way to decisively win arguments. Counter-arguments (or rebuttals) are most powerful when they identify specific details in your opponent’s case that don’t make logical sense. \\nTo keep your debate ethical and fair from start to finish, don’t make emotional or personal counter-arguments.\\nIf your opponent says something like, “Half the country experienced colder winters last year! Climate change isn’t real.” You could counter with: “Climate change doesn’t mean that cold weather won’t happen anymore. Right now, the world is experiencing a general warming, which could actually cause more variation in weather patterns from year to year.”\\nDon’t respond with a counter like: “How can you assume that just because it’s snowing in Indiana, climate change isn’t real?” This argument attacks your opponent’s intelligence and doesn’t advance your case.\\n1-6. Identify illogical reasoning in your opponent’s argument.\\nPoint out illogical points during your rebuttal. To make note of them, listen carefully when your opponent makes their case. Notice when they say they’re arguing for one thing, but it’s clear that their position actually supports something different. Evaluate the credibility of their sources. Also look for: \\nA post hoc fallacy. This is when someone misattributed effects to particular causes. For example, if you’re debating the value of social welfare programs, your opponent could say something like: “When Congress cut welfare spending, unemployment went down and more people got jobs. Welfare spending therefore causes people not to look for jobs.” Since there are lots of reasons (not just one) why unemployment could go up or down at any given time, this argument isn’t logical.\\nA non sequitur. This happens when someone makes a conclusion that’s related to a certain premise, but the premise doesn’t actually support the conclusion. For example, if you’re debating school lunch menus, your opponent might say: “children really like pizza. Therefore, pizza should be the main lunch food served in public schools.” This is an illogical argument because while it’s true that most children enjoy pizza, it’s not the healthiest lunch food option.\\nGeneralizations based on stereotyping are also common illogical arguments. Be wary if your opponent makes a statement about a whole group of people (“all women,” “poor people,” “inner-city youth”).\\n2. Being Prepared with Evidence\\n2-1. Visit the library or go online to do research.\\nStart by doing a basic Google search on the topic you’re arguing about. This should give you some background information. Then search for books about your topic and head to your local or school library to check them out. The librarian can also help you gather even more information both online and in the stacks.\\nFor example, if you’re arguing about climate change, start by Googling simply “climate change.” You can then do more in-depth online searches by typing phrases like: “debates over climate change” or “scientific studies on climate change.”\\n2-2. Choose credible sources when you do research.\\nIt’s sometimes difficult to know which sources you can trust. It’s generally a good idea to rely on more recent sources (say, published within the last 5-10 years). You can also look up authors to find their experience and credentials. Ask your librarian for help, as well. They’re trained to find the best possible resources out there.\\nWhen doing online research, this is even harder! Look for .gov, .edu, and .org sites. Even with these sites, double-check your information and look up authors. Be especially wary of online sites that have spelling or grammar mistakes.\\n2-3. Use statistics when you can explain why the numbers matter.\\nCiting statistics in an argument can be a great way to provide detail-oriented evidence. Statistics also usually provide measurements of results over time. So if you’re arguing about a change in governmental policy, for example, statistics could be the perfect evidence to help you win your argument.\\nIf you’re trying to argue for the effectiveness of gun control laws, for example, you might look up worldwide statistics about gun-related deaths before and after gun control legislation was passed.\\nWhen you’re looking up statistical studies, make sure the study was conducted impartially and effectively. Generally, university and government studies are more reliable than those produced by private organizations.\\nFind out if an organization paid for a statistical study (even if it’s a government or university study) before you cite it! Private funding could cause the results to be biased.\\nStatistics can be manipulated in the hands of savvy or tricky opponents. If your opponent cites statistics, listen very carefully for the sponsors of the study they’re referring to, the date and length of the study, the accuracy of their numbers, and the relationship of the stats to your argument.\\n2-4. Rely on historical examples to put your argument in context.\\nAnecdotal (or narrative) evidence from history can help you explain how your argument relates to what happened in years past. This evidence is useful if you want to show how the world got to where it is today, and if that means that things need to change or stay the same.\\nFor example, if you’re arguing about civil rights protections for LGBTQ folks, you might want to provide some historical background on civil rights struggles and advances for other groups of people around the world. Find out which laws were passed when, why they were passed, and if they’ve made a difference in expanding civil rights.\\nTo look up historical examples, start with credible sources online and then look for more details in book-length studies at the library.\\n2-5. Cite experts’ opinions and explain how they reached their conclusions.\\nWhile you can and should cite experts’ opinions in your argument, be prepared for your opponent to challenge that evidence as an interpretation rather than a fact. To use this kind of evidence effectively, explain how the expert reached their conclusion. Take your opponent through their study and provide key details showing why the study is convincing.\\nIn debate, a “fact” is considered something that’s indisputable, like 2+2=4.\\nChoose experts who have spent years studying and doing research on the topic you’re arguing about. It’s best if their work isn’t privately funded.\\n2-6. Research all sides of a topic to prepare for counter-arguments.\\nGet familiar with all of the available information on a particular subject instead of just sticking to the stuff you agree with. This way, when your opponent brings up a specific case study or example, you’ll be prepared to discuss it and dispute its conclusions. Examine all of your sources critically by asking yourself the following questions as you read:\\nWhen was this source written or produced? What was happening in the world at that time that could have affected the author and their interpretation(s)?\\nWhat’s the major implication of the study’s conclusion(s)? Is that implication controversial?\\nWhat kind of language does the source use? Is it exaggerated or biased?\\nIs there an obvious part of the story that the source has left out?\\n3. Arguing without Getting Emotional\\n3-1. Respect your opponent’s position.\\nJust because you don’t agree with your opponent doesn’t mean you can’t try to understand why they’re defending this particular position. Empathize with your opponent by putting yourself in their shoes. This will help you form a reasoned argument that accounts for both sides of the issue. It’ll also help you avoid attacking your opponent.\\nAsk yourself why your opponent is passionate about this topic. What values or belief systems could be motivating them to argue against your point? Did something happen to them in their past that solidified their viewpoint? Even if you don’t agree with those motivations, you can respect them.\\n3-2. Avoid making personal attacks in your argument.\\nStatements like “if you believe that, you’re dumb” directed at your opponent won’t help you win your argument. You also shouldn’t make personal attacks on experts or other people that your opponent relies on to make their argument. These attacks are emotionally driven opinions, not fact-based reasons.\\nFor example, you wouldn’t want to say something like “that scientist is a horrible person! Why would you use him as your expert witness?”\\n3-3. Argue to show why your argument makes sense, not to win.\\nWhen you set out only to win, you’re putting limits on what the debate can be. Any argument can be a learning experience for both participants. If you enter the argument hoping to demonstrate the superiority of your argument instead of seeking to tear your opponent down, you’ll be better for it.\\nArguing to win and arguing to prove you’ve got the better case are subtly different! When you’re focused on the strength of your position instead of winning or losing, you’ll act more like a teacher giving a reasoned lecture than a general fighting a war.\\nA win-lose mindset will also be more likely to inspire strong emotions like anger, resentment, or frustration.\\n3-4. Search for common ground when things heat up.\\nThere’s almost always some point of agreement between 2 sides. To diffuse emotion and bring logical reasoning back into an argument, find that agreement. You can then tell your opponent that you agree with them on some points, but that you differ on others.\\nThis should act like a “reset button,” and you can then continue arguing with renewed courtesy.\\n3-5. Take deep breaths when you begin to feel angry.\\nPut the argument on pause for a moment by breathing in through your nose and slowly letting it out through your mouth. Use this break to recenter yourself. Imagine your anger flowing out of your body along with your breath.\\nAs you breathe in, silently remind yourself that this isn’t personal. You’re arguing to show the merits of your case, not to tear someone down or hurt them.\\n3-6. Know when to walk away from an argument.\\nSometimes, it’s impossible to have a logical argument with someone. Unproductive arguments that become emotional and personal don’t help anyone, because neither side will end up learning from the other. If your opponent won’t stop attacking you or your values (or if you can’t prevent yourself from doing the same to them), put an end to the conversation.\\nArguments where people are shouting or screaming at each other also aren’t useful.\\nDon't reply with an immediate, knee-jerk reaction. It's okay to get back to the person later.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"People make arguments to defend their standpoints while also showing that their opponent’s argument is flawed in some way. To win arguments, be prepared to use evidence to show why you’re right. You’ll also need to expose the weaknesses in your opponent’s argument. When you gather evidence for arguments, find credible sources that give you access to solid facts and relevant examples. Also remember that getting emotional during an argument is a surefire way to lose! Always strive to keep your cool.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Improving Your Argumentative Skills\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Lead with evidence and avoid emotion.\", \"描述\": \"The most effective way to win arguments is to build evidence-based cases using logic. This shows that you’re well-informed, prepared, and impartial. If you make emotional arguments that are about what you believe or feel, your opponent will quickly be able to come out on top.\\nIf your argument is full of “I” statements, your opponent may ask why people should trust your opinion. To avoid having to defend yourself in this way, keep the argument from being about you.\\nThis doesn’t mean you need to completely avoid examples or evidence that could cause other people to become emotional. For example, you might want to tell a story about a child affected by toxic drinking water if you’re arguing for better water pipes in your city. Pair this moral example with statistics, historical examples, and other evidence.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Be logical, clear, and simple when communicating your argument.\", \"描述\": \"Use language that your opponent and anyone who’s listening will understand. Avoid including unnecessarily big words and complex concepts in your argument. Present a step-by-step case that doesn’t leave anyone tilting their head in confusion when you’re finished.\\nFor an example of an argument that uses complex language: “Implementing universal online voter registration and voting might, all things being equal, stimulate voter interest, ameliorate the current bureaucratic morass, and revitalize American democratic processes.”\\nThe same argument presented in simpler terms: “Allowing Americans to register and vote online would make voting easier. This would hopefully encourage more people to vote. It would also cut down on unnecessary paperwork.”\\nTo decide whether you’re using concepts or language that’s too complex, ask yourself whether a 10-year-old could understand your argument. If the answer is yes, then your audience will follow your logic, as well.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Plan out your argument ahead of time and write an outline.\", \"描述\": \"This is the best way to make a logical, step-by-step case. Structure your argument like an essay. First, introduce your topic and position, then present at least 3 pieces of evidence. Allow your opponent to respond. Finally, conclude by disputing (or rebutting) their points.\\nEven if you can’t make a written outline of your argument ahead of time, you can still take a minute to organize your case. Silently plan in your head for a minute or so, then begin arguing.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Take the time to understand your opponent’s argument.\", \"描述\": \"These kind of arguments are what are known as “two-sided arguments,” and they’re much more effective than “one-sided arguments.” If you’re able to see both sides of a topic, you’ll be better prepared. You’ll also have better and more concrete reasons for choosing your side, since you’ll have explored the different options.\\nBefore you come to a decision about a particular issue, look up arguments from both sides. Stay informed by reading the news each day and looking up sources from multiple news outlets.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Use counter-arguments to undermine your opponent’s argument.\", \"描述\": \"Counter-arguments respond directly to points made by your opponent. This is the most effective way to decisively win arguments. Counter-arguments (or rebuttals) are most powerful when they identify specific details in your opponent’s case that don’t make logical sense. \\nTo keep your debate ethical and fair from start to finish, don’t make emotional or personal counter-arguments.\\nIf your opponent says something like, “Half the country experienced colder winters last year! Climate change isn’t real.” You could counter with: “Climate change doesn’t mean that cold weather won’t happen anymore. Right now, the world is experiencing a general warming, which could actually cause more variation in weather patterns from year to year.”\\nDon’t respond with a counter like: “How can you assume that just because it’s snowing in Indiana, climate change isn’t real?” This argument attacks your opponent’s intelligence and doesn’t advance your case.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Identify illogical reasoning in your opponent’s argument.\", \"描述\": \"Point out illogical points during your rebuttal. To make note of them, listen carefully when your opponent makes their case. Notice when they say they’re arguing for one thing, but it’s clear that their position actually supports something different. Evaluate the credibility of their sources. Also look for: \\nA post hoc fallacy. This is when someone misattributed effects to particular causes. For example, if you’re debating the value of social welfare programs, your opponent could say something like: “When Congress cut welfare spending, unemployment went down and more people got jobs. Welfare spending therefore causes people not to look for jobs.” Since there are lots of reasons (not just one) why unemployment could go up or down at any given time, this argument isn’t logical.\\nA non sequitur. This happens when someone makes a conclusion that’s related to a certain premise, but the premise doesn’t actually support the conclusion. For example, if you’re debating school lunch menus, your opponent might say: “children really like pizza. Therefore, pizza should be the main lunch food served in public schools.” This is an illogical argument because while it’s true that most children enjoy pizza, it’s not the healthiest lunch food option.\\nGeneralizations based on stereotyping are also common illogical arguments. Be wary if your opponent makes a statement about a whole group of people (“all women,” “poor people,” “inner-city youth”).\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Being Prepared with Evidence\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Visit the library or go online to do research.\", \"描述\": \"Start by doing a basic Google search on the topic you’re arguing about. This should give you some background information. Then search for books about your topic and head to your local or school library to check them out. The librarian can also help you gather even more information both online and in the stacks.\\nFor example, if you’re arguing about climate change, start by Googling simply “climate change.” You can then do more in-depth online searches by typing phrases like: “debates over climate change” or “scientific studies on climate change.”\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Choose credible sources when you do research.\", \"描述\": \"It’s sometimes difficult to know which sources you can trust. It’s generally a good idea to rely on more recent sources (say, published within the last 5-10 years). You can also look up authors to find their experience and credentials. Ask your librarian for help, as well. They’re trained to find the best possible resources out there.\\nWhen doing online research, this is even harder! Look for .gov, .edu, and .org sites. Even with these sites, double-check your information and look up authors. Be especially wary of online sites that have spelling or grammar mistakes.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Use statistics when you can explain why the numbers matter.\", \"描述\": \"Citing statistics in an argument can be a great way to provide detail-oriented evidence. Statistics also usually provide measurements of results over time. So if you’re arguing about a change in governmental policy, for example, statistics could be the perfect evidence to help you win your argument.\\nIf you’re trying to argue for the effectiveness of gun control laws, for example, you might look up worldwide statistics about gun-related deaths before and after gun control legislation was passed.\\nWhen you’re looking up statistical studies, make sure the study was conducted impartially and effectively. Generally, university and government studies are more reliable than those produced by private organizations.\\nFind out if an organization paid for a statistical study (even if it’s a government or university study) before you cite it! Private funding could cause the results to be biased.\\nStatistics can be manipulated in the hands of savvy or tricky opponents. If your opponent cites statistics, listen very carefully for the sponsors of the study they’re referring to, the date and length of the study, the accuracy of their numbers, and the relationship of the stats to your argument.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Rely on historical examples to put your argument in context.\", \"描述\": \"Anecdotal (or narrative) evidence from history can help you explain how your argument relates to what happened in years past. This evidence is useful if you want to show how the world got to where it is today, and if that means that things need to change or stay the same.\\nFor example, if you’re arguing about civil rights protections for LGBTQ folks, you might want to provide some historical background on civil rights struggles and advances for other groups of people around the world. Find out which laws were passed when, why they were passed, and if they’ve made a difference in expanding civil rights.\\nTo look up historical examples, start with credible sources online and then look for more details in book-length studies at the library.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Cite experts’ opinions and explain how they reached their conclusions.\", \"描述\": \"While you can and should cite experts’ opinions in your argument, be prepared for your opponent to challenge that evidence as an interpretation rather than a fact. To use this kind of evidence effectively, explain how the expert reached their conclusion. Take your opponent through their study and provide key details showing why the study is convincing.\\nIn debate, a “fact” is considered something that’s indisputable, like 2+2=4.\\nChoose experts who have spent years studying and doing research on the topic you’re arguing about. It’s best if their work isn’t privately funded.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Research all sides of a topic to prepare for counter-arguments.\", \"描述\": \"Get familiar with all of the available information on a particular subject instead of just sticking to the stuff you agree with. This way, when your opponent brings up a specific case study or example, you’ll be prepared to discuss it and dispute its conclusions. Examine all of your sources critically by asking yourself the following questions as you read:\\nWhen was this source written or produced? What was happening in the world at that time that could have affected the author and their interpretation(s)?\\nWhat’s the major implication of the study’s conclusion(s)? Is that implication controversial?\\nWhat kind of language does the source use? Is it exaggerated or biased?\\nIs there an obvious part of the story that the source has left out?\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Arguing without Getting Emotional\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Respect your opponent’s position.\", \"描述\": \"Just because you don’t agree with your opponent doesn’t mean you can’t try to understand why they’re defending this particular position. Empathize with your opponent by putting yourself in their shoes. This will help you form a reasoned argument that accounts for both sides of the issue. It’ll also help you avoid attacking your opponent.\\nAsk yourself why your opponent is passionate about this topic. What values or belief systems could be motivating them to argue against your point? Did something happen to them in their past that solidified their viewpoint? Even if you don’t agree with those motivations, you can respect them.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Avoid making personal attacks in your argument.\", \"描述\": \"Statements like “if you believe that, you’re dumb” directed at your opponent won’t help you win your argument. You also shouldn’t make personal attacks on experts or other people that your opponent relies on to make their argument. These attacks are emotionally driven opinions, not fact-based reasons.\\nFor example, you wouldn’t want to say something like “that scientist is a horrible person! Why would you use him as your expert witness?”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Argue to show why your argument makes sense, not to win.\", \"描述\": \"When you set out only to win, you’re putting limits on what the debate can be. Any argument can be a learning experience for both participants. If you enter the argument hoping to demonstrate the superiority of your argument instead of seeking to tear your opponent down, you’ll be better for it.\\nArguing to win and arguing to prove you’ve got the better case are subtly different! When you’re focused on the strength of your position instead of winning or losing, you’ll act more like a teacher giving a reasoned lecture than a general fighting a war.\\nA win-lose mindset will also be more likely to inspire strong emotions like anger, resentment, or frustration.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Search for common ground when things heat up.\", \"描述\": \"There’s almost always some point of agreement between 2 sides. To diffuse emotion and bring logical reasoning back into an argument, find that agreement. You can then tell your opponent that you agree with them on some points, but that you differ on others.\\nThis should act like a “reset button,” and you can then continue arguing with renewed courtesy.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Take deep breaths when you begin to feel angry.\", \"描述\": \"Put the argument on pause for a moment by breathing in through your nose and slowly letting it out through your mouth. Use this break to recenter yourself. Imagine your anger flowing out of your body along with your breath.\\nAs you breathe in, silently remind yourself that this isn’t personal. You’re arguing to show the merits of your case, not to tear someone down or hurt them.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Know when to walk away from an argument.\", \"描述\": \"Sometimes, it’s impossible to have a logical argument with someone. Unproductive arguments that become emotional and personal don’t help anyone, because neither side will end up learning from the other. If your opponent won’t stop attacking you or your values (or if you can’t prevent yourself from doing the same to them), put an end to the conversation.\\nArguments where people are shouting or screaming at each other also aren’t useful.\\nDon't reply with an immediate, knee-jerk reaction. It's okay to get back to the person later.\"}]}]}}",
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1,643 | Black Friday and Cyber Monday Deals: Amazon, Best Buy, & More! | 1. Timeline
Get ready for Black Friday on November 25, 2022!
Every major retailer will have sales starting at midnight on November 25th this year, although some retailers may start a day or two early. Check back in the weeks leading up to the big day to find new deals and breaking sales.
Cyber Monday, which is geared towards online sales, is November 28th this year.
Historically, Target begins their major sales 1-2 weeks before Black Friday, which is fairly unique. Home Depot often starts their sales on the first day of November.
Best Buy, Wayfair, and Amazon all have daily rotating deals. It’s worth checking in on those retailers daily if you’re digging for value!
2. Tech
2-1. HP Windows 11 laptop for 37% off at Target.
If you’re in the market for a workhorse computer, it’s hard to find a better value than this. It comes fully upgraded with Windows’ new operating system and there’s a solid state hard drive for super fast boot times.
All this can be yours for roughly $419.
Save even more money on your purchase by clipping one of the Target coupons we’ve collected for you!
2-2. Dell laptops up to 35% off at Dell.
Dell’s Inspiron lineup of computers are well-known for being solid, inexpensive all-in-one PCs. They’re all on sale in the weeks leading up to Black Friday and Cyber Monday!
Pricing on Inspirons range from $300-1,900 depending on the specs you want.
2-3. LG and Samsung soundbars up to 50% off at Target.
Target has a few early deals on LG and Samsung soundbars (and TVs). If you’re thinking about upgrading your TV audio setup, Black Friday is an amazing time to start scoping deals out. LG’s soundbars are extremely popular, and Target is offering them for as little as $99!
LG and Samsung soundbars will run you $69-300 on sale.
2-4. Upgrade your Android to the Galaxy Z Fold4 from Samsung, starting at $569.
You can save up to $1,000 and get an additional $300 back instantly when you trade in your phone and buy a Galaxy Z Fold4 at Samsung. You can even get another $300 in guaranteed credit if you turn in a Galaxy or Apple phone!
This offer is open for anyone at Verizon, T-Mobile, AT&T, or US Cellular.
If the Galaxy Z Fold4 isn’t your style, Samsung is also offering the S22 Ultra for 70% off if you turn another phone in.
2-5. Anker RoboVac robotic vacuum at 50% off at Walmart.
If you’ve always wanted a robotic vacuum but you never felt like dropping $300-400 for it, you’re in luck. Walmart is offering 50% off on the Anker G32 which brings the total down to a mere $119.
2-6. Portable Bluetooth speakers up to 78% off at eBay.
Portable speakers have gotten really good over the past few years, so now’s a great time to pick one up. eBay has plenty of awesome models for sale this early Black Friday, like 61% off this Treblab waterproof speaker (it even comes with headphones!).
2-7. Apple watches up to 30% off at Walmart.
Thinking about getting a smart watch? If so, you’ve got some great options at Walmart this Black Friday season. They’re selling Apple Watches from every generation and size at a discount. There are even some supremely cheap restored models available.
Pricing here ranges from $149 to $400 depending on the generation and model.
2-8. Up to 70% off of select tech at Amazon.
Amazon has just announced their early Black Friday deals. There are so many great deals that it’s almost hard to know where to start. From Fitbits to Ring cameras, there are tons of early discounts worth checking out. Deals include discounts on:
Alexa-enabled devices like the Echo Show 15 and Echo Dot.
Meta Quest 2 virtual reality headsets (you even get 2 games for free!).
Xbox and Playstation controllers and other peripherals.
3. TVs
3-1. 24-inch Amazon F20 TV for $79 at Amazon.
If you want an awesome budget TV to fill out a guest room or serve as an office monitor, it’s hard to beat a 24-inch HD TV for $79.
3-2. Amazon 50-inch 4K UHD TV for 44% off at Amazon.
With over 24,000 positive reviews and coming in at under $300, this is one of the best deals you could imagine for a 4K TV. And that’s not all…this Black Friday season, Amazon is offering discounted 4-year protection plans on this model.
3-3. LG C1 OLED 65-inch 4K smart TV 34% off at Amazon.
Looking to go all out? If you want one of the best TVs on the market, you can’t go wrong with the LG C1. Yes, it’s nearly $1,700. But with a list price of $2,500, this is a phenomenal deal.
3-4. Samsung 65-inch 8K TV 50% off at eBay.
8K is the highest consumer resolution available, and eBay is offering this Samsung 8K model for 50% off this early Black Friday season. At $1,689, this is an incredible (and rare) deal.
You may be looking at this Samsung model and the 65-inch 4K model above and wondering what the difference is. Unfortunately, the Samsung model is QLED, not OLED, which means the picture quality will be slightly lower.
8K QLED TVs are ridiculously expensive these days, so if you want 8K resolution, OLED is the ideal option from a value perspective.
4. Home Goods
4-1. Christmas décor and toys starting at $6 at Walmart.
If Halloween caught you by surprised this year, why not get a jump start on Christmas? Walmart has a ton of Christmas-themed gear, décor, and gifts available on discount going into Black Friday and Cyber Monday.
4-2. Rugs up to 80% off at Overstock.
One of the better deals we’ve come across this year is Overstock’s fire sale on rugs for Black Friday. There’s actually an insane amount of value to be had here. We’re talking about $200-300 rugs selling for $30-40. Take a look. Even if you aren’t in the market for some new rugs, you may find something worth buying.
We’ve got the scoop on some promo codes for Overstock, as well!
4-3. Tempur-pedic beds up to 40% or $300 off online.
Tempur-pedic doesn’t often offer big discounts on their products, but Black Friday 2022 is different. If you’re thinking of upgrading your mattress or pillow top cover, this fall may be an ideal time to scope some deals out.
4-4. Furniture at Overstock up to 70% off.
From patio furniture to comfy couches, Overstock is also hosting a massive sale on all kinds of different furniture. If you’re looking to redo a few rooms in your home or you’ve got a creaky bed frame that needs replacing, check out the Black Friday sales at Overstock.
These deals are good all the way through December 20th. There’s 1000s of items available with these discounts, so it’s worth taking a look here!
4-5. Select tools and free delivery up to 45% off at Home Depot.
Home Depot has some incredible deals this holiday season. There are even tool kits available for up to $300 off if you’re starting a home workshop or simply updating your gear.
Home Depot’s special early Black Friday deals change every 18 hours or so. As a result, it’s worth checking back to see what’s on sale.
4-6. Up to 40% off clothing at Nordstrom.
Nordstrom is hosting a storewide seasonal sale on almost all of the brands they carry. Discounts are available for women, men, and kids. They also add new holiday markdowns periodically, so revisit their site to see what they’ve added.
4-7. 20% off of anything at Michael’s on top of 70% off.
Michael’s have some frankly incredible offers this Black Friday. With the code 22MADEBYYOU, you can get 20% off of whatever your heart desires! Whether it’s a custom frame, home décor, or art supplies, 20% off is a slick deal.
The 70% off deal is live right now, but only until supplies last—so don’t wait too long!
4-8. $300 off Bespoke cordless vacuums at Samsung.
The Bespoke Jet vacuum is a top-of-the-line cordless model that’s perfect for hardwood or carpet flooring. If your boring old vacuum isn’t getting the job done, consider upgrading at Samsung.
The Bespoke cordless vac is going for just $599.
4-9. 50% off of pet supplies at Chewy.
Chewy’s early Black Friday deals rotate, but you they’re currently offering up to half off on food packages, toys, or pet gear. If you’re looking to treat your cat or dog to the best, it’s hard to go wrong at Chewy this season.
4-10. Up to 50% off select furniture at Ashley Furniture.
From bed frames and sofas to tables and armoires, Ashley Furniture has a massive collection of discounts. If you’ve got a room you’re looking to refurnish, it’s hard to find deals better than what Ashley is offering.
4-11. Save $300 on office desks at Office Depot.
Office Depot’s Black Friday sales start at 12:01 am on 11/24/22, but they’ve been kind enough to shed some early light on what they’ll be offering. The big deals this year appear to be office desks. Upgrade your home office with an elegant executive desk or give your gaming room a boost with a sleek glass desk.
They’re also offering up to 65% off on office chairs. The Brenton Studio mesh chair does a decent Herman Miller impression according to some reviews, and it’ll be $150 off!
5. Kitchen
5-1. 34-piece Kitchen set up to 40% off at Bed, Bath, and Beyond.
If you want to replace everything in your kitchen, boy are you in luck! This 34-piece kitchen set from Simply Essential is only $48. You heard that right, under $50 for a complete kitchen.
Bed, Bath, and Beyond is offering all kinds of crazy Black Friday deals if you’re looking to upgrade your kitchen.
5-2. Select appliances at Lowe’s up to 75% or $750 off.
Lowe’s appears to have an abundance of appliances in their inventory, and they’re passing the savings off to you this year. If you’ve been thinking about remodeling your kitchen or upgrading your laundry room, it’s not a bad time to be a shopper!
We’ve got the scoop on additional discounts, too. Check out our collection of promo codes for Lowe’s.
5-3. Ninja Supra blender and food processor for 30% off.
Ninja is the top of the line when it comes to blenders and processors, and this 2-in-1 unit is a total steal at $99. It even comes with a few attachments for light mixing and smoothie-making.
5-4. Up to 75% off bath towels and bath rugs at Bed, Bath, and Beyond.
Everybody gets amped for the flashy TVs and new tech when Black Friday rolls around, but let’s be real—what’s better than stepping out of a warm shower and wrapping a warm, soft towel around your body? If your bath towels and bath rugs are looking a little raggedy and could use some upgrades, this is a great opportunity!
Tips
Check the Best Buy deal of the day every 24 hours. Best Buy publishes a new tech deal, and the discount is usually pretty extreme.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:48",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Timeline\\nGet ready for Black Friday on November 25, 2022!\\nEvery major retailer will have sales starting at midnight on November 25th this year, although some retailers may start a day or two early. Check back in the weeks leading up to the big day to find new deals and breaking sales.\\nCyber Monday, which is geared towards online sales, is November 28th this year.\\nHistorically, Target begins their major sales 1-2 weeks before Black Friday, which is fairly unique. Home Depot often starts their sales on the first day of November.\\nBest Buy, Wayfair, and Amazon all have daily rotating deals. It’s worth checking in on those retailers daily if you’re digging for value!\\n2. Tech\\n2-1. HP Windows 11 laptop for 37% off at Target.\\nIf you’re in the market for a workhorse computer, it’s hard to find a better value than this. It comes fully upgraded with Windows’ new operating system and there’s a solid state hard drive for super fast boot times.\\nAll this can be yours for roughly $419.\\nSave even more money on your purchase by clipping one of the Target coupons we’ve collected for you!\\n2-2. Dell laptops up to 35% off at Dell.\\nDell’s Inspiron lineup of computers are well-known for being solid, inexpensive all-in-one PCs. They’re all on sale in the weeks leading up to Black Friday and Cyber Monday!\\nPricing on Inspirons range from $300-1,900 depending on the specs you want.\\n2-3. LG and Samsung soundbars up to 50% off at Target.\\nTarget has a few early deals on LG and Samsung soundbars (and TVs). If you’re thinking about upgrading your TV audio setup, Black Friday is an amazing time to start scoping deals out. LG’s soundbars are extremely popular, and Target is offering them for as little as $99!\\nLG and Samsung soundbars will run you $69-300 on sale.\\n2-4. Upgrade your Android to the Galaxy Z Fold4 from Samsung, starting at $569.\\nYou can save up to $1,000 and get an additional $300 back instantly when you trade in your phone and buy a Galaxy Z Fold4 at Samsung. You can even get another $300 in guaranteed credit if you turn in a Galaxy or Apple phone!\\nThis offer is open for anyone at Verizon, T-Mobile, AT&T, or US Cellular.\\nIf the Galaxy Z Fold4 isn’t your style, Samsung is also offering the S22 Ultra for 70% off if you turn another phone in.\\n2-5. Anker RoboVac robotic vacuum at 50% off at Walmart.\\nIf you’ve always wanted a robotic vacuum but you never felt like dropping $300-400 for it, you’re in luck. Walmart is offering 50% off on the Anker G32 which brings the total down to a mere $119.\\n2-6. Portable Bluetooth speakers up to 78% off at eBay.\\nPortable speakers have gotten really good over the past few years, so now’s a great time to pick one up. eBay has plenty of awesome models for sale this early Black Friday, like 61% off this Treblab waterproof speaker (it even comes with headphones!).\\n2-7. Apple watches up to 30% off at Walmart.\\nThinking about getting a smart watch? If so, you’ve got some great options at Walmart this Black Friday season. They’re selling Apple Watches from every generation and size at a discount. There are even some supremely cheap restored models available.\\nPricing here ranges from $149 to $400 depending on the generation and model.\\n2-8. Up to 70% off of select tech at Amazon.\\nAmazon has just announced their early Black Friday deals. There are so many great deals that it’s almost hard to know where to start. From Fitbits to Ring cameras, there are tons of early discounts worth checking out. Deals include discounts on:\\nAlexa-enabled devices like the Echo Show 15 and Echo Dot.\\nMeta Quest 2 virtual reality headsets (you even get 2 games for free!).\\nXbox and Playstation controllers and other peripherals.\\n3. TVs\\n3-1. 24-inch Amazon F20 TV for $79 at Amazon.\\nIf you want an awesome budget TV to fill out a guest room or serve as an office monitor, it’s hard to beat a 24-inch HD TV for $79.\\n3-2. Amazon 50-inch 4K UHD TV for 44% off at Amazon.\\nWith over 24,000 positive reviews and coming in at under $300, this is one of the best deals you could imagine for a 4K TV. And that’s not all…this Black Friday season, Amazon is offering discounted 4-year protection plans on this model.\\n3-3. LG C1 OLED 65-inch 4K smart TV 34% off at Amazon.\\nLooking to go all out? If you want one of the best TVs on the market, you can’t go wrong with the LG C1. Yes, it’s nearly $1,700. But with a list price of $2,500, this is a phenomenal deal.\\n3-4. Samsung 65-inch 8K TV 50% off at eBay.\\n8K is the highest consumer resolution available, and eBay is offering this Samsung 8K model for 50% off this early Black Friday season. At $1,689, this is an incredible (and rare) deal.\\nYou may be looking at this Samsung model and the 65-inch 4K model above and wondering what the difference is. Unfortunately, the Samsung model is QLED, not OLED, which means the picture quality will be slightly lower.\\n8K QLED TVs are ridiculously expensive these days, so if you want 8K resolution, OLED is the ideal option from a value perspective.\\n4. Home Goods\\n4-1. Christmas décor and toys starting at $6 at Walmart.\\nIf Halloween caught you by surprised this year, why not get a jump start on Christmas? Walmart has a ton of Christmas-themed gear, décor, and gifts available on discount going into Black Friday and Cyber Monday.\\n4-2. Rugs up to 80% off at Overstock.\\nOne of the better deals we’ve come across this year is Overstock’s fire sale on rugs for Black Friday. There’s actually an insane amount of value to be had here. We’re talking about $200-300 rugs selling for $30-40. Take a look. Even if you aren’t in the market for some new rugs, you may find something worth buying.\\nWe’ve got the scoop on some promo codes for Overstock, as well!\\n4-3. Tempur-pedic beds up to 40% or $300 off online.\\nTempur-pedic doesn’t often offer big discounts on their products, but Black Friday 2022 is different. If you’re thinking of upgrading your mattress or pillow top cover, this fall may be an ideal time to scope some deals out.\\n4-4. Furniture at Overstock up to 70% off.\\nFrom patio furniture to comfy couches, Overstock is also hosting a massive sale on all kinds of different furniture. If you’re looking to redo a few rooms in your home or you’ve got a creaky bed frame that needs replacing, check out the Black Friday sales at Overstock.\\nThese deals are good all the way through December 20th. There’s 1000s of items available with these discounts, so it’s worth taking a look here!\\n4-5. Select tools and free delivery up to 45% off at Home Depot.\\nHome Depot has some incredible deals this holiday season. There are even tool kits available for up to $300 off if you’re starting a home workshop or simply updating your gear.\\nHome Depot’s special early Black Friday deals change every 18 hours or so. As a result, it’s worth checking back to see what’s on sale.\\n4-6. Up to 40% off clothing at Nordstrom.\\nNordstrom is hosting a storewide seasonal sale on almost all of the brands they carry. Discounts are available for women, men, and kids. They also add new holiday markdowns periodically, so revisit their site to see what they’ve added.\\n4-7. 20% off of anything at Michael’s on top of 70% off.\\nMichael’s have some frankly incredible offers this Black Friday. With the code 22MADEBYYOU, you can get 20% off of whatever your heart desires! Whether it’s a custom frame, home décor, or art supplies, 20% off is a slick deal.\\nThe 70% off deal is live right now, but only until supplies last—so don’t wait too long!\\n4-8. $300 off Bespoke cordless vacuums at Samsung.\\nThe Bespoke Jet vacuum is a top-of-the-line cordless model that’s perfect for hardwood or carpet flooring. If your boring old vacuum isn’t getting the job done, consider upgrading at Samsung.\\nThe Bespoke cordless vac is going for just $599.\\n4-9. 50% off of pet supplies at Chewy.\\nChewy’s early Black Friday deals rotate, but you they’re currently offering up to half off on food packages, toys, or pet gear. If you’re looking to treat your cat or dog to the best, it’s hard to go wrong at Chewy this season.\\n4-10. Up to 50% off select furniture at Ashley Furniture.\\nFrom bed frames and sofas to tables and armoires, Ashley Furniture has a massive collection of discounts. If you’ve got a room you’re looking to refurnish, it’s hard to find deals better than what Ashley is offering.\\n4-11. Save $300 on office desks at Office Depot.\\nOffice Depot’s Black Friday sales start at 12:01 am on 11/24/22, but they’ve been kind enough to shed some early light on what they’ll be offering. The big deals this year appear to be office desks. Upgrade your home office with an elegant executive desk or give your gaming room a boost with a sleek glass desk.\\nThey’re also offering up to 65% off on office chairs. The Brenton Studio mesh chair does a decent Herman Miller impression according to some reviews, and it’ll be $150 off!\\n5. Kitchen\\n5-1. 34-piece Kitchen set up to 40% off at Bed, Bath, and Beyond.\\nIf you want to replace everything in your kitchen, boy are you in luck! This 34-piece kitchen set from Simply Essential is only $48. You heard that right, under $50 for a complete kitchen.\\nBed, Bath, and Beyond is offering all kinds of crazy Black Friday deals if you’re looking to upgrade your kitchen.\\n5-2. Select appliances at Lowe’s up to 75% or $750 off.\\nLowe’s appears to have an abundance of appliances in their inventory, and they’re passing the savings off to you this year. If you’ve been thinking about remodeling your kitchen or upgrading your laundry room, it’s not a bad time to be a shopper!\\nWe’ve got the scoop on additional discounts, too. Check out our collection of promo codes for Lowe’s.\\n5-3. Ninja Supra blender and food processor for 30% off.\\nNinja is the top of the line when it comes to blenders and processors, and this 2-in-1 unit is a total steal at $99. It even comes with a few attachments for light mixing and smoothie-making.\\n5-4. Up to 75% off bath towels and bath rugs at Bed, Bath, and Beyond.\\nEverybody gets amped for the flashy TVs and new tech when Black Friday rolls around, but let’s be real—what’s better than stepping out of a warm shower and wrapping a warm, soft towel around your body? If your bath towels and bath rugs are looking a little raggedy and could use some upgrades, this is a great opportunity!\\nTips\\nCheck the Best Buy deal of the day every 24 hours. Best Buy publishes a new tech deal, and the discount is usually pretty extreme.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Black Friday and Cyber Monday are always an exciting time of the year if you’re in the market for some new gear. Whether it’s a discount on a new TV or a fancy new mattress, there’s almost always a compelling price out there, and 2022 is no different. While a lot of major retailers haven’t fully announced all of their sales yet, there are still plenty of interesting early Black Friday deals out there. Read on to scan some of the best deals available right now.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Timeline\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Get ready for Black Friday on November 25, 2022!\", \"描述\": \"Every major retailer will have sales starting at midnight on November 25th this year, although some retailers may start a day or two early. Check back in the weeks leading up to the big day to find new deals and breaking sales.\\nCyber Monday, which is geared towards online sales, is November 28th this year.\\nHistorically, Target begins their major sales 1-2 weeks before Black Friday, which is fairly unique. Home Depot often starts their sales on the first day of November.\\nBest Buy, Wayfair, and Amazon all have daily rotating deals. It’s worth checking in on those retailers daily if you’re digging for value!\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tech\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"HP Windows 11 laptop for 37% off at Target.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re in the market for a workhorse computer, it’s hard to find a better value than this. It comes fully upgraded with Windows’ new operating system and there’s a solid state hard drive for super fast boot times.\\nAll this can be yours for roughly $419.\\nSave even more money on your purchase by clipping one of the Target coupons we’ve collected for you!\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Dell laptops up to 35% off at Dell.\", \"描述\": \"Dell’s Inspiron lineup of computers are well-known for being solid, inexpensive all-in-one PCs. They’re all on sale in the weeks leading up to Black Friday and Cyber Monday!\\nPricing on Inspirons range from $300-1,900 depending on the specs you want.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"LG and Samsung soundbars up to 50% off at Target.\", \"描述\": \"Target has a few early deals on LG and Samsung soundbars (and TVs). If you’re thinking about upgrading your TV audio setup, Black Friday is an amazing time to start scoping deals out. LG’s soundbars are extremely popular, and Target is offering them for as little as $99!\\nLG and Samsung soundbars will run you $69-300 on sale.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Upgrade your Android to the Galaxy Z Fold4 from Samsung, starting at $569.\", \"描述\": \"You can save up to $1,000 and get an additional $300 back instantly when you trade in your phone and buy a Galaxy Z Fold4 at Samsung. You can even get another $300 in guaranteed credit if you turn in a Galaxy or Apple phone!\\nThis offer is open for anyone at Verizon, T-Mobile, AT&T, or US Cellular.\\nIf the Galaxy Z Fold4 isn’t your style, Samsung is also offering the S22 Ultra for 70% off if you turn another phone in.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Anker RoboVac robotic vacuum at 50% off at Walmart.\", \"描述\": \"If you’ve always wanted a robotic vacuum but you never felt like dropping $300-400 for it, you’re in luck. Walmart is offering 50% off on the Anker G32 which brings the total down to a mere $119.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Portable Bluetooth speakers up to 78% off at eBay.\", \"描述\": \"Portable speakers have gotten really good over the past few years, so now’s a great time to pick one up. eBay has plenty of awesome models for sale this early Black Friday, like 61% off this Treblab waterproof speaker (it even comes with headphones!).\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Apple watches up to 30% off at Walmart.\", \"描述\": \"Thinking about getting a smart watch? If so, you’ve got some great options at Walmart this Black Friday season. They’re selling Apple Watches from every generation and size at a discount. There are even some supremely cheap restored models available.\\nPricing here ranges from $149 to $400 depending on the generation and model.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Up to 70% off of select tech at Amazon.\", \"描述\": \"Amazon has just announced their early Black Friday deals. There are so many great deals that it’s almost hard to know where to start. From Fitbits to Ring cameras, there are tons of early discounts worth checking out. Deals include discounts on:\\nAlexa-enabled devices like the Echo Show 15 and Echo Dot.\\nMeta Quest 2 virtual reality headsets (you even get 2 games for free!).\\nXbox and Playstation controllers and other peripherals.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"TVs\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"24-inch Amazon F20 TV for $79 at Amazon.\", \"描述\": \"If you want an awesome budget TV to fill out a guest room or serve as an office monitor, it’s hard to beat a 24-inch HD TV for $79.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Amazon 50-inch 4K UHD TV for 44% off at Amazon.\", \"描述\": \"With over 24,000 positive reviews and coming in at under $300, this is one of the best deals you could imagine for a 4K TV. And that’s not all…this Black Friday season, Amazon is offering discounted 4-year protection plans on this model.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"LG C1 OLED 65-inch 4K smart TV 34% off at Amazon.\", \"描述\": \"Looking to go all out? If you want one of the best TVs on the market, you can’t go wrong with the LG C1. Yes, it’s nearly $1,700. But with a list price of $2,500, this is a phenomenal deal.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Samsung 65-inch 8K TV 50% off at eBay.\", \"描述\": \"8K is the highest consumer resolution available, and eBay is offering this Samsung 8K model for 50% off this early Black Friday season. At $1,689, this is an incredible (and rare) deal.\\nYou may be looking at this Samsung model and the 65-inch 4K model above and wondering what the difference is. Unfortunately, the Samsung model is QLED, not OLED, which means the picture quality will be slightly lower.\\n8K QLED TVs are ridiculously expensive these days, so if you want 8K resolution, OLED is the ideal option from a value perspective.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Home Goods\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Christmas décor and toys starting at $6 at Walmart.\", \"描述\": \"If Halloween caught you by surprised this year, why not get a jump start on Christmas? Walmart has a ton of Christmas-themed gear, décor, and gifts available on discount going into Black Friday and Cyber Monday.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Rugs up to 80% off at Overstock.\", \"描述\": \"One of the better deals we’ve come across this year is Overstock’s fire sale on rugs for Black Friday. There’s actually an insane amount of value to be had here. We’re talking about $200-300 rugs selling for $30-40. Take a look. Even if you aren’t in the market for some new rugs, you may find something worth buying.\\nWe’ve got the scoop on some promo codes for Overstock, as well!\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Tempur-pedic beds up to 40% or $300 off online.\", \"描述\": \"Tempur-pedic doesn’t often offer big discounts on their products, but Black Friday 2022 is different. If you’re thinking of upgrading your mattress or pillow top cover, this fall may be an ideal time to scope some deals out.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Furniture at Overstock up to 70% off.\", \"描述\": \"From patio furniture to comfy couches, Overstock is also hosting a massive sale on all kinds of different furniture. If you’re looking to redo a few rooms in your home or you’ve got a creaky bed frame that needs replacing, check out the Black Friday sales at Overstock.\\nThese deals are good all the way through December 20th. There’s 1000s of items available with these discounts, so it’s worth taking a look here!\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Select tools and free delivery up to 45% off at Home Depot.\", \"描述\": \"Home Depot has some incredible deals this holiday season. There are even tool kits available for up to $300 off if you’re starting a home workshop or simply updating your gear.\\nHome Depot’s special early Black Friday deals change every 18 hours or so. As a result, it’s worth checking back to see what’s on sale.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Up to 40% off clothing at Nordstrom.\", \"描述\": \"Nordstrom is hosting a storewide seasonal sale on almost all of the brands they carry. Discounts are available for women, men, and kids. They also add new holiday markdowns periodically, so revisit their site to see what they’ve added.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"20% off of anything at Michael’s on top of 70% off.\", \"描述\": \"Michael’s have some frankly incredible offers this Black Friday. With the code 22MADEBYYOU, you can get 20% off of whatever your heart desires! Whether it’s a custom frame, home décor, or art supplies, 20% off is a slick deal.\\nThe 70% off deal is live right now, but only until supplies last—so don’t wait too long!\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"$300 off Bespoke cordless vacuums at Samsung.\", \"描述\": \"The Bespoke Jet vacuum is a top-of-the-line cordless model that’s perfect for hardwood or carpet flooring. If your boring old vacuum isn’t getting the job done, consider upgrading at Samsung.\\nThe Bespoke cordless vac is going for just $599.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"50% off of pet supplies at Chewy.\", \"描述\": \"Chewy’s early Black Friday deals rotate, but you they’re currently offering up to half off on food packages, toys, or pet gear. If you’re looking to treat your cat or dog to the best, it’s hard to go wrong at Chewy this season.\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Up to 50% off select furniture at Ashley Furniture.\", \"描述\": \"From bed frames and sofas to tables and armoires, Ashley Furniture has a massive collection of discounts. If you’ve got a room you’re looking to refurnish, it’s hard to find deals better than what Ashley is offering.\"}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Save $300 on office desks at Office Depot.\", \"描述\": \"Office Depot’s Black Friday sales start at 12:01 am on 11/24/22, but they’ve been kind enough to shed some early light on what they’ll be offering. The big deals this year appear to be office desks. Upgrade your home office with an elegant executive desk or give your gaming room a boost with a sleek glass desk.\\nThey’re also offering up to 65% off on office chairs. The Brenton Studio mesh chair does a decent Herman Miller impression according to some reviews, and it’ll be $150 off!\"}]}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Kitchen\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"34-piece Kitchen set up to 40% off at Bed, Bath, and Beyond.\", \"描述\": \"If you want to replace everything in your kitchen, boy are you in luck! This 34-piece kitchen set from Simply Essential is only $48. You heard that right, under $50 for a complete kitchen.\\nBed, Bath, and Beyond is offering all kinds of crazy Black Friday deals if you’re looking to upgrade your kitchen.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Select appliances at Lowe’s up to 75% or $750 off.\", \"描述\": \"Lowe’s appears to have an abundance of appliances in their inventory, and they’re passing the savings off to you this year. If you’ve been thinking about remodeling your kitchen or upgrading your laundry room, it’s not a bad time to be a shopper!\\nWe’ve got the scoop on additional discounts, too. Check out our collection of promo codes for Lowe’s.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Ninja Supra blender and food processor for 30% off.\", \"描述\": \"Ninja is the top of the line when it comes to blenders and processors, and this 2-in-1 unit is a total steal at $99. It even comes with a few attachments for light mixing and smoothie-making.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Up to 75% off bath towels and bath rugs at Bed, Bath, and Beyond.\", \"描述\": \"Everybody gets amped for the flashy TVs and new tech when Black Friday rolls around, but let’s be real—what’s better than stepping out of a warm shower and wrapping a warm, soft towel around your body? If your bath towels and bath rugs are looking a little raggedy and could use some upgrades, this is a great opportunity!\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Check the Best Buy deal of the day every 24 hours. Best Buy publishes a new tech deal, and the discount is usually pretty extreme.\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,644 | What Is an Ambulatory Wheelchair User? Your Questions Answered | 1. What is an ambulatory wheelchair user?
An ambulatory wheelchair user can sometimes walk without support.
Because of TV shows and movies, many of us assume that anyone in a wheelchair is fully paralyzed (or at least paralyzed from the waist down). However, that’s not always the case—many people who use wheelchairs only need them the majority of the time or some of the time. This is why you might see a wheelchair user moving their legs or standing up to walk for short periods of time.
“Ambulatory” means “related to walking,” which is why people who can technically walk without support are called “ambulatory wheelchair users.”
Many ambulatory wheelchair users face stigma and judgment in the world. People often assume that they cannot walk at all since they’re using a wheelchair, and then judge them when they see them walking unassisted.
While there are many reasons someone might be using a wheelchair, an ambulatory wheelchair user might have chronic pain, unstable joints, unsteady balance, intense fatigue, or lower body injuries.
2. Is it okay to ask someone why they’re in a wheelchair?
No, it’s usually not polite to ask someone why they’re in a wheelchair.
There are lots of reasons why someone might be using a wheelchair, and a stranger or acquaintance (or even a friend) might not want to share that with you. When you’re interacting with a person who uses a wheelchair, avoid bringing up their mobility device unless they talk about it first.
If you’re getting to know a close friend, then it may be more acceptable to talk about why they use a wheelchair. However, try not to make them feel uncomfortable, and don’t keep asking them tons of questions if it seems like they don’t want to share.
3. Interacting with Someone in a Wheelchair
3-1. Speak directly to the person in a wheelchair.
Sometimes, people in a wheelchair will have a family member or companion with them when they’re out and about. If you’re talking directly to a person in a wheelchair, look at them, not with the person next to them. Make eye contact and treat them like a human being, just like you would with anyone else.
Remember, a person in a wheelchair is just a person! You probably wouldn’t like to be overlooked, so don’t look over them, either.
3-2. Ask permission before touching their wheelchair or other mobility aid.
Even if you’re offering to help, get consent from the person in a wheelchair before touching them or their chair. Since most people rely on their wheelchairs and mobility aids to get around, it can be uncomfortable for a stranger or acquaintance to touch it without asking.
Say something like, “Need any help with that?” or, “Want me to get the door for you?”
If they say no, respect their wishes and let them go about their business.
3-3. Don’t make any assumptions about why they’re in a wheelchair.
There are lots of reasons why someone might be using a wheelchair, and not all of them are because the person is paralyzed. If you see a person who uses a wheelchair walking around or moving their legs, it doesn’t mean they’re “faking.” They may be an ambulatory wheelchair user who only uses a wheelchair part of the time.
4. Other Mobility Devices
4-1. Canes
Canes come in many different shapes and sizes, but generally, they’re long wooden sticks that help people walk. You might see an ambulatory wheelchair user with a cane nearby to assist them when they stand up.
4-2. Walkers
Walkers are similar to canes, but they’re more stable and provide all-over support. Walkers may also have wheels on the bottom; those are called “rollers.”
In general, walkers are good for short-term use, while rollers are better for long-term use.
4-3. Power-driven wheelchairs
Power-driven mobility aids rely on a battery to move the wheels and steer. Technically, “wheelchairs” are the ones you push by hand, while “power-driven wheelchairs” are the ones that have a throttle.
Ambulatory wheelchair users may use one or both types of wheelchairs.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:48",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. What is an ambulatory wheelchair user?\\nAn ambulatory wheelchair user can sometimes walk without support.\\nBecause of TV shows and movies, many of us assume that anyone in a wheelchair is fully paralyzed (or at least paralyzed from the waist down). However, that’s not always the case—many people who use wheelchairs only need them the majority of the time or some of the time. This is why you might see a wheelchair user moving their legs or standing up to walk for short periods of time.\\n“Ambulatory” means “related to walking,” which is why people who can technically walk without support are called “ambulatory wheelchair users.”\\nMany ambulatory wheelchair users face stigma and judgment in the world. People often assume that they cannot walk at all since they’re using a wheelchair, and then judge them when they see them walking unassisted.\\nWhile there are many reasons someone might be using a wheelchair, an ambulatory wheelchair user might have chronic pain, unstable joints, unsteady balance, intense fatigue, or lower body injuries.\\n2. Is it okay to ask someone why they’re in a wheelchair?\\nNo, it’s usually not polite to ask someone why they’re in a wheelchair.\\nThere are lots of reasons why someone might be using a wheelchair, and a stranger or acquaintance (or even a friend) might not want to share that with you. When you’re interacting with a person who uses a wheelchair, avoid bringing up their mobility device unless they talk about it first.\\nIf you’re getting to know a close friend, then it may be more acceptable to talk about why they use a wheelchair. However, try not to make them feel uncomfortable, and don’t keep asking them tons of questions if it seems like they don’t want to share.\\n3. Interacting with Someone in a Wheelchair\\n3-1. Speak directly to the person in a wheelchair.\\nSometimes, people in a wheelchair will have a family member or companion with them when they’re out and about. If you’re talking directly to a person in a wheelchair, look at them, not with the person next to them. Make eye contact and treat them like a human being, just like you would with anyone else.\\nRemember, a person in a wheelchair is just a person! You probably wouldn’t like to be overlooked, so don’t look over them, either.\\n3-2. Ask permission before touching their wheelchair or other mobility aid.\\nEven if you’re offering to help, get consent from the person in a wheelchair before touching them or their chair. Since most people rely on their wheelchairs and mobility aids to get around, it can be uncomfortable for a stranger or acquaintance to touch it without asking.\\nSay something like, “Need any help with that?” or, “Want me to get the door for you?”\\nIf they say no, respect their wishes and let them go about their business.\\n3-3. Don’t make any assumptions about why they’re in a wheelchair.\\nThere are lots of reasons why someone might be using a wheelchair, and not all of them are because the person is paralyzed. If you see a person who uses a wheelchair walking around or moving their legs, it doesn’t mean they’re “faking.” They may be an ambulatory wheelchair user who only uses a wheelchair part of the time.\\n4. Other Mobility Devices\\n4-1. Canes\\nCanes come in many different shapes and sizes, but generally, they’re long wooden sticks that help people walk. You might see an ambulatory wheelchair user with a cane nearby to assist them when they stand up.\\n4-2. Walkers\\nWalkers are similar to canes, but they’re more stable and provide all-over support. Walkers may also have wheels on the bottom; those are called “rollers.”\\nIn general, walkers are good for short-term use, while rollers are better for long-term use.\\n4-3. Power-driven wheelchairs\\nPower-driven mobility aids rely on a battery to move the wheels and steer. Technically, “wheelchairs” are the ones you push by hand, while “power-driven wheelchairs” are the ones that have a throttle.\\nAmbulatory wheelchair users may use one or both types of wheelchairs.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"When you see someone in a wheelchair, many of us assume that the person in the wheelchair cannot walk at all. But for some people, like ambulatory wheelchair users, that actually isn’t the case. There are lots of reasons why someone might be using a wheelchair, including pain and fatigue management. To help break the stigma and learn more about people who use mobility aids, keep reading.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"What is an ambulatory wheelchair user?\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"An ambulatory wheelchair user can sometimes walk without support.\", \"描述\": \"Because of TV shows and movies, many of us assume that anyone in a wheelchair is fully paralyzed (or at least paralyzed from the waist down). However, that’s not always the case—many people who use wheelchairs only need them the majority of the time or some of the time. This is why you might see a wheelchair user moving their legs or standing up to walk for short periods of time.\\n“Ambulatory” means “related to walking,” which is why people who can technically walk without support are called “ambulatory wheelchair users.”\\nMany ambulatory wheelchair users face stigma and judgment in the world. People often assume that they cannot walk at all since they’re using a wheelchair, and then judge them when they see them walking unassisted.\\nWhile there are many reasons someone might be using a wheelchair, an ambulatory wheelchair user might have chronic pain, unstable joints, unsteady balance, intense fatigue, or lower body injuries.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Is it okay to ask someone why they’re in a wheelchair?\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"No, it’s usually not polite to ask someone why they’re in a wheelchair.\", \"描述\": \"There are lots of reasons why someone might be using a wheelchair, and a stranger or acquaintance (or even a friend) might not want to share that with you. When you’re interacting with a person who uses a wheelchair, avoid bringing up their mobility device unless they talk about it first.\\nIf you’re getting to know a close friend, then it may be more acceptable to talk about why they use a wheelchair. However, try not to make them feel uncomfortable, and don’t keep asking them tons of questions if it seems like they don’t want to share.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Interacting with Someone in a Wheelchair\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Speak directly to the person in a wheelchair.\", \"描述\": \"Sometimes, people in a wheelchair will have a family member or companion with them when they’re out and about. If you’re talking directly to a person in a wheelchair, look at them, not with the person next to them. Make eye contact and treat them like a human being, just like you would with anyone else.\\nRemember, a person in a wheelchair is just a person! You probably wouldn’t like to be overlooked, so don’t look over them, either.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Ask permission before touching their wheelchair or other mobility aid.\", \"描述\": \"Even if you’re offering to help, get consent from the person in a wheelchair before touching them or their chair. Since most people rely on their wheelchairs and mobility aids to get around, it can be uncomfortable for a stranger or acquaintance to touch it without asking.\\nSay something like, “Need any help with that?” or, “Want me to get the door for you?”\\nIf they say no, respect their wishes and let them go about their business.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Don’t make any assumptions about why they’re in a wheelchair.\", \"描述\": \"There are lots of reasons why someone might be using a wheelchair, and not all of them are because the person is paralyzed. If you see a person who uses a wheelchair walking around or moving their legs, it doesn’t mean they’re “faking.” They may be an ambulatory wheelchair user who only uses a wheelchair part of the time.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Other Mobility Devices\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Canes\", \"描述\": \"Canes come in many different shapes and sizes, but generally, they’re long wooden sticks that help people walk. You might see an ambulatory wheelchair user with a cane nearby to assist them when they stand up.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Walkers\", \"描述\": \"Walkers are similar to canes, but they’re more stable and provide all-over support. Walkers may also have wheels on the bottom; those are called “rollers.”\\nIn general, walkers are good for short-term use, while rollers are better for long-term use.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Power-driven wheelchairs\", \"描述\": \"Power-driven mobility aids rely on a battery to move the wheels and steer. Technically, “wheelchairs” are the ones you push by hand, while “power-driven wheelchairs” are the ones that have a throttle.\\nAmbulatory wheelchair users may use one or both types of wheelchairs.\"}]}]}}",
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1,645 | How to Amend Articles of Incorporation | 1. Preparing for the Change
1-1. Review your corporation's bylaws.
The bylaws of a corporation will specifically describe how you go about amending the Articles of Incorporation. Review them thoroughly so that you fully understand the process involved in proposing and enacting the amendment.
1-2. Schedule a meeting with the board of directors.
Your change to the Articles of Incorporation will require approval from the board of directors. Schedule a meeting with the board so that they can vote on the proposed change.
If your corporation is highly political, you should get advice from influential board members first before simply scheduling a vote. They're much more likely to support the change if they feel like they've had input in creating the change.
1-3. Create the proposed change.
Either you or somebody you trust will create the wording of the proposed change to the Articles of Incorporation. Be sure to review it thoroughly before submitting it to the board for a vote.
Be sure to use language similar to what's already in the Articles of Incorporation. It should be presented as a rule in rule book.
It's a good idea to get the input of an attorney who specializes in corporate law when you're submitting a change to the Articles of Incorporation.
2. Proposing the Change at the Board Meeting
2-1. Ensure that quorum is at the board meeting.
It's almost certainly the case that the board meeting will require a quorum before moving on with important business. Be sure that enough board members are at the meeting so that you can vote on the amendment.
2-2. Propose the amendment at the board meeting.
Be sure to discuss the wording of the change at the board meeting as well as the reason for the change. Give every board member a chance to offer feedback.
2-3. Take a formal vote on the amendment.
Your bylaws will dictate how many of the board members must consent to an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation. If that many or more approve of the amendment, then it passes and you can proceed to the next step.
3. Fulfilling the Formalities
3-1. Prepare the actual amendment.
Consult the website of the Secretary of State for the state where your business is incorporated. You'll find that there's usually a link to "corporate forms" or wording to that effect. Download the form that's a template for an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation and complete it.
3-2. File the amendment with the Secretary of State.
You can do this either by mail or in person but it's usually easier to do it by mail.
This process will cost money. The Secretary of State's website should tell you how much it costs. Write out a check for that amount and send it with the amendment.
3-3. Attach the amendment to the original Articles of Incorporation.
This is where you literally amend the new language to the original Articles. You do that by adding it as a page to the book that contains your articles. Now, it's part of your records.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:48",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Preparing for the Change\\n1-1. Review your corporation's bylaws.\\nThe bylaws of a corporation will specifically describe how you go about amending the Articles of Incorporation. Review them thoroughly so that you fully understand the process involved in proposing and enacting the amendment.\\n1-2. Schedule a meeting with the board of directors.\\nYour change to the Articles of Incorporation will require approval from the board of directors. Schedule a meeting with the board so that they can vote on the proposed change.\\nIf your corporation is highly political, you should get advice from influential board members first before simply scheduling a vote. They're much more likely to support the change if they feel like they've had input in creating the change.\\n1-3. Create the proposed change.\\nEither you or somebody you trust will create the wording of the proposed change to the Articles of Incorporation. Be sure to review it thoroughly before submitting it to the board for a vote.\\nBe sure to use language similar to what's already in the Articles of Incorporation. It should be presented as a rule in rule book.\\nIt's a good idea to get the input of an attorney who specializes in corporate law when you're submitting a change to the Articles of Incorporation.\\n2. Proposing the Change at the Board Meeting\\n2-1. Ensure that quorum is at the board meeting.\\nIt's almost certainly the case that the board meeting will require a quorum before moving on with important business. Be sure that enough board members are at the meeting so that you can vote on the amendment.\\n2-2. Propose the amendment at the board meeting.\\nBe sure to discuss the wording of the change at the board meeting as well as the reason for the change. Give every board member a chance to offer feedback.\\n2-3. Take a formal vote on the amendment.\\nYour bylaws will dictate how many of the board members must consent to an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation. If that many or more approve of the amendment, then it passes and you can proceed to the next step.\\n3. Fulfilling the Formalities\\n3-1. Prepare the actual amendment.\\nConsult the website of the Secretary of State for the state where your business is incorporated. You'll find that there's usually a link to \\\"corporate forms\\\" or wording to that effect. Download the form that's a template for an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation and complete it.\\n3-2. File the amendment with the Secretary of State.\\nYou can do this either by mail or in person but it's usually easier to do it by mail.\\nThis process will cost money. The Secretary of State's website should tell you how much it costs. Write out a check for that amount and send it with the amendment.\\n3-3. Attach the amendment to the original Articles of Incorporation.\\nThis is where you literally amend the new language to the original Articles. You do that by adding it as a page to the book that contains your articles. Now, it's part of your records.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Articles of Incorporation is the document that a business files with its home state in order to become a corporation. The articles include general information about the business such as its name, address, and the names of the officers. Sometimes, there may be a need for a corporation to amend or change the information contained within the Articles of Incorporation, such as when there's a change of address. The rules and procedures for amending the Articles may vary slightly from state to state, but generally remain the same throughout the United States.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Preparing for the Change\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Review your corporation's bylaws.\", \"描述\": \"The bylaws of a corporation will specifically describe how you go about amending the Articles of Incorporation. Review them thoroughly so that you fully understand the process involved in proposing and enacting the amendment.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Schedule a meeting with the board of directors.\", \"描述\": \"Your change to the Articles of Incorporation will require approval from the board of directors. Schedule a meeting with the board so that they can vote on the proposed change.\\nIf your corporation is highly political, you should get advice from influential board members first before simply scheduling a vote. They're much more likely to support the change if they feel like they've had input in creating the change.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Create the proposed change.\", \"描述\": \"Either you or somebody you trust will create the wording of the proposed change to the Articles of Incorporation. Be sure to review it thoroughly before submitting it to the board for a vote.\\nBe sure to use language similar to what's already in the Articles of Incorporation. It should be presented as a rule in rule book.\\nIt's a good idea to get the input of an attorney who specializes in corporate law when you're submitting a change to the Articles of Incorporation.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Proposing the Change at the Board Meeting\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Ensure that quorum is at the board meeting.\", \"描述\": \"It's almost certainly the case that the board meeting will require a quorum before moving on with important business. Be sure that enough board members are at the meeting so that you can vote on the amendment.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Propose the amendment at the board meeting.\", \"描述\": \"Be sure to discuss the wording of the change at the board meeting as well as the reason for the change. Give every board member a chance to offer feedback.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Take a formal vote on the amendment.\", \"描述\": \"Your bylaws will dictate how many of the board members must consent to an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation. If that many or more approve of the amendment, then it passes and you can proceed to the next step.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Fulfilling the Formalities\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Prepare the actual amendment.\", \"描述\": \"Consult the website of the Secretary of State for the state where your business is incorporated. You'll find that there's usually a link to \\\"corporate forms\\\" or wording to that effect. Download the form that's a template for an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation and complete it.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"File the amendment with the Secretary of State.\", \"描述\": \"You can do this either by mail or in person but it's usually easier to do it by mail.\\nThis process will cost money. The Secretary of State's website should tell you how much it costs. Write out a check for that amount and send it with the amendment.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Attach the amendment to the original Articles of Incorporation.\", \"描述\": \"This is where you literally amend the new language to the original Articles. You do that by adding it as a page to the book that contains your articles. Now, it's part of your records.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,646 | How to Amend Clay Soil | 1. Preparing to Amend
1-1. Look into clay-tolerant plants.
Before you begin, consider using plants that tolerate clay soil, as this eliminates the need to amend the soil. Switchgrass, asters, Russian sage, and hostas are all good options.
On the other hand, many plants will struggle to thrive in clay soil, regardless of how effectively you amend it. For example, choosing plants that like very dry or excessively acidic soil can be an uphill battle.
1-2. Test the pH of your soil
The first step in amending your soil is to diagnose your soil's pH. There are several ways to do this, ranging from DIY strip tests to commercial testing kits. If you're a serious grower, consider visiting your local county extension and get a soil testing kit straight from the source.
Find your local county extension office and get a soil testing kit. Directions for use it are included in the package. Mail directly to your state laboratory. It may take a little longer than normal to get the results back in the spring because of the volume of requests. Your results will provide a detailed analysis of your soil composition, the pH, and which amendments you may need to add to bring your soil up to optimum growing conditions.
pH is a scale of how acidic or alkaline a material is. The scale goes from 0 to 14, with 0 being very acidic, 7 being neutral, and 14 being very basic.
1-3. Test the pH of your water.
Amending your soil to become more acidic, for example, won't do anything if your water is very alkaline and you're planning on using it to water your plants. Don't get lazy — test the pH of your water as well as your soil. Most water is slightly alkaline, which may or may not be good depending on what you are trying to grow.
If your water is basic, it is "hard" water. Hard water is generally what groundwater ends up being, mainly because it doesn't erode the pipes that contain it and transport it around. Acidic water is "soft." Soft water is achieved by removing calcium and magnesium from the water.
If you want to stay on the safe side, get pure, filtered water. Pure, filtered water is about as neutral as you'll get. This way, the introduction of water won't affect the pH of your soil, although it can quickly get expensive.
1-4. Try a percolation test.
A percolation test will help you determine whether and how well your soil drains. Dig a hole that's 2 feet (0.61 m) (.6m) deep and 1 foot (0.30 m) (.3m) wide. Fill the hole with water and wait for it to drain completely. Now fill it a second time, keeping track of how long the second water hole drains:
If it takes less than 12 hours to drain, you can safely plant anything that requires well-drained soil.
If it takes between 12 and 24 hours for the hole to drain, you can safely grow plants that tolerate heavy soil or clay environments.
If it takes more than 24 hours for the hole to drain, you can pretty much only plant trees that can hold up to occasional flooding, like balsam fir or red maple.
1-5. Till areas without topsoil.
If you have no topsoil at all, tilling can break up the dense soil for an easier growing medium. Till down to at least 6 inches (15.2cm), and preferably about 8 inches (20.3cm). Extend out a little past the planting area. This will ensure that the roots have extra growing room if they need it.
If you don't have a tiller, you can use a broadfork, pitchfork, or shovel to loosen and aerate the soil. The advantage of the broadfork is that you're not disturbing the essential soil structure, which helps the microorganisms that call the soil their home. The downside to just aerating the soil instead of tilling it is that dense lumps of clay may still exist after soil loosening.
If you have topsoil with clay underneath, do not till. In this environment, tilling will make the problem worse by mixing clay in with your topsoil.
2. Amending Your Soil
2-1. Do not work on clay soil when it is wet.
Wait for a dry spell to start amending the clay soil. Clay that is wet is much easier compacted, making the amending a lot more difficult. You'll need all the help you can get amending clay, so be sure to keep this simple but profound trick in mind.
2-2. Prepare to amend a wider section of soil than you'll actually need.
Measure out the space that you'll be amending. Ideally choose a large space to amend. A small amended area might be a haven for your plants, but when their roots start expanding past the small area and hit the clay, they'll double back into the amended area quickly. This causes problems with root system development.
2-3. Amend the soil depending on the results of the test.
Most clay soils are on the alkaline side, meaning that you'll probably want to lower the pH of the soil. There are several ways to do this. The most common substances to add to clay soil are builder's sand, gypsum, composted manure, compost or other coarse organic material.
Builder's sand and gypsum allow for better water drainage and increased air pockets, as they force the particles in the clay apart. It is very important to use coarse sand such as builder's sand, not fine-textured sand such as play sand, as this will make the situation worse.
Organic matter will help the plants get the proper nutrients and also help build increased humus (not to be confused with "hummus") with additional microbes that are the building blocks of good soil. Additionally, they will help lower the pH of the soil, acidifying it.
Try shooting for an equal mix of coarse sand (builder's sand) and coarse organic material. Because you're going to be spreading this mix over a large area, you will need bulk quantities: Instead of thinking in terms of square feet, think in terms of cubic yards--one cubic yard of material will provide a three-inch layer on 100 square feet. Purchase in bulk at a landscape supply store or a feed store; buying by the bag is much, much more expensive.
2-4. Start off by spreading one cubic yard of organic material on top of every 10-foot by 10-foot area.
Start with organic material first. After being integrated with the clay soil, the material will begin to break down and become effectively invisible. Don't worry — it's still there doing its job.
2-5. Next, spread one cubic yard of builder's sand over the same 10' x 10' area.
Mix it in thoroughly with the organic material and the clay by using a tilling machine. If you do not have one, you can rent one inexpensively at your local hardware renter store.
If good quality builder's sand is not readily available, you may want to chose to try either green sand or gypsum as an alternative to the sand. They are more expensive, but act in the same manner to force the clay particles apart allowing to addition of more water and air.
Gypsum has been found to be particularly effective in areas where the soil has a high salt concentration.
2-6. Continue to monitor the pH of the soil frequently.
Closely watch the change in pH. Most plants can't tolerate drastic changes in pH or soil conditions, so you'll want to be reasonably sure that the pH of your soil has stopped changing drastically before you plant.
2-7. Acidify the soil further, if necessary
Clay is usually very alkaline to begin with. For this reason, you may find yourself wanting to alter the pH of the soil to make it more acidic. There are several ways you can do this:
By adding an ammonia-based fertilizer
By adding elemental sulfur or iron sulfate
By adding cottonseed meal, sphagnum moss, or other compost
2-8. Avoid automatic water systems for your plants.
Because clay soil is so good at retaining moisture, automatic watering systems may drown your plants if not paid special attention to. Ditch the sprinklers, save some money, and look at the plants themselves to determine how much water they plants need.
Tips
Avoid the temptation to amend the soil you use to backfill around plants. Doing this will cause the roots to stay in a small area. Backfill with the soil you dug out of the hole instead, and fertilize a wider area later on to encourage the plant's roots to spread out.
When planting in clay soil, dig a hole and scar the sides to create uneven surfaces. This will help the plant's roots break through the clay. If you leave straight, flat walls, the roots may circle around in the hole.
If you don't have an extension office in your area, call some garden clubs, garden centers or home improvement stores and inquire about where you can obtain a soil test. A college or university in your area may have an agricultural office that can help you as well.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:49",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Preparing to Amend\\n1-1. Look into clay-tolerant plants.\\nBefore you begin, consider using plants that tolerate clay soil, as this eliminates the need to amend the soil. Switchgrass, asters, Russian sage, and hostas are all good options.\\nOn the other hand, many plants will struggle to thrive in clay soil, regardless of how effectively you amend it. For example, choosing plants that like very dry or excessively acidic soil can be an uphill battle.\\n1-2. Test the pH of your soil\\nThe first step in amending your soil is to diagnose your soil's pH. There are several ways to do this, ranging from DIY strip tests to commercial testing kits. If you're a serious grower, consider visiting your local county extension and get a soil testing kit straight from the source.\\nFind your local county extension office and get a soil testing kit. Directions for use it are included in the package. Mail directly to your state laboratory. It may take a little longer than normal to get the results back in the spring because of the volume of requests. Your results will provide a detailed analysis of your soil composition, the pH, and which amendments you may need to add to bring your soil up to optimum growing conditions.\\npH is a scale of how acidic or alkaline a material is. The scale goes from 0 to 14, with 0 being very acidic, 7 being neutral, and 14 being very basic.\\n1-3. Test the pH of your water.\\nAmending your soil to become more acidic, for example, won't do anything if your water is very alkaline and you're planning on using it to water your plants. Don't get lazy — test the pH of your water as well as your soil. Most water is slightly alkaline, which may or may not be good depending on what you are trying to grow.\\nIf your water is basic, it is \\\"hard\\\" water. Hard water is generally what groundwater ends up being, mainly because it doesn't erode the pipes that contain it and transport it around. Acidic water is \\\"soft.\\\" Soft water is achieved by removing calcium and magnesium from the water.\\nIf you want to stay on the safe side, get pure, filtered water. Pure, filtered water is about as neutral as you'll get. This way, the introduction of water won't affect the pH of your soil, although it can quickly get expensive.\\n1-4. Try a percolation test.\\nA percolation test will help you determine whether and how well your soil drains. Dig a hole that's 2 feet (0.61 m) (.6m) deep and 1 foot (0.30 m) (.3m) wide. Fill the hole with water and wait for it to drain completely. Now fill it a second time, keeping track of how long the second water hole drains:\\nIf it takes less than 12 hours to drain, you can safely plant anything that requires well-drained soil.\\nIf it takes between 12 and 24 hours for the hole to drain, you can safely grow plants that tolerate heavy soil or clay environments.\\nIf it takes more than 24 hours for the hole to drain, you can pretty much only plant trees that can hold up to occasional flooding, like balsam fir or red maple.\\n1-5. Till areas without topsoil.\\nIf you have no topsoil at all, tilling can break up the dense soil for an easier growing medium. Till down to at least 6 inches (15.2cm), and preferably about 8 inches (20.3cm). Extend out a little past the planting area. This will ensure that the roots have extra growing room if they need it.\\nIf you don't have a tiller, you can use a broadfork, pitchfork, or shovel to loosen and aerate the soil. The advantage of the broadfork is that you're not disturbing the essential soil structure, which helps the microorganisms that call the soil their home. The downside to just aerating the soil instead of tilling it is that dense lumps of clay may still exist after soil loosening.\\nIf you have topsoil with clay underneath, do not till. In this environment, tilling will make the problem worse by mixing clay in with your topsoil.\\n2. Amending Your Soil\\n2-1. Do not work on clay soil when it is wet.\\nWait for a dry spell to start amending the clay soil. Clay that is wet is much easier compacted, making the amending a lot more difficult. You'll need all the help you can get amending clay, so be sure to keep this simple but profound trick in mind.\\n2-2. Prepare to amend a wider section of soil than you'll actually need.\\nMeasure out the space that you'll be amending. Ideally choose a large space to amend. A small amended area might be a haven for your plants, but when their roots start expanding past the small area and hit the clay, they'll double back into the amended area quickly. This causes problems with root system development.\\n2-3. Amend the soil depending on the results of the test.\\nMost clay soils are on the alkaline side, meaning that you'll probably want to lower the pH of the soil. There are several ways to do this. The most common substances to add to clay soil are builder's sand, gypsum, composted manure, compost or other coarse organic material.\\nBuilder's sand and gypsum allow for better water drainage and increased air pockets, as they force the particles in the clay apart. It is very important to use coarse sand such as builder's sand, not fine-textured sand such as play sand, as this will make the situation worse.\\nOrganic matter will help the plants get the proper nutrients and also help build increased humus (not to be confused with \\\"hummus\\\") with additional microbes that are the building blocks of good soil. Additionally, they will help lower the pH of the soil, acidifying it.\\nTry shooting for an equal mix of coarse sand (builder's sand) and coarse organic material. Because you're going to be spreading this mix over a large area, you will need bulk quantities: Instead of thinking in terms of square feet, think in terms of cubic yards--one cubic yard of material will provide a three-inch layer on 100 square feet. Purchase in bulk at a landscape supply store or a feed store; buying by the bag is much, much more expensive.\\n2-4. Start off by spreading one cubic yard of organic material on top of every 10-foot by 10-foot area.\\nStart with organic material first. After being integrated with the clay soil, the material will begin to break down and become effectively invisible. Don't worry — it's still there doing its job.\\n2-5. Next, spread one cubic yard of builder's sand over the same 10' x 10' area.\\nMix it in thoroughly with the organic material and the clay by using a tilling machine. If you do not have one, you can rent one inexpensively at your local hardware renter store.\\nIf good quality builder's sand is not readily available, you may want to chose to try either green sand or gypsum as an alternative to the sand. They are more expensive, but act in the same manner to force the clay particles apart allowing to addition of more water and air.\\nGypsum has been found to be particularly effective in areas where the soil has a high salt concentration.\\n2-6. Continue to monitor the pH of the soil frequently.\\nClosely watch the change in pH. Most plants can't tolerate drastic changes in pH or soil conditions, so you'll want to be reasonably sure that the pH of your soil has stopped changing drastically before you plant.\\n2-7. Acidify the soil further, if necessary\\nClay is usually very alkaline to begin with. For this reason, you may find yourself wanting to alter the pH of the soil to make it more acidic. There are several ways you can do this:\\nBy adding an ammonia-based fertilizer\\nBy adding elemental sulfur or iron sulfate\\nBy adding cottonseed meal, sphagnum moss, or other compost\\n2-8. Avoid automatic water systems for your plants.\\nBecause clay soil is so good at retaining moisture, automatic watering systems may drown your plants if not paid special attention to. Ditch the sprinklers, save some money, and look at the plants themselves to determine how much water they plants need.\\nTips\\nAvoid the temptation to amend the soil you use to backfill around plants. Doing this will cause the roots to stay in a small area. Backfill with the soil you dug out of the hole instead, and fertilize a wider area later on to encourage the plant's roots to spread out.\\nWhen planting in clay soil, dig a hole and scar the sides to create uneven surfaces. This will help the plant's roots break through the clay. If you leave straight, flat walls, the roots may circle around in the hole.\\nIf you don't have an extension office in your area, call some garden clubs, garden centers or home improvement stores and inquire about where you can obtain a soil test. A college or university in your area may have an agricultural office that can help you as well.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Clay soil is a very dense substance that can cause major drainage problems for your plants. This soil is common to many parts of the world, limiting what homeowners, gardeners, and farmers can grow. However, you can amend or alter the soil to produce a richer soil more suitable for planting.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Preparing to Amend\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Look into clay-tolerant plants.\", \"描述\": \"Before you begin, consider using plants that tolerate clay soil, as this eliminates the need to amend the soil. Switchgrass, asters, Russian sage, and hostas are all good options.\\nOn the other hand, many plants will struggle to thrive in clay soil, regardless of how effectively you amend it. For example, choosing plants that like very dry or excessively acidic soil can be an uphill battle.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Test the pH of your soil\", \"描述\": \"The first step in amending your soil is to diagnose your soil's pH. There are several ways to do this, ranging from DIY strip tests to commercial testing kits. If you're a serious grower, consider visiting your local county extension and get a soil testing kit straight from the source.\\nFind your local county extension office and get a soil testing kit. Directions for use it are included in the package. Mail directly to your state laboratory. It may take a little longer than normal to get the results back in the spring because of the volume of requests. Your results will provide a detailed analysis of your soil composition, the pH, and which amendments you may need to add to bring your soil up to optimum growing conditions.\\npH is a scale of how acidic or alkaline a material is. The scale goes from 0 to 14, with 0 being very acidic, 7 being neutral, and 14 being very basic.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Test the pH of your water.\", \"描述\": \"Amending your soil to become more acidic, for example, won't do anything if your water is very alkaline and you're planning on using it to water your plants. Don't get lazy — test the pH of your water as well as your soil. Most water is slightly alkaline, which may or may not be good depending on what you are trying to grow.\\nIf your water is basic, it is \\\"hard\\\" water. Hard water is generally what groundwater ends up being, mainly because it doesn't erode the pipes that contain it and transport it around. Acidic water is \\\"soft.\\\" Soft water is achieved by removing calcium and magnesium from the water.\\nIf you want to stay on the safe side, get pure, filtered water. Pure, filtered water is about as neutral as you'll get. This way, the introduction of water won't affect the pH of your soil, although it can quickly get expensive.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Try a percolation test.\", \"描述\": \"A percolation test will help you determine whether and how well your soil drains. Dig a hole that's 2 feet (0.61 m) (.6m) deep and 1 foot (0.30 m) (.3m) wide. Fill the hole with water and wait for it to drain completely. Now fill it a second time, keeping track of how long the second water hole drains:\\nIf it takes less than 12 hours to drain, you can safely plant anything that requires well-drained soil.\\nIf it takes between 12 and 24 hours for the hole to drain, you can safely grow plants that tolerate heavy soil or clay environments.\\nIf it takes more than 24 hours for the hole to drain, you can pretty much only plant trees that can hold up to occasional flooding, like balsam fir or red maple.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Till areas without topsoil.\", \"描述\": \"If you have no topsoil at all, tilling can break up the dense soil for an easier growing medium. Till down to at least 6 inches (15.2cm), and preferably about 8 inches (20.3cm). Extend out a little past the planting area. This will ensure that the roots have extra growing room if they need it.\\nIf you don't have a tiller, you can use a broadfork, pitchfork, or shovel to loosen and aerate the soil. The advantage of the broadfork is that you're not disturbing the essential soil structure, which helps the microorganisms that call the soil their home. The downside to just aerating the soil instead of tilling it is that dense lumps of clay may still exist after soil loosening.\\nIf you have topsoil with clay underneath, do not till. In this environment, tilling will make the problem worse by mixing clay in with your topsoil.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Amending Your Soil\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Do not work on clay soil when it is wet.\", \"描述\": \"Wait for a dry spell to start amending the clay soil. Clay that is wet is much easier compacted, making the amending a lot more difficult. You'll need all the help you can get amending clay, so be sure to keep this simple but profound trick in mind.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Prepare to amend a wider section of soil than you'll actually need.\", \"描述\": \"Measure out the space that you'll be amending. Ideally choose a large space to amend. A small amended area might be a haven for your plants, but when their roots start expanding past the small area and hit the clay, they'll double back into the amended area quickly. This causes problems with root system development.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Amend the soil depending on the results of the test.\", \"描述\": \"Most clay soils are on the alkaline side, meaning that you'll probably want to lower the pH of the soil. There are several ways to do this. The most common substances to add to clay soil are builder's sand, gypsum, composted manure, compost or other coarse organic material.\\nBuilder's sand and gypsum allow for better water drainage and increased air pockets, as they force the particles in the clay apart. It is very important to use coarse sand such as builder's sand, not fine-textured sand such as play sand, as this will make the situation worse.\\nOrganic matter will help the plants get the proper nutrients and also help build increased humus (not to be confused with \\\"hummus\\\") with additional microbes that are the building blocks of good soil. Additionally, they will help lower the pH of the soil, acidifying it.\\nTry shooting for an equal mix of coarse sand (builder's sand) and coarse organic material. Because you're going to be spreading this mix over a large area, you will need bulk quantities: Instead of thinking in terms of square feet, think in terms of cubic yards--one cubic yard of material will provide a three-inch layer on 100 square feet. Purchase in bulk at a landscape supply store or a feed store; buying by the bag is much, much more expensive.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Start off by spreading one cubic yard of organic material on top of every 10-foot by 10-foot area.\", \"描述\": \"Start with organic material first. After being integrated with the clay soil, the material will begin to break down and become effectively invisible. Don't worry — it's still there doing its job.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Next, spread one cubic yard of builder's sand over the same 10' x 10' area.\", \"描述\": \"Mix it in thoroughly with the organic material and the clay by using a tilling machine. If you do not have one, you can rent one inexpensively at your local hardware renter store.\\nIf good quality builder's sand is not readily available, you may want to chose to try either green sand or gypsum as an alternative to the sand. They are more expensive, but act in the same manner to force the clay particles apart allowing to addition of more water and air.\\nGypsum has been found to be particularly effective in areas where the soil has a high salt concentration.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Continue to monitor the pH of the soil frequently.\", \"描述\": \"Closely watch the change in pH. Most plants can't tolerate drastic changes in pH or soil conditions, so you'll want to be reasonably sure that the pH of your soil has stopped changing drastically before you plant.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Acidify the soil further, if necessary\", \"描述\": \"Clay is usually very alkaline to begin with. For this reason, you may find yourself wanting to alter the pH of the soil to make it more acidic. There are several ways you can do this:\\nBy adding an ammonia-based fertilizer\\nBy adding elemental sulfur or iron sulfate\\nBy adding cottonseed meal, sphagnum moss, or other compost\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Avoid automatic water systems for your plants.\", \"描述\": \"Because clay soil is so good at retaining moisture, automatic watering systems may drown your plants if not paid special attention to. Ditch the sprinklers, save some money, and look at the plants themselves to determine how much water they plants need.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Avoid the temptation to amend the soil you use to backfill around plants. Doing this will cause the roots to stay in a small area. Backfill with the soil you dug out of the hole instead, and fertilize a wider area later on to encourage the plant's roots to spread out.\\n\", \"When planting in clay soil, dig a hole and scar the sides to create uneven surfaces. This will help the plant's roots break through the clay. If you leave straight, flat walls, the roots may circle around in the hole.\\n\", \"If you don't have an extension office in your area, call some garden clubs, garden centers or home improvement stores and inquire about where you can obtain a soil test. A college or university in your area may have an agricultural office that can help you as well.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,647 | How to Amend Nonprofit Bylaws | 1. Drafting Your Proposed Amendment
1-1. Understand your state's nonprofit corporation law.
A nonprofit is governed by the statute in the state in which it was incorporated. Before you draft a bylaw or amendment to an existing bylaw, it is important that you review your state's nonprofit corporation statute to understand its default provisions and the practices it prohibits.
Confirm the change you wish to make is not prohibited by state law. If so, the amendment will have no effect and any actions taken pursuant to it will be null and void. For example, the Washington State Nonprofit Act provides: "in no event shall a quorum consist of less than one-third of the number of directors so fixed or stated.” This means that any bylaw in Washington State that allows for a quorum of less than one third would not be valid.
Refer to the default provisions in your nonprofit corporation law, such as the minimum number of votes needed in a vote by the Board of Directors. If you wish to override them, amend your bylaws to reflect this change.
In planning how you will hold a vote to secure approval for your amendment, review how members (if there are voting members) and directors are permitted to meet and vote under state law. Many state nonprofit corporation acts do not allow directors to vote by proxy, Instead, a director is required to attend the meeting in-person or via telephone to be counted as present at the meeting for purposes of quorum and voting.
1-2. Make sure your proposed amendment is consistent with other regulatory documents.
In addition to ensuring your proposed bylaw conforms with your state's nonprofit corporation statute, you should also check it is consistent with the non-profit's articles of incorporation and, if applicable, other relevant statutes.
If your organization is governed or licensed by a state agency, such as the Department of Education or Department of Banking, review state laws in those areas for additional mandatory bylaw provisions.
For example, if you wish to amend the bylaws of a Home Owner's Association, you must refer to both your state's nonprofit statute and its Home Owner's Association Act. If the Home Owner's Association Act specifies that board meetings must be open to members, your bylaws must allow for members to attend board meetings, even if your state nonprofit statute does not require it.
1-3. Don't rely on language found in bylaws of other organizations.
Avoid taking the language for your proposed bylaw from the bylaws of other organizations. The bylaws of another organization may:
Not be in compliance with the law in your state.
Not include important provisions that apply to your organization by default under applicable law.
Not have been customized to meet the needs of your organization.
1-4. Address all foreseeable scenarios.
Think about all of the possible scenarios that could arise in relation to your proposed amendment and address them in the language of the bylaw.
For example, if your amendment describes the process for removing a board member, you also need to include a provision for filling the position upon his removal.
1-5. Have a lawyer review the amendment.
If you have any doubts about your proposed amendment or plan to amend the bylaws in a way that will alter them substantially, ask a lawyer who specializes in nonprofit law to review all of your draft amendments. A lawyer will be able to spot inconsistencies and potential problems with the proposal.
For example, a lawyer will be familiar with your state's nonprofit statute and will be able to catch provisions in your draft that may be invalid because they conflict with minimum requirements under the law. If you live in a city, your lawyer will also be familiar with city regulations that affect your bylaws, such as requiring that an elected official or government employee serve on your board.
1-6. Be prepared to explain why the amendment is needed.
In order to secure approval for your bylaw, you will need to convince the Board that your amendment is needed. Generally, two-thirds of the Board will need to vote in your favor. For this reason, it is important to consider what reasons you will give to justify amending the current bylaws.
For example, if the activities of your organization no longer fall within the scope of your mission, you will need to amend your mission statement. Prepare to explain what activities were originally envisioned for the organization, how they have evolved and what specific revisions to the mission statement would reflect this new reality.
2. Securing Approval
2-1. Review the current bylaws.
The rules for amending a nonprofit’s bylaws are contained within the bylaws themselves. To ensure that you amend your bylaws in a way that will not be challenged in court, review the current bylaws for the exact procedures required.
Look for the percentage of the Board that must vote in your favor (usually two-thirds).
Look for what kind of notice you are required to give the Board before putting the amendment to a vote.
If the members of your organization also have voting powers, look for what percentage of the voting members must vote in favor of an amendment and what kind of notice they must be given.
Keep in mind that the process for amending bylaws is the same regardless of whether you wish to modify existing provisions, add new provisions, or delete provisions.
2-2. Notify the Board of Directors of your proposed amendment.
If required by your bylaws, you will need to give the members of your Board notice of your proposed amendment before holding a vote to determine whether or not to approve it.
Put your proposed amendment in writing and circulate it among the members of the Board so they have a chance to ask you questions about it and consider whether or not to vote in favor of it.
Preface the draft amendment with an explanation for why you believe the amendment is necessary.
2-3. Hold a vote of the Board of Directors on the amendment.
Request that the Board meet to discuss your proposed amendment and vote on whether to approve it.
If the proposed amendment is a minor one and your bylaws do not require you to give the members of the Board notice of the proposal before the meeting, you may propose the amendment and vote at the same meeting.
Follow the rules set forth in the bylaws for who must be at the meeting, how many must attend the meeting, and the percentage of votes necessary for the amendment to pass in order for the vote to be valid.
Record the outcome of the vote and keep a copy with your other corporate papers.
2-4. Write the amendment into the bylaws.
Once you have secured the necessary approval for your amendment, draft a new document that contains your complete bylaws, including the amendment. Circulate the new bylaws among the members of the Board and any other relevant individuals.
2-5. Inform the IRS.
If your nonprofit is recognized as tax-exempt by the IRS, you are obligated to notify the IRS of any "structural or operational" changes to your bylaws.
An example of a structural or operational change would be the creation of a new program.
If this is your case, either submit the amended bylaws or a letter describing the changes to the IRS Exempt Organizations Determinations Office or report the changes by filing Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.
Tips
Bylaws are not public documents and need not be filed with the state.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:49",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Drafting Your Proposed Amendment\\n1-1. Understand your state's nonprofit corporation law.\\nA nonprofit is governed by the statute in the state in which it was incorporated. Before you draft a bylaw or amendment to an existing bylaw, it is important that you review your state's nonprofit corporation statute to understand its default provisions and the practices it prohibits. \\nConfirm the change you wish to make is not prohibited by state law. If so, the amendment will have no effect and any actions taken pursuant to it will be null and void. For example, the Washington State Nonprofit Act provides: \\\"in no event shall a quorum consist of less than one-third of the number of directors so fixed or stated.” This means that any bylaw in Washington State that allows for a quorum of less than one third would not be valid.\\nRefer to the default provisions in your nonprofit corporation law, such as the minimum number of votes needed in a vote by the Board of Directors. If you wish to override them, amend your bylaws to reflect this change.\\nIn planning how you will hold a vote to secure approval for your amendment, review how members (if there are voting members) and directors are permitted to meet and vote under state law. Many state nonprofit corporation acts do not allow directors to vote by proxy, Instead, a director is required to attend the meeting in-person or via telephone to be counted as present at the meeting for purposes of quorum and voting.\\n1-2. Make sure your proposed amendment is consistent with other regulatory documents.\\nIn addition to ensuring your proposed bylaw conforms with your state's nonprofit corporation statute, you should also check it is consistent with the non-profit's articles of incorporation and, if applicable, other relevant statutes.\\nIf your organization is governed or licensed by a state agency, such as the Department of Education or Department of Banking, review state laws in those areas for additional mandatory bylaw provisions.\\nFor example, if you wish to amend the bylaws of a Home Owner's Association, you must refer to both your state's nonprofit statute and its Home Owner's Association Act. If the Home Owner's Association Act specifies that board meetings must be open to members, your bylaws must allow for members to attend board meetings, even if your state nonprofit statute does not require it.\\n1-3. Don't rely on language found in bylaws of other organizations.\\nAvoid taking the language for your proposed bylaw from the bylaws of other organizations. The bylaws of another organization may:\\nNot be in compliance with the law in your state.\\nNot include important provisions that apply to your organization by default under applicable law.\\nNot have been customized to meet the needs of your organization.\\n1-4. Address all foreseeable scenarios.\\nThink about all of the possible scenarios that could arise in relation to your proposed amendment and address them in the language of the bylaw. \\nFor example, if your amendment describes the process for removing a board member, you also need to include a provision for filling the position upon his removal.\\n1-5. Have a lawyer review the amendment.\\nIf you have any doubts about your proposed amendment or plan to amend the bylaws in a way that will alter them substantially, ask a lawyer who specializes in nonprofit law to review all of your draft amendments. A lawyer will be able to spot inconsistencies and potential problems with the proposal. \\nFor example, a lawyer will be familiar with your state's nonprofit statute and will be able to catch provisions in your draft that may be invalid because they conflict with minimum requirements under the law. If you live in a city, your lawyer will also be familiar with city regulations that affect your bylaws, such as requiring that an elected official or government employee serve on your board.\\n1-6. Be prepared to explain why the amendment is needed.\\nIn order to secure approval for your bylaw, you will need to convince the Board that your amendment is needed. Generally, two-thirds of the Board will need to vote in your favor. For this reason, it is important to consider what reasons you will give to justify amending the current bylaws.\\nFor example, if the activities of your organization no longer fall within the scope of your mission, you will need to amend your mission statement. Prepare to explain what activities were originally envisioned for the organization, how they have evolved and what specific revisions to the mission statement would reflect this new reality.\\n2. Securing Approval\\n2-1. Review the current bylaws.\\nThe rules for amending a nonprofit’s bylaws are contained within the bylaws themselves. To ensure that you amend your bylaws in a way that will not be challenged in court, review the current bylaws for the exact procedures required.\\nLook for the percentage of the Board that must vote in your favor (usually two-thirds).\\nLook for what kind of notice you are required to give the Board before putting the amendment to a vote.\\nIf the members of your organization also have voting powers, look for what percentage of the voting members must vote in favor of an amendment and what kind of notice they must be given.\\nKeep in mind that the process for amending bylaws is the same regardless of whether you wish to modify existing provisions, add new provisions, or delete provisions.\\n2-2. Notify the Board of Directors of your proposed amendment.\\nIf required by your bylaws, you will need to give the members of your Board notice of your proposed amendment before holding a vote to determine whether or not to approve it.\\nPut your proposed amendment in writing and circulate it among the members of the Board so they have a chance to ask you questions about it and consider whether or not to vote in favor of it.\\nPreface the draft amendment with an explanation for why you believe the amendment is necessary.\\n2-3. Hold a vote of the Board of Directors on the amendment.\\nRequest that the Board meet to discuss your proposed amendment and vote on whether to approve it. \\nIf the proposed amendment is a minor one and your bylaws do not require you to give the members of the Board notice of the proposal before the meeting, you may propose the amendment and vote at the same meeting.\\nFollow the rules set forth in the bylaws for who must be at the meeting, how many must attend the meeting, and the percentage of votes necessary for the amendment to pass in order for the vote to be valid.\\nRecord the outcome of the vote and keep a copy with your other corporate papers.\\n2-4. Write the amendment into the bylaws.\\nOnce you have secured the necessary approval for your amendment, draft a new document that contains your complete bylaws, including the amendment. Circulate the new bylaws among the members of the Board and any other relevant individuals.\\n2-5. Inform the IRS.\\nIf your nonprofit is recognized as tax-exempt by the IRS, you are obligated to notify the IRS of any \\\"structural or operational\\\" changes to your bylaws.\\nAn example of a structural or operational change would be the creation of a new program.\\nIf this is your case, either submit the amended bylaws or a letter describing the changes to the IRS Exempt Organizations Determinations Office or report the changes by filing Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.\\nTips\\nBylaws are not public documents and need not be filed with the state.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"The bylaws of a nonprofit corporation set forth the rules that govern the operation of the organization. They contain the rules and procedures for holding meetings, electing directors, appointing officers, and taking care of other essential formalities. As a nonprofit evolves and changes, its bylaws should be periodically reviewed and amended to respond to these changes. For example, a growing nonprofit may want to expand the size of its board or redefine some of its members' duties. If a nonprofit cannot show that its actions conform to the requirements of its bylaws, it will be vulnerable to lawsuits by its members, auditors or vendors.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Drafting Your Proposed Amendment\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Understand your state's nonprofit corporation law.\", \"描述\": \"A nonprofit is governed by the statute in the state in which it was incorporated. Before you draft a bylaw or amendment to an existing bylaw, it is important that you review your state's nonprofit corporation statute to understand its default provisions and the practices it prohibits. \\nConfirm the change you wish to make is not prohibited by state law. If so, the amendment will have no effect and any actions taken pursuant to it will be null and void. For example, the Washington State Nonprofit Act provides: \\\"in no event shall a quorum consist of less than one-third of the number of directors so fixed or stated.” This means that any bylaw in Washington State that allows for a quorum of less than one third would not be valid.\\nRefer to the default provisions in your nonprofit corporation law, such as the minimum number of votes needed in a vote by the Board of Directors. If you wish to override them, amend your bylaws to reflect this change.\\nIn planning how you will hold a vote to secure approval for your amendment, review how members (if there are voting members) and directors are permitted to meet and vote under state law. Many state nonprofit corporation acts do not allow directors to vote by proxy, Instead, a director is required to attend the meeting in-person or via telephone to be counted as present at the meeting for purposes of quorum and voting.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Make sure your proposed amendment is consistent with other regulatory documents.\", \"描述\": \"In addition to ensuring your proposed bylaw conforms with your state's nonprofit corporation statute, you should also check it is consistent with the non-profit's articles of incorporation and, if applicable, other relevant statutes.\\nIf your organization is governed or licensed by a state agency, such as the Department of Education or Department of Banking, review state laws in those areas for additional mandatory bylaw provisions.\\nFor example, if you wish to amend the bylaws of a Home Owner's Association, you must refer to both your state's nonprofit statute and its Home Owner's Association Act. If the Home Owner's Association Act specifies that board meetings must be open to members, your bylaws must allow for members to attend board meetings, even if your state nonprofit statute does not require it.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Don't rely on language found in bylaws of other organizations.\", \"描述\": \"Avoid taking the language for your proposed bylaw from the bylaws of other organizations. The bylaws of another organization may:\\nNot be in compliance with the law in your state.\\nNot include important provisions that apply to your organization by default under applicable law.\\nNot have been customized to meet the needs of your organization.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Address all foreseeable scenarios.\", \"描述\": \"Think about all of the possible scenarios that could arise in relation to your proposed amendment and address them in the language of the bylaw. \\nFor example, if your amendment describes the process for removing a board member, you also need to include a provision for filling the position upon his removal.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Have a lawyer review the amendment.\", \"描述\": \"If you have any doubts about your proposed amendment or plan to amend the bylaws in a way that will alter them substantially, ask a lawyer who specializes in nonprofit law to review all of your draft amendments. A lawyer will be able to spot inconsistencies and potential problems with the proposal. \\nFor example, a lawyer will be familiar with your state's nonprofit statute and will be able to catch provisions in your draft that may be invalid because they conflict with minimum requirements under the law. If you live in a city, your lawyer will also be familiar with city regulations that affect your bylaws, such as requiring that an elected official or government employee serve on your board.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Be prepared to explain why the amendment is needed.\", \"描述\": \"In order to secure approval for your bylaw, you will need to convince the Board that your amendment is needed. Generally, two-thirds of the Board will need to vote in your favor. For this reason, it is important to consider what reasons you will give to justify amending the current bylaws.\\nFor example, if the activities of your organization no longer fall within the scope of your mission, you will need to amend your mission statement. Prepare to explain what activities were originally envisioned for the organization, how they have evolved and what specific revisions to the mission statement would reflect this new reality.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Securing Approval\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Review the current bylaws.\", \"描述\": \"The rules for amending a nonprofit’s bylaws are contained within the bylaws themselves. To ensure that you amend your bylaws in a way that will not be challenged in court, review the current bylaws for the exact procedures required.\\nLook for the percentage of the Board that must vote in your favor (usually two-thirds).\\nLook for what kind of notice you are required to give the Board before putting the amendment to a vote.\\nIf the members of your organization also have voting powers, look for what percentage of the voting members must vote in favor of an amendment and what kind of notice they must be given.\\nKeep in mind that the process for amending bylaws is the same regardless of whether you wish to modify existing provisions, add new provisions, or delete provisions.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Notify the Board of Directors of your proposed amendment.\", \"描述\": \"If required by your bylaws, you will need to give the members of your Board notice of your proposed amendment before holding a vote to determine whether or not to approve it.\\nPut your proposed amendment in writing and circulate it among the members of the Board so they have a chance to ask you questions about it and consider whether or not to vote in favor of it.\\nPreface the draft amendment with an explanation for why you believe the amendment is necessary.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Hold a vote of the Board of Directors on the amendment.\", \"描述\": \"Request that the Board meet to discuss your proposed amendment and vote on whether to approve it. \\nIf the proposed amendment is a minor one and your bylaws do not require you to give the members of the Board notice of the proposal before the meeting, you may propose the amendment and vote at the same meeting.\\nFollow the rules set forth in the bylaws for who must be at the meeting, how many must attend the meeting, and the percentage of votes necessary for the amendment to pass in order for the vote to be valid.\\nRecord the outcome of the vote and keep a copy with your other corporate papers.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Write the amendment into the bylaws.\", \"描述\": \"Once you have secured the necessary approval for your amendment, draft a new document that contains your complete bylaws, including the amendment. Circulate the new bylaws among the members of the Board and any other relevant individuals.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Inform the IRS.\", \"描述\": \"If your nonprofit is recognized as tax-exempt by the IRS, you are obligated to notify the IRS of any \\\"structural or operational\\\" changes to your bylaws.\\nAn example of a structural or operational change would be the creation of a new program.\\nIf this is your case, either submit the amended bylaws or a letter describing the changes to the IRS Exempt Organizations Determinations Office or report the changes by filing Form 990 or Form 990-EZ.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Bylaws are not public documents and need not be filed with the state.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,648 | How to Amend a Death Certificate | 1. Preparing to Amend a Death Certificate
1-1. Consider why you want to amend the death certificate.
Incorrect information on a death certificate is important to change. Not only does it affect demographers' data, it may impact an insurance settlement. You should get organized at an early stage by identifying all details you need to correct on the death certificate. It is possible, and imperative, to amend any and all incorrect details of the death certificate.
For example, a death certificate with an inaccurate veteran status may affect death insurance claims you file with armed forces aid associations.
Incorrect dates, misspelled names, and other personal information should always be corrected.
1-2. Find out your eligibility.
Anyone is eligible to initiate the amendment process if they find information they know to be incorrect and get the necessary signatures. However, some states have restrictions on who can actually file the paperwork. If you are not eligible to file death certificate amendment paperwork, contact those who are. Tell them what is wrong and how you can give evidence to back up your claims.
For example, in Michigan, only a certifying physician or medical examiner can amend medical details such as cause of death.
1-3. Know the time limitations.
You can always amend death certificates as long as you have evidence to support your claims. However, the manner in which you file the amendment paperwork is more restricted as time goes on. This varies state-by-state, however in many cases it means only being able to file through your state's central vital statistics and vital information registry.
For example, in Minnesota, the funeral home can only amend the death certificate in the first year after death. After 5 years, only the state registrar can process and file your request.
2. Amend a Death Certificate by Mail
2-1. Figure out which state the death certificate was registered in.
Look on the death certificate if you are unsure. Depending on where you live, you might be able to contact the office online through the state government's website. Many states now have the applicable instructions and forms accessible on their website. Some states give you a choice whether to you’re your amendment request through state or local government.
Amending a death certificate is not yet a process you can complete on a website or online interface. You still have to mail amendment request forms most likely because you have to present the original copies of your supporting documentation. However, most states now have the information and resources you need on their webpage.
2-2. Download the forms you need.
You will need to fill out a form telling the state how the death certificate needs to be changed. Some states require you to complete an application for amendment form before you can amend the death certificate. Your state’s website should tell you what procedures you will need to follow. Look over the forms before you continue so you can ensure you have all the items and information you need in each stage of the process.
You have to provide documentation to support your claims. These have to be the original copies with all the authorization needed (such as signatures, seals, etc.). They have to be intact and legible.
For example, if you are amending the deceased's death certificate to indicate his veteran status, you will need to find their discharge certificate. Supporting documentation could also be their birth certificate, if a date or location is wrong on the death certificate.
You will also have to remit the requisite amendment fee.
2-3. Pick up any remaining forms in person.
You may not be able to access all the forms online. Phone your office of vital statistics or records and ask where you can pick up other forms. If you have all the information you want to complete the amendment on-site, you can fill out the form and submit it in person. If not, take it home and make sure you have all the documents in order.
2-4. Mail the envelope.
Be sure to include any and all necessary applications, forms, supporting documentation, and fees. Once you have confirmation of receipt, you may need to wait a matter of days or weeks while they process the request. Take care to use the mailing method outlined by the office.
3. Amend a Death Certificate in Person
3-1. Go to the local registrar.
Look at the death certificate to see which local municipality it was registered in. This may be the county office of vital statistics, department of health, licensing center, county recorder, among other things.
You can only use this method through the first five years after the date of death in some states. Check time restrictions in your state before beginning any amendment process.
3-2. Visit the funeral home that handled the deceased's funeral arrangements.
A funeral director will contact the person who provided the information (informant) for the death certificate. If the informant agrees, the funeral director will make the application for amendment for you. You can find the name of the funeral home on the death certificate.
3-3. Contact the informant directly.
Since the funeral home will ultimately be contacting this person, you may be able to go to them directly. Make sure there are not any legal restrictions on your contacting this person. As with visiting the funeral home, some states only accept this method up to a certain date after the death.
Informants are often family members. They could be fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, partners, etc.
Warnings
You will not be able to change the date or cause of death through an amendment. Only a medical examiner or the physician who attended the person at the time of death can make this change.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:49",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Preparing to Amend a Death Certificate\\n1-1. Consider why you want to amend the death certificate.\\nIncorrect information on a death certificate is important to change. Not only does it affect demographers' data, it may impact an insurance settlement. You should get organized at an early stage by identifying all details you need to correct on the death certificate. It is possible, and imperative, to amend any and all incorrect details of the death certificate.\\nFor example, a death certificate with an inaccurate veteran status may affect death insurance claims you file with armed forces aid associations.\\nIncorrect dates, misspelled names, and other personal information should always be corrected.\\n1-2. Find out your eligibility.\\nAnyone is eligible to initiate the amendment process if they find information they know to be incorrect and get the necessary signatures. However, some states have restrictions on who can actually file the paperwork. If you are not eligible to file death certificate amendment paperwork, contact those who are. Tell them what is wrong and how you can give evidence to back up your claims.\\nFor example, in Michigan, only a certifying physician or medical examiner can amend medical details such as cause of death.\\n1-3. Know the time limitations.\\nYou can always amend death certificates as long as you have evidence to support your claims. However, the manner in which you file the amendment paperwork is more restricted as time goes on. This varies state-by-state, however in many cases it means only being able to file through your state's central vital statistics and vital information registry.\\nFor example, in Minnesota, the funeral home can only amend the death certificate in the first year after death. After 5 years, only the state registrar can process and file your request.\\n2. Amend a Death Certificate by Mail\\n2-1. Figure out which state the death certificate was registered in.\\nLook on the death certificate if you are unsure. Depending on where you live, you might be able to contact the office online through the state government's website. Many states now have the applicable instructions and forms accessible on their website. Some states give you a choice whether to you’re your amendment request through state or local government. \\nAmending a death certificate is not yet a process you can complete on a website or online interface. You still have to mail amendment request forms most likely because you have to present the original copies of your supporting documentation. However, most states now have the information and resources you need on their webpage.\\n2-2. Download the forms you need.\\nYou will need to fill out a form telling the state how the death certificate needs to be changed. Some states require you to complete an application for amendment form before you can amend the death certificate. Your state’s website should tell you what procedures you will need to follow. Look over the forms before you continue so you can ensure you have all the items and information you need in each stage of the process.\\nYou have to provide documentation to support your claims. These have to be the original copies with all the authorization needed (such as signatures, seals, etc.). They have to be intact and legible.\\nFor example, if you are amending the deceased's death certificate to indicate his veteran status, you will need to find their discharge certificate. Supporting documentation could also be their birth certificate, if a date or location is wrong on the death certificate.\\nYou will also have to remit the requisite amendment fee.\\n2-3. Pick up any remaining forms in person.\\nYou may not be able to access all the forms online. Phone your office of vital statistics or records and ask where you can pick up other forms. If you have all the information you want to complete the amendment on-site, you can fill out the form and submit it in person. If not, take it home and make sure you have all the documents in order.\\n2-4. Mail the envelope.\\nBe sure to include any and all necessary applications, forms, supporting documentation, and fees. Once you have confirmation of receipt, you may need to wait a matter of days or weeks while they process the request. Take care to use the mailing method outlined by the office.\\n3. Amend a Death Certificate in Person\\n3-1. Go to the local registrar.\\nLook at the death certificate to see which local municipality it was registered in. This may be the county office of vital statistics, department of health, licensing center, county recorder, among other things.\\nYou can only use this method through the first five years after the date of death in some states. Check time restrictions in your state before beginning any amendment process.\\n3-2. Visit the funeral home that handled the deceased's funeral arrangements.\\nA funeral director will contact the person who provided the information (informant) for the death certificate. If the informant agrees, the funeral director will make the application for amendment for you. You can find the name of the funeral home on the death certificate.\\n3-3. Contact the informant directly.\\nSince the funeral home will ultimately be contacting this person, you may be able to go to them directly. Make sure there are not any legal restrictions on your contacting this person. As with visiting the funeral home, some states only accept this method up to a certain date after the death.\\nInformants are often family members. They could be fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, partners, etc.\\nWarnings\\nYou will not be able to change the date or cause of death through an amendment. Only a medical examiner or the physician who attended the person at the time of death can make this change.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"A death certificate serves as proof that a person has died and lists the cause of death. It also includes vital information, including the decedent's birth date, education and whether the person was a military veteran. Surviving children and spouses need death certificates to collect death benefits, among other things. Demographers who compile data on the population use them as a historical record. You can and should amend incorrect or missing information on death certificates. Anyone can amend a death certificate as long as the changes are approved by the informant who originally approved the death certificate, and you present evidence to support your claims.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Preparing to Amend a Death Certificate\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Consider why you want to amend the death certificate.\", \"描述\": \"Incorrect information on a death certificate is important to change. Not only does it affect demographers' data, it may impact an insurance settlement. You should get organized at an early stage by identifying all details you need to correct on the death certificate. It is possible, and imperative, to amend any and all incorrect details of the death certificate.\\nFor example, a death certificate with an inaccurate veteran status may affect death insurance claims you file with armed forces aid associations.\\nIncorrect dates, misspelled names, and other personal information should always be corrected.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Find out your eligibility.\", \"描述\": \"Anyone is eligible to initiate the amendment process if they find information they know to be incorrect and get the necessary signatures. However, some states have restrictions on who can actually file the paperwork. If you are not eligible to file death certificate amendment paperwork, contact those who are. Tell them what is wrong and how you can give evidence to back up your claims.\\nFor example, in Michigan, only a certifying physician or medical examiner can amend medical details such as cause of death.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Know the time limitations.\", \"描述\": \"You can always amend death certificates as long as you have evidence to support your claims. However, the manner in which you file the amendment paperwork is more restricted as time goes on. This varies state-by-state, however in many cases it means only being able to file through your state's central vital statistics and vital information registry.\\nFor example, in Minnesota, the funeral home can only amend the death certificate in the first year after death. After 5 years, only the state registrar can process and file your request.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Amend a Death Certificate by Mail\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Figure out which state the death certificate was registered in.\", \"描述\": \"Look on the death certificate if you are unsure. Depending on where you live, you might be able to contact the office online through the state government's website. Many states now have the applicable instructions and forms accessible on their website. Some states give you a choice whether to you’re your amendment request through state or local government. \\nAmending a death certificate is not yet a process you can complete on a website or online interface. You still have to mail amendment request forms most likely because you have to present the original copies of your supporting documentation. However, most states now have the information and resources you need on their webpage.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Download the forms you need.\", \"描述\": \"You will need to fill out a form telling the state how the death certificate needs to be changed. Some states require you to complete an application for amendment form before you can amend the death certificate. Your state’s website should tell you what procedures you will need to follow. Look over the forms before you continue so you can ensure you have all the items and information you need in each stage of the process.\\nYou have to provide documentation to support your claims. These have to be the original copies with all the authorization needed (such as signatures, seals, etc.). They have to be intact and legible.\\nFor example, if you are amending the deceased's death certificate to indicate his veteran status, you will need to find their discharge certificate. Supporting documentation could also be their birth certificate, if a date or location is wrong on the death certificate.\\nYou will also have to remit the requisite amendment fee.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Pick up any remaining forms in person.\", \"描述\": \"You may not be able to access all the forms online. Phone your office of vital statistics or records and ask where you can pick up other forms. If you have all the information you want to complete the amendment on-site, you can fill out the form and submit it in person. If not, take it home and make sure you have all the documents in order.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Mail the envelope.\", \"描述\": \"Be sure to include any and all necessary applications, forms, supporting documentation, and fees. Once you have confirmation of receipt, you may need to wait a matter of days or weeks while they process the request. Take care to use the mailing method outlined by the office.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Amend a Death Certificate in Person\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Go to the local registrar.\", \"描述\": \"Look at the death certificate to see which local municipality it was registered in. This may be the county office of vital statistics, department of health, licensing center, county recorder, among other things.\\nYou can only use this method through the first five years after the date of death in some states. Check time restrictions in your state before beginning any amendment process.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Visit the funeral home that handled the deceased's funeral arrangements.\", \"描述\": \"A funeral director will contact the person who provided the information (informant) for the death certificate. If the informant agrees, the funeral director will make the application for amendment for you. You can find the name of the funeral home on the death certificate.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Contact the informant directly.\", \"描述\": \"Since the funeral home will ultimately be contacting this person, you may be able to go to them directly. Make sure there are not any legal restrictions on your contacting this person. As with visiting the funeral home, some states only accept this method up to a certain date after the death.\\nInformants are often family members. They could be fathers, mothers, sons, daughters, partners, etc.\"}], \"注意事项\": [\"You will not be able to change the date or cause of death through an amendment. Only a medical examiner or the physician who attended the person at the time of death can make this change.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,649 | How to Amend a Divorce Decree | 1. Filing a Motion to Modify
1-1. Find the correct forms.
Most courts provide a form for divorce decree modifications. Especially in cases involving children, modifications are common as circumstances change.
Keep in mind that after the period for appeal has passed, you can't have the division of property modified. However, any ongoing obligations or responsibilities such as child support, spousal support, or child visitation are subject to modification if circumstances change.
You may have to use a different form depending on whether you want to modify custody and visitation, child support, or spousal support.
Go to the website of the court where your original divorce case was heard and see if there are modification forms available for you to download. You also might find paper forms at the clerk's office.
1-2. Draft your motion.
To have a divorce decree modified, you must demonstrate that there has been a significant change in circumstances since the decree was entered.
For example, if your ex-spouse recently got a promotion and should be paying more child support as a result, you can have the divorce decree modified to account for this change. In some states such as Alabama, court rules establish a rebuttable presumption that child support should be modified if the new amount calculated using the child support guidelines varies more than 10 percent from the original amount.
1-3. Sign your motion in the presence of a notary.
If you're making factual statements in your motion, you should sign it in front of a notary public.
If you don't know where to find a notary, check and see if your bank provides free notary services to its customers. You also can find notaries at some private businesses such as check-cashing companies, or in the courthouse.
Nearly every aspect of child or spousal support and visitation can be modified. If you're the one filing the motion for modification, it's up to you to prove that the change is great enough to require the decree be changed to accommodate it.
For example, suppose your original decree had your kids coming to visit you every other weekend. However, your employer is about to transfer you to a new plant 500 miles away, which would make such frequent travel for such short periods of time unfeasible. In these circumstances, a judge might be willing to enter a modification with a more reasonable visitation schedule.
1-4. Assemble your motion and make copies.
Once you've signed your motion, assemble it and all attachments and make enough copies to send one to your ex-spouse and keep at least one for your records.
Include any evidentiary documents as attachments. For example, if you are requesting the amount of child support be modified because you've changed jobs and have a significant change in income, you might attach copies of paycheck stubs.
You also should attach a copy of the original divorce decree.
Make sure you have a certificate of service and notice of hearing. These forms usually are available at the same place where you got the forms for your motion.
1-5. File your motion.
Take your originals and copies to the clerk's office of the court that issued your divorce decree and file your motion to modify.
The clerk will stamp your originals and copies "filed" with the date after you pay the filing fee, usually around $100.
The clerk also will schedule a date and time for your hearing and include this on the notice of hearing attached to your motion.
1-6. Serve your ex-spouse.
After your motion has been filed, you must send copies to your spouse to provide notice of your request for modification and the hearing scheduled.
You can contact the sheriff's department or a private process serving company to serve the papers in person, or you can mail them certified mail.
1-7. Attend mediation or pre-trial conferences as required.
A motion to modify can become as lengthy and formal as a divorce trial itself. For this reason, many jurisdictions require you to complete mediation or attend a pre-trial conference before the motion is heard by a judge.
1-8. Appear in court for your hearing.
If your ex-spouse continues to contest your request for modification, or you are otherwise unable to reach an agreement, a judge will hear your motion and make a final decision on whether to modify the decree.
Arrive at the courthouse early so you have plenty of time to park and go through security. Dress conservatively and professionally, and bring copies of all the documents you've filed along with any witnesses or evidence you wish to present.
In court, rise when your name is called and speak only to the judge. Since you filed the motion, you will have the opportunity to speak first.
After you've presented the reasons you believe the decree should be modified, the judge will give your ex-spouse the opportunity to present her side. Do not speak to her directly or interrupt her; speak only to the judge.
After hearing both sides and any witnesses, the judge will issue her final ruling on your motion. You may receive the final order that day, or it may be mailed to you later.
2. Filing an Appeal
2-1. Determine whether you qualify to appeal.
You have a brief period of time, usually 30 days, after your decree is entered to appeal some portion of the judge's decision.
Either spouse can appeal a trial court's decision to an appeals court.
An appeal turns on what happened during the trial, not what has happened since the trial. You can't introduce new facts or evidence on appeal – you're only arguing that the trial judge's decision was incorrect based on the information he had at the time.
Keep in mind that settlement agreements typically can't be appealed, because you both agreed to the terms. You may be able to modify the agreement if circumstances have changed.
2-2. Consider hiring an attorney.
Even if you didn't have an attorney represent you at trial, appellate practice is considerably more complicated than trial practice, and divorce decisions are rarely overturned on appeal.
If you did have an attorney, she may be willing to continue to represent you, or she may refer you to another attorney who specializes in appeals.
Appeals arguments typically focus on issues of legal interpretation rather than factual disputes. Appellate judges generally won't second guess a trial judge's factual conclusions.
An attorney will ensure that you have solid grounds for appeal and that all necessary documents are filed ahead of any deadlines.
2-3. Draft your appellate brief.
The appellate brief contains your legal argument as to why the trial court judge's decision was wrong and should be overruled.
Unlike your initial divorce petition, you likely won't find forms to fill out for an appellate brief. You may be able to find briefs filed in other cases in the same court to use as guides.
Typically an appellate brief argues the judge made a mistake either in applying or interpreting the law – not that the judge made a mistake of fact. For example, if the court concluded that your total income was $100,000 a year, you can't appeal that factual conclusion. However, if the judge arrived at that conclusion because he included money that legally should have been excluded from your legal income for the purposes of calculating child or spousal support, that would be an issue for appeal.
2-4. File your appellate brief.
When you file your brief, you must also follow your appellate court's rules for "perfecting" your appeal. These vary not only among states but also among appellate courts within a state.
In addition to paying a filing fee, you typically will have to file a notice of appeal and order a trial transcript along with a written order asking the trial court clerk to send the trial court record to the court of appeals.
2-5. Attend the appellate court hearing.
After the appellate court receives all the documents for your case, it may hold oral arguments on either party's request. No testimony or evidence is presented; rather, appellate attorneys argue their cases based on the record of the case at trial.
Once arguments are heard, the appeals court, typically consisting of a three-judge panel, will decide whether to accept or deny your appeal.
In most cases, unless your judge made a serious error, the appellate court will uphold the original decree and you will have to follow it.
Tips
In some jurisdictions you can also file a "Motion for Relief from Judgment" to correct an inadvertent mutual mistake of fact or accommodate discovery of evidence that existed at the time the decree was entered but was unknown to you at the time. If that describes your situation, check with the court clerk about whether you can file such a motion.[15]
X
Research source
If your ex-spouse doesn't agree with your proposed modifications, consider mediation as an easier and less expensive way to come to an agreement before engaging in a contested modification battle.[16]
X
Research source
In the real world, you and your ex-spouse may "modify" your decree any time you want without court involvement. For example, you may agree amongst yourselves to a different visitation schedule. However, keep in mind that these agreements are not enforceable unless you file a motion for modification with the court where the divorce was granted.
Warnings
While it's fairly common to request a modification to custody, child support, or spousal support agreements, courts are reluctant to change the terms of property division agreements. In some states, such changes are prohibited. In states where it's allowed, the modification typically must be requested within 30 days of the entry of the divorce decree.[17]
X
Research source
[18]
X
Research source
If you decide to file an appeal, keep in mind that the process can take several years, especially if the appellate court sends your case back to the trial court with instructions to consider certain issues again. You should give serious thought to how your life will be impacted by having your divorce up in the air for that length of time.[19]
X
Research source
If you file a motion for modification within six months of the date your decree is finalized, the judge will look at it with suspicion. Because a substantial change of circumstances is required, it is unlikely that things would change so significantly in such a brief period of time as to justify modification. Some states even require a higher burden of proof if you file a motion for modification within the first year of your divorce.[20]
X
Research source
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:49",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Filing a Motion to Modify\\n1-1. Find the correct forms.\\nMost courts provide a form for divorce decree modifications. Especially in cases involving children, modifications are common as circumstances change.\\nKeep in mind that after the period for appeal has passed, you can't have the division of property modified. However, any ongoing obligations or responsibilities such as child support, spousal support, or child visitation are subject to modification if circumstances change.\\nYou may have to use a different form depending on whether you want to modify custody and visitation, child support, or spousal support.\\nGo to the website of the court where your original divorce case was heard and see if there are modification forms available for you to download. You also might find paper forms at the clerk's office.\\n1-2. Draft your motion.\\nTo have a divorce decree modified, you must demonstrate that there has been a significant change in circumstances since the decree was entered.\\nFor example, if your ex-spouse recently got a promotion and should be paying more child support as a result, you can have the divorce decree modified to account for this change. In some states such as Alabama, court rules establish a rebuttable presumption that child support should be modified if the new amount calculated using the child support guidelines varies more than 10 percent from the original amount.\\n1-3. Sign your motion in the presence of a notary.\\nIf you're making factual statements in your motion, you should sign it in front of a notary public.\\nIf you don't know where to find a notary, check and see if your bank provides free notary services to its customers. You also can find notaries at some private businesses such as check-cashing companies, or in the courthouse.\\nNearly every aspect of child or spousal support and visitation can be modified. If you're the one filing the motion for modification, it's up to you to prove that the change is great enough to require the decree be changed to accommodate it.\\nFor example, suppose your original decree had your kids coming to visit you every other weekend. However, your employer is about to transfer you to a new plant 500 miles away, which would make such frequent travel for such short periods of time unfeasible. In these circumstances, a judge might be willing to enter a modification with a more reasonable visitation schedule.\\n1-4. Assemble your motion and make copies.\\nOnce you've signed your motion, assemble it and all attachments and make enough copies to send one to your ex-spouse and keep at least one for your records.\\nInclude any evidentiary documents as attachments. For example, if you are requesting the amount of child support be modified because you've changed jobs and have a significant change in income, you might attach copies of paycheck stubs.\\nYou also should attach a copy of the original divorce decree.\\nMake sure you have a certificate of service and notice of hearing. These forms usually are available at the same place where you got the forms for your motion.\\n1-5. File your motion.\\nTake your originals and copies to the clerk's office of the court that issued your divorce decree and file your motion to modify.\\nThe clerk will stamp your originals and copies \\\"filed\\\" with the date after you pay the filing fee, usually around $100.\\nThe clerk also will schedule a date and time for your hearing and include this on the notice of hearing attached to your motion.\\n1-6. Serve your ex-spouse.\\nAfter your motion has been filed, you must send copies to your spouse to provide notice of your request for modification and the hearing scheduled.\\nYou can contact the sheriff's department or a private process serving company to serve the papers in person, or you can mail them certified mail.\\n1-7. Attend mediation or pre-trial conferences as required.\\nA motion to modify can become as lengthy and formal as a divorce trial itself. For this reason, many jurisdictions require you to complete mediation or attend a pre-trial conference before the motion is heard by a judge.\\n1-8. Appear in court for your hearing.\\nIf your ex-spouse continues to contest your request for modification, or you are otherwise unable to reach an agreement, a judge will hear your motion and make a final decision on whether to modify the decree.\\nArrive at the courthouse early so you have plenty of time to park and go through security. Dress conservatively and professionally, and bring copies of all the documents you've filed along with any witnesses or evidence you wish to present.\\nIn court, rise when your name is called and speak only to the judge. Since you filed the motion, you will have the opportunity to speak first.\\nAfter you've presented the reasons you believe the decree should be modified, the judge will give your ex-spouse the opportunity to present her side. Do not speak to her directly or interrupt her; speak only to the judge.\\nAfter hearing both sides and any witnesses, the judge will issue her final ruling on your motion. You may receive the final order that day, or it may be mailed to you later.\\n2. Filing an Appeal\\n2-1. Determine whether you qualify to appeal.\\nYou have a brief period of time, usually 30 days, after your decree is entered to appeal some portion of the judge's decision.\\nEither spouse can appeal a trial court's decision to an appeals court.\\nAn appeal turns on what happened during the trial, not what has happened since the trial. You can't introduce new facts or evidence on appeal – you're only arguing that the trial judge's decision was incorrect based on the information he had at the time.\\nKeep in mind that settlement agreements typically can't be appealed, because you both agreed to the terms. You may be able to modify the agreement if circumstances have changed.\\n2-2. Consider hiring an attorney.\\nEven if you didn't have an attorney represent you at trial, appellate practice is considerably more complicated than trial practice, and divorce decisions are rarely overturned on appeal.\\nIf you did have an attorney, she may be willing to continue to represent you, or she may refer you to another attorney who specializes in appeals.\\nAppeals arguments typically focus on issues of legal interpretation rather than factual disputes. Appellate judges generally won't second guess a trial judge's factual conclusions.\\nAn attorney will ensure that you have solid grounds for appeal and that all necessary documents are filed ahead of any deadlines.\\n2-3. Draft your appellate brief.\\nThe appellate brief contains your legal argument as to why the trial court judge's decision was wrong and should be overruled.\\nUnlike your initial divorce petition, you likely won't find forms to fill out for an appellate brief. You may be able to find briefs filed in other cases in the same court to use as guides.\\nTypically an appellate brief argues the judge made a mistake either in applying or interpreting the law – not that the judge made a mistake of fact. For example, if the court concluded that your total income was $100,000 a year, you can't appeal that factual conclusion. However, if the judge arrived at that conclusion because he included money that legally should have been excluded from your legal income for the purposes of calculating child or spousal support, that would be an issue for appeal.\\n2-4. File your appellate brief.\\nWhen you file your brief, you must also follow your appellate court's rules for \\\"perfecting\\\" your appeal. These vary not only among states but also among appellate courts within a state.\\nIn addition to paying a filing fee, you typically will have to file a notice of appeal and order a trial transcript along with a written order asking the trial court clerk to send the trial court record to the court of appeals.\\n2-5. Attend the appellate court hearing.\\nAfter the appellate court receives all the documents for your case, it may hold oral arguments on either party's request. No testimony or evidence is presented; rather, appellate attorneys argue their cases based on the record of the case at trial.\\nOnce arguments are heard, the appeals court, typically consisting of a three-judge panel, will decide whether to accept or deny your appeal.\\nIn most cases, unless your judge made a serious error, the appellate court will uphold the original decree and you will have to follow it.\\nTips\\nIn some jurisdictions you can also file a \\\"Motion for Relief from Judgment\\\" to correct an inadvertent mutual mistake of fact or accommodate discovery of evidence that existed at the time the decree was entered but was unknown to you at the time. If that describes your situation, check with the court clerk about whether you can file such a motion.[15]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nIf your ex-spouse doesn't agree with your proposed modifications, consider mediation as an easier and less expensive way to come to an agreement before engaging in a contested modification battle.[16]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nIn the real world, you and your ex-spouse may \\\"modify\\\" your decree any time you want without court involvement. For example, you may agree amongst yourselves to a different visitation schedule. However, keep in mind that these agreements are not enforceable unless you file a motion for modification with the court where the divorce was granted.\\nWarnings\\nWhile it's fairly common to request a modification to custody, child support, or spousal support agreements, courts are reluctant to change the terms of property division agreements. In some states, such changes are prohibited. In states where it's allowed, the modification typically must be requested within 30 days of the entry of the divorce decree.[17]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\\n\\n\\n[18]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nIf you decide to file an appeal, keep in mind that the process can take several years, especially if the appellate court sends your case back to the trial court with instructions to consider certain issues again. You should give serious thought to how your life will be impacted by having your divorce up in the air for that length of time.[19]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nIf you file a motion for modification within six months of the date your decree is finalized, the judge will look at it with suspicion. Because a substantial change of circumstances is required, it is unlikely that things would change so significantly in such a brief period of time as to justify modification. Some states even require a higher burden of proof if you file a motion for modification within the first year of your divorce.[20]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Although a divorce decree is the final order of a judge, its terms can be changed in two situations. If you think the judge came to the wrong decision regarding any aspect of your divorce, you have the ability to appeal that decision to a higher court, provided you do so within a narrow window of time following the issuance of your divorce decree. On the other hand, if something changes after the decree is finalized that affects certain aspects of the divorce, you may be able to file a motion to modify the decree to accommodate those changed circumstances.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Filing a Motion to Modify\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Find the correct forms.\", \"描述\": \"Most courts provide a form for divorce decree modifications. Especially in cases involving children, modifications are common as circumstances change.\\nKeep in mind that after the period for appeal has passed, you can't have the division of property modified. However, any ongoing obligations or responsibilities such as child support, spousal support, or child visitation are subject to modification if circumstances change.\\nYou may have to use a different form depending on whether you want to modify custody and visitation, child support, or spousal support.\\nGo to the website of the court where your original divorce case was heard and see if there are modification forms available for you to download. You also might find paper forms at the clerk's office.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Draft your motion.\", \"描述\": \"To have a divorce decree modified, you must demonstrate that there has been a significant change in circumstances since the decree was entered.\\nFor example, if your ex-spouse recently got a promotion and should be paying more child support as a result, you can have the divorce decree modified to account for this change. In some states such as Alabama, court rules establish a rebuttable presumption that child support should be modified if the new amount calculated using the child support guidelines varies more than 10 percent from the original amount.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Sign your motion in the presence of a notary.\", \"描述\": \"If you're making factual statements in your motion, you should sign it in front of a notary public.\\nIf you don't know where to find a notary, check and see if your bank provides free notary services to its customers. You also can find notaries at some private businesses such as check-cashing companies, or in the courthouse.\\nNearly every aspect of child or spousal support and visitation can be modified. If you're the one filing the motion for modification, it's up to you to prove that the change is great enough to require the decree be changed to accommodate it.\\nFor example, suppose your original decree had your kids coming to visit you every other weekend. However, your employer is about to transfer you to a new plant 500 miles away, which would make such frequent travel for such short periods of time unfeasible. In these circumstances, a judge might be willing to enter a modification with a more reasonable visitation schedule.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Assemble your motion and make copies.\", \"描述\": \"Once you've signed your motion, assemble it and all attachments and make enough copies to send one to your ex-spouse and keep at least one for your records.\\nInclude any evidentiary documents as attachments. For example, if you are requesting the amount of child support be modified because you've changed jobs and have a significant change in income, you might attach copies of paycheck stubs.\\nYou also should attach a copy of the original divorce decree.\\nMake sure you have a certificate of service and notice of hearing. These forms usually are available at the same place where you got the forms for your motion.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"File your motion.\", \"描述\": \"Take your originals and copies to the clerk's office of the court that issued your divorce decree and file your motion to modify.\\nThe clerk will stamp your originals and copies \\\"filed\\\" with the date after you pay the filing fee, usually around $100.\\nThe clerk also will schedule a date and time for your hearing and include this on the notice of hearing attached to your motion.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Serve your ex-spouse.\", \"描述\": \"After your motion has been filed, you must send copies to your spouse to provide notice of your request for modification and the hearing scheduled.\\nYou can contact the sheriff's department or a private process serving company to serve the papers in person, or you can mail them certified mail.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Attend mediation or pre-trial conferences as required.\", \"描述\": \"A motion to modify can become as lengthy and formal as a divorce trial itself. For this reason, many jurisdictions require you to complete mediation or attend a pre-trial conference before the motion is heard by a judge.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Appear in court for your hearing.\", \"描述\": \"If your ex-spouse continues to contest your request for modification, or you are otherwise unable to reach an agreement, a judge will hear your motion and make a final decision on whether to modify the decree.\\nArrive at the courthouse early so you have plenty of time to park and go through security. Dress conservatively and professionally, and bring copies of all the documents you've filed along with any witnesses or evidence you wish to present.\\nIn court, rise when your name is called and speak only to the judge. Since you filed the motion, you will have the opportunity to speak first.\\nAfter you've presented the reasons you believe the decree should be modified, the judge will give your ex-spouse the opportunity to present her side. Do not speak to her directly or interrupt her; speak only to the judge.\\nAfter hearing both sides and any witnesses, the judge will issue her final ruling on your motion. You may receive the final order that day, or it may be mailed to you later.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Filing an Appeal\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine whether you qualify to appeal.\", \"描述\": \"You have a brief period of time, usually 30 days, after your decree is entered to appeal some portion of the judge's decision.\\nEither spouse can appeal a trial court's decision to an appeals court.\\nAn appeal turns on what happened during the trial, not what has happened since the trial. You can't introduce new facts or evidence on appeal – you're only arguing that the trial judge's decision was incorrect based on the information he had at the time.\\nKeep in mind that settlement agreements typically can't be appealed, because you both agreed to the terms. You may be able to modify the agreement if circumstances have changed.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Consider hiring an attorney.\", \"描述\": \"Even if you didn't have an attorney represent you at trial, appellate practice is considerably more complicated than trial practice, and divorce decisions are rarely overturned on appeal.\\nIf you did have an attorney, she may be willing to continue to represent you, or she may refer you to another attorney who specializes in appeals.\\nAppeals arguments typically focus on issues of legal interpretation rather than factual disputes. Appellate judges generally won't second guess a trial judge's factual conclusions.\\nAn attorney will ensure that you have solid grounds for appeal and that all necessary documents are filed ahead of any deadlines.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Draft your appellate brief.\", \"描述\": \"The appellate brief contains your legal argument as to why the trial court judge's decision was wrong and should be overruled.\\nUnlike your initial divorce petition, you likely won't find forms to fill out for an appellate brief. You may be able to find briefs filed in other cases in the same court to use as guides.\\nTypically an appellate brief argues the judge made a mistake either in applying or interpreting the law – not that the judge made a mistake of fact. For example, if the court concluded that your total income was $100,000 a year, you can't appeal that factual conclusion. However, if the judge arrived at that conclusion because he included money that legally should have been excluded from your legal income for the purposes of calculating child or spousal support, that would be an issue for appeal.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"File your appellate brief.\", \"描述\": \"When you file your brief, you must also follow your appellate court's rules for \\\"perfecting\\\" your appeal. These vary not only among states but also among appellate courts within a state.\\nIn addition to paying a filing fee, you typically will have to file a notice of appeal and order a trial transcript along with a written order asking the trial court clerk to send the trial court record to the court of appeals.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Attend the appellate court hearing.\", \"描述\": \"After the appellate court receives all the documents for your case, it may hold oral arguments on either party's request. No testimony or evidence is presented; rather, appellate attorneys argue their cases based on the record of the case at trial.\\nOnce arguments are heard, the appeals court, typically consisting of a three-judge panel, will decide whether to accept or deny your appeal.\\nIn most cases, unless your judge made a serious error, the appellate court will uphold the original decree and you will have to follow it.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"In some jurisdictions you can also file a \\\"Motion for Relief from Judgment\\\" to correct an inadvertent mutual mistake of fact or accommodate discovery of evidence that existed at the time the decree was entered but was unknown to you at the time. If that describes your situation, check with the court clerk about whether you can file such a motion.[15]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"If your ex-spouse doesn't agree with your proposed modifications, consider mediation as an easier and less expensive way to come to an agreement before engaging in a contested modification battle.[16]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"In the real world, you and your ex-spouse may \\\"modify\\\" your decree any time you want without court involvement. For example, you may agree amongst yourselves to a different visitation schedule. However, keep in mind that these agreements are not enforceable unless you file a motion for modification with the court where the divorce was granted.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"While it's fairly common to request a modification to custody, child support, or spousal support agreements, courts are reluctant to change the terms of property division agreements. In some states, such changes are prohibited. In states where it's allowed, the modification typically must be requested within 30 days of the entry of the divorce decree.[17]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\\n\\n\\n[18]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"If you decide to file an appeal, keep in mind that the process can take several years, especially if the appellate court sends your case back to the trial court with instructions to consider certain issues again. You should give serious thought to how your life will be impacted by having your divorce up in the air for that length of time.[19]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"If you file a motion for modification within six months of the date your decree is finalized, the judge will look at it with suspicion. Because a substantial change of circumstances is required, it is unlikely that things would change so significantly in such a brief period of time as to justify modification. Some states even require a higher burden of proof if you file a motion for modification within the first year of your divorce.[20]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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} | wikihow |
1,650 | How to Amend a Divorce Petition | 1. Considering An Attorney
1-1. Search for a good family law attorney.
In a divorce, you and your spouse will be a part of a legal proceeding to end your marriage relationship. Family law attorneys deal with divorce cases regularly, so if you are going to hire an attorney, you should hire a reputable one that has handled similar cases in the past. To choose a good family law attorney, consider the following:
Find an attorney that can practice law in the state, and in the courts, you need them to. For example, if you are filing for divorce in South Carolina, find an attorney that is licensed to practice law in South Carolina.
Ask your friends and family for attorney recommendations. Ask them about any experiences they may have had, and ask for the absolute truth.
Search the internet for reputable divorce lawyers. Consider using your state bar's website; public websites like LawHelp.org; and online directories like Lawyers.com, LawInfo.com, and FindLaw.com.
Check online reviews, which are often written by past clients who have either had positive or negative experiences. These online reviews can be very helpful and honest, so do some internet searches to try and learn about lawyers you are considering.
1-2. Make a decision.
Once you have researched family law attorneys and have some ideas, narrow down your list and contact your top choices. Ask your top choices for a consultation so you have an opportunity to explain the situation you are in and the services you need. A consultation will also give you an opportunity to determine how you think you would work with the attorney.
After you have met with attorneys and researched their background and expertise, you should make a final decision on who you will hire. Choose an attorney that makes you feel comfortable, that seems to know how to handle your case, and who feels confident in their ability to represent you in an effective manner.
1-3. Avoid bad attorneys.
While there are many attorneys in the world, not all of them are particularly good. Avoid hiring an attorney who:
Solicits you as opposed to the other way around;
Pressures you into making a hiring decision quickly;
Refuses to tell you about their background and credentials; and
Suggests that they will handle the case in an unethical manner.
1-4. Look into low-income options.
Many states offer legal services to low-income individuals through legal self-help programs, legal aid organizations, legal clinics, and through sliding-scale fee arrangements. If you are having trouble finding a lawyer you can afford, try one of these options.
A self-help program allows you, the client, to ask questions of attorneys and paralegals regarding your divorce. This is a great option if you only have a couple of quick questions that you need answers to. You will often call or talk to an attorney online and they will try and assist you. To find these programs, contact your local court or bar association.
A legal aid organization is a nonprofit offering legal services to low-income individuals who qualify. If you are eligible, an attorney will help you through the divorce process free of charge. This is a great resource if you need a full-time attorney as opposed to needing just a couple of questions answered.
Legal clinics are programs set up by local law schools to help train the lawyers of tomorrow. Here, law students will help a number of individuals under the supervision of actual lawyers. To find out if your local law school has a clinic that can help you with your divorce, call the law school or look at their website.
For more information, look at this wikiHow article on hiring a lawyer when you have a low income: Hire a Lawyer When You Have Low Income.
1-5. Consider representing yourself.
If you do not feel comfortable hiring an attorney, do not have the funds available to do so, or if you and your spouse agree on the amendments you are making, you may want to consider representing yourself throughout the amendment process. While this is certainly possible, if you have the means to hire an attorney, you should strongly consider doing so. An attorney has a unique set of skills that can help you navigate the judicial system and can help you get want you want out of the amendment process. If you end up representing yourself, you can always ask an attorney to review certain documents or give you limited advice.
2. Preparing Your Divorce Petition Amendment
2-1. Determine if you can amend your divorce petition.
In general, you will be able to amend your original petition freely so long as your spouse has not responded to the original complaint. Also, if this is your first amended complaint, as opposed to your second or third, a judge will usually allow you to freely make the amendment. However, if your spouse has responded to your original complaint, or if you have made previous amendments to your petition, you may have to persuade a judge to allow you to make the amendments during a court hearing.
For example, under Texas law, you can freely amend your complaint any time prior to seven days before the final hearing in your case, so long as the amendment does not cause a surprise for your spouse. If you want to amend your complaint within the seven day window, or if your spouse claims surprise, you will need the court's permission to file an amendment, which usually involves a hearing.
Under California law, you can freely amend your complaint once without the court's permission so long as your spouse has not responded to the original.
2-2. Contact your spouse.
Once you understand the general amendment laws in your state, you should contact your spouse to discuss the possible amendment. Discussing the amendment before completing the form and filing it will hopefully lead to a less adversarial amendment process (e.g., it may negate your spouse's ability to claim surprise). Furthermore, if your spouse does not object to the amendment, you can include that information in the amended petition, which will increase the chances of a judge signing off on it.
However, if your spouse will not agree to the amendment, you may have to go to a court hearing and convince the judge to sign off on the amendment.
2-3. Request an amendment form.
At this point, you are ready to retrieve an amended complaint form to fill out. Most courts will put their forms online for everyone to access. Check your local court's website to see if the required form is available online. When you do so, you will want the form titled "divorce petition," "dissolution petition," or "divorce petition amendment."
If your local court does not allow for online access, you can always go to the courthouse in person and ask them for the correct form. Someone at the courthouse will be able to point you in the right direction.
2-4. Complete the amendment form.
After you obtain the correct form, you will need to fill it out accurately and completely. In general, an amendment form will ask for all the same information your original complaint contained, but will ask you to make the necessary changes to the petition. You will need to include the specific reasons why and how you are changing the original divorce petition.
You might need to amend your original petition in order to include topics you forgot to include the first time, such as spousal support, child custody, or a change of address or phone number.
For example, if your original divorce petition claimed that only the household furniture was community property, and now you want to amend the petition to include a television as community property, you will simply list all of these things in your amendment.
In another example, if you forgot to include a demand for spousal support in your original petition, you may want to amend the petition to include this demand.
3. Filing Your Amended Divorce Petition
3-1. File your amendment with the clerk of courts.
After completing the required amendment form, take it to the local courthouse where you filed your original complaint. You will then file your amendment with the clerk of courts.
The clerk of courts will file your original amendment form and will give you a number of copies.
3-2. Pay any required fee.
When you file your amended divorce petition, you may have to pay a filing fee. Every state will have a different policy on fees, so be sure you are prepared to pay the fee in your community. If there is a fee and you cannot afford it, ask the clerk of courts about obtaining a fee waiver.
For example, in California, there is no filing fee for filing amended petitions.
3-3. Serve your spouse with the amended documents.
Once your amendment is filed, you will need to hire a professional third party to serve the amendment on your spouse. You are not allowed to serve your spouse yourself.
For instructions on successfully serving another party, see this wikiHow article: https://www.wikihow.com/Serve-Court-Papers.
3-4. File your proof of service.
Once your spouse has been served, ask the process server to complete and return a "proof of service" form. File that document with the clerk of courts where you filed your amended complaint.
For an extra fee, some process servers will file the proof of service form for you.
4. Attending Your Amendment Hearing
4-1. Request a hearing date when you file your amendment.
If your state does not allow you to freely amend divorce petitions and you have to go through a hearing process to get your amendment approved, you will request a hearing date when you file your amended petition with the clerk of courts. This hearing will only resolve the amendment issue and it will not resolve the entire divorce.
After you have scheduled a hearing, you will serve that information on your spouse along with the amended divorce petition.
4-2. Attend your hearing.
On the day of your hearing, arrive at your local courthouse early and dress appropriately. Once in the courtroom, wait for your case and then step in front of the judge. In all likelihood, your spouse and/or their representative will be in attendance as well. You and your spouse will both have an opportunity to tell the judge why the amendment should be allowed (or disallowed).
In general, you will want to tell the judge that the original petition has a mistake that, if not corrected, would materially affect the potential outcome of the divorce. You will need to tell the judge why you made the mistake and how you plan on fixing it. Also, tell the judge why the amendment will not put your spouse at a disadvantage.
Your spouse may agree that the amendment should be allowed. If this happens, the judge is likely to allow it because both parties are in agreement. If your spouse is contesting the amendment, they may try and tell the court that the amendment is a surprise and will hurt the case they have built to this point. Also, your spouse may argue that the information you are looking to include was readily available to you before you filed your original petition, and therefore it should have been included there and you should not have the opportunity to go back and try again.
4-3. Wait for the judge's decision.
After you and your spouse have had an opportunity to plead your case, the judge will make their decision on the issue. Unless you are doing something egregious, a court will usually allow the amendment. If the judge agrees with your position, you will be permitted to make the amendment.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:49",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Considering An Attorney\\n1-1. Search for a good family law attorney.\\nIn a divorce, you and your spouse will be a part of a legal proceeding to end your marriage relationship. Family law attorneys deal with divorce cases regularly, so if you are going to hire an attorney, you should hire a reputable one that has handled similar cases in the past. To choose a good family law attorney, consider the following:\\nFind an attorney that can practice law in the state, and in the courts, you need them to. For example, if you are filing for divorce in South Carolina, find an attorney that is licensed to practice law in South Carolina.\\nAsk your friends and family for attorney recommendations. Ask them about any experiences they may have had, and ask for the absolute truth.\\nSearch the internet for reputable divorce lawyers. Consider using your state bar's website; public websites like LawHelp.org; and online directories like Lawyers.com, LawInfo.com, and FindLaw.com.\\nCheck online reviews, which are often written by past clients who have either had positive or negative experiences. These online reviews can be very helpful and honest, so do some internet searches to try and learn about lawyers you are considering.\\n1-2. Make a decision.\\nOnce you have researched family law attorneys and have some ideas, narrow down your list and contact your top choices. Ask your top choices for a consultation so you have an opportunity to explain the situation you are in and the services you need. A consultation will also give you an opportunity to determine how you think you would work with the attorney.\\nAfter you have met with attorneys and researched their background and expertise, you should make a final decision on who you will hire. Choose an attorney that makes you feel comfortable, that seems to know how to handle your case, and who feels confident in their ability to represent you in an effective manner.\\n1-3. Avoid bad attorneys.\\nWhile there are many attorneys in the world, not all of them are particularly good. Avoid hiring an attorney who:\\nSolicits you as opposed to the other way around;\\nPressures you into making a hiring decision quickly;\\nRefuses to tell you about their background and credentials; and\\nSuggests that they will handle the case in an unethical manner.\\n1-4. Look into low-income options.\\nMany states offer legal services to low-income individuals through legal self-help programs, legal aid organizations, legal clinics, and through sliding-scale fee arrangements. If you are having trouble finding a lawyer you can afford, try one of these options.\\nA self-help program allows you, the client, to ask questions of attorneys and paralegals regarding your divorce. This is a great option if you only have a couple of quick questions that you need answers to. You will often call or talk to an attorney online and they will try and assist you. To find these programs, contact your local court or bar association.\\nA legal aid organization is a nonprofit offering legal services to low-income individuals who qualify. If you are eligible, an attorney will help you through the divorce process free of charge. This is a great resource if you need a full-time attorney as opposed to needing just a couple of questions answered.\\nLegal clinics are programs set up by local law schools to help train the lawyers of tomorrow. Here, law students will help a number of individuals under the supervision of actual lawyers. To find out if your local law school has a clinic that can help you with your divorce, call the law school or look at their website.\\nFor more information, look at this wikiHow article on hiring a lawyer when you have a low income: Hire a Lawyer When You Have Low Income.\\n1-5. Consider representing yourself.\\nIf you do not feel comfortable hiring an attorney, do not have the funds available to do so, or if you and your spouse agree on the amendments you are making, you may want to consider representing yourself throughout the amendment process. While this is certainly possible, if you have the means to hire an attorney, you should strongly consider doing so. An attorney has a unique set of skills that can help you navigate the judicial system and can help you get want you want out of the amendment process. If you end up representing yourself, you can always ask an attorney to review certain documents or give you limited advice.\\n2. Preparing Your Divorce Petition Amendment\\n2-1. Determine if you can amend your divorce petition.\\nIn general, you will be able to amend your original petition freely so long as your spouse has not responded to the original complaint. Also, if this is your first amended complaint, as opposed to your second or third, a judge will usually allow you to freely make the amendment. However, if your spouse has responded to your original complaint, or if you have made previous amendments to your petition, you may have to persuade a judge to allow you to make the amendments during a court hearing. \\nFor example, under Texas law, you can freely amend your complaint any time prior to seven days before the final hearing in your case, so long as the amendment does not cause a surprise for your spouse. If you want to amend your complaint within the seven day window, or if your spouse claims surprise, you will need the court's permission to file an amendment, which usually involves a hearing.\\nUnder California law, you can freely amend your complaint once without the court's permission so long as your spouse has not responded to the original.\\n2-2. Contact your spouse.\\nOnce you understand the general amendment laws in your state, you should contact your spouse to discuss the possible amendment. Discussing the amendment before completing the form and filing it will hopefully lead to a less adversarial amendment process (e.g., it may negate your spouse's ability to claim surprise). Furthermore, if your spouse does not object to the amendment, you can include that information in the amended petition, which will increase the chances of a judge signing off on it. \\nHowever, if your spouse will not agree to the amendment, you may have to go to a court hearing and convince the judge to sign off on the amendment.\\n2-3. Request an amendment form.\\nAt this point, you are ready to retrieve an amended complaint form to fill out. Most courts will put their forms online for everyone to access. Check your local court's website to see if the required form is available online. When you do so, you will want the form titled \\\"divorce petition,\\\" \\\"dissolution petition,\\\" or \\\"divorce petition amendment.\\\"\\nIf your local court does not allow for online access, you can always go to the courthouse in person and ask them for the correct form. Someone at the courthouse will be able to point you in the right direction.\\n2-4. Complete the amendment form.\\nAfter you obtain the correct form, you will need to fill it out accurately and completely. In general, an amendment form will ask for all the same information your original complaint contained, but will ask you to make the necessary changes to the petition. You will need to include the specific reasons why and how you are changing the original divorce petition. \\nYou might need to amend your original petition in order to include topics you forgot to include the first time, such as spousal support, child custody, or a change of address or phone number.\\nFor example, if your original divorce petition claimed that only the household furniture was community property, and now you want to amend the petition to include a television as community property, you will simply list all of these things in your amendment.\\nIn another example, if you forgot to include a demand for spousal support in your original petition, you may want to amend the petition to include this demand.\\n3. Filing Your Amended Divorce Petition\\n3-1. File your amendment with the clerk of courts.\\nAfter completing the required amendment form, take it to the local courthouse where you filed your original complaint. You will then file your amendment with the clerk of courts. \\nThe clerk of courts will file your original amendment form and will give you a number of copies.\\n3-2. Pay any required fee.\\nWhen you file your amended divorce petition, you may have to pay a filing fee. Every state will have a different policy on fees, so be sure you are prepared to pay the fee in your community. If there is a fee and you cannot afford it, ask the clerk of courts about obtaining a fee waiver.\\nFor example, in California, there is no filing fee for filing amended petitions.\\n3-3. Serve your spouse with the amended documents.\\nOnce your amendment is filed, you will need to hire a professional third party to serve the amendment on your spouse. You are not allowed to serve your spouse yourself.\\nFor instructions on successfully serving another party, see this wikiHow article: https://www.wikihow.com/Serve-Court-Papers.\\n3-4. File your proof of service.\\nOnce your spouse has been served, ask the process server to complete and return a \\\"proof of service\\\" form. File that document with the clerk of courts where you filed your amended complaint. \\nFor an extra fee, some process servers will file the proof of service form for you.\\n4. Attending Your Amendment Hearing\\n4-1. Request a hearing date when you file your amendment.\\nIf your state does not allow you to freely amend divorce petitions and you have to go through a hearing process to get your amendment approved, you will request a hearing date when you file your amended petition with the clerk of courts. This hearing will only resolve the amendment issue and it will not resolve the entire divorce.\\nAfter you have scheduled a hearing, you will serve that information on your spouse along with the amended divorce petition.\\n4-2. Attend your hearing.\\nOn the day of your hearing, arrive at your local courthouse early and dress appropriately. Once in the courtroom, wait for your case and then step in front of the judge. In all likelihood, your spouse and/or their representative will be in attendance as well. You and your spouse will both have an opportunity to tell the judge why the amendment should be allowed (or disallowed).\\nIn general, you will want to tell the judge that the original petition has a mistake that, if not corrected, would materially affect the potential outcome of the divorce. You will need to tell the judge why you made the mistake and how you plan on fixing it. Also, tell the judge why the amendment will not put your spouse at a disadvantage.\\nYour spouse may agree that the amendment should be allowed. If this happens, the judge is likely to allow it because both parties are in agreement. If your spouse is contesting the amendment, they may try and tell the court that the amendment is a surprise and will hurt the case they have built to this point. Also, your spouse may argue that the information you are looking to include was readily available to you before you filed your original petition, and therefore it should have been included there and you should not have the opportunity to go back and try again.\\n4-3. Wait for the judge's decision.\\nAfter you and your spouse have had an opportunity to plead your case, the judge will make their decision on the issue. Unless you are doing something egregious, a court will usually allow the amendment. If the judge agrees with your position, you will be permitted to make the amendment.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"A divorce petition is a document that is filed to start the dissolution of a marriage. Occasionally, the petition will need to be modified (a.k.a. amended) in order to change the original. Divorce petitions can often be amended once without issue, and are usually amended to account for changed circumstances or for left out legal arguments. The amended petition can be completed using forms, or you can create your own document. If necessary, you may also have to attend a hearing in order to convince a judge that they should allow the original petition to be amended.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Considering An Attorney\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Search for a good family law attorney.\", \"描述\": \"In a divorce, you and your spouse will be a part of a legal proceeding to end your marriage relationship. Family law attorneys deal with divorce cases regularly, so if you are going to hire an attorney, you should hire a reputable one that has handled similar cases in the past. To choose a good family law attorney, consider the following:\\nFind an attorney that can practice law in the state, and in the courts, you need them to. For example, if you are filing for divorce in South Carolina, find an attorney that is licensed to practice law in South Carolina.\\nAsk your friends and family for attorney recommendations. Ask them about any experiences they may have had, and ask for the absolute truth.\\nSearch the internet for reputable divorce lawyers. Consider using your state bar's website; public websites like LawHelp.org; and online directories like Lawyers.com, LawInfo.com, and FindLaw.com.\\nCheck online reviews, which are often written by past clients who have either had positive or negative experiences. These online reviews can be very helpful and honest, so do some internet searches to try and learn about lawyers you are considering.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Make a decision.\", \"描述\": \"Once you have researched family law attorneys and have some ideas, narrow down your list and contact your top choices. Ask your top choices for a consultation so you have an opportunity to explain the situation you are in and the services you need. A consultation will also give you an opportunity to determine how you think you would work with the attorney.\\nAfter you have met with attorneys and researched their background and expertise, you should make a final decision on who you will hire. Choose an attorney that makes you feel comfortable, that seems to know how to handle your case, and who feels confident in their ability to represent you in an effective manner.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Avoid bad attorneys.\", \"描述\": \"While there are many attorneys in the world, not all of them are particularly good. Avoid hiring an attorney who:\\nSolicits you as opposed to the other way around;\\nPressures you into making a hiring decision quickly;\\nRefuses to tell you about their background and credentials; and\\nSuggests that they will handle the case in an unethical manner.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Look into low-income options.\", \"描述\": \"Many states offer legal services to low-income individuals through legal self-help programs, legal aid organizations, legal clinics, and through sliding-scale fee arrangements. If you are having trouble finding a lawyer you can afford, try one of these options.\\nA self-help program allows you, the client, to ask questions of attorneys and paralegals regarding your divorce. This is a great option if you only have a couple of quick questions that you need answers to. You will often call or talk to an attorney online and they will try and assist you. To find these programs, contact your local court or bar association.\\nA legal aid organization is a nonprofit offering legal services to low-income individuals who qualify. If you are eligible, an attorney will help you through the divorce process free of charge. This is a great resource if you need a full-time attorney as opposed to needing just a couple of questions answered.\\nLegal clinics are programs set up by local law schools to help train the lawyers of tomorrow. Here, law students will help a number of individuals under the supervision of actual lawyers. To find out if your local law school has a clinic that can help you with your divorce, call the law school or look at their website.\\nFor more information, look at this wikiHow article on hiring a lawyer when you have a low income: Hire a Lawyer When You Have Low Income.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Consider representing yourself.\", \"描述\": \"If you do not feel comfortable hiring an attorney, do not have the funds available to do so, or if you and your spouse agree on the amendments you are making, you may want to consider representing yourself throughout the amendment process. While this is certainly possible, if you have the means to hire an attorney, you should strongly consider doing so. An attorney has a unique set of skills that can help you navigate the judicial system and can help you get want you want out of the amendment process. If you end up representing yourself, you can always ask an attorney to review certain documents or give you limited advice.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Preparing Your Divorce Petition Amendment\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine if you can amend your divorce petition.\", \"描述\": \"In general, you will be able to amend your original petition freely so long as your spouse has not responded to the original complaint. Also, if this is your first amended complaint, as opposed to your second or third, a judge will usually allow you to freely make the amendment. However, if your spouse has responded to your original complaint, or if you have made previous amendments to your petition, you may have to persuade a judge to allow you to make the amendments during a court hearing. \\nFor example, under Texas law, you can freely amend your complaint any time prior to seven days before the final hearing in your case, so long as the amendment does not cause a surprise for your spouse. If you want to amend your complaint within the seven day window, or if your spouse claims surprise, you will need the court's permission to file an amendment, which usually involves a hearing.\\nUnder California law, you can freely amend your complaint once without the court's permission so long as your spouse has not responded to the original.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Contact your spouse.\", \"描述\": \"Once you understand the general amendment laws in your state, you should contact your spouse to discuss the possible amendment. Discussing the amendment before completing the form and filing it will hopefully lead to a less adversarial amendment process (e.g., it may negate your spouse's ability to claim surprise). Furthermore, if your spouse does not object to the amendment, you can include that information in the amended petition, which will increase the chances of a judge signing off on it. \\nHowever, if your spouse will not agree to the amendment, you may have to go to a court hearing and convince the judge to sign off on the amendment.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Request an amendment form.\", \"描述\": \"At this point, you are ready to retrieve an amended complaint form to fill out. Most courts will put their forms online for everyone to access. Check your local court's website to see if the required form is available online. When you do so, you will want the form titled \\\"divorce petition,\\\" \\\"dissolution petition,\\\" or \\\"divorce petition amendment.\\\"\\nIf your local court does not allow for online access, you can always go to the courthouse in person and ask them for the correct form. Someone at the courthouse will be able to point you in the right direction.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Complete the amendment form.\", \"描述\": \"After you obtain the correct form, you will need to fill it out accurately and completely. In general, an amendment form will ask for all the same information your original complaint contained, but will ask you to make the necessary changes to the petition. You will need to include the specific reasons why and how you are changing the original divorce petition. \\nYou might need to amend your original petition in order to include topics you forgot to include the first time, such as spousal support, child custody, or a change of address or phone number.\\nFor example, if your original divorce petition claimed that only the household furniture was community property, and now you want to amend the petition to include a television as community property, you will simply list all of these things in your amendment.\\nIn another example, if you forgot to include a demand for spousal support in your original petition, you may want to amend the petition to include this demand.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Filing Your Amended Divorce Petition\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"File your amendment with the clerk of courts.\", \"描述\": \"After completing the required amendment form, take it to the local courthouse where you filed your original complaint. You will then file your amendment with the clerk of courts. \\nThe clerk of courts will file your original amendment form and will give you a number of copies.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Pay any required fee.\", \"描述\": \"When you file your amended divorce petition, you may have to pay a filing fee. Every state will have a different policy on fees, so be sure you are prepared to pay the fee in your community. If there is a fee and you cannot afford it, ask the clerk of courts about obtaining a fee waiver.\\nFor example, in California, there is no filing fee for filing amended petitions.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Serve your spouse with the amended documents.\", \"描述\": \"Once your amendment is filed, you will need to hire a professional third party to serve the amendment on your spouse. You are not allowed to serve your spouse yourself.\\nFor instructions on successfully serving another party, see this wikiHow article: https://www.wikihow.com/Serve-Court-Papers.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"File your proof of service.\", \"描述\": \"Once your spouse has been served, ask the process server to complete and return a \\\"proof of service\\\" form. File that document with the clerk of courts where you filed your amended complaint. \\nFor an extra fee, some process servers will file the proof of service form for you.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Attending Your Amendment Hearing\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Request a hearing date when you file your amendment.\", \"描述\": \"If your state does not allow you to freely amend divorce petitions and you have to go through a hearing process to get your amendment approved, you will request a hearing date when you file your amended petition with the clerk of courts. This hearing will only resolve the amendment issue and it will not resolve the entire divorce.\\nAfter you have scheduled a hearing, you will serve that information on your spouse along with the amended divorce petition.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Attend your hearing.\", \"描述\": \"On the day of your hearing, arrive at your local courthouse early and dress appropriately. Once in the courtroom, wait for your case and then step in front of the judge. In all likelihood, your spouse and/or their representative will be in attendance as well. You and your spouse will both have an opportunity to tell the judge why the amendment should be allowed (or disallowed).\\nIn general, you will want to tell the judge that the original petition has a mistake that, if not corrected, would materially affect the potential outcome of the divorce. You will need to tell the judge why you made the mistake and how you plan on fixing it. Also, tell the judge why the amendment will not put your spouse at a disadvantage.\\nYour spouse may agree that the amendment should be allowed. If this happens, the judge is likely to allow it because both parties are in agreement. If your spouse is contesting the amendment, they may try and tell the court that the amendment is a surprise and will hurt the case they have built to this point. Also, your spouse may argue that the information you are looking to include was readily available to you before you filed your original petition, and therefore it should have been included there and you should not have the opportunity to go back and try again.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Wait for the judge's decision.\", \"描述\": \"After you and your spouse have had an opportunity to plead your case, the judge will make their decision on the issue. Unless you are doing something egregious, a court will usually allow the amendment. If the judge agrees with your position, you will be permitted to make the amendment.\"}]}]}}",
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1,651 | How to Amend a Living Trust | 1. Preparing to Draft the Amendment
1-1. Locate the original living trust agreement.
Dig up your original trust agreement, as the amendment will need to refer to specific language and articles contained in the trust. The amendment will also need to be attached to the original trust agreement once it is complete.
1-2. Discuss with your spouse.
If you and your spouse created a shared living trust, then both of you must agree to the amendment. Accordingly, you should get your spouse’s approval before beginning the amendment process.
Both spouses will also need to sign any amendment to a shared trust, so it may be helpful to include your spouse in the amendment process.
1-3. Decide which items or articles you will amend.
Review the current agreement to determine the item or article numbers in need of amendment and decide exactly how you wish to modify each. New articles may also be added to the trust through the amendment.
For example, you may wish to add a new beneficiary to the trust. If you had a new child, you might want to add him or her as a beneficiary.
You may not have to amend the trust if you purchased new property. A properly drafted trust should contain a clause giving you the right to add property to the trust after having drafted it. You do so by retitling the property to the trust and adding the property to the schedule list at the end of the trust.
However, if you want to leave the new property to a beneficiary not named in the trust, then you would have to amend it. If you have questions about whether you should amend your trust, then contact an attorney.
1-4. Meet with a lawyer.
You might want to talk with an attorney about making changes to the living trust. A lawyer can clarify when an amendment is needed and when one isn’t. If costs are a concern, then know that some attorneys now offer “unbundled” legal services. Under this arrangement, the attorney will perform limited, discrete tasks (such as answering questions), often for a flat fee.
Unbundled services are not allowed in every state. Call an attorney and ask ahead of time if you are interested in meeting with someone to discuss amending your trust.
Meeting with a lawyer is not required. However, you should probably meet with your lawyer if your trust is very complex or if you have made multiple amendments over the course of the past few years.
If you have made multiple amendments, you may want an attorney to draft a “trust restatement,” which incorporates all of the amendments. This can make for a cleaner trust that is easier to understand and administer.
2. Drafting the Amendment
2-1. Create a new document.
You will amend the trust by drafting an amendment, which is a separate document. Open a new document in your favorite word processor and choose a standard font, such as Times New Roman or Arial with font size 12. If you remember what font type was used in the original trust agreement, it is best to keep the same font style for your amendment.
Do not tear sheets out of your trust document and type over them. Nor should you scrawl changes over the page. Doing so could invite a legal challenge on the grounds that the original trust is invalid.
2-2. Title your document.
You should call your document an “Amendment” and include the name of the trust the amendment will modify, as well as the date of the amendment.
For example, if you are amending the Robinson Family Trust, which was executed on June 2, 1998, you might title the Amendment, “May 13, 2012 Amendment to the Robinson Family Trust dated June 2, 1998.”
2-3. Name the parties and date the amendment.
The parties to a trust include the settlor and the trustee. Generally, when the trust is first set up, the settlor is also the trustee. If this is the case, simply name the settlor/trustee as both, for example, “John Robinson, Settlor, and John Robinson, Trustee, enter into this Trust Amendment this 13th day of May, 2012.”
2-4. Identify the article that allows amendments.
The original living trust should have an article that specifies the settlor may make amendments. You will want to state which article allows for amendments.
For example, if Article IV allows the settlor to modify the trust, you will want to say something like “Pursuant to Article IV of the Robinson Family Trust Dated June 2, 1998, John Robinson, as Settlor, now makes the following amendments.”
If no article in the original trust authorizes amendments, then you should consult with a lawyer. An entirely new trust may need to be drafted, which can require revoking the trust.
2-5. Describe the modifications.
Be sure to provide enough detail that is it clear what exactly is being added or removed. Some guidelines to follow when describing modifications include:
Use item or article numbers. Specify the item or article to be modified. A trust is generally divided into items or articles which are numbered in some way (e.g., Item I, Item II, Item III, etc.) When referring to the text, state the specific item or article to which you are referring and the paragraph and/or sentence number if necessary.
You can type, for example, “Article II should be changed as follows:”
Quote the original trust where necessary. When removing text, quote the part of the text to be removed.
For example, you can state: “the text ‘shall be divided equally’ shall be stricken in its entirety.”
Be specific about placement. When adding text, be very specific about where you are adding it. You can do this by referring to paragraph and sentence numbers.
For example, “The name ‘Jim Robinson’ shall be added to the first sentence of paragraph 2, Article V.”
2-6. Create a signature block.
A signature block includes a line for each party to sign, with his or her name and title (settlor or trustee) below the line.
You should also add the date.
2-7. Include a notary block.
The notary block should include a sentence stating that the settlor and trustee appeared before the notary and signed the amendment voluntarily. Include a line for the notary to sign and space for the notary’s stamp or seal.
A common format for the notary statement is, “Before me, the undersigned Notary Public, personally appeared John Robinson, and signed this Amendment as his free and voluntary act and deed.” Search your state to find acceptable notary blocks.
3. Finalizing the Amendment
3-1. Have an attorney review.
If you did not get a lawyer’s input before drafting the amendment, then you may want to have one look over your draft after it is finished. Try to give the attorney a week or so to look over the amendment.
3-2. Sign in front of the notary.
Both the settlor and the trustee will need to sign in front of a notary. Have the notary sign and stamp or seal the amendment.
You can find notaries in most courthouses, banks, or city clerk’s offices. You can also find notaries by visiting your state’s Secretary of State website, which should have a list of notaries or a search engine.
Be sure to bring sufficient identification. Generally, a valid driver’s license or passport will suffice.
3-3. Attach the amendment to the living trust.
Take the original and attach it to the back of your living trust. Store the living trust and attached amendment in a secure location, preferably in a safe deposit box or in a home safe.
3-4. File and distribute copies, if necessary.
If you had to file your original living trust document with your county records department, then file the amendment there as well. You should send a copy of your amendment to any party who has a copy of the living trust. People you may want to send it to include:
the trustee
your attorney
your accountant
anyone named as an agent in a power of attorney form
| {
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"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Preparing to Draft the Amendment\\n1-1. Locate the original living trust agreement.\\nDig up your original trust agreement, as the amendment will need to refer to specific language and articles contained in the trust. The amendment will also need to be attached to the original trust agreement once it is complete.\\n1-2. Discuss with your spouse.\\nIf you and your spouse created a shared living trust, then both of you must agree to the amendment. Accordingly, you should get your spouse’s approval before beginning the amendment process.\\nBoth spouses will also need to sign any amendment to a shared trust, so it may be helpful to include your spouse in the amendment process.\\n1-3. Decide which items or articles you will amend.\\nReview the current agreement to determine the item or article numbers in need of amendment and decide exactly how you wish to modify each. New articles may also be added to the trust through the amendment.\\nFor example, you may wish to add a new beneficiary to the trust. If you had a new child, you might want to add him or her as a beneficiary.\\nYou may not have to amend the trust if you purchased new property. A properly drafted trust should contain a clause giving you the right to add property to the trust after having drafted it. You do so by retitling the property to the trust and adding the property to the schedule list at the end of the trust.\\nHowever, if you want to leave the new property to a beneficiary not named in the trust, then you would have to amend it. If you have questions about whether you should amend your trust, then contact an attorney.\\n1-4. Meet with a lawyer.\\nYou might want to talk with an attorney about making changes to the living trust. A lawyer can clarify when an amendment is needed and when one isn’t. If costs are a concern, then know that some attorneys now offer “unbundled” legal services. Under this arrangement, the attorney will perform limited, discrete tasks (such as answering questions), often for a flat fee.\\nUnbundled services are not allowed in every state. Call an attorney and ask ahead of time if you are interested in meeting with someone to discuss amending your trust.\\nMeeting with a lawyer is not required. However, you should probably meet with your lawyer if your trust is very complex or if you have made multiple amendments over the course of the past few years.\\nIf you have made multiple amendments, you may want an attorney to draft a “trust restatement,” which incorporates all of the amendments. This can make for a cleaner trust that is easier to understand and administer.\\n2. Drafting the Amendment\\n2-1. Create a new document.\\nYou will amend the trust by drafting an amendment, which is a separate document. Open a new document in your favorite word processor and choose a standard font, such as Times New Roman or Arial with font size 12. If you remember what font type was used in the original trust agreement, it is best to keep the same font style for your amendment.\\nDo not tear sheets out of your trust document and type over them. Nor should you scrawl changes over the page. Doing so could invite a legal challenge on the grounds that the original trust is invalid.\\n2-2. Title your document.\\nYou should call your document an “Amendment” and include the name of the trust the amendment will modify, as well as the date of the amendment.\\nFor example, if you are amending the Robinson Family Trust, which was executed on June 2, 1998, you might title the Amendment, “May 13, 2012 Amendment to the Robinson Family Trust dated June 2, 1998.”\\n2-3. Name the parties and date the amendment.\\nThe parties to a trust include the settlor and the trustee. Generally, when the trust is first set up, the settlor is also the trustee. If this is the case, simply name the settlor/trustee as both, for example, “John Robinson, Settlor, and John Robinson, Trustee, enter into this Trust Amendment this 13th day of May, 2012.”\\n2-4. Identify the article that allows amendments.\\nThe original living trust should have an article that specifies the settlor may make amendments. You will want to state which article allows for amendments.\\nFor example, if Article IV allows the settlor to modify the trust, you will want to say something like “Pursuant to Article IV of the Robinson Family Trust Dated June 2, 1998, John Robinson, as Settlor, now makes the following amendments.”\\nIf no article in the original trust authorizes amendments, then you should consult with a lawyer. An entirely new trust may need to be drafted, which can require revoking the trust.\\n2-5. Describe the modifications.\\nBe sure to provide enough detail that is it clear what exactly is being added or removed. Some guidelines to follow when describing modifications include:\\nUse item or article numbers. Specify the item or article to be modified. A trust is generally divided into items or articles which are numbered in some way (e.g., Item I, Item II, Item III, etc.) When referring to the text, state the specific item or article to which you are referring and the paragraph and/or sentence number if necessary.\\nYou can type, for example, “Article II should be changed as follows:”\\nQuote the original trust where necessary. When removing text, quote the part of the text to be removed.\\nFor example, you can state: “the text ‘shall be divided equally’ shall be stricken in its entirety.”\\nBe specific about placement. When adding text, be very specific about where you are adding it. You can do this by referring to paragraph and sentence numbers.\\nFor example, “The name ‘Jim Robinson’ shall be added to the first sentence of paragraph 2, Article V.”\\n2-6. Create a signature block.\\nA signature block includes a line for each party to sign, with his or her name and title (settlor or trustee) below the line.\\nYou should also add the date.\\n2-7. Include a notary block.\\nThe notary block should include a sentence stating that the settlor and trustee appeared before the notary and signed the amendment voluntarily. Include a line for the notary to sign and space for the notary’s stamp or seal.\\nA common format for the notary statement is, “Before me, the undersigned Notary Public, personally appeared John Robinson, and signed this Amendment as his free and voluntary act and deed.” Search your state to find acceptable notary blocks.\\n3. Finalizing the Amendment\\n3-1. Have an attorney review.\\nIf you did not get a lawyer’s input before drafting the amendment, then you may want to have one look over your draft after it is finished. Try to give the attorney a week or so to look over the amendment.\\n3-2. Sign in front of the notary.\\nBoth the settlor and the trustee will need to sign in front of a notary. Have the notary sign and stamp or seal the amendment.\\nYou can find notaries in most courthouses, banks, or city clerk’s offices. You can also find notaries by visiting your state’s Secretary of State website, which should have a list of notaries or a search engine.\\nBe sure to bring sufficient identification. Generally, a valid driver’s license or passport will suffice.\\n3-3. Attach the amendment to the living trust.\\nTake the original and attach it to the back of your living trust. Store the living trust and attached amendment in a secure location, preferably in a safe deposit box or in a home safe.\\n3-4. File and distribute copies, if necessary.\\nIf you had to file your original living trust document with your county records department, then file the amendment there as well. You should send a copy of your amendment to any party who has a copy of the living trust. People you may want to send it to include:\\nthe trustee\\nyour attorney\\nyour accountant\\nanyone named as an agent in a power of attorney form\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"A living trust is an agreement between the person setting up the trust (the “settlor”) and the person appointed to manage his or her assets, the “trustee.” A living trust allows the settlor to add and remove assets and make changes or amendments to the trust at any time during his or her lifetime. Common reasons for making changes include the birth of a new beneficiary, purchase of new assets, sale of old assets, or the death of a beneficiary. If you have a living trust that needs to be modified, you can easily amend it.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Preparing to Draft the Amendment\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Locate the original living trust agreement.\", \"描述\": \"Dig up your original trust agreement, as the amendment will need to refer to specific language and articles contained in the trust. The amendment will also need to be attached to the original trust agreement once it is complete.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Discuss with your spouse.\", \"描述\": \"If you and your spouse created a shared living trust, then both of you must agree to the amendment. Accordingly, you should get your spouse’s approval before beginning the amendment process.\\nBoth spouses will also need to sign any amendment to a shared trust, so it may be helpful to include your spouse in the amendment process.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Decide which items or articles you will amend.\", \"描述\": \"Review the current agreement to determine the item or article numbers in need of amendment and decide exactly how you wish to modify each. New articles may also be added to the trust through the amendment.\\nFor example, you may wish to add a new beneficiary to the trust. If you had a new child, you might want to add him or her as a beneficiary.\\nYou may not have to amend the trust if you purchased new property. A properly drafted trust should contain a clause giving you the right to add property to the trust after having drafted it. You do so by retitling the property to the trust and adding the property to the schedule list at the end of the trust.\\nHowever, if you want to leave the new property to a beneficiary not named in the trust, then you would have to amend it. If you have questions about whether you should amend your trust, then contact an attorney.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Meet with a lawyer.\", \"描述\": \"You might want to talk with an attorney about making changes to the living trust. A lawyer can clarify when an amendment is needed and when one isn’t. If costs are a concern, then know that some attorneys now offer “unbundled” legal services. Under this arrangement, the attorney will perform limited, discrete tasks (such as answering questions), often for a flat fee.\\nUnbundled services are not allowed in every state. Call an attorney and ask ahead of time if you are interested in meeting with someone to discuss amending your trust.\\nMeeting with a lawyer is not required. However, you should probably meet with your lawyer if your trust is very complex or if you have made multiple amendments over the course of the past few years.\\nIf you have made multiple amendments, you may want an attorney to draft a “trust restatement,” which incorporates all of the amendments. This can make for a cleaner trust that is easier to understand and administer.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Drafting the Amendment\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Create a new document.\", \"描述\": \"You will amend the trust by drafting an amendment, which is a separate document. Open a new document in your favorite word processor and choose a standard font, such as Times New Roman or Arial with font size 12. If you remember what font type was used in the original trust agreement, it is best to keep the same font style for your amendment.\\nDo not tear sheets out of your trust document and type over them. Nor should you scrawl changes over the page. Doing so could invite a legal challenge on the grounds that the original trust is invalid.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Title your document.\", \"描述\": \"You should call your document an “Amendment” and include the name of the trust the amendment will modify, as well as the date of the amendment.\\nFor example, if you are amending the Robinson Family Trust, which was executed on June 2, 1998, you might title the Amendment, “May 13, 2012 Amendment to the Robinson Family Trust dated June 2, 1998.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Name the parties and date the amendment.\", \"描述\": \"The parties to a trust include the settlor and the trustee. Generally, when the trust is first set up, the settlor is also the trustee. If this is the case, simply name the settlor/trustee as both, for example, “John Robinson, Settlor, and John Robinson, Trustee, enter into this Trust Amendment this 13th day of May, 2012.”\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Identify the article that allows amendments.\", \"描述\": \"The original living trust should have an article that specifies the settlor may make amendments. You will want to state which article allows for amendments.\\nFor example, if Article IV allows the settlor to modify the trust, you will want to say something like “Pursuant to Article IV of the Robinson Family Trust Dated June 2, 1998, John Robinson, as Settlor, now makes the following amendments.”\\nIf no article in the original trust authorizes amendments, then you should consult with a lawyer. An entirely new trust may need to be drafted, which can require revoking the trust.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Describe the modifications.\", \"描述\": \"Be sure to provide enough detail that is it clear what exactly is being added or removed. Some guidelines to follow when describing modifications include:\\nUse item or article numbers. Specify the item or article to be modified. A trust is generally divided into items or articles which are numbered in some way (e.g., Item I, Item II, Item III, etc.) When referring to the text, state the specific item or article to which you are referring and the paragraph and/or sentence number if necessary.\\nYou can type, for example, “Article II should be changed as follows:”\\nQuote the original trust where necessary. When removing text, quote the part of the text to be removed.\\nFor example, you can state: “the text ‘shall be divided equally’ shall be stricken in its entirety.”\\nBe specific about placement. When adding text, be very specific about where you are adding it. You can do this by referring to paragraph and sentence numbers.\\nFor example, “The name ‘Jim Robinson’ shall be added to the first sentence of paragraph 2, Article V.”\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Create a signature block.\", \"描述\": \"A signature block includes a line for each party to sign, with his or her name and title (settlor or trustee) below the line.\\nYou should also add the date.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Include a notary block.\", \"描述\": \"The notary block should include a sentence stating that the settlor and trustee appeared before the notary and signed the amendment voluntarily. Include a line for the notary to sign and space for the notary’s stamp or seal.\\nA common format for the notary statement is, “Before me, the undersigned Notary Public, personally appeared John Robinson, and signed this Amendment as his free and voluntary act and deed.” Search your state to find acceptable notary blocks.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Finalizing the Amendment\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Have an attorney review.\", \"描述\": \"If you did not get a lawyer’s input before drafting the amendment, then you may want to have one look over your draft after it is finished. Try to give the attorney a week or so to look over the amendment.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Sign in front of the notary.\", \"描述\": \"Both the settlor and the trustee will need to sign in front of a notary. Have the notary sign and stamp or seal the amendment.\\nYou can find notaries in most courthouses, banks, or city clerk’s offices. You can also find notaries by visiting your state’s Secretary of State website, which should have a list of notaries or a search engine.\\nBe sure to bring sufficient identification. Generally, a valid driver’s license or passport will suffice.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Attach the amendment to the living trust.\", \"描述\": \"Take the original and attach it to the back of your living trust. Store the living trust and attached amendment in a secure location, preferably in a safe deposit box or in a home safe.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"File and distribute copies, if necessary.\", \"描述\": \"If you had to file your original living trust document with your county records department, then file the amendment there as well. You should send a copy of your amendment to any party who has a copy of the living trust. People you may want to send it to include:\\nthe trustee\\nyour attorney\\nyour accountant\\nanyone named as an agent in a power of attorney form\"}]}]}}",
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1,652 | How to Amend a Marriage Certificate | 1. Making Corrections on Marriage Certificates
1-1. Know what information you can change.
Amending marriage certificates is done in order to correct errors found on the original certificate. Amendments are not used to make changes on the document.
Examples of errors include: spelling errors, grammatical errors, adding information to empty "blank" lines.
Examples of changes to a marriage certificate include: complete changes to first, middle, last or other names of either party; adding to or deleting any name of either party named on certificate.
1-2. Gather the information you need.
This information will vary by state, and by county, but in general you can expect to complete an affidavit to amend the marriage certificate, and to provide a photocopy of your original marriage certificate with the local registration on it.
You can also get a copy of your marriage certificate from your local office of Vital Records.
Check with your local county clerk's office for detailed information about what is required in your area.
If you are currently living in a different county or state from the one where you were first married, you'll need to contact the county in which your marriage was originally held.
1-3. Provide a sworn statement.
A sworn statement is a written statement testifying that your amendment request is genuine and true. It is similar to an affidavit, a statement witnessed by a notary public. Either can be used as evidence in a court of law.
This is required in some states, but not all.
Sworn statements must be printed, with a signature and the date on which the statement was signed, to be legal.
1-4. Prepare to pay a fee.
Most states or counties charge a fee for amending a marriage certificate. The fee varies by location. You may pay your fee by check or money order when you submit your documents to the required office.
Check your local county office for information regarding who should be listed as the recipient of the check, as well as the exact amount of the check.
If you are out-of-country, you should pay by submitting an international money order payable in US currency.
Many times, if you are filing for amendment within 1 year of your original marriage, you will not be required to pay a fee.
1-5. Submit the appropriate paperwork.
The paperwork required by your local state or county authorities will vary by location. Your state office of Vital Records may not be involved in marriage certificates. Because marriage certificates are issued by the county, there is a great deal of variation in the requirements for amending the marriage certificate. Contacting your local Clerk of Court may help you better understand what documentation you need to provide.
In California, for example, you will need to submit an original copy of the VS 24(C) form, including 2 signed affidavits.
In New York, for another example, you will need an official Amendment Application.
In Massachusetts, you must speak directly with a Registry Representative by calling (617) 740-2600 before coming to the Registry of Vital Records and Statistics to file an amendment.
1-6. Be aware that the amendment won't replace your original document.
If someone requests your marriage certificate following your amendment, he will receive both the original marriage certificate and the amended certificate. The original record remains unchanged.
The amendment will become page 2 of your marriage certificate.
You'll need to resubmit your amended marriage certificate with every agency you work with. Banks, tax agencies, social social security agencies, etc. will all need copies of your amended marriage certificate.
2. Changing Your Name on Marriage Certificates
2-1. Decide to change your name on the certificate.
If your name was misspelled, you may change it with an amendment. If you have gone through the legal process of changing your name, you may change your name on the marriage certificate through an AKA (“also known as”) process in some states.
Be aware that your original name will continue to be listed on your original marriage certificate.
You will need a certified copy of the document showing your legal name change to be delivered with your request.
If your name was changed through the naturalization process, you'll be required to show photocopies of the Petition for Name Change from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and the Certificate of Naturalization with the Department of Homeland Security seal.
2-2. Employ the Name Equality Act of 2007.
If you live in the State of California, you may legally change your middle and/or last names on your marriage certificate. You may apply to change your last name to your spouse's last name, or hyphenate your current last name and that of your spouse.
The Name Equality Act of 2007 does not apply to first names. To change your first name requires a court-ordered name change.
A certified copy of the marriage certificate may be used as a document required for application of a California Driver's License, as a result of the Name Equality Act.
2-3. Remarry with your new name.
If you or your spouse change your surname on the marriage certificate, you may need to remarry in order to maintain your married status. Your new surname should be listed on the new marriage certificate. If you choose to remarry for this purpose you will have to reapply for a Marriage License and a Marriage Ceremony and pay the applicable fees.
Since you were previously married, any usual requirement for waiting period should not apply.
Amendment applications should be made to the Clerk of Court.
Tips
Marriage certificates are administered differently in different states. Check with your local county administration for detailed information on how to amend a marriage certificate in your location.
Warnings
Be aware that you will have to contact all state and local agencies with any formal name change documentation.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:49",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Making Corrections on Marriage Certificates\\n1-1. Know what information you can change.\\nAmending marriage certificates is done in order to correct errors found on the original certificate. Amendments are not used to make changes on the document.\\nExamples of errors include: spelling errors, grammatical errors, adding information to empty \\\"blank\\\" lines.\\nExamples of changes to a marriage certificate include: complete changes to first, middle, last or other names of either party; adding to or deleting any name of either party named on certificate.\\n1-2. Gather the information you need.\\nThis information will vary by state, and by county, but in general you can expect to complete an affidavit to amend the marriage certificate, and to provide a photocopy of your original marriage certificate with the local registration on it.\\nYou can also get a copy of your marriage certificate from your local office of Vital Records.\\nCheck with your local county clerk's office for detailed information about what is required in your area.\\nIf you are currently living in a different county or state from the one where you were first married, you'll need to contact the county in which your marriage was originally held.\\n1-3. Provide a sworn statement.\\nA sworn statement is a written statement testifying that your amendment request is genuine and true. It is similar to an affidavit, a statement witnessed by a notary public. Either can be used as evidence in a court of law.\\nThis is required in some states, but not all.\\nSworn statements must be printed, with a signature and the date on which the statement was signed, to be legal.\\n1-4. Prepare to pay a fee.\\nMost states or counties charge a fee for amending a marriage certificate. The fee varies by location. You may pay your fee by check or money order when you submit your documents to the required office.\\nCheck your local county office for information regarding who should be listed as the recipient of the check, as well as the exact amount of the check.\\nIf you are out-of-country, you should pay by submitting an international money order payable in US currency.\\nMany times, if you are filing for amendment within 1 year of your original marriage, you will not be required to pay a fee.\\n1-5. Submit the appropriate paperwork.\\nThe paperwork required by your local state or county authorities will vary by location. Your state office of Vital Records may not be involved in marriage certificates. Because marriage certificates are issued by the county, there is a great deal of variation in the requirements for amending the marriage certificate. Contacting your local Clerk of Court may help you better understand what documentation you need to provide.\\nIn California, for example, you will need to submit an original copy of the VS 24(C) form, including 2 signed affidavits.\\nIn New York, for another example, you will need an official Amendment Application.\\nIn Massachusetts, you must speak directly with a Registry Representative by calling (617) 740-2600 before coming to the Registry of Vital Records and Statistics to file an amendment.\\n1-6. Be aware that the amendment won't replace your original document.\\nIf someone requests your marriage certificate following your amendment, he will receive both the original marriage certificate and the amended certificate. The original record remains unchanged.\\nThe amendment will become page 2 of your marriage certificate.\\nYou'll need to resubmit your amended marriage certificate with every agency you work with. Banks, tax agencies, social social security agencies, etc. will all need copies of your amended marriage certificate.\\n2. Changing Your Name on Marriage Certificates\\n2-1. Decide to change your name on the certificate.\\nIf your name was misspelled, you may change it with an amendment. If you have gone through the legal process of changing your name, you may change your name on the marriage certificate through an AKA (“also known as”) process in some states.\\nBe aware that your original name will continue to be listed on your original marriage certificate.\\nYou will need a certified copy of the document showing your legal name change to be delivered with your request.\\nIf your name was changed through the naturalization process, you'll be required to show photocopies of the Petition for Name Change from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and the Certificate of Naturalization with the Department of Homeland Security seal.\\n2-2. Employ the Name Equality Act of 2007.\\nIf you live in the State of California, you may legally change your middle and/or last names on your marriage certificate. You may apply to change your last name to your spouse's last name, or hyphenate your current last name and that of your spouse.\\nThe Name Equality Act of 2007 does not apply to first names. To change your first name requires a court-ordered name change.\\nA certified copy of the marriage certificate may be used as a document required for application of a California Driver's License, as a result of the Name Equality Act.\\n2-3. Remarry with your new name.\\nIf you or your spouse change your surname on the marriage certificate, you may need to remarry in order to maintain your married status. Your new surname should be listed on the new marriage certificate. If you choose to remarry for this purpose you will have to reapply for a Marriage License and a Marriage Ceremony and pay the applicable fees.\\nSince you were previously married, any usual requirement for waiting period should not apply.\\nAmendment applications should be made to the Clerk of Court.\\nTips\\nMarriage certificates are administered differently in different states. Check with your local county administration for detailed information on how to amend a marriage certificate in your location.\\nWarnings\\nBe aware that you will have to contact all state and local agencies with any formal name change documentation.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"A marriage license does far more than allow you to marry. You need it to change your surname, qualify for spousal benefits -- such as inclusion on your spouse's group health insurance or survivorship rights -- and establish that your marriage meets all legal requirements established by the state. It's important that the marriage certificate be accurate. If you discover an error, you can correct your marriage certificate through an amendment.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Making Corrections on Marriage Certificates\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Know what information you can change.\", \"描述\": \"Amending marriage certificates is done in order to correct errors found on the original certificate. Amendments are not used to make changes on the document.\\nExamples of errors include: spelling errors, grammatical errors, adding information to empty \\\"blank\\\" lines.\\nExamples of changes to a marriage certificate include: complete changes to first, middle, last or other names of either party; adding to or deleting any name of either party named on certificate.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Gather the information you need.\", \"描述\": \"This information will vary by state, and by county, but in general you can expect to complete an affidavit to amend the marriage certificate, and to provide a photocopy of your original marriage certificate with the local registration on it.\\nYou can also get a copy of your marriage certificate from your local office of Vital Records.\\nCheck with your local county clerk's office for detailed information about what is required in your area.\\nIf you are currently living in a different county or state from the one where you were first married, you'll need to contact the county in which your marriage was originally held.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Provide a sworn statement.\", \"描述\": \"A sworn statement is a written statement testifying that your amendment request is genuine and true. It is similar to an affidavit, a statement witnessed by a notary public. Either can be used as evidence in a court of law.\\nThis is required in some states, but not all.\\nSworn statements must be printed, with a signature and the date on which the statement was signed, to be legal.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Prepare to pay a fee.\", \"描述\": \"Most states or counties charge a fee for amending a marriage certificate. The fee varies by location. You may pay your fee by check or money order when you submit your documents to the required office.\\nCheck your local county office for information regarding who should be listed as the recipient of the check, as well as the exact amount of the check.\\nIf you are out-of-country, you should pay by submitting an international money order payable in US currency.\\nMany times, if you are filing for amendment within 1 year of your original marriage, you will not be required to pay a fee.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Submit the appropriate paperwork.\", \"描述\": \"The paperwork required by your local state or county authorities will vary by location. Your state office of Vital Records may not be involved in marriage certificates. Because marriage certificates are issued by the county, there is a great deal of variation in the requirements for amending the marriage certificate. Contacting your local Clerk of Court may help you better understand what documentation you need to provide.\\nIn California, for example, you will need to submit an original copy of the VS 24(C) form, including 2 signed affidavits.\\nIn New York, for another example, you will need an official Amendment Application.\\nIn Massachusetts, you must speak directly with a Registry Representative by calling (617) 740-2600 before coming to the Registry of Vital Records and Statistics to file an amendment.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Be aware that the amendment won't replace your original document.\", \"描述\": \"If someone requests your marriage certificate following your amendment, he will receive both the original marriage certificate and the amended certificate. The original record remains unchanged.\\nThe amendment will become page 2 of your marriage certificate.\\nYou'll need to resubmit your amended marriage certificate with every agency you work with. Banks, tax agencies, social social security agencies, etc. will all need copies of your amended marriage certificate.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Changing Your Name on Marriage Certificates\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Decide to change your name on the certificate.\", \"描述\": \"If your name was misspelled, you may change it with an amendment. If you have gone through the legal process of changing your name, you may change your name on the marriage certificate through an AKA (“also known as”) process in some states.\\nBe aware that your original name will continue to be listed on your original marriage certificate.\\nYou will need a certified copy of the document showing your legal name change to be delivered with your request.\\nIf your name was changed through the naturalization process, you'll be required to show photocopies of the Petition for Name Change from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and the Certificate of Naturalization with the Department of Homeland Security seal.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Employ the Name Equality Act of 2007.\", \"描述\": \"If you live in the State of California, you may legally change your middle and/or last names on your marriage certificate. You may apply to change your last name to your spouse's last name, or hyphenate your current last name and that of your spouse.\\nThe Name Equality Act of 2007 does not apply to first names. To change your first name requires a court-ordered name change.\\nA certified copy of the marriage certificate may be used as a document required for application of a California Driver's License, as a result of the Name Equality Act.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Remarry with your new name.\", \"描述\": \"If you or your spouse change your surname on the marriage certificate, you may need to remarry in order to maintain your married status. Your new surname should be listed on the new marriage certificate. If you choose to remarry for this purpose you will have to reapply for a Marriage License and a Marriage Ceremony and pay the applicable fees.\\nSince you were previously married, any usual requirement for waiting period should not apply.\\nAmendment applications should be made to the Clerk of Court.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Marriage certificates are administered differently in different states. Check with your local county administration for detailed information on how to amend a marriage certificate in your location.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Be aware that you will have to contact all state and local agencies with any formal name change documentation.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,653 | How to Amend an LLC | 1. Knowing When to Amend LLC Documents
1-1. File an amendment to change the LLC's name.
If you are trying to change the legal name of your LLC, you will need to file for that change with the state. You will also need to wait to have the name approved before you can begin using it. To do so, you will need to find a name that is currently available in your state (not taken by another LLC) by accessing your state's LLC registration records. Then, you must file articles of amendment with the state to change your name.
Alternately, you can simple change your "doing business as" (DBA) name with your county or city.
If you change your LLC's name, you will need to notify other agencies of the change, like IRS and other state agencies.
1-2. Register a change in ownership or membership.
An amendment to the operating agreement is required when a change to the managers or members of an LLC is made. Though this amendment is made internally (without the cooperation of the state), some states require that the LLC report any changes made to members. This includes the transfer of large amounts of ownership in the LLC as well (if an existing member now owns over 20 percent of the LLC).
1-3. File for other changes.
You must also make amendments to your articles of incorporation if you change your address or your registered agent. You must make amendments to your operating agreement if you decide to make another change to them, like changing your LLC from member-managed to manager-managed or otherwise changing the financial or managerial structure of the LLC.
1-4. Know when an amendment is not needed.
There are some cases in which it may seem like an amendment would be needed when, in fact, you do not need one. For example, if an LLC member dies, their ownership share is transferred to whoever they specified in their will or, in the absence of a will, their next of kin. However, if the operating agreement limits or prohibits such a transfer, the share will be handled according to operating agreement.
2. Reviewing Amendment Rules
2-1. Make sure all members/manager agree on the amendment.
Research the written consent requirements for the amendment. Some states require that all members agree before amending an LLC, while others require the majority to agree. A minority of states allow members to create their own rules for amendments.
2-2. Refer to your LLC's founding documents.
A well-constructed operating agreement should have a defined method for proposing and finalizing amendments. If your agreement has these provisions, make sure to follow them closely through the amendment process.
2-3. Figure out when you must report amendments to the state.
In general, changes to the Articles of Incorporation (the initial LLC document filed with the state) must be filed as Articles of Amendment and submitted to the state. The changes are then confirmed by the state before taking effect. These changes includes changes in name, address, or registered agent for the LLC. Changes made to the operating agreement, which is not filed with the state, can be made without state approval but then might have to be reported to the state after the fact.
Reporting requirements vary by state. For example, some states may charge a fee for filing articles of amendment. Others require that any and all significant changes to an LLC be reported within a certain timeframe.
Check with the relevant agency or department in your state to figure out exactly what you need to report and when.
When reporting changes, some states may require you to re-state your articles of incorporation, while others just allow you to make the change on your annual report.
2-4. Check amendment announcement requirements.
Certain states require that the an LLC publicize any changes made to its structure, name, or location. For example, some states require that you publish the change 3 times in a newspaper distributed in the county where your LLC is registered. Be sure to include these requirements in your amendment plan and follow them closely.
3. Filing the Amendment
3-1. Amend the LLC within the time frame.
Many states require that you file the amendment within a month (30 days) of the change. If you don't do so, you may face a fine or a more severe penalty.
3-2. Fill out an Article of Amendment to change your Articles of Organization.
This form describes what the change is, and its effective date. If your LLC is member-managed, the form needs to be signed by a member. The Article of Amendment should be signed by a manager if your LLC is manager-managed. Articles of amendment templates are available online for free.
3-3. Send the form to the state department where the LLC is registered.
This will be the same department or agency with which you originally signed up your LLC. Each state places LLC management under a different government body; some may use the Secretary of State while others give this power to the treasury. Visit the relevant government website to find an address to mail your articles of amendment to.
3-4. Pay the fees to change an LLC.
Since you do not need to file the Operating Agreement with the state, you are only charged a fee to amend the Articles of Incorporation. The fee varies by state, and ranges from $40 to $150.
3-5. Update your company's marketing materials to show the changes.
This may include business cards, website and/or fliers, depending on the information you changed.
Tips
Note that you do not need to file your Operating Agreement amendment with the state. This is because the original is not filed with the government, either. Just make a copy of the old one to file away, and then put the new version on display in your office.[11]
X
Research source
However, you may be required to report changes in membership or management to the state. Check your state's reporting requirements to be sure.[12]
X
Research source
Consider hiring a company to make the changes for you. This costs additional money, but is less time-consuming than filing the amendment on your own. Hiring a company may be especially convenient if you live in a state other than where your company is registered.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:49",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Knowing When to Amend LLC Documents\\n1-1. File an amendment to change the LLC's name.\\nIf you are trying to change the legal name of your LLC, you will need to file for that change with the state. You will also need to wait to have the name approved before you can begin using it. To do so, you will need to find a name that is currently available in your state (not taken by another LLC) by accessing your state's LLC registration records. Then, you must file articles of amendment with the state to change your name.\\nAlternately, you can simple change your \\\"doing business as\\\" (DBA) name with your county or city.\\nIf you change your LLC's name, you will need to notify other agencies of the change, like IRS and other state agencies.\\n1-2. Register a change in ownership or membership.\\nAn amendment to the operating agreement is required when a change to the managers or members of an LLC is made. Though this amendment is made internally (without the cooperation of the state), some states require that the LLC report any changes made to members. This includes the transfer of large amounts of ownership in the LLC as well (if an existing member now owns over 20 percent of the LLC).\\n1-3. File for other changes.\\nYou must also make amendments to your articles of incorporation if you change your address or your registered agent. You must make amendments to your operating agreement if you decide to make another change to them, like changing your LLC from member-managed to manager-managed or otherwise changing the financial or managerial structure of the LLC.\\n1-4. Know when an amendment is not needed.\\nThere are some cases in which it may seem like an amendment would be needed when, in fact, you do not need one. For example, if an LLC member dies, their ownership share is transferred to whoever they specified in their will or, in the absence of a will, their next of kin. However, if the operating agreement limits or prohibits such a transfer, the share will be handled according to operating agreement.\\n2. Reviewing Amendment Rules\\n2-1. Make sure all members/manager agree on the amendment.\\nResearch the written consent requirements for the amendment. Some states require that all members agree before amending an LLC, while others require the majority to agree. A minority of states allow members to create their own rules for amendments.\\n2-2. Refer to your LLC's founding documents.\\nA well-constructed operating agreement should have a defined method for proposing and finalizing amendments. If your agreement has these provisions, make sure to follow them closely through the amendment process.\\n2-3. Figure out when you must report amendments to the state.\\nIn general, changes to the Articles of Incorporation (the initial LLC document filed with the state) must be filed as Articles of Amendment and submitted to the state. The changes are then confirmed by the state before taking effect. These changes includes changes in name, address, or registered agent for the LLC. Changes made to the operating agreement, which is not filed with the state, can be made without state approval but then might have to be reported to the state after the fact. \\nReporting requirements vary by state. For example, some states may charge a fee for filing articles of amendment. Others require that any and all significant changes to an LLC be reported within a certain timeframe.\\nCheck with the relevant agency or department in your state to figure out exactly what you need to report and when.\\nWhen reporting changes, some states may require you to re-state your articles of incorporation, while others just allow you to make the change on your annual report.\\n2-4. Check amendment announcement requirements.\\nCertain states require that the an LLC publicize any changes made to its structure, name, or location. For example, some states require that you publish the change 3 times in a newspaper distributed in the county where your LLC is registered. Be sure to include these requirements in your amendment plan and follow them closely.\\n3. Filing the Amendment\\n3-1. Amend the LLC within the time frame.\\nMany states require that you file the amendment within a month (30 days) of the change. If you don't do so, you may face a fine or a more severe penalty.\\n3-2. Fill out an Article of Amendment to change your Articles of Organization.\\nThis form describes what the change is, and its effective date. If your LLC is member-managed, the form needs to be signed by a member. The Article of Amendment should be signed by a manager if your LLC is manager-managed. Articles of amendment templates are available online for free.\\n3-3. Send the form to the state department where the LLC is registered.\\nThis will be the same department or agency with which you originally signed up your LLC. Each state places LLC management under a different government body; some may use the Secretary of State while others give this power to the treasury. Visit the relevant government website to find an address to mail your articles of amendment to.\\n3-4. Pay the fees to change an LLC.\\nSince you do not need to file the Operating Agreement with the state, you are only charged a fee to amend the Articles of Incorporation. The fee varies by state, and ranges from $40 to $150.\\n3-5. Update your company's marketing materials to show the changes.\\nThis may include business cards, website and/or fliers, depending on the information you changed.\\nTips\\nNote that you do not need to file your Operating Agreement amendment with the state. This is because the original is not filed with the government, either. Just make a copy of the old one to file away, and then put the new version on display in your office.[11]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nHowever, you may be required to report changes in membership or management to the state. Check your state's reporting requirements to be sure.[12]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nConsider hiring a company to make the changes for you. This costs additional money, but is less time-consuming than filing the amendment on your own. Hiring a company may be especially convenient if you live in a state other than where your company is registered.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Members of a limited liability company, or LLC, usually create an Operating Agreement and Articles of Organization when registering their company. Both documents need to be amended when any alterations are made that impact the business or its members. If you are planning to make any changes to your company, you will need to learn how to amend an LLC Operating Agreement or Articles of Organization.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Knowing When to Amend LLC Documents\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"File an amendment to change the LLC's name.\", \"描述\": \"If you are trying to change the legal name of your LLC, you will need to file for that change with the state. You will also need to wait to have the name approved before you can begin using it. To do so, you will need to find a name that is currently available in your state (not taken by another LLC) by accessing your state's LLC registration records. Then, you must file articles of amendment with the state to change your name.\\nAlternately, you can simple change your \\\"doing business as\\\" (DBA) name with your county or city.\\nIf you change your LLC's name, you will need to notify other agencies of the change, like IRS and other state agencies.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Register a change in ownership or membership.\", \"描述\": \"An amendment to the operating agreement is required when a change to the managers or members of an LLC is made. Though this amendment is made internally (without the cooperation of the state), some states require that the LLC report any changes made to members. This includes the transfer of large amounts of ownership in the LLC as well (if an existing member now owns over 20 percent of the LLC).\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"File for other changes.\", \"描述\": \"You must also make amendments to your articles of incorporation if you change your address or your registered agent. You must make amendments to your operating agreement if you decide to make another change to them, like changing your LLC from member-managed to manager-managed or otherwise changing the financial or managerial structure of the LLC.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Know when an amendment is not needed.\", \"描述\": \"There are some cases in which it may seem like an amendment would be needed when, in fact, you do not need one. For example, if an LLC member dies, their ownership share is transferred to whoever they specified in their will or, in the absence of a will, their next of kin. However, if the operating agreement limits or prohibits such a transfer, the share will be handled according to operating agreement.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Reviewing Amendment Rules\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make sure all members/manager agree on the amendment.\", \"描述\": \"Research the written consent requirements for the amendment. Some states require that all members agree before amending an LLC, while others require the majority to agree. A minority of states allow members to create their own rules for amendments.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Refer to your LLC's founding documents.\", \"描述\": \"A well-constructed operating agreement should have a defined method for proposing and finalizing amendments. If your agreement has these provisions, make sure to follow them closely through the amendment process.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Figure out when you must report amendments to the state.\", \"描述\": \"In general, changes to the Articles of Incorporation (the initial LLC document filed with the state) must be filed as Articles of Amendment and submitted to the state. The changes are then confirmed by the state before taking effect. These changes includes changes in name, address, or registered agent for the LLC. Changes made to the operating agreement, which is not filed with the state, can be made without state approval but then might have to be reported to the state after the fact. \\nReporting requirements vary by state. For example, some states may charge a fee for filing articles of amendment. Others require that any and all significant changes to an LLC be reported within a certain timeframe.\\nCheck with the relevant agency or department in your state to figure out exactly what you need to report and when.\\nWhen reporting changes, some states may require you to re-state your articles of incorporation, while others just allow you to make the change on your annual report.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Check amendment announcement requirements.\", \"描述\": \"Certain states require that the an LLC publicize any changes made to its structure, name, or location. For example, some states require that you publish the change 3 times in a newspaper distributed in the county where your LLC is registered. Be sure to include these requirements in your amendment plan and follow them closely.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Filing the Amendment\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Amend the LLC within the time frame.\", \"描述\": \"Many states require that you file the amendment within a month (30 days) of the change. If you don't do so, you may face a fine or a more severe penalty.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Fill out an Article of Amendment to change your Articles of Organization.\", \"描述\": \"This form describes what the change is, and its effective date. If your LLC is member-managed, the form needs to be signed by a member. The Article of Amendment should be signed by a manager if your LLC is manager-managed. Articles of amendment templates are available online for free.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Send the form to the state department where the LLC is registered.\", \"描述\": \"This will be the same department or agency with which you originally signed up your LLC. Each state places LLC management under a different government body; some may use the Secretary of State while others give this power to the treasury. Visit the relevant government website to find an address to mail your articles of amendment to.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Pay the fees to change an LLC.\", \"描述\": \"Since you do not need to file the Operating Agreement with the state, you are only charged a fee to amend the Articles of Incorporation. The fee varies by state, and ranges from $40 to $150.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Update your company's marketing materials to show the changes.\", \"描述\": \"This may include business cards, website and/or fliers, depending on the information you changed.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Note that you do not need to file your Operating Agreement amendment with the state. This is because the original is not filed with the government, either. Just make a copy of the old one to file away, and then put the new version on display in your office.[11]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"However, you may be required to report changes in membership or management to the state. Check your state's reporting requirements to be sure.[12]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"Consider hiring a company to make the changes for you. This costs additional money, but is less time-consuming than filing the amendment on your own. Hiring a company may be especially convenient if you live in a state other than where your company is registered.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,654 | How to Amicably End a Relationship | 1. Choosing the Right Time and Place
1-1. Wait for the right time.
If you've decided it's time to end your relationship, the first thing to figure out is when to do it. If you want things to end amicably, you'll want to choose a time when ending the relationship will result in as little disruption to the other person's life as possible.
It may be tempting to try to get it over with right away, once you've decided to end a relationship. Instead, try to pick a time--soon--when you can have this difficult conversation that won't cause any more trauma than necessary.
If possible, avoid breaking the news on major holidays, right before the person has to go to some important meeting or function, or in conjunction with other major life setbacks like the loss of a job, parent, or pet. Be sensitive to these situations, and be willing to push the schedule back a few days if necessary.
1-2. Choose the right moment.
Pick a time that you won't be rushed, setting aside a couple of hours for the conversation.
Having a time limit for the conversation in mind is a good idea, in case things get out of hand. Decide in advance how much time you will spend, and if you can, make plans that require you to depart at the end of that time.
By the same token, do make sure you have enough time to have an honest conversation about the topic and answer any reasonable questions the other person may have.
1-3. Choose a good place to have the conversation.
Choose a good place to have this conversation. The best option is usually a place that is neutral and semi-private.
You don't want to choose a place that is completely private, as this increases the possibility of the other person making a scene or giving emotional speeches that might persuade you to change your mind.
By the same token, you don't want to do this in front of people you know or somewhere that every word you say will be overheard. This can be embarrassing and humiliating for the other person.
1-4. Do it in person.
Do not plan to end the relationship via text, email, a social networking site, or even via phone call if you can help it. This detached way of ending a relationship may be easier for you, but it is disrespectful to the other person.
Ending a relationship via text or email can also increase the possibility of misunderstandings, which could lead the other person to feel that there is still hope when there is not.
2. Getting in the Right Mindset
2-1. Think about what you want to say.
Plan out in your mind exactly what you want to tell the person. This will help you be clear, and will also help you stay focused on what you need to say if you start to lose your courage.
Have answers ready for any questions you can anticipate the other person asking. He or she will almost certainly want to know why this is happening, and if there's any chance you will change your mind.
Be specific about the grievances that have led you to this decision, and be clear about the fact that the relationship is over--this is not up for negotiation. Plan to say something like, "Because of X, I need to break up with you," not "I've been thinking maybe we need a break from each other."
2-2. Get some feedback.
If you can, talk over what you plan to say with a trusted friend beforehand. Ask your friend to tell you if anything seems unclear, and what questions they might anticipate the other person having.
You can also ask your friend if you are being too harsh, or if anything you are saying might give the other person false hope.
2-3. Prepare yourself, mentally and emotionally.
Ending a relationship is hard. It will be difficult, both for you and the other person. Expect an emotional reaction, and do your best to steel yourself for it.
Think about what kind of support you may need after the conversation. Make plans in advance to do what you will need to do to take care of yourself.
You may need some time alone afterwards. Or, you may want to meet with a friend. Think about what will be most helpful to you and make arrangements.
3. Ending the Relationship
3-1. Set a time.
Once you feel prepared, you need to let the other person know that you need to have a talk about something important. This way, you can be certain that he or she also has enough time and that you won't be interfering with an important public, business, or social engagement.
If you can help it, do not tell the other person you need to have this conversation until a few hours beforehand, at most. Especially if there are obvious issues in the relationship, the other person may spend a lot agonizing hours worrying about what's going to happen if you give him or her too much advance notice.
3-2. Be gentle, but honest.
Don't be unkind or accusatory, but tell the person in simple and straightforward terms that the relationship is over, and explain why.
Be specific about why it didn't work out. This can be a learning opportunity for the other person.
For example, if you are breaking up with this person because he or she doesn't include you in other aspects of life (e.g. social outings with friends or meeting family), you might say: "I haven't felt like I'm really part of your life. When you go out with your friends, I feel uninvited, and I feel that you haven't been inclusive when I've asked to go. I also feel concerned that you haven't introduced me to your family. It makes me feel like I'm not that important to you. I think you're a great person, but that's not the kind of relationship that's going to make me happy, so I need to move on."
It is ok to be honest about your feelings about the breakup as well. If this is difficult for you, let the other person know. It can help both you and him or her feel better about the situation.
3-3. Don't sugarcoat.
While you want to be as kind as possible, you should not sugarcoat things or be too nice. This can send mixed signals that be confusing to the other person. It can lead him or her to hold onto hope that you may change your mind. This doesn't do the other person any favors in the long run.
It's possible for a breakup to be so nice that the other person doesn't realize what has happened. If this occurs, you'll have to go through the whole thing again.
You would not want to say, for example, "I really love you, and I think this is something you need to work on." This could be interpreted to mean that if he or she made some changes, you'd be willing to continue the relationship.
3-4. Take responsibility.
In most cases, when a relationship ends, both parties bear some responsibility. It's very seldom only person's fault. Acknowledge your responsibility for the end of the relationship.
For example, you might say, "I probably should have spoken up more before now to let you know how I felt about these problems," or "I know there's more I could have done to make you part of my life, too." Statements like these will help the other person feel less as if she or he is being blamed for all the problems that have brought about the end of the relationship.
3-5. Provide a specific reason for the breakup.
Using the "It's not you, it's me" line can make the other person feel like you really are blaming him or her. Instead, provide a specific reason for the the breakup based on your needs, but don't feel like you have to tell the person every single reason why you want to break up.
For example, you might say something like, "I have noticed that I am becoming really critical of you and it is interfering with my ability to be a good boyfriend/girlfriend. That is not fair to you and it tells me that I am not ready for this kind of commitment."
3-6. Listen to the other person.
You're not going to be the only person with something important to say in this conversation. Listen patiently and respectfully to the other person's response, and truthfully answer any questions she or he might have.
The other person's response may be emotional. He or she may wish to tell you about their feelings. There may be difficult questions. Be prepared for and accepting of all of this.
For example, if the other person bursts into tears, you might say "I understand that this probably hurts you a lot. I'm sorry this is so difficult for you."
3-7. Don't argue.
While it is respectful to hear the other person out and answer any questions she or he may have, do not allow this to become an argument. This will benefit neither of you.
If the other person starts making accusations or blaming you for the problems, you could say something like: "I know I wasn't a perfect boyfriend/girlfriend either, but this is how I feel. I really don't want to have an argument about it."
If the person tries to talk you into remaining in the relationship, you can say something like, "I'm sorry, but my mind is made up, and I'm not going to change it."
3-8. Keep control over your emotions.
However the other person responds, try to be the calm one in this situation. You've had time to prepare yourself, the other person has not.
You may have very strong feelings about the relationship ending. The other person may react in a way that is hurtful to you. Regardless of how this plays out, take a deep breath and try to keep your emotions under control. Getting angry and having a fight now will definitely not promote an amicable split.
3-9. Be clear about the future.
Tell the other person, in straightforward terms, what type of relationship you would like to have with them in the future. If you hope to still be friends, say so. If you don't want to see her or him again for awhile (or ever) say that, too.
For example, if you hope to stay friends, you could say something like: "I hope after we both take a little time to heal, we can still be friends." If you do not want to have the other person in your life at all, be honest. Say something like: "I really think trying to be friends would be too difficult for me. It's probably best if we don't see each other anymore."
Even if you want to stay friends, don't assume that will necessarily work out. The other person may not feel that way. Or, it may simply be too difficult for one or both of you.
4. Keeping it Amicable Afterwards
4-1. Don't complain about your ex.
There are many mistakes that people make after a relationship is over that can prevent the split from being truly amicable. One of these is a tendency to complain about the other person.
If word gets back to the other person that you've been saying unkind things about him or her, this can be hurtful and ruin any chances of an amicable end to the relationship. You may have feelings you need to vent, but don't do it with anyone who is likely to share your comments with others.
Definitely do not complain about this person to mutual friends.
Don't vent on social media, either. If you don't think you'll be able to resist the temptation, just stay off social media for a few days until you are calmer about the situation.
4-2. Don't seek revenge.
If you feel you've been wronged by the other person in the relationship in some way, it can be very tempting after a breakup to seek revenge in some way. It should go without saying that if you want things to be amicable, this is unacceptable.
Do not, for example, get romantically involved with a friend of other person as means of getting back at him or her. Do not post embarrassing pictures of him or her on the internet, or go around revealing information that was told to you in confidence.
4-3. Divide any shared possessions fairly.
Where many breakups turn nasty is when it comes time to divide shared possessions and/or return things that belonged to the other person. This can be especially difficult if you live with the other person. Approach this as calmly as possible, and be fair.
Give back anything that legitimately belongs to the other person.
Try to find a mutually agreeable compromise with shared belongings, asking, for example: "How would you feel if I took X and you take Y?"
If the other person really wants something and it isn't that important to you, it may be worth just letting him or her have it. If it's not worth a fight, consider just letting it go.
4-4. Don't encourage lingering feelings.
If the other person still has feelings for you and wants to get back together, do not encourage these feelings in any way, unless you are seriously considering getting back together.
Sending mixed signals may be hard to avoid if you feel conflicted, but do your best. It isn't fair or respectful to the other person to string him or her along if you don't actually want to get back together.
Even if you still have lingering feelings for the other person, or still find him or her attractive, you should keep that to yourself. It might make you feel good to say it in the moment, and it may even feel good for the other person to hear it in the short-term. However, this can make it harder for the other person to move on with life, which can lead to resentment and anger after a while.
4-5. Avoid intimate contact.
Ending a relationship can be scary, for both parties. As a result, it's not uncommon for people to seek out the familiarity of intimate contact with someone they've recently broken up with. This should be avoided.
Making out or having sex with someone you've just broken up with can feel good at the time. In the long run, though, it keeps you both from moving forward and can make the situation more painful and difficult for both of you.
4-6. Give it time.
Even if you want to remain friends with the other person, expect and accept that you will probably need some time apart before this can happen. Recovering from a breakup is a painful process and it can take a long time. Even if you are happy about the break up, your ex-boyfriend or girlfriend might be heartbroken. He or she will recover, but it will take a while, so try to be patient.
Trying to be friends right away can make it harder for one or both of you to move on with your lives. Wait until you are sure that you and your ex are ready to be friends. This may take a few months or even years.
Tips
As much as you may want to be kind to the other person, it is crucial to be as honest as you can about ending the relationship and why it is happening. Ambiguity can create confusion, which in turn can lead to resentment.
Warnings
Be prepared for the possibility that, even if you really want things to end amicably, this may not be realistic. Breakups, especially in long relationships, can be very emotional. Anger and bitterness are common. As hard as you may try to avoid a nasty split, sometimes it can happen anyway.[24]
X
Research source
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:50",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Choosing the Right Time and Place\\n1-1. Wait for the right time.\\nIf you've decided it's time to end your relationship, the first thing to figure out is when to do it. If you want things to end amicably, you'll want to choose a time when ending the relationship will result in as little disruption to the other person's life as possible.\\nIt may be tempting to try to get it over with right away, once you've decided to end a relationship. Instead, try to pick a time--soon--when you can have this difficult conversation that won't cause any more trauma than necessary.\\nIf possible, avoid breaking the news on major holidays, right before the person has to go to some important meeting or function, or in conjunction with other major life setbacks like the loss of a job, parent, or pet. Be sensitive to these situations, and be willing to push the schedule back a few days if necessary.\\n1-2. Choose the right moment.\\nPick a time that you won't be rushed, setting aside a couple of hours for the conversation.\\nHaving a time limit for the conversation in mind is a good idea, in case things get out of hand. Decide in advance how much time you will spend, and if you can, make plans that require you to depart at the end of that time.\\nBy the same token, do make sure you have enough time to have an honest conversation about the topic and answer any reasonable questions the other person may have.\\n1-3. Choose a good place to have the conversation.\\nChoose a good place to have this conversation. The best option is usually a place that is neutral and semi-private.\\nYou don't want to choose a place that is completely private, as this increases the possibility of the other person making a scene or giving emotional speeches that might persuade you to change your mind.\\nBy the same token, you don't want to do this in front of people you know or somewhere that every word you say will be overheard. This can be embarrassing and humiliating for the other person.\\n1-4. Do it in person.\\nDo not plan to end the relationship via text, email, a social networking site, or even via phone call if you can help it. This detached way of ending a relationship may be easier for you, but it is disrespectful to the other person. \\nEnding a relationship via text or email can also increase the possibility of misunderstandings, which could lead the other person to feel that there is still hope when there is not.\\n2. Getting in the Right Mindset\\n2-1. Think about what you want to say.\\nPlan out in your mind exactly what you want to tell the person. This will help you be clear, and will also help you stay focused on what you need to say if you start to lose your courage.\\nHave answers ready for any questions you can anticipate the other person asking. He or she will almost certainly want to know why this is happening, and if there's any chance you will change your mind.\\nBe specific about the grievances that have led you to this decision, and be clear about the fact that the relationship is over--this is not up for negotiation. Plan to say something like, \\\"Because of X, I need to break up with you,\\\" not \\\"I've been thinking maybe we need a break from each other.\\\"\\n2-2. Get some feedback.\\nIf you can, talk over what you plan to say with a trusted friend beforehand. Ask your friend to tell you if anything seems unclear, and what questions they might anticipate the other person having.\\nYou can also ask your friend if you are being too harsh, or if anything you are saying might give the other person false hope.\\n2-3. Prepare yourself, mentally and emotionally.\\nEnding a relationship is hard. It will be difficult, both for you and the other person. Expect an emotional reaction, and do your best to steel yourself for it.\\nThink about what kind of support you may need after the conversation. Make plans in advance to do what you will need to do to take care of yourself.\\nYou may need some time alone afterwards. Or, you may want to meet with a friend. Think about what will be most helpful to you and make arrangements.\\n3. Ending the Relationship\\n3-1. Set a time.\\nOnce you feel prepared, you need to let the other person know that you need to have a talk about something important. This way, you can be certain that he or she also has enough time and that you won't be interfering with an important public, business, or social engagement.\\nIf you can help it, do not tell the other person you need to have this conversation until a few hours beforehand, at most. Especially if there are obvious issues in the relationship, the other person may spend a lot agonizing hours worrying about what's going to happen if you give him or her too much advance notice.\\n3-2. Be gentle, but honest.\\nDon't be unkind or accusatory, but tell the person in simple and straightforward terms that the relationship is over, and explain why.\\nBe specific about why it didn't work out. This can be a learning opportunity for the other person.\\nFor example, if you are breaking up with this person because he or she doesn't include you in other aspects of life (e.g. social outings with friends or meeting family), you might say: \\\"I haven't felt like I'm really part of your life. When you go out with your friends, I feel uninvited, and I feel that you haven't been inclusive when I've asked to go. I also feel concerned that you haven't introduced me to your family. It makes me feel like I'm not that important to you. I think you're a great person, but that's not the kind of relationship that's going to make me happy, so I need to move on.\\\"\\nIt is ok to be honest about your feelings about the breakup as well. If this is difficult for you, let the other person know. It can help both you and him or her feel better about the situation.\\n3-3. Don't sugarcoat.\\nWhile you want to be as kind as possible, you should not sugarcoat things or be too nice. This can send mixed signals that be confusing to the other person. It can lead him or her to hold onto hope that you may change your mind. This doesn't do the other person any favors in the long run.\\nIt's possible for a breakup to be so nice that the other person doesn't realize what has happened. If this occurs, you'll have to go through the whole thing again.\\nYou would not want to say, for example, \\\"I really love you, and I think this is something you need to work on.\\\" This could be interpreted to mean that if he or she made some changes, you'd be willing to continue the relationship.\\n3-4. Take responsibility.\\nIn most cases, when a relationship ends, both parties bear some responsibility. It's very seldom only person's fault. Acknowledge your responsibility for the end of the relationship.\\nFor example, you might say, \\\"I probably should have spoken up more before now to let you know how I felt about these problems,\\\" or \\\"I know there's more I could have done to make you part of my life, too.\\\" Statements like these will help the other person feel less as if she or he is being blamed for all the problems that have brought about the end of the relationship.\\n3-5. Provide a specific reason for the breakup.\\nUsing the \\\"It's not you, it's me\\\" line can make the other person feel like you really are blaming him or her. Instead, provide a specific reason for the the breakup based on your needs, but don't feel like you have to tell the person every single reason why you want to break up.\\nFor example, you might say something like, \\\"I have noticed that I am becoming really critical of you and it is interfering with my ability to be a good boyfriend/girlfriend. That is not fair to you and it tells me that I am not ready for this kind of commitment.\\\"\\n3-6. Listen to the other person.\\nYou're not going to be the only person with something important to say in this conversation. Listen patiently and respectfully to the other person's response, and truthfully answer any questions she or he might have.\\nThe other person's response may be emotional. He or she may wish to tell you about their feelings. There may be difficult questions. Be prepared for and accepting of all of this.\\nFor example, if the other person bursts into tears, you might say \\\"I understand that this probably hurts you a lot. I'm sorry this is so difficult for you.\\\"\\n3-7. Don't argue.\\nWhile it is respectful to hear the other person out and answer any questions she or he may have, do not allow this to become an argument. This will benefit neither of you.\\nIf the other person starts making accusations or blaming you for the problems, you could say something like: \\\"I know I wasn't a perfect boyfriend/girlfriend either, but this is how I feel. I really don't want to have an argument about it.\\\"\\nIf the person tries to talk you into remaining in the relationship, you can say something like, \\\"I'm sorry, but my mind is made up, and I'm not going to change it.\\\"\\n3-8. Keep control over your emotions.\\nHowever the other person responds, try to be the calm one in this situation. You've had time to prepare yourself, the other person has not.\\nYou may have very strong feelings about the relationship ending. The other person may react in a way that is hurtful to you. Regardless of how this plays out, take a deep breath and try to keep your emotions under control. Getting angry and having a fight now will definitely not promote an amicable split.\\n3-9. Be clear about the future.\\nTell the other person, in straightforward terms, what type of relationship you would like to have with them in the future. If you hope to still be friends, say so. If you don't want to see her or him again for awhile (or ever) say that, too.\\nFor example, if you hope to stay friends, you could say something like: \\\"I hope after we both take a little time to heal, we can still be friends.\\\" If you do not want to have the other person in your life at all, be honest. Say something like: \\\"I really think trying to be friends would be too difficult for me. It's probably best if we don't see each other anymore.\\\"\\nEven if you want to stay friends, don't assume that will necessarily work out. The other person may not feel that way. Or, it may simply be too difficult for one or both of you.\\n4. Keeping it Amicable Afterwards\\n4-1. Don't complain about your ex.\\nThere are many mistakes that people make after a relationship is over that can prevent the split from being truly amicable. One of these is a tendency to complain about the other person.\\nIf word gets back to the other person that you've been saying unkind things about him or her, this can be hurtful and ruin any chances of an amicable end to the relationship. You may have feelings you need to vent, but don't do it with anyone who is likely to share your comments with others.\\nDefinitely do not complain about this person to mutual friends.\\nDon't vent on social media, either. If you don't think you'll be able to resist the temptation, just stay off social media for a few days until you are calmer about the situation.\\n4-2. Don't seek revenge.\\nIf you feel you've been wronged by the other person in the relationship in some way, it can be very tempting after a breakup to seek revenge in some way. It should go without saying that if you want things to be amicable, this is unacceptable.\\nDo not, for example, get romantically involved with a friend of other person as means of getting back at him or her. Do not post embarrassing pictures of him or her on the internet, or go around revealing information that was told to you in confidence.\\n4-3. Divide any shared possessions fairly.\\nWhere many breakups turn nasty is when it comes time to divide shared possessions and/or return things that belonged to the other person. This can be especially difficult if you live with the other person. Approach this as calmly as possible, and be fair.\\nGive back anything that legitimately belongs to the other person.\\nTry to find a mutually agreeable compromise with shared belongings, asking, for example: \\\"How would you feel if I took X and you take Y?\\\"\\nIf the other person really wants something and it isn't that important to you, it may be worth just letting him or her have it. If it's not worth a fight, consider just letting it go.\\n4-4. Don't encourage lingering feelings.\\nIf the other person still has feelings for you and wants to get back together, do not encourage these feelings in any way, unless you are seriously considering getting back together.\\nSending mixed signals may be hard to avoid if you feel conflicted, but do your best. It isn't fair or respectful to the other person to string him or her along if you don't actually want to get back together.\\nEven if you still have lingering feelings for the other person, or still find him or her attractive, you should keep that to yourself. It might make you feel good to say it in the moment, and it may even feel good for the other person to hear it in the short-term. However, this can make it harder for the other person to move on with life, which can lead to resentment and anger after a while.\\n4-5. Avoid intimate contact.\\nEnding a relationship can be scary, for both parties. As a result, it's not uncommon for people to seek out the familiarity of intimate contact with someone they've recently broken up with. This should be avoided.\\nMaking out or having sex with someone you've just broken up with can feel good at the time. In the long run, though, it keeps you both from moving forward and can make the situation more painful and difficult for both of you.\\n4-6. Give it time.\\nEven if you want to remain friends with the other person, expect and accept that you will probably need some time apart before this can happen. Recovering from a breakup is a painful process and it can take a long time. Even if you are happy about the break up, your ex-boyfriend or girlfriend might be heartbroken. He or she will recover, but it will take a while, so try to be patient. \\nTrying to be friends right away can make it harder for one or both of you to move on with your lives. Wait until you are sure that you and your ex are ready to be friends. This may take a few months or even years.\\nTips\\nAs much as you may want to be kind to the other person, it is crucial to be as honest as you can about ending the relationship and why it is happening. Ambiguity can create confusion, which in turn can lead to resentment.\\nWarnings\\nBe prepared for the possibility that, even if you really want things to end amicably, this may not be realistic. Breakups, especially in long relationships, can be very emotional. Anger and bitterness are common. As hard as you may try to avoid a nasty split, sometimes it can happen anyway.[24]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Not all relationships can last forever. This means that ending a relationship is an inevitable part of being human. However, ending a relationship on a good note is often more desirable than ending it in rage and frustration. If you're in a struggling relationship and feel that it's time for it to end, you might want to know how to amicably end a relationship. Keep a tight rein over your emotions and keep the emotions of the other party in mind.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Choosing the Right Time and Place\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Wait for the right time.\", \"描述\": \"If you've decided it's time to end your relationship, the first thing to figure out is when to do it. If you want things to end amicably, you'll want to choose a time when ending the relationship will result in as little disruption to the other person's life as possible.\\nIt may be tempting to try to get it over with right away, once you've decided to end a relationship. Instead, try to pick a time--soon--when you can have this difficult conversation that won't cause any more trauma than necessary.\\nIf possible, avoid breaking the news on major holidays, right before the person has to go to some important meeting or function, or in conjunction with other major life setbacks like the loss of a job, parent, or pet. Be sensitive to these situations, and be willing to push the schedule back a few days if necessary.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Choose the right moment.\", \"描述\": \"Pick a time that you won't be rushed, setting aside a couple of hours for the conversation.\\nHaving a time limit for the conversation in mind is a good idea, in case things get out of hand. Decide in advance how much time you will spend, and if you can, make plans that require you to depart at the end of that time.\\nBy the same token, do make sure you have enough time to have an honest conversation about the topic and answer any reasonable questions the other person may have.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Choose a good place to have the conversation.\", \"描述\": \"Choose a good place to have this conversation. The best option is usually a place that is neutral and semi-private.\\nYou don't want to choose a place that is completely private, as this increases the possibility of the other person making a scene or giving emotional speeches that might persuade you to change your mind.\\nBy the same token, you don't want to do this in front of people you know or somewhere that every word you say will be overheard. This can be embarrassing and humiliating for the other person.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Do it in person.\", \"描述\": \"Do not plan to end the relationship via text, email, a social networking site, or even via phone call if you can help it. This detached way of ending a relationship may be easier for you, but it is disrespectful to the other person. \\nEnding a relationship via text or email can also increase the possibility of misunderstandings, which could lead the other person to feel that there is still hope when there is not.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Getting in the Right Mindset\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Think about what you want to say.\", \"描述\": \"Plan out in your mind exactly what you want to tell the person. This will help you be clear, and will also help you stay focused on what you need to say if you start to lose your courage.\\nHave answers ready for any questions you can anticipate the other person asking. He or she will almost certainly want to know why this is happening, and if there's any chance you will change your mind.\\nBe specific about the grievances that have led you to this decision, and be clear about the fact that the relationship is over--this is not up for negotiation. Plan to say something like, \\\"Because of X, I need to break up with you,\\\" not \\\"I've been thinking maybe we need a break from each other.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Get some feedback.\", \"描述\": \"If you can, talk over what you plan to say with a trusted friend beforehand. Ask your friend to tell you if anything seems unclear, and what questions they might anticipate the other person having.\\nYou can also ask your friend if you are being too harsh, or if anything you are saying might give the other person false hope.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Prepare yourself, mentally and emotionally.\", \"描述\": \"Ending a relationship is hard. It will be difficult, both for you and the other person. Expect an emotional reaction, and do your best to steel yourself for it.\\nThink about what kind of support you may need after the conversation. Make plans in advance to do what you will need to do to take care of yourself.\\nYou may need some time alone afterwards. Or, you may want to meet with a friend. Think about what will be most helpful to you and make arrangements.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Ending the Relationship\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Set a time.\", \"描述\": \"Once you feel prepared, you need to let the other person know that you need to have a talk about something important. This way, you can be certain that he or she also has enough time and that you won't be interfering with an important public, business, or social engagement.\\nIf you can help it, do not tell the other person you need to have this conversation until a few hours beforehand, at most. Especially if there are obvious issues in the relationship, the other person may spend a lot agonizing hours worrying about what's going to happen if you give him or her too much advance notice.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Be gentle, but honest.\", \"描述\": \"Don't be unkind or accusatory, but tell the person in simple and straightforward terms that the relationship is over, and explain why.\\nBe specific about why it didn't work out. This can be a learning opportunity for the other person.\\nFor example, if you are breaking up with this person because he or she doesn't include you in other aspects of life (e.g. social outings with friends or meeting family), you might say: \\\"I haven't felt like I'm really part of your life. When you go out with your friends, I feel uninvited, and I feel that you haven't been inclusive when I've asked to go. I also feel concerned that you haven't introduced me to your family. It makes me feel like I'm not that important to you. I think you're a great person, but that's not the kind of relationship that's going to make me happy, so I need to move on.\\\"\\nIt is ok to be honest about your feelings about the breakup as well. If this is difficult for you, let the other person know. It can help both you and him or her feel better about the situation.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Don't sugarcoat.\", \"描述\": \"While you want to be as kind as possible, you should not sugarcoat things or be too nice. This can send mixed signals that be confusing to the other person. It can lead him or her to hold onto hope that you may change your mind. This doesn't do the other person any favors in the long run.\\nIt's possible for a breakup to be so nice that the other person doesn't realize what has happened. If this occurs, you'll have to go through the whole thing again.\\nYou would not want to say, for example, \\\"I really love you, and I think this is something you need to work on.\\\" This could be interpreted to mean that if he or she made some changes, you'd be willing to continue the relationship.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Take responsibility.\", \"描述\": \"In most cases, when a relationship ends, both parties bear some responsibility. It's very seldom only person's fault. Acknowledge your responsibility for the end of the relationship.\\nFor example, you might say, \\\"I probably should have spoken up more before now to let you know how I felt about these problems,\\\" or \\\"I know there's more I could have done to make you part of my life, too.\\\" Statements like these will help the other person feel less as if she or he is being blamed for all the problems that have brought about the end of the relationship.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Provide a specific reason for the breakup.\", \"描述\": \"Using the \\\"It's not you, it's me\\\" line can make the other person feel like you really are blaming him or her. Instead, provide a specific reason for the the breakup based on your needs, but don't feel like you have to tell the person every single reason why you want to break up.\\nFor example, you might say something like, \\\"I have noticed that I am becoming really critical of you and it is interfering with my ability to be a good boyfriend/girlfriend. That is not fair to you and it tells me that I am not ready for this kind of commitment.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Listen to the other person.\", \"描述\": \"You're not going to be the only person with something important to say in this conversation. Listen patiently and respectfully to the other person's response, and truthfully answer any questions she or he might have.\\nThe other person's response may be emotional. He or she may wish to tell you about their feelings. There may be difficult questions. Be prepared for and accepting of all of this.\\nFor example, if the other person bursts into tears, you might say \\\"I understand that this probably hurts you a lot. I'm sorry this is so difficult for you.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Don't argue.\", \"描述\": \"While it is respectful to hear the other person out and answer any questions she or he may have, do not allow this to become an argument. This will benefit neither of you.\\nIf the other person starts making accusations or blaming you for the problems, you could say something like: \\\"I know I wasn't a perfect boyfriend/girlfriend either, but this is how I feel. I really don't want to have an argument about it.\\\"\\nIf the person tries to talk you into remaining in the relationship, you can say something like, \\\"I'm sorry, but my mind is made up, and I'm not going to change it.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Keep control over your emotions.\", \"描述\": \"However the other person responds, try to be the calm one in this situation. You've had time to prepare yourself, the other person has not.\\nYou may have very strong feelings about the relationship ending. The other person may react in a way that is hurtful to you. Regardless of how this plays out, take a deep breath and try to keep your emotions under control. Getting angry and having a fight now will definitely not promote an amicable split.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Be clear about the future.\", \"描述\": \"Tell the other person, in straightforward terms, what type of relationship you would like to have with them in the future. If you hope to still be friends, say so. If you don't want to see her or him again for awhile (or ever) say that, too.\\nFor example, if you hope to stay friends, you could say something like: \\\"I hope after we both take a little time to heal, we can still be friends.\\\" If you do not want to have the other person in your life at all, be honest. Say something like: \\\"I really think trying to be friends would be too difficult for me. It's probably best if we don't see each other anymore.\\\"\\nEven if you want to stay friends, don't assume that will necessarily work out. The other person may not feel that way. Or, it may simply be too difficult for one or both of you.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Keeping it Amicable Afterwards\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Don't complain about your ex.\", \"描述\": \"There are many mistakes that people make after a relationship is over that can prevent the split from being truly amicable. One of these is a tendency to complain about the other person.\\nIf word gets back to the other person that you've been saying unkind things about him or her, this can be hurtful and ruin any chances of an amicable end to the relationship. You may have feelings you need to vent, but don't do it with anyone who is likely to share your comments with others.\\nDefinitely do not complain about this person to mutual friends.\\nDon't vent on social media, either. If you don't think you'll be able to resist the temptation, just stay off social media for a few days until you are calmer about the situation.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Don't seek revenge.\", \"描述\": \"If you feel you've been wronged by the other person in the relationship in some way, it can be very tempting after a breakup to seek revenge in some way. It should go without saying that if you want things to be amicable, this is unacceptable.\\nDo not, for example, get romantically involved with a friend of other person as means of getting back at him or her. Do not post embarrassing pictures of him or her on the internet, or go around revealing information that was told to you in confidence.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Divide any shared possessions fairly.\", \"描述\": \"Where many breakups turn nasty is when it comes time to divide shared possessions and/or return things that belonged to the other person. This can be especially difficult if you live with the other person. Approach this as calmly as possible, and be fair.\\nGive back anything that legitimately belongs to the other person.\\nTry to find a mutually agreeable compromise with shared belongings, asking, for example: \\\"How would you feel if I took X and you take Y?\\\"\\nIf the other person really wants something and it isn't that important to you, it may be worth just letting him or her have it. If it's not worth a fight, consider just letting it go.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Don't encourage lingering feelings.\", \"描述\": \"If the other person still has feelings for you and wants to get back together, do not encourage these feelings in any way, unless you are seriously considering getting back together.\\nSending mixed signals may be hard to avoid if you feel conflicted, but do your best. It isn't fair or respectful to the other person to string him or her along if you don't actually want to get back together.\\nEven if you still have lingering feelings for the other person, or still find him or her attractive, you should keep that to yourself. It might make you feel good to say it in the moment, and it may even feel good for the other person to hear it in the short-term. However, this can make it harder for the other person to move on with life, which can lead to resentment and anger after a while.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Avoid intimate contact.\", \"描述\": \"Ending a relationship can be scary, for both parties. As a result, it's not uncommon for people to seek out the familiarity of intimate contact with someone they've recently broken up with. This should be avoided.\\nMaking out or having sex with someone you've just broken up with can feel good at the time. In the long run, though, it keeps you both from moving forward and can make the situation more painful and difficult for both of you.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Give it time.\", \"描述\": \"Even if you want to remain friends with the other person, expect and accept that you will probably need some time apart before this can happen. Recovering from a breakup is a painful process and it can take a long time. Even if you are happy about the break up, your ex-boyfriend or girlfriend might be heartbroken. He or she will recover, but it will take a while, so try to be patient. \\nTrying to be friends right away can make it harder for one or both of you to move on with your lives. Wait until you are sure that you and your ex are ready to be friends. This may take a few months or even years.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"As much as you may want to be kind to the other person, it is crucial to be as honest as you can about ending the relationship and why it is happening. Ambiguity can create confusion, which in turn can lead to resentment.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Be prepared for the possibility that, even if you really want things to end amicably, this may not be realistic. Breakups, especially in long relationships, can be very emotional. Anger and bitterness are common. As hard as you may try to avoid a nasty split, sometimes it can happen anyway.[24]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,655 | How to Amortize Assets | 1. Defining the Necessary Terms
1-1. Know the difference between amortization and depreciation.
Amortization refers to spreading the cost of an intangible asset over its useful life. Depreciation refers to prorating the cost of a tangible asset over its estimated life.
Intangible assets include patents, copyrights, and intellectual property.
Tangible assets include land, buildings, equipment, and vehicles.
1-2. Identify intangible assets.
These records can usually be found in the company's legal department files. An intangible asset must meet the following criteria:
It is a non-physical asset that has value to the company.
It is an intangible asset that has measurable effect, such as cost (e.g. purchase price, taxes), that can benefit the company.
The cost of preparing an intangible asset is attributed to the asset's intended use. For instance, an acquired patent is purchased for its intended use of protecting patent rights for an invention.
Assets resulting from development are recognized as an intangible asset if the completion of the intangible asset will be used or sold, it can generate future benefits, the expenses attributed to the intangible asset can be measured, and there are available resources to complete the development.
1-3. List intangible assets that can be amortized.
They must have a defined useful life. Common types of these intangible assets include the following:
Patents
Copyrights
Trademarks
Intellectual Property
Franchise rights
Business licenses
1-4. Omit intangible assets that cannot be amortized.
This would be due to the asset not having a defined useful life. They generally include the following:
Goodwill (except for private companies)
Brands
Mastheads or Logos
Publishing titles
Customer lists
2. Amortizing Intangible Assets
2-1. Determine the start date.
Amortization of intangible assets begins when the asset is acquired or when it is available for use. For example, this would be the date a patent was purchased or applied for, a copyright was issued or a business license was obtained.
2-2. Determine the initial cost of the intangible asset.
As an example, assume that you bought a patent for an invention. It cost you $50,000 to buy the patent so this will be your initial cost.
Costs cannot be accumulated for making the invention, but can be for applying for a patent.
2-3. Calculate the asset's estimated useful life.
Using the same example, find out the duration of the patent. Let's say that your patent for an invention will be protected for 20 years, as stated when it was first granted. This will be the useful life.
The useful life of a patent could change over time due to technological advances. If you assumed the patent was useful for 20 years, but after 10 years the value of the technology became useless, you can expense (write off) the remaining value.
2-4. Calculate the amortization per year.
Use this formula: Initial cost / useful life = amortization per year. Therefore, $50,000 / 20 = $2,500.
To calculate the monthly amortization amount, divide the yearly amount by 12.
3. Recording Amortization
3-1. Record the amortization amount on the company's balance sheet.
There will be a line item on the balance sheet for intangible assets. A line under this will say "Less Amortization." Record the cumulative amortization amount here and subtract it from the intangible assets amount.
The amount that is amortized per year goes on the income statement.
3-2. Keep good records.
It is important to keep all invoices, patent grants, business licenses, copyrights, trademarks and other intangible assets for at least seven years for future audit purposes. Note the dates that all were acquired and the cost for each.
3-3. Don't undervalue intangible assets.
This is especially true when a business is being sold. The importance placed on intellectual property, brand recognition, goodwill and trademarks is becoming even more valuable than tangible assets such as equipment and machinery.
Tips
The formula for calculating amortization is similar to straight-line method of depreciation.
In other countries such as Canada, the terms depreciation and amortization are used interchangeably when referring to intangible and tangible assets.
An asset resulting from research is not recognized as an intangible asset but rather as an expense if there are costs applied to research.
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"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Defining the Necessary Terms\\n1-1. Know the difference between amortization and depreciation.\\nAmortization refers to spreading the cost of an intangible asset over its useful life. Depreciation refers to prorating the cost of a tangible asset over its estimated life.\\nIntangible assets include patents, copyrights, and intellectual property.\\nTangible assets include land, buildings, equipment, and vehicles.\\n1-2. Identify intangible assets.\\nThese records can usually be found in the company's legal department files. An intangible asset must meet the following criteria:\\nIt is a non-physical asset that has value to the company.\\nIt is an intangible asset that has measurable effect, such as cost (e.g. purchase price, taxes), that can benefit the company.\\nThe cost of preparing an intangible asset is attributed to the asset's intended use. For instance, an acquired patent is purchased for its intended use of protecting patent rights for an invention.\\nAssets resulting from development are recognized as an intangible asset if the completion of the intangible asset will be used or sold, it can generate future benefits, the expenses attributed to the intangible asset can be measured, and there are available resources to complete the development.\\n1-3. List intangible assets that can be amortized.\\nThey must have a defined useful life. Common types of these intangible assets include the following:\\nPatents\\nCopyrights\\nTrademarks\\nIntellectual Property\\nFranchise rights\\nBusiness licenses\\n1-4. Omit intangible assets that cannot be amortized.\\nThis would be due to the asset not having a defined useful life. They generally include the following:\\nGoodwill (except for private companies)\\nBrands\\nMastheads or Logos\\nPublishing titles\\nCustomer lists\\n2. Amortizing Intangible Assets\\n2-1. Determine the start date.\\nAmortization of intangible assets begins when the asset is acquired or when it is available for use. For example, this would be the date a patent was purchased or applied for, a copyright was issued or a business license was obtained.\\n2-2. Determine the initial cost of the intangible asset.\\nAs an example, assume that you bought a patent for an invention. It cost you $50,000 to buy the patent so this will be your initial cost. \\nCosts cannot be accumulated for making the invention, but can be for applying for a patent.\\n2-3. Calculate the asset's estimated useful life.\\nUsing the same example, find out the duration of the patent. Let's say that your patent for an invention will be protected for 20 years, as stated when it was first granted. This will be the useful life. \\nThe useful life of a patent could change over time due to technological advances. If you assumed the patent was useful for 20 years, but after 10 years the value of the technology became useless, you can expense (write off) the remaining value.\\n2-4. Calculate the amortization per year.\\nUse this formula: Initial cost / useful life = amortization per year. Therefore, $50,000 / 20 = $2,500. \\nTo calculate the monthly amortization amount, divide the yearly amount by 12.\\n3. Recording Amortization\\n3-1. Record the amortization amount on the company's balance sheet.\\nThere will be a line item on the balance sheet for intangible assets. A line under this will say \\\"Less Amortization.\\\" Record the cumulative amortization amount here and subtract it from the intangible assets amount.\\nThe amount that is amortized per year goes on the income statement.\\n3-2. Keep good records.\\nIt is important to keep all invoices, patent grants, business licenses, copyrights, trademarks and other intangible assets for at least seven years for future audit purposes. Note the dates that all were acquired and the cost for each.\\n3-3. Don't undervalue intangible assets.\\nThis is especially true when a business is being sold. The importance placed on intellectual property, brand recognition, goodwill and trademarks is becoming even more valuable than tangible assets such as equipment and machinery.\\nTips\\nThe formula for calculating amortization is similar to straight-line method of depreciation.\\nIn other countries such as Canada, the terms depreciation and amortization are used interchangeably when referring to intangible and tangible assets.\\nAn asset resulting from research is not recognized as an intangible asset but rather as an expense if there are costs applied to research.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"In accounting, intangible assets decrease in value over time and this value is calculated in a process called amortization. In the U.S., intangible assets are amortized while tangible assets are depreciated. This article will define what qualifies as an intangible asset and how it is amortized over time. Intangible assets are generally non-physical in nature. These include patents, copyrights, and intellectual property. However, goodwill or brand names, which are also intangible assets, are generally excluded because their useful life is indefinite.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Defining the Necessary Terms\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Know the difference between amortization and depreciation.\", \"描述\": \"Amortization refers to spreading the cost of an intangible asset over its useful life. Depreciation refers to prorating the cost of a tangible asset over its estimated life.\\nIntangible assets include patents, copyrights, and intellectual property.\\nTangible assets include land, buildings, equipment, and vehicles.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identify intangible assets.\", \"描述\": \"These records can usually be found in the company's legal department files. An intangible asset must meet the following criteria:\\nIt is a non-physical asset that has value to the company.\\nIt is an intangible asset that has measurable effect, such as cost (e.g. purchase price, taxes), that can benefit the company.\\nThe cost of preparing an intangible asset is attributed to the asset's intended use. For instance, an acquired patent is purchased for its intended use of protecting patent rights for an invention.\\nAssets resulting from development are recognized as an intangible asset if the completion of the intangible asset will be used or sold, it can generate future benefits, the expenses attributed to the intangible asset can be measured, and there are available resources to complete the development.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"List intangible assets that can be amortized.\", \"描述\": \"They must have a defined useful life. Common types of these intangible assets include the following:\\nPatents\\nCopyrights\\nTrademarks\\nIntellectual Property\\nFranchise rights\\nBusiness licenses\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Omit intangible assets that cannot be amortized.\", \"描述\": \"This would be due to the asset not having a defined useful life. They generally include the following:\\nGoodwill (except for private companies)\\nBrands\\nMastheads or Logos\\nPublishing titles\\nCustomer lists\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Amortizing Intangible Assets\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine the start date.\", \"描述\": \"Amortization of intangible assets begins when the asset is acquired or when it is available for use. For example, this would be the date a patent was purchased or applied for, a copyright was issued or a business license was obtained.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Determine the initial cost of the intangible asset.\", \"描述\": \"As an example, assume that you bought a patent for an invention. It cost you $50,000 to buy the patent so this will be your initial cost. \\nCosts cannot be accumulated for making the invention, but can be for applying for a patent.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Calculate the asset's estimated useful life.\", \"描述\": \"Using the same example, find out the duration of the patent. Let's say that your patent for an invention will be protected for 20 years, as stated when it was first granted. This will be the useful life. \\nThe useful life of a patent could change over time due to technological advances. If you assumed the patent was useful for 20 years, but after 10 years the value of the technology became useless, you can expense (write off) the remaining value.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Calculate the amortization per year.\", \"描述\": \"Use this formula: Initial cost / useful life = amortization per year. Therefore, $50,000 / 20 = $2,500. \\nTo calculate the monthly amortization amount, divide the yearly amount by 12.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Recording Amortization\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Record the amortization amount on the company's balance sheet.\", \"描述\": \"There will be a line item on the balance sheet for intangible assets. A line under this will say \\\"Less Amortization.\\\" Record the cumulative amortization amount here and subtract it from the intangible assets amount.\\nThe amount that is amortized per year goes on the income statement.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Keep good records.\", \"描述\": \"It is important to keep all invoices, patent grants, business licenses, copyrights, trademarks and other intangible assets for at least seven years for future audit purposes. Note the dates that all were acquired and the cost for each.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Don't undervalue intangible assets.\", \"描述\": \"This is especially true when a business is being sold. The importance placed on intellectual property, brand recognition, goodwill and trademarks is becoming even more valuable than tangible assets such as equipment and machinery.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"The formula for calculating amortization is similar to straight-line method of depreciation.\\n\", \"In other countries such as Canada, the terms depreciation and amortization are used interchangeably when referring to intangible and tangible assets.\\n\", \"An asset resulting from research is not recognized as an intangible asset but rather as an expense if there are costs applied to research.\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,656 | How to Amplify Electric Drums | 1. Purchasing a Sound System
1-1. Decide if you want to use an amplifier or a PA system.
You can amplify an electric drum kit using either an amp or a PA system. There are pros and cons to both options.
Amplifiers tend to be more affordable. They are specifically made for electric drums. They are capable of pushing a wide range of frequencies, so the low kicks sound just as good as the high cymbals. An amp is a good option if you are practicing at home or in a practice area.
A PA system is a bit more expensive. The bass may not sound as good as on an amp (unless you purchase an additional subwoofer). A PA system has a mixer with multiple inputs. This allows multiple instruments or microphones to be connected at the same time. You can also connect a mobile phone or laptop computer to a PA system. A PA system can also push louder volumes than most electric drum amps. You can also connect both the left and right inputs of your electric drum kit module to a PA. This allows you to take advantage of different panning options. A PA System is a good option if you are practicing with a band and/or performing in small to mid-sized venues.
1-2. Consider how much volume/power your sound system needs.
Generally, a speaker system that is capable of pushing more wattage is capable of louder volumes. However, you must also consider the sensitivity of the speakers. This is referred to as the sound pressure level (SPL). This rating explains how much wattage the system converts to sound.
A sound system with an SPL rating of 100 decibels (dB) will require an amp of at least 100 watts. However, a sound system with an SPL rating of 112 decibels will require at least 1600 watts.
Consider your needs. You probably won't need that much power if you are playing in your own personal practice area. However, if you are playing for an audience or you play in a death metal band, you'll probably need more power.
1-3. Consider an amp or powered speaker.
An amp or powered speaker is a self-contained unit that has a speaker, one or two instrument inputs, a volume knob, and EQ knobs that allow you to adjust the low, high, and mid-range frequencies. You can connect your electric drum module directly into the amp or powered speaker unit. Amps and powered speakers generally cost anywhere between $100 - $400 dollars. Most electric drum kit manufacturers also make amps that are specifically made for their products, but you can also use amps made from other manufacturers.
If possible, go to a music shop and try out different electric drum amps to see what you like. If you can bring your drum kit (or at least part of it) with you, even better. This will let you sample what the amps sound like with your electric drum kit.
Guitar and bass amps may not be suitable for an electric drum kit. Guitar and bass amps are designed for a specific frequency range. The lows and highs may not sound as good.
Keyboard amps may be suitable for electric drums. They are designed to handle a wide range of frequencies, which is needed for the low kicks and high cymbals.
1-4. Consider a PA with active speakers.
A PA with active speakers consists of a mixer that connects to two powered speakers. Your electric drum kit will connect to the PA mixer. Then the mixer connects to a pair of speakers, which have their own built-in amplifier.
1-5. Consider PA with an amplified mixer and passive speakers.
With this speaker sound system, your electric drum kit connects to the mixer. The mixer has a built-in amplifier that provides power to the speakers. A pair of passive (non-powered) speakers connect to the mixer.
Check the power output of the mixer and the capability of the speakers. If your powered mixer is capable of pushing 1000 watts, but your speakers can only handle 500 watts, you may damage your speakers. Likewise, if you have a low-powered mixer, it will reach clipping levels much quicker than a higher-powered mixer. This can damage higher-powered speakers that aren't rated for that mixer.
It's also important to check the RMS Watt rating on a speaker and compare it to the Peak Watt rating. The RMS Watt rating is how much continual power usage a speaker can handle. The Peak Watt rating is the maximum power output a speaker system can handle in short bursts. Many companies advertise their Peak Watt ratings because bigger numbers are more impressive. However, a speaker that has a 150 Peak Watt rating may be no better than a speaker that has a 75 RMS Watt rating.
1-6. Consider a passive speaker with an external amplifier PA system.
This type of system uses a non-amplified mixer that connects to an external amplifier. A pair of passive (non-powered) speakers connect to the amplifier. This is the most complex setup and is probably not necessary for most private practice situations. However, if you own a live music venue, this may be a good option for your permanent sound system.
As with a powered mixer setup, make sure the power output of the amplifier matches the power capabilities of the speakers. Also, check the RMS and Peak Watt ratings of the speakers.
2. Installing the Sound System
2-1. Arrange your equipment.
Place the speakers on the left and right sides of the stage or practice area. If you are on a stage, make sure the microphones are placed behind the speakers. If you are in a practice area and need to hear the speakers, make sure the microphones are facing away from the speakers.
Don’t plug anything into a power source until all of the equipment is connected via cables.
2-2. Connect the speakers and amplifiers to your PA system.
If you are using a PA system, use a ¼ inch cable or XLR cable to connect the mixer output to the speakers, or to the external amplifier. Then connect the external amplifier to the speakers using another cable. Make sure everything is powered off while you are setting it up.
Most output jacks take ¼ inch cables. However, some PA systems allow you to connect to it using an XLR cable. An XLR cable can be very long and doesn't lose signal quality. ¼ inch cables can lose signal quality after so many feet.
2-3. Find the module output jack on your drum set.
Locate the drum module. This is the “brain” of the drum kit that allows you to alter the sounds, change the settings, and turn the kit on and off. Look around the module for a port labled "Output," "Audio Out," or similar. This is where you’ll connect the drum kit to the amp or PA system.
Do not connect to the headphone port unless there is no other option.
If your module has two separate outputs for left (L) and right (R), connect to the left one for mono sound. Only connect to the right (R) output if you want to use both the left and right outputs for a stereo sound.
2-4. Connect your drum module to your speakers or PA system.
Use long, ¼ inch cables or XLR cables. First, plug one end of the cable into the output jack of your drum set and the other end into the input jack of your amplifier or one of the channel inputs on the PA mixer.
If you’re using an active speaker, use a ¼ inch cable to connect the drum module’s output jack and the speaker’s input jack or the mixer directly to the speaker.
Some venues may have a direct input box on stage that you can connect to. This is a box with an input port that connects directly to the mixer.
2-5. Power on the amplifier or PA system.
First, make sure the master volume and gain on the mixer are turned all the way down. Plug in the amplifier or PA and speakers. Then go ahead and power on the speaker or the external amplifier.
2-6. Test the sound.
Go ahead and play your drums. Make adjustments to the volume and gain levels on your module and amp or PA system until you are at a reasonable volume level. Make sure your gain levels are low enough that it sounds clean, but still produces a sharp sound.
The sound can be adjusted from the drum module, the speakers, or the amplifier.
3. Improving Your Sound
3-1. Adjust the settings on your drum module.
Most drum modules allow you to control the different tones that your drum set creates. You can alter the volume of the low and high notes or change the timbre of the notes by “changing” drum sets. Cycle through the different drum types to imitate a variety of popular higher-end acoustic drums. Consult the users manual for your electric drum module to learn more about how to change the drums and different sounds on it.
If you purchased an inexpensive drum kit, these features may not be available.
If you still don’t like the sound of your drum set, consider upgrading the module. Purchase a higher-quality version from the same brand to replace your old module.
3-2. Use a mixer
Most amps have at least 3 EQ knobs labeled "Low," "Mid," and "High." This allows you to adjust the frequency of your tone. If you want more bass, turn up the Low. If the cymbals are too loud, turn down the high. If you want more snare and toms, turn up the mid. A mixer may have even more options in between "Low", "Mid" and "High." Generally, the EQ knobs or slider bars that control the lower frequencies are on the left, and the higher frequencies are on the right.
3-3. Consider adding effects.
You can further enhance your sound using effects. Different effects may be built-in to the module, the amplifier, mixer, or added using an effects board that is connected between the module and the amplifier. Some effects include the following:
Reverb is an echo-like effect that emulates the sound of playing in different sized rooms. It emulates sound bouncing off walls.
Delay is another echo-like effect where the sound actually repeats after it is played. You can adjust the speed at which it repeats, the volume, and how many times it repeats
Gain adjust the volume of a sound wave right after it goes through the input. It's the first process a sound wave goes through in a mixer. Adding too much gain can cause distortion.
Distortion is any effect that purposely distorts or corrupts the audio signal. This is generally used to make your instrument sound dirtier or rougher.
Warnings
Make sure all equipment is powered off when connecting and disconnecting cables. This can help prevent damage to the equipment's internal components.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:50",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Purchasing a Sound System\\n1-1. Decide if you want to use an amplifier or a PA system.\\nYou can amplify an electric drum kit using either an amp or a PA system. There are pros and cons to both options.\\n\\n Amplifiers tend to be more affordable. They are specifically made for electric drums. They are capable of pushing a wide range of frequencies, so the low kicks sound just as good as the high cymbals. An amp is a good option if you are practicing at home or in a practice area.\\n\\n A PA system is a bit more expensive. The bass may not sound as good as on an amp (unless you purchase an additional subwoofer). A PA system has a mixer with multiple inputs. This allows multiple instruments or microphones to be connected at the same time. You can also connect a mobile phone or laptop computer to a PA system. A PA system can also push louder volumes than most electric drum amps. You can also connect both the left and right inputs of your electric drum kit module to a PA. This allows you to take advantage of different panning options. A PA System is a good option if you are practicing with a band and/or performing in small to mid-sized venues.\\n1-2. Consider how much volume/power your sound system needs.\\nGenerally, a speaker system that is capable of pushing more wattage is capable of louder volumes. However, you must also consider the sensitivity of the speakers. This is referred to as the sound pressure level (SPL). This rating explains how much wattage the system converts to sound.\\nA sound system with an SPL rating of 100 decibels (dB) will require an amp of at least 100 watts. However, a sound system with an SPL rating of 112 decibels will require at least 1600 watts.\\nConsider your needs. You probably won't need that much power if you are playing in your own personal practice area. However, if you are playing for an audience or you play in a death metal band, you'll probably need more power.\\n1-3. Consider an amp or powered speaker.\\nAn amp or powered speaker is a self-contained unit that has a speaker, one or two instrument inputs, a volume knob, and EQ knobs that allow you to adjust the low, high, and mid-range frequencies. You can connect your electric drum module directly into the amp or powered speaker unit. Amps and powered speakers generally cost anywhere between $100 - $400 dollars. Most electric drum kit manufacturers also make amps that are specifically made for their products, but you can also use amps made from other manufacturers.\\nIf possible, go to a music shop and try out different electric drum amps to see what you like. If you can bring your drum kit (or at least part of it) with you, even better. This will let you sample what the amps sound like with your electric drum kit.\\nGuitar and bass amps may not be suitable for an electric drum kit. Guitar and bass amps are designed for a specific frequency range. The lows and highs may not sound as good.\\nKeyboard amps may be suitable for electric drums. They are designed to handle a wide range of frequencies, which is needed for the low kicks and high cymbals.\\n1-4. Consider a PA with active speakers.\\nA PA with active speakers consists of a mixer that connects to two powered speakers. Your electric drum kit will connect to the PA mixer. Then the mixer connects to a pair of speakers, which have their own built-in amplifier.\\n1-5. Consider PA with an amplified mixer and passive speakers.\\nWith this speaker sound system, your electric drum kit connects to the mixer. The mixer has a built-in amplifier that provides power to the speakers. A pair of passive (non-powered) speakers connect to the mixer.\\nCheck the power output of the mixer and the capability of the speakers. If your powered mixer is capable of pushing 1000 watts, but your speakers can only handle 500 watts, you may damage your speakers. Likewise, if you have a low-powered mixer, it will reach clipping levels much quicker than a higher-powered mixer. This can damage higher-powered speakers that aren't rated for that mixer.\\nIt's also important to check the RMS Watt rating on a speaker and compare it to the Peak Watt rating. The RMS Watt rating is how much continual power usage a speaker can handle. The Peak Watt rating is the maximum power output a speaker system can handle in short bursts. Many companies advertise their Peak Watt ratings because bigger numbers are more impressive. However, a speaker that has a 150 Peak Watt rating may be no better than a speaker that has a 75 RMS Watt rating.\\n1-6. Consider a passive speaker with an external amplifier PA system.\\nThis type of system uses a non-amplified mixer that connects to an external amplifier. A pair of passive (non-powered) speakers connect to the amplifier. This is the most complex setup and is probably not necessary for most private practice situations. However, if you own a live music venue, this may be a good option for your permanent sound system.\\nAs with a powered mixer setup, make sure the power output of the amplifier matches the power capabilities of the speakers. Also, check the RMS and Peak Watt ratings of the speakers.\\n2. Installing the Sound System\\n2-1. Arrange your equipment.\\nPlace the speakers on the left and right sides of the stage or practice area. If you are on a stage, make sure the microphones are placed behind the speakers. If you are in a practice area and need to hear the speakers, make sure the microphones are facing away from the speakers.\\nDon’t plug anything into a power source until all of the equipment is connected via cables.\\n2-2. Connect the speakers and amplifiers to your PA system.\\nIf you are using a PA system, use a ¼ inch cable or XLR cable to connect the mixer output to the speakers, or to the external amplifier. Then connect the external amplifier to the speakers using another cable. Make sure everything is powered off while you are setting it up.\\nMost output jacks take ¼ inch cables. However, some PA systems allow you to connect to it using an XLR cable. An XLR cable can be very long and doesn't lose signal quality. ¼ inch cables can lose signal quality after so many feet.\\n2-3. Find the module output jack on your drum set.\\nLocate the drum module. This is the “brain” of the drum kit that allows you to alter the sounds, change the settings, and turn the kit on and off. Look around the module for a port labled \\\"Output,\\\" \\\"Audio Out,\\\" or similar. This is where you’ll connect the drum kit to the amp or PA system.\\nDo not connect to the headphone port unless there is no other option.\\nIf your module has two separate outputs for left (L) and right (R), connect to the left one for mono sound. Only connect to the right (R) output if you want to use both the left and right outputs for a stereo sound.\\n2-4. Connect your drum module to your speakers or PA system.\\nUse long, ¼ inch cables or XLR cables. First, plug one end of the cable into the output jack of your drum set and the other end into the input jack of your amplifier or one of the channel inputs on the PA mixer.\\nIf you’re using an active speaker, use a ¼ inch cable to connect the drum module’s output jack and the speaker’s input jack or the mixer directly to the speaker.\\nSome venues may have a direct input box on stage that you can connect to. This is a box with an input port that connects directly to the mixer.\\n2-5. Power on the amplifier or PA system.\\nFirst, make sure the master volume and gain on the mixer are turned all the way down. Plug in the amplifier or PA and speakers. Then go ahead and power on the speaker or the external amplifier.\\n2-6. Test the sound.\\nGo ahead and play your drums. Make adjustments to the volume and gain levels on your module and amp or PA system until you are at a reasonable volume level. Make sure your gain levels are low enough that it sounds clean, but still produces a sharp sound.\\nThe sound can be adjusted from the drum module, the speakers, or the amplifier.\\n3. Improving Your Sound\\n3-1. Adjust the settings on your drum module.\\nMost drum modules allow you to control the different tones that your drum set creates. You can alter the volume of the low and high notes or change the timbre of the notes by “changing” drum sets. Cycle through the different drum types to imitate a variety of popular higher-end acoustic drums. Consult the users manual for your electric drum module to learn more about how to change the drums and different sounds on it.\\nIf you purchased an inexpensive drum kit, these features may not be available.\\nIf you still don’t like the sound of your drum set, consider upgrading the module. Purchase a higher-quality version from the same brand to replace your old module.\\n3-2. Use a mixer\\nMost amps have at least 3 EQ knobs labeled \\\"Low,\\\" \\\"Mid,\\\" and \\\"High.\\\" This allows you to adjust the frequency of your tone. If you want more bass, turn up the Low. If the cymbals are too loud, turn down the high. If you want more snare and toms, turn up the mid. A mixer may have even more options in between \\\"Low\\\", \\\"Mid\\\" and \\\"High.\\\" Generally, the EQ knobs or slider bars that control the lower frequencies are on the left, and the higher frequencies are on the right.\\n3-3. Consider adding effects.\\nYou can further enhance your sound using effects. Different effects may be built-in to the module, the amplifier, mixer, or added using an effects board that is connected between the module and the amplifier. Some effects include the following:\\n\\n Reverb is an echo-like effect that emulates the sound of playing in different sized rooms. It emulates sound bouncing off walls.\\n Delay is another echo-like effect where the sound actually repeats after it is played. You can adjust the speed at which it repeats, the volume, and how many times it repeats\\n Gain adjust the volume of a sound wave right after it goes through the input. It's the first process a sound wave goes through in a mixer. Adding too much gain can cause distortion.\\n Distortion is any effect that purposely distorts or corrupts the audio signal. This is generally used to make your instrument sound dirtier or rougher.\\nWarnings\\nMake sure all equipment is powered off when connecting and disconnecting cables. This can help prevent damage to the equipment's internal components.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Electric drums are popularly used for quiet drum practice. However, modern advancements in electric drumming technology have made electric drums an excellent choice for performing as well. Your bassist and guitarist are probably familiar with using speakers and amplifiers, but if you’re new to electric drumming, a sound system can be intimidating. Choose a speaker and amplifier combination to get started. You can either use an amplifier or a PA system. Next, arrange your equipment, plug everything in, and test the sound. You’ll be playing incredible electric drum solos in no time!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Purchasing a Sound System\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Decide if you want to use an amplifier or a PA system.\", \"描述\": \"You can amplify an electric drum kit using either an amp or a PA system. There are pros and cons to both options.\\n\\n Amplifiers tend to be more affordable. They are specifically made for electric drums. They are capable of pushing a wide range of frequencies, so the low kicks sound just as good as the high cymbals. An amp is a good option if you are practicing at home or in a practice area.\\n\\n A PA system is a bit more expensive. The bass may not sound as good as on an amp (unless you purchase an additional subwoofer). A PA system has a mixer with multiple inputs. This allows multiple instruments or microphones to be connected at the same time. You can also connect a mobile phone or laptop computer to a PA system. A PA system can also push louder volumes than most electric drum amps. You can also connect both the left and right inputs of your electric drum kit module to a PA. This allows you to take advantage of different panning options. A PA System is a good option if you are practicing with a band and/or performing in small to mid-sized venues.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Consider how much volume/power your sound system needs.\", \"描述\": \"Generally, a speaker system that is capable of pushing more wattage is capable of louder volumes. However, you must also consider the sensitivity of the speakers. This is referred to as the sound pressure level (SPL). This rating explains how much wattage the system converts to sound.\\nA sound system with an SPL rating of 100 decibels (dB) will require an amp of at least 100 watts. However, a sound system with an SPL rating of 112 decibels will require at least 1600 watts.\\nConsider your needs. You probably won't need that much power if you are playing in your own personal practice area. However, if you are playing for an audience or you play in a death metal band, you'll probably need more power.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Consider an amp or powered speaker.\", \"描述\": \"An amp or powered speaker is a self-contained unit that has a speaker, one or two instrument inputs, a volume knob, and EQ knobs that allow you to adjust the low, high, and mid-range frequencies. You can connect your electric drum module directly into the amp or powered speaker unit. Amps and powered speakers generally cost anywhere between $100 - $400 dollars. Most electric drum kit manufacturers also make amps that are specifically made for their products, but you can also use amps made from other manufacturers.\\nIf possible, go to a music shop and try out different electric drum amps to see what you like. If you can bring your drum kit (or at least part of it) with you, even better. This will let you sample what the amps sound like with your electric drum kit.\\nGuitar and bass amps may not be suitable for an electric drum kit. Guitar and bass amps are designed for a specific frequency range. The lows and highs may not sound as good.\\nKeyboard amps may be suitable for electric drums. They are designed to handle a wide range of frequencies, which is needed for the low kicks and high cymbals.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Consider a PA with active speakers.\", \"描述\": \"A PA with active speakers consists of a mixer that connects to two powered speakers. Your electric drum kit will connect to the PA mixer. Then the mixer connects to a pair of speakers, which have their own built-in amplifier.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Consider PA with an amplified mixer and passive speakers.\", \"描述\": \"With this speaker sound system, your electric drum kit connects to the mixer. The mixer has a built-in amplifier that provides power to the speakers. A pair of passive (non-powered) speakers connect to the mixer.\\nCheck the power output of the mixer and the capability of the speakers. If your powered mixer is capable of pushing 1000 watts, but your speakers can only handle 500 watts, you may damage your speakers. Likewise, if you have a low-powered mixer, it will reach clipping levels much quicker than a higher-powered mixer. This can damage higher-powered speakers that aren't rated for that mixer.\\nIt's also important to check the RMS Watt rating on a speaker and compare it to the Peak Watt rating. The RMS Watt rating is how much continual power usage a speaker can handle. The Peak Watt rating is the maximum power output a speaker system can handle in short bursts. Many companies advertise their Peak Watt ratings because bigger numbers are more impressive. However, a speaker that has a 150 Peak Watt rating may be no better than a speaker that has a 75 RMS Watt rating.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Consider a passive speaker with an external amplifier PA system.\", \"描述\": \"This type of system uses a non-amplified mixer that connects to an external amplifier. A pair of passive (non-powered) speakers connect to the amplifier. This is the most complex setup and is probably not necessary for most private practice situations. However, if you own a live music venue, this may be a good option for your permanent sound system.\\nAs with a powered mixer setup, make sure the power output of the amplifier matches the power capabilities of the speakers. Also, check the RMS and Peak Watt ratings of the speakers.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Installing the Sound System\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Arrange your equipment.\", \"描述\": \"Place the speakers on the left and right sides of the stage or practice area. If you are on a stage, make sure the microphones are placed behind the speakers. If you are in a practice area and need to hear the speakers, make sure the microphones are facing away from the speakers.\\nDon’t plug anything into a power source until all of the equipment is connected via cables.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Connect the speakers and amplifiers to your PA system.\", \"描述\": \"If you are using a PA system, use a ¼ inch cable or XLR cable to connect the mixer output to the speakers, or to the external amplifier. Then connect the external amplifier to the speakers using another cable. Make sure everything is powered off while you are setting it up.\\nMost output jacks take ¼ inch cables. However, some PA systems allow you to connect to it using an XLR cable. An XLR cable can be very long and doesn't lose signal quality. ¼ inch cables can lose signal quality after so many feet.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Find the module output jack on your drum set.\", \"描述\": \"Locate the drum module. This is the “brain” of the drum kit that allows you to alter the sounds, change the settings, and turn the kit on and off. Look around the module for a port labled \\\"Output,\\\" \\\"Audio Out,\\\" or similar. This is where you’ll connect the drum kit to the amp or PA system.\\nDo not connect to the headphone port unless there is no other option.\\nIf your module has two separate outputs for left (L) and right (R), connect to the left one for mono sound. Only connect to the right (R) output if you want to use both the left and right outputs for a stereo sound.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Connect your drum module to your speakers or PA system.\", \"描述\": \"Use long, ¼ inch cables or XLR cables. First, plug one end of the cable into the output jack of your drum set and the other end into the input jack of your amplifier or one of the channel inputs on the PA mixer.\\nIf you’re using an active speaker, use a ¼ inch cable to connect the drum module’s output jack and the speaker’s input jack or the mixer directly to the speaker.\\nSome venues may have a direct input box on stage that you can connect to. This is a box with an input port that connects directly to the mixer.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Power on the amplifier or PA system.\", \"描述\": \"First, make sure the master volume and gain on the mixer are turned all the way down. Plug in the amplifier or PA and speakers. Then go ahead and power on the speaker or the external amplifier.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Test the sound.\", \"描述\": \"Go ahead and play your drums. Make adjustments to the volume and gain levels on your module and amp or PA system until you are at a reasonable volume level. Make sure your gain levels are low enough that it sounds clean, but still produces a sharp sound.\\nThe sound can be adjusted from the drum module, the speakers, or the amplifier.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Improving Your Sound\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Adjust the settings on your drum module.\", \"描述\": \"Most drum modules allow you to control the different tones that your drum set creates. You can alter the volume of the low and high notes or change the timbre of the notes by “changing” drum sets. Cycle through the different drum types to imitate a variety of popular higher-end acoustic drums. Consult the users manual for your electric drum module to learn more about how to change the drums and different sounds on it.\\nIf you purchased an inexpensive drum kit, these features may not be available.\\nIf you still don’t like the sound of your drum set, consider upgrading the module. Purchase a higher-quality version from the same brand to replace your old module.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Use a mixer\", \"描述\": \"Most amps have at least 3 EQ knobs labeled \\\"Low,\\\" \\\"Mid,\\\" and \\\"High.\\\" This allows you to adjust the frequency of your tone. If you want more bass, turn up the Low. If the cymbals are too loud, turn down the high. If you want more snare and toms, turn up the mid. A mixer may have even more options in between \\\"Low\\\", \\\"Mid\\\" and \\\"High.\\\" Generally, the EQ knobs or slider bars that control the lower frequencies are on the left, and the higher frequencies are on the right.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Consider adding effects.\", \"描述\": \"You can further enhance your sound using effects. Different effects may be built-in to the module, the amplifier, mixer, or added using an effects board that is connected between the module and the amplifier. Some effects include the following:\\n\\n Reverb is an echo-like effect that emulates the sound of playing in different sized rooms. It emulates sound bouncing off walls.\\n Delay is another echo-like effect where the sound actually repeats after it is played. You can adjust the speed at which it repeats, the volume, and how many times it repeats\\n Gain adjust the volume of a sound wave right after it goes through the input. It's the first process a sound wave goes through in a mixer. Adding too much gain can cause distortion.\\n Distortion is any effect that purposely distorts or corrupts the audio signal. This is generally used to make your instrument sound dirtier or rougher.\"}], \"注意事项\": [\"Make sure all equipment is powered off when connecting and disconnecting cables. This can help prevent damage to the equipment's internal components.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,657 | How to Amuse Your Parakeet or Other Bird | 1. Making The Cage Interesting
1-1. Provide interesting food.
Good parakeet food mostly consists of seeds and fresh fruits and vegetables. Trying to introduce pellets in the diet, as well as a seed-only diet, can lead to obesity.
Vary the presentation to make it more exciting for the bird. Rotate among food items to keep them interested in the food you offer.
Never feed your bird avocado, chocolate, caffeine, or alcohol. These are toxic to the bird.
Make sure the bird has enough water to drink in its dispenser. Add more water if the bowl or dish is low. Change the water daily to prevent bacterial build-up.
Add a cuttle-bone. This is a good source of natural calcium for birds. Mineral blocks can also be offered for calcium.
Don't feed your bird too many watery fruits or veggies, as this could cause your bird to get diarrhea. Diarrhea can cause dehydration and if left untreated, may cause it to die.
1-2. Add a few perches.
Perches are a great way for your bird to be comfortable in the cage. Parakeets are a very active bird and will love to have a variety of perches in its home.
Try to vary the perches to keep them interesting to your bird. Look for different thicknesses, shapes and textures.
Rearrange and rotate perches weekly. This allows you to clean the ones not in use and keep things interesting for your bird.
Make sure that the perch is stable to avoid any injury.
Check that the wood is safe for the bird, such as eucalyptus.
Natural wood perches are a great choice as the irregular shape helps your birds feet to keep strong and stay healthy.
Dowel perches or plastic perches can cause foot problems due to the lack of foot exercise.
Some types of wood should be avoided. Do not use perches and toys made out of Prunus or Oak trees as they might contain cyanogenic glycosides and tannins. These chemicals may harm your bird.
Try to avoid concrete perches, as they are hard on the bird's feet.
Don’t crowd the cage with too many toys or perches. Your parakeet must be able to spread its wings and move around.
1-3. Weigh the pros and cons of a mirror.
Adding a mirror in the cage can keep the bird entertained for hours. Be aware however that there are debates about potential psychological damages.
Instead of a mirror, consider a second bird. Parakeets love company and will probably welcome a new friend.
If you decide to install a mirror, make sure that it’s fixed to the cage and doesn’t present a risk to your bird.
Look for a mirror offered at your local pet store. They will have ones specifically designed for a bird to use.
Don't simply place any mirror you find in the cage. Mirrors for birds are usually housed in a plastic case to prevent any sharp edges from hurting your bird.
1-4. Examine the size of the cage.
The cage itself will need to be of adequate size to house your bird. Of course, the size of your bird will determine how large your cage will need to be. There are some general guidelines you can follow when selecting the right size cage for your bird:
Avoid tall circular cages. These cages might look nice, but they don't allow for enough room for your bird to fly in.
Your bird should at least be able to fully stretch its wings out while inside the cage. Ideally, your bird will have enough room to fly from perch to perch without trouble.
Keep in mind how many birds you are going to put in this cage. The more birds, the more space will be required.
Make sure the cage is easy to clean. Keeping the cage clean will help keep your bird happy and healthy.
2. Entertaining Your Bird
2-1. Talk to the bird often.
Your bird will love the interaction and is likely to become very chatty. Keeping your bird company will keep it happy and well adjusted, as well as build a better bond.
Try reading stories to your bird or even just tell them about your day.
Parrots listen more than you think. If you don't want them to pick up bad language, keep it clean around them.
2-2. Play games.
Parakeets love to interact with their owner. Try different games to see which your bird likes the best.
Birds love to play “Peek-a-boo”
You could teach your bird to climb up on your finger. Put a few seeds on your finger and let your bird feed from it. Gently stroke its belly and it will be encouraged to jump on the finger.
Try to teach it tricks. Buy a bird ladder and position your little friend on the bottom step. It will learn how to climb it.
Position your parakeet on a tennis ball and let it find its balance. Encourage it with a treat. Your parakeet will eventually balance itself on its own on the ball.
Every time your bird goes up or down, say ‘up’ or ‘down’ and do a hand gesture. Your bird will understand these actions after a while and obey your orders.
2-3. Let the bird fly freely in a room.
Your bird will love the chance to fly freely in a safe room. Parakeets are migratory and extremely active, so the open flight will be enjoyed greatly by them. You can let your bird fly in a room with all of the windows and doors closed.
To call your bird back, turn off all the lights but one, or leave a single curtain open. The bird will fly towards the light. Pick up and hold your bird gently and put it back inside the cage.
Have a play stand for your bird so it can have somewhere else to sit besides the cage.
Make sure that the bird is safe. Put the cat away and look out for potential escape routes or other hazards.
Think about your own hygiene. Your bird is likely to void on the floor. Don’t let it fly in a carpeted room.
Always supervise your bird when it is out of the cage, so it won't get hurt.
Don't force your bird to come out of its cage if it's not in the mood.
2-4. Introduce them to new areas of your house.
New environments can be stimulating to your bird. Taking them around the house with you on your shoulder can be a great way to spend time together.
Talk with your bird as they ride on your shoulder.
Let them explore new places, such as the surface of your dresser or nightstand.
Always monitor your bird as it explores on its own. Keep it safe from any hazards.
Make sure any areas your visit together are free from dangers. Keep cats and other pets away, close all doors and windows, and turn off any fans.
Be careful when in certain rooms. Cooking or cleaning around your bird can release harmful elements into the air. Dust, smoke, and especially Teflon from a hot Teflon pan, can injure your bird's respiratory system.
3. Providing Entertainment When Away
3-1. Introduce a new parakeet friend.
Parakeets love company and will welcome a new friend, especially if you’re often at work. If you decide to buy an additional bird, make sure that the cage is big enough for two parakeets.
Separate the birds at first. Put them in different cages to let them look at each other.
Bring the cages closer after a few days. They will get used to each other.
After two weeks, put the new bird in the cage of the resident parakeet. Always monitor the reaction.
If any conflict occurs, separate the birds and try to reintroduce them again later.
3-2. Turn on the radio.
If you are often away, your bird might get lonely and depressed. It’s always good to turn on the radio or the TV and provide your bird with entertainment. Budgies can become so amused by the TV or radio, they can and might pick up words if they hear these noises quite often.
You could also record your voice and play it when away.
Make sure to put music you like. Your bird might start singing what it heard.
If leaving a radio or television talk show on, consider the language being used as your bird may repeat some of the dialogue.
Think about the volume. You don't want the sound to be too loud as the bird must be given the opportunity to sleep.
3-3. Provide plenty of toys.
Parakeets are playful animals and love toys. You can buy a great variety of them in your favorite pet shop. You should provide an assortment of toys to chew, explore and climb.
Birds need at least one new toy a month. Toys are a necessity, not a luxury, for birds.
Rotate toys regularly to keep them fresh and interesting for your bird and allow you time to clean them.
Toys will help keep your bird entertained and happy.
Try different toys to see which your bird really enjoys.
Any metal, except stainless steel isn't safe, because it could contain zinc.
Always check toys for safety, making sure there is no way your bird can get stuck in or on them.
Make sure toys are of appropriate size for your bird.
3-4. Place the cage near a window.
Placing the cage near or in a window can provide an entertaining vantage point into the outside world. Your bird will be able to enjoy watching all the events that take place outside while you are away.
Avoid any windows with direct sunlight. This can be too hot and too bright for you bird to be comfortable in.
Check the window for any cold drafts or air. If the window allows chilly air to pass through, don't put your bird near it, as cold temperatures can be harmful to it.
Make sure your window is shut. Even if your bird is in a cage, take no risks. The bird may find a way out, or something could find a way in, if the window is open.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:50",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Making The Cage Interesting\\n1-1. Provide interesting food.\\nGood parakeet food mostly consists of seeds and fresh fruits and vegetables. Trying to introduce pellets in the diet, as well as a seed-only diet, can lead to obesity.\\nVary the presentation to make it more exciting for the bird. Rotate among food items to keep them interested in the food you offer.\\nNever feed your bird avocado, chocolate, caffeine, or alcohol. These are toxic to the bird.\\nMake sure the bird has enough water to drink in its dispenser. Add more water if the bowl or dish is low. Change the water daily to prevent bacterial build-up.\\nAdd a cuttle-bone. This is a good source of natural calcium for birds. Mineral blocks can also be offered for calcium.\\nDon't feed your bird too many watery fruits or veggies, as this could cause your bird to get diarrhea. Diarrhea can cause dehydration and if left untreated, may cause it to die.\\n1-2. Add a few perches.\\nPerches are a great way for your bird to be comfortable in the cage. Parakeets are a very active bird and will love to have a variety of perches in its home. \\nTry to vary the perches to keep them interesting to your bird. Look for different thicknesses, shapes and textures.\\nRearrange and rotate perches weekly. This allows you to clean the ones not in use and keep things interesting for your bird.\\nMake sure that the perch is stable to avoid any injury.\\nCheck that the wood is safe for the bird, such as eucalyptus.\\nNatural wood perches are a great choice as the irregular shape helps your birds feet to keep strong and stay healthy.\\nDowel perches or plastic perches can cause foot problems due to the lack of foot exercise.\\nSome types of wood should be avoided. Do not use perches and toys made out of Prunus or Oak trees as they might contain cyanogenic glycosides and tannins. These chemicals may harm your bird.\\nTry to avoid concrete perches, as they are hard on the bird's feet.\\nDon’t crowd the cage with too many toys or perches. Your parakeet must be able to spread its wings and move around.\\n1-3. Weigh the pros and cons of a mirror.\\nAdding a mirror in the cage can keep the bird entertained for hours. Be aware however that there are debates about potential psychological damages.\\nInstead of a mirror, consider a second bird. Parakeets love company and will probably welcome a new friend.\\nIf you decide to install a mirror, make sure that it’s fixed to the cage and doesn’t present a risk to your bird.\\nLook for a mirror offered at your local pet store. They will have ones specifically designed for a bird to use.\\nDon't simply place any mirror you find in the cage. Mirrors for birds are usually housed in a plastic case to prevent any sharp edges from hurting your bird.\\n1-4. Examine the size of the cage.\\nThe cage itself will need to be of adequate size to house your bird. Of course, the size of your bird will determine how large your cage will need to be. There are some general guidelines you can follow when selecting the right size cage for your bird:\\nAvoid tall circular cages. These cages might look nice, but they don't allow for enough room for your bird to fly in.\\nYour bird should at least be able to fully stretch its wings out while inside the cage. Ideally, your bird will have enough room to fly from perch to perch without trouble.\\nKeep in mind how many birds you are going to put in this cage. The more birds, the more space will be required.\\nMake sure the cage is easy to clean. Keeping the cage clean will help keep your bird happy and healthy.\\n2. Entertaining Your Bird\\n2-1. Talk to the bird often.\\nYour bird will love the interaction and is likely to become very chatty. Keeping your bird company will keep it happy and well adjusted, as well as build a better bond.\\nTry reading stories to your bird or even just tell them about your day.\\nParrots listen more than you think. If you don't want them to pick up bad language, keep it clean around them.\\n2-2. Play games.\\nParakeets love to interact with their owner. Try different games to see which your bird likes the best.\\nBirds love to play “Peek-a-boo”\\nYou could teach your bird to climb up on your finger. Put a few seeds on your finger and let your bird feed from it. Gently stroke its belly and it will be encouraged to jump on the finger.\\nTry to teach it tricks. Buy a bird ladder and position your little friend on the bottom step. It will learn how to climb it.\\nPosition your parakeet on a tennis ball and let it find its balance. Encourage it with a treat. Your parakeet will eventually balance itself on its own on the ball.\\nEvery time your bird goes up or down, say ‘up’ or ‘down’ and do a hand gesture. Your bird will understand these actions after a while and obey your orders.\\n2-3. Let the bird fly freely in a room.\\nYour bird will love the chance to fly freely in a safe room. Parakeets are migratory and extremely active, so the open flight will be enjoyed greatly by them. You can let your bird fly in a room with all of the windows and doors closed. \\nTo call your bird back, turn off all the lights but one, or leave a single curtain open. The bird will fly towards the light. Pick up and hold your bird gently and put it back inside the cage.\\nHave a play stand for your bird so it can have somewhere else to sit besides the cage.\\nMake sure that the bird is safe. Put the cat away and look out for potential escape routes or other hazards.\\nThink about your own hygiene. Your bird is likely to void on the floor. Don’t let it fly in a carpeted room.\\nAlways supervise your bird when it is out of the cage, so it won't get hurt.\\nDon't force your bird to come out of its cage if it's not in the mood.\\n2-4. Introduce them to new areas of your house.\\nNew environments can be stimulating to your bird. Taking them around the house with you on your shoulder can be a great way to spend time together.\\nTalk with your bird as they ride on your shoulder.\\nLet them explore new places, such as the surface of your dresser or nightstand.\\nAlways monitor your bird as it explores on its own. Keep it safe from any hazards.\\nMake sure any areas your visit together are free from dangers. Keep cats and other pets away, close all doors and windows, and turn off any fans.\\nBe careful when in certain rooms. Cooking or cleaning around your bird can release harmful elements into the air. Dust, smoke, and especially Teflon from a hot Teflon pan, can injure your bird's respiratory system.\\n3. Providing Entertainment When Away\\n3-1. Introduce a new parakeet friend.\\nParakeets love company and will welcome a new friend, especially if you’re often at work. If you decide to buy an additional bird, make sure that the cage is big enough for two parakeets.\\nSeparate the birds at first. Put them in different cages to let them look at each other.\\nBring the cages closer after a few days. They will get used to each other.\\nAfter two weeks, put the new bird in the cage of the resident parakeet. Always monitor the reaction.\\nIf any conflict occurs, separate the birds and try to reintroduce them again later.\\n3-2. Turn on the radio.\\nIf you are often away, your bird might get lonely and depressed. It’s always good to turn on the radio or the TV and provide your bird with entertainment. Budgies can become so amused by the TV or radio, they can and might pick up words if they hear these noises quite often. \\nYou could also record your voice and play it when away.\\nMake sure to put music you like. Your bird might start singing what it heard.\\nIf leaving a radio or television talk show on, consider the language being used as your bird may repeat some of the dialogue.\\nThink about the volume. You don't want the sound to be too loud as the bird must be given the opportunity to sleep.\\n3-3. Provide plenty of toys.\\nParakeets are playful animals and love toys. You can buy a great variety of them in your favorite pet shop. You should provide an assortment of toys to chew, explore and climb.\\nBirds need at least one new toy a month. Toys are a necessity, not a luxury, for birds.\\nRotate toys regularly to keep them fresh and interesting for your bird and allow you time to clean them.\\nToys will help keep your bird entertained and happy.\\nTry different toys to see which your bird really enjoys.\\nAny metal, except stainless steel isn't safe, because it could contain zinc.\\nAlways check toys for safety, making sure there is no way your bird can get stuck in or on them.\\nMake sure toys are of appropriate size for your bird.\\n3-4. Place the cage near a window.\\nPlacing the cage near or in a window can provide an entertaining vantage point into the outside world. Your bird will be able to enjoy watching all the events that take place outside while you are away.\\nAvoid any windows with direct sunlight. This can be too hot and too bright for you bird to be comfortable in.\\nCheck the window for any cold drafts or air. If the window allows chilly air to pass through, don't put your bird near it, as cold temperatures can be harmful to it.\\nMake sure your window is shut. Even if your bird is in a cage, take no risks. The bird may find a way out, or something could find a way in, if the window is open.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Parakeets and other birds are feathery friends who just love to be played with. They are easy to entertain and will form a strong relationship with you. Put a little effort into amusing them and they will stay healthy and happy for years to come.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Making The Cage Interesting\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Provide interesting food.\", \"描述\": \"Good parakeet food mostly consists of seeds and fresh fruits and vegetables. Trying to introduce pellets in the diet, as well as a seed-only diet, can lead to obesity.\\nVary the presentation to make it more exciting for the bird. Rotate among food items to keep them interested in the food you offer.\\nNever feed your bird avocado, chocolate, caffeine, or alcohol. These are toxic to the bird.\\nMake sure the bird has enough water to drink in its dispenser. Add more water if the bowl or dish is low. Change the water daily to prevent bacterial build-up.\\nAdd a cuttle-bone. This is a good source of natural calcium for birds. Mineral blocks can also be offered for calcium.\\nDon't feed your bird too many watery fruits or veggies, as this could cause your bird to get diarrhea. Diarrhea can cause dehydration and if left untreated, may cause it to die.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Add a few perches.\", \"描述\": \"Perches are a great way for your bird to be comfortable in the cage. Parakeets are a very active bird and will love to have a variety of perches in its home. \\nTry to vary the perches to keep them interesting to your bird. Look for different thicknesses, shapes and textures.\\nRearrange and rotate perches weekly. This allows you to clean the ones not in use and keep things interesting for your bird.\\nMake sure that the perch is stable to avoid any injury.\\nCheck that the wood is safe for the bird, such as eucalyptus.\\nNatural wood perches are a great choice as the irregular shape helps your birds feet to keep strong and stay healthy.\\nDowel perches or plastic perches can cause foot problems due to the lack of foot exercise.\\nSome types of wood should be avoided. Do not use perches and toys made out of Prunus or Oak trees as they might contain cyanogenic glycosides and tannins. These chemicals may harm your bird.\\nTry to avoid concrete perches, as they are hard on the bird's feet.\\nDon’t crowd the cage with too many toys or perches. Your parakeet must be able to spread its wings and move around.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Weigh the pros and cons of a mirror.\", \"描述\": \"Adding a mirror in the cage can keep the bird entertained for hours. Be aware however that there are debates about potential psychological damages.\\nInstead of a mirror, consider a second bird. Parakeets love company and will probably welcome a new friend.\\nIf you decide to install a mirror, make sure that it’s fixed to the cage and doesn’t present a risk to your bird.\\nLook for a mirror offered at your local pet store. They will have ones specifically designed for a bird to use.\\nDon't simply place any mirror you find in the cage. Mirrors for birds are usually housed in a plastic case to prevent any sharp edges from hurting your bird.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Examine the size of the cage.\", \"描述\": \"The cage itself will need to be of adequate size to house your bird. Of course, the size of your bird will determine how large your cage will need to be. There are some general guidelines you can follow when selecting the right size cage for your bird:\\nAvoid tall circular cages. These cages might look nice, but they don't allow for enough room for your bird to fly in.\\nYour bird should at least be able to fully stretch its wings out while inside the cage. Ideally, your bird will have enough room to fly from perch to perch without trouble.\\nKeep in mind how many birds you are going to put in this cage. The more birds, the more space will be required.\\nMake sure the cage is easy to clean. Keeping the cage clean will help keep your bird happy and healthy.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Entertaining Your Bird\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Talk to the bird often.\", \"描述\": \"Your bird will love the interaction and is likely to become very chatty. Keeping your bird company will keep it happy and well adjusted, as well as build a better bond.\\nTry reading stories to your bird or even just tell them about your day.\\nParrots listen more than you think. If you don't want them to pick up bad language, keep it clean around them.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Play games.\", \"描述\": \"Parakeets love to interact with their owner. Try different games to see which your bird likes the best.\\nBirds love to play “Peek-a-boo”\\nYou could teach your bird to climb up on your finger. Put a few seeds on your finger and let your bird feed from it. Gently stroke its belly and it will be encouraged to jump on the finger.\\nTry to teach it tricks. Buy a bird ladder and position your little friend on the bottom step. It will learn how to climb it.\\nPosition your parakeet on a tennis ball and let it find its balance. Encourage it with a treat. Your parakeet will eventually balance itself on its own on the ball.\\nEvery time your bird goes up or down, say ‘up’ or ‘down’ and do a hand gesture. Your bird will understand these actions after a while and obey your orders.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Let the bird fly freely in a room.\", \"描述\": \"Your bird will love the chance to fly freely in a safe room. Parakeets are migratory and extremely active, so the open flight will be enjoyed greatly by them. You can let your bird fly in a room with all of the windows and doors closed. \\nTo call your bird back, turn off all the lights but one, or leave a single curtain open. The bird will fly towards the light. Pick up and hold your bird gently and put it back inside the cage.\\nHave a play stand for your bird so it can have somewhere else to sit besides the cage.\\nMake sure that the bird is safe. Put the cat away and look out for potential escape routes or other hazards.\\nThink about your own hygiene. Your bird is likely to void on the floor. Don’t let it fly in a carpeted room.\\nAlways supervise your bird when it is out of the cage, so it won't get hurt.\\nDon't force your bird to come out of its cage if it's not in the mood.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Introduce them to new areas of your house.\", \"描述\": \"New environments can be stimulating to your bird. Taking them around the house with you on your shoulder can be a great way to spend time together.\\nTalk with your bird as they ride on your shoulder.\\nLet them explore new places, such as the surface of your dresser or nightstand.\\nAlways monitor your bird as it explores on its own. Keep it safe from any hazards.\\nMake sure any areas your visit together are free from dangers. Keep cats and other pets away, close all doors and windows, and turn off any fans.\\nBe careful when in certain rooms. Cooking or cleaning around your bird can release harmful elements into the air. Dust, smoke, and especially Teflon from a hot Teflon pan, can injure your bird's respiratory system.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Providing Entertainment When Away\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Introduce a new parakeet friend.\", \"描述\": \"Parakeets love company and will welcome a new friend, especially if you’re often at work. If you decide to buy an additional bird, make sure that the cage is big enough for two parakeets.\\nSeparate the birds at first. Put them in different cages to let them look at each other.\\nBring the cages closer after a few days. They will get used to each other.\\nAfter two weeks, put the new bird in the cage of the resident parakeet. Always monitor the reaction.\\nIf any conflict occurs, separate the birds and try to reintroduce them again later.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Turn on the radio.\", \"描述\": \"If you are often away, your bird might get lonely and depressed. It’s always good to turn on the radio or the TV and provide your bird with entertainment. Budgies can become so amused by the TV or radio, they can and might pick up words if they hear these noises quite often. \\nYou could also record your voice and play it when away.\\nMake sure to put music you like. Your bird might start singing what it heard.\\nIf leaving a radio or television talk show on, consider the language being used as your bird may repeat some of the dialogue.\\nThink about the volume. You don't want the sound to be too loud as the bird must be given the opportunity to sleep.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Provide plenty of toys.\", \"描述\": \"Parakeets are playful animals and love toys. You can buy a great variety of them in your favorite pet shop. You should provide an assortment of toys to chew, explore and climb.\\nBirds need at least one new toy a month. Toys are a necessity, not a luxury, for birds.\\nRotate toys regularly to keep them fresh and interesting for your bird and allow you time to clean them.\\nToys will help keep your bird entertained and happy.\\nTry different toys to see which your bird really enjoys.\\nAny metal, except stainless steel isn't safe, because it could contain zinc.\\nAlways check toys for safety, making sure there is no way your bird can get stuck in or on them.\\nMake sure toys are of appropriate size for your bird.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Place the cage near a window.\", \"描述\": \"Placing the cage near or in a window can provide an entertaining vantage point into the outside world. Your bird will be able to enjoy watching all the events that take place outside while you are away.\\nAvoid any windows with direct sunlight. This can be too hot and too bright for you bird to be comfortable in.\\nCheck the window for any cold drafts or air. If the window allows chilly air to pass through, don't put your bird near it, as cold temperatures can be harmful to it.\\nMake sure your window is shut. Even if your bird is in a cage, take no risks. The bird may find a way out, or something could find a way in, if the window is open.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,658 | How to Analyse Data Using SPSS | 1. Steps
1-1. Load your excel file with all the data.
Once you have collected all the data, keep the excel file ready with all data inserted using the right tabular forms.
1-2. Import the data into SPSS.
You need to import your raw data into SPSS through your excel file. Once you import the data, the SPSS will analyse it.
1-3. Give specific SPSS commands.
Based on what you want to examine, you can give desired commands as per the requisitions in the SPSS software. Each tool has guidelines on how it should be used and you can feed in all the options to get the most accurate results. Giving commands in SPSS is simple and easy to comprehend, making it an easy task for students to do this by themselves.
1-4. Retrieve the results.
The results from the software are given efficiently and accurately, providing researchers a better idea of appropriate future studies and a direction for moving forward.
1-5. Analyse the graphs and charts.
Understanding the results can be a little difficult. but you can get help from professors and peers with the analysis. You can also consult a professional company which is expert in SPSS.
1-6. Postulate conclusions based on your analysis.
The ultimate objective of the SPSS is to help arrive at conclusions based on specific research. The software helps you to derive conclusions and predict the future easily with minimum statistical deviation.
Tips
No study can be incomplete without the right research and therefore, SPSS plays a vital role in the life of a researcher.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:50",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Load your excel file with all the data.\\nOnce you have collected all the data, keep the excel file ready with all data inserted using the right tabular forms.\\n1-2. Import the data into SPSS.\\nYou need to import your raw data into SPSS through your excel file. Once you import the data, the SPSS will analyse it.\\n1-3. Give specific SPSS commands.\\nBased on what you want to examine, you can give desired commands as per the requisitions in the SPSS software. Each tool has guidelines on how it should be used and you can feed in all the options to get the most accurate results. Giving commands in SPSS is simple and easy to comprehend, making it an easy task for students to do this by themselves.\\n1-4. Retrieve the results.\\nThe results from the software are given efficiently and accurately, providing researchers a better idea of appropriate future studies and a direction for moving forward.\\n1-5. Analyse the graphs and charts.\\nUnderstanding the results can be a little difficult. but you can get help from professors and peers with the analysis. You can also consult a professional company which is expert in SPSS.\\n1-6. Postulate conclusions based on your analysis.\\nThe ultimate objective of the SPSS is to help arrive at conclusions based on specific research. The software helps you to derive conclusions and predict the future easily with minimum statistical deviation.\\nTips\\nNo study can be incomplete without the right research and therefore, SPSS plays a vital role in the life of a researcher.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"SPSS (The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software has been developed by IBM and it is widely used to analyse data and make predictions based on specific collections of data. SPSS is easy to learn and enables teachers as well as students to easily derive results with the help of a few commands. The implications of the results are fairly evident and are statistically valid. Using the software, one can conduct a series of studies quickly and effectively. If you are worried about conducting your data analysis on SPSS, here are a few guidelines and an overview of the process.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Load your excel file with all the data.\", \"描述\": \"Once you have collected all the data, keep the excel file ready with all data inserted using the right tabular forms.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Import the data into SPSS.\", \"描述\": \"You need to import your raw data into SPSS through your excel file. Once you import the data, the SPSS will analyse it.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Give specific SPSS commands.\", \"描述\": \"Based on what you want to examine, you can give desired commands as per the requisitions in the SPSS software. Each tool has guidelines on how it should be used and you can feed in all the options to get the most accurate results. Giving commands in SPSS is simple and easy to comprehend, making it an easy task for students to do this by themselves.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Retrieve the results.\", \"描述\": \"The results from the software are given efficiently and accurately, providing researchers a better idea of appropriate future studies and a direction for moving forward.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Analyse the graphs and charts.\", \"描述\": \"Understanding the results can be a little difficult. but you can get help from professors and peers with the analysis. You can also consult a professional company which is expert in SPSS.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Postulate conclusions based on your analysis.\", \"描述\": \"The ultimate objective of the SPSS is to help arrive at conclusions based on specific research. The software helps you to derive conclusions and predict the future easily with minimum statistical deviation.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"No study can be incomplete without the right research and therefore, SPSS plays a vital role in the life of a researcher.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,659 | How to Analyse a Case Study | 1. Steps
1-1. Examine and describe the business environment relevant to the case study.
Describe the nature of the organization under consideration and its competitors. Provide general information about the market and customer base. Indicate any significant changes in the business environment or any new endeavors upon which the business is embarking.
1-2. Describe the structure and size of the main business under consideration.
Analyze its management structure, employee base, and financial history. Describe annual revenues and profit. Provide figures on employment. Include details about private ownership, public ownership, and investment holdings. Provide a brief overview of the business's leaders and command chain.
1-3. Identify the key issue or problem in the case study.
In all likelihood, there will be several different factors at play. Decide which is the main concern of the case study by examining what most of the data talks about, the main problems facing the business, and the conclusions at the end of the study. Examples might include expansion into a new market, response to a competitor's marketing campaign, or a changing customer base.
1-4. Describe how the business responds to these issues or problems.
Draw on the information you gathered and trace a chronological progression of steps taken (or not taken). Cite data included in the case study, such as increased marketing spending, purchasing of new property, changed revenue streams, etc.
1-5. Identify the successful aspects of this response as well as its failures.
Indicate whether or not each aspect of the response met its goal and whether the response overall was well-crafted. Use numerical benchmarks, like a desired customer share, to show whether goals were met; analyze broader issues, like employee management policies, to talk about the response as a whole.
1-6. Point to successes, failures, unforeseen results, and inadequate measures.
Suggest alternative or improved measures that could have been taken by the business, using specific examples and backing up your suggestions with data and calculations.
1-7. Describe what changes you would make in the business to arrive at the measures you proposed, including changes to organization, strategy, and management.
1-8. Conclude your analysis by reviewing your findings and emphasizing what you would do differently in the case.
Showcase both your understanding of the case study and your business strategy.
Tips
Always read a case study several times. At first, you should read just for the basic details. On each subsequent reading, look for details about a specific topic: competitors, business strategy, management structure, financial loss. Highlight phrases and sections relating to these topics and take notes.
In the preliminary stages of analyzing a case study, no detail is insignificant. The biggest numbers can often be misleading, and the point of an analysis is often to dig deeper and find otherwise unnoticed variables that drive a situation.
If you are analyzing a case study for a consulting company interview, be sure to direct your comments towards the matters handled by the company. For example, if the company deals with marketing strategy, focus on the business's successes and failures in marketing; if you are interviewing for a financial consulting job, analyze how well the business keeps their books and their investment strategy.
Warnings
Do not use impassioned or emphatic language in your analysis. Business case studies are a tool for gauging your business acumen, not your personal beliefs. When assigning blame or identifying flaws in strategy, use a detached, disinterested tone.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:50",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Examine and describe the business environment relevant to the case study.\\nDescribe the nature of the organization under consideration and its competitors. Provide general information about the market and customer base. Indicate any significant changes in the business environment or any new endeavors upon which the business is embarking.\\n1-2. Describe the structure and size of the main business under consideration.\\nAnalyze its management structure, employee base, and financial history. Describe annual revenues and profit. Provide figures on employment. Include details about private ownership, public ownership, and investment holdings. Provide a brief overview of the business's leaders and command chain.\\n1-3. Identify the key issue or problem in the case study.\\nIn all likelihood, there will be several different factors at play. Decide which is the main concern of the case study by examining what most of the data talks about, the main problems facing the business, and the conclusions at the end of the study. Examples might include expansion into a new market, response to a competitor's marketing campaign, or a changing customer base.\\n1-4. Describe how the business responds to these issues or problems.\\nDraw on the information you gathered and trace a chronological progression of steps taken (or not taken). Cite data included in the case study, such as increased marketing spending, purchasing of new property, changed revenue streams, etc.\\n1-5. Identify the successful aspects of this response as well as its failures.\\nIndicate whether or not each aspect of the response met its goal and whether the response overall was well-crafted. Use numerical benchmarks, like a desired customer share, to show whether goals were met; analyze broader issues, like employee management policies, to talk about the response as a whole.\\n1-6. Point to successes, failures, unforeseen results, and inadequate measures.\\nSuggest alternative or improved measures that could have been taken by the business, using specific examples and backing up your suggestions with data and calculations.\\n1-7. Describe what changes you would make in the business to arrive at the measures you proposed, including changes to organization, strategy, and management.\\n\\n1-8. Conclude your analysis by reviewing your findings and emphasizing what you would do differently in the case.\\nShowcase both your understanding of the case study and your business strategy.\\nTips\\nAlways read a case study several times. At first, you should read just for the basic details. On each subsequent reading, look for details about a specific topic: competitors, business strategy, management structure, financial loss. Highlight phrases and sections relating to these topics and take notes.\\nIn the preliminary stages of analyzing a case study, no detail is insignificant. The biggest numbers can often be misleading, and the point of an analysis is often to dig deeper and find otherwise unnoticed variables that drive a situation.\\nIf you are analyzing a case study for a consulting company interview, be sure to direct your comments towards the matters handled by the company. For example, if the company deals with marketing strategy, focus on the business's successes and failures in marketing; if you are interviewing for a financial consulting job, analyze how well the business keeps their books and their investment strategy.\\nWarnings\\nDo not use impassioned or emphatic language in your analysis. Business case studies are a tool for gauging your business acumen, not your personal beliefs. When assigning blame or identifying flaws in strategy, use a detached, disinterested tone.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Case studies are used in many professional education programs, primarily in business school, to present real-world situations to students and to assess their ability to parse out the important aspects of a given dilemma. In general, a case study should include, in order: background on the business environment, description of the given business, identification of a key problem or issue, steps taken to address the issue, your assessment of that response, and suggestions for better business strategy. The steps below will guide you through the process of analyzing a business case study in this way.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Examine and describe the business environment relevant to the case study.\", \"描述\": \"Describe the nature of the organization under consideration and its competitors. Provide general information about the market and customer base. Indicate any significant changes in the business environment or any new endeavors upon which the business is embarking.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Describe the structure and size of the main business under consideration.\", \"描述\": \"Analyze its management structure, employee base, and financial history. Describe annual revenues and profit. Provide figures on employment. Include details about private ownership, public ownership, and investment holdings. Provide a brief overview of the business's leaders and command chain.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Identify the key issue or problem in the case study.\", \"描述\": \"In all likelihood, there will be several different factors at play. Decide which is the main concern of the case study by examining what most of the data talks about, the main problems facing the business, and the conclusions at the end of the study. Examples might include expansion into a new market, response to a competitor's marketing campaign, or a changing customer base.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Describe how the business responds to these issues or problems.\", \"描述\": \"Draw on the information you gathered and trace a chronological progression of steps taken (or not taken). Cite data included in the case study, such as increased marketing spending, purchasing of new property, changed revenue streams, etc.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Identify the successful aspects of this response as well as its failures.\", \"描述\": \"Indicate whether or not each aspect of the response met its goal and whether the response overall was well-crafted. Use numerical benchmarks, like a desired customer share, to show whether goals were met; analyze broader issues, like employee management policies, to talk about the response as a whole.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Point to successes, failures, unforeseen results, and inadequate measures.\", \"描述\": \"Suggest alternative or improved measures that could have been taken by the business, using specific examples and backing up your suggestions with data and calculations.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Describe what changes you would make in the business to arrive at the measures you proposed, including changes to organization, strategy, and management.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Conclude your analysis by reviewing your findings and emphasizing what you would do differently in the case.\", \"描述\": \"Showcase both your understanding of the case study and your business strategy.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Always read a case study several times. At first, you should read just for the basic details. On each subsequent reading, look for details about a specific topic: competitors, business strategy, management structure, financial loss. Highlight phrases and sections relating to these topics and take notes.\\n\", \"In the preliminary stages of analyzing a case study, no detail is insignificant. The biggest numbers can often be misleading, and the point of an analysis is often to dig deeper and find otherwise unnoticed variables that drive a situation.\\n\", \"If you are analyzing a case study for a consulting company interview, be sure to direct your comments towards the matters handled by the company. For example, if the company deals with marketing strategy, focus on the business's successes and failures in marketing; if you are interviewing for a financial consulting job, analyze how well the business keeps their books and their investment strategy.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Do not use impassioned or emphatic language in your analysis. Business case studies are a tool for gauging your business acumen, not your personal beliefs. When assigning blame or identifying flaws in strategy, use a detached, disinterested tone.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,660 | How to Analyze Case Law | 1. Summarizing the Facts
1-1. Read the case.
You should read the case through at least once from beginning to end until you attempt to figure out which facts are most important or analyze the court's holding. It's difficult to correctly determine what was central to the court's reasoning until you've read it all the way through.
The first time you read through a case, don't worry about trying to understand it. Just read for a sense of what's happening, who the major parties are, and what they want the court to do.
Keep in mind that legal opinions aren't written for laypeople, or even for law students or attorneys – they are written for other judges. If you don't understand something (assuming you're not an appellate court judge), there's nothing wrong with that.
You may have to go outside the opinion itself and look at other articles about the case, and then come back to it. For example, if you're reading a case that caused quite a stir in the media when it was decided, there will no doubt be newspaper and magazine articles about it. Reading those can help you better understand the court opinion.
Many cases have summaries that appear before the case and let you know the basics of what happened, the issue before the court, and how the court resolved that issue. The summary can be helpful, but don't use it as a substitute for an initial read-through of the case.
1-2. Identify the parties.
Figuring out who is suing whom may seem like the easiest part of analyzing case law, and often it is. However, if a case has been through several layers of appeal it can be difficult to discern how the case was originally presented.
To make party identification even more confusing, party names may switch sides of the "v." in the case caption depending on who appealed. For example, suppose when a case began, Sally Sunshine sued Marvin Moon. The case's caption would be "Sunshine v. Moon." The trial court found in favor of Ms. Sunshine – but Mr. Moon appealed. The caption then became "Moon v. Sunshine."
To continue the example, suppose the appellate court found in favor of Mr. Moon, but Ms. Sunshine appealed that ruling to a higher court. Now the case's caption is "Sunshine v. Moon" again.
Since litigants in written opinions typically are only identified by their roles – appellant and appellee, for example – their names may only be mentioned once.
1-3. Outline the case's procedural history.
Since all written court decisions involve a case that has been through at least one if not several rounds of appeals, you must be able to trace the path the case followed from the initial lawsuit through the court system to end up before the court that issued the opinion you're reading.
Since the procedural history determines the role of the litigants, and thus what each of them is called throughout the written opinion, understanding how the case moved through the court system – who sued whom, and who appealed – is paramount to understanding the case.
At the same time, you don't need to go into too much detail here. You just need to understand who filed the original lawsuit (which will help you understand the facts of the case), the decision at trial, and who appealed and why.
1-4. Isolate the relevant facts.
At the root of every case, there always is a story of a dispute between two parties – but not all of the facts and circumstances surrounding this dispute will be important to the holding of the case. To analyze case law, you must determine which parts of the story are relevant to the issue presented to the court that made the decision.
At the appellate level, the courts are concerned with legal issues, not questions of fact. So, for example, if you are reading a case that came about as a result of a bar fight, the factual question of whether one party assaulted the other has already been resolved.
In many cases, the initial facts that prompted the dispute may be summarized in a sentence or two. Often, what's really important is what happened afterward.
Keep in mind that not all judges are the best writers. While you may be tempted to believe a particular fact is important because the judge who wrote the opinion spent several paragraphs discussing it, this is not necessarily the case.
As you read more and more cases, particularly if the cases you read are focused on a particular court, you will become familiar with the styles of individual judges. This can make it easier for you to immediately notice when the judge is focusing on facts he or she believes are central to the case's holding.
2. Identifying the Issue and Decision
2-1. Determine the legal issue raised by the facts.
The core of case law analysis is figuring out the exact issue or issues the court is being asked to resolve, and the process by which the court resolved it.
Essentially, you're looking for what the person who appealed the lower court's ruling wanted to happen, that didn't. To find the issue, you must figure out what that person thought the lower court did wrong, and why.
This usually isn't about something as simple as one person believing he should have been awarded more money, or a criminal defendant not wanting to go to jail. That might be part of an appellant's personal motivation, but to have a legitimate appeal you must be able to point to some way that the lower court made a legal error.
In many cases, the legal error isn't an obvious error. The lower court may have applied the law correctly – but the appellant is arguing that her case is different from the cases that developed the rule the lower court used, or that the lower court should have used a different rule.
Often in Supreme Court cases, there isn't a rule that can be handed down from previous cases and applied in this case, because no court has ever decided a case like this one. In these situations, it's up to the court to figure out how to tackle this new issue, and where it fits in to the long line of American jurisprudence.
2-2. Phrase the issue as a yes/no question.
The simplest way to understand a court's reasoning and analysis of the legal issue before it is to create a question being asked of the court, and phrase it in a way that it can be answered with a straight yes or no.
In some cases, the issue before the court involves multiple yes/no questions, or a follow-up question that is conditional on the answer to the first.
This usually happens when a particular factual situation present in the case has never been explored by any other court. The court must first determine whether a particular law applies to that factual situation at all before it can decide how the law applies.
For example, suppose a baker has been fined by the local government for creating cupcakes with expletives written in icing. The court may first have to determine whether icing on cupcakes is the sort of speech or expression protected by the First Amendment, before it can reach the real issue of whether the baker's First Amendment rights have been violated.
2-3. Provide the court's answer to the question.
Since you've phrased your issue as a question that can be answered yes or no, in most cases the court's answer will be one of those words. However, some cases may have a more nuanced answer, such as "maybe" or "sometimes."
Some judges have a very clear, straightforward writing style, and they'll phrase the issue as a question and answer it directly. However, this isn't usually the case. In most written opinions, you should expect to dig for the question and answer, which you'll have to craft yourself.
When more than one question is asked, sometimes the answer to the first takes care of all the others. To look at the earlier cupcake-icing example, if the court had determined that no, icing on cupcakes is not protected by the First Amendment, the second question disappears. You don't have to consider whether the baker's First Amendment rights were violated by the fine, because she didn't have any First Amendment rights in the first place.
When the answer is qualified with a "sometimes," any conditional questions that follow likewise will have qualifications. #Note any significant dissents. In many cases, particularly at the Supreme Court level, a justice who disagrees with the majority will issue a dissent. As time passes and court interpretation evolves, a significant dissent may end up being a majority opinion later on when the court reverses or overturns an earlier decision.
There also may be concurrences, which are separate opinions written by justices who agree with the ultimate outcome of the case, but not with the reasoning the majority applied to get there. Often a concurrence can help you understand the majority's reasoning, particularly if it seemed convoluted on first read.
Unless you understand where the case you're reading falls in the history and development of that particular area of law, you may not be able to recognize which other opinions are important until you do further research.
If you're unsure, it's best to simply note other opinions – be they dissents or concurrences – and the key difference between them and the majority's opinion.
Especially if you're reading a Supreme Court case, you also should note which justice authored the dissent or concurrence. As justices leave the court and are replaced, the values and judicial temperament of the majority also can change.
A dissent from a decade ago may become a majority opinion tomorrow – often written by the same justice, now carrying the majority where he or she once held a minority view.
3. Understanding the Reasoning
3-1. Identify the legal rules used by the court.
The rules used by the court to apply the law to a case's facts typically are precedents established by previous court decisions in similar cases.
Make note of the case from which the rule came, although typically it's not necessary for you to go back and read the case itself to understand the rule.
However, if a significant portion of the opinion discusses the previous case, you may want to go back and read it as well so you have a better understanding of what the court is talking about.
In some opinions (especially those penned by judges with straightforward writing styles), the rule used by the court will follow trigger phrases such as "the rule we apply is" or "we decide this case by applying the rule from" – phrases that alert you the court is about to tell you exactly what rule they used.
Most opinions won't be this direct, and require a closer analysis of the language to ascertain the rule the court used. Sometimes you can figure this out by working backwards. Read the court's decision, and then follow the court's train of logic in reverse until you reach the rule.
3-2. Apply the rule to the facts of the case.
The court typically applies related precedents to the facts of the case at hand using analogy. Arguments from opposing sides at the appellate level typically offer competing analogies, and sometimes argue that different precedents should apply.
The application of a legal precedent to the facts of a case is the heart of legal analysis. This typically is done using similes. Seldom has the exact issue been presented before – to make a decision, the court must determine that this case is like a different case, and therefore the same rule should apply.
Keep in mind that, especially if you're analyzing a Supreme Court case, the court wouldn't have accepted that case on appeal if it didn't present a new issue that had not already been decided in an earlier case.
For this reason, there likely won't be a precedent that is entirely on point, or a previous case with the same fact pattern in which the same issue was raised and decided.
Rather, the court must compare cases to find a rule that applies closely and is based on a similar situation that is analogous to the dispute presented.
3-3. Highlight facts the court found most important.
Among the relevant facts you've already identified, some will be more important than others because they represent the reason the court chose one rule over another, or applied the rule in a particular way.
Sometimes the easiest way to locate the court's pivotal fact or facts is to consider what would have happened if they'd chosen to focus on a different fact.
For example, if the court in the case of the beleaguered baker had decided to focus on the fact that cupcakes are food, and food has never been protected under the First Amendment, it might have arrived at a different decision than it did. Because the court focused instead on the fact that the baker wrote words with icing, just as writers write words in ink, and concluded that written words inarguably enjoy First Amendment protection.
Although many other facts may be relevant, or important to some other aspect of the case, those aren't the facts that made the court rule the way it did.
3-4. Consider how the rule would apply to different facts.
Once you've mapped out how the court arrived at its decision, imagine different (but similar) factual scenarios, and apply the rule the case established to those facts to see what the result would be.
No court case exists in isolation. Once a court issues a decision, the legal interpretation and rules it establishes become part of the larger body of law devoted to that particular issue. Each opinion helps future courts understand more about the statute or constitutional provision at the heart of the case.
You don't have to wait for future courts to apply the rule you've just learned to other cases, however. Take the facts in the original case and twist them slightly, then apply the rule yourself.
Law professors call these imaginary cases "hypotheticals," and spend a good portion of class churning them out and asking their students to apply the rule they've learned to sometimes bizarre and convoluted stories.
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"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Summarizing the Facts\\n1-1. Read the case.\\nYou should read the case through at least once from beginning to end until you attempt to figure out which facts are most important or analyze the court's holding. It's difficult to correctly determine what was central to the court's reasoning until you've read it all the way through.\\nThe first time you read through a case, don't worry about trying to understand it. Just read for a sense of what's happening, who the major parties are, and what they want the court to do.\\nKeep in mind that legal opinions aren't written for laypeople, or even for law students or attorneys – they are written for other judges. If you don't understand something (assuming you're not an appellate court judge), there's nothing wrong with that.\\nYou may have to go outside the opinion itself and look at other articles about the case, and then come back to it. For example, if you're reading a case that caused quite a stir in the media when it was decided, there will no doubt be newspaper and magazine articles about it. Reading those can help you better understand the court opinion.\\nMany cases have summaries that appear before the case and let you know the basics of what happened, the issue before the court, and how the court resolved that issue. The summary can be helpful, but don't use it as a substitute for an initial read-through of the case.\\n1-2. Identify the parties.\\nFiguring out who is suing whom may seem like the easiest part of analyzing case law, and often it is. However, if a case has been through several layers of appeal it can be difficult to discern how the case was originally presented.\\nTo make party identification even more confusing, party names may switch sides of the \\\"v.\\\" in the case caption depending on who appealed. For example, suppose when a case began, Sally Sunshine sued Marvin Moon. The case's caption would be \\\"Sunshine v. Moon.\\\" The trial court found in favor of Ms. Sunshine – but Mr. Moon appealed. The caption then became \\\"Moon v. Sunshine.\\\"\\nTo continue the example, suppose the appellate court found in favor of Mr. Moon, but Ms. Sunshine appealed that ruling to a higher court. Now the case's caption is \\\"Sunshine v. Moon\\\" again.\\nSince litigants in written opinions typically are only identified by their roles – appellant and appellee, for example – their names may only be mentioned once.\\n1-3. Outline the case's procedural history.\\nSince all written court decisions involve a case that has been through at least one if not several rounds of appeals, you must be able to trace the path the case followed from the initial lawsuit through the court system to end up before the court that issued the opinion you're reading.\\nSince the procedural history determines the role of the litigants, and thus what each of them is called throughout the written opinion, understanding how the case moved through the court system – who sued whom, and who appealed – is paramount to understanding the case.\\nAt the same time, you don't need to go into too much detail here. You just need to understand who filed the original lawsuit (which will help you understand the facts of the case), the decision at trial, and who appealed and why.\\n1-4. Isolate the relevant facts.\\nAt the root of every case, there always is a story of a dispute between two parties – but not all of the facts and circumstances surrounding this dispute will be important to the holding of the case. To analyze case law, you must determine which parts of the story are relevant to the issue presented to the court that made the decision.\\nAt the appellate level, the courts are concerned with legal issues, not questions of fact. So, for example, if you are reading a case that came about as a result of a bar fight, the factual question of whether one party assaulted the other has already been resolved.\\nIn many cases, the initial facts that prompted the dispute may be summarized in a sentence or two. Often, what's really important is what happened afterward.\\nKeep in mind that not all judges are the best writers. While you may be tempted to believe a particular fact is important because the judge who wrote the opinion spent several paragraphs discussing it, this is not necessarily the case.\\nAs you read more and more cases, particularly if the cases you read are focused on a particular court, you will become familiar with the styles of individual judges. This can make it easier for you to immediately notice when the judge is focusing on facts he or she believes are central to the case's holding.\\n2. Identifying the Issue and Decision\\n2-1. Determine the legal issue raised by the facts.\\nThe core of case law analysis is figuring out the exact issue or issues the court is being asked to resolve, and the process by which the court resolved it.\\nEssentially, you're looking for what the person who appealed the lower court's ruling wanted to happen, that didn't. To find the issue, you must figure out what that person thought the lower court did wrong, and why.\\nThis usually isn't about something as simple as one person believing he should have been awarded more money, or a criminal defendant not wanting to go to jail. That might be part of an appellant's personal motivation, but to have a legitimate appeal you must be able to point to some way that the lower court made a legal error.\\nIn many cases, the legal error isn't an obvious error. The lower court may have applied the law correctly – but the appellant is arguing that her case is different from the cases that developed the rule the lower court used, or that the lower court should have used a different rule.\\nOften in Supreme Court cases, there isn't a rule that can be handed down from previous cases and applied in this case, because no court has ever decided a case like this one. In these situations, it's up to the court to figure out how to tackle this new issue, and where it fits in to the long line of American jurisprudence.\\n2-2. Phrase the issue as a yes/no question.\\nThe simplest way to understand a court's reasoning and analysis of the legal issue before it is to create a question being asked of the court, and phrase it in a way that it can be answered with a straight yes or no.\\nIn some cases, the issue before the court involves multiple yes/no questions, or a follow-up question that is conditional on the answer to the first.\\nThis usually happens when a particular factual situation present in the case has never been explored by any other court. The court must first determine whether a particular law applies to that factual situation at all before it can decide how the law applies.\\nFor example, suppose a baker has been fined by the local government for creating cupcakes with expletives written in icing. The court may first have to determine whether icing on cupcakes is the sort of speech or expression protected by the First Amendment, before it can reach the real issue of whether the baker's First Amendment rights have been violated.\\n2-3. Provide the court's answer to the question.\\nSince you've phrased your issue as a question that can be answered yes or no, in most cases the court's answer will be one of those words. However, some cases may have a more nuanced answer, such as \\\"maybe\\\" or \\\"sometimes.\\\"\\nSome judges have a very clear, straightforward writing style, and they'll phrase the issue as a question and answer it directly. However, this isn't usually the case. In most written opinions, you should expect to dig for the question and answer, which you'll have to craft yourself.\\nWhen more than one question is asked, sometimes the answer to the first takes care of all the others. To look at the earlier cupcake-icing example, if the court had determined that no, icing on cupcakes is not protected by the First Amendment, the second question disappears. You don't have to consider whether the baker's First Amendment rights were violated by the fine, because she didn't have any First Amendment rights in the first place.\\nWhen the answer is qualified with a \\\"sometimes,\\\" any conditional questions that follow likewise will have qualifications. #Note any significant dissents. In many cases, particularly at the Supreme Court level, a justice who disagrees with the majority will issue a dissent. As time passes and court interpretation evolves, a significant dissent may end up being a majority opinion later on when the court reverses or overturns an earlier decision.\\nThere also may be concurrences, which are separate opinions written by justices who agree with the ultimate outcome of the case, but not with the reasoning the majority applied to get there. Often a concurrence can help you understand the majority's reasoning, particularly if it seemed convoluted on first read.\\nUnless you understand where the case you're reading falls in the history and development of that particular area of law, you may not be able to recognize which other opinions are important until you do further research.\\nIf you're unsure, it's best to simply note other opinions – be they dissents or concurrences – and the key difference between them and the majority's opinion.\\nEspecially if you're reading a Supreme Court case, you also should note which justice authored the dissent or concurrence. As justices leave the court and are replaced, the values and judicial temperament of the majority also can change.\\nA dissent from a decade ago may become a majority opinion tomorrow – often written by the same justice, now carrying the majority where he or she once held a minority view.\\n3. Understanding the Reasoning\\n3-1. Identify the legal rules used by the court.\\nThe rules used by the court to apply the law to a case's facts typically are precedents established by previous court decisions in similar cases.\\nMake note of the case from which the rule came, although typically it's not necessary for you to go back and read the case itself to understand the rule.\\nHowever, if a significant portion of the opinion discusses the previous case, you may want to go back and read it as well so you have a better understanding of what the court is talking about.\\nIn some opinions (especially those penned by judges with straightforward writing styles), the rule used by the court will follow trigger phrases such as \\\"the rule we apply is\\\" or \\\"we decide this case by applying the rule from\\\" – phrases that alert you the court is about to tell you exactly what rule they used.\\nMost opinions won't be this direct, and require a closer analysis of the language to ascertain the rule the court used. Sometimes you can figure this out by working backwards. Read the court's decision, and then follow the court's train of logic in reverse until you reach the rule.\\n3-2. Apply the rule to the facts of the case.\\nThe court typically applies related precedents to the facts of the case at hand using analogy. Arguments from opposing sides at the appellate level typically offer competing analogies, and sometimes argue that different precedents should apply.\\nThe application of a legal precedent to the facts of a case is the heart of legal analysis. This typically is done using similes. Seldom has the exact issue been presented before – to make a decision, the court must determine that this case is like a different case, and therefore the same rule should apply.\\nKeep in mind that, especially if you're analyzing a Supreme Court case, the court wouldn't have accepted that case on appeal if it didn't present a new issue that had not already been decided in an earlier case.\\nFor this reason, there likely won't be a precedent that is entirely on point, or a previous case with the same fact pattern in which the same issue was raised and decided.\\nRather, the court must compare cases to find a rule that applies closely and is based on a similar situation that is analogous to the dispute presented.\\n3-3. Highlight facts the court found most important.\\nAmong the relevant facts you've already identified, some will be more important than others because they represent the reason the court chose one rule over another, or applied the rule in a particular way.\\nSometimes the easiest way to locate the court's pivotal fact or facts is to consider what would have happened if they'd chosen to focus on a different fact.\\nFor example, if the court in the case of the beleaguered baker had decided to focus on the fact that cupcakes are food, and food has never been protected under the First Amendment, it might have arrived at a different decision than it did. Because the court focused instead on the fact that the baker wrote words with icing, just as writers write words in ink, and concluded that written words inarguably enjoy First Amendment protection.\\nAlthough many other facts may be relevant, or important to some other aspect of the case, those aren't the facts that made the court rule the way it did.\\n3-4. Consider how the rule would apply to different facts.\\nOnce you've mapped out how the court arrived at its decision, imagine different (but similar) factual scenarios, and apply the rule the case established to those facts to see what the result would be.\\nNo court case exists in isolation. Once a court issues a decision, the legal interpretation and rules it establishes become part of the larger body of law devoted to that particular issue. Each opinion helps future courts understand more about the statute or constitutional provision at the heart of the case.\\nYou don't have to wait for future courts to apply the rule you've just learned to other cases, however. Take the facts in the original case and twist them slightly, then apply the rule yourself.\\nLaw professors call these imaginary cases \\\"hypotheticals,\\\" and spend a good portion of class churning them out and asking their students to apply the rule they've learned to sometimes bizarre and convoluted stories.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"When you hear the word \\\"law,\\\" you may assume the word refers to statutes passed by Congress and state legislatures. But a major portion of American law actually is case law – the rules appellate judges distill from their interpretation of statutes and other sources. Accordingly, much of law school is spent learning how to analyze case law. However, attending law school isn't strictly necessary to acquire this valuable skill. You can teach yourself how to analyze case law, which begins – but doesn't end – with a thorough reading of the court's written opinion.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Summarizing the Facts\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Read the case.\", \"描述\": \"You should read the case through at least once from beginning to end until you attempt to figure out which facts are most important or analyze the court's holding. It's difficult to correctly determine what was central to the court's reasoning until you've read it all the way through.\\nThe first time you read through a case, don't worry about trying to understand it. Just read for a sense of what's happening, who the major parties are, and what they want the court to do.\\nKeep in mind that legal opinions aren't written for laypeople, or even for law students or attorneys – they are written for other judges. If you don't understand something (assuming you're not an appellate court judge), there's nothing wrong with that.\\nYou may have to go outside the opinion itself and look at other articles about the case, and then come back to it. For example, if you're reading a case that caused quite a stir in the media when it was decided, there will no doubt be newspaper and magazine articles about it. Reading those can help you better understand the court opinion.\\nMany cases have summaries that appear before the case and let you know the basics of what happened, the issue before the court, and how the court resolved that issue. The summary can be helpful, but don't use it as a substitute for an initial read-through of the case.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identify the parties.\", \"描述\": \"Figuring out who is suing whom may seem like the easiest part of analyzing case law, and often it is. However, if a case has been through several layers of appeal it can be difficult to discern how the case was originally presented.\\nTo make party identification even more confusing, party names may switch sides of the \\\"v.\\\" in the case caption depending on who appealed. For example, suppose when a case began, Sally Sunshine sued Marvin Moon. The case's caption would be \\\"Sunshine v. Moon.\\\" The trial court found in favor of Ms. Sunshine – but Mr. Moon appealed. The caption then became \\\"Moon v. Sunshine.\\\"\\nTo continue the example, suppose the appellate court found in favor of Mr. Moon, but Ms. Sunshine appealed that ruling to a higher court. Now the case's caption is \\\"Sunshine v. Moon\\\" again.\\nSince litigants in written opinions typically are only identified by their roles – appellant and appellee, for example – their names may only be mentioned once.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Outline the case's procedural history.\", \"描述\": \"Since all written court decisions involve a case that has been through at least one if not several rounds of appeals, you must be able to trace the path the case followed from the initial lawsuit through the court system to end up before the court that issued the opinion you're reading.\\nSince the procedural history determines the role of the litigants, and thus what each of them is called throughout the written opinion, understanding how the case moved through the court system – who sued whom, and who appealed – is paramount to understanding the case.\\nAt the same time, you don't need to go into too much detail here. You just need to understand who filed the original lawsuit (which will help you understand the facts of the case), the decision at trial, and who appealed and why.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Isolate the relevant facts.\", \"描述\": \"At the root of every case, there always is a story of a dispute between two parties – but not all of the facts and circumstances surrounding this dispute will be important to the holding of the case. To analyze case law, you must determine which parts of the story are relevant to the issue presented to the court that made the decision.\\nAt the appellate level, the courts are concerned with legal issues, not questions of fact. So, for example, if you are reading a case that came about as a result of a bar fight, the factual question of whether one party assaulted the other has already been resolved.\\nIn many cases, the initial facts that prompted the dispute may be summarized in a sentence or two. Often, what's really important is what happened afterward.\\nKeep in mind that not all judges are the best writers. While you may be tempted to believe a particular fact is important because the judge who wrote the opinion spent several paragraphs discussing it, this is not necessarily the case.\\nAs you read more and more cases, particularly if the cases you read are focused on a particular court, you will become familiar with the styles of individual judges. This can make it easier for you to immediately notice when the judge is focusing on facts he or she believes are central to the case's holding.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identifying the Issue and Decision\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine the legal issue raised by the facts.\", \"描述\": \"The core of case law analysis is figuring out the exact issue or issues the court is being asked to resolve, and the process by which the court resolved it.\\nEssentially, you're looking for what the person who appealed the lower court's ruling wanted to happen, that didn't. To find the issue, you must figure out what that person thought the lower court did wrong, and why.\\nThis usually isn't about something as simple as one person believing he should have been awarded more money, or a criminal defendant not wanting to go to jail. That might be part of an appellant's personal motivation, but to have a legitimate appeal you must be able to point to some way that the lower court made a legal error.\\nIn many cases, the legal error isn't an obvious error. The lower court may have applied the law correctly – but the appellant is arguing that her case is different from the cases that developed the rule the lower court used, or that the lower court should have used a different rule.\\nOften in Supreme Court cases, there isn't a rule that can be handed down from previous cases and applied in this case, because no court has ever decided a case like this one. In these situations, it's up to the court to figure out how to tackle this new issue, and where it fits in to the long line of American jurisprudence.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Phrase the issue as a yes/no question.\", \"描述\": \"The simplest way to understand a court's reasoning and analysis of the legal issue before it is to create a question being asked of the court, and phrase it in a way that it can be answered with a straight yes or no.\\nIn some cases, the issue before the court involves multiple yes/no questions, or a follow-up question that is conditional on the answer to the first.\\nThis usually happens when a particular factual situation present in the case has never been explored by any other court. The court must first determine whether a particular law applies to that factual situation at all before it can decide how the law applies.\\nFor example, suppose a baker has been fined by the local government for creating cupcakes with expletives written in icing. The court may first have to determine whether icing on cupcakes is the sort of speech or expression protected by the First Amendment, before it can reach the real issue of whether the baker's First Amendment rights have been violated.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Provide the court's answer to the question.\", \"描述\": \"Since you've phrased your issue as a question that can be answered yes or no, in most cases the court's answer will be one of those words. However, some cases may have a more nuanced answer, such as \\\"maybe\\\" or \\\"sometimes.\\\"\\nSome judges have a very clear, straightforward writing style, and they'll phrase the issue as a question and answer it directly. However, this isn't usually the case. In most written opinions, you should expect to dig for the question and answer, which you'll have to craft yourself.\\nWhen more than one question is asked, sometimes the answer to the first takes care of all the others. To look at the earlier cupcake-icing example, if the court had determined that no, icing on cupcakes is not protected by the First Amendment, the second question disappears. You don't have to consider whether the baker's First Amendment rights were violated by the fine, because she didn't have any First Amendment rights in the first place.\\nWhen the answer is qualified with a \\\"sometimes,\\\" any conditional questions that follow likewise will have qualifications. #Note any significant dissents. In many cases, particularly at the Supreme Court level, a justice who disagrees with the majority will issue a dissent. As time passes and court interpretation evolves, a significant dissent may end up being a majority opinion later on when the court reverses or overturns an earlier decision.\\nThere also may be concurrences, which are separate opinions written by justices who agree with the ultimate outcome of the case, but not with the reasoning the majority applied to get there. Often a concurrence can help you understand the majority's reasoning, particularly if it seemed convoluted on first read.\\nUnless you understand where the case you're reading falls in the history and development of that particular area of law, you may not be able to recognize which other opinions are important until you do further research.\\nIf you're unsure, it's best to simply note other opinions – be they dissents or concurrences – and the key difference between them and the majority's opinion.\\nEspecially if you're reading a Supreme Court case, you also should note which justice authored the dissent or concurrence. As justices leave the court and are replaced, the values and judicial temperament of the majority also can change.\\nA dissent from a decade ago may become a majority opinion tomorrow – often written by the same justice, now carrying the majority where he or she once held a minority view.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Understanding the Reasoning\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Identify the legal rules used by the court.\", \"描述\": \"The rules used by the court to apply the law to a case's facts typically are precedents established by previous court decisions in similar cases.\\nMake note of the case from which the rule came, although typically it's not necessary for you to go back and read the case itself to understand the rule.\\nHowever, if a significant portion of the opinion discusses the previous case, you may want to go back and read it as well so you have a better understanding of what the court is talking about.\\nIn some opinions (especially those penned by judges with straightforward writing styles), the rule used by the court will follow trigger phrases such as \\\"the rule we apply is\\\" or \\\"we decide this case by applying the rule from\\\" – phrases that alert you the court is about to tell you exactly what rule they used.\\nMost opinions won't be this direct, and require a closer analysis of the language to ascertain the rule the court used. Sometimes you can figure this out by working backwards. Read the court's decision, and then follow the court's train of logic in reverse until you reach the rule.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Apply the rule to the facts of the case.\", \"描述\": \"The court typically applies related precedents to the facts of the case at hand using analogy. Arguments from opposing sides at the appellate level typically offer competing analogies, and sometimes argue that different precedents should apply.\\nThe application of a legal precedent to the facts of a case is the heart of legal analysis. This typically is done using similes. Seldom has the exact issue been presented before – to make a decision, the court must determine that this case is like a different case, and therefore the same rule should apply.\\nKeep in mind that, especially if you're analyzing a Supreme Court case, the court wouldn't have accepted that case on appeal if it didn't present a new issue that had not already been decided in an earlier case.\\nFor this reason, there likely won't be a precedent that is entirely on point, or a previous case with the same fact pattern in which the same issue was raised and decided.\\nRather, the court must compare cases to find a rule that applies closely and is based on a similar situation that is analogous to the dispute presented.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Highlight facts the court found most important.\", \"描述\": \"Among the relevant facts you've already identified, some will be more important than others because they represent the reason the court chose one rule over another, or applied the rule in a particular way.\\nSometimes the easiest way to locate the court's pivotal fact or facts is to consider what would have happened if they'd chosen to focus on a different fact.\\nFor example, if the court in the case of the beleaguered baker had decided to focus on the fact that cupcakes are food, and food has never been protected under the First Amendment, it might have arrived at a different decision than it did. Because the court focused instead on the fact that the baker wrote words with icing, just as writers write words in ink, and concluded that written words inarguably enjoy First Amendment protection.\\nAlthough many other facts may be relevant, or important to some other aspect of the case, those aren't the facts that made the court rule the way it did.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Consider how the rule would apply to different facts.\", \"描述\": \"Once you've mapped out how the court arrived at its decision, imagine different (but similar) factual scenarios, and apply the rule the case established to those facts to see what the result would be.\\nNo court case exists in isolation. Once a court issues a decision, the legal interpretation and rules it establishes become part of the larger body of law devoted to that particular issue. Each opinion helps future courts understand more about the statute or constitutional provision at the heart of the case.\\nYou don't have to wait for future courts to apply the rule you've just learned to other cases, however. Take the facts in the original case and twist them slightly, then apply the rule yourself.\\nLaw professors call these imaginary cases \\\"hypotheticals,\\\" and spend a good portion of class churning them out and asking their students to apply the rule they've learned to sometimes bizarre and convoluted stories.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,661 | How to Analyze Debt to Equity Ratio | 1. Doing the Basic Calculations and Analysis
1-1. Determine the company's debt and equity.
You can find the information you'll need to make this calculation on the company's balance sheet. You will have to make some decisions about which of the balance sheet accounts to include in your calculation of debt.
Equity refers to the funds contributed by the stockholders, plus the company's earnings. The balance sheet should include a figure labeled as total equity.
When determining debt, include interest-bearing, long term debt such as notes payable and bonds. Be sure to include the current amount of long-term debt. You'll find this in the current liabilities section of the balance sheet.
Analysts often leave out current liabilities, such as accounts payable and accrued liabilities. These items provide little information about how a company is leveraged. This is because they do not reflect long-term commitments, but only the day-to-day operations of the business.
1-2. Watch out for expenditures that aren't listed on the balance sheet.
Companies will sometimes keep certain expenditures off their balance sheets. This is to make their debt equity ratios look better.
You should include certain off-balance sheet liabilities when calculating debt. Operating leases and unfunded pensions are two common off-balance sheet liabilities. These expenditures are often large enough to include in the debt to equity ratio.
Other debt to look out for may come from joint ventures or research and development partnerships. Scan through the notes to the financial statements and look for off-balance sheet liabilities. Include those greater than 10% of the total of interest bearing debt.
1-3. Calculate the debt-to-equity ratio.
Find this ratio by dividing total debt by total equity. Start with the parts that you identified in Step 1 and plug them into this formula: Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Debt ÷ Total Equity. The result is the debt-to-equity ratio.
For example, suppose a company has $300,000 of long-term interest bearing debt. The company also has $1,000,000 of total equity. This company would have a debt to equity ratio of 0.3 (300,000 / 1,000,000), meaning that total debt is 30% of total equity.
1-4. Do a basic assessment of the firm's capital structure.
Once you have calculated a company's debt to equity ratio, you can begin to develop an idea of its capital structure. Here are some things to keep in mind:
A ratio of 0.3 or lower is considered healthy by many analysts. In recent years though, others have concluded that too little leverage is just as bad as too much leverage. Too little leverage can suggest a conservative management unwilling to take risk.
A ratio of 1.0 means that the company funds its projects with an even mix of debt and equity.
A ratio greater than 2.0 means that the company borrows a lot to finance operations. It means that creditors have twice as much money in the company as equity holders.
Lower ratios mean that the company has less debt, and this reduces risk. A company with less debt will also have less exposure to interest rate increases and changes in credit conditions.
Some companies will choose debt financing despite the increased risk. Debt financing allows a company to gain access to capital without diluting ownership. It may sometimes also result in higher earnings. If a company with lots of debt becomes profitable, a small number of owners may make a lot of money.
2. Analyzing in Depth
2-1. Consider the financing needs of the industry the firm operates within.
As noted above, a high debt to equity ratio (above 2.00) is worrisome. Such a ratio may suggest a dangerous amount of leverage. For some industries though, high debt to equity ratios are appropriate.
For example, construction firms use construction loans to finance most of their projects. Although this leads to a high debt to equity ratio, the firm is not at risk of insolvency. The owners of each construction project are essentially paying to service the debt themselves.
Finance companies may also have high debt to equity ratios because they borrow money at low rates and lend at higher rates. Another example would be capital-intensive industries like manufacturing. These companies often borrow money to buy raw materials for manufacturing.
Industries which are not capital intensive can have a lower debt to equity ratio. Examples would include software providers and professional service firms.
To assess whether a company's debt-to-equity ratio is within an appropriate range, it is a good idea to compare it to other companies in the same industry, and/or to compare its current debt to equity ratio to that of past periods.
2-2. Consider the effect of treasury stock on the debt-to-equity ratio.
Treasury stock repurchases reduce the balance of stockholder’s equity. This can result in a massive increase in the debt to equity ratio.
Treasury stock purchases reduce shareholder equity and consequently increase the debt-to-equity ratio. But, the overall impact on shareholders may be beneficial. This is because the remaining shareholders receive a larger portion of the net income and dividends with no increase in the debt load.
Financial leverage is increased by treasury stock purchases. At the same time, operating leverage (the ratio of fixed to variable costs) remains unchanged. In other words, the cost of production, pricing, and profit margins are not affected.
2-3. Consider calculating the debt-service coverage ratio.
When a company has a high debt to equity ratio, many financial financial analysts turn to the debt-service coverage ratio. This adds further insight about the ability of the company to repay its obligations.
The debt-service coverage ratio divides the company's operating income by its debt service payments. The larger the result, the more likely it is that the company will have enough income available to service its debt.
A ratio of 1.5 or higher is the bare minimum in most industries. A low debt-service coverage ratio combined with a high debt to equity ratio should concern any investor.
A high operating income may allow even a debt-burdened company to meets its obligations.
Tips
When using the debt-to-equity ratio listed on a financial website, it's a good idea to look into which forms of debt they include. These websites often exclude off balance sheet expenditures. They sometimes do include short-term liabilities that are less important.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:51",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Doing the Basic Calculations and Analysis\\n1-1. Determine the company's debt and equity.\\nYou can find the information you'll need to make this calculation on the company's balance sheet. You will have to make some decisions about which of the balance sheet accounts to include in your calculation of debt.\\nEquity refers to the funds contributed by the stockholders, plus the company's earnings. The balance sheet should include a figure labeled as total equity.\\nWhen determining debt, include interest-bearing, long term debt such as notes payable and bonds. Be sure to include the current amount of long-term debt. You'll find this in the current liabilities section of the balance sheet.\\nAnalysts often leave out current liabilities, such as accounts payable and accrued liabilities. These items provide little information about how a company is leveraged. This is because they do not reflect long-term commitments, but only the day-to-day operations of the business.\\n1-2. Watch out for expenditures that aren't listed on the balance sheet.\\nCompanies will sometimes keep certain expenditures off their balance sheets. This is to make their debt equity ratios look better.\\nYou should include certain off-balance sheet liabilities when calculating debt. Operating leases and unfunded pensions are two common off-balance sheet liabilities. These expenditures are often large enough to include in the debt to equity ratio.\\nOther debt to look out for may come from joint ventures or research and development partnerships. Scan through the notes to the financial statements and look for off-balance sheet liabilities. Include those greater than 10% of the total of interest bearing debt.\\n1-3. Calculate the debt-to-equity ratio.\\nFind this ratio by dividing total debt by total equity. Start with the parts that you identified in Step 1 and plug them into this formula: Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Debt ÷ Total Equity. The result is the debt-to-equity ratio.\\nFor example, suppose a company has $300,000 of long-term interest bearing debt. The company also has $1,000,000 of total equity. This company would have a debt to equity ratio of 0.3 (300,000 / 1,000,000), meaning that total debt is 30% of total equity.\\n1-4. Do a basic assessment of the firm's capital structure.\\nOnce you have calculated a company's debt to equity ratio, you can begin to develop an idea of its capital structure. Here are some things to keep in mind:\\nA ratio of 0.3 or lower is considered healthy by many analysts. In recent years though, others have concluded that too little leverage is just as bad as too much leverage. Too little leverage can suggest a conservative management unwilling to take risk.\\nA ratio of 1.0 means that the company funds its projects with an even mix of debt and equity.\\nA ratio greater than 2.0 means that the company borrows a lot to finance operations. It means that creditors have twice as much money in the company as equity holders.\\nLower ratios mean that the company has less debt, and this reduces risk. A company with less debt will also have less exposure to interest rate increases and changes in credit conditions.\\nSome companies will choose debt financing despite the increased risk. Debt financing allows a company to gain access to capital without diluting ownership. It may sometimes also result in higher earnings. If a company with lots of debt becomes profitable, a small number of owners may make a lot of money.\\n2. Analyzing in Depth\\n2-1. Consider the financing needs of the industry the firm operates within.\\nAs noted above, a high debt to equity ratio (above 2.00) is worrisome. Such a ratio may suggest a dangerous amount of leverage. For some industries though, high debt to equity ratios are appropriate.\\nFor example, construction firms use construction loans to finance most of their projects. Although this leads to a high debt to equity ratio, the firm is not at risk of insolvency. The owners of each construction project are essentially paying to service the debt themselves.\\nFinance companies may also have high debt to equity ratios because they borrow money at low rates and lend at higher rates. Another example would be capital-intensive industries like manufacturing. These companies often borrow money to buy raw materials for manufacturing.\\nIndustries which are not capital intensive can have a lower debt to equity ratio. Examples would include software providers and professional service firms.\\nTo assess whether a company's debt-to-equity ratio is within an appropriate range, it is a good idea to compare it to other companies in the same industry, and/or to compare its current debt to equity ratio to that of past periods.\\n2-2. Consider the effect of treasury stock on the debt-to-equity ratio.\\nTreasury stock repurchases reduce the balance of stockholder’s equity. This can result in a massive increase in the debt to equity ratio.\\nTreasury stock purchases reduce shareholder equity and consequently increase the debt-to-equity ratio. But, the overall impact on shareholders may be beneficial. This is because the remaining shareholders receive a larger portion of the net income and dividends with no increase in the debt load.\\nFinancial leverage is increased by treasury stock purchases. At the same time, operating leverage (the ratio of fixed to variable costs) remains unchanged. In other words, the cost of production, pricing, and profit margins are not affected.\\n2-3. Consider calculating the debt-service coverage ratio.\\nWhen a company has a high debt to equity ratio, many financial financial analysts turn to the debt-service coverage ratio. This adds further insight about the ability of the company to repay its obligations.\\nThe debt-service coverage ratio divides the company's operating income by its debt service payments. The larger the result, the more likely it is that the company will have enough income available to service its debt.\\nA ratio of 1.5 or higher is the bare minimum in most industries. A low debt-service coverage ratio combined with a high debt to equity ratio should concern any investor.\\nA high operating income may allow even a debt-burdened company to meets its obligations.\\nTips\\nWhen using the debt-to-equity ratio listed on a financial website, it's a good idea to look into which forms of debt they include. These websites often exclude off balance sheet expenditures. They sometimes do include short-term liabilities that are less important.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"The debt to equity ratio is a calculation used to assess the capital structure of a business. In simple terms, it's a way to examine how a company uses different sources of funding to pay for its operations. The ratio measures the proportion of assets that are funded by debt to those funded by equity. The debt to equity ratio is also called the risk ratio or leverage ratio. It is a quick tool for determining the amount of financial leverage a company is using. In other words, it gives you an idea of how much a company uses debt to pay for operations. It also can help you understand a company's exposure to interest rate increases or insolvency.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Doing the Basic Calculations and Analysis\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine the company's debt and equity.\", \"描述\": \"You can find the information you'll need to make this calculation on the company's balance sheet. You will have to make some decisions about which of the balance sheet accounts to include in your calculation of debt.\\nEquity refers to the funds contributed by the stockholders, plus the company's earnings. The balance sheet should include a figure labeled as total equity.\\nWhen determining debt, include interest-bearing, long term debt such as notes payable and bonds. Be sure to include the current amount of long-term debt. You'll find this in the current liabilities section of the balance sheet.\\nAnalysts often leave out current liabilities, such as accounts payable and accrued liabilities. These items provide little information about how a company is leveraged. This is because they do not reflect long-term commitments, but only the day-to-day operations of the business.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Watch out for expenditures that aren't listed on the balance sheet.\", \"描述\": \"Companies will sometimes keep certain expenditures off their balance sheets. This is to make their debt equity ratios look better.\\nYou should include certain off-balance sheet liabilities when calculating debt. Operating leases and unfunded pensions are two common off-balance sheet liabilities. These expenditures are often large enough to include in the debt to equity ratio.\\nOther debt to look out for may come from joint ventures or research and development partnerships. Scan through the notes to the financial statements and look for off-balance sheet liabilities. Include those greater than 10% of the total of interest bearing debt.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Calculate the debt-to-equity ratio.\", \"描述\": \"Find this ratio by dividing total debt by total equity. Start with the parts that you identified in Step 1 and plug them into this formula: Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Debt ÷ Total Equity. The result is the debt-to-equity ratio.\\nFor example, suppose a company has $300,000 of long-term interest bearing debt. The company also has $1,000,000 of total equity. This company would have a debt to equity ratio of 0.3 (300,000 / 1,000,000), meaning that total debt is 30% of total equity.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Do a basic assessment of the firm's capital structure.\", \"描述\": \"Once you have calculated a company's debt to equity ratio, you can begin to develop an idea of its capital structure. Here are some things to keep in mind:\\nA ratio of 0.3 or lower is considered healthy by many analysts. In recent years though, others have concluded that too little leverage is just as bad as too much leverage. Too little leverage can suggest a conservative management unwilling to take risk.\\nA ratio of 1.0 means that the company funds its projects with an even mix of debt and equity.\\nA ratio greater than 2.0 means that the company borrows a lot to finance operations. It means that creditors have twice as much money in the company as equity holders.\\nLower ratios mean that the company has less debt, and this reduces risk. A company with less debt will also have less exposure to interest rate increases and changes in credit conditions.\\nSome companies will choose debt financing despite the increased risk. Debt financing allows a company to gain access to capital without diluting ownership. It may sometimes also result in higher earnings. If a company with lots of debt becomes profitable, a small number of owners may make a lot of money.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyzing in Depth\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Consider the financing needs of the industry the firm operates within.\", \"描述\": \"As noted above, a high debt to equity ratio (above 2.00) is worrisome. Such a ratio may suggest a dangerous amount of leverage. For some industries though, high debt to equity ratios are appropriate.\\nFor example, construction firms use construction loans to finance most of their projects. Although this leads to a high debt to equity ratio, the firm is not at risk of insolvency. The owners of each construction project are essentially paying to service the debt themselves.\\nFinance companies may also have high debt to equity ratios because they borrow money at low rates and lend at higher rates. Another example would be capital-intensive industries like manufacturing. These companies often borrow money to buy raw materials for manufacturing.\\nIndustries which are not capital intensive can have a lower debt to equity ratio. Examples would include software providers and professional service firms.\\nTo assess whether a company's debt-to-equity ratio is within an appropriate range, it is a good idea to compare it to other companies in the same industry, and/or to compare its current debt to equity ratio to that of past periods.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Consider the effect of treasury stock on the debt-to-equity ratio.\", \"描述\": \"Treasury stock repurchases reduce the balance of stockholder’s equity. This can result in a massive increase in the debt to equity ratio.\\nTreasury stock purchases reduce shareholder equity and consequently increase the debt-to-equity ratio. But, the overall impact on shareholders may be beneficial. This is because the remaining shareholders receive a larger portion of the net income and dividends with no increase in the debt load.\\nFinancial leverage is increased by treasury stock purchases. At the same time, operating leverage (the ratio of fixed to variable costs) remains unchanged. In other words, the cost of production, pricing, and profit margins are not affected.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Consider calculating the debt-service coverage ratio.\", \"描述\": \"When a company has a high debt to equity ratio, many financial financial analysts turn to the debt-service coverage ratio. This adds further insight about the ability of the company to repay its obligations.\\nThe debt-service coverage ratio divides the company's operating income by its debt service payments. The larger the result, the more likely it is that the company will have enough income available to service its debt.\\nA ratio of 1.5 or higher is the bare minimum in most industries. A low debt-service coverage ratio combined with a high debt to equity ratio should concern any investor.\\nA high operating income may allow even a debt-burdened company to meets its obligations.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"When using the debt-to-equity ratio listed on a financial website, it's a good idea to look into which forms of debt they include. These websites often exclude off balance sheet expenditures. They sometimes do include short-term liabilities that are less important.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,662 | How to Analyze Fingerprints | 1. Finding and Recording Fingerprints
1-1. Look for prints.
In forensic fingerprinting, there are a few types of fingerprints and a few ways to find them. As you start looking for fingerprints, some will be visible (patent) and others will be invisible (latent). Search for patent ones first and place a marker of some kind by it remind you later. To search for latent prints, it can be good to use an alternate light source, such as a blue light with an orange filter. This helps make latent prints stand out.
There are also ones called plastic prints which are in soft surfaces like soap.
1-2. Dust for latent prints.
Once you have found the latent prints with an alternative light source, you need to dust them to make them more visible. Professionals use special powder, but for amateur home use, talcum powder or cornstarch is a great alternative. You'll also need a brush with a lot of soft bristles on it. With the light source still revealing the print, lightly dust the powder over it until it is sufficiently revealed.
When using an alternate light source, it is most effective to turn the other lights in the room off, making the light more powerful.
1-3. Photograph the prints.
For patent prints that are already visible and latent prints which you have revealed with light and dust, the best collection method is to take a picture with a high resolution camera. It is easier to study prints in photo form anyway. Make sure you take the picture close enough to see the details of the print. You always want to have a ruler of some kind next to the print to give a scale for how big it is.
This is also helpful because it allows you to upload the prints onto the computer for analysis and file storage.
1-4. Determine the type of surface the prints are on.
Fingerprints can be found on any surface. Surface types are categorized into porous, non-porous smooth, and non-porous rough. Things of a cloth nature, or anything water could seep into, are considered porous. Non-porous smooth would be things like glass or a varnished table. Non-porous rough would be a leather couch or a plastic container with a textured edge.
This is important because the surface type can either make it easy or hard to lift a good print.
1-5. Lift the prints.
Besides photography, the second way to collect the prints is to lift them with tape or gel. For smooth surfaces, lay a piece of clear tape over the print gently, then peel it off and place it on a white square of sturdy paper. You must be careful to lay the tape straight down on the print and not move it side to side at all as this might smudge it.
For porous and non-porous rough surfaces, just the photograph is the easiest collection method, but there are other options. These require something that will get into the grooves, such as gel lifter or superglue. A gel lifter is a product specifically made for lifting prints from rough surfaces and it is laid over the fingerprint and creates a small 3D cast of the print. Superglue can be applied to the print and allowed to dry and then peeled off creating a mold.
This gives you a backup to the pictures that you took and allows you to file a piece of physical evidence of the prints.
1-6. Match the prints.
This is not easily done for someone without training or proper technology. If you have a set of known prints, you can compare the ones you lifted to those. Look for similar patterns to rule out some of the prints. There are advanced computer programs which can read dozens of points on a fingerprint and match those points to other known prints, but this is more for professional endeavors.
2. Reading Fingerprints
2-1. Choose which hand to read.
You'll hear different schools of thought on which hand you should read, but there is one main thing which you can keep in mind. Almost everyone has a dominant hand, the one they write with and tend to perform most tricky tasks with. The dominant hand is the best to read in regards to the public self. It reveals things about you that the world sees. Reading the non-dominant hand will tell you things about the private self.
Other methods say choose which hand based on male or female, or present life versus future life.
In matters of your work life and career, the dominant hand is the one to read. Emotions, relationship issues, and your dreams are often revealed by the non-dominant hand.
2-2. Focus on the thumb.
The way that fingerprints show up on each finger tends to reveal different things about a person, so a shape on the middle finger may not mean quite the same thing as a shape on the pinkie finger. As you get better at analyzing fingerprints, you can learn more about each finger, but for now start with the thumb. It is good to read the thumb because it is thought to be representative of the hand as a whole. The thumb is said to represent the person's overall identity.
2-3. Look at the basic shape.
When you first start out, it can be good to press the thumb into black ink to reveal the ridges better and make it easier to read. There are three primary patterns of prints, which are the loop (most common), the whorl (second most common), and the arch (least common). There are even further distinctions, which are more rare, but these are what you will typically find.
A loop looks kind of like a lasso. An arch looks like a wave or a bridge. A whorl looks like a bullseye.
There are also variations such as the tented arch, which has a much steeper peak, and the composite whorl, which is sort of like a swirl or yin-yang sign.
2-4. Look for a loop.
There are two types of loop, ulnar and radial, with ulnar meaning the loop opens toward the fingers and radial meaning the loop opens away from the fingers. Ulnar loops are the most common print and tend to be found on likeable people. This print can identify someone who is flexible and goes with the flow and is sociable and easy to get along with. The negatives of ulnar loop people tend to be that they are scattered and have a hard time organizing. They may also be restless, not quite feeling at ease.
The less common radial loop represents someone who is open-minded and clever. They often live lives of altruism, giving to those in need. The downside for radial loop people is that if they do not stay centered, focused, then they will start to absorb too much stress.
2-5. Look for a whorl.
This print shows up as a series of closed circles, or a spiral. This print tends to be found on people who may be a little self-centered, having a strong sense of independence and individuality. They are often rigid in their mindsets and can become overly focussed. The downsides of this print type are that they may have a short fuse and become angry easily. They also tend to lose interest in projects once they start them.
Variations of the whorl include the peacock's eye, which resembles a peacock's feathers, and a composite whorl, which is sort of a series of circles that got smudged on one side.
2-6. Look for an arch.
This print is often found on someone who is analytical and practical, always trying to figure out the best approach to situations. They are often not a fan of change and may be hard to get along with if they are particularly set in their ways. However, arch people often tend to be exceptionally loyal to the people they care about.
This print comes in the variation of the tented arch, which is basically an arch with a much more pointed top. These people may be very open and friendly one day and closed off the next day.
Tips
Both forensic analysis and advanced palmistry are skills which take a long time to acquire. Forensic also tends to take a lot of training and special equipment.
You can also go further in reading palms, which reveal meaning beyond the fingerprint.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:51",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Finding and Recording Fingerprints\\n1-1. Look for prints.\\nIn forensic fingerprinting, there are a few types of fingerprints and a few ways to find them. As you start looking for fingerprints, some will be visible (patent) and others will be invisible (latent). Search for patent ones first and place a marker of some kind by it remind you later. To search for latent prints, it can be good to use an alternate light source, such as a blue light with an orange filter. This helps make latent prints stand out.\\nThere are also ones called plastic prints which are in soft surfaces like soap.\\n1-2. Dust for latent prints.\\nOnce you have found the latent prints with an alternative light source, you need to dust them to make them more visible. Professionals use special powder, but for amateur home use, talcum powder or cornstarch is a great alternative. You'll also need a brush with a lot of soft bristles on it. With the light source still revealing the print, lightly dust the powder over it until it is sufficiently revealed.\\nWhen using an alternate light source, it is most effective to turn the other lights in the room off, making the light more powerful.\\n1-3. Photograph the prints.\\nFor patent prints that are already visible and latent prints which you have revealed with light and dust, the best collection method is to take a picture with a high resolution camera. It is easier to study prints in photo form anyway. Make sure you take the picture close enough to see the details of the print. You always want to have a ruler of some kind next to the print to give a scale for how big it is.\\nThis is also helpful because it allows you to upload the prints onto the computer for analysis and file storage.\\n1-4. Determine the type of surface the prints are on.\\nFingerprints can be found on any surface. Surface types are categorized into porous, non-porous smooth, and non-porous rough. Things of a cloth nature, or anything water could seep into, are considered porous. Non-porous smooth would be things like glass or a varnished table. Non-porous rough would be a leather couch or a plastic container with a textured edge.\\nThis is important because the surface type can either make it easy or hard to lift a good print.\\n1-5. Lift the prints.\\nBesides photography, the second way to collect the prints is to lift them with tape or gel. For smooth surfaces, lay a piece of clear tape over the print gently, then peel it off and place it on a white square of sturdy paper. You must be careful to lay the tape straight down on the print and not move it side to side at all as this might smudge it.\\nFor porous and non-porous rough surfaces, just the photograph is the easiest collection method, but there are other options. These require something that will get into the grooves, such as gel lifter or superglue. A gel lifter is a product specifically made for lifting prints from rough surfaces and it is laid over the fingerprint and creates a small 3D cast of the print. Superglue can be applied to the print and allowed to dry and then peeled off creating a mold.\\nThis gives you a backup to the pictures that you took and allows you to file a piece of physical evidence of the prints.\\n1-6. Match the prints.\\nThis is not easily done for someone without training or proper technology. If you have a set of known prints, you can compare the ones you lifted to those. Look for similar patterns to rule out some of the prints. There are advanced computer programs which can read dozens of points on a fingerprint and match those points to other known prints, but this is more for professional endeavors.\\n2. Reading Fingerprints\\n2-1. Choose which hand to read.\\nYou'll hear different schools of thought on which hand you should read, but there is one main thing which you can keep in mind. Almost everyone has a dominant hand, the one they write with and tend to perform most tricky tasks with. The dominant hand is the best to read in regards to the public self. It reveals things about you that the world sees. Reading the non-dominant hand will tell you things about the private self.\\n\\nOther methods say choose which hand based on male or female, or present life versus future life.\\nIn matters of your work life and career, the dominant hand is the one to read. Emotions, relationship issues, and your dreams are often revealed by the non-dominant hand.\\n2-2. Focus on the thumb.\\nThe way that fingerprints show up on each finger tends to reveal different things about a person, so a shape on the middle finger may not mean quite the same thing as a shape on the pinkie finger. As you get better at analyzing fingerprints, you can learn more about each finger, but for now start with the thumb. It is good to read the thumb because it is thought to be representative of the hand as a whole. The thumb is said to represent the person's overall identity.\\n2-3. Look at the basic shape.\\nWhen you first start out, it can be good to press the thumb into black ink to reveal the ridges better and make it easier to read. There are three primary patterns of prints, which are the loop (most common), the whorl (second most common), and the arch (least common). There are even further distinctions, which are more rare, but these are what you will typically find.\\nA loop looks kind of like a lasso. An arch looks like a wave or a bridge. A whorl looks like a bullseye.\\nThere are also variations such as the tented arch, which has a much steeper peak, and the composite whorl, which is sort of like a swirl or yin-yang sign.\\n2-4. Look for a loop.\\nThere are two types of loop, ulnar and radial, with ulnar meaning the loop opens toward the fingers and radial meaning the loop opens away from the fingers. Ulnar loops are the most common print and tend to be found on likeable people. This print can identify someone who is flexible and goes with the flow and is sociable and easy to get along with. The negatives of ulnar loop people tend to be that they are scattered and have a hard time organizing. They may also be restless, not quite feeling at ease.\\nThe less common radial loop represents someone who is open-minded and clever. They often live lives of altruism, giving to those in need. The downside for radial loop people is that if they do not stay centered, focused, then they will start to absorb too much stress.\\n2-5. Look for a whorl.\\nThis print shows up as a series of closed circles, or a spiral. This print tends to be found on people who may be a little self-centered, having a strong sense of independence and individuality. They are often rigid in their mindsets and can become overly focussed. The downsides of this print type are that they may have a short fuse and become angry easily. They also tend to lose interest in projects once they start them.\\nVariations of the whorl include the peacock's eye, which resembles a peacock's feathers, and a composite whorl, which is sort of a series of circles that got smudged on one side.\\n2-6. Look for an arch.\\nThis print is often found on someone who is analytical and practical, always trying to figure out the best approach to situations. They are often not a fan of change and may be hard to get along with if they are particularly set in their ways. However, arch people often tend to be exceptionally loyal to the people they care about.\\nThis print comes in the variation of the tented arch, which is basically an arch with a much more pointed top. These people may be very open and friendly one day and closed off the next day.\\nTips\\nBoth forensic analysis and advanced palmistry are skills which take a long time to acquire. Forensic also tends to take a lot of training and special equipment.\\nYou can also go further in reading palms, which reveal meaning beyond the fingerprint.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Fingerprints have been studied throughout time for a number of reasons. Fingerprints never change, so what a person is born with is what they will always have, excluding serious injuries. They are also an accurate way to identify people, as the likelihood of two people have the same print is roughly one in sixty-four billion. Lines of study include both forensics, in finding and recording fingerprints at crime scenes, and palmistry which reads and analyzes the shapes of fingerprints to derive meaning from them. In forensics, you need to locate prints, determine the surface they are on, dust, photograph, and lift the prints. Basic palmistry requires choosing a hand to read, choosing a finger, looking for the shapes, and exploring the meaning of it.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Finding and Recording Fingerprints\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Look for prints.\", \"描述\": \"In forensic fingerprinting, there are a few types of fingerprints and a few ways to find them. As you start looking for fingerprints, some will be visible (patent) and others will be invisible (latent). Search for patent ones first and place a marker of some kind by it remind you later. To search for latent prints, it can be good to use an alternate light source, such as a blue light with an orange filter. This helps make latent prints stand out.\\nThere are also ones called plastic prints which are in soft surfaces like soap.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Dust for latent prints.\", \"描述\": \"Once you have found the latent prints with an alternative light source, you need to dust them to make them more visible. Professionals use special powder, but for amateur home use, talcum powder or cornstarch is a great alternative. You'll also need a brush with a lot of soft bristles on it. With the light source still revealing the print, lightly dust the powder over it until it is sufficiently revealed.\\nWhen using an alternate light source, it is most effective to turn the other lights in the room off, making the light more powerful.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Photograph the prints.\", \"描述\": \"For patent prints that are already visible and latent prints which you have revealed with light and dust, the best collection method is to take a picture with a high resolution camera. It is easier to study prints in photo form anyway. Make sure you take the picture close enough to see the details of the print. You always want to have a ruler of some kind next to the print to give a scale for how big it is.\\nThis is also helpful because it allows you to upload the prints onto the computer for analysis and file storage.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Determine the type of surface the prints are on.\", \"描述\": \"Fingerprints can be found on any surface. Surface types are categorized into porous, non-porous smooth, and non-porous rough. Things of a cloth nature, or anything water could seep into, are considered porous. Non-porous smooth would be things like glass or a varnished table. Non-porous rough would be a leather couch or a plastic container with a textured edge.\\nThis is important because the surface type can either make it easy or hard to lift a good print.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Lift the prints.\", \"描述\": \"Besides photography, the second way to collect the prints is to lift them with tape or gel. For smooth surfaces, lay a piece of clear tape over the print gently, then peel it off and place it on a white square of sturdy paper. You must be careful to lay the tape straight down on the print and not move it side to side at all as this might smudge it.\\nFor porous and non-porous rough surfaces, just the photograph is the easiest collection method, but there are other options. These require something that will get into the grooves, such as gel lifter or superglue. A gel lifter is a product specifically made for lifting prints from rough surfaces and it is laid over the fingerprint and creates a small 3D cast of the print. Superglue can be applied to the print and allowed to dry and then peeled off creating a mold.\\nThis gives you a backup to the pictures that you took and allows you to file a piece of physical evidence of the prints.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Match the prints.\", \"描述\": \"This is not easily done for someone without training or proper technology. If you have a set of known prints, you can compare the ones you lifted to those. Look for similar patterns to rule out some of the prints. There are advanced computer programs which can read dozens of points on a fingerprint and match those points to other known prints, but this is more for professional endeavors.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Reading Fingerprints\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Choose which hand to read.\", \"描述\": \"You'll hear different schools of thought on which hand you should read, but there is one main thing which you can keep in mind. Almost everyone has a dominant hand, the one they write with and tend to perform most tricky tasks with. The dominant hand is the best to read in regards to the public self. It reveals things about you that the world sees. Reading the non-dominant hand will tell you things about the private self.\\n\\nOther methods say choose which hand based on male or female, or present life versus future life.\\nIn matters of your work life and career, the dominant hand is the one to read. Emotions, relationship issues, and your dreams are often revealed by the non-dominant hand.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Focus on the thumb.\", \"描述\": \"The way that fingerprints show up on each finger tends to reveal different things about a person, so a shape on the middle finger may not mean quite the same thing as a shape on the pinkie finger. As you get better at analyzing fingerprints, you can learn more about each finger, but for now start with the thumb. It is good to read the thumb because it is thought to be representative of the hand as a whole. The thumb is said to represent the person's overall identity.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Look at the basic shape.\", \"描述\": \"When you first start out, it can be good to press the thumb into black ink to reveal the ridges better and make it easier to read. There are three primary patterns of prints, which are the loop (most common), the whorl (second most common), and the arch (least common). There are even further distinctions, which are more rare, but these are what you will typically find.\\nA loop looks kind of like a lasso. An arch looks like a wave or a bridge. A whorl looks like a bullseye.\\nThere are also variations such as the tented arch, which has a much steeper peak, and the composite whorl, which is sort of like a swirl or yin-yang sign.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Look for a loop.\", \"描述\": \"There are two types of loop, ulnar and radial, with ulnar meaning the loop opens toward the fingers and radial meaning the loop opens away from the fingers. Ulnar loops are the most common print and tend to be found on likeable people. This print can identify someone who is flexible and goes with the flow and is sociable and easy to get along with. The negatives of ulnar loop people tend to be that they are scattered and have a hard time organizing. They may also be restless, not quite feeling at ease.\\nThe less common radial loop represents someone who is open-minded and clever. They often live lives of altruism, giving to those in need. The downside for radial loop people is that if they do not stay centered, focused, then they will start to absorb too much stress.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Look for a whorl.\", \"描述\": \"This print shows up as a series of closed circles, or a spiral. This print tends to be found on people who may be a little self-centered, having a strong sense of independence and individuality. They are often rigid in their mindsets and can become overly focussed. The downsides of this print type are that they may have a short fuse and become angry easily. They also tend to lose interest in projects once they start them.\\nVariations of the whorl include the peacock's eye, which resembles a peacock's feathers, and a composite whorl, which is sort of a series of circles that got smudged on one side.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Look for an arch.\", \"描述\": \"This print is often found on someone who is analytical and practical, always trying to figure out the best approach to situations. They are often not a fan of change and may be hard to get along with if they are particularly set in their ways. However, arch people often tend to be exceptionally loyal to the people they care about.\\nThis print comes in the variation of the tented arch, which is basically an arch with a much more pointed top. These people may be very open and friendly one day and closed off the next day.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Both forensic analysis and advanced palmistry are skills which take a long time to acquire. Forensic also tends to take a lot of training and special equipment.\\n\", \"You can also go further in reading palms, which reveal meaning beyond the fingerprint.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,663 | Handwriting Analysis: What Your Handwriting Says About You | 1. Shape of Letters
The roundness of someone's letters shows their openness.
The more loops and open circles in someone's writing, the more relaxed and open they are. In contrast, people who write with straight lines rather than a lot of loops tend to be tenser. The lower-case "L" is a good place to look for this, as well as letters that drop below the baseline (such as "y," "j," and "g").
Rounded letters might also signify someone who's more artistic and creative, while pointy letters indicate someone who's more rational and aggressive.
More rounded letters are also seen as more feminine, while strong lines and sharp angles are seen as masculine.
2. Position and Shape of i-dots
The location of the i-dot tells you how visionary someone is.
Generally, the further away from the stem a person dots their i's, the more imaginative and creative they're seen to be. This makes sense if you recall that the top of the page represents dreams and goals. An i-dot closer to the stem means the writer is organized and pays attention to detail.
If the i-dot is more of a slash than a dot, it could mean that the person was writing quickly or that they're a pretty rushed and impatient person in general.
Is the i-dot a round, open bubble? The writer has a childlike curiosity about the world and is likely very bubbly and creative.
3. Position and Shape of T-bars
The position of the T-bar on the stem indicates the writer's self-esteem.
If the person crosses their lowercase T's high on the stem (above the tops of other letters), they have very high self-esteem. If it's crossed very low, that could indicate that they fear failure and resist change.
T-bars consistently crossed in the middle, just above the tops of the other lowercase letters, signal a practical and generally successful person.
Someone who's a dreamer might cross their T's completely off the stem. Their goals might not be grounded in reality and they might be prone to flights of fancy.
4. Size and Proportion of Letters
The size of a writer's letters shows how they fit in with their environment.
Graphologists divide a line of writing into 3 zones— the upper, middle, and lower zones. To look at the size of someone's writing, focus mainly on the middle zone, where the majority of lower-case letters are located. Relatively large letters might indicate that someone demands attention, while smaller letters are typically written by someone who is modest and unassuming.
Small handwriting can also indicate someone with strong focus and concentration who tends to work on one thing at a time rather than multi-tasking.
5. Letter Slant
The slant of a person's letters tells you their emotional direction.
If the letters themselves angle back to the left, the person is likely defensive and fearful of the future. If the letters angle forward to the right, on the other hand, the person tends to be very expressive, intense, and impulsive. People who write their letters straight up and down value rationality over emotion and tend to be fairly independent.
How much the letters are slanted also gives you a clue into how far in that direction the person leans—so an extreme right slant could indicate a complete lack of self-control.
6. Letter Spacing
The space between letters shows the writer's need for personal space.
Someone who writes with plenty of space between each letter typically doesn't like to be crowded and needs a lot of personal space. If their letters are closer together or even overlapping, it indicates they prefer to be around people and get lonely easy.
People whose letters are crowded close together might also have a hard time giving others the personal space they need.
7. Word Spacing
The space between words relates to how sociable someone is.
A writer who leaves a wider space between their words usually avoids a crowd and is pretty introverted. In contrast, someone who writes their words close together probably enjoys crowds and is more extroverted and outgoing.
Some graphologists interpret a narrow space between words to indicate the writer has a tendency to pry into others' personal lives or ask intrusive questions.
8. Line Spacing
How someone spaces their lines shows how they react in relationships.
Someone who leaves wide, even spaces between their lines tends to have clear, organized thinking and a good sense of boundaries. Narrow spacing between lines that causes letters to overlap, on the other hand, shows a person who might be overly familiar with others and have trouble with personal boundaries.
Narrow-based lines can also indicate a tendency toward knee-jerk reactions, while someone with wide-spaced lines is more likely to hold back until they've cooled off.
9. Baseline Slope
The slope of the lines gives insight into the writer's outlook on life.
A person whose writing slopes upward from the left is generally optimistic, while someone whose writing slopes downward is considered more pessimistic. If their writing is generally level, they tend to be a pretty balanced person.
The baseline slope is usually more of an indicator of the person's mood while they were writing, rather than their overall personality.
If you want to analyze a person's overall personality, get several different samples from different days and times.
10. Pen Pressure
Pen pressure tells you how much physical and emotional energy the writer exerts.
People who write with heavy pressure tend to have strong vitality and intense emotions. Those who write with very light pressure, on the other hand, are more passive or sedentary and likely avoid confrontation. Most people write with medium pressure, indicating more of a balance.
Someone who writes with heavy pressure usually also writes pretty slowly, while people who write with light pressure are often writing very quickly.
As with the baseline slope, you need several handwriting samples to interpret the writer's personality as a whole. Otherwise, this just reflects how they're feeling in the moment.
11. Margins
The space a person uses to write corresponds to their orientation in time.
Writing far to the left indicates a person who stays rooted in the past, while writing all the way to the right edge tells you the person is eager and impatient to do new things. Writing close to the top of the page means a person is an imaginative dreamer, while writing all the way to the bottom tells you they're very grounded and practical.
Some graphologists interpret the writing of a person who leaves little to no margins all the way around to mean that person is insecure.
Those who leave a very even margin around all sides of their writing are thought to be balanced and self-disciplined people.
Warnings
This article analyzes English writing, but many of the characteristics are present in any language that uses the Latin alphabet.
The associations in this article apply primarily to the handwriting of people who are writing in their native language.
Graphology is not a hard science. While it might give you insight into someone's personality, avoid using it to pass judgment.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:51",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Shape of Letters\\nThe roundness of someone's letters shows their openness.\\nThe more loops and open circles in someone's writing, the more relaxed and open they are. In contrast, people who write with straight lines rather than a lot of loops tend to be tenser. The lower-case \\\"L\\\" is a good place to look for this, as well as letters that drop below the baseline (such as \\\"y,\\\" \\\"j,\\\" and \\\"g\\\").\\nRounded letters might also signify someone who's more artistic and creative, while pointy letters indicate someone who's more rational and aggressive.\\nMore rounded letters are also seen as more feminine, while strong lines and sharp angles are seen as masculine.\\n2. Position and Shape of i-dots\\nThe location of the i-dot tells you how visionary someone is.\\nGenerally, the further away from the stem a person dots their i's, the more imaginative and creative they're seen to be. This makes sense if you recall that the top of the page represents dreams and goals. An i-dot closer to the stem means the writer is organized and pays attention to detail.\\nIf the i-dot is more of a slash than a dot, it could mean that the person was writing quickly or that they're a pretty rushed and impatient person in general.\\nIs the i-dot a round, open bubble? The writer has a childlike curiosity about the world and is likely very bubbly and creative.\\n3. Position and Shape of T-bars\\nThe position of the T-bar on the stem indicates the writer's self-esteem.\\nIf the person crosses their lowercase T's high on the stem (above the tops of other letters), they have very high self-esteem. If it's crossed very low, that could indicate that they fear failure and resist change.\\nT-bars consistently crossed in the middle, just above the tops of the other lowercase letters, signal a practical and generally successful person.\\nSomeone who's a dreamer might cross their T's completely off the stem. Their goals might not be grounded in reality and they might be prone to flights of fancy.\\n4. Size and Proportion of Letters\\nThe size of a writer's letters shows how they fit in with their environment.\\nGraphologists divide a line of writing into 3 zones— the upper, middle, and lower zones. To look at the size of someone's writing, focus mainly on the middle zone, where the majority of lower-case letters are located. Relatively large letters might indicate that someone demands attention, while smaller letters are typically written by someone who is modest and unassuming.\\nSmall handwriting can also indicate someone with strong focus and concentration who tends to work on one thing at a time rather than multi-tasking.\\n5. Letter Slant\\nThe slant of a person's letters tells you their emotional direction.\\nIf the letters themselves angle back to the left, the person is likely defensive and fearful of the future. If the letters angle forward to the right, on the other hand, the person tends to be very expressive, intense, and impulsive. People who write their letters straight up and down value rationality over emotion and tend to be fairly independent.\\nHow much the letters are slanted also gives you a clue into how far in that direction the person leans—so an extreme right slant could indicate a complete lack of self-control.\\n6. Letter Spacing\\nThe space between letters shows the writer's need for personal space.\\nSomeone who writes with plenty of space between each letter typically doesn't like to be crowded and needs a lot of personal space. If their letters are closer together or even overlapping, it indicates they prefer to be around people and get lonely easy.\\nPeople whose letters are crowded close together might also have a hard time giving others the personal space they need.\\n7. Word Spacing\\nThe space between words relates to how sociable someone is.\\nA writer who leaves a wider space between their words usually avoids a crowd and is pretty introverted. In contrast, someone who writes their words close together probably enjoys crowds and is more extroverted and outgoing.\\nSome graphologists interpret a narrow space between words to indicate the writer has a tendency to pry into others' personal lives or ask intrusive questions.\\n8. Line Spacing\\nHow someone spaces their lines shows how they react in relationships.\\nSomeone who leaves wide, even spaces between their lines tends to have clear, organized thinking and a good sense of boundaries. Narrow spacing between lines that causes letters to overlap, on the other hand, shows a person who might be overly familiar with others and have trouble with personal boundaries.\\nNarrow-based lines can also indicate a tendency toward knee-jerk reactions, while someone with wide-spaced lines is more likely to hold back until they've cooled off.\\n9. Baseline Slope\\nThe slope of the lines gives insight into the writer's outlook on life.\\nA person whose writing slopes upward from the left is generally optimistic, while someone whose writing slopes downward is considered more pessimistic. If their writing is generally level, they tend to be a pretty balanced person.\\nThe baseline slope is usually more of an indicator of the person's mood while they were writing, rather than their overall personality.\\nIf you want to analyze a person's overall personality, get several different samples from different days and times.\\n10. Pen Pressure\\nPen pressure tells you how much physical and emotional energy the writer exerts.\\nPeople who write with heavy pressure tend to have strong vitality and intense emotions. Those who write with very light pressure, on the other hand, are more passive or sedentary and likely avoid confrontation. Most people write with medium pressure, indicating more of a balance.\\nSomeone who writes with heavy pressure usually also writes pretty slowly, while people who write with light pressure are often writing very quickly.\\nAs with the baseline slope, you need several handwriting samples to interpret the writer's personality as a whole. Otherwise, this just reflects how they're feeling in the moment.\\n11. Margins\\nThe space a person uses to write corresponds to their orientation in time.\\nWriting far to the left indicates a person who stays rooted in the past, while writing all the way to the right edge tells you the person is eager and impatient to do new things. Writing close to the top of the page means a person is an imaginative dreamer, while writing all the way to the bottom tells you they're very grounded and practical.\\nSome graphologists interpret the writing of a person who leaves little to no margins all the way around to mean that person is insecure.\\nThose who leave a very even margin around all sides of their writing are thought to be balanced and self-disciplined people.\\nWarnings\\nThis article analyzes English writing, but many of the characteristics are present in any language that uses the Latin alphabet.\\nThe associations in this article apply primarily to the handwriting of people who are writing in their native language.\\nGraphology is not a hard science. While it might give you insight into someone's personality, avoid using it to pass judgment.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"What can your handwriting tell you about your personality and outlook on life? Graphologists would argue it can tell you quite a bit! Even though you might've been taught to write your letters in a certain way in school, people tend to deviate from that teaching as they get older. Graphology studies how those deviations could be the expression of specific personality traits. Read on to learn what characteristics to look at and what graphology tells you those characteristics mean. If you want to test it on yourself, write out a few sentences on blank, unlined paper so you can analyze as you go.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Shape of Letters\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The roundness of someone's letters shows their openness.\", \"描述\": \"The more loops and open circles in someone's writing, the more relaxed and open they are. In contrast, people who write with straight lines rather than a lot of loops tend to be tenser. The lower-case \\\"L\\\" is a good place to look for this, as well as letters that drop below the baseline (such as \\\"y,\\\" \\\"j,\\\" and \\\"g\\\").\\nRounded letters might also signify someone who's more artistic and creative, while pointy letters indicate someone who's more rational and aggressive.\\nMore rounded letters are also seen as more feminine, while strong lines and sharp angles are seen as masculine.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Position and Shape of i-dots\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The location of the i-dot tells you how visionary someone is.\", \"描述\": \"Generally, the further away from the stem a person dots their i's, the more imaginative and creative they're seen to be. This makes sense if you recall that the top of the page represents dreams and goals. An i-dot closer to the stem means the writer is organized and pays attention to detail.\\nIf the i-dot is more of a slash than a dot, it could mean that the person was writing quickly or that they're a pretty rushed and impatient person in general.\\nIs the i-dot a round, open bubble? The writer has a childlike curiosity about the world and is likely very bubbly and creative.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Position and Shape of T-bars\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The position of the T-bar on the stem indicates the writer's self-esteem.\", \"描述\": \"If the person crosses their lowercase T's high on the stem (above the tops of other letters), they have very high self-esteem. If it's crossed very low, that could indicate that they fear failure and resist change.\\nT-bars consistently crossed in the middle, just above the tops of the other lowercase letters, signal a practical and generally successful person.\\nSomeone who's a dreamer might cross their T's completely off the stem. Their goals might not be grounded in reality and they might be prone to flights of fancy.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Size and Proportion of Letters\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The size of a writer's letters shows how they fit in with their environment.\", \"描述\": \"Graphologists divide a line of writing into 3 zones— the upper, middle, and lower zones. To look at the size of someone's writing, focus mainly on the middle zone, where the majority of lower-case letters are located. Relatively large letters might indicate that someone demands attention, while smaller letters are typically written by someone who is modest and unassuming.\\nSmall handwriting can also indicate someone with strong focus and concentration who tends to work on one thing at a time rather than multi-tasking.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Letter Slant\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The slant of a person's letters tells you their emotional direction.\", \"描述\": \"If the letters themselves angle back to the left, the person is likely defensive and fearful of the future. If the letters angle forward to the right, on the other hand, the person tends to be very expressive, intense, and impulsive. People who write their letters straight up and down value rationality over emotion and tend to be fairly independent.\\nHow much the letters are slanted also gives you a clue into how far in that direction the person leans—so an extreme right slant could indicate a complete lack of self-control.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Letter Spacing\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The space between letters shows the writer's need for personal space.\", \"描述\": \"Someone who writes with plenty of space between each letter typically doesn't like to be crowded and needs a lot of personal space. If their letters are closer together or even overlapping, it indicates they prefer to be around people and get lonely easy.\\nPeople whose letters are crowded close together might also have a hard time giving others the personal space they need.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Word Spacing\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The space between words relates to how sociable someone is.\", \"描述\": \"A writer who leaves a wider space between their words usually avoids a crowd and is pretty introverted. In contrast, someone who writes their words close together probably enjoys crowds and is more extroverted and outgoing.\\nSome graphologists interpret a narrow space between words to indicate the writer has a tendency to pry into others' personal lives or ask intrusive questions.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Line Spacing\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"How someone spaces their lines shows how they react in relationships.\", \"描述\": \"Someone who leaves wide, even spaces between their lines tends to have clear, organized thinking and a good sense of boundaries. Narrow spacing between lines that causes letters to overlap, on the other hand, shows a person who might be overly familiar with others and have trouble with personal boundaries.\\nNarrow-based lines can also indicate a tendency toward knee-jerk reactions, while someone with wide-spaced lines is more likely to hold back until they've cooled off.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Baseline Slope\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The slope of the lines gives insight into the writer's outlook on life.\", \"描述\": \"A person whose writing slopes upward from the left is generally optimistic, while someone whose writing slopes downward is considered more pessimistic. If their writing is generally level, they tend to be a pretty balanced person.\\nThe baseline slope is usually more of an indicator of the person's mood while they were writing, rather than their overall personality.\\nIf you want to analyze a person's overall personality, get several different samples from different days and times.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Pen Pressure\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Pen pressure tells you how much physical and emotional energy the writer exerts.\", \"描述\": \"People who write with heavy pressure tend to have strong vitality and intense emotions. Those who write with very light pressure, on the other hand, are more passive or sedentary and likely avoid confrontation. Most people write with medium pressure, indicating more of a balance.\\nSomeone who writes with heavy pressure usually also writes pretty slowly, while people who write with light pressure are often writing very quickly.\\nAs with the baseline slope, you need several handwriting samples to interpret the writer's personality as a whole. Otherwise, this just reflects how they're feeling in the moment.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Margins\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The space a person uses to write corresponds to their orientation in time.\", \"描述\": \"Writing far to the left indicates a person who stays rooted in the past, while writing all the way to the right edge tells you the person is eager and impatient to do new things. Writing close to the top of the page means a person is an imaginative dreamer, while writing all the way to the bottom tells you they're very grounded and practical.\\nSome graphologists interpret the writing of a person who leaves little to no margins all the way around to mean that person is insecure.\\nThose who leave a very even margin around all sides of their writing are thought to be balanced and self-disciplined people.\"}], \"注意事项\": [\"This article analyzes English writing, but many of the characteristics are present in any language that uses the Latin alphabet.\\n\", \"The associations in this article apply primarily to the handwriting of people who are writing in their native language.\\n\", \"Graphology is not a hard science. While it might give you insight into someone's personality, avoid using it to pass judgment.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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} | wikihow |
1,664 | How to Analyze Market Trends | 1. Using Fundamental Analysis
1-1. Use the value-investing concept to make decisions about stocks.
The goal of value investing is to purchase stocks at a lower price than their true value. The value investor expects to be rewarded with an increased stock price as the firm’s fundamentals improve.
Fundamental analysis considers the financial performance of a company. The goal of this analysis is to find a company’s intrinsic value.
Intrinsic value is a company’s true value, based on the firm’s ability to generate profit and cash flow.
For example, Acme Company has been a publicly traded stock for 20 years. During that time, they increased sales at an average rate of 15% per year.
Because of growing sales and smart decisions about expenses, the firm’s profit has increased at an average rate of 5% per year.
Therefore, Acme’s performance provides value to investors in two ways.
First, the growth in profits allows Acme to pay an increasing dividend amount to shareholders.
Second, Acme can keep some of the profits and use those dollars to grow the business.
The fundamental investor believes that the financial results will eventually be reflected in the price of the stock.
1-2. Analyze a company’s discounted cash flows.
Fundamental analysis states that a company’s true value is the sum of its discounted cash flows. Investor perceptions of a business impact the stock’s price. However, the fundamental analysis asserts that a stock’s value should be based on these cash flows.
Once the company collects cash from its sales and pays its bills, any remaining cash represents profit.
The cash flows are discounted into today’s dollars using the time value of money.
The time value of money assumes that cash flows received in future years will be worth less, due to inflation.
Consider the Acme example, assuming the firm’s profits increase at an average rate of 5% per year for the next 10 years.
Also assume that the inflation rate will be 3% per year for 10 years.
To compute the present value of the cash flows, first compute the total dollar amount of profit earned each year, using the 5% growth rate.
Next, discount those future profits into today’s dollars using the 3% inflation rate.
1-3. Apply the discounted cash flow method to analyze a stock’s price.
The future cash flows generated by company profits are all discounted using the time value of money. The sum of those cash flows is the true value of the stock.
true value of the stock divided by the number of common stock shares held by investors equals the true value per share.
Calculating a value per share allows the investor to compare the stock’s true value to the current market price.
If investors push the market price of the stock below the true value, fundamental analysis states that the stock is undervalued.
Investors should buy the undervalued stock.
The future value of Acme company’s earnings is $3,000,000 and Acme has 300,000 common stock shares held by investors.
The true value per share is ($3,000,000 earnings) / (300,000 shares) = $10 per share.
If the market price of the stock is below $10 per share, fundamental analysis states that the stock’s price is undervalued.
On the other hand, a market price above $10 per share indicates that the stock is overpriced.
2. Applying Technical Analysis
2-1. Go over the technical analysis method.
Technical analysis does not consider the financial performance of a company. The profits and cash flow of the business are not considered in this analysis.
Technical analysis considers statistics related to the market activity of the stock–buys and sells.
This analysis uses the stock’s historical change in price and the stock’s trading volume.
Trading volume refers to the number of shares of a stock that are traded each day.
A technical analyst believes that historic trends in a stock’s price can be used to predict a future change in the stock’s price.
Technical analysts also believe that changes in trading volume can be used to predict a change in a stock’s price.
2-2. Use a stock’s moving average in price to determine a market trend.
Moving average simply adds up the price of a stock for a certain period and divides that total by the number of trading days in the period. Moving average is a statistic used to chart a trend in a particular stock’s price.
If the moving average increases at a faster rate, that change indicates that a technical investor should buy the stock.
If the moving average decreases at a faster rate, a technical investor may sell the stock.
The trend is considered broken when the stock price reverses the moving average line.
For example, you add up the prices of IBM stock for the first 10 trading days of October, then divide the total by 10. The average price is $150.
You then repeat the calculation each trading day (weekdays when the stock market is open).
On October 11th, you calculate the moving average for the prior 10 trading days, including the 11th.
Drop the first day and add the 11th day to maintain a ten day average.
Each day’s moving average calculation will be slightly different.
If your analysis shows moving average prices of $150, $150.75 and $152, you can conclude that, over time, the trend of the stock price is slowly increasing.
2-3. Research the price of a stock using trading volume.
Trading volume refers to the number of shares that trade during a specific period of time (Day, week, month). Trading volume results are usually combined with other types of analysis to make a decision about buying or selling a stock. Most technicians consider price movement without volume as having little value.
Assume that IBM’s common stock normally trades 100,000 shares per day.
If the number of shares traded increased or decreased sharply, that may be an indication of a trend.
Say, for example, the trading volume increased to 150,000 shares per day and the stock’s moving average began to increase sharply.
The increases in both of these technical indicators may present a signal to buy the stock.
Increasing volume with an upward trend indicates accumulation, while increasing volume with a downward trend means liquidation.
If the trading volume increased and the moving average declined sharply, that may indicate a downward trend for the stock.
The technical analyst may conclude that more people are selling the stock, due to the increase in trading volume and the price decline.
2-4. Technical analysts also consider short interest as well as support and resistance levels.
These additional considerations help them to determine buying or selling opportunities.
Short interest measures the total number of shares of a stock that have been sold short without being covered or closed out.
A high short interest is a red flag.
Support and resistance levels refer to price levels beyond which the price of an asset will not go in a certain direction.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:51",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Using Fundamental Analysis\\n1-1. Use the value-investing concept to make decisions about stocks.\\nThe goal of value investing is to purchase stocks at a lower price than their true value. The value investor expects to be rewarded with an increased stock price as the firm’s fundamentals improve.\\nFundamental analysis considers the financial performance of a company. The goal of this analysis is to find a company’s intrinsic value.\\nIntrinsic value is a company’s true value, based on the firm’s ability to generate profit and cash flow.\\nFor example, Acme Company has been a publicly traded stock for 20 years. During that time, they increased sales at an average rate of 15% per year.\\nBecause of growing sales and smart decisions about expenses, the firm’s profit has increased at an average rate of 5% per year.\\nTherefore, Acme’s performance provides value to investors in two ways.\\nFirst, the growth in profits allows Acme to pay an increasing dividend amount to shareholders.\\nSecond, Acme can keep some of the profits and use those dollars to grow the business.\\nThe fundamental investor believes that the financial results will eventually be reflected in the price of the stock.\\n1-2. Analyze a company’s discounted cash flows.\\nFundamental analysis states that a company’s true value is the sum of its discounted cash flows. Investor perceptions of a business impact the stock’s price. However, the fundamental analysis asserts that a stock’s value should be based on these cash flows.\\nOnce the company collects cash from its sales and pays its bills, any remaining cash represents profit.\\nThe cash flows are discounted into today’s dollars using the time value of money.\\nThe time value of money assumes that cash flows received in future years will be worth less, due to inflation.\\nConsider the Acme example, assuming the firm’s profits increase at an average rate of 5% per year for the next 10 years.\\nAlso assume that the inflation rate will be 3% per year for 10 years.\\nTo compute the present value of the cash flows, first compute the total dollar amount of profit earned each year, using the 5% growth rate.\\nNext, discount those future profits into today’s dollars using the 3% inflation rate.\\n1-3. Apply the discounted cash flow method to analyze a stock’s price.\\nThe future cash flows generated by company profits are all discounted using the time value of money. The sum of those cash flows is the true value of the stock.\\n\\n true value of the stock divided by the number of common stock shares held by investors equals the true value per share.\\n\\n Calculating a value per share allows the investor to compare the stock’s true value to the current market price.\\n If investors push the market price of the stock below the true value, fundamental analysis states that the stock is undervalued.\\nInvestors should buy the undervalued stock.\\n The future value of Acme company’s earnings is $3,000,000 and Acme has 300,000 common stock shares held by investors.\\nThe true value per share is ($3,000,000 earnings) / (300,000 shares) = $10 per share.\\nIf the market price of the stock is below $10 per share, fundamental analysis states that the stock’s price is undervalued.\\nOn the other hand, a market price above $10 per share indicates that the stock is overpriced.\\n2. Applying Technical Analysis\\n2-1. Go over the technical analysis method.\\nTechnical analysis does not consider the financial performance of a company. The profits and cash flow of the business are not considered in this analysis.\\nTechnical analysis considers statistics related to the market activity of the stock–buys and sells.\\nThis analysis uses the stock’s historical change in price and the stock’s trading volume.\\nTrading volume refers to the number of shares of a stock that are traded each day.\\nA technical analyst believes that historic trends in a stock’s price can be used to predict a future change in the stock’s price.\\nTechnical analysts also believe that changes in trading volume can be used to predict a change in a stock’s price.\\n2-2. Use a stock’s moving average in price to determine a market trend.\\nMoving average simply adds up the price of a stock for a certain period and divides that total by the number of trading days in the period. Moving average is a statistic used to chart a trend in a particular stock’s price.\\nIf the moving average increases at a faster rate, that change indicates that a technical investor should buy the stock.\\nIf the moving average decreases at a faster rate, a technical investor may sell the stock.\\nThe trend is considered broken when the stock price reverses the moving average line.\\nFor example, you add up the prices of IBM stock for the first 10 trading days of October, then divide the total by 10. The average price is $150.\\nYou then repeat the calculation each trading day (weekdays when the stock market is open).\\nOn October 11th, you calculate the moving average for the prior 10 trading days, including the 11th.\\nDrop the first day and add the 11th day to maintain a ten day average.\\nEach day’s moving average calculation will be slightly different.\\nIf your analysis shows moving average prices of $150, $150.75 and $152, you can conclude that, over time, the trend of the stock price is slowly increasing.\\n2-3. Research the price of a stock using trading volume.\\nTrading volume refers to the number of shares that trade during a specific period of time (Day, week, month). Trading volume results are usually combined with other types of analysis to make a decision about buying or selling a stock. Most technicians consider price movement without volume as having little value.\\nAssume that IBM’s common stock normally trades 100,000 shares per day.\\nIf the number of shares traded increased or decreased sharply, that may be an indication of a trend.\\nSay, for example, the trading volume increased to 150,000 shares per day and the stock’s moving average began to increase sharply.\\nThe increases in both of these technical indicators may present a signal to buy the stock.\\nIncreasing volume with an upward trend indicates accumulation, while increasing volume with a downward trend means liquidation.\\nIf the trading volume increased and the moving average declined sharply, that may indicate a downward trend for the stock.\\nThe technical analyst may conclude that more people are selling the stock, due to the increase in trading volume and the price decline.\\n2-4. Technical analysts also consider short interest as well as support and resistance levels.\\nThese additional considerations help them to determine buying or selling opportunities.\\nShort interest measures the total number of shares of a stock that have been sold short without being covered or closed out.\\nA high short interest is a red flag.\\nSupport and resistance levels refer to price levels beyond which the price of an asset will not go in a certain direction.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Investors use several methods to analyze stock prices. Stock analysts apply tools to decide whether they should buy or sell a stock, given the current market price. Fundamental analysis looks at the financial performance of the company, particularly the firm’s profits. Technical analysis, on the other hand, considers trends in the stock’s price and the volume of shares traded. Both types of analysis are used to decide whether to buy or sell a stock.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Using Fundamental Analysis\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use the value-investing concept to make decisions about stocks.\", \"描述\": \"The goal of value investing is to purchase stocks at a lower price than their true value. The value investor expects to be rewarded with an increased stock price as the firm’s fundamentals improve.\\nFundamental analysis considers the financial performance of a company. The goal of this analysis is to find a company’s intrinsic value.\\nIntrinsic value is a company’s true value, based on the firm’s ability to generate profit and cash flow.\\nFor example, Acme Company has been a publicly traded stock for 20 years. During that time, they increased sales at an average rate of 15% per year.\\nBecause of growing sales and smart decisions about expenses, the firm’s profit has increased at an average rate of 5% per year.\\nTherefore, Acme’s performance provides value to investors in two ways.\\nFirst, the growth in profits allows Acme to pay an increasing dividend amount to shareholders.\\nSecond, Acme can keep some of the profits and use those dollars to grow the business.\\nThe fundamental investor believes that the financial results will eventually be reflected in the price of the stock.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyze a company’s discounted cash flows.\", \"描述\": \"Fundamental analysis states that a company’s true value is the sum of its discounted cash flows. Investor perceptions of a business impact the stock’s price. However, the fundamental analysis asserts that a stock’s value should be based on these cash flows.\\nOnce the company collects cash from its sales and pays its bills, any remaining cash represents profit.\\nThe cash flows are discounted into today’s dollars using the time value of money.\\nThe time value of money assumes that cash flows received in future years will be worth less, due to inflation.\\nConsider the Acme example, assuming the firm’s profits increase at an average rate of 5% per year for the next 10 years.\\nAlso assume that the inflation rate will be 3% per year for 10 years.\\nTo compute the present value of the cash flows, first compute the total dollar amount of profit earned each year, using the 5% growth rate.\\nNext, discount those future profits into today’s dollars using the 3% inflation rate.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Apply the discounted cash flow method to analyze a stock’s price.\", \"描述\": \"The future cash flows generated by company profits are all discounted using the time value of money. The sum of those cash flows is the true value of the stock.\\n\\n true value of the stock divided by the number of common stock shares held by investors equals the true value per share.\\n\\n Calculating a value per share allows the investor to compare the stock’s true value to the current market price.\\n If investors push the market price of the stock below the true value, fundamental analysis states that the stock is undervalued.\\nInvestors should buy the undervalued stock.\\n The future value of Acme company’s earnings is $3,000,000 and Acme has 300,000 common stock shares held by investors.\\nThe true value per share is ($3,000,000 earnings) / (300,000 shares) = $10 per share.\\nIf the market price of the stock is below $10 per share, fundamental analysis states that the stock’s price is undervalued.\\nOn the other hand, a market price above $10 per share indicates that the stock is overpriced.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Applying Technical Analysis\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Go over the technical analysis method.\", \"描述\": \"Technical analysis does not consider the financial performance of a company. The profits and cash flow of the business are not considered in this analysis.\\nTechnical analysis considers statistics related to the market activity of the stock–buys and sells.\\nThis analysis uses the stock’s historical change in price and the stock’s trading volume.\\nTrading volume refers to the number of shares of a stock that are traded each day.\\nA technical analyst believes that historic trends in a stock’s price can be used to predict a future change in the stock’s price.\\nTechnical analysts also believe that changes in trading volume can be used to predict a change in a stock’s price.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Use a stock’s moving average in price to determine a market trend.\", \"描述\": \"Moving average simply adds up the price of a stock for a certain period and divides that total by the number of trading days in the period. Moving average is a statistic used to chart a trend in a particular stock’s price.\\nIf the moving average increases at a faster rate, that change indicates that a technical investor should buy the stock.\\nIf the moving average decreases at a faster rate, a technical investor may sell the stock.\\nThe trend is considered broken when the stock price reverses the moving average line.\\nFor example, you add up the prices of IBM stock for the first 10 trading days of October, then divide the total by 10. The average price is $150.\\nYou then repeat the calculation each trading day (weekdays when the stock market is open).\\nOn October 11th, you calculate the moving average for the prior 10 trading days, including the 11th.\\nDrop the first day and add the 11th day to maintain a ten day average.\\nEach day’s moving average calculation will be slightly different.\\nIf your analysis shows moving average prices of $150, $150.75 and $152, you can conclude that, over time, the trend of the stock price is slowly increasing.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Research the price of a stock using trading volume.\", \"描述\": \"Trading volume refers to the number of shares that trade during a specific period of time (Day, week, month). Trading volume results are usually combined with other types of analysis to make a decision about buying or selling a stock. Most technicians consider price movement without volume as having little value.\\nAssume that IBM’s common stock normally trades 100,000 shares per day.\\nIf the number of shares traded increased or decreased sharply, that may be an indication of a trend.\\nSay, for example, the trading volume increased to 150,000 shares per day and the stock’s moving average began to increase sharply.\\nThe increases in both of these technical indicators may present a signal to buy the stock.\\nIncreasing volume with an upward trend indicates accumulation, while increasing volume with a downward trend means liquidation.\\nIf the trading volume increased and the moving average declined sharply, that may indicate a downward trend for the stock.\\nThe technical analyst may conclude that more people are selling the stock, due to the increase in trading volume and the price decline.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Technical analysts also consider short interest as well as support and resistance levels.\", \"描述\": \"These additional considerations help them to determine buying or selling opportunities.\\nShort interest measures the total number of shares of a stock that have been sold short without being covered or closed out.\\nA high short interest is a red flag.\\nSupport and resistance levels refer to price levels beyond which the price of an asset will not go in a certain direction.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,665 | How to Analyze Newspaper Language | 1. Evaluating the Headline
1-1. Look for nouns and verbs in the headline.
Many headlines contain nouns and verbs. Some headlines will have only nouns and no verbs. This is done to keep the headlines short and to the point.
For example, you may see a headline made up of nouns like, “PM Resignation Over Fraud Charge.”
1-2. Check if the headline consists of a string of nouns.
In some cases, the headline is a made by stringing 3 to 4 nouns together to make a “noun string.” To better understand a noun string, try reading the headline backwards. Rearrange the nouns into a sentence.
For example, you may have a headline like “Ford Referral Customer Complaint.” You can then read the headline backward to make a sentence like, “A complaint was made by a customer about a referral program for Ford cars.”
1-3. Notice if the headline has no articles like “a,” “an,” or “the.”
Other phrases that are considered extra, such as “some,” “few,” or “many,” are also usually left out of newspaper headlines to keep them short and to the point.
For example, you may read a headline like “Neighbor Sees Woman Jump.” If you put articles into the headline, you may get a sentence like, “The neighbor saw the woman jump.”
Another example is a headline like, “Homeowners Fear New Flooding.” Rather than say “Some homeowners” or “Many homeowners,” the headline just says “Homeowners” to present the most important details.
1-4. Look for verb changes in the headline.
When verbs appear in headlines, they are usually adjusted to make the headline sound more immediate. Rather than describe the events in the past with a past tense verb, the newspaper will use a present tense verb in the headline.'
For example, you may read a headline like “Professors Lose Union Fight.” This means the professors lost the fight to start a union, as it just happened in the past.
The newspaper will also describe events that are going to happen with verbs like “to.” For example, the headline, “Nicolas Cage to Visit Portland” means that the actor Nicolas Cage will be visiting Portland in the near future.
1-5. Check for wordplay in the headline.
Some headlines have words that can mean two things at once. These words are called puns. Puns and wordplay are often done to give the headline an amusing or entertaining tone.
For example, you may have a headline like “Otter Devastation.” This is a play on the word “otter” as it can sound like “utter.”
Another example is the headline, “From Russia...With Gloves.” This headline is a pun on the famous James Bond film, From Russia, With Love and plays on the word “love” by using “gloves.”
1-6. Look for alliteration.
Alliteration is when the same sound is repeated in a row. Often, headlines that use alliteration consists of words that start with the same letter. Alliteration is used by newspapers to make the headline more catchy and memorable.
For example, you may have a headline like, “Man Makes Massive Maritime Menagerie.” This uses alliteration with the sound “m.”
Another example is the headline, “Sleepy Seamstress Sends City Into Century-Long Snooze.” This uses alliteration with the sound “s.”
1-7. Ask “who,” “what,” “where,” and “why” when reading the headline.
A good newspaper headline will answer at least 1 or 2 of the 4 W's (“who,” “what,” “where,” and “why”). Try answering each of these questions using just the headline of the article.
For example, you may have a headline like “Man Makes Massive Maritime Menagerie.” The “who” would be a man, the “what” would be a massive maritime menagerie, and the “where” would likely be somewhere near water, as the headline refers to “maritime.”
Another example would be a headline like “Sleepy Seamstress Sends City Into Century-Long Snooze.” The “who” is a seamstress who sleeps too much, the “what” is a century-long snooze, and the “where” would be a city.
1-8. Use the headline to understand the body of the article.
The headline should give you direction on what will be discussed in the body of the article. You should refer back to the headline when reading the body, using it as a guide.
For example, the headline “Eight Dead When Nursing Home Goes Without AC After Hurricane” will tip you off that the article is going to focus on the details of the death of 8 people in the nursing home and how it relates to the hurricane.
2. Examining the Structure, Voice, and Tense of the Article
2-1. Identify where the article is located in the newspaper.
Online articles that are straight news stories will be placed in the Current Events or Breaking News section of the newspaper. Articles that are written as opinion pieces or think pieces will be listed in the Op-Ed section of the newspaper. Determining where the article is located will help you know what to expect in terms of the rhetoric and tone of the article.
For example, an article placed in the Op-Ed section will usually be written from the reporter's perspective or point of view. It may be biased towards a certain position and contain rhetoric that is persuasive and argumentative.
2-2. Analyze the lede, or the first line, of the article.
The lede of the article is perhaps the most important line in the entire article. It will summarize the story and discuss the who, what, where, when, and how of the story. Identify key words and phrases in the lede that seem important.
For example, you may read a lede like, “The first evacuee was rushed into the emergency room of Memorial Regional Hospital on Wednesday, escaping a nursing home that had lost air-conditioning in the muggy days after Hurricane Ike.”
You can then identify key words like “evacuee,” “emergency room,” “nursing home” and “Hurricane Ike.”
2-3. Look up unfamiliar words or phrases.
Read over the article and circle any words or phrases that you do not recognize. Use a dictionary to look them up so you can better understand them. Then, place the defined word in the context of the sentence so you can understand it better.
For example, you may be stumped on a word like “evacuee.” You can then look it up and place it in the context of the sentence so you understand the sentence better as a whole.
2-4. Check for the active voice.
Most newspaper articles use the active voice, where the subject is always the one acting in a sentence or doing an action. This keeps the article immediate and engaging for readers.
For example, you may read a line in the article like, “Fire and rescue units were hurrying the nursing home's more than 100 residents out.” This is active, as it shows the fire and rescue units doing an action, “hurrying...residents out.”
2-5. Determine the tense used in the article.
The newspaper article will use the past tense to describe an event that occurred recently, in the past. It will use the present tense to discuss an event that is going to happen in the near future.
For example, if you have a sentence in the article like, “In all, eight were dead,” this means the article is in past tense.
If you have a sentence like, “The city plans to open the new walkway next year,” this means the article is the in present tense.
2-6. Summarize the article in your own words.
Once you feel you have a good grasp on the language used in the article, try writing a 1-2 sentence summary of the article in your own words. Focus on the key details in the article. Use the headline of the article, and the lede, to help you write the summary.
For example, you may write, “This article is about eight people who died in a nursing home when it lost power during the hurricane. It uses the past tense and the active voice to discuss this event.”
3. Looking at Rhetoric and Tone
3-1. Look for statements that show bias.
Check for statements that begin with “I believe” or “I am of the opinion that…” as these are signs the reporter is presenting their point of view. The reporter may also use statements like “I am certain that…” or “It is clear to me that” to show bias.
The reporter may also show bias by asking rhetorical questions that illustrate their point or argument. For example, they may write, “Why do we need strict laws around abortion in this country?” or “What is the point of spending millions on a new sports arena?”
3-2. Identify hyperbolic language.
Hyperbolic language exaggerates the reality of a situation so it is more shocking for the reader. Reporters use hyperbolic language to demonstrate their point and grab the reader's attention. They also sometimes use hyperbolic language to give the article a humorous and witty tone.
For example, you may come across a sentence like, “The mayor would poke his own eyes out before he would allow the new roads to be built.” This is clearly an exaggeration, and the reporter is doing this to keep the reader engaged and demonstrate their point.
3-3. Look for clichés.
Clichés are phrases that have become so familiar they have lost their meaning. Reporters may use clichés to get a point across quickly and easily to readers. They are also used when the reporter is trying to demonstrate a complicated point in an accessible way.
For example, you may notice a cliché like, “You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink” in the article. You may then consider what the reporter is trying to demonstrate to the reader by employing this cliché.
3-4. Check for evidence or sources used to support an argument.
Reporters will use evidence to support an argument. The evidence may be statistics, a quote from a source, or even a graph. They may also get an expert opinion to support their argument.
For example, you may notice lines that begin with, “According to a new study…,” “A new research report illustrates,” or “Experts predict…”.
The reporter may also use a quote from a source, such as “'We are doing what we can to contain the situation,' the police chief said at the press conference.”
3-5. Identify allusions in the article.
Allusions reference well-known works or events in history. Reporters use them to invoke positive or negative feelings from the reader. They may allude to a moment in history to connect a current event with the past.
For example, a reporter may allude to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr when discussing a rising activist leader in the African-American community. This would then invoke feelings of awe and reverence towards the activist, similar to the way the reader may feel about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
3-6. Look for inclusive language.
The reporter may use inclusive language like “we” or “us” to make the reader feel like they are on the same side as the reporter. Inclusive language makes the reader feel included in the reporter's argument or perspective.
The reporter may also use exclusive language like “they” or “them” to exclude a group of people. This could make the reader feel like they belong to the “we,” rather than the “they.”
For example, you may notice a line like, “We may not like it, but the safety of our families is at risk.” Or you may come across a line like, “We stand for freedom and equality, while they stand for hatred and exclusion.”
3-7. Determine the overall tone of the article.
News articles usually have an authoritative tone. Analyzing the language in the article should help you identify the tone and intent of the reporter. You may decide the tone of the article is:
Logical, where the article comes across as rational and reasonable. It may use lots of expert opinions and quotes to analyze a situation or event.
Neutral, where the article is impartial and balanced, with no bias. Most straight news stories are neutral in tone.
Passionate, where the article is written with a lot of emotion and personality. It may show its bias and argue a certain point by tapping into a reader's emotions.
Witty, where the article is humorous or satirical. It may come across as lighthearted or tongue-in-cheek. It may try to make the reader laugh by using hyperbolic language and an impersonal or casual approach.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:51",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Evaluating the Headline\\n1-1. Look for nouns and verbs in the headline.\\nMany headlines contain nouns and verbs. Some headlines will have only nouns and no verbs. This is done to keep the headlines short and to the point.\\nFor example, you may see a headline made up of nouns like, “PM Resignation Over Fraud Charge.”\\n1-2. Check if the headline consists of a string of nouns.\\nIn some cases, the headline is a made by stringing 3 to 4 nouns together to make a “noun string.” To better understand a noun string, try reading the headline backwards. Rearrange the nouns into a sentence.\\nFor example, you may have a headline like “Ford Referral Customer Complaint.” You can then read the headline backward to make a sentence like, “A complaint was made by a customer about a referral program for Ford cars.”\\n1-3. Notice if the headline has no articles like “a,” “an,” or “the.”\\nOther phrases that are considered extra, such as “some,” “few,” or “many,” are also usually left out of newspaper headlines to keep them short and to the point.\\nFor example, you may read a headline like “Neighbor Sees Woman Jump.” If you put articles into the headline, you may get a sentence like, “The neighbor saw the woman jump.”\\nAnother example is a headline like, “Homeowners Fear New Flooding.” Rather than say “Some homeowners” or “Many homeowners,” the headline just says “Homeowners” to present the most important details.\\n1-4. Look for verb changes in the headline.\\nWhen verbs appear in headlines, they are usually adjusted to make the headline sound more immediate. Rather than describe the events in the past with a past tense verb, the newspaper will use a present tense verb in the headline.'\\nFor example, you may read a headline like “Professors Lose Union Fight.” This means the professors lost the fight to start a union, as it just happened in the past.\\nThe newspaper will also describe events that are going to happen with verbs like “to.” For example, the headline, “Nicolas Cage to Visit Portland” means that the actor Nicolas Cage will be visiting Portland in the near future.\\n1-5. Check for wordplay in the headline.\\nSome headlines have words that can mean two things at once. These words are called puns. Puns and wordplay are often done to give the headline an amusing or entertaining tone.\\nFor example, you may have a headline like “Otter Devastation.” This is a play on the word “otter” as it can sound like “utter.”\\nAnother example is the headline, “From Russia...With Gloves.” This headline is a pun on the famous James Bond film, From Russia, With Love and plays on the word “love” by using “gloves.”\\n1-6. Look for alliteration.\\nAlliteration is when the same sound is repeated in a row. Often, headlines that use alliteration consists of words that start with the same letter. Alliteration is used by newspapers to make the headline more catchy and memorable.\\nFor example, you may have a headline like, “Man Makes Massive Maritime Menagerie.” This uses alliteration with the sound “m.”\\nAnother example is the headline, “Sleepy Seamstress Sends City Into Century-Long Snooze.” This uses alliteration with the sound “s.”\\n1-7. Ask “who,” “what,” “where,” and “why” when reading the headline.\\nA good newspaper headline will answer at least 1 or 2 of the 4 W's (“who,” “what,” “where,” and “why”). Try answering each of these questions using just the headline of the article.\\nFor example, you may have a headline like “Man Makes Massive Maritime Menagerie.” The “who” would be a man, the “what” would be a massive maritime menagerie, and the “where” would likely be somewhere near water, as the headline refers to “maritime.”\\nAnother example would be a headline like “Sleepy Seamstress Sends City Into Century-Long Snooze.” The “who” is a seamstress who sleeps too much, the “what” is a century-long snooze, and the “where” would be a city.\\n1-8. Use the headline to understand the body of the article.\\nThe headline should give you direction on what will be discussed in the body of the article. You should refer back to the headline when reading the body, using it as a guide.\\nFor example, the headline “Eight Dead When Nursing Home Goes Without AC After Hurricane” will tip you off that the article is going to focus on the details of the death of 8 people in the nursing home and how it relates to the hurricane.\\n2. Examining the Structure, Voice, and Tense of the Article\\n2-1. Identify where the article is located in the newspaper.\\nOnline articles that are straight news stories will be placed in the Current Events or Breaking News section of the newspaper. Articles that are written as opinion pieces or think pieces will be listed in the Op-Ed section of the newspaper. Determining where the article is located will help you know what to expect in terms of the rhetoric and tone of the article.\\nFor example, an article placed in the Op-Ed section will usually be written from the reporter's perspective or point of view. It may be biased towards a certain position and contain rhetoric that is persuasive and argumentative.\\n2-2. Analyze the lede, or the first line, of the article.\\nThe lede of the article is perhaps the most important line in the entire article. It will summarize the story and discuss the who, what, where, when, and how of the story. Identify key words and phrases in the lede that seem important.\\nFor example, you may read a lede like, “The first evacuee was rushed into the emergency room of Memorial Regional Hospital on Wednesday, escaping a nursing home that had lost air-conditioning in the muggy days after Hurricane Ike.”\\nYou can then identify key words like “evacuee,” “emergency room,” “nursing home” and “Hurricane Ike.”\\n2-3. Look up unfamiliar words or phrases.\\nRead over the article and circle any words or phrases that you do not recognize. Use a dictionary to look them up so you can better understand them. Then, place the defined word in the context of the sentence so you can understand it better.\\nFor example, you may be stumped on a word like “evacuee.” You can then look it up and place it in the context of the sentence so you understand the sentence better as a whole.\\n2-4. Check for the active voice.\\nMost newspaper articles use the active voice, where the subject is always the one acting in a sentence or doing an action. This keeps the article immediate and engaging for readers.\\nFor example, you may read a line in the article like, “Fire and rescue units were hurrying the nursing home's more than 100 residents out.” This is active, as it shows the fire and rescue units doing an action, “hurrying...residents out.”\\n2-5. Determine the tense used in the article.\\nThe newspaper article will use the past tense to describe an event that occurred recently, in the past. It will use the present tense to discuss an event that is going to happen in the near future.\\nFor example, if you have a sentence in the article like, “In all, eight were dead,” this means the article is in past tense.\\nIf you have a sentence like, “The city plans to open the new walkway next year,” this means the article is the in present tense.\\n2-6. Summarize the article in your own words.\\nOnce you feel you have a good grasp on the language used in the article, try writing a 1-2 sentence summary of the article in your own words. Focus on the key details in the article. Use the headline of the article, and the lede, to help you write the summary.\\nFor example, you may write, “This article is about eight people who died in a nursing home when it lost power during the hurricane. It uses the past tense and the active voice to discuss this event.”\\n3. Looking at Rhetoric and Tone\\n3-1. Look for statements that show bias.\\nCheck for statements that begin with “I believe” or “I am of the opinion that…” as these are signs the reporter is presenting their point of view. The reporter may also use statements like “I am certain that…” or “It is clear to me that” to show bias.\\nThe reporter may also show bias by asking rhetorical questions that illustrate their point or argument. For example, they may write, “Why do we need strict laws around abortion in this country?” or “What is the point of spending millions on a new sports arena?”\\n3-2. Identify hyperbolic language.\\nHyperbolic language exaggerates the reality of a situation so it is more shocking for the reader. Reporters use hyperbolic language to demonstrate their point and grab the reader's attention. They also sometimes use hyperbolic language to give the article a humorous and witty tone.\\nFor example, you may come across a sentence like, “The mayor would poke his own eyes out before he would allow the new roads to be built.” This is clearly an exaggeration, and the reporter is doing this to keep the reader engaged and demonstrate their point.\\n3-3. Look for clichés.\\nClichés are phrases that have become so familiar they have lost their meaning. Reporters may use clichés to get a point across quickly and easily to readers. They are also used when the reporter is trying to demonstrate a complicated point in an accessible way.\\nFor example, you may notice a cliché like, “You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink” in the article. You may then consider what the reporter is trying to demonstrate to the reader by employing this cliché.\\n3-4. Check for evidence or sources used to support an argument.\\nReporters will use evidence to support an argument. The evidence may be statistics, a quote from a source, or even a graph. They may also get an expert opinion to support their argument.\\nFor example, you may notice lines that begin with, “According to a new study…,” “A new research report illustrates,” or “Experts predict…”.\\nThe reporter may also use a quote from a source, such as “'We are doing what we can to contain the situation,' the police chief said at the press conference.”\\n3-5. Identify allusions in the article.\\nAllusions reference well-known works or events in history. Reporters use them to invoke positive or negative feelings from the reader. They may allude to a moment in history to connect a current event with the past.\\nFor example, a reporter may allude to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr when discussing a rising activist leader in the African-American community. This would then invoke feelings of awe and reverence towards the activist, similar to the way the reader may feel about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.\\n3-6. Look for inclusive language.\\nThe reporter may use inclusive language like “we” or “us” to make the reader feel like they are on the same side as the reporter. Inclusive language makes the reader feel included in the reporter's argument or perspective.\\nThe reporter may also use exclusive language like “they” or “them” to exclude a group of people. This could make the reader feel like they belong to the “we,” rather than the “they.”\\nFor example, you may notice a line like, “We may not like it, but the safety of our families is at risk.” Or you may come across a line like, “We stand for freedom and equality, while they stand for hatred and exclusion.”\\n3-7. Determine the overall tone of the article.\\nNews articles usually have an authoritative tone. Analyzing the language in the article should help you identify the tone and intent of the reporter. You may decide the tone of the article is:\\nLogical, where the article comes across as rational and reasonable. It may use lots of expert opinions and quotes to analyze a situation or event.\\nNeutral, where the article is impartial and balanced, with no bias. Most straight news stories are neutral in tone.\\nPassionate, where the article is written with a lot of emotion and personality. It may show its bias and argue a certain point by tapping into a reader's emotions.\\nWitty, where the article is humorous or satirical. It may come across as lighthearted or tongue-in-cheek. It may try to make the reader laugh by using hyperbolic language and an impersonal or casual approach.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Newspaper articles are written by journalists and reporters to inform the public. News stories report on current events and are usually time-sensitive, so they are written soon after an incident or event has happened. You may analyze the language in newspapers as part of an assignment for a class or as a way to improve your own news-writing skills. Start by looking at the headline of the news article. You can then examine the body of the article to better understand newspaper language, focusing on structure, tense, voice, rhetoric, and tone.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Evaluating the Headline\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Look for nouns and verbs in the headline.\", \"描述\": \"Many headlines contain nouns and verbs. Some headlines will have only nouns and no verbs. This is done to keep the headlines short and to the point.\\nFor example, you may see a headline made up of nouns like, “PM Resignation Over Fraud Charge.”\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Check if the headline consists of a string of nouns.\", \"描述\": \"In some cases, the headline is a made by stringing 3 to 4 nouns together to make a “noun string.” To better understand a noun string, try reading the headline backwards. Rearrange the nouns into a sentence.\\nFor example, you may have a headline like “Ford Referral Customer Complaint.” You can then read the headline backward to make a sentence like, “A complaint was made by a customer about a referral program for Ford cars.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Notice if the headline has no articles like “a,” “an,” or “the.”\", \"描述\": \"Other phrases that are considered extra, such as “some,” “few,” or “many,” are also usually left out of newspaper headlines to keep them short and to the point.\\nFor example, you may read a headline like “Neighbor Sees Woman Jump.” If you put articles into the headline, you may get a sentence like, “The neighbor saw the woman jump.”\\nAnother example is a headline like, “Homeowners Fear New Flooding.” Rather than say “Some homeowners” or “Many homeowners,” the headline just says “Homeowners” to present the most important details.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Look for verb changes in the headline.\", \"描述\": \"When verbs appear in headlines, they are usually adjusted to make the headline sound more immediate. Rather than describe the events in the past with a past tense verb, the newspaper will use a present tense verb in the headline.'\\nFor example, you may read a headline like “Professors Lose Union Fight.” This means the professors lost the fight to start a union, as it just happened in the past.\\nThe newspaper will also describe events that are going to happen with verbs like “to.” For example, the headline, “Nicolas Cage to Visit Portland” means that the actor Nicolas Cage will be visiting Portland in the near future.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Check for wordplay in the headline.\", \"描述\": \"Some headlines have words that can mean two things at once. These words are called puns. Puns and wordplay are often done to give the headline an amusing or entertaining tone.\\nFor example, you may have a headline like “Otter Devastation.” This is a play on the word “otter” as it can sound like “utter.”\\nAnother example is the headline, “From Russia...With Gloves.” This headline is a pun on the famous James Bond film, From Russia, With Love and plays on the word “love” by using “gloves.”\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Look for alliteration.\", \"描述\": \"Alliteration is when the same sound is repeated in a row. Often, headlines that use alliteration consists of words that start with the same letter. Alliteration is used by newspapers to make the headline more catchy and memorable.\\nFor example, you may have a headline like, “Man Makes Massive Maritime Menagerie.” This uses alliteration with the sound “m.”\\nAnother example is the headline, “Sleepy Seamstress Sends City Into Century-Long Snooze.” This uses alliteration with the sound “s.”\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Ask “who,” “what,” “where,” and “why” when reading the headline.\", \"描述\": \"A good newspaper headline will answer at least 1 or 2 of the 4 W's (“who,” “what,” “where,” and “why”). Try answering each of these questions using just the headline of the article.\\nFor example, you may have a headline like “Man Makes Massive Maritime Menagerie.” The “who” would be a man, the “what” would be a massive maritime menagerie, and the “where” would likely be somewhere near water, as the headline refers to “maritime.”\\nAnother example would be a headline like “Sleepy Seamstress Sends City Into Century-Long Snooze.” The “who” is a seamstress who sleeps too much, the “what” is a century-long snooze, and the “where” would be a city.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Use the headline to understand the body of the article.\", \"描述\": \"The headline should give you direction on what will be discussed in the body of the article. You should refer back to the headline when reading the body, using it as a guide.\\nFor example, the headline “Eight Dead When Nursing Home Goes Without AC After Hurricane” will tip you off that the article is going to focus on the details of the death of 8 people in the nursing home and how it relates to the hurricane.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Examining the Structure, Voice, and Tense of the Article\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Identify where the article is located in the newspaper.\", \"描述\": \"Online articles that are straight news stories will be placed in the Current Events or Breaking News section of the newspaper. Articles that are written as opinion pieces or think pieces will be listed in the Op-Ed section of the newspaper. Determining where the article is located will help you know what to expect in terms of the rhetoric and tone of the article.\\nFor example, an article placed in the Op-Ed section will usually be written from the reporter's perspective or point of view. It may be biased towards a certain position and contain rhetoric that is persuasive and argumentative.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyze the lede, or the first line, of the article.\", \"描述\": \"The lede of the article is perhaps the most important line in the entire article. It will summarize the story and discuss the who, what, where, when, and how of the story. Identify key words and phrases in the lede that seem important.\\nFor example, you may read a lede like, “The first evacuee was rushed into the emergency room of Memorial Regional Hospital on Wednesday, escaping a nursing home that had lost air-conditioning in the muggy days after Hurricane Ike.”\\nYou can then identify key words like “evacuee,” “emergency room,” “nursing home” and “Hurricane Ike.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Look up unfamiliar words or phrases.\", \"描述\": \"Read over the article and circle any words or phrases that you do not recognize. Use a dictionary to look them up so you can better understand them. Then, place the defined word in the context of the sentence so you can understand it better.\\nFor example, you may be stumped on a word like “evacuee.” You can then look it up and place it in the context of the sentence so you understand the sentence better as a whole.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Check for the active voice.\", \"描述\": \"Most newspaper articles use the active voice, where the subject is always the one acting in a sentence or doing an action. This keeps the article immediate and engaging for readers.\\nFor example, you may read a line in the article like, “Fire and rescue units were hurrying the nursing home's more than 100 residents out.” This is active, as it shows the fire and rescue units doing an action, “hurrying...residents out.”\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Determine the tense used in the article.\", \"描述\": \"The newspaper article will use the past tense to describe an event that occurred recently, in the past. It will use the present tense to discuss an event that is going to happen in the near future.\\nFor example, if you have a sentence in the article like, “In all, eight were dead,” this means the article is in past tense.\\nIf you have a sentence like, “The city plans to open the new walkway next year,” this means the article is the in present tense.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Summarize the article in your own words.\", \"描述\": \"Once you feel you have a good grasp on the language used in the article, try writing a 1-2 sentence summary of the article in your own words. Focus on the key details in the article. Use the headline of the article, and the lede, to help you write the summary.\\nFor example, you may write, “This article is about eight people who died in a nursing home when it lost power during the hurricane. It uses the past tense and the active voice to discuss this event.”\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Looking at Rhetoric and Tone\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Look for statements that show bias.\", \"描述\": \"Check for statements that begin with “I believe” or “I am of the opinion that…” as these are signs the reporter is presenting their point of view. The reporter may also use statements like “I am certain that…” or “It is clear to me that” to show bias.\\nThe reporter may also show bias by asking rhetorical questions that illustrate their point or argument. For example, they may write, “Why do we need strict laws around abortion in this country?” or “What is the point of spending millions on a new sports arena?”\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identify hyperbolic language.\", \"描述\": \"Hyperbolic language exaggerates the reality of a situation so it is more shocking for the reader. Reporters use hyperbolic language to demonstrate their point and grab the reader's attention. They also sometimes use hyperbolic language to give the article a humorous and witty tone.\\nFor example, you may come across a sentence like, “The mayor would poke his own eyes out before he would allow the new roads to be built.” This is clearly an exaggeration, and the reporter is doing this to keep the reader engaged and demonstrate their point.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Look for clichés.\", \"描述\": \"Clichés are phrases that have become so familiar they have lost their meaning. Reporters may use clichés to get a point across quickly and easily to readers. They are also used when the reporter is trying to demonstrate a complicated point in an accessible way.\\nFor example, you may notice a cliché like, “You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink” in the article. You may then consider what the reporter is trying to demonstrate to the reader by employing this cliché.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Check for evidence or sources used to support an argument.\", \"描述\": \"Reporters will use evidence to support an argument. The evidence may be statistics, a quote from a source, or even a graph. They may also get an expert opinion to support their argument.\\nFor example, you may notice lines that begin with, “According to a new study…,” “A new research report illustrates,” or “Experts predict…”.\\nThe reporter may also use a quote from a source, such as “'We are doing what we can to contain the situation,' the police chief said at the press conference.”\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Identify allusions in the article.\", \"描述\": \"Allusions reference well-known works or events in history. Reporters use them to invoke positive or negative feelings from the reader. They may allude to a moment in history to connect a current event with the past.\\nFor example, a reporter may allude to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr when discussing a rising activist leader in the African-American community. This would then invoke feelings of awe and reverence towards the activist, similar to the way the reader may feel about Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Look for inclusive language.\", \"描述\": \"The reporter may use inclusive language like “we” or “us” to make the reader feel like they are on the same side as the reporter. Inclusive language makes the reader feel included in the reporter's argument or perspective.\\nThe reporter may also use exclusive language like “they” or “them” to exclude a group of people. This could make the reader feel like they belong to the “we,” rather than the “they.”\\nFor example, you may notice a line like, “We may not like it, but the safety of our families is at risk.” Or you may come across a line like, “We stand for freedom and equality, while they stand for hatred and exclusion.”\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Determine the overall tone of the article.\", \"描述\": \"News articles usually have an authoritative tone. Analyzing the language in the article should help you identify the tone and intent of the reporter. You may decide the tone of the article is:\\nLogical, where the article comes across as rational and reasonable. It may use lots of expert opinions and quotes to analyze a situation or event.\\nNeutral, where the article is impartial and balanced, with no bias. Most straight news stories are neutral in tone.\\nPassionate, where the article is written with a lot of emotion and personality. It may show its bias and argue a certain point by tapping into a reader's emotions.\\nWitty, where the article is humorous or satirical. It may come across as lighthearted or tongue-in-cheek. It may try to make the reader laugh by using hyperbolic language and an impersonal or casual approach.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,666 | How to Analyze Poetry | 1. Read the poem more than once.
Start by reading the poem to yourself, then read it aloud.
Take your time while you're reading—every word and line in a poem is important. Read the poem all the way from start to finish at least once. Then, go through it again, but this time, say the poem out loud. You might be surprised how much better you understand the poem after you hear the words!
You might also search online for audio or video recordings of people reading the poem out loud—their tone and inflection might be a little different from yours. If you can find a clip of the poet reading their own poem, even better!
Try writing down your first impressions while you're reading, like how the poem makes you feel and what you think it's about, as well as any questions you have about it.
2. Analyze the title.
Look for clues to the poem's meaning in its name.
While you probably read the title before you ever even read the poem, give it a little more attention after you've read through the text a few times. Sometimes the title can give you an important clue to the deeper meaning of the poem. It can even change your interpretation of the poem completely!
For instance, it might seem like you're reading a poem about an egg, but if the title is "Broken Heart," you might realize it's about how fragile the speaker feels after a painful loss.
In some cases, the poem might simply be titled something like “Sonnet 47.” That might not seem like it gives you much information, but from that, you can determine that the poem is in the sonnet form and is part of a series of numbered sonnets written by the same poet.
3. Listen to the rhythm of the poem.
Ask yourself if the poem should be read fast or slow.
Some poems seem like they should be read quickly, with the words almost tumbling over each other, while other poems seem like they should be read slowly and maybe even solemnly. The rhythm will be part of the overall meaning of the poem. Think about how the rhythm makes you feel as a listener.
For example, you may notice that there are a lot of short, clipped lines in the poem, creating a jumpy rhythm. Or you may notice there are a lot of long lines that flow on into the other, creating a more fluid rhythm.
The meter of the poem—or the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables—will also play into the rhythm.
Like most things with poetry, this can be different depending on who's reading the poem. Don't worry about what's right or wrong. Instead, just think about how the poem seems to you.
4. Notice how the poem is separated or broken up.
Poems are often divided into sections called stanzas.
Stanzas are usually separated by a skipped line in a poem. Look at the poem and count how many stanzas there are. Consider how the stanzas relate to each other or transition into one another. Also think about how they're different from each other.
Ask yourself, “Why would the poet organize the stanzas this way?” “What does the structure of the poem have to do with the meaning of the poem?”
Poems can also be divided into numbered sections instead of stanzas.
Try writing down a quick summary or title for each stanza of the poem. This may help you see how they all fit together in the larger scheme of the poem.
5. Determine the rhyme scheme, if there is one.
Notice if the rhyme scheme follows a certain pattern.
Usually, poems will rhyme at the end of a line, but some poems will include rhymes within the lines, as well. Ask yourself whether the rhyme scheme makes you pay more attention to certain words—does that add to your interpretation of the poem?
Label each set of rhyming syllables with a letter to track the rhyme scheme. For example, if the first and third lines end with "cat" and "bat," you would label those lines with "A." If the second and fourth lines end with "there" and "scare," you would label them with "B," so the rhyme scheme would be "ABAB."
If you notice there are different rhymes used later in the poem, use "C" and "D" and so on to note them.
Certain types of rhymes will follow a set rhyme scheme. For instance, a ballad usually has a rhyme scheme of "ABCB."
6. Identify the form of the poem.
Use the rhyme scheme and meter of the poem to determine the form.
While some poems are written in free verse—meaning they don't have any form—many poems follow a set pattern. Some common poem types include sonnets, sestinas, limericks, and haikus. Sometimes, the form of the poem will give you clues as to what the author was trying to communicate.
For example, a poem that has 3 lines and follows a 5-7-5 syllable pattern is probably a haiku. You might talk about how haikus are traditionally meant to evoke a vivid image or emotion.
7. Identify the speaker and the audience.
Remember, the speaker isn't always the poet.
Read through the poem to find clues about who's talking—see if you have an impression about how old they are, whether they're male or female, and what their personality is like. Then, think about who they're talking to. Sometimes, it might be you, the reader, but other times it will be to a specific person or group of people.
Also, ask yourself whether the same person is speaking throughout the person, and whether they're speaking to the same person the whole time.
For example, if you were analyzing the poem “Digging” by Seamus Heaney, you may notice the poem is in first person and the speaker is the only person talking in the poem. However, there are three characters in the poem: the speaker, his father, and his grandfather.
8. Rewrite the poem in your own words.
Go through the poem line by line.
Think about what each line is saying, then try to reword it in a way that makes sense to you. When you're finished, go back and read your paraphrased poem—does it change anything about what the poem means to you?
Notice which lines seem to really stand out and give the poem meaning. Especially pay attention to the last lines, as they're usually especially important.
Sometimes you'll lose certain details in your paraphrasing, so don't rely on this copy for your full analysis. For instance, you might not get the same imagery, and the words might not evoke the same emotions. However, it can help you get a sense of the poem's basic meaning.
9. Think about the tone of the poem.
Ask yourself what emotions you feel when you read it.
The poem's tone can best be described as its mood. Think about how the word choice, imagery, and even rhythm of the poem impact the tone. You'll naturally bring some of your own personal experience into this, so don't worry if you have a different interpretation than someone else, as long as you can support your position with the text.
If the poem mentions banners waving, trumpets, and parades, the tone might be celebratory and triumphant, for instance.
If it deals with snow, bare trees, and still air, the tone might be sad or lonely. However, you might also feel like it has a certain romantic aspect, as well.
10. Notice the setting of the poem.
Pay attention to where and when the poem takes place.
The setting of the poem can give you information about what's going on—maybe it takes place in a certain era or culture, and that might inform what the characters are experiencing. The poem might also take place in a certain season or even time of day. All of that can be important when you're trying to dig into the deeper meaning.
For example, if you're reading a poem about a mother who dreams of traveling the world, it might have very different interpretations if it's happening in modern-day America than if would if it were set in an earlier time or in a culture where women are currently oppressed.
Think about the meaning of the seasons—a poem set in spring might be about new life and hope, while a poem set in fall might be about fading life.
The time of day can hold symbolism, as well. For instance, nighttime is often associated with themes like loneliness or romance, whereas morning tends to be a time of promise.
11. Circle words that appear more than once in the poem.
Pay close attention to repeated words.
They're often important, speaking to the larger meaning of the poem. Consider what the repeated words have to do with the poem as a whole—what concept do they emphasize when they're mentioned more than once?
For example, you may notice in the poem “Daddy” by Sylvia Plath, the words “daddy,” “Jew,” and “you” appear multiple times. They are used in different ways each time they are mentioned, giving the words many different meanings in the context of the poem.
12. Identify the imagery in the poem.
Imagery is anything that evokes one of your five senses.
Notice whether any words or phrases paint a picture you can see, hear, smell, taste, or feel in your mind. These images help you form your interpretation of the poem, so take the time to really experience them as you read. Then, ask yourself why the poet chose those images, and what they're trying to get across with them.
For example, if the author mentions "snow in the moonlight," in your mind's eye, you might picture soft light glinting off the snow, feel the chilly night air, and even smell the clean, cold scent of snow.
You may then discuss how these concrete images add to the themes or main ideas in the poem. They may also move you emotionally as a reader and give you a clear sense of the speaker's point of view.
13. Identify any metaphors and similes in the poem.
Use the comparisons to get insight into poem's theme.
Think about the imagery and characters in the poem and ask yourself what they might symbolize. Similes are easiest to identify because they compare one thing to another with the words "like" or "as." Metaphors can be more subtle—an owl in a poem might be a symbol for wisdom, or a flying bird might suggest freedom.
Certain symbols are common in poetry, like a snake representing betrayal or dishonesty or a budding flower representing life and hope.
14. Determine the theme.
The theme focuses on the purpose of the poem.
It's more of the big-picture of what the poem is about. Themes tend to be something that almost everyone can relate to, even if the poem itself is about something very specific or regional. Common themes in poetry include life, death, love, heartbreak, family, hope, and loneliness.
When you're trying to figure out the theme, think about how everything in the poem—including the tone, setting, speaker, and imagery—all connect with each other.
For example, in Heaney's poem “Digging,” the speaker looks at the different ways his family works. The speaker works with a pen and paper to dig for the truth and for survival, while his family dug the earth for potatoes to eat and live. The poem explores themes like “family,” “survival,” and “individual expression.”
15. Read more about the poet's life and work.
Look into the biography of the poet.
Consider their other published works, as well as their professional and personal life. Notice if there are common themes or a common style to the poet's work. Then, compare the poem you're analyzing to those other works, or think about how their life might have influenced the themes in the poem you're reading.
Check online for a biography of the poet. Read more of the poet's other works online or at your local library to get a better sense of their style and interests.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:51",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Read the poem more than once.\\nStart by reading the poem to yourself, then read it aloud.\\nTake your time while you're reading—every word and line in a poem is important. Read the poem all the way from start to finish at least once. Then, go through it again, but this time, say the poem out loud. You might be surprised how much better you understand the poem after you hear the words!\\nYou might also search online for audio or video recordings of people reading the poem out loud—their tone and inflection might be a little different from yours. If you can find a clip of the poet reading their own poem, even better!\\nTry writing down your first impressions while you're reading, like how the poem makes you feel and what you think it's about, as well as any questions you have about it.\\n2. Analyze the title.\\nLook for clues to the poem's meaning in its name.\\nWhile you probably read the title before you ever even read the poem, give it a little more attention after you've read through the text a few times. Sometimes the title can give you an important clue to the deeper meaning of the poem. It can even change your interpretation of the poem completely!\\nFor instance, it might seem like you're reading a poem about an egg, but if the title is \\\"Broken Heart,\\\" you might realize it's about how fragile the speaker feels after a painful loss.\\nIn some cases, the poem might simply be titled something like “Sonnet 47.” That might not seem like it gives you much information, but from that, you can determine that the poem is in the sonnet form and is part of a series of numbered sonnets written by the same poet.\\n3. Listen to the rhythm of the poem.\\nAsk yourself if the poem should be read fast or slow.\\nSome poems seem like they should be read quickly, with the words almost tumbling over each other, while other poems seem like they should be read slowly and maybe even solemnly. The rhythm will be part of the overall meaning of the poem. Think about how the rhythm makes you feel as a listener.\\nFor example, you may notice that there are a lot of short, clipped lines in the poem, creating a jumpy rhythm. Or you may notice there are a lot of long lines that flow on into the other, creating a more fluid rhythm.\\nThe meter of the poem—or the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables—will also play into the rhythm.\\nLike most things with poetry, this can be different depending on who's reading the poem. Don't worry about what's right or wrong. Instead, just think about how the poem seems to you.\\n4. Notice how the poem is separated or broken up.\\nPoems are often divided into sections called stanzas.\\nStanzas are usually separated by a skipped line in a poem. Look at the poem and count how many stanzas there are. Consider how the stanzas relate to each other or transition into one another. Also think about how they're different from each other.\\nAsk yourself, “Why would the poet organize the stanzas this way?” “What does the structure of the poem have to do with the meaning of the poem?”\\nPoems can also be divided into numbered sections instead of stanzas.\\nTry writing down a quick summary or title for each stanza of the poem. This may help you see how they all fit together in the larger scheme of the poem.\\n5. Determine the rhyme scheme, if there is one.\\nNotice if the rhyme scheme follows a certain pattern.\\nUsually, poems will rhyme at the end of a line, but some poems will include rhymes within the lines, as well. Ask yourself whether the rhyme scheme makes you pay more attention to certain words—does that add to your interpretation of the poem?\\nLabel each set of rhyming syllables with a letter to track the rhyme scheme. For example, if the first and third lines end with \\\"cat\\\" and \\\"bat,\\\" you would label those lines with \\\"A.\\\" If the second and fourth lines end with \\\"there\\\" and \\\"scare,\\\" you would label them with \\\"B,\\\" so the rhyme scheme would be \\\"ABAB.\\\"\\nIf you notice there are different rhymes used later in the poem, use \\\"C\\\" and \\\"D\\\" and so on to note them.\\nCertain types of rhymes will follow a set rhyme scheme. For instance, a ballad usually has a rhyme scheme of \\\"ABCB.\\\"\\n6. Identify the form of the poem.\\nUse the rhyme scheme and meter of the poem to determine the form.\\nWhile some poems are written in free verse—meaning they don't have any form—many poems follow a set pattern. Some common poem types include sonnets, sestinas, limericks, and haikus. Sometimes, the form of the poem will give you clues as to what the author was trying to communicate.\\nFor example, a poem that has 3 lines and follows a 5-7-5 syllable pattern is probably a haiku. You might talk about how haikus are traditionally meant to evoke a vivid image or emotion.\\n7. Identify the speaker and the audience.\\nRemember, the speaker isn't always the poet.\\nRead through the poem to find clues about who's talking—see if you have an impression about how old they are, whether they're male or female, and what their personality is like. Then, think about who they're talking to. Sometimes, it might be you, the reader, but other times it will be to a specific person or group of people.\\nAlso, ask yourself whether the same person is speaking throughout the person, and whether they're speaking to the same person the whole time.\\nFor example, if you were analyzing the poem “Digging” by Seamus Heaney, you may notice the poem is in first person and the speaker is the only person talking in the poem. However, there are three characters in the poem: the speaker, his father, and his grandfather.\\n8. Rewrite the poem in your own words.\\nGo through the poem line by line.\\nThink about what each line is saying, then try to reword it in a way that makes sense to you. When you're finished, go back and read your paraphrased poem—does it change anything about what the poem means to you?\\nNotice which lines seem to really stand out and give the poem meaning. Especially pay attention to the last lines, as they're usually especially important.\\nSometimes you'll lose certain details in your paraphrasing, so don't rely on this copy for your full analysis. For instance, you might not get the same imagery, and the words might not evoke the same emotions. However, it can help you get a sense of the poem's basic meaning.\\n9. Think about the tone of the poem.\\nAsk yourself what emotions you feel when you read it.\\nThe poem's tone can best be described as its mood. Think about how the word choice, imagery, and even rhythm of the poem impact the tone. You'll naturally bring some of your own personal experience into this, so don't worry if you have a different interpretation than someone else, as long as you can support your position with the text.\\nIf the poem mentions banners waving, trumpets, and parades, the tone might be celebratory and triumphant, for instance.\\nIf it deals with snow, bare trees, and still air, the tone might be sad or lonely. However, you might also feel like it has a certain romantic aspect, as well.\\n10. Notice the setting of the poem.\\nPay attention to where and when the poem takes place.\\nThe setting of the poem can give you information about what's going on—maybe it takes place in a certain era or culture, and that might inform what the characters are experiencing. The poem might also take place in a certain season or even time of day. All of that can be important when you're trying to dig into the deeper meaning.\\nFor example, if you're reading a poem about a mother who dreams of traveling the world, it might have very different interpretations if it's happening in modern-day America than if would if it were set in an earlier time or in a culture where women are currently oppressed.\\nThink about the meaning of the seasons—a poem set in spring might be about new life and hope, while a poem set in fall might be about fading life.\\nThe time of day can hold symbolism, as well. For instance, nighttime is often associated with themes like loneliness or romance, whereas morning tends to be a time of promise.\\n11. Circle words that appear more than once in the poem.\\nPay close attention to repeated words.\\nThey're often important, speaking to the larger meaning of the poem. Consider what the repeated words have to do with the poem as a whole—what concept do they emphasize when they're mentioned more than once?\\nFor example, you may notice in the poem “Daddy” by Sylvia Plath, the words “daddy,” “Jew,” and “you” appear multiple times. They are used in different ways each time they are mentioned, giving the words many different meanings in the context of the poem.\\n12. Identify the imagery in the poem.\\nImagery is anything that evokes one of your five senses.\\nNotice whether any words or phrases paint a picture you can see, hear, smell, taste, or feel in your mind. These images help you form your interpretation of the poem, so take the time to really experience them as you read. Then, ask yourself why the poet chose those images, and what they're trying to get across with them.\\nFor example, if the author mentions \\\"snow in the moonlight,\\\" in your mind's eye, you might picture soft light glinting off the snow, feel the chilly night air, and even smell the clean, cold scent of snow.\\nYou may then discuss how these concrete images add to the themes or main ideas in the poem. They may also move you emotionally as a reader and give you a clear sense of the speaker's point of view.\\n13. Identify any metaphors and similes in the poem.\\nUse the comparisons to get insight into poem's theme.\\nThink about the imagery and characters in the poem and ask yourself what they might symbolize. Similes are easiest to identify because they compare one thing to another with the words \\\"like\\\" or \\\"as.\\\" Metaphors can be more subtle—an owl in a poem might be a symbol for wisdom, or a flying bird might suggest freedom.\\nCertain symbols are common in poetry, like a snake representing betrayal or dishonesty or a budding flower representing life and hope.\\n14. Determine the theme.\\nThe theme focuses on the purpose of the poem.\\nIt's more of the big-picture of what the poem is about. Themes tend to be something that almost everyone can relate to, even if the poem itself is about something very specific or regional. Common themes in poetry include life, death, love, heartbreak, family, hope, and loneliness.\\nWhen you're trying to figure out the theme, think about how everything in the poem—including the tone, setting, speaker, and imagery—all connect with each other.\\nFor example, in Heaney's poem “Digging,” the speaker looks at the different ways his family works. The speaker works with a pen and paper to dig for the truth and for survival, while his family dug the earth for potatoes to eat and live. The poem explores themes like “family,” “survival,” and “individual expression.”\\n15. Read more about the poet's life and work.\\nLook into the biography of the poet.\\nConsider their other published works, as well as their professional and personal life. Notice if there are common themes or a common style to the poet's work. Then, compare the poem you're analyzing to those other works, or think about how their life might have influenced the themes in the poem you're reading.\\nCheck online for a biography of the poet. Read more of the poet's other works online or at your local library to get a better sense of their style and interests.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Do you feel like reading and analyzing poetry is like trying to decipher an ancient, lost art? Well, never fear! Whether you're working on an assignment for school or just critiquing it for fun, the process of analyzing poetry is easier than you think. Think about how the poem makes you feel, and look for clues in things like the poem's setting, characters, and imagery. Even the author's own life can give you clues into the poem's meaning!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Read the poem more than once.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Start by reading the poem to yourself, then read it aloud.\", \"描述\": \"Take your time while you're reading—every word and line in a poem is important. Read the poem all the way from start to finish at least once. Then, go through it again, but this time, say the poem out loud. You might be surprised how much better you understand the poem after you hear the words!\\nYou might also search online for audio or video recordings of people reading the poem out loud—their tone and inflection might be a little different from yours. If you can find a clip of the poet reading their own poem, even better!\\nTry writing down your first impressions while you're reading, like how the poem makes you feel and what you think it's about, as well as any questions you have about it.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyze the title.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Look for clues to the poem's meaning in its name.\", \"描述\": \"While you probably read the title before you ever even read the poem, give it a little more attention after you've read through the text a few times. Sometimes the title can give you an important clue to the deeper meaning of the poem. It can even change your interpretation of the poem completely!\\nFor instance, it might seem like you're reading a poem about an egg, but if the title is \\\"Broken Heart,\\\" you might realize it's about how fragile the speaker feels after a painful loss.\\nIn some cases, the poem might simply be titled something like “Sonnet 47.” That might not seem like it gives you much information, but from that, you can determine that the poem is in the sonnet form and is part of a series of numbered sonnets written by the same poet.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Listen to the rhythm of the poem.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Ask yourself if the poem should be read fast or slow.\", \"描述\": \"Some poems seem like they should be read quickly, with the words almost tumbling over each other, while other poems seem like they should be read slowly and maybe even solemnly. The rhythm will be part of the overall meaning of the poem. Think about how the rhythm makes you feel as a listener.\\nFor example, you may notice that there are a lot of short, clipped lines in the poem, creating a jumpy rhythm. Or you may notice there are a lot of long lines that flow on into the other, creating a more fluid rhythm.\\nThe meter of the poem—or the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables—will also play into the rhythm.\\nLike most things with poetry, this can be different depending on who's reading the poem. Don't worry about what's right or wrong. Instead, just think about how the poem seems to you.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Notice how the poem is separated or broken up.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Poems are often divided into sections called stanzas.\", \"描述\": \"Stanzas are usually separated by a skipped line in a poem. Look at the poem and count how many stanzas there are. Consider how the stanzas relate to each other or transition into one another. Also think about how they're different from each other.\\nAsk yourself, “Why would the poet organize the stanzas this way?” “What does the structure of the poem have to do with the meaning of the poem?”\\nPoems can also be divided into numbered sections instead of stanzas.\\nTry writing down a quick summary or title for each stanza of the poem. This may help you see how they all fit together in the larger scheme of the poem.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Determine the rhyme scheme, if there is one.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Notice if the rhyme scheme follows a certain pattern.\", \"描述\": \"Usually, poems will rhyme at the end of a line, but some poems will include rhymes within the lines, as well. Ask yourself whether the rhyme scheme makes you pay more attention to certain words—does that add to your interpretation of the poem?\\nLabel each set of rhyming syllables with a letter to track the rhyme scheme. For example, if the first and third lines end with \\\"cat\\\" and \\\"bat,\\\" you would label those lines with \\\"A.\\\" If the second and fourth lines end with \\\"there\\\" and \\\"scare,\\\" you would label them with \\\"B,\\\" so the rhyme scheme would be \\\"ABAB.\\\"\\nIf you notice there are different rhymes used later in the poem, use \\\"C\\\" and \\\"D\\\" and so on to note them.\\nCertain types of rhymes will follow a set rhyme scheme. For instance, a ballad usually has a rhyme scheme of \\\"ABCB.\\\"\"}]}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Identify the form of the poem.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use the rhyme scheme and meter of the poem to determine the form.\", \"描述\": \"While some poems are written in free verse—meaning they don't have any form—many poems follow a set pattern. Some common poem types include sonnets, sestinas, limericks, and haikus. Sometimes, the form of the poem will give you clues as to what the author was trying to communicate.\\nFor example, a poem that has 3 lines and follows a 5-7-5 syllable pattern is probably a haiku. You might talk about how haikus are traditionally meant to evoke a vivid image or emotion.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Identify the speaker and the audience.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Remember, the speaker isn't always the poet.\", \"描述\": \"Read through the poem to find clues about who's talking—see if you have an impression about how old they are, whether they're male or female, and what their personality is like. Then, think about who they're talking to. Sometimes, it might be you, the reader, but other times it will be to a specific person or group of people.\\nAlso, ask yourself whether the same person is speaking throughout the person, and whether they're speaking to the same person the whole time.\\nFor example, if you were analyzing the poem “Digging” by Seamus Heaney, you may notice the poem is in first person and the speaker is the only person talking in the poem. However, there are three characters in the poem: the speaker, his father, and his grandfather.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Rewrite the poem in your own words.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Go through the poem line by line.\", \"描述\": \"Think about what each line is saying, then try to reword it in a way that makes sense to you. When you're finished, go back and read your paraphrased poem—does it change anything about what the poem means to you?\\nNotice which lines seem to really stand out and give the poem meaning. Especially pay attention to the last lines, as they're usually especially important.\\nSometimes you'll lose certain details in your paraphrasing, so don't rely on this copy for your full analysis. For instance, you might not get the same imagery, and the words might not evoke the same emotions. However, it can help you get a sense of the poem's basic meaning.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Think about the tone of the poem.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Ask yourself what emotions you feel when you read it.\", \"描述\": \"The poem's tone can best be described as its mood. Think about how the word choice, imagery, and even rhythm of the poem impact the tone. You'll naturally bring some of your own personal experience into this, so don't worry if you have a different interpretation than someone else, as long as you can support your position with the text.\\nIf the poem mentions banners waving, trumpets, and parades, the tone might be celebratory and triumphant, for instance.\\nIf it deals with snow, bare trees, and still air, the tone might be sad or lonely. However, you might also feel like it has a certain romantic aspect, as well.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Notice the setting of the poem.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Pay attention to where and when the poem takes place.\", \"描述\": \"The setting of the poem can give you information about what's going on—maybe it takes place in a certain era or culture, and that might inform what the characters are experiencing. The poem might also take place in a certain season or even time of day. All of that can be important when you're trying to dig into the deeper meaning.\\nFor example, if you're reading a poem about a mother who dreams of traveling the world, it might have very different interpretations if it's happening in modern-day America than if would if it were set in an earlier time or in a culture where women are currently oppressed.\\nThink about the meaning of the seasons—a poem set in spring might be about new life and hope, while a poem set in fall might be about fading life.\\nThe time of day can hold symbolism, as well. For instance, nighttime is often associated with themes like loneliness or romance, whereas morning tends to be a time of promise.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Circle words that appear more than once in the poem.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Pay close attention to repeated words.\", \"描述\": \"They're often important, speaking to the larger meaning of the poem. Consider what the repeated words have to do with the poem as a whole—what concept do they emphasize when they're mentioned more than once?\\nFor example, you may notice in the poem “Daddy” by Sylvia Plath, the words “daddy,” “Jew,” and “you” appear multiple times. They are used in different ways each time they are mentioned, giving the words many different meanings in the context of the poem.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 12, \"标题\": \"Identify the imagery in the poem.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Imagery is anything that evokes one of your five senses.\", \"描述\": \"Notice whether any words or phrases paint a picture you can see, hear, smell, taste, or feel in your mind. These images help you form your interpretation of the poem, so take the time to really experience them as you read. Then, ask yourself why the poet chose those images, and what they're trying to get across with them.\\nFor example, if the author mentions \\\"snow in the moonlight,\\\" in your mind's eye, you might picture soft light glinting off the snow, feel the chilly night air, and even smell the clean, cold scent of snow.\\nYou may then discuss how these concrete images add to the themes or main ideas in the poem. They may also move you emotionally as a reader and give you a clear sense of the speaker's point of view.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 13, \"标题\": \"Identify any metaphors and similes in the poem.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use the comparisons to get insight into poem's theme.\", \"描述\": \"Think about the imagery and characters in the poem and ask yourself what they might symbolize. Similes are easiest to identify because they compare one thing to another with the words \\\"like\\\" or \\\"as.\\\" Metaphors can be more subtle—an owl in a poem might be a symbol for wisdom, or a flying bird might suggest freedom.\\nCertain symbols are common in poetry, like a snake representing betrayal or dishonesty or a budding flower representing life and hope.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 14, \"标题\": \"Determine the theme.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The theme focuses on the purpose of the poem.\", \"描述\": \"It's more of the big-picture of what the poem is about. Themes tend to be something that almost everyone can relate to, even if the poem itself is about something very specific or regional. Common themes in poetry include life, death, love, heartbreak, family, hope, and loneliness.\\nWhen you're trying to figure out the theme, think about how everything in the poem—including the tone, setting, speaker, and imagery—all connect with each other.\\nFor example, in Heaney's poem “Digging,” the speaker looks at the different ways his family works. The speaker works with a pen and paper to dig for the truth and for survival, while his family dug the earth for potatoes to eat and live. The poem explores themes like “family,” “survival,” and “individual expression.”\"}]}, {\"编号\": 15, \"标题\": \"Read more about the poet's life and work.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Look into the biography of the poet.\", \"描述\": \"Consider their other published works, as well as their professional and personal life. Notice if there are common themes or a common style to the poet's work. Then, compare the poem you're analyzing to those other works, or think about how their life might have influenced the themes in the poem you're reading.\\nCheck online for a biography of the poet. Read more of the poet's other works online or at your local library to get a better sense of their style and interests.\"}]}]}}",
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1,667 | How to Analyze Political Cartoons | 1. Examining the Image and Text
1-1. Scan the cartoon for recognizable symbols or figures.
When you first look at a political cartoon, quickly identify the main visual elements. Can you recognize any people, like politicians or celebrities? What kinds of expressions are they making? How about any major symbols or places, like the capital or a country? These visuals are major hints to help you identify what the cartoon is about.
1-2. Identify areas of exaggeration or caricature.
Cartoonists will often exaggerate or distort certain people, places, or other elements of the drawing, either to make something easily recognizable or to make a point. First, identify what aspects have been exaggerated or distorted. Then, ask yourself why the artist might have made that decision.
Many political cartoonists will include caricatures of well-known politicians, which means they’ll exaggerate their features or bodies for humor, easy identification, or to emphasize a point. For example, an artist might make an overweight politician even larger to emphasize their greed or power.
1-3. Recognize when the artist is using irony, and how.
Artists often create irony by emphasizing the difference between the way things are and the way they should be. This is usually very exaggerated and easy to pick up on, since the cartoonist doesn’t want you to get the wrong idea. Their use of irony can be a big clue towards uncovering their perspective on the issue.
For example, if the cartoonist shows wealthy people receiving money while poorer people beg them for change, they’re using irony to show the viewer how wrong they believe the situation to be.
1-4. Pay attention to how stereotypes are used.
A cartoonist might use recognizable stereotypes in the cartoon, either to help the reader identify them or to call them out as offensive and outdated. Try to look at these stereotypes from an academic standpoint, even if they feel hurtful or offensive. How is the artist using or playing off of the stereotype? Why did they choose to use it in this way?
For example, the stereotype of a fat man in a suit often stands for business interests.
If you’re analyzing a historical political cartoon, take its time period into account. Was this kind of stereotype the norm for this time? How is the artist challenging or supporting it?
1-5. Read all dialogue and captions and see how they work with the imagery.
There won’t be much text in a political cartoon, but what is there can really help you decipher the issue and message. Read the text carefully and ask yourself how it clarifies or complicates the images you see.
1-6. Look for allusions to contemporary events or trends.
Many political cartoons are linked to current events or trends, which are often easily recognizable. Think about current major news stories and look for clues to them in the cartoon, either visual or textual.
For example, a cartoon about voting might include a voting ballot with political candidates and celebrities, indicating that more people may be interested in voting for celebrities than government officials.
The effectiveness of allusions often diminishes over time, as people forget about the trends or events.
2. Analyzing the Issue and Message
2-1. Use the figures, symbols, and text to identify the issue at play.
To go deeper into the cartoon, it’s essential that you pinpoint the issue that the cartoonist is portraying. You’ve likely already started to come up with some ideas just from your careful observation. Now, challenge yourself to determine what the exact topic is.
If you need help, google the terms, people, or places that you recognize and see what they’ve been in the news for recently. Do some background research and see if the themes and events seem to connect to what you saw in the cartoon.
2-2. Decide what perspective the artist has on the issue.
Cartoons are often made about controversial topics, so there are likely several different viewpoints the cartoonist could have taken. Determining what their view is will help you glean the overall message. Ask yourself how the different characters, objects, or places are portrayed, and if you can identify a clear hero, villain, or victim.
The view might be complex, but do your best to parse it out. For example, an anti-war cartoon might portray the soldiers as heroes, but the government ordering them into battle as selfish or wrong.
2-3. Think about what audience the cartoon is made for.
A cartoonist creates their cartoon with a certain audience in mind, thinking about their experiences and assumptions. Look at the cartoon’s publication and ask yourself what segment of the population it’s most geared towards. What are their political leanings, especially on this issue? How might you expect them to react to the cartoon?
For example, a political cartoon in a more conservative publication will convey a different message, and use different means of conveying it, than one in a liberal publication.
2-4. Identify what argumentative or persuasive tools the artist is using.
To really analyze the cartoon, you want to think about not only what the artist says, but also what tools they’re using it say it. A good starting point is to consider the rhetorical devices of ethos, pathos, and logos, which are elements of speech and language used to create forceful, effective arguments. Think about how the artist uses these in the cartoon, and why they choose to employ them.
2-5. State the overall message of the cartoon in a few sentences.
Using what you’ve learned, observed, and analyzed from the different elements of the cartoon, challenge yourself to identify the overall message. Boil it down to one sentence, if you can. What does the cartoonist want you to get out of this cartoon? How would you describe the message to someone else?
2-6. Evaluate the effectiveness of the cartoon.
Once you’ve put together all the elements of the cartoon, take a moment and think about how effective it is. Consider this from your point of view as well as that of the intended audience. Ask yourself:
Does it make a sound argument?
Does it use appropriate and meaningful symbols and words to convey a viewpoint?
Do the people and objects in the cartoon adequately represent the issue?
Tips
Keep yourself informed on current events in order to more clearly understand contemporary political cartoons.
If you are having trouble discerning the meaning of a political cartoon, try talking with friends, classmates, or colleagues.
Use HIPPS to analyze the political cartoon.
Historical context: When?
Intended audience: For who?
Point of view: Author's POV.
Purpose: Why?
Significance: For what reason?
Warnings
Political cartoons are oftentimes meant to be funny and occasionally disregard political correctness. If you are offended by a cartoon, think about the reasons why a cartoonist would use certain politically incorrect symbols to describe an issue.
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"create_time": "20230517 10:45:51",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Examining the Image and Text\\n1-1. Scan the cartoon for recognizable symbols or figures.\\nWhen you first look at a political cartoon, quickly identify the main visual elements. Can you recognize any people, like politicians or celebrities? What kinds of expressions are they making? How about any major symbols or places, like the capital or a country? These visuals are major hints to help you identify what the cartoon is about.\\n1-2. Identify areas of exaggeration or caricature.\\nCartoonists will often exaggerate or distort certain people, places, or other elements of the drawing, either to make something easily recognizable or to make a point. First, identify what aspects have been exaggerated or distorted. Then, ask yourself why the artist might have made that decision.\\nMany political cartoonists will include caricatures of well-known politicians, which means they’ll exaggerate their features or bodies for humor, easy identification, or to emphasize a point. For example, an artist might make an overweight politician even larger to emphasize their greed or power.\\n1-3. Recognize when the artist is using irony, and how.\\nArtists often create irony by emphasizing the difference between the way things are and the way they should be. This is usually very exaggerated and easy to pick up on, since the cartoonist doesn’t want you to get the wrong idea. Their use of irony can be a big clue towards uncovering their perspective on the issue.\\nFor example, if the cartoonist shows wealthy people receiving money while poorer people beg them for change, they’re using irony to show the viewer how wrong they believe the situation to be.\\n1-4. Pay attention to how stereotypes are used.\\nA cartoonist might use recognizable stereotypes in the cartoon, either to help the reader identify them or to call them out as offensive and outdated. Try to look at these stereotypes from an academic standpoint, even if they feel hurtful or offensive. How is the artist using or playing off of the stereotype? Why did they choose to use it in this way?\\nFor example, the stereotype of a fat man in a suit often stands for business interests.\\nIf you’re analyzing a historical political cartoon, take its time period into account. Was this kind of stereotype the norm for this time? How is the artist challenging or supporting it?\\n1-5. Read all dialogue and captions and see how they work with the imagery.\\nThere won’t be much text in a political cartoon, but what is there can really help you decipher the issue and message. Read the text carefully and ask yourself how it clarifies or complicates the images you see.\\n1-6. Look for allusions to contemporary events or trends.\\nMany political cartoons are linked to current events or trends, which are often easily recognizable. Think about current major news stories and look for clues to them in the cartoon, either visual or textual.\\nFor example, a cartoon about voting might include a voting ballot with political candidates and celebrities, indicating that more people may be interested in voting for celebrities than government officials.\\nThe effectiveness of allusions often diminishes over time, as people forget about the trends or events.\\n2. Analyzing the Issue and Message\\n2-1. Use the figures, symbols, and text to identify the issue at play.\\nTo go deeper into the cartoon, it’s essential that you pinpoint the issue that the cartoonist is portraying. You’ve likely already started to come up with some ideas just from your careful observation. Now, challenge yourself to determine what the exact topic is.\\nIf you need help, google the terms, people, or places that you recognize and see what they’ve been in the news for recently. Do some background research and see if the themes and events seem to connect to what you saw in the cartoon.\\n2-2. Decide what perspective the artist has on the issue.\\nCartoons are often made about controversial topics, so there are likely several different viewpoints the cartoonist could have taken. Determining what their view is will help you glean the overall message. Ask yourself how the different characters, objects, or places are portrayed, and if you can identify a clear hero, villain, or victim.\\nThe view might be complex, but do your best to parse it out. For example, an anti-war cartoon might portray the soldiers as heroes, but the government ordering them into battle as selfish or wrong.\\n2-3. Think about what audience the cartoon is made for.\\nA cartoonist creates their cartoon with a certain audience in mind, thinking about their experiences and assumptions. Look at the cartoon’s publication and ask yourself what segment of the population it’s most geared towards. What are their political leanings, especially on this issue? How might you expect them to react to the cartoon?\\nFor example, a political cartoon in a more conservative publication will convey a different message, and use different means of conveying it, than one in a liberal publication.\\n2-4. Identify what argumentative or persuasive tools the artist is using.\\nTo really analyze the cartoon, you want to think about not only what the artist says, but also what tools they’re using it say it. A good starting point is to consider the rhetorical devices of ethos, pathos, and logos, which are elements of speech and language used to create forceful, effective arguments. Think about how the artist uses these in the cartoon, and why they choose to employ them.\\n2-5. State the overall message of the cartoon in a few sentences.\\nUsing what you’ve learned, observed, and analyzed from the different elements of the cartoon, challenge yourself to identify the overall message. Boil it down to one sentence, if you can. What does the cartoonist want you to get out of this cartoon? How would you describe the message to someone else?\\n2-6. Evaluate the effectiveness of the cartoon.\\nOnce you’ve put together all the elements of the cartoon, take a moment and think about how effective it is. Consider this from your point of view as well as that of the intended audience. Ask yourself:\\nDoes it make a sound argument?\\nDoes it use appropriate and meaningful symbols and words to convey a viewpoint?\\nDo the people and objects in the cartoon adequately represent the issue?\\nTips\\nKeep yourself informed on current events in order to more clearly understand contemporary political cartoons.\\nIf you are having trouble discerning the meaning of a political cartoon, try talking with friends, classmates, or colleagues.\\nUse HIPPS to analyze the political cartoon.\\n\\nHistorical context: When?\\nIntended audience: For who?\\nPoint of view: Author's POV.\\nPurpose: Why?\\nSignificance: For what reason?\\nWarnings\\nPolitical cartoons are oftentimes meant to be funny and occasionally disregard political correctness. If you are offended by a cartoon, think about the reasons why a cartoonist would use certain politically incorrect symbols to describe an issue.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Political cartoons use imagery and text to comment on a contemporary social issue. They may contain a caricature of a well-known person or an allusion to a contemporary event or trend. By examining the image and text elements of the cartoon, you can start to understand its deeper message and evaluate its effectiveness.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Examining the Image and Text\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Scan the cartoon for recognizable symbols or figures.\", \"描述\": \"When you first look at a political cartoon, quickly identify the main visual elements. Can you recognize any people, like politicians or celebrities? What kinds of expressions are they making? How about any major symbols or places, like the capital or a country? These visuals are major hints to help you identify what the cartoon is about.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identify areas of exaggeration or caricature.\", \"描述\": \"Cartoonists will often exaggerate or distort certain people, places, or other elements of the drawing, either to make something easily recognizable or to make a point. First, identify what aspects have been exaggerated or distorted. Then, ask yourself why the artist might have made that decision.\\nMany political cartoonists will include caricatures of well-known politicians, which means they’ll exaggerate their features or bodies for humor, easy identification, or to emphasize a point. For example, an artist might make an overweight politician even larger to emphasize their greed or power.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Recognize when the artist is using irony, and how.\", \"描述\": \"Artists often create irony by emphasizing the difference between the way things are and the way they should be. This is usually very exaggerated and easy to pick up on, since the cartoonist doesn’t want you to get the wrong idea. Their use of irony can be a big clue towards uncovering their perspective on the issue.\\nFor example, if the cartoonist shows wealthy people receiving money while poorer people beg them for change, they’re using irony to show the viewer how wrong they believe the situation to be.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Pay attention to how stereotypes are used.\", \"描述\": \"A cartoonist might use recognizable stereotypes in the cartoon, either to help the reader identify them or to call them out as offensive and outdated. Try to look at these stereotypes from an academic standpoint, even if they feel hurtful or offensive. How is the artist using or playing off of the stereotype? Why did they choose to use it in this way?\\nFor example, the stereotype of a fat man in a suit often stands for business interests.\\nIf you’re analyzing a historical political cartoon, take its time period into account. Was this kind of stereotype the norm for this time? How is the artist challenging or supporting it?\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Read all dialogue and captions and see how they work with the imagery.\", \"描述\": \"There won’t be much text in a political cartoon, but what is there can really help you decipher the issue and message. Read the text carefully and ask yourself how it clarifies or complicates the images you see.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Look for allusions to contemporary events or trends.\", \"描述\": \"Many political cartoons are linked to current events or trends, which are often easily recognizable. Think about current major news stories and look for clues to them in the cartoon, either visual or textual.\\nFor example, a cartoon about voting might include a voting ballot with political candidates and celebrities, indicating that more people may be interested in voting for celebrities than government officials.\\nThe effectiveness of allusions often diminishes over time, as people forget about the trends or events.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyzing the Issue and Message\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use the figures, symbols, and text to identify the issue at play.\", \"描述\": \"To go deeper into the cartoon, it’s essential that you pinpoint the issue that the cartoonist is portraying. You’ve likely already started to come up with some ideas just from your careful observation. Now, challenge yourself to determine what the exact topic is.\\nIf you need help, google the terms, people, or places that you recognize and see what they’ve been in the news for recently. Do some background research and see if the themes and events seem to connect to what you saw in the cartoon.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Decide what perspective the artist has on the issue.\", \"描述\": \"Cartoons are often made about controversial topics, so there are likely several different viewpoints the cartoonist could have taken. Determining what their view is will help you glean the overall message. Ask yourself how the different characters, objects, or places are portrayed, and if you can identify a clear hero, villain, or victim.\\nThe view might be complex, but do your best to parse it out. For example, an anti-war cartoon might portray the soldiers as heroes, but the government ordering them into battle as selfish or wrong.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Think about what audience the cartoon is made for.\", \"描述\": \"A cartoonist creates their cartoon with a certain audience in mind, thinking about their experiences and assumptions. Look at the cartoon’s publication and ask yourself what segment of the population it’s most geared towards. What are their political leanings, especially on this issue? How might you expect them to react to the cartoon?\\nFor example, a political cartoon in a more conservative publication will convey a different message, and use different means of conveying it, than one in a liberal publication.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Identify what argumentative or persuasive tools the artist is using.\", \"描述\": \"To really analyze the cartoon, you want to think about not only what the artist says, but also what tools they’re using it say it. A good starting point is to consider the rhetorical devices of ethos, pathos, and logos, which are elements of speech and language used to create forceful, effective arguments. Think about how the artist uses these in the cartoon, and why they choose to employ them.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"State the overall message of the cartoon in a few sentences.\", \"描述\": \"Using what you’ve learned, observed, and analyzed from the different elements of the cartoon, challenge yourself to identify the overall message. Boil it down to one sentence, if you can. What does the cartoonist want you to get out of this cartoon? How would you describe the message to someone else?\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Evaluate the effectiveness of the cartoon.\", \"描述\": \"Once you’ve put together all the elements of the cartoon, take a moment and think about how effective it is. Consider this from your point of view as well as that of the intended audience. Ask yourself:\\nDoes it make a sound argument?\\nDoes it use appropriate and meaningful symbols and words to convey a viewpoint?\\nDo the people and objects in the cartoon adequately represent the issue?\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Keep yourself informed on current events in order to more clearly understand contemporary political cartoons.\\n\", \"If you are having trouble discerning the meaning of a political cartoon, try talking with friends, classmates, or colleagues.\\n\", \"Use HIPPS to analyze the political cartoon.\\n\\nHistorical context: When?\\nIntended audience: For who?\\nPoint of view: Author's POV.\\nPurpose: Why?\\nSignificance: For what reason?\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Political cartoons are oftentimes meant to be funny and occasionally disregard political correctness. If you are offended by a cartoon, think about the reasons why a cartoonist would use certain politically incorrect symbols to describe an issue.\\n\"]}]}}",
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} | wikihow |
1,668 | How to Analyze Poop | 1. Looking at Shape and Size
1-1. Estimate the length of your stool.
The optimal length of a bowel movement should be about 12 inches in length. Stool that is significantly shorter, such as round pellets, indicates constipation. Increase your dietary fiber intake and stay hydrated.
1-2. Consider the width of your stool.
If your stool starts to become consistently narrow, talk to your doctor. Thinning bowel movements indicate an obstruction in your large intestine. Your bowel may be blocked by a foreign object or a tumor.
1-3. Note the consistency of your stool.
Your bowel movement should be smooth, solid, and a little fluffy.
Irregular bowel movements may be caused by a wide range of health problems including infectious disease, inflammation, nutrient malabsorption, or even psychological stress.
Bowel movements that are lumpy, hard, and difficult to pass indicate constipation.
2. Checking Color
2-1. Figure out your stool's baseline color.
The ideal color is medium brown, but some variation can be found among healthy people.
Green or yellow stool is usually caused by your bowels moving too fast, as with mild diarrhea. Bile, the main pigment in poop, starts out green and turns brown over time.
Pale gray or yellow feces may indicate liver disease.
2-2. Look for signs of blood.
Take note of any stool that is red or pitch black in color.
Bright red indicates bleeding late in the digestive tract, likely the large intestine or anus. This type of bleeding typically indicates non-serious health issues, such as minor inflammation or hemorrhoids. It can also rarely be a sign of cancer. Talk to your doctor if it happens multiple times or if your bowel movements become painful.
Bleeding higher up in the digestive system, such as from the stomach or small intestine, produces feces that are extremely dark red or black in color. It will also have a sticky, tar-like consistency. If you pass this type of stool, talk to your doctor. It could be a sign of a variety of serious problems ranging from peptic ulcers to bowel cancer.
Eating beets can also stain your poop red. However, beet red is fairly easy to distinguish from blood red. If the red has a magenta or fuchsia tinge, it is almost certainly from beets or food coloring, not blood.
2-3. Try not to be alarmed by other odd colors unless they persist.
Almost all transient causes of changes to stool color can be traced back to food coloring. Even if you don't remember eating a food with a particular color, dyes may be hidden or masked by other colors more easily broken down. Food coloring may also interact with other pigments in the digestive tract to produce unexpected results.
3. Considering Other Attributes
3-1. Track your bowel movement frequency.
A healthy digestive system will result in "regular" bowel movements. However, "regular" is a relative term. Figure out your normal bowel movement frequency so you can be aware of changes that may be early warning signs of health problems.
Generally, a healthy frequency for bowel movements ranges from once every three days up to three times daily. Diarrhea is defined as more than three trips to the toilet in one day. Constipation, conversely, occurs when bowel movements are spaced more than three days apart.
3-2. Determine stool buoyancy.
Healthy feces should slowly drift to the bottom of the toilet. If your bowel movement readily floats, your diet is likely to just be very high in fiber.
Pancreatitis causes impaired lipid absorption, leading to fatty floating stools. These bowel movements are extremely oily, releasing immiscible droplets into the toilet bowl.
3-3. Take note of particularly foul-smelling bowel movements.
No poop is going to smell pleasant. In fact, a pungent smell can be indicative of healthy gut flora. However, certain health problems can cause feces that smell significantly stronger than usual. These include bloody stool, infectious diarrhea, and nutrient malabsorption syndromes.
4. Understanding Newborns
4-1. Avoid being alarmed by meconium.
A baby's first bowel movement, called meconium, is usually passed within 24 hours after birth. Meconium is very dark green to black, thick, and sticky. It is made up of shed cells and debris that accumulated in the womb. Your baby should transition to more normal poops within two to four days.
4-2. Check the consistency.
While a new baby's digestive system is maturing, they will produce stool that is very different from what is considered healthy in older children and adults. Because of their liquid diet, healthy infant bowel movements are not solid and should be the consistency of peanut butter or pudding. It is normal for formula-fed babies to produce thicker, bulkier poop than breastfed infants.
Diarrhea in infants is extremely watery and may leak past the diaper and onto your baby's back. Call your doctor if your baby has diarrhea and is under 3 months old, has had diarrhea for more than a day, or is exhibiting other symptoms like fever.
Solid bowel movements are a sign of constipation. A sporadic pebbly diaper is no cause for alarm, but consult a doctor if it happens frequently. Severe constipation may be paired with diarrhea if the watery stool leaks past the hard blockage.
4-3. Notice the color.
Baby stools are generally lighter and can range from yellow to green to light brown. Do not be alarmed by color changes. As your baby's digestive system matures, changes to enzyme production and transit time will produce variety.
Dark brown is a sign of constipation.
Black stools after meconium is cleared can mean bleeding. Small flecks of black similar to poppy seeds are most likely caused by swallowed blood from an irritated nipple. Do not be alarmed if your baby is taking an iron supplement, as this also produces black stools.
Very pale yellow or chalky gray can be a sign of liver problems or infection.
4-4. Be aware of frequency.
A healthy newborn baby will have anywhere from 1 to 8 bowel movements each day, with an average of 4. Like adults, each baby will have their own "normal" rhythm. However, talk to your doctor if your formula-fed baby has less than one bowel movement per day, or your breastfed baby has less than one every 10 days.
4-5. Notice the smell.
Your baby's stools should smell less pungent, almost sweet. It is normal for formula-fed babies to have bowel movements that smell stronger than those of breastfed infants. Bowel movements should begin to smell more like an adult's once your baby transitions to solid food.
Tips
Many doctors agree that there is no "normal" indicating perfectly healthy stool. It's more important to look for changes in bowel movement appearance and frequency.[21]
X
Trustworthy Source
Cleveland Clinic
Educational website from one of the world's leading hospitals
Go to source
If you are constipated, eat more fiber and try to stay hydrated. Dietary fiber bulks up stool, causing more frequent bowel movements. Proper hydration lubricates the digestive tract and improves its motility, making stool easier to pass.
With the exception of blood in your stool, none of the changes here are indicative of health problems unless they are consistent. A single oddly-colored or particularly foul-smelling bowel movement is nothing to worry about. Just be sure to consult a doctor if it begins to happen frequently.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:52",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Looking at Shape and Size\\n1-1. Estimate the length of your stool.\\nThe optimal length of a bowel movement should be about 12 inches in length. Stool that is significantly shorter, such as round pellets, indicates constipation. Increase your dietary fiber intake and stay hydrated.\\n1-2. Consider the width of your stool.\\nIf your stool starts to become consistently narrow, talk to your doctor. Thinning bowel movements indicate an obstruction in your large intestine. Your bowel may be blocked by a foreign object or a tumor.\\n1-3. Note the consistency of your stool.\\nYour bowel movement should be smooth, solid, and a little fluffy.\\nIrregular bowel movements may be caused by a wide range of health problems including infectious disease, inflammation, nutrient malabsorption, or even psychological stress.\\nBowel movements that are lumpy, hard, and difficult to pass indicate constipation.\\n2. Checking Color\\n2-1. Figure out your stool's baseline color.\\nThe ideal color is medium brown, but some variation can be found among healthy people.\\nGreen or yellow stool is usually caused by your bowels moving too fast, as with mild diarrhea. Bile, the main pigment in poop, starts out green and turns brown over time.\\nPale gray or yellow feces may indicate liver disease.\\n2-2. Look for signs of blood.\\nTake note of any stool that is red or pitch black in color.\\nBright red indicates bleeding late in the digestive tract, likely the large intestine or anus. This type of bleeding typically indicates non-serious health issues, such as minor inflammation or hemorrhoids. It can also rarely be a sign of cancer. Talk to your doctor if it happens multiple times or if your bowel movements become painful.\\nBleeding higher up in the digestive system, such as from the stomach or small intestine, produces feces that are extremely dark red or black in color. It will also have a sticky, tar-like consistency. If you pass this type of stool, talk to your doctor. It could be a sign of a variety of serious problems ranging from peptic ulcers to bowel cancer.\\nEating beets can also stain your poop red. However, beet red is fairly easy to distinguish from blood red. If the red has a magenta or fuchsia tinge, it is almost certainly from beets or food coloring, not blood.\\n2-3. Try not to be alarmed by other odd colors unless they persist.\\nAlmost all transient causes of changes to stool color can be traced back to food coloring. Even if you don't remember eating a food with a particular color, dyes may be hidden or masked by other colors more easily broken down. Food coloring may also interact with other pigments in the digestive tract to produce unexpected results.\\n3. Considering Other Attributes\\n3-1. Track your bowel movement frequency.\\nA healthy digestive system will result in \\\"regular\\\" bowel movements. However, \\\"regular\\\" is a relative term. Figure out your normal bowel movement frequency so you can be aware of changes that may be early warning signs of health problems.\\nGenerally, a healthy frequency for bowel movements ranges from once every three days up to three times daily. Diarrhea is defined as more than three trips to the toilet in one day. Constipation, conversely, occurs when bowel movements are spaced more than three days apart.\\n3-2. Determine stool buoyancy.\\nHealthy feces should slowly drift to the bottom of the toilet. If your bowel movement readily floats, your diet is likely to just be very high in fiber.\\nPancreatitis causes impaired lipid absorption, leading to fatty floating stools. These bowel movements are extremely oily, releasing immiscible droplets into the toilet bowl.\\n3-3. Take note of particularly foul-smelling bowel movements.\\nNo poop is going to smell pleasant. In fact, a pungent smell can be indicative of healthy gut flora. However, certain health problems can cause feces that smell significantly stronger than usual. These include bloody stool, infectious diarrhea, and nutrient malabsorption syndromes.\\n4. Understanding Newborns\\n4-1. Avoid being alarmed by meconium.\\nA baby's first bowel movement, called meconium, is usually passed within 24 hours after birth. Meconium is very dark green to black, thick, and sticky. It is made up of shed cells and debris that accumulated in the womb. Your baby should transition to more normal poops within two to four days.\\n4-2. Check the consistency.\\nWhile a new baby's digestive system is maturing, they will produce stool that is very different from what is considered healthy in older children and adults. Because of their liquid diet, healthy infant bowel movements are not solid and should be the consistency of peanut butter or pudding. It is normal for formula-fed babies to produce thicker, bulkier poop than breastfed infants.\\nDiarrhea in infants is extremely watery and may leak past the diaper and onto your baby's back. Call your doctor if your baby has diarrhea and is under 3 months old, has had diarrhea for more than a day, or is exhibiting other symptoms like fever.\\nSolid bowel movements are a sign of constipation. A sporadic pebbly diaper is no cause for alarm, but consult a doctor if it happens frequently. Severe constipation may be paired with diarrhea if the watery stool leaks past the hard blockage.\\n4-3. Notice the color.\\nBaby stools are generally lighter and can range from yellow to green to light brown. Do not be alarmed by color changes. As your baby's digestive system matures, changes to enzyme production and transit time will produce variety.\\nDark brown is a sign of constipation.\\nBlack stools after meconium is cleared can mean bleeding. Small flecks of black similar to poppy seeds are most likely caused by swallowed blood from an irritated nipple. Do not be alarmed if your baby is taking an iron supplement, as this also produces black stools.\\nVery pale yellow or chalky gray can be a sign of liver problems or infection.\\n4-4. Be aware of frequency.\\nA healthy newborn baby will have anywhere from 1 to 8 bowel movements each day, with an average of 4. Like adults, each baby will have their own \\\"normal\\\" rhythm. However, talk to your doctor if your formula-fed baby has less than one bowel movement per day, or your breastfed baby has less than one every 10 days.\\n4-5. Notice the smell.\\nYour baby's stools should smell less pungent, almost sweet. It is normal for formula-fed babies to have bowel movements that smell stronger than those of breastfed infants. Bowel movements should begin to smell more like an adult's once your baby transitions to solid food.\\nTips\\nMany doctors agree that there is no \\\"normal\\\" indicating perfectly healthy stool. It's more important to look for changes in bowel movement appearance and frequency.[21]\\nX\\nTrustworthy Source\\nCleveland Clinic\\nEducational website from one of the world's leading hospitals\\nGo to source\\nIf you are constipated, eat more fiber and try to stay hydrated. Dietary fiber bulks up stool, causing more frequent bowel movements. Proper hydration lubricates the digestive tract and improves its motility, making stool easier to pass.\\nWith the exception of blood in your stool, none of the changes here are indicative of health problems unless they are consistent. A single oddly-colored or particularly foul-smelling bowel movement is nothing to worry about. Just be sure to consult a doctor if it begins to happen frequently.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Stool analysis is an extremely common diagnostic tool used by health professionals. The information gained from these tests helps to diagnose a variety of digestive diseases, ranging from parasitic infections to colorectal cancer. Changes in bowel movements can also serve as early warning signs you can check for at home to let you know when to see a doctor. In order to identify abnormal feces, you will first need to learn what healthy stool looks like.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Looking at Shape and Size\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Estimate the length of your stool.\", \"描述\": \"The optimal length of a bowel movement should be about 12 inches in length. Stool that is significantly shorter, such as round pellets, indicates constipation. Increase your dietary fiber intake and stay hydrated.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Consider the width of your stool.\", \"描述\": \"If your stool starts to become consistently narrow, talk to your doctor. Thinning bowel movements indicate an obstruction in your large intestine. Your bowel may be blocked by a foreign object or a tumor.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Note the consistency of your stool.\", \"描述\": \"Your bowel movement should be smooth, solid, and a little fluffy.\\nIrregular bowel movements may be caused by a wide range of health problems including infectious disease, inflammation, nutrient malabsorption, or even psychological stress.\\nBowel movements that are lumpy, hard, and difficult to pass indicate constipation.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Checking Color\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Figure out your stool's baseline color.\", \"描述\": \"The ideal color is medium brown, but some variation can be found among healthy people.\\nGreen or yellow stool is usually caused by your bowels moving too fast, as with mild diarrhea. Bile, the main pigment in poop, starts out green and turns brown over time.\\nPale gray or yellow feces may indicate liver disease.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Look for signs of blood.\", \"描述\": \"Take note of any stool that is red or pitch black in color.\\nBright red indicates bleeding late in the digestive tract, likely the large intestine or anus. This type of bleeding typically indicates non-serious health issues, such as minor inflammation or hemorrhoids. It can also rarely be a sign of cancer. Talk to your doctor if it happens multiple times or if your bowel movements become painful.\\nBleeding higher up in the digestive system, such as from the stomach or small intestine, produces feces that are extremely dark red or black in color. It will also have a sticky, tar-like consistency. If you pass this type of stool, talk to your doctor. It could be a sign of a variety of serious problems ranging from peptic ulcers to bowel cancer.\\nEating beets can also stain your poop red. However, beet red is fairly easy to distinguish from blood red. If the red has a magenta or fuchsia tinge, it is almost certainly from beets or food coloring, not blood.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Try not to be alarmed by other odd colors unless they persist.\", \"描述\": \"Almost all transient causes of changes to stool color can be traced back to food coloring. Even if you don't remember eating a food with a particular color, dyes may be hidden or masked by other colors more easily broken down. Food coloring may also interact with other pigments in the digestive tract to produce unexpected results.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Considering Other Attributes\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Track your bowel movement frequency.\", \"描述\": \"A healthy digestive system will result in \\\"regular\\\" bowel movements. However, \\\"regular\\\" is a relative term. Figure out your normal bowel movement frequency so you can be aware of changes that may be early warning signs of health problems.\\nGenerally, a healthy frequency for bowel movements ranges from once every three days up to three times daily. Diarrhea is defined as more than three trips to the toilet in one day. Constipation, conversely, occurs when bowel movements are spaced more than three days apart.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Determine stool buoyancy.\", \"描述\": \"Healthy feces should slowly drift to the bottom of the toilet. If your bowel movement readily floats, your diet is likely to just be very high in fiber.\\nPancreatitis causes impaired lipid absorption, leading to fatty floating stools. These bowel movements are extremely oily, releasing immiscible droplets into the toilet bowl.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Take note of particularly foul-smelling bowel movements.\", \"描述\": \"No poop is going to smell pleasant. In fact, a pungent smell can be indicative of healthy gut flora. However, certain health problems can cause feces that smell significantly stronger than usual. These include bloody stool, infectious diarrhea, and nutrient malabsorption syndromes.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Understanding Newborns\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Avoid being alarmed by meconium.\", \"描述\": \"A baby's first bowel movement, called meconium, is usually passed within 24 hours after birth. Meconium is very dark green to black, thick, and sticky. It is made up of shed cells and debris that accumulated in the womb. Your baby should transition to more normal poops within two to four days.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Check the consistency.\", \"描述\": \"While a new baby's digestive system is maturing, they will produce stool that is very different from what is considered healthy in older children and adults. Because of their liquid diet, healthy infant bowel movements are not solid and should be the consistency of peanut butter or pudding. It is normal for formula-fed babies to produce thicker, bulkier poop than breastfed infants.\\nDiarrhea in infants is extremely watery and may leak past the diaper and onto your baby's back. Call your doctor if your baby has diarrhea and is under 3 months old, has had diarrhea for more than a day, or is exhibiting other symptoms like fever.\\nSolid bowel movements are a sign of constipation. A sporadic pebbly diaper is no cause for alarm, but consult a doctor if it happens frequently. Severe constipation may be paired with diarrhea if the watery stool leaks past the hard blockage.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Notice the color.\", \"描述\": \"Baby stools are generally lighter and can range from yellow to green to light brown. Do not be alarmed by color changes. As your baby's digestive system matures, changes to enzyme production and transit time will produce variety.\\nDark brown is a sign of constipation.\\nBlack stools after meconium is cleared can mean bleeding. Small flecks of black similar to poppy seeds are most likely caused by swallowed blood from an irritated nipple. Do not be alarmed if your baby is taking an iron supplement, as this also produces black stools.\\nVery pale yellow or chalky gray can be a sign of liver problems or infection.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Be aware of frequency.\", \"描述\": \"A healthy newborn baby will have anywhere from 1 to 8 bowel movements each day, with an average of 4. Like adults, each baby will have their own \\\"normal\\\" rhythm. However, talk to your doctor if your formula-fed baby has less than one bowel movement per day, or your breastfed baby has less than one every 10 days.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Notice the smell.\", \"描述\": \"Your baby's stools should smell less pungent, almost sweet. It is normal for formula-fed babies to have bowel movements that smell stronger than those of breastfed infants. Bowel movements should begin to smell more like an adult's once your baby transitions to solid food.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Many doctors agree that there is no \\\"normal\\\" indicating perfectly healthy stool. It's more important to look for changes in bowel movement appearance and frequency.[21]\\nX\\nTrustworthy Source\\nCleveland Clinic\\nEducational website from one of the world's leading hospitals\\nGo to source\\n\", \"If you are constipated, eat more fiber and try to stay hydrated. Dietary fiber bulks up stool, causing more frequent bowel movements. Proper hydration lubricates the digestive tract and improves its motility, making stool easier to pass.\\n\", \"With the exception of blood in your stool, none of the changes here are indicative of health problems unless they are consistent. A single oddly-colored or particularly foul-smelling bowel movement is nothing to worry about. Just be sure to consult a doctor if it begins to happen frequently.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,669 | How to Analyze Qualitative Data | 1. Identify the key questions you want to answer.
Write what you hope to find in your data so you know what to focus on.
The questions you choose all depend on your research topic. Think about why you ran the study and come up with a few points that you want to investigate in your results. You only need 1–2 questions starting off since you can always add more or change the old ones as you work through your data.
For example, if you’re analyzing customer satisfaction surveys, you could use questions like, “What are customers struggling with the most?” or “What processes are enhancing the customer experience?”
2. Read your results thoroughly.
Familiarize yourself with all the responses to get a deeper understanding.
Since qualitative data is all textual, each respondent will have different answers. Carefully read through all of the responses you’ve received so you get a better idea of what sort of information you have. Even if you think you have the gist of the data after the first read, scan through it a few more times to ensure you understand what each response means.
Reading qualitative data can take a lot of time, but you’ll get inaccurate results if you rush through it.
3. Jot down your first impressions.
Your initial thoughts on the meanings help you sort data later on.
As you read through your data, leave yourself short notes about what the response covers. Take a few seconds to write your interpretation of the responses and how they can answer your research questions. That way, you can quickly reference your notes instead of rereading the response to see what it covers.
Keep your responses organized by entering them in a spreadsheet. In one column, copy the full unedited response. In the next column, write your impressions.
4. Label each data point.
Assign shorthand codes to similar themes you find.
As you review the results from your research, highlight passages that contain information that answers your research questions. Think about the overarching theme or meaning of each passage and jot down a 1- or 2-word code for it. Write the code down on a separate piece of paper with a reference to what it means so you can use it on other passages as well.
For example, if you’re interpreting a customer satisfaction survey, you may use codes like “Positive experience,” “employee issues,” “problems with store,” and so on.
Avoid using multiple codes that mean the same thing. For example, you probably don’t need a code for “employee attitudes” if you already have “employee issues” written down.
Use a more general code when you’re first sorting your responses. You can always resort them into more specific codes once you see all the data you’re working with.
5. Sort data by recurring themes or patterns.
Find how the majority responded by rearranging the data into categories.
Put all of the results that have the same code into their own separate groups. If you still have responses left over, go through them one at a time and think about the theme of each one. Place the data into the group that has the most similarities, or make a completely new group of information if it isn’t a good fit anywhere else.
For example, if multiple responses on a customer satisfaction survey mention things like confusing store layout, disorganized products, and lack of cleanliness, you might sort the responses into a “Store Issues” group.
Some responses contain multiple passages that fit into different themes. If that’s the case, cut apart the response and sort each passage into the matching group. Always keep a copy of the full response though so you can reference it later on.
This can take a bit of trial and error before you find the right groupings. Don’t be afraid to try rearranging your responses into new groups if you aren’t finding answers to your questions.
6. Look for connections between the data themes.
Determine if a response to one question influenced any others.
Some of the responses you received could have similarities with other groups you’ve sorted them into. Read through the responses in each group and brainstorm ways that they might be connected to one another. Write down your thoughts on a separate piece of paper with some examples or quotes from your responses so you can reference them later.
For example, if a response mentions employees don’t give good customer service and another response says the store was messy, you could possibly make a connection that the employees don’t care enough to clean up the store.
7. Cut outliers and bad data.
Only keep the data that answer your research questions.
As you sort through your information, keep an eye out for responses that don’t answer your research questions or are completely different from the majority. Since the outliers can skew your results and don’t fit well into categories, avoid including them in the groups that support your findings.
For example, if only one person complains about how they didn’t get good service, it probably was a one-time occurrence that doesn’t add to your findings.
Sometimes, outliers can be interesting counterpoints to the majority of your data that you want to address. For example, if a few people complain about struggling with the layout of your store, you may want to investigate if there are small changes you could make.
8. Use narrative analysis to track overall experience.
Reflect on answers as a whole to understand the big picture.
Read through the entire response that someone left for your research. When you reach the end of the passage, write down the overarching theme that you interpreted from it. Focus on the order of experiences in the response so you can get an idea of what events and actions occurred.
For example, if you’re comparing the overall shopping trips from multiple respondents, you may sort them into overall positive experiences and negative experiences. After that, you can find specific examples in the responses, such as fast service or helpful employees, to find out why a person responded the way they did.
9. Look for vocal changes in the responses.
Tone, hesitation, and word choice affect the meaning of someone’s answer.
This works best if you’re working with transcripts or recordings of conversations. Listen to when the people responding change their tone, pause while they’re talking, or construct their sentences. When you find something that intrigues you or answers one of your research questions, jot down your interpretation.
For example, if someone pauses for a second before answering a question, you could interpret that they felt unsure or uneasy about the subject.
As another example, if someone responds with “I really did not like the aesthetic of the store,” and they put emphasis on the word “not,” then you might assume that they have strong feelings about how the store looks.
10. Analyze the answers by demographic.
Check how different groups of people responded to your questions.
Rather than going through your data sorting by like responses, try reorganizing the responses based on age, gender, or background. See if the responses are the same or different between people in similar social groups and record any correlations you find.
For example, you may sort your data into 17 and under, 18–35, 36–54, and 55+ to see how different generations respond.
Using demographic data can help you determine if certain groups have different experiences. For example, if you notice a lot of responses from people 17 and under who don’t want to shop at your store, you may try to sell more products that age range is interested in.
11. Have other people go through your data.
Get second opinions so you don’t skew any of your results.
Since you’re the one interpreting your results, it’s really easy to develop bias that influences your outcome. Try to avoid bias as much as possible by getting a few other researchers to comb through your data. Ask them if they notice any trends or common themes that you haven’t found. Write down anything the other people recommend so you can continue investigating their findings.
Tips
Highlight and write down key quotes from your responses that support your findings so you can include them in your research document.[13]
X
Research source
The way you analyze your data depends on what questions you’re trying to answer and the type of responses you have. If sorting your data one way doesn’t give you a clear conclusion, then try it out another way.[14]
X
Research source
Warnings
Sorting qualitative data can be a little biased since you’re interpreting the results, so your research could be subjective.[15]
X
Trustworthy Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Main public health institute for the US, run by the Dept. of Health and Human Services
Go to source
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:52",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Identify the key questions you want to answer.\\nWrite what you hope to find in your data so you know what to focus on.\\nThe questions you choose all depend on your research topic. Think about why you ran the study and come up with a few points that you want to investigate in your results. You only need 1–2 questions starting off since you can always add more or change the old ones as you work through your data.\\nFor example, if you’re analyzing customer satisfaction surveys, you could use questions like, “What are customers struggling with the most?” or “What processes are enhancing the customer experience?”\\n2. Read your results thoroughly.\\nFamiliarize yourself with all the responses to get a deeper understanding.\\nSince qualitative data is all textual, each respondent will have different answers. Carefully read through all of the responses you’ve received so you get a better idea of what sort of information you have. Even if you think you have the gist of the data after the first read, scan through it a few more times to ensure you understand what each response means.\\nReading qualitative data can take a lot of time, but you’ll get inaccurate results if you rush through it.\\n3. Jot down your first impressions.\\nYour initial thoughts on the meanings help you sort data later on.\\nAs you read through your data, leave yourself short notes about what the response covers. Take a few seconds to write your interpretation of the responses and how they can answer your research questions. That way, you can quickly reference your notes instead of rereading the response to see what it covers.\\nKeep your responses organized by entering them in a spreadsheet. In one column, copy the full unedited response. In the next column, write your impressions.\\n4. Label each data point.\\nAssign shorthand codes to similar themes you find.\\nAs you review the results from your research, highlight passages that contain information that answers your research questions. Think about the overarching theme or meaning of each passage and jot down a 1- or 2-word code for it. Write the code down on a separate piece of paper with a reference to what it means so you can use it on other passages as well.\\nFor example, if you’re interpreting a customer satisfaction survey, you may use codes like “Positive experience,” “employee issues,” “problems with store,” and so on.\\nAvoid using multiple codes that mean the same thing. For example, you probably don’t need a code for “employee attitudes” if you already have “employee issues” written down.\\nUse a more general code when you’re first sorting your responses. You can always resort them into more specific codes once you see all the data you’re working with.\\n5. Sort data by recurring themes or patterns.\\nFind how the majority responded by rearranging the data into categories.\\nPut all of the results that have the same code into their own separate groups. If you still have responses left over, go through them one at a time and think about the theme of each one. Place the data into the group that has the most similarities, or make a completely new group of information if it isn’t a good fit anywhere else.\\nFor example, if multiple responses on a customer satisfaction survey mention things like confusing store layout, disorganized products, and lack of cleanliness, you might sort the responses into a “Store Issues” group.\\nSome responses contain multiple passages that fit into different themes. If that’s the case, cut apart the response and sort each passage into the matching group. Always keep a copy of the full response though so you can reference it later on.\\nThis can take a bit of trial and error before you find the right groupings. Don’t be afraid to try rearranging your responses into new groups if you aren’t finding answers to your questions.\\n6. Look for connections between the data themes.\\nDetermine if a response to one question influenced any others.\\nSome of the responses you received could have similarities with other groups you’ve sorted them into. Read through the responses in each group and brainstorm ways that they might be connected to one another. Write down your thoughts on a separate piece of paper with some examples or quotes from your responses so you can reference them later.\\nFor example, if a response mentions employees don’t give good customer service and another response says the store was messy, you could possibly make a connection that the employees don’t care enough to clean up the store.\\n7. Cut outliers and bad data.\\nOnly keep the data that answer your research questions.\\nAs you sort through your information, keep an eye out for responses that don’t answer your research questions or are completely different from the majority. Since the outliers can skew your results and don’t fit well into categories, avoid including them in the groups that support your findings.\\nFor example, if only one person complains about how they didn’t get good service, it probably was a one-time occurrence that doesn’t add to your findings.\\nSometimes, outliers can be interesting counterpoints to the majority of your data that you want to address. For example, if a few people complain about struggling with the layout of your store, you may want to investigate if there are small changes you could make.\\n8. Use narrative analysis to track overall experience.\\nReflect on answers as a whole to understand the big picture.\\nRead through the entire response that someone left for your research. When you reach the end of the passage, write down the overarching theme that you interpreted from it. Focus on the order of experiences in the response so you can get an idea of what events and actions occurred.\\nFor example, if you’re comparing the overall shopping trips from multiple respondents, you may sort them into overall positive experiences and negative experiences. After that, you can find specific examples in the responses, such as fast service or helpful employees, to find out why a person responded the way they did.\\n9. Look for vocal changes in the responses.\\nTone, hesitation, and word choice affect the meaning of someone’s answer.\\nThis works best if you’re working with transcripts or recordings of conversations. Listen to when the people responding change their tone, pause while they’re talking, or construct their sentences. When you find something that intrigues you or answers one of your research questions, jot down your interpretation.\\nFor example, if someone pauses for a second before answering a question, you could interpret that they felt unsure or uneasy about the subject.\\nAs another example, if someone responds with “I really did not like the aesthetic of the store,” and they put emphasis on the word “not,” then you might assume that they have strong feelings about how the store looks.\\n10. Analyze the answers by demographic.\\nCheck how different groups of people responded to your questions.\\nRather than going through your data sorting by like responses, try reorganizing the responses based on age, gender, or background. See if the responses are the same or different between people in similar social groups and record any correlations you find.\\nFor example, you may sort your data into 17 and under, 18–35, 36–54, and 55+ to see how different generations respond.\\nUsing demographic data can help you determine if certain groups have different experiences. For example, if you notice a lot of responses from people 17 and under who don’t want to shop at your store, you may try to sell more products that age range is interested in.\\n11. Have other people go through your data.\\nGet second opinions so you don’t skew any of your results.\\nSince you’re the one interpreting your results, it’s really easy to develop bias that influences your outcome. Try to avoid bias as much as possible by getting a few other researchers to comb through your data. Ask them if they notice any trends or common themes that you haven’t found. Write down anything the other people recommend so you can continue investigating their findings.\\nTips\\nHighlight and write down key quotes from your responses that support your findings so you can include them in your research document.[13]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nThe way you analyze your data depends on what questions you’re trying to answer and the type of responses you have. If sorting your data one way doesn’t give you a clear conclusion, then try it out another way.[14]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nWarnings\\nSorting qualitative data can be a little biased since you’re interpreting the results, so your research could be subjective.[15]\\nX\\nTrustworthy Source\\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\\nMain public health institute for the US, run by the Dept. of Health and Human Services\\nGo to source\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Qualitative data include open-ended answers from questionnaires, surveys, and interviews. Since the data doesn’t have numerical value, you have to sort through the responses to find connections and results. While there isn’t a perfect way to analyze your data, there are still a few guidelines to follow to ensure you draw accurate conclusions. We’ll go over how to find the important information in your results before moving on to some common ways to interpret the data so you can learn from it!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Identify the key questions you want to answer.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Write what you hope to find in your data so you know what to focus on.\", \"描述\": \"The questions you choose all depend on your research topic. Think about why you ran the study and come up with a few points that you want to investigate in your results. You only need 1–2 questions starting off since you can always add more or change the old ones as you work through your data.\\nFor example, if you’re analyzing customer satisfaction surveys, you could use questions like, “What are customers struggling with the most?” or “What processes are enhancing the customer experience?”\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Read your results thoroughly.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Familiarize yourself with all the responses to get a deeper understanding.\", \"描述\": \"Since qualitative data is all textual, each respondent will have different answers. Carefully read through all of the responses you’ve received so you get a better idea of what sort of information you have. Even if you think you have the gist of the data after the first read, scan through it a few more times to ensure you understand what each response means.\\nReading qualitative data can take a lot of time, but you’ll get inaccurate results if you rush through it.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Jot down your first impressions.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Your initial thoughts on the meanings help you sort data later on.\", \"描述\": \"As you read through your data, leave yourself short notes about what the response covers. Take a few seconds to write your interpretation of the responses and how they can answer your research questions. That way, you can quickly reference your notes instead of rereading the response to see what it covers.\\nKeep your responses organized by entering them in a spreadsheet. In one column, copy the full unedited response. In the next column, write your impressions.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Label each data point.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Assign shorthand codes to similar themes you find.\", \"描述\": \"As you review the results from your research, highlight passages that contain information that answers your research questions. Think about the overarching theme or meaning of each passage and jot down a 1- or 2-word code for it. Write the code down on a separate piece of paper with a reference to what it means so you can use it on other passages as well.\\nFor example, if you’re interpreting a customer satisfaction survey, you may use codes like “Positive experience,” “employee issues,” “problems with store,” and so on.\\nAvoid using multiple codes that mean the same thing. For example, you probably don’t need a code for “employee attitudes” if you already have “employee issues” written down.\\nUse a more general code when you’re first sorting your responses. You can always resort them into more specific codes once you see all the data you’re working with.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Sort data by recurring themes or patterns.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Find how the majority responded by rearranging the data into categories.\", \"描述\": \"Put all of the results that have the same code into their own separate groups. If you still have responses left over, go through them one at a time and think about the theme of each one. Place the data into the group that has the most similarities, or make a completely new group of information if it isn’t a good fit anywhere else.\\nFor example, if multiple responses on a customer satisfaction survey mention things like confusing store layout, disorganized products, and lack of cleanliness, you might sort the responses into a “Store Issues” group.\\nSome responses contain multiple passages that fit into different themes. If that’s the case, cut apart the response and sort each passage into the matching group. Always keep a copy of the full response though so you can reference it later on.\\nThis can take a bit of trial and error before you find the right groupings. Don’t be afraid to try rearranging your responses into new groups if you aren’t finding answers to your questions.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Look for connections between the data themes.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine if a response to one question influenced any others.\", \"描述\": \"Some of the responses you received could have similarities with other groups you’ve sorted them into. Read through the responses in each group and brainstorm ways that they might be connected to one another. Write down your thoughts on a separate piece of paper with some examples or quotes from your responses so you can reference them later.\\nFor example, if a response mentions employees don’t give good customer service and another response says the store was messy, you could possibly make a connection that the employees don’t care enough to clean up the store.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Cut outliers and bad data.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Only keep the data that answer your research questions.\", \"描述\": \"As you sort through your information, keep an eye out for responses that don’t answer your research questions or are completely different from the majority. Since the outliers can skew your results and don’t fit well into categories, avoid including them in the groups that support your findings.\\nFor example, if only one person complains about how they didn’t get good service, it probably was a one-time occurrence that doesn’t add to your findings.\\nSometimes, outliers can be interesting counterpoints to the majority of your data that you want to address. For example, if a few people complain about struggling with the layout of your store, you may want to investigate if there are small changes you could make.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Use narrative analysis to track overall experience.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Reflect on answers as a whole to understand the big picture.\", \"描述\": \"Read through the entire response that someone left for your research. When you reach the end of the passage, write down the overarching theme that you interpreted from it. Focus on the order of experiences in the response so you can get an idea of what events and actions occurred.\\nFor example, if you’re comparing the overall shopping trips from multiple respondents, you may sort them into overall positive experiences and negative experiences. After that, you can find specific examples in the responses, such as fast service or helpful employees, to find out why a person responded the way they did.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Look for vocal changes in the responses.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Tone, hesitation, and word choice affect the meaning of someone’s answer.\", \"描述\": \"This works best if you’re working with transcripts or recordings of conversations. Listen to when the people responding change their tone, pause while they’re talking, or construct their sentences. When you find something that intrigues you or answers one of your research questions, jot down your interpretation.\\nFor example, if someone pauses for a second before answering a question, you could interpret that they felt unsure or uneasy about the subject.\\nAs another example, if someone responds with “I really did not like the aesthetic of the store,” and they put emphasis on the word “not,” then you might assume that they have strong feelings about how the store looks.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Analyze the answers by demographic.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Check how different groups of people responded to your questions.\", \"描述\": \"Rather than going through your data sorting by like responses, try reorganizing the responses based on age, gender, or background. See if the responses are the same or different between people in similar social groups and record any correlations you find.\\nFor example, you may sort your data into 17 and under, 18–35, 36–54, and 55+ to see how different generations respond.\\nUsing demographic data can help you determine if certain groups have different experiences. For example, if you notice a lot of responses from people 17 and under who don’t want to shop at your store, you may try to sell more products that age range is interested in.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Have other people go through your data.\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Get second opinions so you don’t skew any of your results.\", \"描述\": \"Since you’re the one interpreting your results, it’s really easy to develop bias that influences your outcome. Try to avoid bias as much as possible by getting a few other researchers to comb through your data. Ask them if they notice any trends or common themes that you haven’t found. Write down anything the other people recommend so you can continue investigating their findings.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Highlight and write down key quotes from your responses that support your findings so you can include them in your research document.[13]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"The way you analyze your data depends on what questions you’re trying to answer and the type of responses you have. If sorting your data one way doesn’t give you a clear conclusion, then try it out another way.[14]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Sorting qualitative data can be a little biased since you’re interpreting the results, so your research could be subjective.[15]\\nX\\nTrustworthy Source\\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\\nMain public health institute for the US, run by the Dept. of Health and Human Services\\nGo to source\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,670 | How to Analyze Qualitative Data from Interviews | 1. Organizing Your Data
1-1. Familiarize yourself with your data to become more informed.
Read the interviews to start getting to know your sources. Then read the data again, this time making notes of your impressions. Go through the data set several times, and determine which interviews are useful and which you might set aside.
You'll read through the interviews multiple times. Each time, note any new thoughts you have or questions that you need to answer.
1-2. Transcribe the data to make it easier to work with.
Make a neatly typed record of all of your data. If you took handwritten notes during the interviews, type them up. Also, transcribe any notes that you took while you were familiarizing yourself with the data. Creating an electronic version will help you easily search your data and reorganize as necessary.
If you recorded the interviews, you'll need to transcribe the recordings, too.
Transcription might seem tedious, but it's a great way to further immerse yourself in the data.
You can also choose to use transcription software instead. You can use software to use fonts as indicators and also include features such as time stamps.
1-3. Consider your own bias.
As you transcribe, you'll start to form opinions about your interviews. Take some time to reflect on what informs your views. You can still be objective, but it's important to think about your own perspective as you go through your data. Think about:
Your social situation
Your economic situation
Your personal characteristics
1-4. Choose a clear focus for your data.
Now that you understand your data set, you need to decide how you want to use it. Maybe you are working on a study of the public school system in Chicago. You might have interviewed a wide variety of people. You might need to decide which viewpoint to highlight in order to give your study a more clear focus.
For example, you might want to use the interviews with teachers as your main focus. Alternatively, you might highlight the voices of parents.
1-5. Consider using software to make your analysis faster.
When you're ready to further sort the data, weigh the pros and cons of using software. Qualitative Data Software (QDA) can be really helpful for categorizing and coding. It can definitely make the process faster!
Some pros of software include finding different methods of categorization, the ability to share your data with other researchers, and it also allows you to better manage large data sets.
Before purchasing software, read online reviews of different products. Make sure that it will do what you need it to do. For instance, if you want it to transcribe your data set, make sure that it has a transcription function.
You can also talk to co-workers, professors, or other researchers about which software they like to use.
One drawback to using software is that you might not familiarize yourself with the data as much if you rely on software. It's really a personal choice.
1-6. Create a categorization system if you don't use software.
You might try using different colored post-it notes, note-cards, or even different colored fonts in your typed notes. At first, you can try playing around with different systems so that you can see what feels comfortable to you. After you choose a system, create a key so that you remember what everything stands for.
For example, you might note that red font indicates interviews with teachers.
1-7. Categorize the data
This process is also known as “coding” or “indexing” the data. It is simply the process of going through your data and sorting it into different categories.
For example, in your interviews about the public school system, you could create a category of data and give it the code “classroom experience”.
You could also give codes such as “elementary school” and “high school”. Your codes can be really simple! The idea is for them to be very user-friendly to you.
2. Using Thematic Analysis of the Interviews
2-1. Make connections in the data.
As you work through the interviews, you'll begin to notice certain themes. For example, you might notice that teachers that work in one district are very focused on assessment. You can make that one of your themes.
You might notice that parents of high school students are very focused on graduation rates. That might be another theme that you highlight.
2-2. Review the themes you found until you have a coherent set.
Go back over your themes and look for any potential issues. For example, do some of your themes contradict each other? Do you need to more fully develop another set of themes?
Keep arranging your data until you have a set of themes that support your argument. You want the interviews to satisfactorily answer your research question.
2-3. Describe your themes in an engaging way.
This is when you want to start making your data accessible and interesting to others. Give the themes names that are descriptive and engaging to more fully develop your points.
For example, instead of simply “assessment”, you might describe that theme as “innovations in measuring student success”.
2-4. Produce your report in a clear, informative manner.
Once your themes are named, organize them in a coherent manner. For example, maybe you want to start with parent interviews and then move on to teacher experience. Another way to structure your report would be to assess something like the “cultural climate” in a school district and weave together parent, teacher, and student stories.
If you are giving an oral presentation, make visual aids such as a PowerPoint presentation. This will help your audience engage with the material.
It can be really useful to use video clips of the interviews. Just make sure you have secured the participant's permission!
3. Choosing Narrative Analysis
3-1. Gather a variety of sources related to your subject.
You'll be weaving a story with narrative analysis. To make it more compelling, you'll rely on other sources in addition to your interviews. You can gather books, newspaper articles, blog posts, photographs, and anything else that relates to the research question that you're trying to answer.
For example, you might go through the minutes of recent school board meetings. You could also look at photos of various classrooms around the city.
3-2. Read through your collection and note your responses.
Immerse yourself in your interviews and other sources. Make notes about pieces that seem compelling, or spark other emotions. For example, maybe an interview with a teacher who works 3 jobs seems very interesting to you.
Also make note if you think any of the sources aren't credible or if you think you need to verify the information elsewhere.
Begin grouping related data to form stories. For example, group all of the material related to school counselors in one group. Ask yourself what type of story the data tells.
3-3. Analyze the content and context of each story.
You might start by looking for content that is missing. For example, maybe none of the students talk about extracurricular activities. You might try to figure out why that is. You can also consider the context. For example, maybe those students are from a district with a high poverty rate. That could explain why extracurriculars seem out of grasp.
Do any necessary additional resource. For example, you might want to conduct some follow-up interviews.
3-4. Create a story by combining the data.
Group interviews and other sources together to create a compelling story. Rather than creating a traditional report, you will write a narrative.
Typically, instead of including a lot of hard data, you'll focus on the more personal aspects of the interview. For example, your story might center on students who struggled to make the transition to high school and what sort of challenges they faced.
Tips
Don't be afraid to switch approaches. You might start out with a thematic approach and decide that a narrative approach would better suit your themes.
Spend a lot of time working with your data. The more familiar you are with your interviews, the more clearly you'll see themes.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:52",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Organizing Your Data\\n1-1. Familiarize yourself with your data to become more informed.\\nRead the interviews to start getting to know your sources. Then read the data again, this time making notes of your impressions. Go through the data set several times, and determine which interviews are useful and which you might set aside.\\nYou'll read through the interviews multiple times. Each time, note any new thoughts you have or questions that you need to answer.\\n1-2. Transcribe the data to make it easier to work with.\\nMake a neatly typed record of all of your data. If you took handwritten notes during the interviews, type them up. Also, transcribe any notes that you took while you were familiarizing yourself with the data. Creating an electronic version will help you easily search your data and reorganize as necessary.\\nIf you recorded the interviews, you'll need to transcribe the recordings, too.\\nTranscription might seem tedious, but it's a great way to further immerse yourself in the data.\\nYou can also choose to use transcription software instead. You can use software to use fonts as indicators and also include features such as time stamps.\\n1-3. Consider your own bias.\\nAs you transcribe, you'll start to form opinions about your interviews. Take some time to reflect on what informs your views. You can still be objective, but it's important to think about your own perspective as you go through your data. Think about:\\nYour social situation\\nYour economic situation\\nYour personal characteristics\\n1-4. Choose a clear focus for your data.\\nNow that you understand your data set, you need to decide how you want to use it. Maybe you are working on a study of the public school system in Chicago. You might have interviewed a wide variety of people. You might need to decide which viewpoint to highlight in order to give your study a more clear focus.\\nFor example, you might want to use the interviews with teachers as your main focus. Alternatively, you might highlight the voices of parents.\\n1-5. Consider using software to make your analysis faster.\\nWhen you're ready to further sort the data, weigh the pros and cons of using software. Qualitative Data Software (QDA) can be really helpful for categorizing and coding. It can definitely make the process faster! \\nSome pros of software include finding different methods of categorization, the ability to share your data with other researchers, and it also allows you to better manage large data sets.\\nBefore purchasing software, read online reviews of different products. Make sure that it will do what you need it to do. For instance, if you want it to transcribe your data set, make sure that it has a transcription function.\\nYou can also talk to co-workers, professors, or other researchers about which software they like to use.\\nOne drawback to using software is that you might not familiarize yourself with the data as much if you rely on software. It's really a personal choice.\\n1-6. Create a categorization system if you don't use software.\\nYou might try using different colored post-it notes, note-cards, or even different colored fonts in your typed notes. At first, you can try playing around with different systems so that you can see what feels comfortable to you. After you choose a system, create a key so that you remember what everything stands for.\\nFor example, you might note that red font indicates interviews with teachers.\\n1-7. Categorize the data\\nThis process is also known as “coding” or “indexing” the data. It is simply the process of going through your data and sorting it into different categories.\\nFor example, in your interviews about the public school system, you could create a category of data and give it the code “classroom experience”.\\nYou could also give codes such as “elementary school” and “high school”. Your codes can be really simple! The idea is for them to be very user-friendly to you.\\n2. Using Thematic Analysis of the Interviews\\n2-1. Make connections in the data.\\nAs you work through the interviews, you'll begin to notice certain themes. For example, you might notice that teachers that work in one district are very focused on assessment. You can make that one of your themes.\\nYou might notice that parents of high school students are very focused on graduation rates. That might be another theme that you highlight.\\n2-2. Review the themes you found until you have a coherent set.\\nGo back over your themes and look for any potential issues. For example, do some of your themes contradict each other? Do you need to more fully develop another set of themes?\\nKeep arranging your data until you have a set of themes that support your argument. You want the interviews to satisfactorily answer your research question.\\n2-3. Describe your themes in an engaging way.\\nThis is when you want to start making your data accessible and interesting to others. Give the themes names that are descriptive and engaging to more fully develop your points.\\nFor example, instead of simply “assessment”, you might describe that theme as “innovations in measuring student success”.\\n2-4. Produce your report in a clear, informative manner.\\nOnce your themes are named, organize them in a coherent manner. For example, maybe you want to start with parent interviews and then move on to teacher experience. Another way to structure your report would be to assess something like the “cultural climate” in a school district and weave together parent, teacher, and student stories.\\nIf you are giving an oral presentation, make visual aids such as a PowerPoint presentation. This will help your audience engage with the material.\\nIt can be really useful to use video clips of the interviews. Just make sure you have secured the participant's permission!\\n3. Choosing Narrative Analysis\\n3-1. Gather a variety of sources related to your subject.\\nYou'll be weaving a story with narrative analysis. To make it more compelling, you'll rely on other sources in addition to your interviews. You can gather books, newspaper articles, blog posts, photographs, and anything else that relates to the research question that you're trying to answer.\\nFor example, you might go through the minutes of recent school board meetings. You could also look at photos of various classrooms around the city.\\n3-2. Read through your collection and note your responses.\\nImmerse yourself in your interviews and other sources. Make notes about pieces that seem compelling, or spark other emotions. For example, maybe an interview with a teacher who works 3 jobs seems very interesting to you.\\nAlso make note if you think any of the sources aren't credible or if you think you need to verify the information elsewhere.\\nBegin grouping related data to form stories. For example, group all of the material related to school counselors in one group. Ask yourself what type of story the data tells.\\n3-3. Analyze the content and context of each story.\\nYou might start by looking for content that is missing. For example, maybe none of the students talk about extracurricular activities. You might try to figure out why that is. You can also consider the context. For example, maybe those students are from a district with a high poverty rate. That could explain why extracurriculars seem out of grasp.\\nDo any necessary additional resource. For example, you might want to conduct some follow-up interviews.\\n3-4. Create a story by combining the data.\\nGroup interviews and other sources together to create a compelling story. Rather than creating a traditional report, you will write a narrative.\\nTypically, instead of including a lot of hard data, you'll focus on the more personal aspects of the interview. For example, your story might center on students who struggled to make the transition to high school and what sort of challenges they faced.\\nTips\\nDon't be afraid to switch approaches. You might start out with a thematic approach and decide that a narrative approach would better suit your themes.\\nSpend a lot of time working with your data. The more familiar you are with your interviews, the more clearly you'll see themes.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Interviews are a great source for research projects because they add personal insights and help readers connect to the material. Our guide will show you how to transcribe, categorize, and analyze these interviews to get the most out of them.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Organizing Your Data\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Familiarize yourself with your data to become more informed.\", \"描述\": \"Read the interviews to start getting to know your sources. Then read the data again, this time making notes of your impressions. Go through the data set several times, and determine which interviews are useful and which you might set aside.\\nYou'll read through the interviews multiple times. Each time, note any new thoughts you have or questions that you need to answer.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Transcribe the data to make it easier to work with.\", \"描述\": \"Make a neatly typed record of all of your data. If you took handwritten notes during the interviews, type them up. Also, transcribe any notes that you took while you were familiarizing yourself with the data. Creating an electronic version will help you easily search your data and reorganize as necessary.\\nIf you recorded the interviews, you'll need to transcribe the recordings, too.\\nTranscription might seem tedious, but it's a great way to further immerse yourself in the data.\\nYou can also choose to use transcription software instead. You can use software to use fonts as indicators and also include features such as time stamps.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Consider your own bias.\", \"描述\": \"As you transcribe, you'll start to form opinions about your interviews. Take some time to reflect on what informs your views. You can still be objective, but it's important to think about your own perspective as you go through your data. Think about:\\nYour social situation\\nYour economic situation\\nYour personal characteristics\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Choose a clear focus for your data.\", \"描述\": \"Now that you understand your data set, you need to decide how you want to use it. Maybe you are working on a study of the public school system in Chicago. You might have interviewed a wide variety of people. You might need to decide which viewpoint to highlight in order to give your study a more clear focus.\\nFor example, you might want to use the interviews with teachers as your main focus. Alternatively, you might highlight the voices of parents.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Consider using software to make your analysis faster.\", \"描述\": \"When you're ready to further sort the data, weigh the pros and cons of using software. Qualitative Data Software (QDA) can be really helpful for categorizing and coding. It can definitely make the process faster! \\nSome pros of software include finding different methods of categorization, the ability to share your data with other researchers, and it also allows you to better manage large data sets.\\nBefore purchasing software, read online reviews of different products. Make sure that it will do what you need it to do. For instance, if you want it to transcribe your data set, make sure that it has a transcription function.\\nYou can also talk to co-workers, professors, or other researchers about which software they like to use.\\nOne drawback to using software is that you might not familiarize yourself with the data as much if you rely on software. It's really a personal choice.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Create a categorization system if you don't use software.\", \"描述\": \"You might try using different colored post-it notes, note-cards, or even different colored fonts in your typed notes. At first, you can try playing around with different systems so that you can see what feels comfortable to you. After you choose a system, create a key so that you remember what everything stands for.\\nFor example, you might note that red font indicates interviews with teachers.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Categorize the data\", \"描述\": \"This process is also known as “coding” or “indexing” the data. It is simply the process of going through your data and sorting it into different categories.\\nFor example, in your interviews about the public school system, you could create a category of data and give it the code “classroom experience”.\\nYou could also give codes such as “elementary school” and “high school”. Your codes can be really simple! The idea is for them to be very user-friendly to you.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Using Thematic Analysis of the Interviews\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make connections in the data.\", \"描述\": \"As you work through the interviews, you'll begin to notice certain themes. For example, you might notice that teachers that work in one district are very focused on assessment. You can make that one of your themes.\\nYou might notice that parents of high school students are very focused on graduation rates. That might be another theme that you highlight.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Review the themes you found until you have a coherent set.\", \"描述\": \"Go back over your themes and look for any potential issues. For example, do some of your themes contradict each other? Do you need to more fully develop another set of themes?\\nKeep arranging your data until you have a set of themes that support your argument. You want the interviews to satisfactorily answer your research question.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Describe your themes in an engaging way.\", \"描述\": \"This is when you want to start making your data accessible and interesting to others. Give the themes names that are descriptive and engaging to more fully develop your points.\\nFor example, instead of simply “assessment”, you might describe that theme as “innovations in measuring student success”.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Produce your report in a clear, informative manner.\", \"描述\": \"Once your themes are named, organize them in a coherent manner. For example, maybe you want to start with parent interviews and then move on to teacher experience. Another way to structure your report would be to assess something like the “cultural climate” in a school district and weave together parent, teacher, and student stories.\\nIf you are giving an oral presentation, make visual aids such as a PowerPoint presentation. This will help your audience engage with the material.\\nIt can be really useful to use video clips of the interviews. Just make sure you have secured the participant's permission!\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Choosing Narrative Analysis\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Gather a variety of sources related to your subject.\", \"描述\": \"You'll be weaving a story with narrative analysis. To make it more compelling, you'll rely on other sources in addition to your interviews. You can gather books, newspaper articles, blog posts, photographs, and anything else that relates to the research question that you're trying to answer.\\nFor example, you might go through the minutes of recent school board meetings. You could also look at photos of various classrooms around the city.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Read through your collection and note your responses.\", \"描述\": \"Immerse yourself in your interviews and other sources. Make notes about pieces that seem compelling, or spark other emotions. For example, maybe an interview with a teacher who works 3 jobs seems very interesting to you.\\nAlso make note if you think any of the sources aren't credible or if you think you need to verify the information elsewhere.\\nBegin grouping related data to form stories. For example, group all of the material related to school counselors in one group. Ask yourself what type of story the data tells.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Analyze the content and context of each story.\", \"描述\": \"You might start by looking for content that is missing. For example, maybe none of the students talk about extracurricular activities. You might try to figure out why that is. You can also consider the context. For example, maybe those students are from a district with a high poverty rate. That could explain why extracurriculars seem out of grasp.\\nDo any necessary additional resource. For example, you might want to conduct some follow-up interviews.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Create a story by combining the data.\", \"描述\": \"Group interviews and other sources together to create a compelling story. Rather than creating a traditional report, you will write a narrative.\\nTypically, instead of including a lot of hard data, you'll focus on the more personal aspects of the interview. For example, your story might center on students who struggled to make the transition to high school and what sort of challenges they faced.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Don't be afraid to switch approaches. You might start out with a thematic approach and decide that a narrative approach would better suit your themes.\\n\", \"Spend a lot of time working with your data. The more familiar you are with your interviews, the more clearly you'll see themes.\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,671 | How to Analyze Sentences | 1. Parsing the Parts
1-1. Learn the parts of speech.
The words in a sentence are given names according to the type of function they serve in the sentence. There are 8 parts of speech:
Nouns are words that represent persons, places, or things. Examples include ‘’boy,’’ ‘’girl,’’ ‘’cat’,’ ‘’dog’,’ ‘’grass’’, and ‘’home’’.
Pronouns are words that stand in for nouns so they don’t have to be repeated. Examples include ‘’he,’’ ‘’she,’’ ‘’it,’’ ‘’you,’’ ‘’we,’’ and ‘’they.’’
Verbs are words that express action or state of being. Examples include ‘’is’’/’’are’’, ‘’do’’/’’does’’, ‘’has’’/’’have’’, ‘’perform’’, and ‘’sing’’. Form of verbs, called verbals, can serve as other parts of speech. Gerunds are verbals that act as nouns; they usually end in ‘’-ing’’ (as in ‘’acting,’’ the profession). Participles are verbals that act as adjectives; they usually end in ‘’-ing’’ or ‘’-ed’’ (as in ‘’melted’’ when describing melted chocolate).
Adjectives are words that describe, or modify, nouns. Examples include words representing size (‘’big’’, “huge’’, ‘’small’’, ‘’tiny’’), color (‘’red’’, ‘’green’’, ‘’blue’’), quantity (‘’one’’, ‘’two’’, ‘’three’’), or condition (‘’good’’, ‘’bad’’, ‘’happy’’). A special group of adjectives are called articles or determiners; these include ‘’a’’, ‘’an’’, and ‘’the’’.
Adverbs are words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Many adverbs end in ‘’–ly’’ (‘’quickly’’, ‘’badly’’, ‘’really’’), but others do not (‘’very’’, ‘’fast’’). They describe how, when, where, why, and how much.
Prepositions are words that connect nouns to other words so they can describe those words. Examples include ‘’at’’, ‘’in’’, ‘’on’’, ’’before’’, and ‘’after’’.
Conjunctions are words that connect other words or parts of sentences together. Examples include ‘’and’’, ‘’but’’, and ‘’or’’, as well as ‘’because’’ and ‘’when’’.
Interjections are words exclaimed to represent outbursts of emotion or pain. Examples include ‘’hello’’, ‘’ouch’’, and ‘’oh’’. Interjections are followed by commas when the feeling is mild, or by exclamation points when the feeling is strong.
Some words can be used as more than one part of speech, depending on where they are placed in a sentence. The word ‘’well’’ can be used as a noun (place where water is drawn from), an adjective, an adverb, or as an interjection, for example.
1-2. String words together into phrases.
A phrase is a grouping of one or more words that conveys an idea, usually about something that exists or some type of action, and may include other words that modify it. The most important word in the phrase is called its head. Some of the types of phrases are given below:
A noun phrase is a phrase built around and including a noun. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog barked loudly at the mailman.’’, ‘’The big, red dog’’ is a noun phrase, with ‘’dog’’ the noun that forms the head of the phrase; the words ‘’big’’ and ‘’red’’ describe, or modify, it. Noun phrases can also be built around gerunds, as in ‘’loud, repeated barking’’.
A verb phrase is a phrase built around and including a verb. In the sentence above, the phrase ‘’barked loudly’’ is a verb phrase, with ‘’barked’’ the verb that forms the head of the phrase; the word ‘’loudly’’ describes, or modifies, how the dog barked.
An adjective phrase is a phrase built around an adjective. In the sentence ‘’I am fond of peanut butter.’’, ‘’fond of peanut butter’’ is an adjective phrase with ‘’fond’’ as its head.
An adverb phrase is a phrase built around an adverb. In the sentence ‘’The mailman ran very rapidly from the barking dog.’’, ‘’very rapidly’’ is an adverb phrase with ‘’rapidly’’ as its head.
An appositive is a phrase that adds detail to the sentence but won’t change the sentence’s meaning if it’s removed. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog, an Irish setter, barked loudly at the mailman.’’, the phrase ‘’an Irish setter’’ is an appositive. Appositives are set off by commas. If the appositive is a name used to address someone, it’s called a vocative.
A prepositional phrase is a phrase that begins with a preposition and includes one or more nouns that serve as objects of the preposition. The phrase ‘’at the mailman’’ is a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition ‘’at’’ and including the noun ‘’mailman’’ as its object. A prepositional phrase typically acts as an adjective or adverb.
Phrases can contain phrases of the same or different kinds within themselves. For example, the prepositional phrase ‘’at the mailman’’ contains the noun phrase ‘’the mailman’’. Likewise, the adjective phrase ‘’fond of peanut butter’’ includes the prepositional phrase ‘’of peanut butter’’.
1-3. Look for phrases that form subjects and predicates.
To be complete, a sentence must have a word or phrase that serves as its subject and a word or phrase that serves as its predicate.
The subject is a noun phrase that tells what the sentence is about. It’s what does the action or experiences the state of being described in the predicate. In the sentence, ‘’The dog barked.’’, “dog” is the subject, or more correctly, the simple subject. (‘’The dog’’ can be called the complete or entire subject.)
The predicate is a verb phrase that tells the action the subject performs or the state of being the subject experiences. In the sentence, ‘’The dog barked.’’, ‘’barked’’ is the predicate. In a longer sentence, such as ‘’The dog barked loudly.’’, ‘’barked’’ is the simple predicate, while ‘’barked loudly’’ is the complete predicate.
1-4. Identify the object, if there is one.
Some sentences also have an object, which is the part of the predicate that tells who or what received the action the subject is performing. Objects can be either direct or indirect.
A direct object is one that the action was done on; it can be the answer to the question “Who?” or “What?” In the sentence, ‘’The dog gave the puppy a bone.’’, ‘’bone’’ is a direct object.
An indirect object is one that the action was done for. In the sentence, ‘’The dog gave the puppy a bone.’’, ‘’puppy’’ is an indirect object. (An indirect object functions the same as a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition “to” or “for” that could be written after the direct object, as in ‘’The dog gave a bone to the puppy.’’)
Verbs that can be followed by an object are called transitive verbs; those that can’t be followed by an object (other than the object in a prepositional phrase) are called intransitive verbs.
1-5. Combine subjects and predicates into clauses.
A clause is any portion of a sentence that includes both a subject and a predicate. There are two main types: independent and dependent clauses, with dependent clauses further divided into subtypes.
An independent clause can stand alone by itself as a complete sentence if all other information is removed. A sentence can have more than one independent clause; multiple independent clauses are connected with a coordinating conjunction (‘’and’’,’’ or’’, ‘’nor’’, ‘’but’’, ‘’so’’, ‘’yet’’) or a semicolon.
A dependent clause cannot stand alone by itself but instead requires another clause to express a complete thought. (The frustrated parent’s reply of “Because I said so” is an example of an incomplete sentence made of a dependent clause.) Dependent clauses can function in sentences as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Dependent clauses may be introduced by subordinating conjunctions (‘’although’’, ‘’because’’, ‘’if’’, ‘’since’’, ‘’unless’’, ‘’when’’, ‘’while’’). These kinds of dependent clauses are called subordinate clauses.
Dependent clauses may be introduced by relative pronouns (‘’who’’/’’whom’’/’’whose’’, ‘’what’’, ‘’which’’, ‘’that’’). These kinds of dependent clauses are called relative clauses.
Dependent clauses that are essential to the meaning of the sentence because they limit what the sentence refers to are called essential or restrictive clauses. They are not set off by commas. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog that lives on Pine Street barked loudly at the mailman.’’, the clause ‘’that lives on Pine Street’’ is a restrictive clause because it identifies a specific dog.
Dependent clauses that add information that isn’t essential to the meaning of the sentence are called nonessential or nonrestrictive clauses. Like appositives, these clauses are set off by commas. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog, which is seven years old, barked loudly at the mailman.’’, the clause ‘’which is seven years old’’ is a nonrestrictive clause because the dog’s age isn’t important information.
2. Analyzing a Sentence
2-1. Look for the subject of the sentence.
As noted earlier, the subject is a noun phrase (or a pronoun) that tells what the subject is about. The subject also determines the form the verb in the predicate takes.
In a simple declarative sentence (statement) or exclamatory sentence (‘’Harry threw the ball’’, ‘’I did it!’’), the subject is usually stated first.
In a declarative sentence introduced with an appositive or a nonrestrictive clause (a complex sentence), the subject usually appears shortly after the comma that sets off the appositive or clause. (‘’After winding up, Harry threw the ball.’’)
In an imperative sentence (command), the subject is usually not stated. (‘’Bring that over here.’’) It is understood to be whoever the command is given to, or more simply, “you.”
In an interrogative sentence (question), the subject can sometimes begin the sentence (‘’It’s raining in Nebraska?’’, ‘’Who broke this?’’), but it can also follow the predicate (‘’Is this your car?’’) or fall between parts of it (‘’May I have this dance?’’). Often, you can rewrite the question into a statement (‘’This is your car.’’); in those cases, the subject of the statement is also the subject of the question.
A sentence can have more than one subject. Multiple subjects are called a compound subject; the individual subjects are usually connected with the conjunction ‘’and’’.
2-2. Find the verb and you find the predicate.
Also as noted earlier, the predicate tells what action the subject is taking or has taken or the subject’s state of being. In most sentences, the predicate immediately follows the subject, while for interrogative sentences, the predicate verb usually comes before the subject.
The predicate may include a main verb and a helping verb, as in ‘’I can speak German’’. ‘’Speak’’ is the primary verb, but ‘’can’’ serves as a helping verb, telling that I am able to speak German.
The primary helping verbs are the forms of ‘’be’’, ‘’do’’, and ‘’have’’, while ‘’can’’ is part of a group of helping verbs that expresses need or possibility, called modal helping verbs. The others are ‘’could’’, ‘’may’’, ’’might’’, ‘’must’’, ‘’ought to’’, ‘’shall’’, ‘’should’’, ‘’will’’, and ‘’would’’.
Just as a sentence can have more than one subject, it can also have more than one predicate. Multiple predicates are called a compound predicate; the main verbs are usually connected with the conjunction ‘’and’’.
2-3. Look for the direct and indirect objects, if they’re present.
Objects, when present, typically follow the verb in the predicate. A verb followed by one or more objects is called a transitive verb, while a verb that isn’t followed by an object is called an intransitive verb.
An indirect object often follows the verb immediately, while a direct object may be preceded by modifiers or an indirect object. A sentence may have multiple direct or indirect objects.
Not all nouns or pronouns that follow the predicate verb are objects, however. If the verb just connects the subject to a noun that describes it (‘’I am a man.’’), the noun that follows the verb is called a predicate noun.
2-4. Identify modifying words, phrases, and clauses and determine what they modify.
Often, you can determine what words modify other words by their position in the sentence.
Adjectives are usually placed before the noun they modify, whether it is the subject or the object of the sentence. If several adjectives modify a noun, they may be separated with commas if they describe different attributes of that noun.
However, sentences with verbs that connect the subject with information about the subject, called linking verbs, place the adjective after the linking verb, as in the sentence ‘’He is happy.’’ The most common linking verbs are the forms of ‘’to be’’ (‘’am’’, ‘’are’’, ‘’is’’, ‘’was’’, ‘’were’’), ‘’become’’, and ‘’seem’’, but other verbs, such as ‘’appear’’and ‘’feel’’, can also function as linking verbs.
Adverbs can be placed either before or after the verb they modify, but usually after. Adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs usually come before the word they modify.
3. Diagramming a Sentence (Parse Tree Diagram)
3-1. Choose how much of the sentence you want to analyze.
Parse trees can be used to analyze a complete sentence or just a clause or phrase within a sentence.
If you want to analyze an entire sentence, write the word ‘’Sentence’’ or the abbreviation ‘’S.’’
If you want to analyze a clause, write the word ‘’Clause’’ or the abbreviation ‘’C.’’
If you want to analyze a phrase, write the word ‘’Phrase’’ or the abbreviation ‘’P.’’ You can further define the type of phrase you’re analyzing: a noun phrase (NP), a verb phrase (VP), etc.
For the purposes of this example, we’ll use the sentence ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows.’’
3-2. Draw a pair of branching lines downward from the name of the component (S, C, or P).
The exact length of each line will vary. For a sentence with a short noun phrase as a subject and a long verb phrase as a predicate, you’ll need to draw a longer line for the subject and a shorter line for the predicate. If the lengths of the two phrases are about the same, your lines should be about the same length.
3-3. Label the ends of the branching lines.
Use labels according to how much of the sentence you’re analyzing and the components that make that part up.
If you’re analyzing a complete sentence or a clause, you’re looking for a subject and a predicate. Your subject will be a noun phrase, while your predicate will be a verb phrase. You can use ‘’Noun Phrase’’ or ‘’NP’’ to label the noun phrase as such, or ‘’Subject’’ to label it as the subject. You can use ‘’Verb Phrase’’ or ‘’VP’’ to label the verb phrase as such or ‘’Predicate’’ to label it as the predicate.
In our example sentence, the subject is the noun phrase ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale’’, while the predicate is the verb phrase ‘’remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’.
If you’re only analyzing a phrase, you’ll only be looking for components that make up the phrase.
3-4. Draw new branching lines from each of the labels.
By drawing the new lines, you’re preparing to break down the noun phrase of your subject and the verb phrase of your predicate into their components.
The noun phrase ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale’’ breaks down into an adjective phrase, ‘’The gaudily dressed’’, and the (proper) noun ‘’Wink Martindale’’, so you draw two branching lines from the label ‘’Noun Phrase’’ or ‘’Subject’’.
The verb phrase ‘’remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’ breaks down into the verb ‘’remains’’ and the adjective phrase ‘’popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’.
3-5. Write labels at the ends of each of the new branches.
The labels conform to the parts you’ve identified for the subject and predicate.
For the branches created under ‘’Noun phrase’’ or ‘’Subject’’, you’d write ‘’Adjective Phrase’’ or ‘’AdjP’’ and ‘’Noun’’.
For the branches created under ‘’Verb Phrase’’ or ‘’Predicate’’, you’d write ‘’Verb’’ and ‘’Adjective Phrase’’ or ‘’AdjP’’.
3-6. Repeat the branching and labeling until you have a branch and label for each word in the sentence.
As noted earlier, types of phrases can be broken down into smaller and smaller component phrases.
The adjective phrase ‘’The gaudily dressed’’ breaks down into the article or determiner ‘’The’’ and the adjective phrase ‘’gaudily dressed’’, which, in turn, breaks down into the adverb ‘’gaudily’’ and the participle acting as adjective ‘’dressed’’.
The adjective phrase ‘’popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’ breaks down into the adjective ‘’popular’’ and the double prepositional phrase ‘’with long-time fans of television game shows’’. Each of the prepositional phrases breaks down into a preposition and noun phrase (‘’with’’ and ‘’long-time fans’’, and ‘’of’’ and ‘’television game shows’’), and the noun phrases break down further into adjective phrases followed by nouns, and so on.
3-7. Write the sentence underneath the labels.
If you’ve broken the example sentence down completely, you’ll have this series of labels: “Determiner” (or “Article”), “Adverb,” “Adjective,” “Noun,” “Verb,” “Adjective,” “Preposition,” “Adjective,” “Noun,” “Preposition,” “Adjective,” “Adjective,” “Noun.”
You can use abbreviations: “Det” for “Determiner,” “Art” for “Article,” “Adv” for “Adverb,” “Adj” for “Adjective,” “N” for “Noun,” “V” for “Verb,” and “Prep” for “Preposition.”
3-8. Connect each word to the label above it with a dotted vertical line.
This shows the function of each word in the sentence; the tree branches show the relationships between components of the phrases that make up the sentence.
For the example sentence, you’d draw a dotted line from ‘’The’’ to ’’Determiner’’ (or ‘’Article’’), from ‘’gaudily’’ to ‘’Adverb’’, from ‘’dressed’’ to ‘’Adjective’’, and so on.
4. Diagramming a Sentence (Reed-Kellogg Method)
4-1. Draw a horizontal line.
This is the line you will write the subject and predicate of the sentence on.
For most of the steps in this section, we’ll use the same sentence as for the parse tree diagram example: ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’.
If you have a sentence composed of multiple independent clauses, make a line for each clause in the sentence.
4-2. Draw a vertical line through the horizontal line.
The vertical line separates the subject from the predicate.
4-3. Write the subject of the sentence in front of the dividing line.
See the step about where to look for the subject of the sentence in “Part Two: Analyzing a Sentence.” For this method of diagramming, we want only the simple subject of the sentence, not the complete noun phrase.
For our example sentence, the simple subject is the proper noun ‘’Wink Martindale’’.
If the sentence is an imperative (command) sentence, the subject is understood to be “you.” The subject is written on the line in parentheses, as “(you),” or as “(X).” If the sentence also includes a vocative (‘’Wink, tell us the categories.’’), put the vocative on a horizontal line floating above the understood subject.
If the sentence has multiple subjects, draw a branch (a horizontal “V”) from the left of the subject-predicate divider and a separate line for each subject. Write each subject on one of the lines, and connect the subject lines with a dashed vertical line. Write the word ‘’and’’ on the dashed line.
4-4. Write the main verb of the predicate after the dividing line.
If the verb has a linking verb, write it in front of the main verb.
For our example sentence, we’d write the verb ‘’remains’’ after the divider.
If the sentence has multiple predicates, draw a branch from the right of the subject-predicate divider and a separate line for each predicate. Write each verb and linking verb (if any) on one of the lines and connect the predicate lines with a dashed vertical line. Write the word ‘’and’’ on the dashed line.
4-5. Fill in the direct object, if there is one.
If the sentence has a direct object, it goes on the same line as the subject and predicate and is separated by a vertical line that rises upward from the subject-predicate line.
Our original example sentence doesn’t have a direct object. However, if our sentence were ‘’Wink Martindale gave the contestant a new car.’’, the word ‘’car’’ would be written after the line dividing the predicate ‘’gave’’ from the direct object.
If the sentence has one predicate but multiple objects, draw a branch from the right of the predicate-object divider and a separate line for each direct object. Write each direct object on one of the lines and connect the direct object line with a dashed vertical line on which you write ‘’and’’.
If the sentence has multiple predicates with an object for each predicate, extend the predicate lines and draw in a vertical predicate object divider for each line, then write the objects that correspond to the predicates on the line of the predicate the object corresponds to.
If the sentence has multiple predicates but only a single direct object, draw lines from each predicate line that converge at a single point. (This should mirror the branching out from the subject-predicate line, making the diagram look something like a wrapped candy.) Draw a horizontal line out from this point, with a predicate-object divider, then write the object to the right of the divider.
4-6. Fill in the indirect object, if there is one.
Draw a slanting line from the predicate side of the subject-predicate line downward and to the right. Draw a horizontal line from the end of the slanting line and write the indirect object on it.
Using our example sentence from the previous step, ‘’Wink Martindale gave the contestant a new car.’’, the word ‘’contestant’’ is the indirect object, so it would be written on the horizontal line below the predicate.
If there are multiple indirect objects, draw a branch from the slanted line and a horizontal line for each indirect object. Write each indirect object on its own line and connect the indirect object lines with a vertical dashed line on which you write ‘’and’’.
4-7. Fill in the predicate noun or adjective if your sentence has one.
A predicate noun or adjective goes in the same place as a direct object would, except that you separate it with a slanted line that points in the direction of the subject. This shows the predicate noun or adjective refers to or describes the subject.
In our original sentence, the word “popular” is an example of a predicate adjective. If the sentence read ‘’Wink Martindale remains a popular game-show host.’’, the word ‘’host’’ would be an example of a predicate noun.
4-8. Fill in the words that describe the subject, predicate, and object.
Draw diagonal lines under the subject(s), the predicate(s), and the object(s).
Draw one line under the subject for each adjective that directly modifies the subject and write an adjective on it. If your sentence connects the adjectives together with ‘’and’’, draw a dashed line between the adjective lines and write ‘’and’’ on it.
Using our original example sentence, the words ‘’The’’ and ‘’dressed’’ would appear on diagonal lines extending from the subject ‘’Wink Martindale’’.
Draw one line under the predicate for each adverb that directly modifies the predicate and write an adverb on it. If your sentence connects the adverbs together with ‘’and’’, draw a dashed line between the adjective lines and write ‘’and’’ on it.
Draw one line under the object for each adjective that directly modifies the object and write an adjective on it. If your sentence connects the adjectives together with ‘’and’’, draw a dashed line between the adjective lines and write ‘’and’’ on it.
If you have adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs, draw a branching line from the modifier line downward and to the left. Then, draw a line perpendicular to this line but parallel to the modifier line. Write the modifying adverb on this line.
Using our original example sentence, a branching line would be drawn from the line labeled with the word ‘’dressed’’. The word ‘’gaudily’’ would be written on the line paralleling ‘’dressed’’ to show it modifies that word.
4-9. Fill in the prepositional phrases.
The line segments for prepositional phrases look the same as for an indirect object, except that you write the preposition on the diagonal line that connects the object of the prepositional phrase to the subject-predicate line.
However, while an indirect object always connects to the predicate, a prepositional phrase can be connected to the subject, predicate, object, an adjective, an adverb, or even to another prepositional phrase!
Using our example sentence, we’d draw a diagonal line under the predicate adjective ‘’popular’’ and write the preposition ‘’with’’ on it, then draw a horizontal line and write the noun ‘’fans’’ on that. We would draw a diagonal line for the adjective ‘’long-time’’ and another diagonal line for the preposition ‘’of’’. We would draw a horizontal line from the preposition ‘’of’’ for the noun ‘’shows’’ and diagonal lines under ‘’shows’’ for the adjectives ‘’television’’ and ‘’game’’.
4-10. Connect independent clauses with a dashed vertical line.
Just as you connect multiple subjects, predicates or objects together with a dashed vertical line with ‘’and’’ on it.
If your sentence uses a different coordinating conjunction, use that in place of ‘’and’’.
There are additional structures for more complex sentences, but these are the components you’ll find in most practice sentences. Search online for a graphic diagramming aid to help you master these.
Tips
An alternate form of the parse tree diagram that can be used in media that won’t support a diagram, such as text-only email or Web pages, is to create brackets using the vertical line (|) and hyphens (-) to flank the labels identifying the phrases and clauses that make up the sentence. (Labels for the individual word components are not so flanked.)[22]
X
Research source
Parse trees work better than Reed-Kellogg diagrams when the sentence being analyzed is short. For longer sentences, the Reed-Kellogg diagram is more effective because it takes less space than a parse tree.[23]
X
Research source
The Reed-Kellogg diagram is also better able to show sentence components placed in the predicate that actually refer to the subject, such as predicate adjectives and predicate nouns.
One way to create sentences for diagramming with either the parse tree or Reed-Kellogg diagram is to use cards from a word game such as You’ve Been Sentenced, in which players have to build sentences from the words on the cards. The cards allow the words to be manipulated physically, and the diagrams can be drawn on sheets of butcher paper.
Warnings
Whichever method of diagramming you choose, remember that the goal is for the diagram to illustrate how the sentence works, not to create the most elaborate diagram.
Diagramming sentences with the Reed-Kellogg diagram is not taught within the schools as much as it was up until the 1970s. While this form of diagramming does a good job of showing the functions of words in a sentence, it does not do as good a job of showing sentence structure as the parse tree does.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:52",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Parsing the Parts\\n1-1. Learn the parts of speech.\\nThe words in a sentence are given names according to the type of function they serve in the sentence. There are 8 parts of speech:\\nNouns are words that represent persons, places, or things. Examples include ‘’boy,’’ ‘’girl,’’ ‘’cat’,’ ‘’dog’,’ ‘’grass’’, and ‘’home’’.\\nPronouns are words that stand in for nouns so they don’t have to be repeated. Examples include ‘’he,’’ ‘’she,’’ ‘’it,’’ ‘’you,’’ ‘’we,’’ and ‘’they.’’\\nVerbs are words that express action or state of being. Examples include ‘’is’’/’’are’’, ‘’do’’/’’does’’, ‘’has’’/’’have’’, ‘’perform’’, and ‘’sing’’. Form of verbs, called verbals, can serve as other parts of speech. Gerunds are verbals that act as nouns; they usually end in ‘’-ing’’ (as in ‘’acting,’’ the profession). Participles are verbals that act as adjectives; they usually end in ‘’-ing’’ or ‘’-ed’’ (as in ‘’melted’’ when describing melted chocolate).\\nAdjectives are words that describe, or modify, nouns. Examples include words representing size (‘’big’’, “huge’’, ‘’small’’, ‘’tiny’’), color (‘’red’’, ‘’green’’, ‘’blue’’), quantity (‘’one’’, ‘’two’’, ‘’three’’), or condition (‘’good’’, ‘’bad’’, ‘’happy’’). A special group of adjectives are called articles or determiners; these include ‘’a’’, ‘’an’’, and ‘’the’’.\\nAdverbs are words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Many adverbs end in ‘’–ly’’ (‘’quickly’’, ‘’badly’’, ‘’really’’), but others do not (‘’very’’, ‘’fast’’). They describe how, when, where, why, and how much.\\nPrepositions are words that connect nouns to other words so they can describe those words. Examples include ‘’at’’, ‘’in’’, ‘’on’’, ’’before’’, and ‘’after’’.\\nConjunctions are words that connect other words or parts of sentences together. Examples include ‘’and’’, ‘’but’’, and ‘’or’’, as well as ‘’because’’ and ‘’when’’.\\nInterjections are words exclaimed to represent outbursts of emotion or pain. Examples include ‘’hello’’, ‘’ouch’’, and ‘’oh’’. Interjections are followed by commas when the feeling is mild, or by exclamation points when the feeling is strong.\\nSome words can be used as more than one part of speech, depending on where they are placed in a sentence. The word ‘’well’’ can be used as a noun (place where water is drawn from), an adjective, an adverb, or as an interjection, for example.\\n1-2. String words together into phrases.\\nA phrase is a grouping of one or more words that conveys an idea, usually about something that exists or some type of action, and may include other words that modify it. The most important word in the phrase is called its head. Some of the types of phrases are given below:\\nA noun phrase is a phrase built around and including a noun. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog barked loudly at the mailman.’’, ‘’The big, red dog’’ is a noun phrase, with ‘’dog’’ the noun that forms the head of the phrase; the words ‘’big’’ and ‘’red’’ describe, or modify, it. Noun phrases can also be built around gerunds, as in ‘’loud, repeated barking’’.\\nA verb phrase is a phrase built around and including a verb. In the sentence above, the phrase ‘’barked loudly’’ is a verb phrase, with ‘’barked’’ the verb that forms the head of the phrase; the word ‘’loudly’’ describes, or modifies, how the dog barked.\\nAn adjective phrase is a phrase built around an adjective. In the sentence ‘’I am fond of peanut butter.’’, ‘’fond of peanut butter’’ is an adjective phrase with ‘’fond’’ as its head.\\nAn adverb phrase is a phrase built around an adverb. In the sentence ‘’The mailman ran very rapidly from the barking dog.’’, ‘’very rapidly’’ is an adverb phrase with ‘’rapidly’’ as its head.\\nAn appositive is a phrase that adds detail to the sentence but won’t change the sentence’s meaning if it’s removed. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog, an Irish setter, barked loudly at the mailman.’’, the phrase ‘’an Irish setter’’ is an appositive. Appositives are set off by commas. If the appositive is a name used to address someone, it’s called a vocative.\\nA prepositional phrase is a phrase that begins with a preposition and includes one or more nouns that serve as objects of the preposition. The phrase ‘’at the mailman’’ is a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition ‘’at’’ and including the noun ‘’mailman’’ as its object. A prepositional phrase typically acts as an adjective or adverb.\\nPhrases can contain phrases of the same or different kinds within themselves. For example, the prepositional phrase ‘’at the mailman’’ contains the noun phrase ‘’the mailman’’. Likewise, the adjective phrase ‘’fond of peanut butter’’ includes the prepositional phrase ‘’of peanut butter’’.\\n1-3. Look for phrases that form subjects and predicates.\\nTo be complete, a sentence must have a word or phrase that serves as its subject and a word or phrase that serves as its predicate.\\nThe subject is a noun phrase that tells what the sentence is about. It’s what does the action or experiences the state of being described in the predicate. In the sentence, ‘’The dog barked.’’, “dog” is the subject, or more correctly, the simple subject. (‘’The dog’’ can be called the complete or entire subject.)\\nThe predicate is a verb phrase that tells the action the subject performs or the state of being the subject experiences. In the sentence, ‘’The dog barked.’’, ‘’barked’’ is the predicate. In a longer sentence, such as ‘’The dog barked loudly.’’, ‘’barked’’ is the simple predicate, while ‘’barked loudly’’ is the complete predicate.\\n1-4. Identify the object, if there is one.\\nSome sentences also have an object, which is the part of the predicate that tells who or what received the action the subject is performing. Objects can be either direct or indirect.\\nA direct object is one that the action was done on; it can be the answer to the question “Who?” or “What?” In the sentence, ‘’The dog gave the puppy a bone.’’, ‘’bone’’ is a direct object.\\nAn indirect object is one that the action was done for. In the sentence, ‘’The dog gave the puppy a bone.’’, ‘’puppy’’ is an indirect object. (An indirect object functions the same as a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition “to” or “for” that could be written after the direct object, as in ‘’The dog gave a bone to the puppy.’’)\\nVerbs that can be followed by an object are called transitive verbs; those that can’t be followed by an object (other than the object in a prepositional phrase) are called intransitive verbs.\\n1-5. Combine subjects and predicates into clauses.\\nA clause is any portion of a sentence that includes both a subject and a predicate. There are two main types: independent and dependent clauses, with dependent clauses further divided into subtypes.\\nAn independent clause can stand alone by itself as a complete sentence if all other information is removed. A sentence can have more than one independent clause; multiple independent clauses are connected with a coordinating conjunction (‘’and’’,’’ or’’, ‘’nor’’, ‘’but’’, ‘’so’’, ‘’yet’’) or a semicolon.\\nA dependent clause cannot stand alone by itself but instead requires another clause to express a complete thought. (The frustrated parent’s reply of “Because I said so” is an example of an incomplete sentence made of a dependent clause.) Dependent clauses can function in sentences as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.\\nDependent clauses may be introduced by subordinating conjunctions (‘’although’’, ‘’because’’, ‘’if’’, ‘’since’’, ‘’unless’’, ‘’when’’, ‘’while’’). These kinds of dependent clauses are called subordinate clauses.\\nDependent clauses may be introduced by relative pronouns (‘’who’’/’’whom’’/’’whose’’, ‘’what’’, ‘’which’’, ‘’that’’). These kinds of dependent clauses are called relative clauses.\\nDependent clauses that are essential to the meaning of the sentence because they limit what the sentence refers to are called essential or restrictive clauses. They are not set off by commas. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog that lives on Pine Street barked loudly at the mailman.’’, the clause ‘’that lives on Pine Street’’ is a restrictive clause because it identifies a specific dog.\\nDependent clauses that add information that isn’t essential to the meaning of the sentence are called nonessential or nonrestrictive clauses. Like appositives, these clauses are set off by commas. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog, which is seven years old, barked loudly at the mailman.’’, the clause ‘’which is seven years old’’ is a nonrestrictive clause because the dog’s age isn’t important information.\\n2. Analyzing a Sentence\\n2-1. Look for the subject of the sentence.\\nAs noted earlier, the subject is a noun phrase (or a pronoun) that tells what the subject is about. The subject also determines the form the verb in the predicate takes.\\nIn a simple declarative sentence (statement) or exclamatory sentence (‘’Harry threw the ball’’, ‘’I did it!’’), the subject is usually stated first.\\nIn a declarative sentence introduced with an appositive or a nonrestrictive clause (a complex sentence), the subject usually appears shortly after the comma that sets off the appositive or clause. (‘’After winding up, Harry threw the ball.’’)\\nIn an imperative sentence (command), the subject is usually not stated. (‘’Bring that over here.’’) It is understood to be whoever the command is given to, or more simply, “you.”\\nIn an interrogative sentence (question), the subject can sometimes begin the sentence (‘’It’s raining in Nebraska?’’, ‘’Who broke this?’’), but it can also follow the predicate (‘’Is this your car?’’) or fall between parts of it (‘’May I have this dance?’’). Often, you can rewrite the question into a statement (‘’This is your car.’’); in those cases, the subject of the statement is also the subject of the question.\\nA sentence can have more than one subject. Multiple subjects are called a compound subject; the individual subjects are usually connected with the conjunction ‘’and’’.\\n2-2. Find the verb and you find the predicate.\\nAlso as noted earlier, the predicate tells what action the subject is taking or has taken or the subject’s state of being. In most sentences, the predicate immediately follows the subject, while for interrogative sentences, the predicate verb usually comes before the subject.\\nThe predicate may include a main verb and a helping verb, as in ‘’I can speak German’’. ‘’Speak’’ is the primary verb, but ‘’can’’ serves as a helping verb, telling that I am able to speak German.\\nThe primary helping verbs are the forms of ‘’be’’, ‘’do’’, and ‘’have’’, while ‘’can’’ is part of a group of helping verbs that expresses need or possibility, called modal helping verbs. The others are ‘’could’’, ‘’may’’, ’’might’’, ‘’must’’, ‘’ought to’’, ‘’shall’’, ‘’should’’, ‘’will’’, and ‘’would’’.\\nJust as a sentence can have more than one subject, it can also have more than one predicate. Multiple predicates are called a compound predicate; the main verbs are usually connected with the conjunction ‘’and’’.\\n2-3. Look for the direct and indirect objects, if they’re present.\\nObjects, when present, typically follow the verb in the predicate. A verb followed by one or more objects is called a transitive verb, while a verb that isn’t followed by an object is called an intransitive verb.\\nAn indirect object often follows the verb immediately, while a direct object may be preceded by modifiers or an indirect object. A sentence may have multiple direct or indirect objects.\\nNot all nouns or pronouns that follow the predicate verb are objects, however. If the verb just connects the subject to a noun that describes it (‘’I am a man.’’), the noun that follows the verb is called a predicate noun.\\n2-4. Identify modifying words, phrases, and clauses and determine what they modify.\\nOften, you can determine what words modify other words by their position in the sentence.\\nAdjectives are usually placed before the noun they modify, whether it is the subject or the object of the sentence. If several adjectives modify a noun, they may be separated with commas if they describe different attributes of that noun.\\nHowever, sentences with verbs that connect the subject with information about the subject, called linking verbs, place the adjective after the linking verb, as in the sentence ‘’He is happy.’’ The most common linking verbs are the forms of ‘’to be’’ (‘’am’’, ‘’are’’, ‘’is’’, ‘’was’’, ‘’were’’), ‘’become’’, and ‘’seem’’, but other verbs, such as ‘’appear’’and ‘’feel’’, can also function as linking verbs.\\nAdverbs can be placed either before or after the verb they modify, but usually after. Adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs usually come before the word they modify.\\n3. Diagramming a Sentence (Parse Tree Diagram)\\n3-1. Choose how much of the sentence you want to analyze.\\nParse trees can be used to analyze a complete sentence or just a clause or phrase within a sentence.\\nIf you want to analyze an entire sentence, write the word ‘’Sentence’’ or the abbreviation ‘’S.’’\\nIf you want to analyze a clause, write the word ‘’Clause’’ or the abbreviation ‘’C.’’\\nIf you want to analyze a phrase, write the word ‘’Phrase’’ or the abbreviation ‘’P.’’ You can further define the type of phrase you’re analyzing: a noun phrase (NP), a verb phrase (VP), etc.\\nFor the purposes of this example, we’ll use the sentence ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows.’’\\n3-2. Draw a pair of branching lines downward from the name of the component (S, C, or P).\\nThe exact length of each line will vary. For a sentence with a short noun phrase as a subject and a long verb phrase as a predicate, you’ll need to draw a longer line for the subject and a shorter line for the predicate. If the lengths of the two phrases are about the same, your lines should be about the same length.\\n3-3. Label the ends of the branching lines.\\nUse labels according to how much of the sentence you’re analyzing and the components that make that part up.\\nIf you’re analyzing a complete sentence or a clause, you’re looking for a subject and a predicate. Your subject will be a noun phrase, while your predicate will be a verb phrase. You can use ‘’Noun Phrase’’ or ‘’NP’’ to label the noun phrase as such, or ‘’Subject’’ to label it as the subject. You can use ‘’Verb Phrase’’ or ‘’VP’’ to label the verb phrase as such or ‘’Predicate’’ to label it as the predicate.\\nIn our example sentence, the subject is the noun phrase ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale’’, while the predicate is the verb phrase ‘’remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’.\\nIf you’re only analyzing a phrase, you’ll only be looking for components that make up the phrase.\\n3-4. Draw new branching lines from each of the labels.\\nBy drawing the new lines, you’re preparing to break down the noun phrase of your subject and the verb phrase of your predicate into their components.\\nThe noun phrase ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale’’ breaks down into an adjective phrase, ‘’The gaudily dressed’’, and the (proper) noun ‘’Wink Martindale’’, so you draw two branching lines from the label ‘’Noun Phrase’’ or ‘’Subject’’.\\nThe verb phrase ‘’remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’ breaks down into the verb ‘’remains’’ and the adjective phrase ‘’popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’.\\n3-5. Write labels at the ends of each of the new branches.\\nThe labels conform to the parts you’ve identified for the subject and predicate.\\nFor the branches created under ‘’Noun phrase’’ or ‘’Subject’’, you’d write ‘’Adjective Phrase’’ or ‘’AdjP’’ and ‘’Noun’’.\\nFor the branches created under ‘’Verb Phrase’’ or ‘’Predicate’’, you’d write ‘’Verb’’ and ‘’Adjective Phrase’’ or ‘’AdjP’’.\\n3-6. Repeat the branching and labeling until you have a branch and label for each word in the sentence.\\nAs noted earlier, types of phrases can be broken down into smaller and smaller component phrases.\\nThe adjective phrase ‘’The gaudily dressed’’ breaks down into the article or determiner ‘’The’’ and the adjective phrase ‘’gaudily dressed’’, which, in turn, breaks down into the adverb ‘’gaudily’’ and the participle acting as adjective ‘’dressed’’.\\nThe adjective phrase ‘’popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’ breaks down into the adjective ‘’popular’’ and the double prepositional phrase ‘’with long-time fans of television game shows’’. Each of the prepositional phrases breaks down into a preposition and noun phrase (‘’with’’ and ‘’long-time fans’’, and ‘’of’’ and ‘’television game shows’’), and the noun phrases break down further into adjective phrases followed by nouns, and so on.\\n3-7. Write the sentence underneath the labels.\\nIf you’ve broken the example sentence down completely, you’ll have this series of labels: “Determiner” (or “Article”), “Adverb,” “Adjective,” “Noun,” “Verb,” “Adjective,” “Preposition,” “Adjective,” “Noun,” “Preposition,” “Adjective,” “Adjective,” “Noun.” \\nYou can use abbreviations: “Det” for “Determiner,” “Art” for “Article,” “Adv” for “Adverb,” “Adj” for “Adjective,” “N” for “Noun,” “V” for “Verb,” and “Prep” for “Preposition.”\\n3-8. Connect each word to the label above it with a dotted vertical line.\\nThis shows the function of each word in the sentence; the tree branches show the relationships between components of the phrases that make up the sentence.\\nFor the example sentence, you’d draw a dotted line from ‘’The’’ to ’’Determiner’’ (or ‘’Article’’), from ‘’gaudily’’ to ‘’Adverb’’, from ‘’dressed’’ to ‘’Adjective’’, and so on.\\n4. Diagramming a Sentence (Reed-Kellogg Method)\\n4-1. Draw a horizontal line.\\nThis is the line you will write the subject and predicate of the sentence on.\\nFor most of the steps in this section, we’ll use the same sentence as for the parse tree diagram example: ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’.\\nIf you have a sentence composed of multiple independent clauses, make a line for each clause in the sentence.\\n4-2. Draw a vertical line through the horizontal line.\\nThe vertical line separates the subject from the predicate.\\n4-3. Write the subject of the sentence in front of the dividing line.\\nSee the step about where to look for the subject of the sentence in “Part Two: Analyzing a Sentence.” For this method of diagramming, we want only the simple subject of the sentence, not the complete noun phrase.\\nFor our example sentence, the simple subject is the proper noun ‘’Wink Martindale’’.\\nIf the sentence is an imperative (command) sentence, the subject is understood to be “you.” The subject is written on the line in parentheses, as “(you),” or as “(X).” If the sentence also includes a vocative (‘’Wink, tell us the categories.’’), put the vocative on a horizontal line floating above the understood subject.\\nIf the sentence has multiple subjects, draw a branch (a horizontal “V”) from the left of the subject-predicate divider and a separate line for each subject. Write each subject on one of the lines, and connect the subject lines with a dashed vertical line. Write the word ‘’and’’ on the dashed line.\\n4-4. Write the main verb of the predicate after the dividing line.\\nIf the verb has a linking verb, write it in front of the main verb.\\nFor our example sentence, we’d write the verb ‘’remains’’ after the divider.\\nIf the sentence has multiple predicates, draw a branch from the right of the subject-predicate divider and a separate line for each predicate. Write each verb and linking verb (if any) on one of the lines and connect the predicate lines with a dashed vertical line. Write the word ‘’and’’ on the dashed line.\\n4-5. Fill in the direct object, if there is one.\\nIf the sentence has a direct object, it goes on the same line as the subject and predicate and is separated by a vertical line that rises upward from the subject-predicate line.\\nOur original example sentence doesn’t have a direct object. However, if our sentence were ‘’Wink Martindale gave the contestant a new car.’’, the word ‘’car’’ would be written after the line dividing the predicate ‘’gave’’ from the direct object.\\nIf the sentence has one predicate but multiple objects, draw a branch from the right of the predicate-object divider and a separate line for each direct object. Write each direct object on one of the lines and connect the direct object line with a dashed vertical line on which you write ‘’and’’.\\nIf the sentence has multiple predicates with an object for each predicate, extend the predicate lines and draw in a vertical predicate object divider for each line, then write the objects that correspond to the predicates on the line of the predicate the object corresponds to.\\nIf the sentence has multiple predicates but only a single direct object, draw lines from each predicate line that converge at a single point. (This should mirror the branching out from the subject-predicate line, making the diagram look something like a wrapped candy.) Draw a horizontal line out from this point, with a predicate-object divider, then write the object to the right of the divider.\\n4-6. Fill in the indirect object, if there is one.\\nDraw a slanting line from the predicate side of the subject-predicate line downward and to the right. Draw a horizontal line from the end of the slanting line and write the indirect object on it.\\nUsing our example sentence from the previous step, ‘’Wink Martindale gave the contestant a new car.’’, the word ‘’contestant’’ is the indirect object, so it would be written on the horizontal line below the predicate.\\nIf there are multiple indirect objects, draw a branch from the slanted line and a horizontal line for each indirect object. Write each indirect object on its own line and connect the indirect object lines with a vertical dashed line on which you write ‘’and’’.\\n4-7. Fill in the predicate noun or adjective if your sentence has one.\\nA predicate noun or adjective goes in the same place as a direct object would, except that you separate it with a slanted line that points in the direction of the subject. This shows the predicate noun or adjective refers to or describes the subject.\\nIn our original sentence, the word “popular” is an example of a predicate adjective. If the sentence read ‘’Wink Martindale remains a popular game-show host.’’, the word ‘’host’’ would be an example of a predicate noun.\\n4-8. Fill in the words that describe the subject, predicate, and object.\\nDraw diagonal lines under the subject(s), the predicate(s), and the object(s).\\nDraw one line under the subject for each adjective that directly modifies the subject and write an adjective on it. If your sentence connects the adjectives together with ‘’and’’, draw a dashed line between the adjective lines and write ‘’and’’ on it.\\nUsing our original example sentence, the words ‘’The’’ and ‘’dressed’’ would appear on diagonal lines extending from the subject ‘’Wink Martindale’’.\\nDraw one line under the predicate for each adverb that directly modifies the predicate and write an adverb on it. If your sentence connects the adverbs together with ‘’and’’, draw a dashed line between the adjective lines and write ‘’and’’ on it.\\nDraw one line under the object for each adjective that directly modifies the object and write an adjective on it. If your sentence connects the adjectives together with ‘’and’’, draw a dashed line between the adjective lines and write ‘’and’’ on it.\\nIf you have adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs, draw a branching line from the modifier line downward and to the left. Then, draw a line perpendicular to this line but parallel to the modifier line. Write the modifying adverb on this line.\\nUsing our original example sentence, a branching line would be drawn from the line labeled with the word ‘’dressed’’. The word ‘’gaudily’’ would be written on the line paralleling ‘’dressed’’ to show it modifies that word.\\n4-9. Fill in the prepositional phrases.\\nThe line segments for prepositional phrases look the same as for an indirect object, except that you write the preposition on the diagonal line that connects the object of the prepositional phrase to the subject-predicate line. \\nHowever, while an indirect object always connects to the predicate, a prepositional phrase can be connected to the subject, predicate, object, an adjective, an adverb, or even to another prepositional phrase!\\nUsing our example sentence, we’d draw a diagonal line under the predicate adjective ‘’popular’’ and write the preposition ‘’with’’ on it, then draw a horizontal line and write the noun ‘’fans’’ on that. We would draw a diagonal line for the adjective ‘’long-time’’ and another diagonal line for the preposition ‘’of’’. We would draw a horizontal line from the preposition ‘’of’’ for the noun ‘’shows’’ and diagonal lines under ‘’shows’’ for the adjectives ‘’television’’ and ‘’game’’.\\n4-10. Connect independent clauses with a dashed vertical line.\\nJust as you connect multiple subjects, predicates or objects together with a dashed vertical line with ‘’and’’ on it.\\nIf your sentence uses a different coordinating conjunction, use that in place of ‘’and’’.\\nThere are additional structures for more complex sentences, but these are the components you’ll find in most practice sentences. Search online for a graphic diagramming aid to help you master these.\\nTips\\nAn alternate form of the parse tree diagram that can be used in media that won’t support a diagram, such as text-only email or Web pages, is to create brackets using the vertical line (|) and hyphens (-) to flank the labels identifying the phrases and clauses that make up the sentence. (Labels for the individual word components are not so flanked.)[22]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nParse trees work better than Reed-Kellogg diagrams when the sentence being analyzed is short. For longer sentences, the Reed-Kellogg diagram is more effective because it takes less space than a parse tree.[23]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\\n\\n\\n The Reed-Kellogg diagram is also better able to show sentence components placed in the predicate that actually refer to the subject, such as predicate adjectives and predicate nouns.\\nOne way to create sentences for diagramming with either the parse tree or Reed-Kellogg diagram is to use cards from a word game such as You’ve Been Sentenced, in which players have to build sentences from the words on the cards. The cards allow the words to be manipulated physically, and the diagrams can be drawn on sheets of butcher paper.\\nWarnings\\nWhichever method of diagramming you choose, remember that the goal is for the diagram to illustrate how the sentence works, not to create the most elaborate diagram.\\nDiagramming sentences with the Reed-Kellogg diagram is not taught within the schools as much as it was up until the 1970s. While this form of diagramming does a good job of showing the functions of words in a sentence, it does not do as good a job of showing sentence structure as the parse tree does.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"A sentence is composed of words grouped into phrases and clauses. Analyzing (parsing) a sentence and its components helps you understand the function of each of its nouns, verbs, and modifiers in the sentence so you can write better sentences. You can determine the function of each component of a sentence from its position in the sentence, or you can organize the words into a diagram to graphically display their functions.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Parsing the Parts\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Learn the parts of speech.\", \"描述\": \"The words in a sentence are given names according to the type of function they serve in the sentence. There are 8 parts of speech:\\nNouns are words that represent persons, places, or things. Examples include ‘’boy,’’ ‘’girl,’’ ‘’cat’,’ ‘’dog’,’ ‘’grass’’, and ‘’home’’.\\nPronouns are words that stand in for nouns so they don’t have to be repeated. Examples include ‘’he,’’ ‘’she,’’ ‘’it,’’ ‘’you,’’ ‘’we,’’ and ‘’they.’’\\nVerbs are words that express action or state of being. Examples include ‘’is’’/’’are’’, ‘’do’’/’’does’’, ‘’has’’/’’have’’, ‘’perform’’, and ‘’sing’’. Form of verbs, called verbals, can serve as other parts of speech. Gerunds are verbals that act as nouns; they usually end in ‘’-ing’’ (as in ‘’acting,’’ the profession). Participles are verbals that act as adjectives; they usually end in ‘’-ing’’ or ‘’-ed’’ (as in ‘’melted’’ when describing melted chocolate).\\nAdjectives are words that describe, or modify, nouns. Examples include words representing size (‘’big’’, “huge’’, ‘’small’’, ‘’tiny’’), color (‘’red’’, ‘’green’’, ‘’blue’’), quantity (‘’one’’, ‘’two’’, ‘’three’’), or condition (‘’good’’, ‘’bad’’, ‘’happy’’). A special group of adjectives are called articles or determiners; these include ‘’a’’, ‘’an’’, and ‘’the’’.\\nAdverbs are words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Many adverbs end in ‘’–ly’’ (‘’quickly’’, ‘’badly’’, ‘’really’’), but others do not (‘’very’’, ‘’fast’’). They describe how, when, where, why, and how much.\\nPrepositions are words that connect nouns to other words so they can describe those words. Examples include ‘’at’’, ‘’in’’, ‘’on’’, ’’before’’, and ‘’after’’.\\nConjunctions are words that connect other words or parts of sentences together. Examples include ‘’and’’, ‘’but’’, and ‘’or’’, as well as ‘’because’’ and ‘’when’’.\\nInterjections are words exclaimed to represent outbursts of emotion or pain. Examples include ‘’hello’’, ‘’ouch’’, and ‘’oh’’. Interjections are followed by commas when the feeling is mild, or by exclamation points when the feeling is strong.\\nSome words can be used as more than one part of speech, depending on where they are placed in a sentence. The word ‘’well’’ can be used as a noun (place where water is drawn from), an adjective, an adverb, or as an interjection, for example.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"String words together into phrases.\", \"描述\": \"A phrase is a grouping of one or more words that conveys an idea, usually about something that exists or some type of action, and may include other words that modify it. The most important word in the phrase is called its head. Some of the types of phrases are given below:\\nA noun phrase is a phrase built around and including a noun. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog barked loudly at the mailman.’’, ‘’The big, red dog’’ is a noun phrase, with ‘’dog’’ the noun that forms the head of the phrase; the words ‘’big’’ and ‘’red’’ describe, or modify, it. Noun phrases can also be built around gerunds, as in ‘’loud, repeated barking’’.\\nA verb phrase is a phrase built around and including a verb. In the sentence above, the phrase ‘’barked loudly’’ is a verb phrase, with ‘’barked’’ the verb that forms the head of the phrase; the word ‘’loudly’’ describes, or modifies, how the dog barked.\\nAn adjective phrase is a phrase built around an adjective. In the sentence ‘’I am fond of peanut butter.’’, ‘’fond of peanut butter’’ is an adjective phrase with ‘’fond’’ as its head.\\nAn adverb phrase is a phrase built around an adverb. In the sentence ‘’The mailman ran very rapidly from the barking dog.’’, ‘’very rapidly’’ is an adverb phrase with ‘’rapidly’’ as its head.\\nAn appositive is a phrase that adds detail to the sentence but won’t change the sentence’s meaning if it’s removed. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog, an Irish setter, barked loudly at the mailman.’’, the phrase ‘’an Irish setter’’ is an appositive. Appositives are set off by commas. If the appositive is a name used to address someone, it’s called a vocative.\\nA prepositional phrase is a phrase that begins with a preposition and includes one or more nouns that serve as objects of the preposition. The phrase ‘’at the mailman’’ is a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition ‘’at’’ and including the noun ‘’mailman’’ as its object. A prepositional phrase typically acts as an adjective or adverb.\\nPhrases can contain phrases of the same or different kinds within themselves. For example, the prepositional phrase ‘’at the mailman’’ contains the noun phrase ‘’the mailman’’. Likewise, the adjective phrase ‘’fond of peanut butter’’ includes the prepositional phrase ‘’of peanut butter’’.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Look for phrases that form subjects and predicates.\", \"描述\": \"To be complete, a sentence must have a word or phrase that serves as its subject and a word or phrase that serves as its predicate.\\nThe subject is a noun phrase that tells what the sentence is about. It’s what does the action or experiences the state of being described in the predicate. In the sentence, ‘’The dog barked.’’, “dog” is the subject, or more correctly, the simple subject. (‘’The dog’’ can be called the complete or entire subject.)\\nThe predicate is a verb phrase that tells the action the subject performs or the state of being the subject experiences. In the sentence, ‘’The dog barked.’’, ‘’barked’’ is the predicate. In a longer sentence, such as ‘’The dog barked loudly.’’, ‘’barked’’ is the simple predicate, while ‘’barked loudly’’ is the complete predicate.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Identify the object, if there is one.\", \"描述\": \"Some sentences also have an object, which is the part of the predicate that tells who or what received the action the subject is performing. Objects can be either direct or indirect.\\nA direct object is one that the action was done on; it can be the answer to the question “Who?” or “What?” In the sentence, ‘’The dog gave the puppy a bone.’’, ‘’bone’’ is a direct object.\\nAn indirect object is one that the action was done for. In the sentence, ‘’The dog gave the puppy a bone.’’, ‘’puppy’’ is an indirect object. (An indirect object functions the same as a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition “to” or “for” that could be written after the direct object, as in ‘’The dog gave a bone to the puppy.’’)\\nVerbs that can be followed by an object are called transitive verbs; those that can’t be followed by an object (other than the object in a prepositional phrase) are called intransitive verbs.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Combine subjects and predicates into clauses.\", \"描述\": \"A clause is any portion of a sentence that includes both a subject and a predicate. There are two main types: independent and dependent clauses, with dependent clauses further divided into subtypes.\\nAn independent clause can stand alone by itself as a complete sentence if all other information is removed. A sentence can have more than one independent clause; multiple independent clauses are connected with a coordinating conjunction (‘’and’’,’’ or’’, ‘’nor’’, ‘’but’’, ‘’so’’, ‘’yet’’) or a semicolon.\\nA dependent clause cannot stand alone by itself but instead requires another clause to express a complete thought. (The frustrated parent’s reply of “Because I said so” is an example of an incomplete sentence made of a dependent clause.) Dependent clauses can function in sentences as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.\\nDependent clauses may be introduced by subordinating conjunctions (‘’although’’, ‘’because’’, ‘’if’’, ‘’since’’, ‘’unless’’, ‘’when’’, ‘’while’’). These kinds of dependent clauses are called subordinate clauses.\\nDependent clauses may be introduced by relative pronouns (‘’who’’/’’whom’’/’’whose’’, ‘’what’’, ‘’which’’, ‘’that’’). These kinds of dependent clauses are called relative clauses.\\nDependent clauses that are essential to the meaning of the sentence because they limit what the sentence refers to are called essential or restrictive clauses. They are not set off by commas. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog that lives on Pine Street barked loudly at the mailman.’’, the clause ‘’that lives on Pine Street’’ is a restrictive clause because it identifies a specific dog.\\nDependent clauses that add information that isn’t essential to the meaning of the sentence are called nonessential or nonrestrictive clauses. Like appositives, these clauses are set off by commas. In the sentence ‘’The big, red dog, which is seven years old, barked loudly at the mailman.’’, the clause ‘’which is seven years old’’ is a nonrestrictive clause because the dog’s age isn’t important information.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyzing a Sentence\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Look for the subject of the sentence.\", \"描述\": \"As noted earlier, the subject is a noun phrase (or a pronoun) that tells what the subject is about. The subject also determines the form the verb in the predicate takes.\\nIn a simple declarative sentence (statement) or exclamatory sentence (‘’Harry threw the ball’’, ‘’I did it!’’), the subject is usually stated first.\\nIn a declarative sentence introduced with an appositive or a nonrestrictive clause (a complex sentence), the subject usually appears shortly after the comma that sets off the appositive or clause. (‘’After winding up, Harry threw the ball.’’)\\nIn an imperative sentence (command), the subject is usually not stated. (‘’Bring that over here.’’) It is understood to be whoever the command is given to, or more simply, “you.”\\nIn an interrogative sentence (question), the subject can sometimes begin the sentence (‘’It’s raining in Nebraska?’’, ‘’Who broke this?’’), but it can also follow the predicate (‘’Is this your car?’’) or fall between parts of it (‘’May I have this dance?’’). Often, you can rewrite the question into a statement (‘’This is your car.’’); in those cases, the subject of the statement is also the subject of the question.\\nA sentence can have more than one subject. Multiple subjects are called a compound subject; the individual subjects are usually connected with the conjunction ‘’and’’.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Find the verb and you find the predicate.\", \"描述\": \"Also as noted earlier, the predicate tells what action the subject is taking or has taken or the subject’s state of being. In most sentences, the predicate immediately follows the subject, while for interrogative sentences, the predicate verb usually comes before the subject.\\nThe predicate may include a main verb and a helping verb, as in ‘’I can speak German’’. ‘’Speak’’ is the primary verb, but ‘’can’’ serves as a helping verb, telling that I am able to speak German.\\nThe primary helping verbs are the forms of ‘’be’’, ‘’do’’, and ‘’have’’, while ‘’can’’ is part of a group of helping verbs that expresses need or possibility, called modal helping verbs. The others are ‘’could’’, ‘’may’’, ’’might’’, ‘’must’’, ‘’ought to’’, ‘’shall’’, ‘’should’’, ‘’will’’, and ‘’would’’.\\nJust as a sentence can have more than one subject, it can also have more than one predicate. Multiple predicates are called a compound predicate; the main verbs are usually connected with the conjunction ‘’and’’.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Look for the direct and indirect objects, if they’re present.\", \"描述\": \"Objects, when present, typically follow the verb in the predicate. A verb followed by one or more objects is called a transitive verb, while a verb that isn’t followed by an object is called an intransitive verb.\\nAn indirect object often follows the verb immediately, while a direct object may be preceded by modifiers or an indirect object. A sentence may have multiple direct or indirect objects.\\nNot all nouns or pronouns that follow the predicate verb are objects, however. If the verb just connects the subject to a noun that describes it (‘’I am a man.’’), the noun that follows the verb is called a predicate noun.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Identify modifying words, phrases, and clauses and determine what they modify.\", \"描述\": \"Often, you can determine what words modify other words by their position in the sentence.\\nAdjectives are usually placed before the noun they modify, whether it is the subject or the object of the sentence. If several adjectives modify a noun, they may be separated with commas if they describe different attributes of that noun.\\nHowever, sentences with verbs that connect the subject with information about the subject, called linking verbs, place the adjective after the linking verb, as in the sentence ‘’He is happy.’’ The most common linking verbs are the forms of ‘’to be’’ (‘’am’’, ‘’are’’, ‘’is’’, ‘’was’’, ‘’were’’), ‘’become’’, and ‘’seem’’, but other verbs, such as ‘’appear’’and ‘’feel’’, can also function as linking verbs.\\nAdverbs can be placed either before or after the verb they modify, but usually after. Adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs usually come before the word they modify.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Diagramming a Sentence (Parse Tree Diagram)\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Choose how much of the sentence you want to analyze.\", \"描述\": \"Parse trees can be used to analyze a complete sentence or just a clause or phrase within a sentence.\\nIf you want to analyze an entire sentence, write the word ‘’Sentence’’ or the abbreviation ‘’S.’’\\nIf you want to analyze a clause, write the word ‘’Clause’’ or the abbreviation ‘’C.’’\\nIf you want to analyze a phrase, write the word ‘’Phrase’’ or the abbreviation ‘’P.’’ You can further define the type of phrase you’re analyzing: a noun phrase (NP), a verb phrase (VP), etc.\\nFor the purposes of this example, we’ll use the sentence ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows.’’\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Draw a pair of branching lines downward from the name of the component (S, C, or P).\", \"描述\": \"The exact length of each line will vary. For a sentence with a short noun phrase as a subject and a long verb phrase as a predicate, you’ll need to draw a longer line for the subject and a shorter line for the predicate. If the lengths of the two phrases are about the same, your lines should be about the same length.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Label the ends of the branching lines.\", \"描述\": \"Use labels according to how much of the sentence you’re analyzing and the components that make that part up.\\nIf you’re analyzing a complete sentence or a clause, you’re looking for a subject and a predicate. Your subject will be a noun phrase, while your predicate will be a verb phrase. You can use ‘’Noun Phrase’’ or ‘’NP’’ to label the noun phrase as such, or ‘’Subject’’ to label it as the subject. You can use ‘’Verb Phrase’’ or ‘’VP’’ to label the verb phrase as such or ‘’Predicate’’ to label it as the predicate.\\nIn our example sentence, the subject is the noun phrase ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale’’, while the predicate is the verb phrase ‘’remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’.\\nIf you’re only analyzing a phrase, you’ll only be looking for components that make up the phrase.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Draw new branching lines from each of the labels.\", \"描述\": \"By drawing the new lines, you’re preparing to break down the noun phrase of your subject and the verb phrase of your predicate into their components.\\nThe noun phrase ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale’’ breaks down into an adjective phrase, ‘’The gaudily dressed’’, and the (proper) noun ‘’Wink Martindale’’, so you draw two branching lines from the label ‘’Noun Phrase’’ or ‘’Subject’’.\\nThe verb phrase ‘’remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’ breaks down into the verb ‘’remains’’ and the adjective phrase ‘’popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Write labels at the ends of each of the new branches.\", \"描述\": \"The labels conform to the parts you’ve identified for the subject and predicate.\\nFor the branches created under ‘’Noun phrase’’ or ‘’Subject’’, you’d write ‘’Adjective Phrase’’ or ‘’AdjP’’ and ‘’Noun’’.\\nFor the branches created under ‘’Verb Phrase’’ or ‘’Predicate’’, you’d write ‘’Verb’’ and ‘’Adjective Phrase’’ or ‘’AdjP’’.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Repeat the branching and labeling until you have a branch and label for each word in the sentence.\", \"描述\": \"As noted earlier, types of phrases can be broken down into smaller and smaller component phrases.\\nThe adjective phrase ‘’The gaudily dressed’’ breaks down into the article or determiner ‘’The’’ and the adjective phrase ‘’gaudily dressed’’, which, in turn, breaks down into the adverb ‘’gaudily’’ and the participle acting as adjective ‘’dressed’’.\\nThe adjective phrase ‘’popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’ breaks down into the adjective ‘’popular’’ and the double prepositional phrase ‘’with long-time fans of television game shows’’. Each of the prepositional phrases breaks down into a preposition and noun phrase (‘’with’’ and ‘’long-time fans’’, and ‘’of’’ and ‘’television game shows’’), and the noun phrases break down further into adjective phrases followed by nouns, and so on.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Write the sentence underneath the labels.\", \"描述\": \"If you’ve broken the example sentence down completely, you’ll have this series of labels: “Determiner” (or “Article”), “Adverb,” “Adjective,” “Noun,” “Verb,” “Adjective,” “Preposition,” “Adjective,” “Noun,” “Preposition,” “Adjective,” “Adjective,” “Noun.” \\nYou can use abbreviations: “Det” for “Determiner,” “Art” for “Article,” “Adv” for “Adverb,” “Adj” for “Adjective,” “N” for “Noun,” “V” for “Verb,” and “Prep” for “Preposition.”\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Connect each word to the label above it with a dotted vertical line.\", \"描述\": \"This shows the function of each word in the sentence; the tree branches show the relationships between components of the phrases that make up the sentence.\\nFor the example sentence, you’d draw a dotted line from ‘’The’’ to ’’Determiner’’ (or ‘’Article’’), from ‘’gaudily’’ to ‘’Adverb’’, from ‘’dressed’’ to ‘’Adjective’’, and so on.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Diagramming a Sentence (Reed-Kellogg Method)\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Draw a horizontal line.\", \"描述\": \"This is the line you will write the subject and predicate of the sentence on.\\nFor most of the steps in this section, we’ll use the same sentence as for the parse tree diagram example: ‘’The gaudily dressed Wink Martindale remains popular with long-time fans of television game shows’’.\\nIf you have a sentence composed of multiple independent clauses, make a line for each clause in the sentence.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Draw a vertical line through the horizontal line.\", \"描述\": \"The vertical line separates the subject from the predicate.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Write the subject of the sentence in front of the dividing line.\", \"描述\": \"See the step about where to look for the subject of the sentence in “Part Two: Analyzing a Sentence.” For this method of diagramming, we want only the simple subject of the sentence, not the complete noun phrase.\\nFor our example sentence, the simple subject is the proper noun ‘’Wink Martindale’’.\\nIf the sentence is an imperative (command) sentence, the subject is understood to be “you.” The subject is written on the line in parentheses, as “(you),” or as “(X).” If the sentence also includes a vocative (‘’Wink, tell us the categories.’’), put the vocative on a horizontal line floating above the understood subject.\\nIf the sentence has multiple subjects, draw a branch (a horizontal “V”) from the left of the subject-predicate divider and a separate line for each subject. Write each subject on one of the lines, and connect the subject lines with a dashed vertical line. Write the word ‘’and’’ on the dashed line.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Write the main verb of the predicate after the dividing line.\", \"描述\": \"If the verb has a linking verb, write it in front of the main verb.\\nFor our example sentence, we’d write the verb ‘’remains’’ after the divider.\\nIf the sentence has multiple predicates, draw a branch from the right of the subject-predicate divider and a separate line for each predicate. Write each verb and linking verb (if any) on one of the lines and connect the predicate lines with a dashed vertical line. Write the word ‘’and’’ on the dashed line.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Fill in the direct object, if there is one.\", \"描述\": \"If the sentence has a direct object, it goes on the same line as the subject and predicate and is separated by a vertical line that rises upward from the subject-predicate line.\\nOur original example sentence doesn’t have a direct object. However, if our sentence were ‘’Wink Martindale gave the contestant a new car.’’, the word ‘’car’’ would be written after the line dividing the predicate ‘’gave’’ from the direct object.\\nIf the sentence has one predicate but multiple objects, draw a branch from the right of the predicate-object divider and a separate line for each direct object. Write each direct object on one of the lines and connect the direct object line with a dashed vertical line on which you write ‘’and’’.\\nIf the sentence has multiple predicates with an object for each predicate, extend the predicate lines and draw in a vertical predicate object divider for each line, then write the objects that correspond to the predicates on the line of the predicate the object corresponds to.\\nIf the sentence has multiple predicates but only a single direct object, draw lines from each predicate line that converge at a single point. (This should mirror the branching out from the subject-predicate line, making the diagram look something like a wrapped candy.) Draw a horizontal line out from this point, with a predicate-object divider, then write the object to the right of the divider.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Fill in the indirect object, if there is one.\", \"描述\": \"Draw a slanting line from the predicate side of the subject-predicate line downward and to the right. Draw a horizontal line from the end of the slanting line and write the indirect object on it.\\nUsing our example sentence from the previous step, ‘’Wink Martindale gave the contestant a new car.’’, the word ‘’contestant’’ is the indirect object, so it would be written on the horizontal line below the predicate.\\nIf there are multiple indirect objects, draw a branch from the slanted line and a horizontal line for each indirect object. Write each indirect object on its own line and connect the indirect object lines with a vertical dashed line on which you write ‘’and’’.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Fill in the predicate noun or adjective if your sentence has one.\", \"描述\": \"A predicate noun or adjective goes in the same place as a direct object would, except that you separate it with a slanted line that points in the direction of the subject. This shows the predicate noun or adjective refers to or describes the subject.\\nIn our original sentence, the word “popular” is an example of a predicate adjective. If the sentence read ‘’Wink Martindale remains a popular game-show host.’’, the word ‘’host’’ would be an example of a predicate noun.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Fill in the words that describe the subject, predicate, and object.\", \"描述\": \"Draw diagonal lines under the subject(s), the predicate(s), and the object(s).\\nDraw one line under the subject for each adjective that directly modifies the subject and write an adjective on it. If your sentence connects the adjectives together with ‘’and’’, draw a dashed line between the adjective lines and write ‘’and’’ on it.\\nUsing our original example sentence, the words ‘’The’’ and ‘’dressed’’ would appear on diagonal lines extending from the subject ‘’Wink Martindale’’.\\nDraw one line under the predicate for each adverb that directly modifies the predicate and write an adverb on it. If your sentence connects the adverbs together with ‘’and’’, draw a dashed line between the adjective lines and write ‘’and’’ on it.\\nDraw one line under the object for each adjective that directly modifies the object and write an adjective on it. If your sentence connects the adjectives together with ‘’and’’, draw a dashed line between the adjective lines and write ‘’and’’ on it.\\nIf you have adverbs that modify adjectives or other adverbs, draw a branching line from the modifier line downward and to the left. Then, draw a line perpendicular to this line but parallel to the modifier line. Write the modifying adverb on this line.\\nUsing our original example sentence, a branching line would be drawn from the line labeled with the word ‘’dressed’’. The word ‘’gaudily’’ would be written on the line paralleling ‘’dressed’’ to show it modifies that word.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Fill in the prepositional phrases.\", \"描述\": \"The line segments for prepositional phrases look the same as for an indirect object, except that you write the preposition on the diagonal line that connects the object of the prepositional phrase to the subject-predicate line. \\nHowever, while an indirect object always connects to the predicate, a prepositional phrase can be connected to the subject, predicate, object, an adjective, an adverb, or even to another prepositional phrase!\\nUsing our example sentence, we’d draw a diagonal line under the predicate adjective ‘’popular’’ and write the preposition ‘’with’’ on it, then draw a horizontal line and write the noun ‘’fans’’ on that. We would draw a diagonal line for the adjective ‘’long-time’’ and another diagonal line for the preposition ‘’of’’. We would draw a horizontal line from the preposition ‘’of’’ for the noun ‘’shows’’ and diagonal lines under ‘’shows’’ for the adjectives ‘’television’’ and ‘’game’’.\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Connect independent clauses with a dashed vertical line.\", \"描述\": \"Just as you connect multiple subjects, predicates or objects together with a dashed vertical line with ‘’and’’ on it.\\nIf your sentence uses a different coordinating conjunction, use that in place of ‘’and’’.\\nThere are additional structures for more complex sentences, but these are the components you’ll find in most practice sentences. Search online for a graphic diagramming aid to help you master these.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"An alternate form of the parse tree diagram that can be used in media that won’t support a diagram, such as text-only email or Web pages, is to create brackets using the vertical line (|) and hyphens (-) to flank the labels identifying the phrases and clauses that make up the sentence. (Labels for the individual word components are not so flanked.)[22]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"Parse trees work better than Reed-Kellogg diagrams when the sentence being analyzed is short. For longer sentences, the Reed-Kellogg diagram is more effective because it takes less space than a parse tree.[23]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\\n\\n\\n The Reed-Kellogg diagram is also better able to show sentence components placed in the predicate that actually refer to the subject, such as predicate adjectives and predicate nouns.\\n\", \"One way to create sentences for diagramming with either the parse tree or Reed-Kellogg diagram is to use cards from a word game such as You’ve Been Sentenced, in which players have to build sentences from the words on the cards. The cards allow the words to be manipulated physically, and the diagrams can be drawn on sheets of butcher paper.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Whichever method of diagramming you choose, remember that the goal is for the diagram to illustrate how the sentence works, not to create the most elaborate diagram.\\n\", \"Diagramming sentences with the Reed-Kellogg diagram is not taught within the schools as much as it was up until the 1970s. While this form of diagramming does a good job of showing the functions of words in a sentence, it does not do as good a job of showing sentence structure as the parse tree does.\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,672 | How to Analyze Texts | 1. Studying the Text
1-1. Write out essential questions or learning objectives for the text.
In many cases, these will be provided by your instructor. If not, consider why you are reading the text, what you hope to take from it, and how you will use the text. As you read, try to address the essential questions or objectives.
Include your answers to these questions or objectives in your notes about the text.
1-2. Read the text.
It’s hard to analyze a text you haven’t read! Do a slow, close reading of the text. As you read, look for content that addresses your essential questions or objectives. You’ll likely need to read the text multiple times to fully understand it.
Although it’s best to read the text at least twice, this may be harder with longer texts. If this is the case, you can re-read difficult passages within the book.
1-3. Annotate
Annotating means marking up a text to help you understand it. Use different colored highlighters to mark important passages in the text. Alternatively, you could underline passages. Include your notes, ideas, and short summaries in the margins.
For example, use a yellow highlighter to indicate main ideas, and use an orange highlighter to mark the supporting details.
For fiction, use a different colored highlighter for passages related to each main character.
1-4. Take notes as you read.
Include the answers to your essential questions or objectives, ideas the text brings to mind, and important information from within the text. Make sure you write down the main ideas and any supporting details provided by the text.
For a fiction text, write down the names and basic information about characters. Additionally, make note of any symbolism and use of literary devices.
For a nonfiction text, write down important facts, figures, methods, and dates.
1-5. Summarize each section of the text.
Once you have a sense of the text's structure, writing short summaries will help you better understand what the author is saying. If the text has sections, use the existing sections to create your summaries. Otherwise, you could summarize every paragraph or every few paragraphs.
For example, summarize each chapter of a novel. On the other hand, summarize each paragraph of a small article.
1-6. Write out your own response to the text.
How you feel about the text can help you analyze it. However, don’t base your entire analysis on your own thoughts. Consider your response alongside the rest of your analysis. Ask yourself the following questions to help shape your response:
What am I taking away from the piece?
How do I feel about the topic?
Did this text entertain me or inform me?
What will I do with this information now?
How does this text apply to real life?
1-7. Make a reverse outline
A reverse outline works backwards from an existing text to develop the framework of the text. This helps you examine the structure of the text.
For a work of fiction, outline the plot of the story, as well as any important details and literary devices.
For a nonfiction text, focus on the main points, evidence, and supporting details.
1-8. Read other analyses of the text.
Looking for other analyses of the text can help you contextualize your initial thoughts and feelings. You don't have to agree with everything you read, nor should you depend on the analyses of others for your own work. However, reports, essays, and reviews from other scholars can help you get a better initial sense of the text.
These analyses are easy to find through a quick internet search. Just type in the name of your text followed by the word, "analysis."
2. Examining Fiction
2-1. Review the context of the text, such as when it was written.
Knowing the background of the text and its author can help you understand the influences on the text. To understand the context of the text, answer the following questions:
When was the text written?
What is the historical background of the work?
What is the author’s background?
What genre does the author work in?
Who are the author's contemporaries?
How does this text fit in with the author's larger body of work?
Did the writer provide their inspiration for the text?
What type of society does the author come from?
How does the text’s time period shape its meaning?
2-2. Identify the theme of the text.
The theme encompasses the subject and the writer’s thoughts on that subject. It helps to think of the theme as the message of the book. What is the author trying to say?
A short story might have 1 or 2 themes, while a novel might have several. If the text has several themes, they might be related.
For example, the themes of a sci-fi novel might be “technology is dangerous” and “cooperation can overcome tyranny.”
2-3. Determine the main ideas of the text.
The main ideas will likely be related to the theme of the text. Examine the characters, their relationships, and actions, and the issues that arise in the text to identify the main ideas.
Notice the character’s words, actions, and thoughts. Consider what they convey about the character, as well as possible themes.
Watch for symbolism, metaphor, and the use of other literary devices.
2-4. Identify pieces of text that support the main ideas.
Pull out direct quotes where the author illustrates their points. For a longer text, you will likely find several. It’s a good idea to note as many as you can, especially if you’ve been assigned an essay or will be tested over the material.
You can use these quotes to support your own claims about the text if you write an analysis essay.
2-5. Examine the author’s writing style.
The writer’s style can include their word choice, phrasing, and syntax, which is the arrangement of the words in a sentence. Although style can be strictly an aesthetic quality, it can also contribute to the text’s meaning.
For example, Edgar Allan Poe’s style of writing enhanced the effect of his poems and stories in an intentional way. If you were analyzing one of his texts, you’d want to consider his individual style.
As another example, Mark Twain uses dialect in his novel Pudd'nhead Wilson to show the differences between slave owners and slaves in the deep south. Twain uses word choice and syntax to show how language can be used to create a divide in society, as well as control a subsection of the population.
2-6. Consider the author's tone.
The author's tone is their attitude or feeling toward the subject. Through their language choices, sentence structure, and use of literary devices, the author can create different tones that lead you as a reader to feel a certain way about the subject.
Common tones include sad, solemn, suspenseful, humorous, or sarcastic.
Tone can be indicative of not only what's happening in the piece, but of larger themes. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz changes tone, for example, when Dorothy leaves Kansas for Oz. This is seen in the film through the change in color, but in the novel, this is established through the shift in tone.
3. Evaluating Nonfiction
3-1. Determine the author’s purpose.
Why is the author writing this piece? Knowing this purpose can help you better understand the meaning of the text. To determine the purpose, ask yourself the following questions:
What is the topic and discipline?
What does the text accomplish?
What does the author make you think, believe, or feel?
Are the ideas in the text new or borrowed from someone else?
3-2. Examine the writer’s use of language, including jargon.
The writer’s word choice, especially when it comes to jargon, can give you more perspective on the text. You can determine the intended audience, as well as the tone of the text.
Using jargon and technical language shows the author is writing for people in their field. They might be trying to instruct or may be presenting research ideas. If you're unsure of a writer's intended audience, technical terms and jargon can be a good indicator.
The tone is the mood of a text. For example, a researcher might use a formal, professional tone to present their research findings, while a writer might use an informal, casual tone when writing a magazine article.
3-3. Identify the author’s argument.
Consider the author’s thesis, as well as any claims stated within the text. In a shorter piece, the entire argument may be presented clearly in the thesis, but a longer text may include multiple claims.
If you’re struggling to find the author’s argument, review the evidence they provide in the text. What ideas does the evidence support? This can help you find the argument.
For example, the thesis could read as follows: "Based on data and case studies, voters are more likely to choose a candidate they know, supporting the ideas of rational choice theory." The argument here is in favor of rational choice theory.
3-4. Examine the evidence the author uses to support the argument.
Evaluate the type of evidence used, such as data, facts, or anecdotes. Then, determine if the evidence fully and accurately supports the argument, or if the evidence is weak.
For example, evidence that includes research and statistical data may provide a lot of support for an argument, but anecdotal evidence might result in a weak argument.
You may want to write out the evidence in your own words, but this may not be necessary.
3-5. Separate facts from opinions in a nonfiction text.
Although the text is nonfiction, the author will likely include their own viewpoints. Both the factual information and the author’s ideas are important to your analysis, but you need to know the difference between the two. Read with an eye for the author's use of rhetorical or persuasive techniques.
For example, you might highlight facts and opinions using different colors. Alternatively, you might create a chart with facts on one side and opinions on the other.
For instance, the writer might state, "According to the survey, 79% of people skim a ballot to find the names they know. Clearly, ballots aren't designed to engage voter interest." The first sentence is a fact, while the second sentence is an opinion.
3-6. Determine if the text accomplishes its purpose.
Does the writer achieve what they set out to do? Based on your analysis, decide if the text is effective, as well as why or why not.
For example, you might find that the paper on rational choice theory contains few statistics but many pieces of anecdotal evidence. This might lead you to doubt the writer's argument, which means the writer likely didn't achieve their purpose.
4. Writing an Analysis Paragraph
4-1. Create a topic sentence explaining your views on the text.
What have you concluded about the text? What ideas will your selected text support? Use this information to create a topic sentence.
Here’s an example: “In the short story ‘Quicksand,’ the author uses quicksand as a metaphor for living with chronic illness.”
This is another example: "In the novel Frankenstein, Shelley displays the conventions of the Romantic Period by suggesting that nature has restorative powers."
4-2. Introduce your supporting text by explaining its context.
You will need to include a direct quote from the text to back up your views. It’s best to introduce this quote by explaining how it's presented in the text, as well as what it means.
You could write, “At the beginning of the story, the main character wakes up, dreading the coming day. She knows she needs to get out of bed, but her illness prevents her from rising.”
4-3. Provide your supporting text, using a lead-in.
This will be a direct quote from the text that illustrates your views on the text. It’s a piece of evidence that shows you’re right about what the text means.
For example, “To show the struggle, the author writes, ‘I sank back into the bed, feeling as though the mattress was sucking me further and further down.’”
As another example, "In Frankenstein, Victor escapes from his problems by frequently going out into nature. After spending two days in nature, Victor says, "By degrees, the calm and heavenly scene restored me..." (Shelley 47).
4-4. Explain how the supporting text backs up your ideas.
Describe what is happening in the text, as well as what it means in the context of the entire text. You can also discuss any literary devices that are used, such as symbolism or a metaphor. Similarly, you can explain how the author’s style, diction, and syntax affects the meaning of the text.
You might write, “In this passage, the author builds on the metaphor of an illness acting like quicksand by showing the main character struggling to get out of bed. Despite fighting to get up, the main character feels as though they’re sinking further into the bed. Furthermore, the author uses first-person point-of-view to help the reader understand the main character’s thoughts and feelings on their illness.”
Tips
Study guides like Cliff’s Notes can help you analyze a longer text, which is harder to re-read.
Working with a partner or group can help you better understand a text because you can see it from different perspectives. However, make sure any written analysis you do is your own work, not the group’s.
Warnings
Always use quotation marks and a lead in when directly quoting a passage. Otherwise, you’ll be plagiarizing.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:52",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Studying the Text\\n1-1. Write out essential questions or learning objectives for the text.\\nIn many cases, these will be provided by your instructor. If not, consider why you are reading the text, what you hope to take from it, and how you will use the text. As you read, try to address the essential questions or objectives.\\nInclude your answers to these questions or objectives in your notes about the text.\\n1-2. Read the text.\\nIt’s hard to analyze a text you haven’t read! Do a slow, close reading of the text. As you read, look for content that addresses your essential questions or objectives. You’ll likely need to read the text multiple times to fully understand it.\\nAlthough it’s best to read the text at least twice, this may be harder with longer texts. If this is the case, you can re-read difficult passages within the book.\\n1-3. Annotate\\nAnnotating means marking up a text to help you understand it. Use different colored highlighters to mark important passages in the text. Alternatively, you could underline passages. Include your notes, ideas, and short summaries in the margins.\\nFor example, use a yellow highlighter to indicate main ideas, and use an orange highlighter to mark the supporting details.\\nFor fiction, use a different colored highlighter for passages related to each main character.\\n1-4. Take notes as you read.\\nInclude the answers to your essential questions or objectives, ideas the text brings to mind, and important information from within the text. Make sure you write down the main ideas and any supporting details provided by the text.\\nFor a fiction text, write down the names and basic information about characters. Additionally, make note of any symbolism and use of literary devices.\\nFor a nonfiction text, write down important facts, figures, methods, and dates.\\n1-5. Summarize each section of the text.\\nOnce you have a sense of the text's structure, writing short summaries will help you better understand what the author is saying. If the text has sections, use the existing sections to create your summaries. Otherwise, you could summarize every paragraph or every few paragraphs. \\nFor example, summarize each chapter of a novel. On the other hand, summarize each paragraph of a small article.\\n1-6. Write out your own response to the text.\\nHow you feel about the text can help you analyze it. However, don’t base your entire analysis on your own thoughts. Consider your response alongside the rest of your analysis. Ask yourself the following questions to help shape your response:\\nWhat am I taking away from the piece?\\nHow do I feel about the topic?\\nDid this text entertain me or inform me?\\nWhat will I do with this information now?\\nHow does this text apply to real life?\\n1-7. Make a reverse outline\\nA reverse outline works backwards from an existing text to develop the framework of the text. This helps you examine the structure of the text.\\nFor a work of fiction, outline the plot of the story, as well as any important details and literary devices.\\nFor a nonfiction text, focus on the main points, evidence, and supporting details.\\n1-8. Read other analyses of the text.\\nLooking for other analyses of the text can help you contextualize your initial thoughts and feelings. You don't have to agree with everything you read, nor should you depend on the analyses of others for your own work. However, reports, essays, and reviews from other scholars can help you get a better initial sense of the text.\\nThese analyses are easy to find through a quick internet search. Just type in the name of your text followed by the word, \\\"analysis.\\\"\\n2. Examining Fiction\\n2-1. Review the context of the text, such as when it was written.\\nKnowing the background of the text and its author can help you understand the influences on the text. To understand the context of the text, answer the following questions:\\nWhen was the text written?\\nWhat is the historical background of the work?\\nWhat is the author’s background?\\nWhat genre does the author work in?\\nWho are the author's contemporaries?\\nHow does this text fit in with the author's larger body of work?\\nDid the writer provide their inspiration for the text?\\nWhat type of society does the author come from?\\nHow does the text’s time period shape its meaning?\\n2-2. Identify the theme of the text.\\nThe theme encompasses the subject and the writer’s thoughts on that subject. It helps to think of the theme as the message of the book. What is the author trying to say? \\nA short story might have 1 or 2 themes, while a novel might have several. If the text has several themes, they might be related.\\nFor example, the themes of a sci-fi novel might be “technology is dangerous” and “cooperation can overcome tyranny.”\\n2-3. Determine the main ideas of the text.\\nThe main ideas will likely be related to the theme of the text. Examine the characters, their relationships, and actions, and the issues that arise in the text to identify the main ideas. \\nNotice the character’s words, actions, and thoughts. Consider what they convey about the character, as well as possible themes.\\nWatch for symbolism, metaphor, and the use of other literary devices.\\n2-4. Identify pieces of text that support the main ideas.\\nPull out direct quotes where the author illustrates their points. For a longer text, you will likely find several. It’s a good idea to note as many as you can, especially if you’ve been assigned an essay or will be tested over the material.\\nYou can use these quotes to support your own claims about the text if you write an analysis essay.\\n2-5. Examine the author’s writing style.\\nThe writer’s style can include their word choice, phrasing, and syntax, which is the arrangement of the words in a sentence. Although style can be strictly an aesthetic quality, it can also contribute to the text’s meaning.\\nFor example, Edgar Allan Poe’s style of writing enhanced the effect of his poems and stories in an intentional way. If you were analyzing one of his texts, you’d want to consider his individual style.\\nAs another example, Mark Twain uses dialect in his novel Pudd'nhead Wilson to show the differences between slave owners and slaves in the deep south. Twain uses word choice and syntax to show how language can be used to create a divide in society, as well as control a subsection of the population.\\n2-6. Consider the author's tone.\\nThe author's tone is their attitude or feeling toward the subject. Through their language choices, sentence structure, and use of literary devices, the author can create different tones that lead you as a reader to feel a certain way about the subject.\\nCommon tones include sad, solemn, suspenseful, humorous, or sarcastic.\\nTone can be indicative of not only what's happening in the piece, but of larger themes. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz changes tone, for example, when Dorothy leaves Kansas for Oz. This is seen in the film through the change in color, but in the novel, this is established through the shift in tone.\\n3. Evaluating Nonfiction\\n3-1. Determine the author’s purpose.\\nWhy is the author writing this piece? Knowing this purpose can help you better understand the meaning of the text. To determine the purpose, ask yourself the following questions:\\nWhat is the topic and discipline?\\nWhat does the text accomplish?\\nWhat does the author make you think, believe, or feel?\\nAre the ideas in the text new or borrowed from someone else?\\n3-2. Examine the writer’s use of language, including jargon.\\nThe writer’s word choice, especially when it comes to jargon, can give you more perspective on the text. You can determine the intended audience, as well as the tone of the text. \\nUsing jargon and technical language shows the author is writing for people in their field. They might be trying to instruct or may be presenting research ideas. If you're unsure of a writer's intended audience, technical terms and jargon can be a good indicator.\\nThe tone is the mood of a text. For example, a researcher might use a formal, professional tone to present their research findings, while a writer might use an informal, casual tone when writing a magazine article.\\n3-3. Identify the author’s argument.\\nConsider the author’s thesis, as well as any claims stated within the text. In a shorter piece, the entire argument may be presented clearly in the thesis, but a longer text may include multiple claims.\\nIf you’re struggling to find the author’s argument, review the evidence they provide in the text. What ideas does the evidence support? This can help you find the argument.\\nFor example, the thesis could read as follows: \\\"Based on data and case studies, voters are more likely to choose a candidate they know, supporting the ideas of rational choice theory.\\\" The argument here is in favor of rational choice theory.\\n3-4. Examine the evidence the author uses to support the argument.\\nEvaluate the type of evidence used, such as data, facts, or anecdotes. Then, determine if the evidence fully and accurately supports the argument, or if the evidence is weak.\\nFor example, evidence that includes research and statistical data may provide a lot of support for an argument, but anecdotal evidence might result in a weak argument.\\nYou may want to write out the evidence in your own words, but this may not be necessary.\\n3-5. Separate facts from opinions in a nonfiction text.\\nAlthough the text is nonfiction, the author will likely include their own viewpoints. Both the factual information and the author’s ideas are important to your analysis, but you need to know the difference between the two. Read with an eye for the author's use of rhetorical or persuasive techniques.\\nFor example, you might highlight facts and opinions using different colors. Alternatively, you might create a chart with facts on one side and opinions on the other.\\nFor instance, the writer might state, \\\"According to the survey, 79% of people skim a ballot to find the names they know. Clearly, ballots aren't designed to engage voter interest.\\\" The first sentence is a fact, while the second sentence is an opinion.\\n3-6. Determine if the text accomplishes its purpose.\\nDoes the writer achieve what they set out to do? Based on your analysis, decide if the text is effective, as well as why or why not.\\nFor example, you might find that the paper on rational choice theory contains few statistics but many pieces of anecdotal evidence. This might lead you to doubt the writer's argument, which means the writer likely didn't achieve their purpose.\\n4. Writing an Analysis Paragraph\\n4-1. Create a topic sentence explaining your views on the text.\\nWhat have you concluded about the text? What ideas will your selected text support? Use this information to create a topic sentence.\\nHere’s an example: “In the short story ‘Quicksand,’ the author uses quicksand as a metaphor for living with chronic illness.”\\nThis is another example: \\\"In the novel Frankenstein, Shelley displays the conventions of the Romantic Period by suggesting that nature has restorative powers.\\\"\\n4-2. Introduce your supporting text by explaining its context.\\nYou will need to include a direct quote from the text to back up your views. It’s best to introduce this quote by explaining how it's presented in the text, as well as what it means.\\nYou could write, “At the beginning of the story, the main character wakes up, dreading the coming day. She knows she needs to get out of bed, but her illness prevents her from rising.”\\n4-3. Provide your supporting text, using a lead-in.\\nThis will be a direct quote from the text that illustrates your views on the text. It’s a piece of evidence that shows you’re right about what the text means. \\nFor example, “To show the struggle, the author writes, ‘I sank back into the bed, feeling as though the mattress was sucking me further and further down.’”\\nAs another example, \\\"In Frankenstein, Victor escapes from his problems by frequently going out into nature. After spending two days in nature, Victor says, \\\"By degrees, the calm and heavenly scene restored me...\\\" (Shelley 47).\\n4-4. Explain how the supporting text backs up your ideas.\\nDescribe what is happening in the text, as well as what it means in the context of the entire text. You can also discuss any literary devices that are used, such as symbolism or a metaphor. Similarly, you can explain how the author’s style, diction, and syntax affects the meaning of the text.\\nYou might write, “In this passage, the author builds on the metaphor of an illness acting like quicksand by showing the main character struggling to get out of bed. Despite fighting to get up, the main character feels as though they’re sinking further into the bed. Furthermore, the author uses first-person point-of-view to help the reader understand the main character’s thoughts and feelings on their illness.”\\nTips\\nStudy guides like Cliff’s Notes can help you analyze a longer text, which is harder to re-read.\\nWorking with a partner or group can help you better understand a text because you can see it from different perspectives. However, make sure any written analysis you do is your own work, not the group’s.\\nWarnings\\nAlways use quotation marks and a lead in when directly quoting a passage. Otherwise, you’ll be plagiarizing.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Throughout your academic studies, you’ll be expected to analyze many texts. Analyzing a text on your own can be very intimidating, but it gets easier once you know how to do it. Before analyzing any text, you’ll need to thoroughly study it. Then, tailor your analysis to fit either fiction or nonfiction. Finally, you can write an analysis passage, if necessary.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Studying the Text\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Write out essential questions or learning objectives for the text.\", \"描述\": \"In many cases, these will be provided by your instructor. If not, consider why you are reading the text, what you hope to take from it, and how you will use the text. As you read, try to address the essential questions or objectives.\\nInclude your answers to these questions or objectives in your notes about the text.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Read the text.\", \"描述\": \"It’s hard to analyze a text you haven’t read! Do a slow, close reading of the text. As you read, look for content that addresses your essential questions or objectives. You’ll likely need to read the text multiple times to fully understand it.\\nAlthough it’s best to read the text at least twice, this may be harder with longer texts. If this is the case, you can re-read difficult passages within the book.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Annotate\", \"描述\": \"Annotating means marking up a text to help you understand it. Use different colored highlighters to mark important passages in the text. Alternatively, you could underline passages. Include your notes, ideas, and short summaries in the margins.\\nFor example, use a yellow highlighter to indicate main ideas, and use an orange highlighter to mark the supporting details.\\nFor fiction, use a different colored highlighter for passages related to each main character.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Take notes as you read.\", \"描述\": \"Include the answers to your essential questions or objectives, ideas the text brings to mind, and important information from within the text. Make sure you write down the main ideas and any supporting details provided by the text.\\nFor a fiction text, write down the names and basic information about characters. Additionally, make note of any symbolism and use of literary devices.\\nFor a nonfiction text, write down important facts, figures, methods, and dates.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Summarize each section of the text.\", \"描述\": \"Once you have a sense of the text's structure, writing short summaries will help you better understand what the author is saying. If the text has sections, use the existing sections to create your summaries. Otherwise, you could summarize every paragraph or every few paragraphs. \\nFor example, summarize each chapter of a novel. On the other hand, summarize each paragraph of a small article.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Write out your own response to the text.\", \"描述\": \"How you feel about the text can help you analyze it. However, don’t base your entire analysis on your own thoughts. Consider your response alongside the rest of your analysis. Ask yourself the following questions to help shape your response:\\nWhat am I taking away from the piece?\\nHow do I feel about the topic?\\nDid this text entertain me or inform me?\\nWhat will I do with this information now?\\nHow does this text apply to real life?\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Make a reverse outline\", \"描述\": \"A reverse outline works backwards from an existing text to develop the framework of the text. This helps you examine the structure of the text.\\nFor a work of fiction, outline the plot of the story, as well as any important details and literary devices.\\nFor a nonfiction text, focus on the main points, evidence, and supporting details.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Read other analyses of the text.\", \"描述\": \"Looking for other analyses of the text can help you contextualize your initial thoughts and feelings. You don't have to agree with everything you read, nor should you depend on the analyses of others for your own work. However, reports, essays, and reviews from other scholars can help you get a better initial sense of the text.\\nThese analyses are easy to find through a quick internet search. Just type in the name of your text followed by the word, \\\"analysis.\\\"\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Examining Fiction\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Review the context of the text, such as when it was written.\", \"描述\": \"Knowing the background of the text and its author can help you understand the influences on the text. To understand the context of the text, answer the following questions:\\nWhen was the text written?\\nWhat is the historical background of the work?\\nWhat is the author’s background?\\nWhat genre does the author work in?\\nWho are the author's contemporaries?\\nHow does this text fit in with the author's larger body of work?\\nDid the writer provide their inspiration for the text?\\nWhat type of society does the author come from?\\nHow does the text’s time period shape its meaning?\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identify the theme of the text.\", \"描述\": \"The theme encompasses the subject and the writer’s thoughts on that subject. It helps to think of the theme as the message of the book. What is the author trying to say? \\nA short story might have 1 or 2 themes, while a novel might have several. If the text has several themes, they might be related.\\nFor example, the themes of a sci-fi novel might be “technology is dangerous” and “cooperation can overcome tyranny.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Determine the main ideas of the text.\", \"描述\": \"The main ideas will likely be related to the theme of the text. Examine the characters, their relationships, and actions, and the issues that arise in the text to identify the main ideas. \\nNotice the character’s words, actions, and thoughts. Consider what they convey about the character, as well as possible themes.\\nWatch for symbolism, metaphor, and the use of other literary devices.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Identify pieces of text that support the main ideas.\", \"描述\": \"Pull out direct quotes where the author illustrates their points. For a longer text, you will likely find several. It’s a good idea to note as many as you can, especially if you’ve been assigned an essay or will be tested over the material.\\nYou can use these quotes to support your own claims about the text if you write an analysis essay.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Examine the author’s writing style.\", \"描述\": \"The writer’s style can include their word choice, phrasing, and syntax, which is the arrangement of the words in a sentence. Although style can be strictly an aesthetic quality, it can also contribute to the text’s meaning.\\nFor example, Edgar Allan Poe’s style of writing enhanced the effect of his poems and stories in an intentional way. If you were analyzing one of his texts, you’d want to consider his individual style.\\nAs another example, Mark Twain uses dialect in his novel Pudd'nhead Wilson to show the differences between slave owners and slaves in the deep south. Twain uses word choice and syntax to show how language can be used to create a divide in society, as well as control a subsection of the population.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Consider the author's tone.\", \"描述\": \"The author's tone is their attitude or feeling toward the subject. Through their language choices, sentence structure, and use of literary devices, the author can create different tones that lead you as a reader to feel a certain way about the subject.\\nCommon tones include sad, solemn, suspenseful, humorous, or sarcastic.\\nTone can be indicative of not only what's happening in the piece, but of larger themes. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz changes tone, for example, when Dorothy leaves Kansas for Oz. This is seen in the film through the change in color, but in the novel, this is established through the shift in tone.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Evaluating Nonfiction\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine the author’s purpose.\", \"描述\": \"Why is the author writing this piece? Knowing this purpose can help you better understand the meaning of the text. To determine the purpose, ask yourself the following questions:\\nWhat is the topic and discipline?\\nWhat does the text accomplish?\\nWhat does the author make you think, believe, or feel?\\nAre the ideas in the text new or borrowed from someone else?\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Examine the writer’s use of language, including jargon.\", \"描述\": \"The writer’s word choice, especially when it comes to jargon, can give you more perspective on the text. You can determine the intended audience, as well as the tone of the text. \\nUsing jargon and technical language shows the author is writing for people in their field. They might be trying to instruct or may be presenting research ideas. If you're unsure of a writer's intended audience, technical terms and jargon can be a good indicator.\\nThe tone is the mood of a text. For example, a researcher might use a formal, professional tone to present their research findings, while a writer might use an informal, casual tone when writing a magazine article.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Identify the author’s argument.\", \"描述\": \"Consider the author’s thesis, as well as any claims stated within the text. In a shorter piece, the entire argument may be presented clearly in the thesis, but a longer text may include multiple claims.\\nIf you’re struggling to find the author’s argument, review the evidence they provide in the text. What ideas does the evidence support? This can help you find the argument.\\nFor example, the thesis could read as follows: \\\"Based on data and case studies, voters are more likely to choose a candidate they know, supporting the ideas of rational choice theory.\\\" The argument here is in favor of rational choice theory.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Examine the evidence the author uses to support the argument.\", \"描述\": \"Evaluate the type of evidence used, such as data, facts, or anecdotes. Then, determine if the evidence fully and accurately supports the argument, or if the evidence is weak.\\nFor example, evidence that includes research and statistical data may provide a lot of support for an argument, but anecdotal evidence might result in a weak argument.\\nYou may want to write out the evidence in your own words, but this may not be necessary.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Separate facts from opinions in a nonfiction text.\", \"描述\": \"Although the text is nonfiction, the author will likely include their own viewpoints. Both the factual information and the author’s ideas are important to your analysis, but you need to know the difference between the two. Read with an eye for the author's use of rhetorical or persuasive techniques.\\nFor example, you might highlight facts and opinions using different colors. Alternatively, you might create a chart with facts on one side and opinions on the other.\\nFor instance, the writer might state, \\\"According to the survey, 79% of people skim a ballot to find the names they know. Clearly, ballots aren't designed to engage voter interest.\\\" The first sentence is a fact, while the second sentence is an opinion.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Determine if the text accomplishes its purpose.\", \"描述\": \"Does the writer achieve what they set out to do? Based on your analysis, decide if the text is effective, as well as why or why not.\\nFor example, you might find that the paper on rational choice theory contains few statistics but many pieces of anecdotal evidence. This might lead you to doubt the writer's argument, which means the writer likely didn't achieve their purpose.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Writing an Analysis Paragraph\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Create a topic sentence explaining your views on the text.\", \"描述\": \"What have you concluded about the text? What ideas will your selected text support? Use this information to create a topic sentence.\\nHere’s an example: “In the short story ‘Quicksand,’ the author uses quicksand as a metaphor for living with chronic illness.”\\nThis is another example: \\\"In the novel Frankenstein, Shelley displays the conventions of the Romantic Period by suggesting that nature has restorative powers.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Introduce your supporting text by explaining its context.\", \"描述\": \"You will need to include a direct quote from the text to back up your views. It’s best to introduce this quote by explaining how it's presented in the text, as well as what it means.\\nYou could write, “At the beginning of the story, the main character wakes up, dreading the coming day. She knows she needs to get out of bed, but her illness prevents her from rising.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Provide your supporting text, using a lead-in.\", \"描述\": \"This will be a direct quote from the text that illustrates your views on the text. It’s a piece of evidence that shows you’re right about what the text means. \\nFor example, “To show the struggle, the author writes, ‘I sank back into the bed, feeling as though the mattress was sucking me further and further down.’”\\nAs another example, \\\"In Frankenstein, Victor escapes from his problems by frequently going out into nature. After spending two days in nature, Victor says, \\\"By degrees, the calm and heavenly scene restored me...\\\" (Shelley 47).\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Explain how the supporting text backs up your ideas.\", \"描述\": \"Describe what is happening in the text, as well as what it means in the context of the entire text. You can also discuss any literary devices that are used, such as symbolism or a metaphor. Similarly, you can explain how the author’s style, diction, and syntax affects the meaning of the text.\\nYou might write, “In this passage, the author builds on the metaphor of an illness acting like quicksand by showing the main character struggling to get out of bed. Despite fighting to get up, the main character feels as though they’re sinking further into the bed. Furthermore, the author uses first-person point-of-view to help the reader understand the main character’s thoughts and feelings on their illness.”\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Study guides like Cliff’s Notes can help you analyze a longer text, which is harder to re-read.\\n\", \"Working with a partner or group can help you better understand a text because you can see it from different perspectives. However, make sure any written analysis you do is your own work, not the group’s.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Always use quotation marks and a lead in when directly quoting a passage. Otherwise, you’ll be plagiarizing.\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,673 | How to Analyze Tone in Literature | 1. Recognizing Common Tones in Literature
1-1. Notice if the tone is solemn or gloomy.
One of the most common tones in literature is a solemn or gloomy tone, where the tone feels heavy or serious. Often the tone comes across as bleak or dark if it is solemn. You may respond to a solemn literary work by feeling sad or unsettled.
A good example of a solemn or gloomy tone is in the short story “The School” by Donald Barthelme.
1-2. Recognize a suspenseful tone.
Another common tone in literature is a suspenseful tone, which creates a sense of dread and anticipation in the reader. Often, you may feel on the edge of your seat or full of anxiety as you read a literary work with a suspenseful tone.
A good example of a suspenseful tone is in the short story “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson.
1-3. Take note of a humorous tone.
A work of literature with a humorous tone will often make the reader laugh or smile. It can come across as playful, witty, or ironic. Sometimes writers use a humorous tone to counter a solemn tone in the same work, such as in a novel or a short story.
A good example of a humorous tone is the poem “Snowball” by Shel Silverstein.
1-4. Notice a sarcastic tone.
A sarcastic tone is often used to invoke laughter or amusement in the reader. It may come across as biting and critical. You can find a sarcastic tone in novels and short stories, particularly if they are told in the first person with a narrator who has a sarcastic or dry sense of humor.
A good example of a sarcastic tone is in the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger.
1-5. Recognize the connection between tone and genre.
In many cases, the genre of the piece can give you clues about the tone. For instance, a suspenseful tone is often found in thriller novels or mystery stories while a humorous tone is often found in works of comedy and satire.
1-6. Be aware of the difference between mood and tone in literature.
It can be tricky to distinguish between mood and tone in literature, especially because they are often connected or interrelated. Mood is different from tone in that it describes the setting and atmosphere of a text. Mood is created through the reader's response to the tone in a work. However, both mood and tone are shaped by the writer's ability to convey emotion in the reader.
For example, if a story is set in an abandoned cabin the woods, it may have a creepy or unsettling mood. The author may then have a narrator or main character who uses a gloomy or depressing tone to describe the cabin in the woods to the reader.
2. Determining the Tone in a Literary Work
2-1. Notice the word choice and language.
One way you can determine tone in a literary work is to pay attention to the words and language used by the author. Consider why the author chose certain words or language to describe a scene. Think about why certain words were used to discuss a character. Think about how these choices create tone.
For example, you may study a passage from the short story “The School:" “And the trees all died...I don't know why they died, they just died. Something wrong with the soil possibly or maybe the stuff we got from the nursery wasn't the best...All these kids looking at these little brown sticks, it was depressing.”
In the passage, Barthelme creates a solemn, gloomy tone by using words like “depressing,” “dead,” “died,” and “wrong.”
Lady Macbeth uses the word damn in the play Macbeth.
It depicts the tone of anger and shows her pride.
2-2. Look at the sentence structure.
Read a few lines of the literary work and notice how the sentences are structured. You may notice the sentences are short and often do not vary in length, creating a certain tone. Or you may notice sentences that are long and winding down the page. This could create a meditative or thoughtful tone.
For example, in many thriller novels, the sentences are often short and to the point, with very few adjectives or adverbs. This can help to create a suspenseful tone, full of action and tension.
2-3. Examine the imagery.
Another way you can determine the tone of a piece is to look at the imagery used by the author to describe a setting, scene, or character. Certain imagery will create a certain tone to the piece. Strong imagery can tip you off to the tone intended by the author.
For example, if a person's face is described as “glowing with happiness and excitement,” this may create a joyful tone. Or if a cabin in the woods is described as “grimy with the fingerprints of the previous occupants,” this may create a suspenseful tone.
2-4. Determine if the author uses irony.
There are different kinds of irony, including verbal, situational, and dramatic. A situation is described as ironic if the expectations and reality of that situation are incongruous. Irony is often tied to sarcasm, but not always. Take note of the use of irony in literature and examine how it contributes to the tone or to a tonal shift.
For example, if someone says, “Good thing I wore my parka today” when the temperature is 85 °F (29 °C), they're using verbal irony.
2-5. Read the work out loud.
Reading a work of literature out loud can help you get a better sense of the diction of the piece. Diction refers to how words sound next to one another in a sentence. It is often more clear when a work is read out loud, as you can hear how each word sounds and pay attention to how this creates a certain tone to the piece.
For example, you may read the following lines from The Catcher in the Rye out loud to determine the tone: “God damn money. It always ends up making you blue as hell.” The use of “god damn” and “blue as hell” gives the line a sarcastic or bitter tone, with a hint of humor and sadness.
2-6. Note that a work can have more than one tone.
It is common for an author to use more than one tone in a work of literature, especially a long work like a novel. You may notice that the tone shifts in the work from chapter to chapter, narrator to narrator, or scene to scene. The author may do this to get into the particular voice of a character or to signal a shift in the characters or the action in the piece.
For example, a novel may begin with a humorous tone and shift into a more serious tone as the author delves deeper into a character's history or personal relationships.
3. Describing the Tone in a Literary Work
3-1. Use adjectives.
To describe the tone of the literary work, use specific adjectives that illustrate which tone the narrator is using, such as “gloomy,” “solemn,” “humorous,” or “sarcastic.” The more specific you are when describing the tone, the more insightful your analysis will be.
For example, you may write, “The author uses words like “super,” “stoked,” “awesome,” and “exhilarating” to create an upbeat tone.”
You can use more than one adjective if this will make your description more accurate.
3-2. Provide evidence from the text.
After describing the tone in detail, use a few quotes from the text to back up your argument. Pick quotes that clearly illustrate tone based on word choice, language, diction, or imagery.
For example, if you are writing about The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, you may use the last line of the book as an example: “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”
You can then note that the imagery of a boat going against the current as well as the use of the words “beat,” “borne,” and “past” create a solemn, nostalgic tone to the ending.
3-3. Compare different tones in the same work.
If there is more than one tone in the work, compare the different tones in your analysis. This often occurs when the literary work is long, such as a novel or an epic poem. Identify when the shifts in tone occur in the literary work. Discuss why you think the tone shifts and how it affected you as a reader.
Note if the tonal shifts coincide with specific characters and/or changes in perspective or viewpoint.
For example, you may note, “The tone shifts in Chapter 13 from a humorous tone to a more serious tone. This occurs when the narrator discusses their mother's illness and death.”
3-4. Link the tone to other literary elements.
Depending on the scope of the assignment, make sure your analysis of tone is connected to other elements such as mood, plot, theme, and style. The tone of a work is often used to illustrate a larger theme or to create a distinct mood. Linking tone to these other elements can sharpen your analysis and make it that much stronger.
For example, you may link the nostalgic, solemn tone of the closing line in The Great Gatsby to the themes of remembrance, loss, and thwarted love in the novel.
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"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Recognizing Common Tones in Literature\\n1-1. Notice if the tone is solemn or gloomy.\\nOne of the most common tones in literature is a solemn or gloomy tone, where the tone feels heavy or serious. Often the tone comes across as bleak or dark if it is solemn. You may respond to a solemn literary work by feeling sad or unsettled.\\nA good example of a solemn or gloomy tone is in the short story “The School” by Donald Barthelme.\\n1-2. Recognize a suspenseful tone.\\nAnother common tone in literature is a suspenseful tone, which creates a sense of dread and anticipation in the reader. Often, you may feel on the edge of your seat or full of anxiety as you read a literary work with a suspenseful tone.\\nA good example of a suspenseful tone is in the short story “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson.\\n1-3. Take note of a humorous tone.\\nA work of literature with a humorous tone will often make the reader laugh or smile. It can come across as playful, witty, or ironic. Sometimes writers use a humorous tone to counter a solemn tone in the same work, such as in a novel or a short story.\\nA good example of a humorous tone is the poem “Snowball” by Shel Silverstein.\\n1-4. Notice a sarcastic tone.\\nA sarcastic tone is often used to invoke laughter or amusement in the reader. It may come across as biting and critical. You can find a sarcastic tone in novels and short stories, particularly if they are told in the first person with a narrator who has a sarcastic or dry sense of humor.\\nA good example of a sarcastic tone is in the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger.\\n1-5. Recognize the connection between tone and genre.\\nIn many cases, the genre of the piece can give you clues about the tone. For instance, a suspenseful tone is often found in thriller novels or mystery stories while a humorous tone is often found in works of comedy and satire.\\n1-6. Be aware of the difference between mood and tone in literature.\\nIt can be tricky to distinguish between mood and tone in literature, especially because they are often connected or interrelated. Mood is different from tone in that it describes the setting and atmosphere of a text. Mood is created through the reader's response to the tone in a work. However, both mood and tone are shaped by the writer's ability to convey emotion in the reader.\\nFor example, if a story is set in an abandoned cabin the woods, it may have a creepy or unsettling mood. The author may then have a narrator or main character who uses a gloomy or depressing tone to describe the cabin in the woods to the reader.\\n2. Determining the Tone in a Literary Work\\n2-1. Notice the word choice and language.\\nOne way you can determine tone in a literary work is to pay attention to the words and language used by the author. Consider why the author chose certain words or language to describe a scene. Think about why certain words were used to discuss a character. Think about how these choices create tone.\\nFor example, you may study a passage from the short story “The School:\\\" “And the trees all died...I don't know why they died, they just died. Something wrong with the soil possibly or maybe the stuff we got from the nursery wasn't the best...All these kids looking at these little brown sticks, it was depressing.”\\nIn the passage, Barthelme creates a solemn, gloomy tone by using words like “depressing,” “dead,” “died,” and “wrong.”\\nLady Macbeth uses the word damn in the play Macbeth.\\nIt depicts the tone of anger and shows her pride.\\n2-2. Look at the sentence structure.\\nRead a few lines of the literary work and notice how the sentences are structured. You may notice the sentences are short and often do not vary in length, creating a certain tone. Or you may notice sentences that are long and winding down the page. This could create a meditative or thoughtful tone.\\nFor example, in many thriller novels, the sentences are often short and to the point, with very few adjectives or adverbs. This can help to create a suspenseful tone, full of action and tension.\\n2-3. Examine the imagery.\\nAnother way you can determine the tone of a piece is to look at the imagery used by the author to describe a setting, scene, or character. Certain imagery will create a certain tone to the piece. Strong imagery can tip you off to the tone intended by the author.\\nFor example, if a person's face is described as “glowing with happiness and excitement,” this may create a joyful tone. Or if a cabin in the woods is described as “grimy with the fingerprints of the previous occupants,” this may create a suspenseful tone.\\n2-4. Determine if the author uses irony.\\nThere are different kinds of irony, including verbal, situational, and dramatic. A situation is described as ironic if the expectations and reality of that situation are incongruous. Irony is often tied to sarcasm, but not always. Take note of the use of irony in literature and examine how it contributes to the tone or to a tonal shift.\\nFor example, if someone says, “Good thing I wore my parka today” when the temperature is 85 °F (29 °C), they're using verbal irony.\\n2-5. Read the work out loud.\\nReading a work of literature out loud can help you get a better sense of the diction of the piece. Diction refers to how words sound next to one another in a sentence. It is often more clear when a work is read out loud, as you can hear how each word sounds and pay attention to how this creates a certain tone to the piece.\\nFor example, you may read the following lines from The Catcher in the Rye out loud to determine the tone: “God damn money. It always ends up making you blue as hell.” The use of “god damn” and “blue as hell” gives the line a sarcastic or bitter tone, with a hint of humor and sadness.\\n2-6. Note that a work can have more than one tone.\\nIt is common for an author to use more than one tone in a work of literature, especially a long work like a novel. You may notice that the tone shifts in the work from chapter to chapter, narrator to narrator, or scene to scene. The author may do this to get into the particular voice of a character or to signal a shift in the characters or the action in the piece.\\nFor example, a novel may begin with a humorous tone and shift into a more serious tone as the author delves deeper into a character's history or personal relationships.\\n3. Describing the Tone in a Literary Work\\n3-1. Use adjectives.\\nTo describe the tone of the literary work, use specific adjectives that illustrate which tone the narrator is using, such as “gloomy,” “solemn,” “humorous,” or “sarcastic.” The more specific you are when describing the tone, the more insightful your analysis will be.\\nFor example, you may write, “The author uses words like “super,” “stoked,” “awesome,” and “exhilarating” to create an upbeat tone.”\\nYou can use more than one adjective if this will make your description more accurate.\\n3-2. Provide evidence from the text.\\nAfter describing the tone in detail, use a few quotes from the text to back up your argument. Pick quotes that clearly illustrate tone based on word choice, language, diction, or imagery.\\nFor example, if you are writing about The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, you may use the last line of the book as an example: “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”\\nYou can then note that the imagery of a boat going against the current as well as the use of the words “beat,” “borne,” and “past” create a solemn, nostalgic tone to the ending.\\n3-3. Compare different tones in the same work.\\nIf there is more than one tone in the work, compare the different tones in your analysis. This often occurs when the literary work is long, such as a novel or an epic poem. Identify when the shifts in tone occur in the literary work. Discuss why you think the tone shifts and how it affected you as a reader.\\nNote if the tonal shifts coincide with specific characters and/or changes in perspective or viewpoint.\\nFor example, you may note, “The tone shifts in Chapter 13 from a humorous tone to a more serious tone. This occurs when the narrator discusses their mother's illness and death.”\\n3-4. Link the tone to other literary elements.\\nDepending on the scope of the assignment, make sure your analysis of tone is connected to other elements such as mood, plot, theme, and style. The tone of a work is often used to illustrate a larger theme or to create a distinct mood. Linking tone to these other elements can sharpen your analysis and make it that much stronger.\\nFor example, you may link the nostalgic, solemn tone of the closing line in The Great Gatsby to the themes of remembrance, loss, and thwarted love in the novel.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"In literature, tone refers to the author's attitude toward the subject, characters or events of a story. Understanding the tone of a literary work can help you become a better reader. You may also need to analyze the tone of a literary work for an essay or assignment for class. To analyze tone, start by recognizing common tones in literature. Then, determine the tone in a literary work and describe it effectively so you get high marks on your essay.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Recognizing Common Tones in Literature\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Notice if the tone is solemn or gloomy.\", \"描述\": \"One of the most common tones in literature is a solemn or gloomy tone, where the tone feels heavy or serious. Often the tone comes across as bleak or dark if it is solemn. You may respond to a solemn literary work by feeling sad or unsettled.\\nA good example of a solemn or gloomy tone is in the short story “The School” by Donald Barthelme.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Recognize a suspenseful tone.\", \"描述\": \"Another common tone in literature is a suspenseful tone, which creates a sense of dread and anticipation in the reader. Often, you may feel on the edge of your seat or full of anxiety as you read a literary work with a suspenseful tone.\\nA good example of a suspenseful tone is in the short story “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Take note of a humorous tone.\", \"描述\": \"A work of literature with a humorous tone will often make the reader laugh or smile. It can come across as playful, witty, or ironic. Sometimes writers use a humorous tone to counter a solemn tone in the same work, such as in a novel or a short story.\\nA good example of a humorous tone is the poem “Snowball” by Shel Silverstein.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Notice a sarcastic tone.\", \"描述\": \"A sarcastic tone is often used to invoke laughter or amusement in the reader. It may come across as biting and critical. You can find a sarcastic tone in novels and short stories, particularly if they are told in the first person with a narrator who has a sarcastic or dry sense of humor.\\nA good example of a sarcastic tone is in the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Recognize the connection between tone and genre.\", \"描述\": \"In many cases, the genre of the piece can give you clues about the tone. For instance, a suspenseful tone is often found in thriller novels or mystery stories while a humorous tone is often found in works of comedy and satire.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Be aware of the difference between mood and tone in literature.\", \"描述\": \"It can be tricky to distinguish between mood and tone in literature, especially because they are often connected or interrelated. Mood is different from tone in that it describes the setting and atmosphere of a text. Mood is created through the reader's response to the tone in a work. However, both mood and tone are shaped by the writer's ability to convey emotion in the reader.\\nFor example, if a story is set in an abandoned cabin the woods, it may have a creepy or unsettling mood. The author may then have a narrator or main character who uses a gloomy or depressing tone to describe the cabin in the woods to the reader.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Determining the Tone in a Literary Work\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Notice the word choice and language.\", \"描述\": \"One way you can determine tone in a literary work is to pay attention to the words and language used by the author. Consider why the author chose certain words or language to describe a scene. Think about why certain words were used to discuss a character. Think about how these choices create tone.\\nFor example, you may study a passage from the short story “The School:\\\" “And the trees all died...I don't know why they died, they just died. Something wrong with the soil possibly or maybe the stuff we got from the nursery wasn't the best...All these kids looking at these little brown sticks, it was depressing.”\\nIn the passage, Barthelme creates a solemn, gloomy tone by using words like “depressing,” “dead,” “died,” and “wrong.”\\nLady Macbeth uses the word damn in the play Macbeth.\\nIt depicts the tone of anger and shows her pride.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Look at the sentence structure.\", \"描述\": \"Read a few lines of the literary work and notice how the sentences are structured. You may notice the sentences are short and often do not vary in length, creating a certain tone. Or you may notice sentences that are long and winding down the page. This could create a meditative or thoughtful tone.\\nFor example, in many thriller novels, the sentences are often short and to the point, with very few adjectives or adverbs. This can help to create a suspenseful tone, full of action and tension.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Examine the imagery.\", \"描述\": \"Another way you can determine the tone of a piece is to look at the imagery used by the author to describe a setting, scene, or character. Certain imagery will create a certain tone to the piece. Strong imagery can tip you off to the tone intended by the author.\\nFor example, if a person's face is described as “glowing with happiness and excitement,” this may create a joyful tone. Or if a cabin in the woods is described as “grimy with the fingerprints of the previous occupants,” this may create a suspenseful tone.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Determine if the author uses irony.\", \"描述\": \"There are different kinds of irony, including verbal, situational, and dramatic. A situation is described as ironic if the expectations and reality of that situation are incongruous. Irony is often tied to sarcasm, but not always. Take note of the use of irony in literature and examine how it contributes to the tone or to a tonal shift.\\nFor example, if someone says, “Good thing I wore my parka today” when the temperature is 85 °F (29 °C), they're using verbal irony.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Read the work out loud.\", \"描述\": \"Reading a work of literature out loud can help you get a better sense of the diction of the piece. Diction refers to how words sound next to one another in a sentence. It is often more clear when a work is read out loud, as you can hear how each word sounds and pay attention to how this creates a certain tone to the piece.\\nFor example, you may read the following lines from The Catcher in the Rye out loud to determine the tone: “God damn money. It always ends up making you blue as hell.” The use of “god damn” and “blue as hell” gives the line a sarcastic or bitter tone, with a hint of humor and sadness.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Note that a work can have more than one tone.\", \"描述\": \"It is common for an author to use more than one tone in a work of literature, especially a long work like a novel. You may notice that the tone shifts in the work from chapter to chapter, narrator to narrator, or scene to scene. The author may do this to get into the particular voice of a character or to signal a shift in the characters or the action in the piece.\\nFor example, a novel may begin with a humorous tone and shift into a more serious tone as the author delves deeper into a character's history or personal relationships.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Describing the Tone in a Literary Work\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use adjectives.\", \"描述\": \"To describe the tone of the literary work, use specific adjectives that illustrate which tone the narrator is using, such as “gloomy,” “solemn,” “humorous,” or “sarcastic.” The more specific you are when describing the tone, the more insightful your analysis will be.\\nFor example, you may write, “The author uses words like “super,” “stoked,” “awesome,” and “exhilarating” to create an upbeat tone.”\\nYou can use more than one adjective if this will make your description more accurate.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Provide evidence from the text.\", \"描述\": \"After describing the tone in detail, use a few quotes from the text to back up your argument. Pick quotes that clearly illustrate tone based on word choice, language, diction, or imagery.\\nFor example, if you are writing about The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, you may use the last line of the book as an example: “So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”\\nYou can then note that the imagery of a boat going against the current as well as the use of the words “beat,” “borne,” and “past” create a solemn, nostalgic tone to the ending.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Compare different tones in the same work.\", \"描述\": \"If there is more than one tone in the work, compare the different tones in your analysis. This often occurs when the literary work is long, such as a novel or an epic poem. Identify when the shifts in tone occur in the literary work. Discuss why you think the tone shifts and how it affected you as a reader.\\nNote if the tonal shifts coincide with specific characters and/or changes in perspective or viewpoint.\\nFor example, you may note, “The tone shifts in Chapter 13 from a humorous tone to a more serious tone. This occurs when the narrator discusses their mother's illness and death.”\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Link the tone to other literary elements.\", \"描述\": \"Depending on the scope of the assignment, make sure your analysis of tone is connected to other elements such as mood, plot, theme, and style. The tone of a work is often used to illustrate a larger theme or to create a distinct mood. Linking tone to these other elements can sharpen your analysis and make it that much stronger.\\nFor example, you may link the nostalgic, solemn tone of the closing line in The Great Gatsby to the themes of remembrance, loss, and thwarted love in the novel.\"}]}]}}",
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1,674 | How to Analyze Yourself | 1. Becoming Aware of Your Feelings
1-1. Notice your thoughts.
Your thoughts are an integral part of who you are. They often guide how you feel as well as your attitude and perceptions of situations. Monitor your thoughts and recognize the content. Are your thoughts negative? Do you put yourself down, or always think something will go wrong? Which areas of your life are you most hard on yourself?
Do this in every aspect of your life. You want to make sure you think about your thoughts every day and during all different kinds of activities.
Try setting 5-10 daily timers to go off to remind you to evaluate how you're feeling at that moment.
Being able to observe your feelings will also help you recognize that you can control your thoughts and change what you're focusing on.
1-2. Write a journal.
To help you keep track of your thoughts everyday, start a journal and write about your day, your struggles, your goals, and your dreams. Analyze your journal entries and take note of their quality. Are the hopeful or bleak? Do you feel stuck or powerful? Continue to analyze your thoughts to become more aware of who you are.
1-3. Become aware of your perceptions.
Sometimes our perceptions of situations lead us to make faulty conclusions about what happened or what we saw. For example, if you perceived that your friend was mad at you after lunch, you may be confused and automatically think that because her mood was low, you did something wrong. Becoming aware of your perception of her mood can help you to analyze why you jumped to the conclusion she was mad at you.
When you have a situation like this, take time to analyze your actions and beliefs about what occurred. Write down what you saw, heard, or felt that made you interpret the situation in the way that you did. Ask yourself if there could be other causes for your friends mood or if there are outside factors that you are unaware of.
1-4. Recognize your feelings.
Your feelings can also give you clues into who you are and why you react to certain situations or people in the way that you do. Analyze your feelings by becoming aware of your reactions to topics of conversations, tones of voices, facial expressions, and body language. Identify what you are feeling and ask yourself why you had this type of emotional response. What were you responding to? What about it made you feel the way you do?
You can also use physical cues to tune you into how you are feeling. For example, if you notice you are breathing heavier or faster, so may be stressed, mad, or afraid.
If you can't figure out exactly how you feel at first, keep writing down your reactions and thoughts about certain situations. You may need time and distance from a situation to recognize how you feel.
You also can ask a trusted friend or family member to help go over your thoughts and reactions to help you figure out exactly what you feel. It may be hard for you to distance yourself enough from the ideas to truly know how you feel or what these things mean about you.
2. Analyzing Your Values
2-1. Understand values.
Knowing what you value can give you insight into who you are at your core. Many values are based on your personal experiences, and some change as you learn more about yourself.
Sometimes values are hard to identify because the term and concept is abstract and often vague. Your values are your beliefs and ideals that you base your choices on throughout life.
2-2. Identify your values.
Identifying and defining your values will bring you closer to realizing who you are and what is important to you. In order to seek out your values, you will need to spend some time in reflection, analyzing what is important to you and which values make you who you are. Begin identifying your values by writing your answers to the following questions:
Identify two people you most admire. What are the qualities they have that you admire? What is it about this person that makes them admirable to you?
If you could only have three of your possessions for the rest of you life, which would they be? Why?
What topics, events, or hobbies are you passionate about? Why are these things important to you? What is it about these things that make you passionate?
What event made you feel the most complete and fulfilled? What about that time made you feel this way? Why?
2-3. Group your core values.
You should start to have an idea about what is important to you and what you value. Try to group these ideas, moments, or things into core values to help you have a better idea of your core beliefs and ideals. Some examples of core values include courtesy, honesty, optimism, confidence, friendship, achievement, faith, friendship, kindness, justice, trust, and peace.
Use these core values to understand and know yourself better. These values should help you make choices and identify what is important to you. Through analyzing yourself in this way, you are that much closer to unlocking your true self.
Your may have multiple groups of values. This is normal because humans are complex and feel many different things. For example, you may value honesty, faith, competence, and confidence, values that don't necessarily group together. But these traits show you the kinds of situations and people you value around you as well as traits you likely strive for in yourself.
3. Discovering Your Story
3-1. Write your story.
Writing your life’s story can tell you a lot about who you are as well as how you view your life’s challenges, joys, opportunities, and struggles. Writing out your personal story can give you insight into what you have learned through your experiences and how those experiences have affected you.
In this way, you can analyze how your experiences helped shape who you are, which encompasses your values, attitudes, beliefs, biases, reactions, and the way you interact with your world.
Remember that even though you've probably made mistakes, you're still a whole and complete human being with inherent self-worth.
3-2. Analyze your story.
Once you’ve written the story of your life, analyze yourself by asking the following questions:
What are the themes that are present in your story? Are you always being saved or are you the person who saves others? Does your story have a theme of helplessness or ability? Is your story a love story, a comedy, a drama, or something else?
If you titled your story, what would the title be?
Divide your story into chapters. Why are the chapters divided where they are? What changed? What did you learn? What are the titles of your chapters?
Did you label yourself in your story? Did you label others? What do those labels mean to you and what do they say about how you see yourself, others, and the world?
What kinds of words do you use to describe yourself, others, and the world? What do these descriptive words tell you about your story and how you lived it?
3-3. Decide what your analysis means.
Once you write your story, you need to decide what it means. The interesting thing about writing your own story for analysis, which is called narrative therapy, is that is shows you what you think is important or crucial to your existence. It showcases those moments in your life that you feel are important or worth note. It also shows you how you view yourself and the trajectory of your life so far.
For example, if you write your life as a drama, you may feel that your life is more dramatic and intense. If you wrote it as a comedy, you may think your life has been fun and upbeat to this point. If you wrote your life as a love story, maybe you are a hopeless romantic who either has great love or is hoping for one in the future.
3-4. Remember that it takes time.
Even when you have followed all of these steps, you need to realize that it can take time. It is important to understand that becoming more aware of who you are, or analyzing yourself, is also an ongoing, lifelong pursuit. Who you are today or what you believe today may change in the future.
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"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Becoming Aware of Your Feelings\\n1-1. Notice your thoughts.\\nYour thoughts are an integral part of who you are. They often guide how you feel as well as your attitude and perceptions of situations. Monitor your thoughts and recognize the content. Are your thoughts negative? Do you put yourself down, or always think something will go wrong? Which areas of your life are you most hard on yourself?\\nDo this in every aspect of your life. You want to make sure you think about your thoughts every day and during all different kinds of activities.\\nTry setting 5-10 daily timers to go off to remind you to evaluate how you're feeling at that moment.\\nBeing able to observe your feelings will also help you recognize that you can control your thoughts and change what you're focusing on.\\n1-2. Write a journal.\\nTo help you keep track of your thoughts everyday, start a journal and write about your day, your struggles, your goals, and your dreams. Analyze your journal entries and take note of their quality. Are the hopeful or bleak? Do you feel stuck or powerful? Continue to analyze your thoughts to become more aware of who you are.\\n1-3. Become aware of your perceptions.\\nSometimes our perceptions of situations lead us to make faulty conclusions about what happened or what we saw. For example, if you perceived that your friend was mad at you after lunch, you may be confused and automatically think that because her mood was low, you did something wrong. Becoming aware of your perception of her mood can help you to analyze why you jumped to the conclusion she was mad at you.\\nWhen you have a situation like this, take time to analyze your actions and beliefs about what occurred. Write down what you saw, heard, or felt that made you interpret the situation in the way that you did. Ask yourself if there could be other causes for your friends mood or if there are outside factors that you are unaware of.\\n1-4. Recognize your feelings.\\nYour feelings can also give you clues into who you are and why you react to certain situations or people in the way that you do. Analyze your feelings by becoming aware of your reactions to topics of conversations, tones of voices, facial expressions, and body language. Identify what you are feeling and ask yourself why you had this type of emotional response. What were you responding to? What about it made you feel the way you do?\\nYou can also use physical cues to tune you into how you are feeling. For example, if you notice you are breathing heavier or faster, so may be stressed, mad, or afraid.\\nIf you can't figure out exactly how you feel at first, keep writing down your reactions and thoughts about certain situations. You may need time and distance from a situation to recognize how you feel.\\nYou also can ask a trusted friend or family member to help go over your thoughts and reactions to help you figure out exactly what you feel. It may be hard for you to distance yourself enough from the ideas to truly know how you feel or what these things mean about you.\\n2. Analyzing Your Values\\n2-1. Understand values.\\nKnowing what you value can give you insight into who you are at your core. Many values are based on your personal experiences, and some change as you learn more about yourself.\\nSometimes values are hard to identify because the term and concept is abstract and often vague. Your values are your beliefs and ideals that you base your choices on throughout life.\\n2-2. Identify your values.\\nIdentifying and defining your values will bring you closer to realizing who you are and what is important to you. In order to seek out your values, you will need to spend some time in reflection, analyzing what is important to you and which values make you who you are. Begin identifying your values by writing your answers to the following questions:\\nIdentify two people you most admire. What are the qualities they have that you admire? What is it about this person that makes them admirable to you?\\nIf you could only have three of your possessions for the rest of you life, which would they be? Why?\\nWhat topics, events, or hobbies are you passionate about? Why are these things important to you? What is it about these things that make you passionate?\\nWhat event made you feel the most complete and fulfilled? What about that time made you feel this way? Why?\\n2-3. Group your core values.\\nYou should start to have an idea about what is important to you and what you value. Try to group these ideas, moments, or things into core values to help you have a better idea of your core beliefs and ideals. Some examples of core values include courtesy, honesty, optimism, confidence, friendship, achievement, faith, friendship, kindness, justice, trust, and peace.\\nUse these core values to understand and know yourself better. These values should help you make choices and identify what is important to you. Through analyzing yourself in this way, you are that much closer to unlocking your true self.\\nYour may have multiple groups of values. This is normal because humans are complex and feel many different things. For example, you may value honesty, faith, competence, and confidence, values that don't necessarily group together. But these traits show you the kinds of situations and people you value around you as well as traits you likely strive for in yourself.\\n3. Discovering Your Story\\n3-1. Write your story.\\nWriting your life’s story can tell you a lot about who you are as well as how you view your life’s challenges, joys, opportunities, and struggles. Writing out your personal story can give you insight into what you have learned through your experiences and how those experiences have affected you.\\nIn this way, you can analyze how your experiences helped shape who you are, which encompasses your values, attitudes, beliefs, biases, reactions, and the way you interact with your world.\\nRemember that even though you've probably made mistakes, you're still a whole and complete human being with inherent self-worth.\\n3-2. Analyze your story.\\nOnce you’ve written the story of your life, analyze yourself by asking the following questions:\\nWhat are the themes that are present in your story? Are you always being saved or are you the person who saves others? Does your story have a theme of helplessness or ability? Is your story a love story, a comedy, a drama, or something else?\\nIf you titled your story, what would the title be?\\nDivide your story into chapters. Why are the chapters divided where they are? What changed? What did you learn? What are the titles of your chapters?\\nDid you label yourself in your story? Did you label others? What do those labels mean to you and what do they say about how you see yourself, others, and the world?\\nWhat kinds of words do you use to describe yourself, others, and the world? What do these descriptive words tell you about your story and how you lived it?\\n3-3. Decide what your analysis means.\\nOnce you write your story, you need to decide what it means. The interesting thing about writing your own story for analysis, which is called narrative therapy, is that is shows you what you think is important or crucial to your existence. It showcases those moments in your life that you feel are important or worth note. It also shows you how you view yourself and the trajectory of your life so far.\\nFor example, if you write your life as a drama, you may feel that your life is more dramatic and intense. If you wrote it as a comedy, you may think your life has been fun and upbeat to this point. If you wrote your life as a love story, maybe you are a hopeless romantic who either has great love or is hoping for one in the future.\\n3-4. Remember that it takes time.\\nEven when you have followed all of these steps, you need to realize that it can take time. It is important to understand that becoming more aware of who you are, or analyzing yourself, is also an ongoing, lifelong pursuit. Who you are today or what you believe today may change in the future.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Self-awareness is about knowing who you are at your core, such as values and beliefs, and it is also about knowing your behaviors and tendencies. Being aware of yourself is an important first step in knowing you are as a person. Building self-awareness is one way to go about analyzing yourself including your beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, and reactions. There are many ways to learn how to analyze yourself.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Becoming Aware of Your Feelings\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Notice your thoughts.\", \"描述\": \"Your thoughts are an integral part of who you are. They often guide how you feel as well as your attitude and perceptions of situations. Monitor your thoughts and recognize the content. Are your thoughts negative? Do you put yourself down, or always think something will go wrong? Which areas of your life are you most hard on yourself?\\nDo this in every aspect of your life. You want to make sure you think about your thoughts every day and during all different kinds of activities.\\nTry setting 5-10 daily timers to go off to remind you to evaluate how you're feeling at that moment.\\nBeing able to observe your feelings will also help you recognize that you can control your thoughts and change what you're focusing on.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Write a journal.\", \"描述\": \"To help you keep track of your thoughts everyday, start a journal and write about your day, your struggles, your goals, and your dreams. Analyze your journal entries and take note of their quality. Are the hopeful or bleak? Do you feel stuck or powerful? Continue to analyze your thoughts to become more aware of who you are.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Become aware of your perceptions.\", \"描述\": \"Sometimes our perceptions of situations lead us to make faulty conclusions about what happened or what we saw. For example, if you perceived that your friend was mad at you after lunch, you may be confused and automatically think that because her mood was low, you did something wrong. Becoming aware of your perception of her mood can help you to analyze why you jumped to the conclusion she was mad at you.\\nWhen you have a situation like this, take time to analyze your actions and beliefs about what occurred. Write down what you saw, heard, or felt that made you interpret the situation in the way that you did. Ask yourself if there could be other causes for your friends mood or if there are outside factors that you are unaware of.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Recognize your feelings.\", \"描述\": \"Your feelings can also give you clues into who you are and why you react to certain situations or people in the way that you do. Analyze your feelings by becoming aware of your reactions to topics of conversations, tones of voices, facial expressions, and body language. Identify what you are feeling and ask yourself why you had this type of emotional response. What were you responding to? What about it made you feel the way you do?\\nYou can also use physical cues to tune you into how you are feeling. For example, if you notice you are breathing heavier or faster, so may be stressed, mad, or afraid.\\nIf you can't figure out exactly how you feel at first, keep writing down your reactions and thoughts about certain situations. You may need time and distance from a situation to recognize how you feel.\\nYou also can ask a trusted friend or family member to help go over your thoughts and reactions to help you figure out exactly what you feel. It may be hard for you to distance yourself enough from the ideas to truly know how you feel or what these things mean about you.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyzing Your Values\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Understand values.\", \"描述\": \"Knowing what you value can give you insight into who you are at your core. Many values are based on your personal experiences, and some change as you learn more about yourself.\\nSometimes values are hard to identify because the term and concept is abstract and often vague. Your values are your beliefs and ideals that you base your choices on throughout life.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identify your values.\", \"描述\": \"Identifying and defining your values will bring you closer to realizing who you are and what is important to you. In order to seek out your values, you will need to spend some time in reflection, analyzing what is important to you and which values make you who you are. Begin identifying your values by writing your answers to the following questions:\\nIdentify two people you most admire. What are the qualities they have that you admire? What is it about this person that makes them admirable to you?\\nIf you could only have three of your possessions for the rest of you life, which would they be? Why?\\nWhat topics, events, or hobbies are you passionate about? Why are these things important to you? What is it about these things that make you passionate?\\nWhat event made you feel the most complete and fulfilled? What about that time made you feel this way? Why?\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Group your core values.\", \"描述\": \"You should start to have an idea about what is important to you and what you value. Try to group these ideas, moments, or things into core values to help you have a better idea of your core beliefs and ideals. Some examples of core values include courtesy, honesty, optimism, confidence, friendship, achievement, faith, friendship, kindness, justice, trust, and peace.\\nUse these core values to understand and know yourself better. These values should help you make choices and identify what is important to you. Through analyzing yourself in this way, you are that much closer to unlocking your true self.\\nYour may have multiple groups of values. This is normal because humans are complex and feel many different things. For example, you may value honesty, faith, competence, and confidence, values that don't necessarily group together. But these traits show you the kinds of situations and people you value around you as well as traits you likely strive for in yourself.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Discovering Your Story\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Write your story.\", \"描述\": \"Writing your life’s story can tell you a lot about who you are as well as how you view your life’s challenges, joys, opportunities, and struggles. Writing out your personal story can give you insight into what you have learned through your experiences and how those experiences have affected you.\\nIn this way, you can analyze how your experiences helped shape who you are, which encompasses your values, attitudes, beliefs, biases, reactions, and the way you interact with your world.\\nRemember that even though you've probably made mistakes, you're still a whole and complete human being with inherent self-worth.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyze your story.\", \"描述\": \"Once you’ve written the story of your life, analyze yourself by asking the following questions:\\nWhat are the themes that are present in your story? Are you always being saved or are you the person who saves others? Does your story have a theme of helplessness or ability? Is your story a love story, a comedy, a drama, or something else?\\nIf you titled your story, what would the title be?\\nDivide your story into chapters. Why are the chapters divided where they are? What changed? What did you learn? What are the titles of your chapters?\\nDid you label yourself in your story? Did you label others? What do those labels mean to you and what do they say about how you see yourself, others, and the world?\\nWhat kinds of words do you use to describe yourself, others, and the world? What do these descriptive words tell you about your story and how you lived it?\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Decide what your analysis means.\", \"描述\": \"Once you write your story, you need to decide what it means. The interesting thing about writing your own story for analysis, which is called narrative therapy, is that is shows you what you think is important or crucial to your existence. It showcases those moments in your life that you feel are important or worth note. It also shows you how you view yourself and the trajectory of your life so far.\\nFor example, if you write your life as a drama, you may feel that your life is more dramatic and intense. If you wrote it as a comedy, you may think your life has been fun and upbeat to this point. If you wrote your life as a love story, maybe you are a hopeless romantic who either has great love or is hoping for one in the future.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Remember that it takes time.\", \"描述\": \"Even when you have followed all of these steps, you need to realize that it can take time. It is important to understand that becoming more aware of who you are, or analyzing yourself, is also an ongoing, lifelong pursuit. Who you are today or what you believe today may change in the future.\"}]}]}}",
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1,675 | How to Analyze a Book | 1. Breaking Down Fiction
1-1. Read the work slowly and pay close attention to detail.
To analyze a book for its subtle messages and ideas, you’ll need to give the book your undivided attention. Take your time as you’re reading and pay attention to all details the author chooses to include in the text.
Remember when you’re reading that all the little details in the book were deliberately chosen by the author and hence might be significant in some unseen way. For example, if an author describes a young girl’s dress as “yellow like the sun,” ask yourself why the author chose the color yellow (symbol of optimism) or what it means for her dress to be compared to the sun.
Certain sections of any book should be read with particular attention. The beginning and end, for example, are a good place to find meaning and symbolism in a text. Read these with a bit more attention.
If you have trouble reading slowly or staying focused, try to keep the specific goal for your reading in mind instead of reading “mindlessly.” For instance, if you’re trying to analyze a work of fiction for symbolism, keep this in mind as you read and it will help you to zero in on the relevant details (e.g., the author’s choice of names for their characters).
Read the book twice if you have time.
1-2. Take notes as you read.
This will not only help you to note any details that appear to be significant, but will also allow you to jot down your thoughts as you read and keep them organized. Include page numbers and chapter numbers in your notes.
Write down anything you think might be particularly important, even if you aren’t sure. You’ll be glad you kept a convenient record of potentially significant details when it comes time to write about your analysis.
In your notes, quote directly from the book when you think the specific wording of the text is important. Otherwise, feel free to paraphrase the text when you’re taking note of events or themes.
If you can, invest in a personal copy of the text. This lets you highlight, underline, and make notes in the margins of significant passages as you go.
1-3. Study the context in which the author wrote the book.
The work might be a commentary on events going on in the author’s life or be reflective of biases held by people in the author’s society. Knowing the context of the book may also help you determine what the author’s goal was in writing it.
When researching the context in which a book was written, consider the time period, location (country, state, city, etc.), political system, and the biography of the author. For example, a Russian expat writing in the 1940s about a dictatorship may be making a statement on the Soviet Union or Joseph Stalin.
Look into other books by the same author and see how the book you’re reading compares to them in terms of story, subject matter, themes, and other details. For example, many of Philip K. Dick’s novels focused on the nature of reality and questions surrounding identity.
Try starting on a site like Wikipedia. While it's not an academic source, it often provides an overview of the topic and may link to other sources or even other works by the author.
1-4. Establish the essential plot points of the story.
The plot of a novel is typically organized around a certain pattern which includes a problem, a climax, and a resolution. Identify where these points occur in the story to better understand what message the author is trying to get across.
For example, if the characters in a novel are only able to resolve a problem by working together, the author may be making a statement on the importance of collaboration.
1-5. Determine the setting of the book and how it contributes to the story.
Although the setting of a novel can seem like background, it's often as important to the story as some of the characters. Consider how the setting of the story influences your reaction to it or helps convey the story’s theme.
Settings can be symbolic. Reflect on the characters at a certain point in their journey, and/or foreshadow certain key plot elements.
For example, ask yourself if a story that takes place in an isolated cabin during winter would be significantly different if it took place in an apartment in a big city. If so, think about why a different setting changes the meaning of the story.
1-6. Examine the actions, motivations, and beliefs of the characters.
Books typically have a main character (the protagonist), a villain (the antagonist), and an assortment of secondary characters. While reading, think about why the characters do what they do and what this says about them and their beliefs.
You should also consider why the author would have their characters do the things they do and what point they’re trying to make.
For example, if a holy man commits a murder, ask yourself why the character would betray his beliefs or why the author would seek to depict a holy man in this way.
1-7. Consider how the author’s writing style affects the book’s story.
Although an author’s writing style may be the result of personal preference, it could also be an intentional stylistic choice to influence a reader’s reaction to the story. Pay attention to the author's style and ask yourself if it influences the story’s meaning.
Writing style includes the author’s choice of vocabulary, sentence structure, tone, imagery, symbolism, and overall feeling of the story.
For example, an author may seek to impart a more humorous tone by using short, choppy sentences and nonsensical words.
1-8. Identify the book’s principal theme or message.
Most authors who write a work of fiction will have a theme or message that they want their book to convey. Use your analysis of the plot, setting, characters, and writing style to determine what the book’s theme is.
Some common themes include good vs. evil, growing up, human nature, love, friendship, war, and religion.
A book may deal with multiple themes, with some themes being more obvious than others. Often, themes are most visible in the beginning and end of a book. Re-read these sections after your first read-through to help you evaluate the book's theme.
1-9. Make an outline to put your ideas and relevant information together
This is especially useful if you’re writing a critical analysis of a book for others to read. Create an outline that includes background information about the book and author, a summary or description of the work itself, and your interpretation.
2. Critiquing Non-Fiction Books
2-1. Read the book slowly and take notes as you read.
Non-fiction books are often dense and can be dry to read. Make sure you read slowly and stay focused so you don’t lose track of the book’s logical flow. Jot down your thoughts on the book or the more important information you come across.
Try to find key words and phrases in each paragraph as you read and write down a summary of each passage or chapter as you go.
If you have trouble reading slowly or staying focused, try to keep the specific goal for your reading in mind instead of reading “mindlessly.” If you’re reading for specific information on a topic (e.g., the physical properties of meteorites), bear this in mind as you read and you will be better able to focus on the relevant information as you read it.
2-2. Determine the author’s purpose.
Every non-fiction book has a purpose, whether it be to describe, persuade, argue, or instruct. Skim over the text and, if possible, read the book’s summary to discern what the author’s goal is.
For example, some historians write books to challenge dominant interpretations of certain historical events (e.g., the cause of the American Civil War).
Many authors will state the purpose of their non-fiction book in the preface or introductory chapter and restate that purpose in the book’s concluding chapter. Skim these sections to help you determine the book's overall goals.
2-3. Research the author’s background and motivation for writing this book.
Compare the book to other works that the author has written and ask yourself if the author’s beliefs or ideologies may result in the book being biased.
For example, if the book is a history of a particular political party, then the author’s relationship to that party (e.g., if the author is a party member) will almost certainly influence how the party’s history is written in the book.
2-4. Distinguish facts from statements of opinion.
Although the factual evidence used to bolster an argument should be viewed critically, it is the author’s opinion that you should critique and evaluate in your analysis.
For example, an author may write: “High school students typically learn European history from their teachers. These teachers are overpaid.” In this instance, the first sentence is a statement of fact, while the second is a statement of opinion.
Statements of fact are often followed by citations either in the form of footnotes or parenthetical citations.
Don’t dismiss out of hand what an author says purely because it’s “opinion”; in most cases, an author’s conclusions will be derived from the facts that are also presented in the book and should be judged as such.
2-5. Examine the evidence the author relies on to support their argument.
Determine whether the evidence the author presents actually supports their conclusions or persuades you to agree with their opinion. Similarly, consider whether the author has intentionally left out any evidence that contradicts their argument, due to their own bias.
For example, consider whether you would reach a different conclusion based on the same evidence and check to see if the author describes in the book why they didn’t reach the same conclusion as you. If they don’t, their argument may not be entirely thought out.
Try to check the author's information against other sources. Look at academic articles, online encyclopedias, and other scholarly resources to see if the evidence the author cites matches the larger scholarly body of work on the subject or if you can find contradictory evidence that the author did not include in their work.
2-6. Decide whether the book accomplishes its purpose.
Ask yourself if you’ve been convinced by the book to agree with the author’s opinion, argument, or conclusions. If you were not persuaded, determine what about the book failed to convince you of the author’s correctness.
For instance, think about whether the author’s evidence was reliable or relevant, whether the argument was logical, and whether the author’s conclusions made sense to you.
Be sure to not let your personal attitudes interfere with your analysis. If you find a book unconvincing, ask yourself if you have any internal biases that may prevent you from analyzing the book in a neutral manner.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:53",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Breaking Down Fiction\\n1-1. Read the work slowly and pay close attention to detail.\\nTo analyze a book for its subtle messages and ideas, you’ll need to give the book your undivided attention. Take your time as you’re reading and pay attention to all details the author chooses to include in the text.\\nRemember when you’re reading that all the little details in the book were deliberately chosen by the author and hence might be significant in some unseen way. For example, if an author describes a young girl’s dress as “yellow like the sun,” ask yourself why the author chose the color yellow (symbol of optimism) or what it means for her dress to be compared to the sun.\\nCertain sections of any book should be read with particular attention. The beginning and end, for example, are a good place to find meaning and symbolism in a text. Read these with a bit more attention.\\nIf you have trouble reading slowly or staying focused, try to keep the specific goal for your reading in mind instead of reading “mindlessly.” For instance, if you’re trying to analyze a work of fiction for symbolism, keep this in mind as you read and it will help you to zero in on the relevant details (e.g., the author’s choice of names for their characters).\\nRead the book twice if you have time.\\n1-2. Take notes as you read.\\nThis will not only help you to note any details that appear to be significant, but will also allow you to jot down your thoughts as you read and keep them organized. Include page numbers and chapter numbers in your notes.\\nWrite down anything you think might be particularly important, even if you aren’t sure. You’ll be glad you kept a convenient record of potentially significant details when it comes time to write about your analysis.\\nIn your notes, quote directly from the book when you think the specific wording of the text is important. Otherwise, feel free to paraphrase the text when you’re taking note of events or themes.\\nIf you can, invest in a personal copy of the text. This lets you highlight, underline, and make notes in the margins of significant passages as you go.\\n1-3. Study the context in which the author wrote the book.\\nThe work might be a commentary on events going on in the author’s life or be reflective of biases held by people in the author’s society. Knowing the context of the book may also help you determine what the author’s goal was in writing it.\\nWhen researching the context in which a book was written, consider the time period, location (country, state, city, etc.), political system, and the biography of the author. For example, a Russian expat writing in the 1940s about a dictatorship may be making a statement on the Soviet Union or Joseph Stalin.\\nLook into other books by the same author and see how the book you’re reading compares to them in terms of story, subject matter, themes, and other details. For example, many of Philip K. Dick’s novels focused on the nature of reality and questions surrounding identity.\\nTry starting on a site like Wikipedia. While it's not an academic source, it often provides an overview of the topic and may link to other sources or even other works by the author.\\n1-4. Establish the essential plot points of the story.\\nThe plot of a novel is typically organized around a certain pattern which includes a problem, a climax, and a resolution. Identify where these points occur in the story to better understand what message the author is trying to get across.\\nFor example, if the characters in a novel are only able to resolve a problem by working together, the author may be making a statement on the importance of collaboration.\\n1-5. Determine the setting of the book and how it contributes to the story.\\nAlthough the setting of a novel can seem like background, it's often as important to the story as some of the characters. Consider how the setting of the story influences your reaction to it or helps convey the story’s theme.\\nSettings can be symbolic. Reflect on the characters at a certain point in their journey, and/or foreshadow certain key plot elements.\\nFor example, ask yourself if a story that takes place in an isolated cabin during winter would be significantly different if it took place in an apartment in a big city. If so, think about why a different setting changes the meaning of the story.\\n1-6. Examine the actions, motivations, and beliefs of the characters.\\nBooks typically have a main character (the protagonist), a villain (the antagonist), and an assortment of secondary characters. While reading, think about why the characters do what they do and what this says about them and their beliefs.\\nYou should also consider why the author would have their characters do the things they do and what point they’re trying to make.\\nFor example, if a holy man commits a murder, ask yourself why the character would betray his beliefs or why the author would seek to depict a holy man in this way.\\n1-7. Consider how the author’s writing style affects the book’s story.\\nAlthough an author’s writing style may be the result of personal preference, it could also be an intentional stylistic choice to influence a reader’s reaction to the story. Pay attention to the author's style and ask yourself if it influences the story’s meaning.\\nWriting style includes the author’s choice of vocabulary, sentence structure, tone, imagery, symbolism, and overall feeling of the story.\\nFor example, an author may seek to impart a more humorous tone by using short, choppy sentences and nonsensical words.\\n1-8. Identify the book’s principal theme or message.\\nMost authors who write a work of fiction will have a theme or message that they want their book to convey. Use your analysis of the plot, setting, characters, and writing style to determine what the book’s theme is.\\nSome common themes include good vs. evil, growing up, human nature, love, friendship, war, and religion.\\nA book may deal with multiple themes, with some themes being more obvious than others. Often, themes are most visible in the beginning and end of a book. Re-read these sections after your first read-through to help you evaluate the book's theme.\\n1-9. Make an outline to put your ideas and relevant information together\\nThis is especially useful if you’re writing a critical analysis of a book for others to read. Create an outline that includes background information about the book and author, a summary or description of the work itself, and your interpretation.\\n2. Critiquing Non-Fiction Books\\n2-1. Read the book slowly and take notes as you read.\\nNon-fiction books are often dense and can be dry to read. Make sure you read slowly and stay focused so you don’t lose track of the book’s logical flow. Jot down your thoughts on the book or the more important information you come across.\\nTry to find key words and phrases in each paragraph as you read and write down a summary of each passage or chapter as you go.\\nIf you have trouble reading slowly or staying focused, try to keep the specific goal for your reading in mind instead of reading “mindlessly.” If you’re reading for specific information on a topic (e.g., the physical properties of meteorites), bear this in mind as you read and you will be better able to focus on the relevant information as you read it.\\n2-2. Determine the author’s purpose.\\nEvery non-fiction book has a purpose, whether it be to describe, persuade, argue, or instruct. Skim over the text and, if possible, read the book’s summary to discern what the author’s goal is.\\nFor example, some historians write books to challenge dominant interpretations of certain historical events (e.g., the cause of the American Civil War).\\nMany authors will state the purpose of their non-fiction book in the preface or introductory chapter and restate that purpose in the book’s concluding chapter. Skim these sections to help you determine the book's overall goals.\\n2-3. Research the author’s background and motivation for writing this book.\\nCompare the book to other works that the author has written and ask yourself if the author’s beliefs or ideologies may result in the book being biased.\\nFor example, if the book is a history of a particular political party, then the author’s relationship to that party (e.g., if the author is a party member) will almost certainly influence how the party’s history is written in the book.\\n2-4. Distinguish facts from statements of opinion.\\nAlthough the factual evidence used to bolster an argument should be viewed critically, it is the author’s opinion that you should critique and evaluate in your analysis.\\nFor example, an author may write: “High school students typically learn European history from their teachers. These teachers are overpaid.” In this instance, the first sentence is a statement of fact, while the second is a statement of opinion.\\nStatements of fact are often followed by citations either in the form of footnotes or parenthetical citations.\\nDon’t dismiss out of hand what an author says purely because it’s “opinion”; in most cases, an author’s conclusions will be derived from the facts that are also presented in the book and should be judged as such.\\n2-5. Examine the evidence the author relies on to support their argument.\\nDetermine whether the evidence the author presents actually supports their conclusions or persuades you to agree with their opinion. Similarly, consider whether the author has intentionally left out any evidence that contradicts their argument, due to their own bias.\\nFor example, consider whether you would reach a different conclusion based on the same evidence and check to see if the author describes in the book why they didn’t reach the same conclusion as you. If they don’t, their argument may not be entirely thought out.\\nTry to check the author's information against other sources. Look at academic articles, online encyclopedias, and other scholarly resources to see if the evidence the author cites matches the larger scholarly body of work on the subject or if you can find contradictory evidence that the author did not include in their work.\\n2-6. Decide whether the book accomplishes its purpose.\\nAsk yourself if you’ve been convinced by the book to agree with the author’s opinion, argument, or conclusions. If you were not persuaded, determine what about the book failed to convince you of the author’s correctness.\\nFor instance, think about whether the author’s evidence was reliable or relevant, whether the argument was logical, and whether the author’s conclusions made sense to you.\\nBe sure to not let your personal attitudes interfere with your analysis. If you find a book unconvincing, ask yourself if you have any internal biases that may prevent you from analyzing the book in a neutral manner.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Reading books, whether they be fiction or nonfiction, is a terrific pastime that is both fun and informative. However, analyzing books can help you get even more out of the books you read, both for fun and for academic purposes. Knowing how to analyze a book changes the way you interpret and understand books, and maybe even what they mean to you. Once you know how to break down a work’s plot, structure, language, and argument, while critiquing an author’s perspective, analyzing books is a breeze.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Breaking Down Fiction\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Read the work slowly and pay close attention to detail.\", \"描述\": \"To analyze a book for its subtle messages and ideas, you’ll need to give the book your undivided attention. Take your time as you’re reading and pay attention to all details the author chooses to include in the text.\\nRemember when you’re reading that all the little details in the book were deliberately chosen by the author and hence might be significant in some unseen way. For example, if an author describes a young girl’s dress as “yellow like the sun,” ask yourself why the author chose the color yellow (symbol of optimism) or what it means for her dress to be compared to the sun.\\nCertain sections of any book should be read with particular attention. The beginning and end, for example, are a good place to find meaning and symbolism in a text. Read these with a bit more attention.\\nIf you have trouble reading slowly or staying focused, try to keep the specific goal for your reading in mind instead of reading “mindlessly.” For instance, if you’re trying to analyze a work of fiction for symbolism, keep this in mind as you read and it will help you to zero in on the relevant details (e.g., the author’s choice of names for their characters).\\nRead the book twice if you have time.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Take notes as you read.\", \"描述\": \"This will not only help you to note any details that appear to be significant, but will also allow you to jot down your thoughts as you read and keep them organized. Include page numbers and chapter numbers in your notes.\\nWrite down anything you think might be particularly important, even if you aren’t sure. You’ll be glad you kept a convenient record of potentially significant details when it comes time to write about your analysis.\\nIn your notes, quote directly from the book when you think the specific wording of the text is important. Otherwise, feel free to paraphrase the text when you’re taking note of events or themes.\\nIf you can, invest in a personal copy of the text. This lets you highlight, underline, and make notes in the margins of significant passages as you go.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Study the context in which the author wrote the book.\", \"描述\": \"The work might be a commentary on events going on in the author’s life or be reflective of biases held by people in the author’s society. Knowing the context of the book may also help you determine what the author’s goal was in writing it.\\nWhen researching the context in which a book was written, consider the time period, location (country, state, city, etc.), political system, and the biography of the author. For example, a Russian expat writing in the 1940s about a dictatorship may be making a statement on the Soviet Union or Joseph Stalin.\\nLook into other books by the same author and see how the book you’re reading compares to them in terms of story, subject matter, themes, and other details. For example, many of Philip K. Dick’s novels focused on the nature of reality and questions surrounding identity.\\nTry starting on a site like Wikipedia. While it's not an academic source, it often provides an overview of the topic and may link to other sources or even other works by the author.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Establish the essential plot points of the story.\", \"描述\": \"The plot of a novel is typically organized around a certain pattern which includes a problem, a climax, and a resolution. Identify where these points occur in the story to better understand what message the author is trying to get across.\\nFor example, if the characters in a novel are only able to resolve a problem by working together, the author may be making a statement on the importance of collaboration.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Determine the setting of the book and how it contributes to the story.\", \"描述\": \"Although the setting of a novel can seem like background, it's often as important to the story as some of the characters. Consider how the setting of the story influences your reaction to it or helps convey the story’s theme.\\nSettings can be symbolic. Reflect on the characters at a certain point in their journey, and/or foreshadow certain key plot elements.\\nFor example, ask yourself if a story that takes place in an isolated cabin during winter would be significantly different if it took place in an apartment in a big city. If so, think about why a different setting changes the meaning of the story.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Examine the actions, motivations, and beliefs of the characters.\", \"描述\": \"Books typically have a main character (the protagonist), a villain (the antagonist), and an assortment of secondary characters. While reading, think about why the characters do what they do and what this says about them and their beliefs.\\nYou should also consider why the author would have their characters do the things they do and what point they’re trying to make.\\nFor example, if a holy man commits a murder, ask yourself why the character would betray his beliefs or why the author would seek to depict a holy man in this way.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Consider how the author’s writing style affects the book’s story.\", \"描述\": \"Although an author’s writing style may be the result of personal preference, it could also be an intentional stylistic choice to influence a reader’s reaction to the story. Pay attention to the author's style and ask yourself if it influences the story’s meaning.\\nWriting style includes the author’s choice of vocabulary, sentence structure, tone, imagery, symbolism, and overall feeling of the story.\\nFor example, an author may seek to impart a more humorous tone by using short, choppy sentences and nonsensical words.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Identify the book’s principal theme or message.\", \"描述\": \"Most authors who write a work of fiction will have a theme or message that they want their book to convey. Use your analysis of the plot, setting, characters, and writing style to determine what the book’s theme is.\\nSome common themes include good vs. evil, growing up, human nature, love, friendship, war, and religion.\\nA book may deal with multiple themes, with some themes being more obvious than others. Often, themes are most visible in the beginning and end of a book. Re-read these sections after your first read-through to help you evaluate the book's theme.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Make an outline to put your ideas and relevant information together\", \"描述\": \"This is especially useful if you’re writing a critical analysis of a book for others to read. Create an outline that includes background information about the book and author, a summary or description of the work itself, and your interpretation.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Critiquing Non-Fiction Books\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Read the book slowly and take notes as you read.\", \"描述\": \"Non-fiction books are often dense and can be dry to read. Make sure you read slowly and stay focused so you don’t lose track of the book’s logical flow. Jot down your thoughts on the book or the more important information you come across.\\nTry to find key words and phrases in each paragraph as you read and write down a summary of each passage or chapter as you go.\\nIf you have trouble reading slowly or staying focused, try to keep the specific goal for your reading in mind instead of reading “mindlessly.” If you’re reading for specific information on a topic (e.g., the physical properties of meteorites), bear this in mind as you read and you will be better able to focus on the relevant information as you read it.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Determine the author’s purpose.\", \"描述\": \"Every non-fiction book has a purpose, whether it be to describe, persuade, argue, or instruct. Skim over the text and, if possible, read the book’s summary to discern what the author’s goal is.\\nFor example, some historians write books to challenge dominant interpretations of certain historical events (e.g., the cause of the American Civil War).\\nMany authors will state the purpose of their non-fiction book in the preface or introductory chapter and restate that purpose in the book’s concluding chapter. Skim these sections to help you determine the book's overall goals.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Research the author’s background and motivation for writing this book.\", \"描述\": \"Compare the book to other works that the author has written and ask yourself if the author’s beliefs or ideologies may result in the book being biased.\\nFor example, if the book is a history of a particular political party, then the author’s relationship to that party (e.g., if the author is a party member) will almost certainly influence how the party’s history is written in the book.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Distinguish facts from statements of opinion.\", \"描述\": \"Although the factual evidence used to bolster an argument should be viewed critically, it is the author’s opinion that you should critique and evaluate in your analysis.\\nFor example, an author may write: “High school students typically learn European history from their teachers. These teachers are overpaid.” In this instance, the first sentence is a statement of fact, while the second is a statement of opinion.\\nStatements of fact are often followed by citations either in the form of footnotes or parenthetical citations.\\nDon’t dismiss out of hand what an author says purely because it’s “opinion”; in most cases, an author’s conclusions will be derived from the facts that are also presented in the book and should be judged as such.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Examine the evidence the author relies on to support their argument.\", \"描述\": \"Determine whether the evidence the author presents actually supports their conclusions or persuades you to agree with their opinion. Similarly, consider whether the author has intentionally left out any evidence that contradicts their argument, due to their own bias.\\nFor example, consider whether you would reach a different conclusion based on the same evidence and check to see if the author describes in the book why they didn’t reach the same conclusion as you. If they don’t, their argument may not be entirely thought out.\\nTry to check the author's information against other sources. Look at academic articles, online encyclopedias, and other scholarly resources to see if the evidence the author cites matches the larger scholarly body of work on the subject or if you can find contradictory evidence that the author did not include in their work.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Decide whether the book accomplishes its purpose.\", \"描述\": \"Ask yourself if you’ve been convinced by the book to agree with the author’s opinion, argument, or conclusions. If you were not persuaded, determine what about the book failed to convince you of the author’s correctness.\\nFor instance, think about whether the author’s evidence was reliable or relevant, whether the argument was logical, and whether the author’s conclusions made sense to you.\\nBe sure to not let your personal attitudes interfere with your analysis. If you find a book unconvincing, ask yourself if you have any internal biases that may prevent you from analyzing the book in a neutral manner.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,676 | How to Analyze a Business Process | 1. Determining How A Business Processes Is Created
1-1. Define a business process.
A business process refers to activities that employees perform on a day-to-day basis that accomplish an organizational goal. The process represents what a company does to reach a particular goal. A business process should cover any variations or exceptions to the process. To understand how to analyze a business process, you need to consider how a process is created.
For example, if you're updating the process you use to send invoices, you may determine you send 200 invoices a month.
In this case, you want an accurate invoice sent (both as a hard copy and email) to each customer as soon as your product is delivered.
Note sub-processes that exist within processes. The more specific the process, the easier to analyze and improve.
For example, making payroll requires input from production for people and hours worked, input from HR for wages rates and salary deductibles, etc.
For instance, consider special clients or circumstances like bulk orders.
1-2. Classify the type of process you’ve created.
Separating each process by type can help you analyze the process and make improvements. If two processes are the same type, their process improvements may be similar. A particular process may be an operating, support, or management process.
refer to the day-to-day tasks you complete to deliver a product or service to a client.
Your client invoicing process can be thought of as an operating process.
, as the name implies, assist the operations of your firm but may not reach clients directly.
The human resources (HR) department is a good example of a support area.
refer to running the overall direction of the business.
For example, planning and implementing a budget is a management process.
1-3. Compare inputs and outputs to spot process inefficiency.
An input is an asset you use to produce revenue and profits. An output is a physical product or service. Labor, energy, materials and capital equipment are considered inputs. Your process should use inputs efficiently to produce outputs.
For example, if you manage auto repair shops, your inputs are labor, equipment, and repair parts. Your output is a repaired customer vehicle.
Long repair times or large work backlogs are an indication that something is wrong with your process. The problem may be that you’re scheduling repairs too close together.
If the cost of your replacement parts is far higher than you budgeted, that is another indication that something is wrong.
Specifically, you may have a problem with your purchasing department, or with the vendors who sell you parts.
2. Analyzing Your Business Process
2-1. Talk with key personnel about the process.
Once you identify a process to fix, discuss the process with the people responsible for implementation. Take the time to interview key participants, and ask them to identify any potential improvements.
Ask your staff what steps they take in their job and why.
Determine the inputs needed to perform each task and where you obtain each input.
If you manufacture denim jeans, for example, you need to know who supplies your denim and how often the vendor ships the denim material to you.
Identify the outputs of each task and who receives the output.
Ask for suggestions on how to resolve process inefficiencies that your staff uncovers.
2-2. Create a business process flowchart for each process.
A process flowchart can help you visualize a business process. You can use the documentation from your process discussions to create the flowchart. The flowchart should contain all of the steps required to complete a particular business process.
It is important to note that a business process flowchart should only contain the defined procedures that employees must follow.
Flowcharts may be prepared manually or with software.
You can use word processors, spreadsheet programs with charting functionality, or specialized software for designing graphics/charts.
2-3. Conduct a brainstorming session to find process improvements.
Many processes involve more than one department in your business. Group sessions can identify process inefficiencies that impact more than one department. These sessions can also validate the information provided during your one-on-one interviews with participants.
Summarize the information you have received and distribute it to process participants.
Ask for feedback from everyone to get additional guidance for your analysis.
Discussions with personnel become the basis for making changes to a process.
Your changes may reduce costs, reduce cycle time, simplify a process or improve customer service.
Once you make changes to a process, review the outcomes and see if the process made the improvements you expected.
If not, analyze the process again and try to identify areas of improvement.
Process analysis should be an ongoing task for your business.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:53",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Determining How A Business Processes Is Created\\n1-1. Define a business process.\\nA business process refers to activities that employees perform on a day-to-day basis that accomplish an organizational goal. The process represents what a company does to reach a particular goal. A business process should cover any variations or exceptions to the process. To understand how to analyze a business process, you need to consider how a process is created.\\n\\nFor example, if you're updating the process you use to send invoices, you may determine you send 200 invoices a month.\\nIn this case, you want an accurate invoice sent (both as a hard copy and email) to each customer as soon as your product is delivered.\\nNote sub-processes that exist within processes. The more specific the process, the easier to analyze and improve.\\nFor example, making payroll requires input from production for people and hours worked, input from HR for wages rates and salary deductibles, etc.\\nFor instance, consider special clients or circumstances like bulk orders.\\n1-2. Classify the type of process you’ve created.\\nSeparating each process by type can help you analyze the process and make improvements. If two processes are the same type, their process improvements may be similar. A particular process may be an operating, support, or management process.\\n\\n refer to the day-to-day tasks you complete to deliver a product or service to a client.\\nYour client invoicing process can be thought of as an operating process.\\n, as the name implies, assist the operations of your firm but may not reach clients directly.\\nThe human resources (HR) department is a good example of a support area.\\n refer to running the overall direction of the business.\\nFor example, planning and implementing a budget is a management process.\\n1-3. Compare inputs and outputs to spot process inefficiency.\\nAn input is an asset you use to produce revenue and profits. An output is a physical product or service. Labor, energy, materials and capital equipment are considered inputs. Your process should use inputs efficiently to produce outputs.\\nFor example, if you manage auto repair shops, your inputs are labor, equipment, and repair parts. Your output is a repaired customer vehicle.\\nLong repair times or large work backlogs are an indication that something is wrong with your process. The problem may be that you’re scheduling repairs too close together.\\nIf the cost of your replacement parts is far higher than you budgeted, that is another indication that something is wrong.\\nSpecifically, you may have a problem with your purchasing department, or with the vendors who sell you parts.\\n2. Analyzing Your Business Process\\n2-1. Talk with key personnel about the process.\\nOnce you identify a process to fix, discuss the process with the people responsible for implementation. Take the time to interview key participants, and ask them to identify any potential improvements.\\nAsk your staff what steps they take in their job and why.\\nDetermine the inputs needed to perform each task and where you obtain each input.\\nIf you manufacture denim jeans, for example, you need to know who supplies your denim and how often the vendor ships the denim material to you.\\nIdentify the outputs of each task and who receives the output.\\nAsk for suggestions on how to resolve process inefficiencies that your staff uncovers.\\n2-2. Create a business process flowchart for each process.\\nA process flowchart can help you visualize a business process. You can use the documentation from your process discussions to create the flowchart. The flowchart should contain all of the steps required to complete a particular business process.\\nIt is important to note that a business process flowchart should only contain the defined procedures that employees must follow.\\nFlowcharts may be prepared manually or with software.\\nYou can use word processors, spreadsheet programs with charting functionality, or specialized software for designing graphics/charts.\\n2-3. Conduct a brainstorming session to find process improvements.\\nMany processes involve more than one department in your business. Group sessions can identify process inefficiencies that impact more than one department. These sessions can also validate the information provided during your one-on-one interviews with participants.\\nSummarize the information you have received and distribute it to process participants.\\nAsk for feedback from everyone to get additional guidance for your analysis.\\nDiscussions with personnel become the basis for making changes to a process.\\nYour changes may reduce costs, reduce cycle time, simplify a process or improve customer service.\\nOnce you make changes to a process, review the outcomes and see if the process made the improvements you expected.\\nIf not, analyze the process again and try to identify areas of improvement.\\nProcess analysis should be an ongoing task for your business.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Business process is a system used by a company to reach a goal. It can also be defined as a set of steps used to create value for customers. Managers analyze business processes to judge how well a certain process works. The manager first analyzes the current process. After that review, management may decide on changes to improve the existing process. The improved process may help the company save time, lower costs, or create a more desirable product for customers.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determining How A Business Processes Is Created\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Define a business process.\", \"描述\": \"A business process refers to activities that employees perform on a day-to-day basis that accomplish an organizational goal. The process represents what a company does to reach a particular goal. A business process should cover any variations or exceptions to the process. To understand how to analyze a business process, you need to consider how a process is created.\\n\\nFor example, if you're updating the process you use to send invoices, you may determine you send 200 invoices a month.\\nIn this case, you want an accurate invoice sent (both as a hard copy and email) to each customer as soon as your product is delivered.\\nNote sub-processes that exist within processes. The more specific the process, the easier to analyze and improve.\\nFor example, making payroll requires input from production for people and hours worked, input from HR for wages rates and salary deductibles, etc.\\nFor instance, consider special clients or circumstances like bulk orders.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Classify the type of process you’ve created.\", \"描述\": \"Separating each process by type can help you analyze the process and make improvements. If two processes are the same type, their process improvements may be similar. A particular process may be an operating, support, or management process.\\n\\n refer to the day-to-day tasks you complete to deliver a product or service to a client.\\nYour client invoicing process can be thought of as an operating process.\\n, as the name implies, assist the operations of your firm but may not reach clients directly.\\nThe human resources (HR) department is a good example of a support area.\\n refer to running the overall direction of the business.\\nFor example, planning and implementing a budget is a management process.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Compare inputs and outputs to spot process inefficiency.\", \"描述\": \"An input is an asset you use to produce revenue and profits. An output is a physical product or service. Labor, energy, materials and capital equipment are considered inputs. Your process should use inputs efficiently to produce outputs.\\nFor example, if you manage auto repair shops, your inputs are labor, equipment, and repair parts. Your output is a repaired customer vehicle.\\nLong repair times or large work backlogs are an indication that something is wrong with your process. The problem may be that you’re scheduling repairs too close together.\\nIf the cost of your replacement parts is far higher than you budgeted, that is another indication that something is wrong.\\nSpecifically, you may have a problem with your purchasing department, or with the vendors who sell you parts.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyzing Your Business Process\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Talk with key personnel about the process.\", \"描述\": \"Once you identify a process to fix, discuss the process with the people responsible for implementation. Take the time to interview key participants, and ask them to identify any potential improvements.\\nAsk your staff what steps they take in their job and why.\\nDetermine the inputs needed to perform each task and where you obtain each input.\\nIf you manufacture denim jeans, for example, you need to know who supplies your denim and how often the vendor ships the denim material to you.\\nIdentify the outputs of each task and who receives the output.\\nAsk for suggestions on how to resolve process inefficiencies that your staff uncovers.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Create a business process flowchart for each process.\", \"描述\": \"A process flowchart can help you visualize a business process. You can use the documentation from your process discussions to create the flowchart. The flowchart should contain all of the steps required to complete a particular business process.\\nIt is important to note that a business process flowchart should only contain the defined procedures that employees must follow.\\nFlowcharts may be prepared manually or with software.\\nYou can use word processors, spreadsheet programs with charting functionality, or specialized software for designing graphics/charts.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Conduct a brainstorming session to find process improvements.\", \"描述\": \"Many processes involve more than one department in your business. Group sessions can identify process inefficiencies that impact more than one department. These sessions can also validate the information provided during your one-on-one interviews with participants.\\nSummarize the information you have received and distribute it to process participants.\\nAsk for feedback from everyone to get additional guidance for your analysis.\\nDiscussions with personnel become the basis for making changes to a process.\\nYour changes may reduce costs, reduce cycle time, simplify a process or improve customer service.\\nOnce you make changes to a process, review the outcomes and see if the process made the improvements you expected.\\nIf not, analyze the process again and try to identify areas of improvement.\\nProcess analysis should be an ongoing task for your business.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,677 | How to Analyze a Movie | 1. Watching the Movie
1-1. Know only the basics.
If you’ve never seen the movie you want to analyze before, don’t do a ton of research beforehand. You want to go into the movie and let it make its impression on you, not the other way around. It’s good to know some very simple background information, but otherwise, try to let the film speak for itself.
Some of the basics you will want to know include: the year and place the movie was made; the studio that sponsored it; and its director, main actors, and writers.
Try to avoid reading reviews or spoilers before the movie; they can bias you. Even trailers can make you judge a movie before you see it.
1-2. Watch alone (or with a quiet friend).
You are going to want to focus in-depth on the movie so that you can write a good analysis later, and it’s best to do that without any distractions. Some people find it intimidating to go to the movies alone, but you may find that's it's actually fun and helps you focus better on the things that matter.
If you feel like you must go with a friend, pick a thoughtful one. Someone who squirms or makes jokes all the time will distract you.
1-3. Watch all in one sitting.
Unlike television shows, movies are meant to be seen all at once. If you interrupt the flow of the movie to get a snack or run around the block, you won’t have the experience the creators intended you to have. Sit still, and hit pause as little as possible.
1-4. Take a few notes.
If you aren’t in a dark theatre, you can scribble down a few observations to yourself as the movie unfolds. However, your focus should be on the movie, not on your writing, so don’t get too caught up in doing an in-depth analysis right there in your seat. You can do that later! Make sure you don’t pause. Some things you may want to jot down, especially if they catch your attention, include:
Major plot points.
Crucial or repeated lines.
Particularly notable shots.
1-5. Write down all your thoughts after.
While the credits are rolling and your brain is still fresh, record everything that struck you about the movie or felt significant. You don’t have to organize these thoughts into categories yet, so just make a point of focusing on things you thought were interesting, or emphasized by the filmmakers. If you’re stuck for ideas, try thinking about…
...the way color was used.
...whether the shots flowed together or were jarring.
...if particular characters or things were supposed to represent certain things.
1-6. Wait, then look over your thoughts.
After a day or so, review the notes you took during and after the movie. Think about if any of the things you focused on seemed to be bigger issues throughout the movie, from a theme of self-sacrifice to the fact that only evil characters wear hats. Once you’ve identified the themes that seem most important, you can start breaking down the movie to look for evidence in each of its elements.
2. Breaking Down the Movie
2-1. Investigate the movie’s background.
Any given movie contains at least two stories: the narrative it tells, and the background of its creation. Movies take a lot of time, effort, and money to make. Learning a bit about how the film you’re trying to analyze was made will give you a lot of insight into it.
Are there any myths about the movie’s creation? For example, The Wizard of Oz has a ton of urban legends surrounding it. Even if the legends aren’t true, they may tell you about the movie’s mystique or fan base.
Did the filmmakers intend for the movie to comment on contemporary politics or culture? For instance, Dr. Strangelove was made in the 1960s and satirized the Cold War that the United States was embroiled in.
Was the movie based on a true story, fiction, or a mix of the two? For example, the 1977 TV series Roots explores the family history of writer Alex Haley. Even though real people and events are present, the story is fleshed out with fictionalized characters and side events.
2-2. Think about the story arc.
Movies are a storytelling medium, and the success of a film depends on the structure of the story. Think about the pacing of the story and whether it's choppy or smooth. Make note of any major plot twists, too.
If you want to figure out if a movie was well-plotted, write down the major events of the plot as you remember them. If you can remember them in order, that’s a good sign.
Most movie plots follow the same structure: setup, to new situation, to progress, to higher stakes, to final push, to resolution.
2-3. Engage with the writing.
The writing of a movie supports the story, so a well-plotted movie is often well-written as well. Try to figure out if you got all the information you needed from the writing. Make a list of any notable quotes or phrases.
Does the dialogue sound believable, like real people talking? Even in movies that take place in the past, you should not be so distracted by old-timey grammar that you can’t follow the story.
Try to tell where the jokes are, and if they land well. (You can easily tell this in a theatre--if you hear other people laughing, it means the joke worked.)
Make note of moments of silence. These can say as much as words do.
2-4. Judge the acting.
Think about the characters for a moment. Are they believable? This does not mean whether you like the character portrayed or not, but refers instead to whether the acting helped you to believe the characters were real. Just as important is an actor’s presence on the screen. If an actor commands your attention so that you can’t look away, they’re probably performing well.
Are accents and speech patterns consistent throughout the movie? Do they provide additional information, or are they distracting?
How do the actors convey information using their bodies and faces?
2-5. Analyze the lighting and camera techniques.
A horror movie might use a shaky camera and dim light to express authenticity. A blockbuster might rely on bright lighting that makes the actors look flawless, and smooth cuts from shot to shot. Try to identify the mood you get from looking at a particular scene, then identify the camera and lighting work that is making you feel that way. Angles are important too: they show you where the director would want you positioned in a scene. Does the angle make you feel like you’re looking down on people, or backed up into a corner?
Find your favorite scene in the movie and pause it on the screen. Then, pay attention to the lighting and composition—think about how it affects the atmosphere and emotion in that scene.
2-6. Consider the soundtrack.
Movie soundtracks are an accessible way for all types of people to engage with music--even orchestral music! Think about the soundtrack's volume, mood, and importance to the plot. A good soundtrack will deepen the mood of the movie that you're watching and may even advance the plot. It should not be distracting.
Horror movies are well-known for their atmospheric soundtracks, which can make a tense environment even scarier. The Shining is a famous example of this: with the music turned off, some of the most terrifying scenes don't seem so bad.
Some period movies like A Knight’s Tale, or Sofia Coppola’s Marie Antoinette, use contemporary music to help audiences better empathize with historic figures.
2-7. Examine the trappings.
The inanimate objects used to set the proper mood for a movie can tell you a lot about it too. Is the director of the movie known for a particular aesthetic? Do you feel a specific way when you look at the sets? Is this the type of movie in which the plot doesn’t matter because the accessories are so fabulous?
Look at the costumes. Clothes are an easy way to set a movie in a particular time or place, but if they’re not accurate, they can detract from the film. Examine the outfits the characters wear carefully, and try to figure out if they do any visual storytelling of their own.
Sets are powerful too. Many films shoot for hyper-realistic sets, while others have more basic backdrops. Some directors even choose sets that look like theatre stages as a deliberate choice.
3. Putting the Analysis Together
3-1. Organize your evidence.
You want facts that support your concept of its themes, which could be concepts, colors, or even repeated images or lines of dialogue throughout the film. Look over your thoughts on the different elements of the movie and see if you can find support for your thoughts.
For instance, if you're analyzing the 1995 Disney movie Aladdin, you might think about how Aladdin craves both freedom (from hunger, prison, and poverty) and power throughout the movie, and how other characters' desires for freedom or power shape them as well. You might think about how Aladdin and Jasmine each describe themselves as "trapped" at first, despite their different circumstances, and how the Genie is happy to trade physical strength for a vacation at the end.
Pick the themes that resonate with you. The best writing comes from enthusiasm, so channel what excites you into your work.
Remember that directors don’t necessarily put themes in on purpose. For instance, many critics felt that objectification of women was a theme throughout Transformers, but it’s unlikely that the director consciously chose to do this.
3-2. Start with an introduction.
Now that you’ve made all your judgements of the movie, it’s time to help others do the same. Mention the background of the film, including the people involved in making it, and make a note of any expectations you had going in. At this point, you can hint as to your theories about the movie, but there’s no need to hit your readers over the head with them.
In your analysis of Aladdin, you would want readers to know that the movie's story is based off of a cycle of legends called the 1001 Nights and that its images are inspired by an earlier, unfinished movie called The Thief and the Cobbler.
3-3. Summarize the plot.
Take a sentence or three to explain the setup of the plot and the seeds of the major conflict. Try to be as brief as possible: plot is but one small aspect of the movie, and you have a lot of ground to cover.
To summarize Aladdin, you'd want to say that it's the story of a clever young man whose life changes forever when an encounter with a Genie grants him incredible power and privilege--though not without a cost.
It should go without saying, but if you're writing a review, no spoilers. Don’t describe any major twists or resolutions.
If you're writing a more formal analysis for class, it's okay to explain the whole plot.
Don’t get too snarky. A joke or two is fine.
3-4. Explore the themes you find interesting.
Once you’ve gone into the bones of the movie, you can tell your reader about the layers on top of them. Pose a hypothesis about what you think the filmmaker is trying to say, or even what the filmmaker wants you to think. Identify examples of elements in the movie that prove your point.
In the story of Aladdin, you could make the argument that power is a trap. Both Jasmine and the Sultan are royalty, but their lives are ruled by antiquated marriage laws and Jafar, a vizier who towers over both of them. Both Jafar and Aladdin use the Genie to gain great temporary control, but these new powers are capricious. Jafar is defeated by his power: he turns into a genie and is imprisoned in a lamp. By the end, Jasmine has been freed to marry who she wants, and Aladdin has chosen to free the Genie, as he promised. The characters who choose their own freedom--and prioritize others' freedom at the expense of their own power--are rewarded.
You don’t have to tie all your observations back to a simple thesis, necessarily. However, it’s good to stay on task.
3-5. Criticize aspects of the movie you did not appreciate.
Don't be afraid to criticize. There are very few perfect films, and a nuanced discussion of the film’s flaws will add strength to your analysis. Go ahead and say what would you change about the movie. Are there any ways in which it could support its themes better?
3-6. Wrap it up.
Did the film meet expectations? What is your overall verdict? Use your opinion backed up by analysis and facts. Obviously, this is your review, and it can’t be objective: express whether you think the movie succeeded at its aims, and whether you enjoyed it.
In the conclusion of your analysis of Aladdin, you might decide that its emphasis on the joys of freedom resonated with you and made the movie a popular hit, but you were troubled about how casual the protagonist was about making weaker or indentured characters (like the monkey, carpet, and Genie) do his work for him.
Overall, do you think the movie was a success? Can you imagine the filmmakers exploring similar visions later?
If you’re writing an accessible review for a large audience, feel free to make a recommendation about what types of people might be interested in the movie (costume fans, classical music buffs, people who like watching things blow up…)
Tips
Keep it interesting, but get the information across.
Be sure to include the good and the bad, or at least try.
It is helpful to give time for the movie to sink in while you think about it before jotting everything down immediately. You may realize something you didn't before and that could change your whole view of the movie!
Warnings
Don’t try to cram everything about a movie into one essay. It’s unnecessary--just focus on what you find important.
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"create_time": "20230517 10:45:53",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Watching the Movie\\n1-1. Know only the basics.\\nIf you’ve never seen the movie you want to analyze before, don’t do a ton of research beforehand. You want to go into the movie and let it make its impression on you, not the other way around. It’s good to know some very simple background information, but otherwise, try to let the film speak for itself.\\nSome of the basics you will want to know include: the year and place the movie was made; the studio that sponsored it; and its director, main actors, and writers.\\nTry to avoid reading reviews or spoilers before the movie; they can bias you. Even trailers can make you judge a movie before you see it.\\n1-2. Watch alone (or with a quiet friend).\\nYou are going to want to focus in-depth on the movie so that you can write a good analysis later, and it’s best to do that without any distractions. Some people find it intimidating to go to the movies alone, but you may find that's it's actually fun and helps you focus better on the things that matter.\\nIf you feel like you must go with a friend, pick a thoughtful one. Someone who squirms or makes jokes all the time will distract you.\\n1-3. Watch all in one sitting.\\nUnlike television shows, movies are meant to be seen all at once. If you interrupt the flow of the movie to get a snack or run around the block, you won’t have the experience the creators intended you to have. Sit still, and hit pause as little as possible.\\n1-4. Take a few notes.\\nIf you aren’t in a dark theatre, you can scribble down a few observations to yourself as the movie unfolds. However, your focus should be on the movie, not on your writing, so don’t get too caught up in doing an in-depth analysis right there in your seat. You can do that later! Make sure you don’t pause. Some things you may want to jot down, especially if they catch your attention, include:\\nMajor plot points.\\nCrucial or repeated lines.\\nParticularly notable shots.\\n1-5. Write down all your thoughts after.\\nWhile the credits are rolling and your brain is still fresh, record everything that struck you about the movie or felt significant. You don’t have to organize these thoughts into categories yet, so just make a point of focusing on things you thought were interesting, or emphasized by the filmmakers. If you’re stuck for ideas, try thinking about…\\n...the way color was used.\\n...whether the shots flowed together or were jarring.\\n...if particular characters or things were supposed to represent certain things.\\n1-6. Wait, then look over your thoughts.\\nAfter a day or so, review the notes you took during and after the movie. Think about if any of the things you focused on seemed to be bigger issues throughout the movie, from a theme of self-sacrifice to the fact that only evil characters wear hats. Once you’ve identified the themes that seem most important, you can start breaking down the movie to look for evidence in each of its elements.\\n2. Breaking Down the Movie\\n2-1. Investigate the movie’s background.\\nAny given movie contains at least two stories: the narrative it tells, and the background of its creation. Movies take a lot of time, effort, and money to make. Learning a bit about how the film you’re trying to analyze was made will give you a lot of insight into it.\\nAre there any myths about the movie’s creation? For example, The Wizard of Oz has a ton of urban legends surrounding it. Even if the legends aren’t true, they may tell you about the movie’s mystique or fan base.\\nDid the filmmakers intend for the movie to comment on contemporary politics or culture? For instance, Dr. Strangelove was made in the 1960s and satirized the Cold War that the United States was embroiled in.\\nWas the movie based on a true story, fiction, or a mix of the two? For example, the 1977 TV series Roots explores the family history of writer Alex Haley. Even though real people and events are present, the story is fleshed out with fictionalized characters and side events.\\n2-2. Think about the story arc.\\nMovies are a storytelling medium, and the success of a film depends on the structure of the story. Think about the pacing of the story and whether it's choppy or smooth. Make note of any major plot twists, too.\\nIf you want to figure out if a movie was well-plotted, write down the major events of the plot as you remember them. If you can remember them in order, that’s a good sign.\\nMost movie plots follow the same structure: setup, to new situation, to progress, to higher stakes, to final push, to resolution.\\n2-3. Engage with the writing.\\nThe writing of a movie supports the story, so a well-plotted movie is often well-written as well. Try to figure out if you got all the information you needed from the writing. Make a list of any notable quotes or phrases.\\nDoes the dialogue sound believable, like real people talking? Even in movies that take place in the past, you should not be so distracted by old-timey grammar that you can’t follow the story.\\nTry to tell where the jokes are, and if they land well. (You can easily tell this in a theatre--if you hear other people laughing, it means the joke worked.)\\nMake note of moments of silence. These can say as much as words do.\\n2-4. Judge the acting.\\nThink about the characters for a moment. Are they believable? This does not mean whether you like the character portrayed or not, but refers instead to whether the acting helped you to believe the characters were real. Just as important is an actor’s presence on the screen. If an actor commands your attention so that you can’t look away, they’re probably performing well.\\nAre accents and speech patterns consistent throughout the movie? Do they provide additional information, or are they distracting?\\nHow do the actors convey information using their bodies and faces?\\n2-5. Analyze the lighting and camera techniques.\\nA horror movie might use a shaky camera and dim light to express authenticity. A blockbuster might rely on bright lighting that makes the actors look flawless, and smooth cuts from shot to shot. Try to identify the mood you get from looking at a particular scene, then identify the camera and lighting work that is making you feel that way. Angles are important too: they show you where the director would want you positioned in a scene. Does the angle make you feel like you’re looking down on people, or backed up into a corner?\\nFind your favorite scene in the movie and pause it on the screen. Then, pay attention to the lighting and composition—think about how it affects the atmosphere and emotion in that scene.\\n2-6. Consider the soundtrack.\\nMovie soundtracks are an accessible way for all types of people to engage with music--even orchestral music! Think about the soundtrack's volume, mood, and importance to the plot. A good soundtrack will deepen the mood of the movie that you're watching and may even advance the plot. It should not be distracting.\\nHorror movies are well-known for their atmospheric soundtracks, which can make a tense environment even scarier. The Shining is a famous example of this: with the music turned off, some of the most terrifying scenes don't seem so bad.\\nSome period movies like A Knight’s Tale, or Sofia Coppola’s Marie Antoinette, use contemporary music to help audiences better empathize with historic figures.\\n2-7. Examine the trappings.\\nThe inanimate objects used to set the proper mood for a movie can tell you a lot about it too. Is the director of the movie known for a particular aesthetic? Do you feel a specific way when you look at the sets? Is this the type of movie in which the plot doesn’t matter because the accessories are so fabulous?\\nLook at the costumes. Clothes are an easy way to set a movie in a particular time or place, but if they’re not accurate, they can detract from the film. Examine the outfits the characters wear carefully, and try to figure out if they do any visual storytelling of their own.\\nSets are powerful too. Many films shoot for hyper-realistic sets, while others have more basic backdrops. Some directors even choose sets that look like theatre stages as a deliberate choice.\\n3. Putting the Analysis Together\\n3-1. Organize your evidence.\\nYou want facts that support your concept of its themes, which could be concepts, colors, or even repeated images or lines of dialogue throughout the film. Look over your thoughts on the different elements of the movie and see if you can find support for your thoughts.\\nFor instance, if you're analyzing the 1995 Disney movie Aladdin, you might think about how Aladdin craves both freedom (from hunger, prison, and poverty) and power throughout the movie, and how other characters' desires for freedom or power shape them as well. You might think about how Aladdin and Jasmine each describe themselves as \\\"trapped\\\" at first, despite their different circumstances, and how the Genie is happy to trade physical strength for a vacation at the end.\\nPick the themes that resonate with you. The best writing comes from enthusiasm, so channel what excites you into your work.\\nRemember that directors don’t necessarily put themes in on purpose. For instance, many critics felt that objectification of women was a theme throughout Transformers, but it’s unlikely that the director consciously chose to do this.\\n3-2. Start with an introduction.\\nNow that you’ve made all your judgements of the movie, it’s time to help others do the same. Mention the background of the film, including the people involved in making it, and make a note of any expectations you had going in. At this point, you can hint as to your theories about the movie, but there’s no need to hit your readers over the head with them.\\nIn your analysis of Aladdin, you would want readers to know that the movie's story is based off of a cycle of legends called the 1001 Nights and that its images are inspired by an earlier, unfinished movie called The Thief and the Cobbler.\\n3-3. Summarize the plot.\\nTake a sentence or three to explain the setup of the plot and the seeds of the major conflict. Try to be as brief as possible: plot is but one small aspect of the movie, and you have a lot of ground to cover.\\nTo summarize Aladdin, you'd want to say that it's the story of a clever young man whose life changes forever when an encounter with a Genie grants him incredible power and privilege--though not without a cost.\\nIt should go without saying, but if you're writing a review, no spoilers. Don’t describe any major twists or resolutions.\\nIf you're writing a more formal analysis for class, it's okay to explain the whole plot.\\nDon’t get too snarky. A joke or two is fine.\\n3-4. Explore the themes you find interesting.\\nOnce you’ve gone into the bones of the movie, you can tell your reader about the layers on top of them. Pose a hypothesis about what you think the filmmaker is trying to say, or even what the filmmaker wants you to think. Identify examples of elements in the movie that prove your point.\\nIn the story of Aladdin, you could make the argument that power is a trap. Both Jasmine and the Sultan are royalty, but their lives are ruled by antiquated marriage laws and Jafar, a vizier who towers over both of them. Both Jafar and Aladdin use the Genie to gain great temporary control, but these new powers are capricious. Jafar is defeated by his power: he turns into a genie and is imprisoned in a lamp. By the end, Jasmine has been freed to marry who she wants, and Aladdin has chosen to free the Genie, as he promised. The characters who choose their own freedom--and prioritize others' freedom at the expense of their own power--are rewarded.\\nYou don’t have to tie all your observations back to a simple thesis, necessarily. However, it’s good to stay on task.\\n3-5. Criticize aspects of the movie you did not appreciate.\\nDon't be afraid to criticize. There are very few perfect films, and a nuanced discussion of the film’s flaws will add strength to your analysis. Go ahead and say what would you change about the movie. Are there any ways in which it could support its themes better?\\n3-6. Wrap it up.\\nDid the film meet expectations? What is your overall verdict? Use your opinion backed up by analysis and facts. Obviously, this is your review, and it can’t be objective: express whether you think the movie succeeded at its aims, and whether you enjoyed it.\\nIn the conclusion of your analysis of Aladdin, you might decide that its emphasis on the joys of freedom resonated with you and made the movie a popular hit, but you were troubled about how casual the protagonist was about making weaker or indentured characters (like the monkey, carpet, and Genie) do his work for him.\\nOverall, do you think the movie was a success? Can you imagine the filmmakers exploring similar visions later?\\nIf you’re writing an accessible review for a large audience, feel free to make a recommendation about what types of people might be interested in the movie (costume fans, classical music buffs, people who like watching things blow up…)\\nTips\\nKeep it interesting, but get the information across.\\nBe sure to include the good and the bad, or at least try.\\nIt is helpful to give time for the movie to sink in while you think about it before jotting everything down immediately. You may realize something you didn't before and that could change your whole view of the movie!\\nWarnings\\nDon’t try to cram everything about a movie into one essay. It’s unnecessary--just focus on what you find important.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Movies are a wonderful medium for both entertainment and art, and examining them closely only enhances their magic. If you're writing a review for a newspaper or a paper for class, you’ll have to break down the elements of a film and explain what they mean to you. By watching carefully, probing all the aspects, and focusing on the themes that resonate with you, you will produce a thoughtful and sophisticated analysis.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Watching the Movie\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Know only the basics.\", \"描述\": \"If you’ve never seen the movie you want to analyze before, don’t do a ton of research beforehand. You want to go into the movie and let it make its impression on you, not the other way around. It’s good to know some very simple background information, but otherwise, try to let the film speak for itself.\\nSome of the basics you will want to know include: the year and place the movie was made; the studio that sponsored it; and its director, main actors, and writers.\\nTry to avoid reading reviews or spoilers before the movie; they can bias you. Even trailers can make you judge a movie before you see it.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Watch alone (or with a quiet friend).\", \"描述\": \"You are going to want to focus in-depth on the movie so that you can write a good analysis later, and it’s best to do that without any distractions. Some people find it intimidating to go to the movies alone, but you may find that's it's actually fun and helps you focus better on the things that matter.\\nIf you feel like you must go with a friend, pick a thoughtful one. Someone who squirms or makes jokes all the time will distract you.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Watch all in one sitting.\", \"描述\": \"Unlike television shows, movies are meant to be seen all at once. If you interrupt the flow of the movie to get a snack or run around the block, you won’t have the experience the creators intended you to have. Sit still, and hit pause as little as possible.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Take a few notes.\", \"描述\": \"If you aren’t in a dark theatre, you can scribble down a few observations to yourself as the movie unfolds. However, your focus should be on the movie, not on your writing, so don’t get too caught up in doing an in-depth analysis right there in your seat. You can do that later! Make sure you don’t pause. Some things you may want to jot down, especially if they catch your attention, include:\\nMajor plot points.\\nCrucial or repeated lines.\\nParticularly notable shots.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Write down all your thoughts after.\", \"描述\": \"While the credits are rolling and your brain is still fresh, record everything that struck you about the movie or felt significant. You don’t have to organize these thoughts into categories yet, so just make a point of focusing on things you thought were interesting, or emphasized by the filmmakers. If you’re stuck for ideas, try thinking about…\\n...the way color was used.\\n...whether the shots flowed together or were jarring.\\n...if particular characters or things were supposed to represent certain things.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Wait, then look over your thoughts.\", \"描述\": \"After a day or so, review the notes you took during and after the movie. Think about if any of the things you focused on seemed to be bigger issues throughout the movie, from a theme of self-sacrifice to the fact that only evil characters wear hats. Once you’ve identified the themes that seem most important, you can start breaking down the movie to look for evidence in each of its elements.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Breaking Down the Movie\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Investigate the movie’s background.\", \"描述\": \"Any given movie contains at least two stories: the narrative it tells, and the background of its creation. Movies take a lot of time, effort, and money to make. Learning a bit about how the film you’re trying to analyze was made will give you a lot of insight into it.\\nAre there any myths about the movie’s creation? For example, The Wizard of Oz has a ton of urban legends surrounding it. Even if the legends aren’t true, they may tell you about the movie’s mystique or fan base.\\nDid the filmmakers intend for the movie to comment on contemporary politics or culture? For instance, Dr. Strangelove was made in the 1960s and satirized the Cold War that the United States was embroiled in.\\nWas the movie based on a true story, fiction, or a mix of the two? For example, the 1977 TV series Roots explores the family history of writer Alex Haley. Even though real people and events are present, the story is fleshed out with fictionalized characters and side events.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Think about the story arc.\", \"描述\": \"Movies are a storytelling medium, and the success of a film depends on the structure of the story. Think about the pacing of the story and whether it's choppy or smooth. Make note of any major plot twists, too.\\nIf you want to figure out if a movie was well-plotted, write down the major events of the plot as you remember them. If you can remember them in order, that’s a good sign.\\nMost movie plots follow the same structure: setup, to new situation, to progress, to higher stakes, to final push, to resolution.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Engage with the writing.\", \"描述\": \"The writing of a movie supports the story, so a well-plotted movie is often well-written as well. Try to figure out if you got all the information you needed from the writing. Make a list of any notable quotes or phrases.\\nDoes the dialogue sound believable, like real people talking? Even in movies that take place in the past, you should not be so distracted by old-timey grammar that you can’t follow the story.\\nTry to tell where the jokes are, and if they land well. (You can easily tell this in a theatre--if you hear other people laughing, it means the joke worked.)\\nMake note of moments of silence. These can say as much as words do.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Judge the acting.\", \"描述\": \"Think about the characters for a moment. Are they believable? This does not mean whether you like the character portrayed or not, but refers instead to whether the acting helped you to believe the characters were real. Just as important is an actor’s presence on the screen. If an actor commands your attention so that you can’t look away, they’re probably performing well.\\nAre accents and speech patterns consistent throughout the movie? Do they provide additional information, or are they distracting?\\nHow do the actors convey information using their bodies and faces?\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Analyze the lighting and camera techniques.\", \"描述\": \"A horror movie might use a shaky camera and dim light to express authenticity. A blockbuster might rely on bright lighting that makes the actors look flawless, and smooth cuts from shot to shot. Try to identify the mood you get from looking at a particular scene, then identify the camera and lighting work that is making you feel that way. Angles are important too: they show you where the director would want you positioned in a scene. Does the angle make you feel like you’re looking down on people, or backed up into a corner?\\nFind your favorite scene in the movie and pause it on the screen. Then, pay attention to the lighting and composition—think about how it affects the atmosphere and emotion in that scene.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Consider the soundtrack.\", \"描述\": \"Movie soundtracks are an accessible way for all types of people to engage with music--even orchestral music! Think about the soundtrack's volume, mood, and importance to the plot. A good soundtrack will deepen the mood of the movie that you're watching and may even advance the plot. It should not be distracting.\\nHorror movies are well-known for their atmospheric soundtracks, which can make a tense environment even scarier. The Shining is a famous example of this: with the music turned off, some of the most terrifying scenes don't seem so bad.\\nSome period movies like A Knight’s Tale, or Sofia Coppola’s Marie Antoinette, use contemporary music to help audiences better empathize with historic figures.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Examine the trappings.\", \"描述\": \"The inanimate objects used to set the proper mood for a movie can tell you a lot about it too. Is the director of the movie known for a particular aesthetic? Do you feel a specific way when you look at the sets? Is this the type of movie in which the plot doesn’t matter because the accessories are so fabulous?\\nLook at the costumes. Clothes are an easy way to set a movie in a particular time or place, but if they’re not accurate, they can detract from the film. Examine the outfits the characters wear carefully, and try to figure out if they do any visual storytelling of their own.\\nSets are powerful too. Many films shoot for hyper-realistic sets, while others have more basic backdrops. Some directors even choose sets that look like theatre stages as a deliberate choice.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Putting the Analysis Together\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Organize your evidence.\", \"描述\": \"You want facts that support your concept of its themes, which could be concepts, colors, or even repeated images or lines of dialogue throughout the film. Look over your thoughts on the different elements of the movie and see if you can find support for your thoughts.\\nFor instance, if you're analyzing the 1995 Disney movie Aladdin, you might think about how Aladdin craves both freedom (from hunger, prison, and poverty) and power throughout the movie, and how other characters' desires for freedom or power shape them as well. You might think about how Aladdin and Jasmine each describe themselves as \\\"trapped\\\" at first, despite their different circumstances, and how the Genie is happy to trade physical strength for a vacation at the end.\\nPick the themes that resonate with you. The best writing comes from enthusiasm, so channel what excites you into your work.\\nRemember that directors don’t necessarily put themes in on purpose. For instance, many critics felt that objectification of women was a theme throughout Transformers, but it’s unlikely that the director consciously chose to do this.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Start with an introduction.\", \"描述\": \"Now that you’ve made all your judgements of the movie, it’s time to help others do the same. Mention the background of the film, including the people involved in making it, and make a note of any expectations you had going in. At this point, you can hint as to your theories about the movie, but there’s no need to hit your readers over the head with them.\\nIn your analysis of Aladdin, you would want readers to know that the movie's story is based off of a cycle of legends called the 1001 Nights and that its images are inspired by an earlier, unfinished movie called The Thief and the Cobbler.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Summarize the plot.\", \"描述\": \"Take a sentence or three to explain the setup of the plot and the seeds of the major conflict. Try to be as brief as possible: plot is but one small aspect of the movie, and you have a lot of ground to cover.\\nTo summarize Aladdin, you'd want to say that it's the story of a clever young man whose life changes forever when an encounter with a Genie grants him incredible power and privilege--though not without a cost.\\nIt should go without saying, but if you're writing a review, no spoilers. Don’t describe any major twists or resolutions.\\nIf you're writing a more formal analysis for class, it's okay to explain the whole plot.\\nDon’t get too snarky. A joke or two is fine.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Explore the themes you find interesting.\", \"描述\": \"Once you’ve gone into the bones of the movie, you can tell your reader about the layers on top of them. Pose a hypothesis about what you think the filmmaker is trying to say, or even what the filmmaker wants you to think. Identify examples of elements in the movie that prove your point.\\nIn the story of Aladdin, you could make the argument that power is a trap. Both Jasmine and the Sultan are royalty, but their lives are ruled by antiquated marriage laws and Jafar, a vizier who towers over both of them. Both Jafar and Aladdin use the Genie to gain great temporary control, but these new powers are capricious. Jafar is defeated by his power: he turns into a genie and is imprisoned in a lamp. By the end, Jasmine has been freed to marry who she wants, and Aladdin has chosen to free the Genie, as he promised. The characters who choose their own freedom--and prioritize others' freedom at the expense of their own power--are rewarded.\\nYou don’t have to tie all your observations back to a simple thesis, necessarily. However, it’s good to stay on task.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Criticize aspects of the movie you did not appreciate.\", \"描述\": \"Don't be afraid to criticize. There are very few perfect films, and a nuanced discussion of the film’s flaws will add strength to your analysis. Go ahead and say what would you change about the movie. Are there any ways in which it could support its themes better?\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Wrap it up.\", \"描述\": \"Did the film meet expectations? What is your overall verdict? Use your opinion backed up by analysis and facts. Obviously, this is your review, and it can’t be objective: express whether you think the movie succeeded at its aims, and whether you enjoyed it.\\nIn the conclusion of your analysis of Aladdin, you might decide that its emphasis on the joys of freedom resonated with you and made the movie a popular hit, but you were troubled about how casual the protagonist was about making weaker or indentured characters (like the monkey, carpet, and Genie) do his work for him.\\nOverall, do you think the movie was a success? Can you imagine the filmmakers exploring similar visions later?\\nIf you’re writing an accessible review for a large audience, feel free to make a recommendation about what types of people might be interested in the movie (costume fans, classical music buffs, people who like watching things blow up…)\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Keep it interesting, but get the information across.\\n\", \"Be sure to include the good and the bad, or at least try.\\n\", \"It is helpful to give time for the movie to sink in while you think about it before jotting everything down immediately. You may realize something you didn't before and that could change your whole view of the movie!\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Don’t try to cram everything about a movie into one essay. It’s unnecessary--just focus on what you find important.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,678 | How to Analyze a Quote | 1. Analyzing the Linguistic Style
1-1. Point out figurative language.
A quote, whether or written or spoken, will have a unique linguistic style and structure. Note the use of any figurative language (metaphors, similes, hyperbole, idioms, allusion, personification, and so on) that may add depth or a double meaning to the words. Such comparisons often make quotes more memorable and consequential.
As an example, you could write, “Hemingway used a blunt and dark metaphor when he said, 'Writing is easy. You just open a vein and bleed.'”
1-2. Identify the tone of the quote.
Show the impact and significance of a quote by outlining the spirit in which it was spoken or written. Elements like sarcasm may alter the true meaning of a quote, while negativity can intensify their message. Note the tone and mood of the quote, and mention if it is emblematic of the person who gave it.
You could also describe an author's tone as macabre, reverent, jaded, nostalgic, critical, arrogant, ironic, evasive, bitter, humble, caustic, earnest, whimsical, assertive, derisive, formal, impartial, enthusiastic, or patronizing, to name a few.
For instance, you might identify the tone of a Dorothy Parker quote by saying, "With her typical tongue-in-cheek defeatism, Dorothy Parker wrote, 'Take me or leave me; or, as is the usual order of things, both'."
1-3. Note the use of alliteration.
Alliteration is a literary tool that creates a musical effect in text and prose, making it enjoyable to recite and easy to memorize. This writing technique groups a number of words with the same first consonant sound closely together. Identify alliteration when analyzing a quote and comment on how it might have made the quote more memorable or recitable.
For instance, an analysis of a famous line from Romeo and Juliet might note that, "Shakespeare used alliteration in a memorable line that reads like a song: 'From forth the fatal loins of these two foes; a pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life.'"
2. Introducing the Quote
2-1. Set up the quote.
Before presenting the quote that you will be analyzing, provide a sentence or two that sets up its tone and importance. Give some indication of how the quote should be received by attributing a positive or negative value to it. If possible, show how the quote was received when it it was first spoken or written.
For instance, set up a negative quote by saying something like, "Critics of the group were vocal about their dismay."
Situate a quote within a theme or phenomenon by saying something like, "The anti-vaccine movement has swept across the country in recent years."
2-2. Introduce the source of the quote.
Frame the quote within the context of who said it, when, and where. Provide the name of the individual who said it, and a bit of background about who they were and why they said it. Be sure to note when the quote was made and through what medium (e.g., in a book or speech).
For instance: "In his 1975 publication, 'Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison', Michel Foucault had this to say about power, knowledge, and sexuality : [...]"
2-3. Provide the quote.
As a general rule, you should always present a quote in the same way as it was originally presented. Reproduce the spelling, internal punctuation, and capitalization of written quotes exactly, even if these elements are grammatically incorrect. If you are quoting a lecture, speech, or interview, make sure to get an accurate transcript to use from a library or reputable online archive.
3. Explaining the Meaning
3-1. Paraphrase the quote.
Rephrase the quote in your own words to clarify what it means. Begin with a phrase like, "In other words," and present the quote in different terms to convey what the author meant. Be sure to avoid straying from the original meaning.
For example, say, "In other words, when Aristotle said, 'It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it', he meant that it is important to know what other people's beliefs are, even if you don't agree with them."
3-2. Establish the quote's significance.
Link the quote to a greater significance, movement, theme, motif, or theory to justify why you've analyzed it. Be concise and convey this importance in no more than 2-3 sentences. Include a breakdown of how the quote affected its audience (e.g., by introducing a new idea or by inciting an emotional response).
For instance, write something like, “This quote from Churchill, as part of a stirring speech that inspired Britain, encapsulates his role in boosting morale during the war.”
3-3. Relate the quote to current events or ideas.
Establish the lasting effect of a quote by demonstrating how it is still relevant today, beyond its immediate context. Look for parallels between different historical eras. Offer a theory for why the words have resonated over time.
For example, you might connect the Winston Churchill quote, "Healthy citizens are the greatest asset any country can have", to current-day debates about healthcare.
Tips
Never begin or end a paragraph or paper with a quotation. A proper analysis should sandwich the actual quote between your introduction and concluding thoughts.
Avoid using overly long quotes, which can weigh down a paper and make your analysis sound scattered or imprecise.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:53",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Analyzing the Linguistic Style\\n1-1. Point out figurative language.\\nA quote, whether or written or spoken, will have a unique linguistic style and structure. Note the use of any figurative language (metaphors, similes, hyperbole, idioms, allusion, personification, and so on) that may add depth or a double meaning to the words. Such comparisons often make quotes more memorable and consequential.\\nAs an example, you could write, “Hemingway used a blunt and dark metaphor when he said, 'Writing is easy. You just open a vein and bleed.'”\\n1-2. Identify the tone of the quote.\\nShow the impact and significance of a quote by outlining the spirit in which it was spoken or written. Elements like sarcasm may alter the true meaning of a quote, while negativity can intensify their message. Note the tone and mood of the quote, and mention if it is emblematic of the person who gave it.\\nYou could also describe an author's tone as macabre, reverent, jaded, nostalgic, critical, arrogant, ironic, evasive, bitter, humble, caustic, earnest, whimsical, assertive, derisive, formal, impartial, enthusiastic, or patronizing, to name a few.\\nFor instance, you might identify the tone of a Dorothy Parker quote by saying, \\\"With her typical tongue-in-cheek defeatism, Dorothy Parker wrote, 'Take me or leave me; or, as is the usual order of things, both'.\\\"\\n1-3. Note the use of alliteration.\\nAlliteration is a literary tool that creates a musical effect in text and prose, making it enjoyable to recite and easy to memorize. This writing technique groups a number of words with the same first consonant sound closely together. Identify alliteration when analyzing a quote and comment on how it might have made the quote more memorable or recitable.\\nFor instance, an analysis of a famous line from Romeo and Juliet might note that, \\\"Shakespeare used alliteration in a memorable line that reads like a song: 'From forth the fatal loins of these two foes; a pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life.'\\\"\\n2. Introducing the Quote\\n2-1. Set up the quote.\\nBefore presenting the quote that you will be analyzing, provide a sentence or two that sets up its tone and importance. Give some indication of how the quote should be received by attributing a positive or negative value to it. If possible, show how the quote was received when it it was first spoken or written.\\nFor instance, set up a negative quote by saying something like, \\\"Critics of the group were vocal about their dismay.\\\"\\nSituate a quote within a theme or phenomenon by saying something like, \\\"The anti-vaccine movement has swept across the country in recent years.\\\"\\n2-2. Introduce the source of the quote.\\nFrame the quote within the context of who said it, when, and where. Provide the name of the individual who said it, and a bit of background about who they were and why they said it. Be sure to note when the quote was made and through what medium (e.g., in a book or speech).\\nFor instance: \\\"In his 1975 publication, 'Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison', Michel Foucault had this to say about power, knowledge, and sexuality : [...]\\\"\\n2-3. Provide the quote.\\nAs a general rule, you should always present a quote in the same way as it was originally presented. Reproduce the spelling, internal punctuation, and capitalization of written quotes exactly, even if these elements are grammatically incorrect. If you are quoting a lecture, speech, or interview, make sure to get an accurate transcript to use from a library or reputable online archive.\\n3. Explaining the Meaning\\n3-1. Paraphrase the quote.\\nRephrase the quote in your own words to clarify what it means. Begin with a phrase like, \\\"In other words,\\\" and present the quote in different terms to convey what the author meant. Be sure to avoid straying from the original meaning.\\nFor example, say, \\\"In other words, when Aristotle said, 'It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it', he meant that it is important to know what other people's beliefs are, even if you don't agree with them.\\\"\\n3-2. Establish the quote's significance.\\nLink the quote to a greater significance, movement, theme, motif, or theory to justify why you've analyzed it. Be concise and convey this importance in no more than 2-3 sentences. Include a breakdown of how the quote affected its audience (e.g., by introducing a new idea or by inciting an emotional response).\\nFor instance, write something like, “This quote from Churchill, as part of a stirring speech that inspired Britain, encapsulates his role in boosting morale during the war.”\\n3-3. Relate the quote to current events or ideas.\\nEstablish the lasting effect of a quote by demonstrating how it is still relevant today, beyond its immediate context. Look for parallels between different historical eras. Offer a theory for why the words have resonated over time.\\nFor example, you might connect the Winston Churchill quote, \\\"Healthy citizens are the greatest asset any country can have\\\", to current-day debates about healthcare.\\nTips\\nNever begin or end a paragraph or paper with a quotation. A proper analysis should sandwich the actual quote between your introduction and concluding thoughts.\\nAvoid using overly long quotes, which can weigh down a paper and make your analysis sound scattered or imprecise.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Being thoughtful and accurate is the secret to a good analysis of a quote. Present the quote factually and be mindful of its broader context. Paraphrase the quote, which will convey your understanding of it. Break down elements of the writing style, and consider the importance of the quote to its audience.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Analyzing the Linguistic Style\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Point out figurative language.\", \"描述\": \"A quote, whether or written or spoken, will have a unique linguistic style and structure. Note the use of any figurative language (metaphors, similes, hyperbole, idioms, allusion, personification, and so on) that may add depth or a double meaning to the words. Such comparisons often make quotes more memorable and consequential.\\nAs an example, you could write, “Hemingway used a blunt and dark metaphor when he said, 'Writing is easy. You just open a vein and bleed.'”\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identify the tone of the quote.\", \"描述\": \"Show the impact and significance of a quote by outlining the spirit in which it was spoken or written. Elements like sarcasm may alter the true meaning of a quote, while negativity can intensify their message. Note the tone and mood of the quote, and mention if it is emblematic of the person who gave it.\\nYou could also describe an author's tone as macabre, reverent, jaded, nostalgic, critical, arrogant, ironic, evasive, bitter, humble, caustic, earnest, whimsical, assertive, derisive, formal, impartial, enthusiastic, or patronizing, to name a few.\\nFor instance, you might identify the tone of a Dorothy Parker quote by saying, \\\"With her typical tongue-in-cheek defeatism, Dorothy Parker wrote, 'Take me or leave me; or, as is the usual order of things, both'.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Note the use of alliteration.\", \"描述\": \"Alliteration is a literary tool that creates a musical effect in text and prose, making it enjoyable to recite and easy to memorize. This writing technique groups a number of words with the same first consonant sound closely together. Identify alliteration when analyzing a quote and comment on how it might have made the quote more memorable or recitable.\\nFor instance, an analysis of a famous line from Romeo and Juliet might note that, \\\"Shakespeare used alliteration in a memorable line that reads like a song: 'From forth the fatal loins of these two foes; a pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life.'\\\"\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Introducing the Quote\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Set up the quote.\", \"描述\": \"Before presenting the quote that you will be analyzing, provide a sentence or two that sets up its tone and importance. Give some indication of how the quote should be received by attributing a positive or negative value to it. If possible, show how the quote was received when it it was first spoken or written.\\nFor instance, set up a negative quote by saying something like, \\\"Critics of the group were vocal about their dismay.\\\"\\nSituate a quote within a theme or phenomenon by saying something like, \\\"The anti-vaccine movement has swept across the country in recent years.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Introduce the source of the quote.\", \"描述\": \"Frame the quote within the context of who said it, when, and where. Provide the name of the individual who said it, and a bit of background about who they were and why they said it. Be sure to note when the quote was made and through what medium (e.g., in a book or speech).\\nFor instance: \\\"In his 1975 publication, 'Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison', Michel Foucault had this to say about power, knowledge, and sexuality : [...]\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Provide the quote.\", \"描述\": \"As a general rule, you should always present a quote in the same way as it was originally presented. Reproduce the spelling, internal punctuation, and capitalization of written quotes exactly, even if these elements are grammatically incorrect. If you are quoting a lecture, speech, or interview, make sure to get an accurate transcript to use from a library or reputable online archive.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Explaining the Meaning\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Paraphrase the quote.\", \"描述\": \"Rephrase the quote in your own words to clarify what it means. Begin with a phrase like, \\\"In other words,\\\" and present the quote in different terms to convey what the author meant. Be sure to avoid straying from the original meaning.\\nFor example, say, \\\"In other words, when Aristotle said, 'It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it', he meant that it is important to know what other people's beliefs are, even if you don't agree with them.\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Establish the quote's significance.\", \"描述\": \"Link the quote to a greater significance, movement, theme, motif, or theory to justify why you've analyzed it. Be concise and convey this importance in no more than 2-3 sentences. Include a breakdown of how the quote affected its audience (e.g., by introducing a new idea or by inciting an emotional response).\\nFor instance, write something like, “This quote from Churchill, as part of a stirring speech that inspired Britain, encapsulates his role in boosting morale during the war.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Relate the quote to current events or ideas.\", \"描述\": \"Establish the lasting effect of a quote by demonstrating how it is still relevant today, beyond its immediate context. Look for parallels between different historical eras. Offer a theory for why the words have resonated over time.\\nFor example, you might connect the Winston Churchill quote, \\\"Healthy citizens are the greatest asset any country can have\\\", to current-day debates about healthcare.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Never begin or end a paragraph or paper with a quotation. A proper analysis should sandwich the actual quote between your introduction and concluding thoughts.\\n\", \"Avoid using overly long quotes, which can weigh down a paper and make your analysis sound scattered or imprecise.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,679 | How to Analyze a Scene in a Film | 1. Choosing and Watching the Scene
1-1. Watch the entire film without any distractions to understand the theme.
Pick a film that interests you to watch for your analysis. The first time you watch it, pay full attention so you can understand the story and what’s happening in the scenes. Put your phone on silent or vibrate and set it aside while you’re watching the movie so you don’t get distracted by it during the film. Once the film is finished, jot down the overlying theme that you recognized.
For example, if you choose to watch the movie To Kill a Mockingbird, you may say the overlying theme is the balance of good and evil or how prejudice can affect a town.
1-2. Go through the film again to find a scene you want to analyze.
Scan through the film for a scene that’s about 2-5 minutes in length for your analysis. Find a scene that’s important to the rest of the story rather than a moment that doesn’t add to it. Consider the elements of the scene you can analyze when you choose your scene, such as the acting, editing, cinematography, or plot.
For example, if you want to analyze Jaws, you may choose the opening scene to see how music and cinematography affect the mood.
Analyzing scenes that are just conversations between characters can be just as fun as focusing on a big action scene. With quieter scenes, you can discuss how the camera angles and dialog affect how someone interprets the conversations.
1-3. Replay the scene multiple times to focus on what’s happening on screen.
Set aside any distractions and rewatch the scene you chose at least 2-3 times. Pay attention to the main actions and the moods of the characters in the scene and think about how they relate to the rest of the film.
Avoid taking any notes the first couple times you watch the scene so you can absorb as much of it as you can. After 2-3 viewings, you can start pausing the scene or writing down things you notice.
2. Analyzing Elements within the Scene
2-1. Summarize the main actions occurring in the scene.
Write down the events that occur in the scene in the order they happen so you have a general understanding of what’s happening. Include what the characters are talking about while you list the main actions of the scene. Don’t list every single shot from the scene, but every time something happens that moves the scene forward.
For example, the events of the opening scene in Jaws are teenagers partying on a beach, two of the people leaving the group, one of them swimming in the water, and then getting grabbed by the shark.
2-2. Determine how the scene fits in with the story of the film.
Look at your scene from a wider perspective so you can understand how it influences the rest of the film. Pay attention to the scenes that come before and after the one you chose. Write down what information the scene gives you about the film that’s important or thematic later on.
For example, the opening scene in Jaws introduces the shark to the viewer and shows that it’s a threat to humans in the water. Throughout the film, this sets up conflict since it takes place in a beach town.
2-3. Watch the characters for their body language, dialogue, and motivations.
Start by taking note of which characters are present in the scene, and list what you know about them based on the rest of the film, such as their goals and personalities. Watch the actors perform and pay attention to how they move and interact with one another. Listen to the dialogue and determine how their lines relate to the plot of the film or the relationships the character has.
For example, in the shark attack scene from Jaws, you may notice the kids in the water having fun, but Chief Brody is tense and worried about everyone’s safety.
2-4. See if there’s any symbolism in the scene.
Symbols in a film can be and audio or visual cue that you relate to an emotion, mood, or action. Watch the scene again and pay attention to any important props or recurring images. Write down anything that catches your eye and brainstorm what they mean in reference to the scene and the film as a whole.
For example, in the final scene of Inception, the spinning top is a symbol of uncertainty since the viewer isn’t sure whether the ending is real or a dream.
Another example is the letter “X” or an X-shape in a scene of the film The Departed, which represents death.
Even characters can be symbols. For example, the Joker in The Dark Knight can be a symbol of chaos or uncertainty.
Not every scene will have specific symbols that relate to the rest of the film, so don’t worry about if you can’t find any.
2-5. Look at the framing of the scene to how it’s composed.
The framing, or mise-en-scène, of a film refers to how the elements of the shot are arranged on screen. Pause the scene often and look and how the actors and set decoration are positioned on screen. Take note of the objects that are closest and furthest away from the camera to understand what’s prominent in the scene.
For example, if a character is standing and looking down at another character that’s sitting down, it could mean the standing character is more important or powerful than the other.
If you’re watching the film on a computer, take screenshots from the scene so you can analyze the still frames.
Look at how the scene’s lit and how the highlights and shadows affect the mood. Shots that are framed dark can make the scene mysterious but well let scenes may seem like a comfortable or exposed location.
2-6. Watch the camera angle and movement to see how they change the feeling of the scene.
The camera angle refers to how much you can see in the frame and what the viewer should focus on. Write down if the camera moves around often or if it stays in one place since this can add to the overall feeling and tension of the scene. Pay attention to what fills the frame during your scene and if there are a lot of close-ups or wide shots where you can see a lot.
For example, action scenes usually have a lot of movement and have multiple angles to keep the viewer excited. Conversely, horror scenes may have no camera movement and close-up shots to make a viewer feel tense while they’re watching it.
Make note of when shots shift focus from an object or character to another.
2-7. Notice how the editing from shot to shot conveys a mood.
The editing refers to the changes between shots during your scene and how they affect how a viewer experiences it. Make note of how the transition between shots affect one another and how fast they occur. Write down how the changes between the shots affect the mood of the scene.
For example, if you have a shot of a desert followed by a shot of a glass of water, it may make you think about being thirsty.
In another example, the editing in the opening scene of Jaws makes the viewer tense since they know the shark is getting closer but the woman in water doesn’t know about the danger.
2-8. Listen to how the sound effects or music affect the mood of the scene.
Close your eyes and listen to the scene so you can focus on the music and sound effects. Then watch the scene again with your eyes open to see how the sound lines up with the editing and the character actions. Make note of how the sounds affect the overall mood set by the rest of the scene.
For example, the music at the beginning of Jaws helps to build tension since it keeps getting faster until the shark attacks.
Wear headphones and play the scene if you’re able so you’re able to catch all of the discrete noises you may not have been able to hear otherwise.
Make note of silences in the scene as well since they can be just as important as loud sounds.
3. Writing a Scene Analysis
3-1. Brainstorm a thesis that will be the main point of your analysis.
Look at the notes you took on the scene and compare them to the overall theme of the film. Pick a topic for your analysis that you can support with multiple elements from the scene so you can expand and defend your argument. Write down the thesis in a single, concise sentence.
For example, a thesis for the opening scene in Jaws may be, “The opening shark attack from Jaws uses accelerating music, quick editing, and point of view shots to create tension.”
3-2. State the film, director, and thesis you’re writing about in your introduction.
Open your analysis with an attention-grabbing sentence that relates to the film or the theme of the scene. Mention the name of the film, the director, and the year it was released in the next sentence. At the end of the introduction, write your thesis so the reader knows what to expect from the rest of the paper.
Keep your introduction about 3-4 sentences long.
3-3. Summarize the scene and how it relates to the rest of the film.
Use the next paragraph to describe the actions that happen in the scene in chronological order so the reader knows you’re talking about. Then add a sentence or 2 to the end of the paragraph to discuss how your scene fits with the themes and the events for the rest of the film.
Keep the summary paragraph about 4-5 sentences long before moving on.
3-4. Include at least 2-3 paragraphs about what you analyzed for the body of your paper.
Aim to have about 2-3 paragraphs that each discuss a separate element from the scene that defends your thesis statement. Use examples from the scene to support the claims you’re making in your body paragraphs. Expand on how the elements of the scenes affect the mood and the rest of the film.
For example, if you’re talking about the opening scene in Jaws, your body paragraphs may discuss the music, the editing, and the point of view of the camera angles.
Don’t use all of your notes you took from the scene since they won’t all fit with the thesis for your paper.
3-5. Conclude your paper by restating your thesis and main points of your essay.
Reword your thesis statement to restate the main idea of your paper for the first sentence in your conclusion. Then use the next 2-3 sentences to summarize the ideas that you mentioned in your body paragraphs. Finish the paragraph with a sentence that leaves a lasting impression related to the thesis so the reader realizes why they should care about the analysis.
For example, you may end an analysis on the opening scene of Jaws by discussing how the opening scene of the film influenced the horror genre.
Tips
Research what was happening in the world when the film was released to see if you can apply the events to the scene or theme of the movie.
Once you analyze the scene you picked, look up the scene or film online to see what others were able to discuss about it. You may be able to notice things that you hadn’t considered before.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:53",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Choosing and Watching the Scene\\n1-1. Watch the entire film without any distractions to understand the theme.\\nPick a film that interests you to watch for your analysis. The first time you watch it, pay full attention so you can understand the story and what’s happening in the scenes. Put your phone on silent or vibrate and set it aside while you’re watching the movie so you don’t get distracted by it during the film. Once the film is finished, jot down the overlying theme that you recognized.\\nFor example, if you choose to watch the movie To Kill a Mockingbird, you may say the overlying theme is the balance of good and evil or how prejudice can affect a town.\\n1-2. Go through the film again to find a scene you want to analyze.\\nScan through the film for a scene that’s about 2-5 minutes in length for your analysis. Find a scene that’s important to the rest of the story rather than a moment that doesn’t add to it. Consider the elements of the scene you can analyze when you choose your scene, such as the acting, editing, cinematography, or plot.\\nFor example, if you want to analyze Jaws, you may choose the opening scene to see how music and cinematography affect the mood.\\nAnalyzing scenes that are just conversations between characters can be just as fun as focusing on a big action scene. With quieter scenes, you can discuss how the camera angles and dialog affect how someone interprets the conversations.\\n1-3. Replay the scene multiple times to focus on what’s happening on screen.\\nSet aside any distractions and rewatch the scene you chose at least 2-3 times. Pay attention to the main actions and the moods of the characters in the scene and think about how they relate to the rest of the film.\\nAvoid taking any notes the first couple times you watch the scene so you can absorb as much of it as you can. After 2-3 viewings, you can start pausing the scene or writing down things you notice.\\n2. Analyzing Elements within the Scene\\n2-1. Summarize the main actions occurring in the scene.\\nWrite down the events that occur in the scene in the order they happen so you have a general understanding of what’s happening. Include what the characters are talking about while you list the main actions of the scene. Don’t list every single shot from the scene, but every time something happens that moves the scene forward.\\nFor example, the events of the opening scene in Jaws are teenagers partying on a beach, two of the people leaving the group, one of them swimming in the water, and then getting grabbed by the shark.\\n2-2. Determine how the scene fits in with the story of the film.\\nLook at your scene from a wider perspective so you can understand how it influences the rest of the film. Pay attention to the scenes that come before and after the one you chose. Write down what information the scene gives you about the film that’s important or thematic later on.\\nFor example, the opening scene in Jaws introduces the shark to the viewer and shows that it’s a threat to humans in the water. Throughout the film, this sets up conflict since it takes place in a beach town.\\n2-3. Watch the characters for their body language, dialogue, and motivations.\\nStart by taking note of which characters are present in the scene, and list what you know about them based on the rest of the film, such as their goals and personalities. Watch the actors perform and pay attention to how they move and interact with one another. Listen to the dialogue and determine how their lines relate to the plot of the film or the relationships the character has.\\nFor example, in the shark attack scene from Jaws, you may notice the kids in the water having fun, but Chief Brody is tense and worried about everyone’s safety.\\n2-4. See if there’s any symbolism in the scene.\\nSymbols in a film can be and audio or visual cue that you relate to an emotion, mood, or action. Watch the scene again and pay attention to any important props or recurring images. Write down anything that catches your eye and brainstorm what they mean in reference to the scene and the film as a whole.\\nFor example, in the final scene of Inception, the spinning top is a symbol of uncertainty since the viewer isn’t sure whether the ending is real or a dream.\\nAnother example is the letter “X” or an X-shape in a scene of the film The Departed, which represents death.\\nEven characters can be symbols. For example, the Joker in The Dark Knight can be a symbol of chaos or uncertainty.\\nNot every scene will have specific symbols that relate to the rest of the film, so don’t worry about if you can’t find any.\\n2-5. Look at the framing of the scene to how it’s composed.\\nThe framing, or mise-en-scène, of a film refers to how the elements of the shot are arranged on screen. Pause the scene often and look and how the actors and set decoration are positioned on screen. Take note of the objects that are closest and furthest away from the camera to understand what’s prominent in the scene.\\nFor example, if a character is standing and looking down at another character that’s sitting down, it could mean the standing character is more important or powerful than the other.\\nIf you’re watching the film on a computer, take screenshots from the scene so you can analyze the still frames.\\nLook at how the scene’s lit and how the highlights and shadows affect the mood. Shots that are framed dark can make the scene mysterious but well let scenes may seem like a comfortable or exposed location.\\n2-6. Watch the camera angle and movement to see how they change the feeling of the scene.\\nThe camera angle refers to how much you can see in the frame and what the viewer should focus on. Write down if the camera moves around often or if it stays in one place since this can add to the overall feeling and tension of the scene. Pay attention to what fills the frame during your scene and if there are a lot of close-ups or wide shots where you can see a lot.\\nFor example, action scenes usually have a lot of movement and have multiple angles to keep the viewer excited. Conversely, horror scenes may have no camera movement and close-up shots to make a viewer feel tense while they’re watching it.\\nMake note of when shots shift focus from an object or character to another.\\n2-7. Notice how the editing from shot to shot conveys a mood.\\nThe editing refers to the changes between shots during your scene and how they affect how a viewer experiences it. Make note of how the transition between shots affect one another and how fast they occur. Write down how the changes between the shots affect the mood of the scene.\\nFor example, if you have a shot of a desert followed by a shot of a glass of water, it may make you think about being thirsty.\\nIn another example, the editing in the opening scene of Jaws makes the viewer tense since they know the shark is getting closer but the woman in water doesn’t know about the danger.\\n2-8. Listen to how the sound effects or music affect the mood of the scene.\\nClose your eyes and listen to the scene so you can focus on the music and sound effects. Then watch the scene again with your eyes open to see how the sound lines up with the editing and the character actions. Make note of how the sounds affect the overall mood set by the rest of the scene.\\nFor example, the music at the beginning of Jaws helps to build tension since it keeps getting faster until the shark attacks.\\nWear headphones and play the scene if you’re able so you’re able to catch all of the discrete noises you may not have been able to hear otherwise.\\nMake note of silences in the scene as well since they can be just as important as loud sounds.\\n3. Writing a Scene Analysis\\n3-1. Brainstorm a thesis that will be the main point of your analysis.\\nLook at the notes you took on the scene and compare them to the overall theme of the film. Pick a topic for your analysis that you can support with multiple elements from the scene so you can expand and defend your argument. Write down the thesis in a single, concise sentence.\\nFor example, a thesis for the opening scene in Jaws may be, “The opening shark attack from Jaws uses accelerating music, quick editing, and point of view shots to create tension.”\\n3-2. State the film, director, and thesis you’re writing about in your introduction.\\nOpen your analysis with an attention-grabbing sentence that relates to the film or the theme of the scene. Mention the name of the film, the director, and the year it was released in the next sentence. At the end of the introduction, write your thesis so the reader knows what to expect from the rest of the paper.\\nKeep your introduction about 3-4 sentences long.\\n3-3. Summarize the scene and how it relates to the rest of the film.\\nUse the next paragraph to describe the actions that happen in the scene in chronological order so the reader knows you’re talking about. Then add a sentence or 2 to the end of the paragraph to discuss how your scene fits with the themes and the events for the rest of the film.\\nKeep the summary paragraph about 4-5 sentences long before moving on.\\n3-4. Include at least 2-3 paragraphs about what you analyzed for the body of your paper.\\nAim to have about 2-3 paragraphs that each discuss a separate element from the scene that defends your thesis statement. Use examples from the scene to support the claims you’re making in your body paragraphs. Expand on how the elements of the scenes affect the mood and the rest of the film.\\nFor example, if you’re talking about the opening scene in Jaws, your body paragraphs may discuss the music, the editing, and the point of view of the camera angles.\\nDon’t use all of your notes you took from the scene since they won’t all fit with the thesis for your paper.\\n3-5. Conclude your paper by restating your thesis and main points of your essay.\\nReword your thesis statement to restate the main idea of your paper for the first sentence in your conclusion. Then use the next 2-3 sentences to summarize the ideas that you mentioned in your body paragraphs. Finish the paragraph with a sentence that leaves a lasting impression related to the thesis so the reader realizes why they should care about the analysis.\\nFor example, you may end an analysis on the opening scene of Jaws by discussing how the opening scene of the film influenced the horror genre.\\nTips\\nResearch what was happening in the world when the film was released to see if you can apply the events to the scene or theme of the movie.\\nOnce you analyze the scene you picked, look up the scene or film online to see what others were able to discuss about it. You may be able to notice things that you hadn’t considered before.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"While you can analyze an entire film, you can also choose a scene from the movie and break it down even further. Before you choose a scene you want to analyze, watch the entire film first so you can understand what’s happening. Go over the scene you want to analyze multiple times so you can pick out the details and take notes on it. Once you have your notes, you can write a formal analysis essay about the scene.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Choosing and Watching the Scene\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Watch the entire film without any distractions to understand the theme.\", \"描述\": \"Pick a film that interests you to watch for your analysis. The first time you watch it, pay full attention so you can understand the story and what’s happening in the scenes. Put your phone on silent or vibrate and set it aside while you’re watching the movie so you don’t get distracted by it during the film. Once the film is finished, jot down the overlying theme that you recognized.\\nFor example, if you choose to watch the movie To Kill a Mockingbird, you may say the overlying theme is the balance of good and evil or how prejudice can affect a town.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Go through the film again to find a scene you want to analyze.\", \"描述\": \"Scan through the film for a scene that’s about 2-5 minutes in length for your analysis. Find a scene that’s important to the rest of the story rather than a moment that doesn’t add to it. Consider the elements of the scene you can analyze when you choose your scene, such as the acting, editing, cinematography, or plot.\\nFor example, if you want to analyze Jaws, you may choose the opening scene to see how music and cinematography affect the mood.\\nAnalyzing scenes that are just conversations between characters can be just as fun as focusing on a big action scene. With quieter scenes, you can discuss how the camera angles and dialog affect how someone interprets the conversations.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Replay the scene multiple times to focus on what’s happening on screen.\", \"描述\": \"Set aside any distractions and rewatch the scene you chose at least 2-3 times. Pay attention to the main actions and the moods of the characters in the scene and think about how they relate to the rest of the film.\\nAvoid taking any notes the first couple times you watch the scene so you can absorb as much of it as you can. After 2-3 viewings, you can start pausing the scene or writing down things you notice.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyzing Elements within the Scene\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Summarize the main actions occurring in the scene.\", \"描述\": \"Write down the events that occur in the scene in the order they happen so you have a general understanding of what’s happening. Include what the characters are talking about while you list the main actions of the scene. Don’t list every single shot from the scene, but every time something happens that moves the scene forward.\\nFor example, the events of the opening scene in Jaws are teenagers partying on a beach, two of the people leaving the group, one of them swimming in the water, and then getting grabbed by the shark.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Determine how the scene fits in with the story of the film.\", \"描述\": \"Look at your scene from a wider perspective so you can understand how it influences the rest of the film. Pay attention to the scenes that come before and after the one you chose. Write down what information the scene gives you about the film that’s important or thematic later on.\\nFor example, the opening scene in Jaws introduces the shark to the viewer and shows that it’s a threat to humans in the water. Throughout the film, this sets up conflict since it takes place in a beach town.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Watch the characters for their body language, dialogue, and motivations.\", \"描述\": \"Start by taking note of which characters are present in the scene, and list what you know about them based on the rest of the film, such as their goals and personalities. Watch the actors perform and pay attention to how they move and interact with one another. Listen to the dialogue and determine how their lines relate to the plot of the film or the relationships the character has.\\nFor example, in the shark attack scene from Jaws, you may notice the kids in the water having fun, but Chief Brody is tense and worried about everyone’s safety.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"See if there’s any symbolism in the scene.\", \"描述\": \"Symbols in a film can be and audio or visual cue that you relate to an emotion, mood, or action. Watch the scene again and pay attention to any important props or recurring images. Write down anything that catches your eye and brainstorm what they mean in reference to the scene and the film as a whole.\\nFor example, in the final scene of Inception, the spinning top is a symbol of uncertainty since the viewer isn’t sure whether the ending is real or a dream.\\nAnother example is the letter “X” or an X-shape in a scene of the film The Departed, which represents death.\\nEven characters can be symbols. For example, the Joker in The Dark Knight can be a symbol of chaos or uncertainty.\\nNot every scene will have specific symbols that relate to the rest of the film, so don’t worry about if you can’t find any.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Look at the framing of the scene to how it’s composed.\", \"描述\": \"The framing, or mise-en-scène, of a film refers to how the elements of the shot are arranged on screen. Pause the scene often and look and how the actors and set decoration are positioned on screen. Take note of the objects that are closest and furthest away from the camera to understand what’s prominent in the scene.\\nFor example, if a character is standing and looking down at another character that’s sitting down, it could mean the standing character is more important or powerful than the other.\\nIf you’re watching the film on a computer, take screenshots from the scene so you can analyze the still frames.\\nLook at how the scene’s lit and how the highlights and shadows affect the mood. Shots that are framed dark can make the scene mysterious but well let scenes may seem like a comfortable or exposed location.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Watch the camera angle and movement to see how they change the feeling of the scene.\", \"描述\": \"The camera angle refers to how much you can see in the frame and what the viewer should focus on. Write down if the camera moves around often or if it stays in one place since this can add to the overall feeling and tension of the scene. Pay attention to what fills the frame during your scene and if there are a lot of close-ups or wide shots where you can see a lot.\\nFor example, action scenes usually have a lot of movement and have multiple angles to keep the viewer excited. Conversely, horror scenes may have no camera movement and close-up shots to make a viewer feel tense while they’re watching it.\\nMake note of when shots shift focus from an object or character to another.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Notice how the editing from shot to shot conveys a mood.\", \"描述\": \"The editing refers to the changes between shots during your scene and how they affect how a viewer experiences it. Make note of how the transition between shots affect one another and how fast they occur. Write down how the changes between the shots affect the mood of the scene.\\nFor example, if you have a shot of a desert followed by a shot of a glass of water, it may make you think about being thirsty.\\nIn another example, the editing in the opening scene of Jaws makes the viewer tense since they know the shark is getting closer but the woman in water doesn’t know about the danger.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Listen to how the sound effects or music affect the mood of the scene.\", \"描述\": \"Close your eyes and listen to the scene so you can focus on the music and sound effects. Then watch the scene again with your eyes open to see how the sound lines up with the editing and the character actions. Make note of how the sounds affect the overall mood set by the rest of the scene.\\nFor example, the music at the beginning of Jaws helps to build tension since it keeps getting faster until the shark attacks.\\nWear headphones and play the scene if you’re able so you’re able to catch all of the discrete noises you may not have been able to hear otherwise.\\nMake note of silences in the scene as well since they can be just as important as loud sounds.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Writing a Scene Analysis\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Brainstorm a thesis that will be the main point of your analysis.\", \"描述\": \"Look at the notes you took on the scene and compare them to the overall theme of the film. Pick a topic for your analysis that you can support with multiple elements from the scene so you can expand and defend your argument. Write down the thesis in a single, concise sentence.\\nFor example, a thesis for the opening scene in Jaws may be, “The opening shark attack from Jaws uses accelerating music, quick editing, and point of view shots to create tension.”\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"State the film, director, and thesis you’re writing about in your introduction.\", \"描述\": \"Open your analysis with an attention-grabbing sentence that relates to the film or the theme of the scene. Mention the name of the film, the director, and the year it was released in the next sentence. At the end of the introduction, write your thesis so the reader knows what to expect from the rest of the paper.\\nKeep your introduction about 3-4 sentences long.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Summarize the scene and how it relates to the rest of the film.\", \"描述\": \"Use the next paragraph to describe the actions that happen in the scene in chronological order so the reader knows you’re talking about. Then add a sentence or 2 to the end of the paragraph to discuss how your scene fits with the themes and the events for the rest of the film.\\nKeep the summary paragraph about 4-5 sentences long before moving on.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Include at least 2-3 paragraphs about what you analyzed for the body of your paper.\", \"描述\": \"Aim to have about 2-3 paragraphs that each discuss a separate element from the scene that defends your thesis statement. Use examples from the scene to support the claims you’re making in your body paragraphs. Expand on how the elements of the scenes affect the mood and the rest of the film.\\nFor example, if you’re talking about the opening scene in Jaws, your body paragraphs may discuss the music, the editing, and the point of view of the camera angles.\\nDon’t use all of your notes you took from the scene since they won’t all fit with the thesis for your paper.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Conclude your paper by restating your thesis and main points of your essay.\", \"描述\": \"Reword your thesis statement to restate the main idea of your paper for the first sentence in your conclusion. Then use the next 2-3 sentences to summarize the ideas that you mentioned in your body paragraphs. Finish the paragraph with a sentence that leaves a lasting impression related to the thesis so the reader realizes why they should care about the analysis.\\nFor example, you may end an analysis on the opening scene of Jaws by discussing how the opening scene of the film influenced the horror genre.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Research what was happening in the world when the film was released to see if you can apply the events to the scene or theme of the movie.\\n\", \"Once you analyze the scene you picked, look up the scene or film online to see what others were able to discuss about it. You may be able to notice things that you hadn’t considered before.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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1,680 | How to Analyze a Short Story | 1. Putting the Story in Context
1-1. Gather basic information about the story.
Summarizing the story will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that you have a basic understanding of the story. Start your analysis by writing down:
The title of the story.
The author’s name.
The date of publication.
Where the story was originally published (e.g., in an anthology or a literary magazine).
For example, “I am analyzing ‘Jeeves Takes Charge’ by P. G. Wodehouse, originally published in the November 18, 1916 edition of The Saturday Evening Post.”
1-2. Identify the major characters.
Most short stories are character-driven. Take a few moments to determine who the major characters are in your story, and write them down. For example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the major characters are:
A young English aristocrat, Bertie Wooster.
Bertie’s valet (personal attendant), Jeeves.
Bertie’s fiancée, Florence Craye.
Bertie’s uncle Willoughby.
Florence’s teenaged brother Edwin.
1-3. Give a brief outline of the plot.
Once you’ve written down the basic details, write a paragraph or a couple sentences summarizing what the story is about. It doesn’t need to cover all the plot points—just try to boil it down to the absolute basics.
For example, “‘Jeeves Takes Charge’ is about an airheaded young aristocrat (Bertie Wooster) who tries to sabotage the publication of his uncle’s scandalous memoirs in order to please his fiancée. Meanwhile, Bertie’s valet, Jeeves, is scheming to break up Bertie’s engagement.”
1-4. Research the author’s personal and literary background.
Understanding the context of a short story can give you a lot of insight into why the story was written the way it was. Learning about who the author was and what conventions they were familiar with is a major part of putting any story in context. Knowing something about the author’s experiences and viewpoints, as well as any literary or philosophical school they were a part of, can shed light on why they chose to use certain themes, plot points, and character types.
For example, P. G. Wodehouse was a Classically educated author who grew up in late Victorian and Edwardian England. During the 1910s, he lived and worked in New York as an author, lyricist, and playwright. His stories combine references to classic Western literature with references to contemporary British and American pop culture.
1-5. Learn about the time and place when/where the story was written.
In addition to learning about the author’s background, knowing the general historical and geographical context of the story can help you understand it better. Even if the story is set in a different time and place from when/where it was written, the story’s context will inevitably influence the themes, language, tone, and viewpoints presented in the story.
Take note of any major social and political issues of the time period, and any popular artistic movements. Major cultural and political shifts are often reflected in short stories, whether purposefully or in a more subtle context.
For example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” is set in an English country estate in the 1910s, but it was published in America during the early years of WWI (before America’s involvement in the war). It plays on humorous American stereotypes of the English aristocracy while avoiding references to contemporary historical events.
1-6. Determine the intended audience.
A story’s intended audience will affect the choices the author makes in presenting the story. For example, a story written for children will probably have a different tone, themes, and vocabulary level from a story aimed at adults. As you analyze the story, consider for whom the author was writing.
If you’re not sure about the intended audience, the publication venue can give you some clues.
For example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” was published in The Saturday Evening Post, a weekly entertainment magazine for American adults. The story was designed to appeal to an adult, middle class American audience.
1-7. Identify the physical setting.
The setting of a story provides atmosphere and helps the action feel more grounded and real. It can also play a significant role in how the plot of the story plays out. Try to identify where, specifically, the story is set, and think about how the author creates the setting. Ask yourself what the setting might mean for the story’s characters and readers, whether it motivates the characters in any way, or what symbolic meaning it might carry.
For example, most of “Jeeves Takes Charge” is set at Easeby Hall, a fictional country estate in Shropshire, England. Wodehouse does not describe the setting in great detail, but creates an impression by offering minor details in passing (e.g., Bertie hides behind a suit of armor in his uncle’s library while waiting to steal the manuscript).
1-8. Look at the historical setting.
The time when a story is set can also be very significant. While the author may not specify exactly when the story is taking place, you can usually get a good idea by looking at clues like the language that the characters use, references to historical events or popular culture, and even descriptions of costume and technology.
For example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” is set in the summer, “about half a dozen years ago.” If we assume this means 6 years before the story was published, then it is set in 1910.
There are also other clues to the general time setting, like references to telegraphs and Bertie’s use of period-specific slang (like “rummy” meaning “strange,” or “a frost” meaning “a failure”).
Some stories may have historical settings that are changed or interrupted in the narrative structure. In these instances, look at what effect the fractured or non-linear setting might create.
1-9. Assess how the setting affects the story.
One way to approach this is to think about how the story might be different if it were in a different setting. Would the tone of the story feel the same? Would the events and themes of the story fit in another setting? How are the characters and their beliefs and actions influenced by their historical, cultural, and geographical context?
For example, if “Jeeves Takes Charge” took place in 2018, how likely would it be that a young man like Bertie would employ a personal attendant like Jeeves? How would Bertie steal his uncle’s manuscript in an age when most documents are written and sent electronically?
2. Evaluating Plot and Characterization
2-1. List the most important event(s) in the plot.
The plot is the sequence of related events that make up a story. Because of their limited length, most short story plots focus on a relatively small number of important events. In order to understand the short story’s plot, start by making a list of the major events covered by the plot. For example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the major plot points are:
Bertie’s fiancée, Florence, asks Bertie to steal and destroy the manuscript of his uncle’s memoirs because she is worried it will cause a scandal.
Bertie steals the manuscript, but Florence's brother catches him in the act and tells the uncle.
Jeeves takes the manuscript before Bertie's uncle can find it. Bertie thinks Jeeves is keeping the manuscript safe, but he has actually sent it on to the publisher.
Florence breaks off the engagement when she finds out the memoirs have been published. Bertie is angry at first, but Jeeves convinces him that he would have been unhappy married to Florence.
2-2. Identify the main conflict.
Most plots revolve around a major conflict. Conflict in a story is a dramatic struggle between 2 opposing forces. This could take the form of a dispute between 2 characters (external conflict), or a struggle between opposing desires within a single character (internal conflict). A short story may have multiple conflicts, but there is usually 1 primary conflict that defines the story.
In “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the major conflict is between Bertie and Jeeves. The 2 characters engage in a power struggle that starts out small (e.g., disagreements over what Bertie should wear) and comes to a head when Jeeves breaks up Bertie’s engagement to Florence.
2-3. Look for exposition.
Many plots incorporate exposition, or background information that helps set the scene and allows the reader to more easily understand what is happening. While exposition may be scattered throughout the story, the bulk of it is likely to appear at the beginning, before the “rising action” that begins the main part of the story.
For example, at the beginning of “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Bertie’s narration starts with a brief explanation of his relationship with Jeeves. This sets the stage for the rest of the story.
2-4. Divide the plot into its main parts.
Traditional plots can be divided into a clear beginning, middle, and end, also known as “rising action,” “climax,” and “falling action.” Keep in mind, though, that these 3 parts may not be balanced, especially in a short story, where the text might be mostly rising action. Short stories often end on their climaxes, giving readers a sudden insight. A more traditional structure, as seen in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” might be divided up as follows:
Rising action: Bertie visits his uncle, hires Jeeves, and steals his uncle’s manuscript.
Climax: Jeeves intercepts the manuscript and secretly sends it to the publisher, causing Florence to break the engagement.
Falling action: Bertie is ready to fire Jeeves, but Jeeves convinces him that Florence was not a good match for him.
2-5. Pinpoint the resolution.
While not all plots have a clear resolution, this is a common element of many short stories. The resolution may be a brief explanation of what happened after the main events of the story, or it may tie up any loose ends left over after the “falling action.” A resolution may also tie back into the beginning of the story in some way.
For example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the conflict is resolved when Bertie decides that he trusts Jeeves’s judgment—not just in the matter the engagement, but in all of his personal affairs. This ties in with the opening paragraph, where Bertie explains that he has come to rely on Jeeves’s wisdom.
2-6. Analyze the structure of the plot.
Once you’ve identified the major plot points, consider how the plot is structured. Is it presented in chronological order, or does it jump around in time? Does the story begin before the main action starts, or does it open in the middle of the action (in media res)? Is it left open-ended, or is there a tidy resolution to the story? Then, think about why the author structured their plot that way, and what effect or meaning could be derived from the structure.
For example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” has a straightforward, linear plot that moves from 1 event to the next in chronological order.
2-7. Evaluate the point of view of the story.
Point of view is an important aspect of a story, since it provides the lens through which you interpret the events, characters, and themes of the story. While examining point of view, always ask yourself why the author made certain choices, and how they’re significant. You could even imagine what the story would be like with a different point of view, and what effect that would have on your reading experience. When reading the story, consider:
From whose point of view is the story told? Is it one of the characters in the story, or an unnamed observer?
Is the story narrated in the first person (the narrator refers to themselves as “I” and “me”) or third person?
Does the narrator present a clear, straightforward account of the events of the story, or do they misunderstand what’s happening or deliberately mislead the reader (an unreliable narrator)?
Is the narrator’s perspective limited, or do they understand everything that is happening in the story?
2-8. Identify the major characters’ defining traits.
The characters are the lifeblood of most short stories. The plot develops from their actions. As you read the story, think about what defines each of the characters for you, and why you think the author gave them these traits. Character traits could include things like:
Physical appearance (e.g., height, hair color, attractiveness, style of dress).
Personality traits (such as kindness, creativity, cowardice, sense of humor).
Speaking style (slangy, formal, terse, poetic).
Other traits, such as age, profession, or social status.
2-9. Determine what role each character plays in the story.
Each character should play some part in moving the story along. You might define their role in terms of how they relate to other characters, or how their actions set the events of the plot in motion. For example:
Bertie Wooster is the protagonist and narrator of “Jeeves Takes Charge.” He is a comedic figure rather than a classic literary hero, and he consistently fails to accomplish his goals throughout the story. He is a stereotype designed to appeal to American audiences of the time.
2-10. Assess the motivations of each character.
For the characters’ actions in a story to make sense, they must have clearly defined motivations. Motivations determine the way a character thinks, acts, and speaks. Sometimes, these motivations are explicitly spelled out. In other cases, they may be hidden between the lines. Think about why each character behaves as they do, and what they are trying to accomplish.
For example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Jeeves tells Bertie that he sabotaged the engagement because he thinks Bertie would be unhappy married to Florence. He also hints indirectly at a more self-serving motivation—he worked for Florence’s family in the past, and doesn’t want to have to work for her again.
2-11. Examine how the characters change during the story, if at all.
In some short stories, the characters experience some type of development as the plot progresses, such as discovering something new about themselves or undergoing a change in their beliefs or attitudes. However, many other short stories show their characters remaining the same, with the author simply providing a picture of the character rather than showing their full development, which is more common in novels.
For example, at the beginning of “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Bertie views Jeeves as a competent servant, but resists Jeeves’s efforts to advise and guide him. After realizing on reflection that he agrees with Jeeves about Florence, Bertie decides that he is better off with Jeeves “doing the thinking for me.”
When looking at character development, consider not only the nature of the change, but how and why the change occurs. If you don’t think the characters have changed or developed, think about why that might be as well.
3. Exploring Themes, Tone, and Style
3-1. Determine what the major themes are in the story.
Themes are the major ideas that the author attempts to convey or reflect on in the story through the events of the plot or the actions of the characters. Themes might include things like moral or ethical issues or ideas relating to society or human nature. Themes in a short story may be obvious or subtle, and a story may deal with multiple themes.
For example, a major theme in “Jeeves Takes Charge” is the nature of power and authority in a master-servant relationship. Bertie is Jeeves’s employer, but Jeeves has the upper hand in the relationship because of his intelligence and relatively forceful personality.
3-2. Examine the story for references and allusions.
References and allusions help create powerful associations by linking events, characters, or objects in the story to other works or ideas that are familiar to the reader. References may be explicit (e.g., “As Shakespeare said . . .”) or more indirect (e.g., the story might make an allusion to Dickens’s A Christmas Carol by having a character say “Bah, humbug!”).
For example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” contains a reference to Thomas Hood’s ballad, The Dream of Eugene Aram (1831), in the form of a misremembered quote by Bertie. The ballad deals with the theme of murder, to which Bertie compares his crime of stealing and destroying his uncle’s manuscript.
3-3. Identify symbolism and imagery.
Many authors use symbolism and imagery to convey ideas. Symbolism involves using a physical object or even a person to represent an abstract idea (e.g., a white rose symbolizing purity or innocence). Imagery refers to using words to create a mental picture, which may be literal or metaphorical.
For example, at the end of “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Bertie tells Jeeves that he can get rid of a checked suit that Jeeves dislikes. Jeeves remarks that he has already gotten rid of it. The suit is symbolic of Bertie’s agency—when he gives up the suit, he also hands over control of his life to Jeeves (who was really already in charge).
3-4. Check for other literary devices.
A story may also use a variety of other literary devices to convey its major themes and ideas. Consider whether the story you are analyzing uses devices such as:
Foreshadowing, in which clues are given early in the story that suggest later plot developments.
Irony, in which there is a discrepancy between what a character says and what they actually mean, or between what they intend to achieve and what they actually accomplish.
Allegory, in which the events, characters, or setting of the story are meant to reflect some more general truth or idea.
3-5. Assess the tone of the story.
Tone refers to the attitude that the author expresses toward the story and its characters. Tone is expressed through a variety of means, including word choices, imagery, point-of-view, and content. As you read, think about the tone that the author is trying to convey.
The tone of “Jeeves Takes Charge” is light and humorous. Wodehouse (the author) views the events of the story as trivial and silly. He highlights the humor of the characters and situations by using heightened, dramatic language and imagery.
For example, while trying to decide how to dispose of his uncle’s manuscript, Bertie compares himself to a murderer trying to hide a body.
3-6. Define the mood of the story.
Mood refers to the feelings that the story invokes in you, the reader. The mood of the story is largely determined by the tone of the piece, but it can also be created by the setting, themes, and language of the story. Think about how the story made you feel as you read it. Did you laugh? Did you feel sad, upset, or disgusted at any point?
3-7. Look at the style of the story.
Style refers largely to the way the author uses language. For example, a story might be written in a style that is slangy and informal or flowery and poetic. It might be wordy or concise. Style can affect the tone and mood of the story, and can play a part in how you perceive the characters and plot.
In “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Wodehouse combines formal, poetic Edwardian language with contemporary slang to create a unique, humorous style.
For example: “The sun was sinking over the hills and the gnats were fooling about all over the place, and everything smelled rather topping—what with the falling dew, and so on . . .”
4. Writing Up Your Analysis
4-1. Start with a thesis statement.
This is a brief summary of the main argument you will be making about the story. Write a sentence or 2 clearly explaining what your essay will be about. Place this statement at the end of a brief introductory paragraph, which might include basic information about the story and/or a summary of the nature of the assignment.
For example, “‘Jeeves Takes Charge,’ by P. G. Wodehouse, is one of the earliest short stories to feature Bertie Wooster and his valet, Jeeves, who would eventually become iconic figures in the canon of comedic English literature. This story utilizes humor and dramatic irony to explore themes of agency, authority, and the nature of interpersonal relationships.”
The form and content of the thesis may depend on the assignment. For example, if you are supposed to answer a specific question about the story, make sure your thesis addresses that question.
4-2. Describe your overall impressions of the story.
Once you’ve analyzed the component parts of the story, you may have a stronger impression of what it is about and how you feel about it. Briefly reflect on the story, and consider what aspects of it left the greatest impression on you. For example:
Which turns of phrase or word choices stood out to you the most?
Which character(s) did you like the best or least, and why?
Which moment in the plot made the greatest impression on you? Were you surprised by anything that happened?
How do you feel about the story? Do you like it or dislike it? Did you feel like you learned something from it, or did it evoke any particularly strong feelings in you?
4-3. Discuss whether you feel the story is successful.
Think about the story critically. There are a lot of different criteria that you might use to decide whether the story is good or effective. For example, you might ask yourself:
Did this story evoke the kinds of emotions that the author intended? Why or why not?
Is the style distinctive and interesting?
Did the story feel original?
Were the characters and plot sufficiently developed? Did the characters’ actions make sense?
4-4. Support your arguments with evidence.
If you make an argument about the story, it’s important to back it up with specific examples. You could draw evidence from within the story itself (e.g., you could quote or paraphrase a passage that supports your point) or from the external context of the story (such as information about the author or parallels from contemporary literature).
If you wished to argue that Wodehouse drew intentional parallels between Jeeves and Florence in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” you could support this by quoting passages that highlight these parallels.
For example, "Bertie says of Jeeves early on that '. . . unless I was jolly careful and nipped this lad in the bud, he would be starting to boss me. He had the aspect of a distinctly resolute blighter.' Later, he agrees with Jeeves’s assessment that Florence 'is of a highly determined and arbitrary temperament, quite opposed to your own.'”
4-5. Summarize your interpretation of what the author was trying to say.
A basic summary of your interpretation of the story is a good way to round out your analysis. Consider what the story was about beyond the basic plot. Think about how the author used setting, plot, language, tone, symbolism, allusions, and other literary devices to convey the major themes or ideas of the story. How did these elements combine to create the meaning in the story?
For example, you might say, “‘Jeeves Takes Charge’ is a story about a young man struggling to maintain his agency and autonomy as he becomes caught up in parallel conflicts with 2 other major players in his life: his fiancée and his valet. In the end, Bertie decides that Florence is too controlling and manipulative. Ironically, he ultimately embraces those same qualities in Jeeves.”
Tips
For more theories and ways to analyze short stories, take a look at Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Philosophy of Composition”, which is available for free online.[25]
X
Research source
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"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Putting the Story in Context\\n1-1. Gather basic information about the story.\\nSummarizing the story will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that you have a basic understanding of the story. Start your analysis by writing down:\\nThe title of the story.\\nThe author’s name.\\nThe date of publication.\\nWhere the story was originally published (e.g., in an anthology or a literary magazine).\\nFor example, “I am analyzing ‘Jeeves Takes Charge’ by P. G. Wodehouse, originally published in the November 18, 1916 edition of The Saturday Evening Post.”\\n1-2. Identify the major characters.\\nMost short stories are character-driven. Take a few moments to determine who the major characters are in your story, and write them down. For example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the major characters are:\\nA young English aristocrat, Bertie Wooster.\\nBertie’s valet (personal attendant), Jeeves.\\nBertie’s fiancée, Florence Craye.\\nBertie’s uncle Willoughby.\\nFlorence’s teenaged brother Edwin.\\n1-3. Give a brief outline of the plot.\\nOnce you’ve written down the basic details, write a paragraph or a couple sentences summarizing what the story is about. It doesn’t need to cover all the plot points—just try to boil it down to the absolute basics.\\nFor example, “‘Jeeves Takes Charge’ is about an airheaded young aristocrat (Bertie Wooster) who tries to sabotage the publication of his uncle’s scandalous memoirs in order to please his fiancée. Meanwhile, Bertie’s valet, Jeeves, is scheming to break up Bertie’s engagement.”\\n1-4. Research the author’s personal and literary background.\\nUnderstanding the context of a short story can give you a lot of insight into why the story was written the way it was. Learning about who the author was and what conventions they were familiar with is a major part of putting any story in context. Knowing something about the author’s experiences and viewpoints, as well as any literary or philosophical school they were a part of, can shed light on why they chose to use certain themes, plot points, and character types.\\nFor example, P. G. Wodehouse was a Classically educated author who grew up in late Victorian and Edwardian England. During the 1910s, he lived and worked in New York as an author, lyricist, and playwright. His stories combine references to classic Western literature with references to contemporary British and American pop culture.\\n1-5. Learn about the time and place when/where the story was written.\\nIn addition to learning about the author’s background, knowing the general historical and geographical context of the story can help you understand it better. Even if the story is set in a different time and place from when/where it was written, the story’s context will inevitably influence the themes, language, tone, and viewpoints presented in the story.\\nTake note of any major social and political issues of the time period, and any popular artistic movements. Major cultural and political shifts are often reflected in short stories, whether purposefully or in a more subtle context.\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” is set in an English country estate in the 1910s, but it was published in America during the early years of WWI (before America’s involvement in the war). It plays on humorous American stereotypes of the English aristocracy while avoiding references to contemporary historical events.\\n1-6. Determine the intended audience.\\nA story’s intended audience will affect the choices the author makes in presenting the story. For example, a story written for children will probably have a different tone, themes, and vocabulary level from a story aimed at adults. As you analyze the story, consider for whom the author was writing.\\nIf you’re not sure about the intended audience, the publication venue can give you some clues.\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” was published in The Saturday Evening Post, a weekly entertainment magazine for American adults. The story was designed to appeal to an adult, middle class American audience.\\n1-7. Identify the physical setting.\\nThe setting of a story provides atmosphere and helps the action feel more grounded and real. It can also play a significant role in how the plot of the story plays out. Try to identify where, specifically, the story is set, and think about how the author creates the setting. Ask yourself what the setting might mean for the story’s characters and readers, whether it motivates the characters in any way, or what symbolic meaning it might carry.\\nFor example, most of “Jeeves Takes Charge” is set at Easeby Hall, a fictional country estate in Shropshire, England. Wodehouse does not describe the setting in great detail, but creates an impression by offering minor details in passing (e.g., Bertie hides behind a suit of armor in his uncle’s library while waiting to steal the manuscript).\\n1-8. Look at the historical setting.\\nThe time when a story is set can also be very significant. While the author may not specify exactly when the story is taking place, you can usually get a good idea by looking at clues like the language that the characters use, references to historical events or popular culture, and even descriptions of costume and technology.\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” is set in the summer, “about half a dozen years ago.” If we assume this means 6 years before the story was published, then it is set in 1910.\\nThere are also other clues to the general time setting, like references to telegraphs and Bertie’s use of period-specific slang (like “rummy” meaning “strange,” or “a frost” meaning “a failure”).\\nSome stories may have historical settings that are changed or interrupted in the narrative structure. In these instances, look at what effect the fractured or non-linear setting might create.\\n1-9. Assess how the setting affects the story.\\nOne way to approach this is to think about how the story might be different if it were in a different setting. Would the tone of the story feel the same? Would the events and themes of the story fit in another setting? How are the characters and their beliefs and actions influenced by their historical, cultural, and geographical context?\\nFor example, if “Jeeves Takes Charge” took place in 2018, how likely would it be that a young man like Bertie would employ a personal attendant like Jeeves? How would Bertie steal his uncle’s manuscript in an age when most documents are written and sent electronically?\\n2. Evaluating Plot and Characterization\\n2-1. List the most important event(s) in the plot.\\nThe plot is the sequence of related events that make up a story. Because of their limited length, most short story plots focus on a relatively small number of important events. In order to understand the short story’s plot, start by making a list of the major events covered by the plot. For example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the major plot points are:\\nBertie’s fiancée, Florence, asks Bertie to steal and destroy the manuscript of his uncle’s memoirs because she is worried it will cause a scandal.\\nBertie steals the manuscript, but Florence's brother catches him in the act and tells the uncle.\\nJeeves takes the manuscript before Bertie's uncle can find it. Bertie thinks Jeeves is keeping the manuscript safe, but he has actually sent it on to the publisher.\\nFlorence breaks off the engagement when she finds out the memoirs have been published. Bertie is angry at first, but Jeeves convinces him that he would have been unhappy married to Florence.\\n2-2. Identify the main conflict.\\nMost plots revolve around a major conflict. Conflict in a story is a dramatic struggle between 2 opposing forces. This could take the form of a dispute between 2 characters (external conflict), or a struggle between opposing desires within a single character (internal conflict). A short story may have multiple conflicts, but there is usually 1 primary conflict that defines the story.\\nIn “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the major conflict is between Bertie and Jeeves. The 2 characters engage in a power struggle that starts out small (e.g., disagreements over what Bertie should wear) and comes to a head when Jeeves breaks up Bertie’s engagement to Florence.\\n2-3. Look for exposition.\\nMany plots incorporate exposition, or background information that helps set the scene and allows the reader to more easily understand what is happening. While exposition may be scattered throughout the story, the bulk of it is likely to appear at the beginning, before the “rising action” that begins the main part of the story.\\nFor example, at the beginning of “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Bertie’s narration starts with a brief explanation of his relationship with Jeeves. This sets the stage for the rest of the story.\\n2-4. Divide the plot into its main parts.\\nTraditional plots can be divided into a clear beginning, middle, and end, also known as “rising action,” “climax,” and “falling action.” Keep in mind, though, that these 3 parts may not be balanced, especially in a short story, where the text might be mostly rising action. Short stories often end on their climaxes, giving readers a sudden insight. A more traditional structure, as seen in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” might be divided up as follows:\\nRising action: Bertie visits his uncle, hires Jeeves, and steals his uncle’s manuscript.\\nClimax: Jeeves intercepts the manuscript and secretly sends it to the publisher, causing Florence to break the engagement.\\nFalling action: Bertie is ready to fire Jeeves, but Jeeves convinces him that Florence was not a good match for him.\\n2-5. Pinpoint the resolution.\\nWhile not all plots have a clear resolution, this is a common element of many short stories. The resolution may be a brief explanation of what happened after the main events of the story, or it may tie up any loose ends left over after the “falling action.” A resolution may also tie back into the beginning of the story in some way.\\nFor example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the conflict is resolved when Bertie decides that he trusts Jeeves’s judgment—not just in the matter the engagement, but in all of his personal affairs. This ties in with the opening paragraph, where Bertie explains that he has come to rely on Jeeves’s wisdom.\\n2-6. Analyze the structure of the plot.\\nOnce you’ve identified the major plot points, consider how the plot is structured. Is it presented in chronological order, or does it jump around in time? Does the story begin before the main action starts, or does it open in the middle of the action (in media res)? Is it left open-ended, or is there a tidy resolution to the story? Then, think about why the author structured their plot that way, and what effect or meaning could be derived from the structure.\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” has a straightforward, linear plot that moves from 1 event to the next in chronological order.\\n2-7. Evaluate the point of view of the story.\\nPoint of view is an important aspect of a story, since it provides the lens through which you interpret the events, characters, and themes of the story. While examining point of view, always ask yourself why the author made certain choices, and how they’re significant. You could even imagine what the story would be like with a different point of view, and what effect that would have on your reading experience. When reading the story, consider:\\nFrom whose point of view is the story told? Is it one of the characters in the story, or an unnamed observer?\\nIs the story narrated in the first person (the narrator refers to themselves as “I” and “me”) or third person?\\nDoes the narrator present a clear, straightforward account of the events of the story, or do they misunderstand what’s happening or deliberately mislead the reader (an unreliable narrator)?\\nIs the narrator’s perspective limited, or do they understand everything that is happening in the story?\\n2-8. Identify the major characters’ defining traits.\\nThe characters are the lifeblood of most short stories. The plot develops from their actions. As you read the story, think about what defines each of the characters for you, and why you think the author gave them these traits. Character traits could include things like:\\nPhysical appearance (e.g., height, hair color, attractiveness, style of dress).\\nPersonality traits (such as kindness, creativity, cowardice, sense of humor).\\nSpeaking style (slangy, formal, terse, poetic).\\nOther traits, such as age, profession, or social status.\\n2-9. Determine what role each character plays in the story.\\nEach character should play some part in moving the story along. You might define their role in terms of how they relate to other characters, or how their actions set the events of the plot in motion. For example:\\nBertie Wooster is the protagonist and narrator of “Jeeves Takes Charge.” He is a comedic figure rather than a classic literary hero, and he consistently fails to accomplish his goals throughout the story. He is a stereotype designed to appeal to American audiences of the time.\\n2-10. Assess the motivations of each character.\\nFor the characters’ actions in a story to make sense, they must have clearly defined motivations. Motivations determine the way a character thinks, acts, and speaks. Sometimes, these motivations are explicitly spelled out. In other cases, they may be hidden between the lines. Think about why each character behaves as they do, and what they are trying to accomplish.\\nFor example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Jeeves tells Bertie that he sabotaged the engagement because he thinks Bertie would be unhappy married to Florence. He also hints indirectly at a more self-serving motivation—he worked for Florence’s family in the past, and doesn’t want to have to work for her again.\\n2-11. Examine how the characters change during the story, if at all.\\nIn some short stories, the characters experience some type of development as the plot progresses, such as discovering something new about themselves or undergoing a change in their beliefs or attitudes. However, many other short stories show their characters remaining the same, with the author simply providing a picture of the character rather than showing their full development, which is more common in novels.\\nFor example, at the beginning of “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Bertie views Jeeves as a competent servant, but resists Jeeves’s efforts to advise and guide him. After realizing on reflection that he agrees with Jeeves about Florence, Bertie decides that he is better off with Jeeves “doing the thinking for me.”\\nWhen looking at character development, consider not only the nature of the change, but how and why the change occurs. If you don’t think the characters have changed or developed, think about why that might be as well.\\n3. Exploring Themes, Tone, and Style\\n3-1. Determine what the major themes are in the story.\\nThemes are the major ideas that the author attempts to convey or reflect on in the story through the events of the plot or the actions of the characters. Themes might include things like moral or ethical issues or ideas relating to society or human nature. Themes in a short story may be obvious or subtle, and a story may deal with multiple themes.\\nFor example, a major theme in “Jeeves Takes Charge” is the nature of power and authority in a master-servant relationship. Bertie is Jeeves’s employer, but Jeeves has the upper hand in the relationship because of his intelligence and relatively forceful personality.\\n3-2. Examine the story for references and allusions.\\nReferences and allusions help create powerful associations by linking events, characters, or objects in the story to other works or ideas that are familiar to the reader. References may be explicit (e.g., “As Shakespeare said . . .”) or more indirect (e.g., the story might make an allusion to Dickens’s A Christmas Carol by having a character say “Bah, humbug!”).\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” contains a reference to Thomas Hood’s ballad, The Dream of Eugene Aram (1831), in the form of a misremembered quote by Bertie. The ballad deals with the theme of murder, to which Bertie compares his crime of stealing and destroying his uncle’s manuscript.\\n3-3. Identify symbolism and imagery.\\nMany authors use symbolism and imagery to convey ideas. Symbolism involves using a physical object or even a person to represent an abstract idea (e.g., a white rose symbolizing purity or innocence). Imagery refers to using words to create a mental picture, which may be literal or metaphorical.\\nFor example, at the end of “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Bertie tells Jeeves that he can get rid of a checked suit that Jeeves dislikes. Jeeves remarks that he has already gotten rid of it. The suit is symbolic of Bertie’s agency—when he gives up the suit, he also hands over control of his life to Jeeves (who was really already in charge).\\n3-4. Check for other literary devices.\\nA story may also use a variety of other literary devices to convey its major themes and ideas. Consider whether the story you are analyzing uses devices such as:\\nForeshadowing, in which clues are given early in the story that suggest later plot developments.\\nIrony, in which there is a discrepancy between what a character says and what they actually mean, or between what they intend to achieve and what they actually accomplish.\\nAllegory, in which the events, characters, or setting of the story are meant to reflect some more general truth or idea.\\n3-5. Assess the tone of the story.\\nTone refers to the attitude that the author expresses toward the story and its characters. Tone is expressed through a variety of means, including word choices, imagery, point-of-view, and content. As you read, think about the tone that the author is trying to convey.\\nThe tone of “Jeeves Takes Charge” is light and humorous. Wodehouse (the author) views the events of the story as trivial and silly. He highlights the humor of the characters and situations by using heightened, dramatic language and imagery.\\nFor example, while trying to decide how to dispose of his uncle’s manuscript, Bertie compares himself to a murderer trying to hide a body.\\n3-6. Define the mood of the story.\\nMood refers to the feelings that the story invokes in you, the reader. The mood of the story is largely determined by the tone of the piece, but it can also be created by the setting, themes, and language of the story. Think about how the story made you feel as you read it. Did you laugh? Did you feel sad, upset, or disgusted at any point?\\n3-7. Look at the style of the story.\\nStyle refers largely to the way the author uses language. For example, a story might be written in a style that is slangy and informal or flowery and poetic. It might be wordy or concise. Style can affect the tone and mood of the story, and can play a part in how you perceive the characters and plot.\\nIn “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Wodehouse combines formal, poetic Edwardian language with contemporary slang to create a unique, humorous style.\\nFor example: “The sun was sinking over the hills and the gnats were fooling about all over the place, and everything smelled rather topping—what with the falling dew, and so on . . .”\\n4. Writing Up Your Analysis\\n4-1. Start with a thesis statement.\\nThis is a brief summary of the main argument you will be making about the story. Write a sentence or 2 clearly explaining what your essay will be about. Place this statement at the end of a brief introductory paragraph, which might include basic information about the story and/or a summary of the nature of the assignment.\\nFor example, “‘Jeeves Takes Charge,’ by P. G. Wodehouse, is one of the earliest short stories to feature Bertie Wooster and his valet, Jeeves, who would eventually become iconic figures in the canon of comedic English literature. This story utilizes humor and dramatic irony to explore themes of agency, authority, and the nature of interpersonal relationships.”\\nThe form and content of the thesis may depend on the assignment. For example, if you are supposed to answer a specific question about the story, make sure your thesis addresses that question.\\n4-2. Describe your overall impressions of the story.\\nOnce you’ve analyzed the component parts of the story, you may have a stronger impression of what it is about and how you feel about it. Briefly reflect on the story, and consider what aspects of it left the greatest impression on you. For example:\\nWhich turns of phrase or word choices stood out to you the most?\\nWhich character(s) did you like the best or least, and why?\\nWhich moment in the plot made the greatest impression on you? Were you surprised by anything that happened?\\nHow do you feel about the story? Do you like it or dislike it? Did you feel like you learned something from it, or did it evoke any particularly strong feelings in you?\\n4-3. Discuss whether you feel the story is successful.\\nThink about the story critically. There are a lot of different criteria that you might use to decide whether the story is good or effective. For example, you might ask yourself:\\nDid this story evoke the kinds of emotions that the author intended? Why or why not?\\nIs the style distinctive and interesting?\\nDid the story feel original?\\nWere the characters and plot sufficiently developed? Did the characters’ actions make sense?\\n4-4. Support your arguments with evidence.\\nIf you make an argument about the story, it’s important to back it up with specific examples. You could draw evidence from within the story itself (e.g., you could quote or paraphrase a passage that supports your point) or from the external context of the story (such as information about the author or parallels from contemporary literature).\\nIf you wished to argue that Wodehouse drew intentional parallels between Jeeves and Florence in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” you could support this by quoting passages that highlight these parallels.\\nFor example, \\\"Bertie says of Jeeves early on that '. . . unless I was jolly careful and nipped this lad in the bud, he would be starting to boss me. He had the aspect of a distinctly resolute blighter.' Later, he agrees with Jeeves’s assessment that Florence 'is of a highly determined and arbitrary temperament, quite opposed to your own.'”\\n4-5. Summarize your interpretation of what the author was trying to say.\\nA basic summary of your interpretation of the story is a good way to round out your analysis. Consider what the story was about beyond the basic plot. Think about how the author used setting, plot, language, tone, symbolism, allusions, and other literary devices to convey the major themes or ideas of the story. How did these elements combine to create the meaning in the story?\\nFor example, you might say, “‘Jeeves Takes Charge’ is a story about a young man struggling to maintain his agency and autonomy as he becomes caught up in parallel conflicts with 2 other major players in his life: his fiancée and his valet. In the end, Bertie decides that Florence is too controlling and manipulative. Ironically, he ultimately embraces those same qualities in Jeeves.”\\nTips\\nFor more theories and ways to analyze short stories, take a look at Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Philosophy of Composition”, which is available for free online.[25]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Despite the fact that they’re relatively short and simple, there’s still a lot to discover with an in-depth analysis of a short story. Start by trying to summarize what the story is about, then look more closely at aspects of the story such as context, setting, plot, characterization, themes, and style. Tie it all together with a thoughtful critique and summary of what you think the author was trying to accomplish.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Putting the Story in Context\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Gather basic information about the story.\", \"描述\": \"Summarizing the story will help you organize your thoughts and ensure that you have a basic understanding of the story. Start your analysis by writing down:\\nThe title of the story.\\nThe author’s name.\\nThe date of publication.\\nWhere the story was originally published (e.g., in an anthology or a literary magazine).\\nFor example, “I am analyzing ‘Jeeves Takes Charge’ by P. G. Wodehouse, originally published in the November 18, 1916 edition of The Saturday Evening Post.”\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identify the major characters.\", \"描述\": \"Most short stories are character-driven. Take a few moments to determine who the major characters are in your story, and write them down. For example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the major characters are:\\nA young English aristocrat, Bertie Wooster.\\nBertie’s valet (personal attendant), Jeeves.\\nBertie’s fiancée, Florence Craye.\\nBertie’s uncle Willoughby.\\nFlorence’s teenaged brother Edwin.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Give a brief outline of the plot.\", \"描述\": \"Once you’ve written down the basic details, write a paragraph or a couple sentences summarizing what the story is about. It doesn’t need to cover all the plot points—just try to boil it down to the absolute basics.\\nFor example, “‘Jeeves Takes Charge’ is about an airheaded young aristocrat (Bertie Wooster) who tries to sabotage the publication of his uncle’s scandalous memoirs in order to please his fiancée. Meanwhile, Bertie’s valet, Jeeves, is scheming to break up Bertie’s engagement.”\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Research the author’s personal and literary background.\", \"描述\": \"Understanding the context of a short story can give you a lot of insight into why the story was written the way it was. Learning about who the author was and what conventions they were familiar with is a major part of putting any story in context. Knowing something about the author’s experiences and viewpoints, as well as any literary or philosophical school they were a part of, can shed light on why they chose to use certain themes, plot points, and character types.\\nFor example, P. G. Wodehouse was a Classically educated author who grew up in late Victorian and Edwardian England. During the 1910s, he lived and worked in New York as an author, lyricist, and playwright. His stories combine references to classic Western literature with references to contemporary British and American pop culture.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Learn about the time and place when/where the story was written.\", \"描述\": \"In addition to learning about the author’s background, knowing the general historical and geographical context of the story can help you understand it better. Even if the story is set in a different time and place from when/where it was written, the story’s context will inevitably influence the themes, language, tone, and viewpoints presented in the story.\\nTake note of any major social and political issues of the time period, and any popular artistic movements. Major cultural and political shifts are often reflected in short stories, whether purposefully or in a more subtle context.\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” is set in an English country estate in the 1910s, but it was published in America during the early years of WWI (before America’s involvement in the war). It plays on humorous American stereotypes of the English aristocracy while avoiding references to contemporary historical events.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Determine the intended audience.\", \"描述\": \"A story’s intended audience will affect the choices the author makes in presenting the story. For example, a story written for children will probably have a different tone, themes, and vocabulary level from a story aimed at adults. As you analyze the story, consider for whom the author was writing.\\nIf you’re not sure about the intended audience, the publication venue can give you some clues.\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” was published in The Saturday Evening Post, a weekly entertainment magazine for American adults. The story was designed to appeal to an adult, middle class American audience.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Identify the physical setting.\", \"描述\": \"The setting of a story provides atmosphere and helps the action feel more grounded and real. It can also play a significant role in how the plot of the story plays out. Try to identify where, specifically, the story is set, and think about how the author creates the setting. Ask yourself what the setting might mean for the story’s characters and readers, whether it motivates the characters in any way, or what symbolic meaning it might carry.\\nFor example, most of “Jeeves Takes Charge” is set at Easeby Hall, a fictional country estate in Shropshire, England. Wodehouse does not describe the setting in great detail, but creates an impression by offering minor details in passing (e.g., Bertie hides behind a suit of armor in his uncle’s library while waiting to steal the manuscript).\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Look at the historical setting.\", \"描述\": \"The time when a story is set can also be very significant. While the author may not specify exactly when the story is taking place, you can usually get a good idea by looking at clues like the language that the characters use, references to historical events or popular culture, and even descriptions of costume and technology.\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” is set in the summer, “about half a dozen years ago.” If we assume this means 6 years before the story was published, then it is set in 1910.\\nThere are also other clues to the general time setting, like references to telegraphs and Bertie’s use of period-specific slang (like “rummy” meaning “strange,” or “a frost” meaning “a failure”).\\nSome stories may have historical settings that are changed or interrupted in the narrative structure. In these instances, look at what effect the fractured or non-linear setting might create.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Assess how the setting affects the story.\", \"描述\": \"One way to approach this is to think about how the story might be different if it were in a different setting. Would the tone of the story feel the same? Would the events and themes of the story fit in another setting? How are the characters and their beliefs and actions influenced by their historical, cultural, and geographical context?\\nFor example, if “Jeeves Takes Charge” took place in 2018, how likely would it be that a young man like Bertie would employ a personal attendant like Jeeves? How would Bertie steal his uncle’s manuscript in an age when most documents are written and sent electronically?\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Evaluating Plot and Characterization\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"List the most important event(s) in the plot.\", \"描述\": \"The plot is the sequence of related events that make up a story. Because of their limited length, most short story plots focus on a relatively small number of important events. In order to understand the short story’s plot, start by making a list of the major events covered by the plot. For example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the major plot points are:\\nBertie’s fiancée, Florence, asks Bertie to steal and destroy the manuscript of his uncle’s memoirs because she is worried it will cause a scandal.\\nBertie steals the manuscript, but Florence's brother catches him in the act and tells the uncle.\\nJeeves takes the manuscript before Bertie's uncle can find it. Bertie thinks Jeeves is keeping the manuscript safe, but he has actually sent it on to the publisher.\\nFlorence breaks off the engagement when she finds out the memoirs have been published. Bertie is angry at first, but Jeeves convinces him that he would have been unhappy married to Florence.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Identify the main conflict.\", \"描述\": \"Most plots revolve around a major conflict. Conflict in a story is a dramatic struggle between 2 opposing forces. This could take the form of a dispute between 2 characters (external conflict), or a struggle between opposing desires within a single character (internal conflict). A short story may have multiple conflicts, but there is usually 1 primary conflict that defines the story.\\nIn “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the major conflict is between Bertie and Jeeves. The 2 characters engage in a power struggle that starts out small (e.g., disagreements over what Bertie should wear) and comes to a head when Jeeves breaks up Bertie’s engagement to Florence.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Look for exposition.\", \"描述\": \"Many plots incorporate exposition, or background information that helps set the scene and allows the reader to more easily understand what is happening. While exposition may be scattered throughout the story, the bulk of it is likely to appear at the beginning, before the “rising action” that begins the main part of the story.\\nFor example, at the beginning of “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Bertie’s narration starts with a brief explanation of his relationship with Jeeves. This sets the stage for the rest of the story.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Divide the plot into its main parts.\", \"描述\": \"Traditional plots can be divided into a clear beginning, middle, and end, also known as “rising action,” “climax,” and “falling action.” Keep in mind, though, that these 3 parts may not be balanced, especially in a short story, where the text might be mostly rising action. Short stories often end on their climaxes, giving readers a sudden insight. A more traditional structure, as seen in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” might be divided up as follows:\\nRising action: Bertie visits his uncle, hires Jeeves, and steals his uncle’s manuscript.\\nClimax: Jeeves intercepts the manuscript and secretly sends it to the publisher, causing Florence to break the engagement.\\nFalling action: Bertie is ready to fire Jeeves, but Jeeves convinces him that Florence was not a good match for him.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Pinpoint the resolution.\", \"描述\": \"While not all plots have a clear resolution, this is a common element of many short stories. The resolution may be a brief explanation of what happened after the main events of the story, or it may tie up any loose ends left over after the “falling action.” A resolution may also tie back into the beginning of the story in some way.\\nFor example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” the conflict is resolved when Bertie decides that he trusts Jeeves’s judgment—not just in the matter the engagement, but in all of his personal affairs. This ties in with the opening paragraph, where Bertie explains that he has come to rely on Jeeves’s wisdom.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Analyze the structure of the plot.\", \"描述\": \"Once you’ve identified the major plot points, consider how the plot is structured. Is it presented in chronological order, or does it jump around in time? Does the story begin before the main action starts, or does it open in the middle of the action (in media res)? Is it left open-ended, or is there a tidy resolution to the story? Then, think about why the author structured their plot that way, and what effect or meaning could be derived from the structure.\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” has a straightforward, linear plot that moves from 1 event to the next in chronological order.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Evaluate the point of view of the story.\", \"描述\": \"Point of view is an important aspect of a story, since it provides the lens through which you interpret the events, characters, and themes of the story. While examining point of view, always ask yourself why the author made certain choices, and how they’re significant. You could even imagine what the story would be like with a different point of view, and what effect that would have on your reading experience. When reading the story, consider:\\nFrom whose point of view is the story told? Is it one of the characters in the story, or an unnamed observer?\\nIs the story narrated in the first person (the narrator refers to themselves as “I” and “me”) or third person?\\nDoes the narrator present a clear, straightforward account of the events of the story, or do they misunderstand what’s happening or deliberately mislead the reader (an unreliable narrator)?\\nIs the narrator’s perspective limited, or do they understand everything that is happening in the story?\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Identify the major characters’ defining traits.\", \"描述\": \"The characters are the lifeblood of most short stories. The plot develops from their actions. As you read the story, think about what defines each of the characters for you, and why you think the author gave them these traits. Character traits could include things like:\\nPhysical appearance (e.g., height, hair color, attractiveness, style of dress).\\nPersonality traits (such as kindness, creativity, cowardice, sense of humor).\\nSpeaking style (slangy, formal, terse, poetic).\\nOther traits, such as age, profession, or social status.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Determine what role each character plays in the story.\", \"描述\": \"Each character should play some part in moving the story along. You might define their role in terms of how they relate to other characters, or how their actions set the events of the plot in motion. For example:\\nBertie Wooster is the protagonist and narrator of “Jeeves Takes Charge.” He is a comedic figure rather than a classic literary hero, and he consistently fails to accomplish his goals throughout the story. He is a stereotype designed to appeal to American audiences of the time.\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Assess the motivations of each character.\", \"描述\": \"For the characters’ actions in a story to make sense, they must have clearly defined motivations. Motivations determine the way a character thinks, acts, and speaks. Sometimes, these motivations are explicitly spelled out. In other cases, they may be hidden between the lines. Think about why each character behaves as they do, and what they are trying to accomplish.\\nFor example, in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Jeeves tells Bertie that he sabotaged the engagement because he thinks Bertie would be unhappy married to Florence. He also hints indirectly at a more self-serving motivation—he worked for Florence’s family in the past, and doesn’t want to have to work for her again.\"}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Examine how the characters change during the story, if at all.\", \"描述\": \"In some short stories, the characters experience some type of development as the plot progresses, such as discovering something new about themselves or undergoing a change in their beliefs or attitudes. However, many other short stories show their characters remaining the same, with the author simply providing a picture of the character rather than showing their full development, which is more common in novels.\\nFor example, at the beginning of “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Bertie views Jeeves as a competent servant, but resists Jeeves’s efforts to advise and guide him. After realizing on reflection that he agrees with Jeeves about Florence, Bertie decides that he is better off with Jeeves “doing the thinking for me.”\\nWhen looking at character development, consider not only the nature of the change, but how and why the change occurs. If you don’t think the characters have changed or developed, think about why that might be as well.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Exploring Themes, Tone, and Style\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine what the major themes are in the story.\", \"描述\": \"Themes are the major ideas that the author attempts to convey or reflect on in the story through the events of the plot or the actions of the characters. Themes might include things like moral or ethical issues or ideas relating to society or human nature. Themes in a short story may be obvious or subtle, and a story may deal with multiple themes.\\nFor example, a major theme in “Jeeves Takes Charge” is the nature of power and authority in a master-servant relationship. Bertie is Jeeves’s employer, but Jeeves has the upper hand in the relationship because of his intelligence and relatively forceful personality.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Examine the story for references and allusions.\", \"描述\": \"References and allusions help create powerful associations by linking events, characters, or objects in the story to other works or ideas that are familiar to the reader. References may be explicit (e.g., “As Shakespeare said . . .”) or more indirect (e.g., the story might make an allusion to Dickens’s A Christmas Carol by having a character say “Bah, humbug!”).\\nFor example, “Jeeves Takes Charge” contains a reference to Thomas Hood’s ballad, The Dream of Eugene Aram (1831), in the form of a misremembered quote by Bertie. The ballad deals with the theme of murder, to which Bertie compares his crime of stealing and destroying his uncle’s manuscript.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Identify symbolism and imagery.\", \"描述\": \"Many authors use symbolism and imagery to convey ideas. Symbolism involves using a physical object or even a person to represent an abstract idea (e.g., a white rose symbolizing purity or innocence). Imagery refers to using words to create a mental picture, which may be literal or metaphorical.\\nFor example, at the end of “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Bertie tells Jeeves that he can get rid of a checked suit that Jeeves dislikes. Jeeves remarks that he has already gotten rid of it. The suit is symbolic of Bertie’s agency—when he gives up the suit, he also hands over control of his life to Jeeves (who was really already in charge).\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Check for other literary devices.\", \"描述\": \"A story may also use a variety of other literary devices to convey its major themes and ideas. Consider whether the story you are analyzing uses devices such as:\\nForeshadowing, in which clues are given early in the story that suggest later plot developments.\\nIrony, in which there is a discrepancy between what a character says and what they actually mean, or between what they intend to achieve and what they actually accomplish.\\nAllegory, in which the events, characters, or setting of the story are meant to reflect some more general truth or idea.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Assess the tone of the story.\", \"描述\": \"Tone refers to the attitude that the author expresses toward the story and its characters. Tone is expressed through a variety of means, including word choices, imagery, point-of-view, and content. As you read, think about the tone that the author is trying to convey.\\nThe tone of “Jeeves Takes Charge” is light and humorous. Wodehouse (the author) views the events of the story as trivial and silly. He highlights the humor of the characters and situations by using heightened, dramatic language and imagery.\\nFor example, while trying to decide how to dispose of his uncle’s manuscript, Bertie compares himself to a murderer trying to hide a body.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Define the mood of the story.\", \"描述\": \"Mood refers to the feelings that the story invokes in you, the reader. The mood of the story is largely determined by the tone of the piece, but it can also be created by the setting, themes, and language of the story. Think about how the story made you feel as you read it. Did you laugh? Did you feel sad, upset, or disgusted at any point?\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Look at the style of the story.\", \"描述\": \"Style refers largely to the way the author uses language. For example, a story might be written in a style that is slangy and informal or flowery and poetic. It might be wordy or concise. Style can affect the tone and mood of the story, and can play a part in how you perceive the characters and plot.\\nIn “Jeeves Takes Charge,” Wodehouse combines formal, poetic Edwardian language with contemporary slang to create a unique, humorous style.\\nFor example: “The sun was sinking over the hills and the gnats were fooling about all over the place, and everything smelled rather topping—what with the falling dew, and so on . . .”\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Writing Up Your Analysis\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Start with a thesis statement.\", \"描述\": \"This is a brief summary of the main argument you will be making about the story. Write a sentence or 2 clearly explaining what your essay will be about. Place this statement at the end of a brief introductory paragraph, which might include basic information about the story and/or a summary of the nature of the assignment.\\nFor example, “‘Jeeves Takes Charge,’ by P. G. Wodehouse, is one of the earliest short stories to feature Bertie Wooster and his valet, Jeeves, who would eventually become iconic figures in the canon of comedic English literature. This story utilizes humor and dramatic irony to explore themes of agency, authority, and the nature of interpersonal relationships.”\\nThe form and content of the thesis may depend on the assignment. For example, if you are supposed to answer a specific question about the story, make sure your thesis addresses that question.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Describe your overall impressions of the story.\", \"描述\": \"Once you’ve analyzed the component parts of the story, you may have a stronger impression of what it is about and how you feel about it. Briefly reflect on the story, and consider what aspects of it left the greatest impression on you. For example:\\nWhich turns of phrase or word choices stood out to you the most?\\nWhich character(s) did you like the best or least, and why?\\nWhich moment in the plot made the greatest impression on you? Were you surprised by anything that happened?\\nHow do you feel about the story? Do you like it or dislike it? Did you feel like you learned something from it, or did it evoke any particularly strong feelings in you?\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Discuss whether you feel the story is successful.\", \"描述\": \"Think about the story critically. There are a lot of different criteria that you might use to decide whether the story is good or effective. For example, you might ask yourself:\\nDid this story evoke the kinds of emotions that the author intended? Why or why not?\\nIs the style distinctive and interesting?\\nDid the story feel original?\\nWere the characters and plot sufficiently developed? Did the characters’ actions make sense?\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Support your arguments with evidence.\", \"描述\": \"If you make an argument about the story, it’s important to back it up with specific examples. You could draw evidence from within the story itself (e.g., you could quote or paraphrase a passage that supports your point) or from the external context of the story (such as information about the author or parallels from contemporary literature).\\nIf you wished to argue that Wodehouse drew intentional parallels between Jeeves and Florence in “Jeeves Takes Charge,” you could support this by quoting passages that highlight these parallels.\\nFor example, \\\"Bertie says of Jeeves early on that '. . . unless I was jolly careful and nipped this lad in the bud, he would be starting to boss me. He had the aspect of a distinctly resolute blighter.' Later, he agrees with Jeeves’s assessment that Florence 'is of a highly determined and arbitrary temperament, quite opposed to your own.'”\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Summarize your interpretation of what the author was trying to say.\", \"描述\": \"A basic summary of your interpretation of the story is a good way to round out your analysis. Consider what the story was about beyond the basic plot. Think about how the author used setting, plot, language, tone, symbolism, allusions, and other literary devices to convey the major themes or ideas of the story. How did these elements combine to create the meaning in the story?\\nFor example, you might say, “‘Jeeves Takes Charge’ is a story about a young man struggling to maintain his agency and autonomy as he becomes caught up in parallel conflicts with 2 other major players in his life: his fiancée and his valet. In the end, Bertie decides that Florence is too controlling and manipulative. Ironically, he ultimately embraces those same qualities in Jeeves.”\"}], \"小提示\": [\"For more theories and ways to analyze short stories, take a look at Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Philosophy of Composition”, which is available for free online.[25]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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1,681 | How to Analyze an Advertisement | 1. Breaking Down a Television Commercial
1-1. Ascertain who the target audience of the commercial is.
Use the context of the commercial (e.g., what channel it’s played on) to figure out who the advertisers are trying to persuade. This will help you determine what sorts of beliefs or emotions the commercial is meant to appeal to.
For example, if the commercial appears on a TV channel that mainly shows children’s programming, then you can deduce that the advertisers are trying to appeal to children or maybe the parents of young children.
If you see a commercial in a movie theater, you may be able to determine its target audience based on the nature of the movie. For example, commercials that appear before R-rated movies are probably intended for adult audiences.
1-2. Examine how the commercial tries to get your attention.
Advertisers want their commercials to be eye-catching as well as persuasive. Look for ways that commercials try to reel you in, such as flashy visuals or special effects.
How a commercial seeks to grab your attention can also say a lot about its target audience. For example, a commercial that uses explosive special effects may be aimed at teenagers and young adults.
Advertisers don’t just want their commercial to grab your attention; they also want you to remember it. Consider how their attention-grabbing techniques are meant to stick in your mind and influence your view of a product over the long term.
1-3. Determine what sort of mood the advertisement seeks to create.
The ultimate goal of any commercial is to shape the way you feel about a product or service. Examine the mood of the commercial and how that mood works to shape your feelings towards the commercial’s product.
For example, a commercial might prominently feature upbeat music, smiling faces, and sunny weather to create a generally happy feeling that you then direct towards the product the commercial is advertising.
Advertisers will usually try to make commercials that put their product in a positive light. Determining how they go about doing this will also reveal what unspoken beliefs or values the commercial is attempting to appeal to.
1-4. Listen to the soundtrack and ask how it affects your reaction.
Commercials may use music to subtly influence your emotional reaction to the product being advertised or use a jingle to make the commercial more memorable.
For instance, may accompany depictions of a generic product with sad music to make you feel that products other than the one being advertised are not as good.
Ask yourself if your feeling towards the commercial would change if it used a particular genre of music versus another, then think about why different music styles elicit different responses from you.
1-5. Consider how the actors chosen to star in the commercial influence you.
Advertisers make very deliberate choices when it comes to hiring actors to star in commercials. Examine the age, race, and gender of the actor(s) to determine what sort of response the advertisers are hoping to get from their audience.
For example, if a commercial pairs a particular beer brand with women in bikinis, the advertisers may be trying to appeal to teenage and adult men through sex appeal.
Think about why an actor or actors of a certain race or gender were selected, and ask yourself if the perception of the product would change if different actors were used in the commercial. This may indicate certain biases or subconscious motives at work in the ad.
1-6. Analyze the language used in the ad.
Nearly all commercials feature talking, either from actors starring in the commercial or through a voice-over. Examine the specific words that are featured in the commercial to see how they are being used to appeal to the audience’s emotions.
If you’re analyzing one or more commercials for a marketing class, you may find that certain words are used more frequently than others. For example, words like “tasty” and “sensational” are commonly used in ads because they tend to make products seem more desirable.
Pay particular attention to words that aren’t used to directly describe the product, and think about why those words have been included in the commercial. If words aren’t overtly being used to inform the audience, they’re being used to covertly influence viewers.
2. Evaluating Advertisements in Print Media
2-1. Determine who the target audience is for the advertisement.
Use the context of the ad (e.g., what type of magazine it’s in) to figure out who the advertisers are trying to persuade. This will help you determine what sorts of beliefs or emotions the ad is meant to appeal to.
For example, an ad that appears in Cosmopolitan magazine is probably meant to appeal to women, while an ad featured in the newspaper is probably aimed at a wider general audience.
Think about how a person from a particular demographic might respond to an ad targeted at a different demographic, and why they might have a different reaction. This will help you to determine some of the hidden social meanings that the ad is incorporating.
2-2. Examine what action or activity is taking place in the ad.
This may be thought of as the advertisement’s “plot” (e.g., a happy family going on a cruise). Consider what sort of significance the ad’s plot has and how it makes you think about the product differently.
For example, if an ad for a watch features a man wearing it while on a cruise with his family, you may come to associate the watch with the excitement of going on a cruise and the positive feelings of having a family.
Note that the ad’s plot may not seem relevant to the product itself. This is an example of an advertisement intentionally manipulating their audience’s feelings.
2-3. Consider what words are used in the text of the ad.
Like with commercials, the words used in print advertisements are meant to either inform about the product or manipulate the audience’s reaction to it. Ask yourself why the particular words in the advertisement were chosen.
Think as well about how the language in the ad describes the benefits of buying the product. For example, does the ad say the product will make you happier, cooler, or sexier?
The typeface used is also an intentional design choice. Ask yourself how you might react to the ad if the words were printed in a different typeface and why that might be.
2-4. Analyze the images used in the ad.
Images are just as important as text in print media advertisements. Take note of what images are used in the ad to depict the product or to complement its depiction.
For example, ask yourself what sort of images of people or objects are included in the advertisement and how these images influence your reaction to the product. Consider whether your reaction would change if different people or objects were used.
If you’re analyzing the ad from an artistic perspective, you should also note which colors are used and where in the ad those colors are placed. You may find there are certain colors that are matched with particular emotional responses.
The ad may feature images that reflect a certain lifestyle (e.g., a two-story home in a wealthy neighborhood) and use these images to associate the product with particular values and beliefs in your mind.
2-5. Think about the background and what sort of reaction it’s meant to elicit.
Backgrounds are a particularly subtle aspect of how advertisements influence people’s emotions. Pay attention to what sort of background is used in the advertisement and how it might be influencing your reaction to the product.
For example, a background of a sunny beach and palm tree might be trying to elicit feelings of calm and relaxation, while a busy city street might bring to mind feelings of activity or people in motion.
2-6. Take note of how everything in the ad is spatially situated.
Print advertisements are limited to a certain amount of space, so the way that advertisers use that space is significant. Think about where words and images in the ad are situated and what reaction that spatial organization is meant to cause.
For example, an advertisement that seeks to leave its audience excited and energized about its product might feature a large amount of overlapping words and images and leave very little blank space in the ad.
An ad with lots of empty space might want to make people think of feelings like “quiet” or “understated.”
Tips
Advertisements can be analyzed in much the same way that books can (i.e., interpreting symbols, determining the motives of the creator, examining the use of particular themes, etc.).
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"create_time": "20230517 10:45:54",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Breaking Down a Television Commercial\\n1-1. Ascertain who the target audience of the commercial is.\\nUse the context of the commercial (e.g., what channel it’s played on) to figure out who the advertisers are trying to persuade. This will help you determine what sorts of beliefs or emotions the commercial is meant to appeal to.\\nFor example, if the commercial appears on a TV channel that mainly shows children’s programming, then you can deduce that the advertisers are trying to appeal to children or maybe the parents of young children.\\nIf you see a commercial in a movie theater, you may be able to determine its target audience based on the nature of the movie. For example, commercials that appear before R-rated movies are probably intended for adult audiences.\\n1-2. Examine how the commercial tries to get your attention.\\nAdvertisers want their commercials to be eye-catching as well as persuasive. Look for ways that commercials try to reel you in, such as flashy visuals or special effects.\\nHow a commercial seeks to grab your attention can also say a lot about its target audience. For example, a commercial that uses explosive special effects may be aimed at teenagers and young adults.\\nAdvertisers don’t just want their commercial to grab your attention; they also want you to remember it. Consider how their attention-grabbing techniques are meant to stick in your mind and influence your view of a product over the long term.\\n1-3. Determine what sort of mood the advertisement seeks to create.\\nThe ultimate goal of any commercial is to shape the way you feel about a product or service. Examine the mood of the commercial and how that mood works to shape your feelings towards the commercial’s product.\\nFor example, a commercial might prominently feature upbeat music, smiling faces, and sunny weather to create a generally happy feeling that you then direct towards the product the commercial is advertising.\\nAdvertisers will usually try to make commercials that put their product in a positive light. Determining how they go about doing this will also reveal what unspoken beliefs or values the commercial is attempting to appeal to.\\n1-4. Listen to the soundtrack and ask how it affects your reaction.\\nCommercials may use music to subtly influence your emotional reaction to the product being advertised or use a jingle to make the commercial more memorable.\\nFor instance, may accompany depictions of a generic product with sad music to make you feel that products other than the one being advertised are not as good.\\nAsk yourself if your feeling towards the commercial would change if it used a particular genre of music versus another, then think about why different music styles elicit different responses from you.\\n1-5. Consider how the actors chosen to star in the commercial influence you.\\nAdvertisers make very deliberate choices when it comes to hiring actors to star in commercials. Examine the age, race, and gender of the actor(s) to determine what sort of response the advertisers are hoping to get from their audience.\\nFor example, if a commercial pairs a particular beer brand with women in bikinis, the advertisers may be trying to appeal to teenage and adult men through sex appeal.\\nThink about why an actor or actors of a certain race or gender were selected, and ask yourself if the perception of the product would change if different actors were used in the commercial. This may indicate certain biases or subconscious motives at work in the ad.\\n1-6. Analyze the language used in the ad.\\nNearly all commercials feature talking, either from actors starring in the commercial or through a voice-over. Examine the specific words that are featured in the commercial to see how they are being used to appeal to the audience’s emotions.\\nIf you’re analyzing one or more commercials for a marketing class, you may find that certain words are used more frequently than others. For example, words like “tasty” and “sensational” are commonly used in ads because they tend to make products seem more desirable.\\nPay particular attention to words that aren’t used to directly describe the product, and think about why those words have been included in the commercial. If words aren’t overtly being used to inform the audience, they’re being used to covertly influence viewers.\\n2. Evaluating Advertisements in Print Media\\n2-1. Determine who the target audience is for the advertisement.\\nUse the context of the ad (e.g., what type of magazine it’s in) to figure out who the advertisers are trying to persuade. This will help you determine what sorts of beliefs or emotions the ad is meant to appeal to.\\nFor example, an ad that appears in Cosmopolitan magazine is probably meant to appeal to women, while an ad featured in the newspaper is probably aimed at a wider general audience.\\nThink about how a person from a particular demographic might respond to an ad targeted at a different demographic, and why they might have a different reaction. This will help you to determine some of the hidden social meanings that the ad is incorporating.\\n2-2. Examine what action or activity is taking place in the ad.\\nThis may be thought of as the advertisement’s “plot” (e.g., a happy family going on a cruise). Consider what sort of significance the ad’s plot has and how it makes you think about the product differently.\\nFor example, if an ad for a watch features a man wearing it while on a cruise with his family, you may come to associate the watch with the excitement of going on a cruise and the positive feelings of having a family.\\nNote that the ad’s plot may not seem relevant to the product itself. This is an example of an advertisement intentionally manipulating their audience’s feelings.\\n2-3. Consider what words are used in the text of the ad.\\nLike with commercials, the words used in print advertisements are meant to either inform about the product or manipulate the audience’s reaction to it. Ask yourself why the particular words in the advertisement were chosen.\\nThink as well about how the language in the ad describes the benefits of buying the product. For example, does the ad say the product will make you happier, cooler, or sexier?\\nThe typeface used is also an intentional design choice. Ask yourself how you might react to the ad if the words were printed in a different typeface and why that might be.\\n2-4. Analyze the images used in the ad.\\nImages are just as important as text in print media advertisements. Take note of what images are used in the ad to depict the product or to complement its depiction.\\nFor example, ask yourself what sort of images of people or objects are included in the advertisement and how these images influence your reaction to the product. Consider whether your reaction would change if different people or objects were used.\\nIf you’re analyzing the ad from an artistic perspective, you should also note which colors are used and where in the ad those colors are placed. You may find there are certain colors that are matched with particular emotional responses.\\nThe ad may feature images that reflect a certain lifestyle (e.g., a two-story home in a wealthy neighborhood) and use these images to associate the product with particular values and beliefs in your mind.\\n2-5. Think about the background and what sort of reaction it’s meant to elicit.\\nBackgrounds are a particularly subtle aspect of how advertisements influence people’s emotions. Pay attention to what sort of background is used in the advertisement and how it might be influencing your reaction to the product.\\nFor example, a background of a sunny beach and palm tree might be trying to elicit feelings of calm and relaxation, while a busy city street might bring to mind feelings of activity or people in motion.\\n2-6. Take note of how everything in the ad is spatially situated.\\nPrint advertisements are limited to a certain amount of space, so the way that advertisers use that space is significant. Think about where words and images in the ad are situated and what reaction that spatial organization is meant to cause.\\nFor example, an advertisement that seeks to leave its audience excited and energized about its product might feature a large amount of overlapping words and images and leave very little blank space in the ad.\\nAn ad with lots of empty space might want to make people think of feelings like “quiet” or “understated.”\\nTips\\nAdvertisements can be analyzed in much the same way that books can (i.e., interpreting symbols, determining the motives of the creator, examining the use of particular themes, etc.).\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"We are surrounded by advertising. Whether you’re watching television, reading a magazine, going to the movies, or even browsing social media, you’re bound to see some ads. However, by analyzing what’s included in an ad, such as the language, the imagery, the music, and the actors, you can begin to break down the subtle processes ads use to persuade people to buy certain products and get a sense of how the marketing strategies of advertisers work.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Breaking Down a Television Commercial\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Ascertain who the target audience of the commercial is.\", \"描述\": \"Use the context of the commercial (e.g., what channel it’s played on) to figure out who the advertisers are trying to persuade. This will help you determine what sorts of beliefs or emotions the commercial is meant to appeal to.\\nFor example, if the commercial appears on a TV channel that mainly shows children’s programming, then you can deduce that the advertisers are trying to appeal to children or maybe the parents of young children.\\nIf you see a commercial in a movie theater, you may be able to determine its target audience based on the nature of the movie. For example, commercials that appear before R-rated movies are probably intended for adult audiences.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Examine how the commercial tries to get your attention.\", \"描述\": \"Advertisers want their commercials to be eye-catching as well as persuasive. Look for ways that commercials try to reel you in, such as flashy visuals or special effects.\\nHow a commercial seeks to grab your attention can also say a lot about its target audience. For example, a commercial that uses explosive special effects may be aimed at teenagers and young adults.\\nAdvertisers don’t just want their commercial to grab your attention; they also want you to remember it. Consider how their attention-grabbing techniques are meant to stick in your mind and influence your view of a product over the long term.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Determine what sort of mood the advertisement seeks to create.\", \"描述\": \"The ultimate goal of any commercial is to shape the way you feel about a product or service. Examine the mood of the commercial and how that mood works to shape your feelings towards the commercial’s product.\\nFor example, a commercial might prominently feature upbeat music, smiling faces, and sunny weather to create a generally happy feeling that you then direct towards the product the commercial is advertising.\\nAdvertisers will usually try to make commercials that put their product in a positive light. Determining how they go about doing this will also reveal what unspoken beliefs or values the commercial is attempting to appeal to.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Listen to the soundtrack and ask how it affects your reaction.\", \"描述\": \"Commercials may use music to subtly influence your emotional reaction to the product being advertised or use a jingle to make the commercial more memorable.\\nFor instance, may accompany depictions of a generic product with sad music to make you feel that products other than the one being advertised are not as good.\\nAsk yourself if your feeling towards the commercial would change if it used a particular genre of music versus another, then think about why different music styles elicit different responses from you.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Consider how the actors chosen to star in the commercial influence you.\", \"描述\": \"Advertisers make very deliberate choices when it comes to hiring actors to star in commercials. Examine the age, race, and gender of the actor(s) to determine what sort of response the advertisers are hoping to get from their audience.\\nFor example, if a commercial pairs a particular beer brand with women in bikinis, the advertisers may be trying to appeal to teenage and adult men through sex appeal.\\nThink about why an actor or actors of a certain race or gender were selected, and ask yourself if the perception of the product would change if different actors were used in the commercial. This may indicate certain biases or subconscious motives at work in the ad.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Analyze the language used in the ad.\", \"描述\": \"Nearly all commercials feature talking, either from actors starring in the commercial or through a voice-over. Examine the specific words that are featured in the commercial to see how they are being used to appeal to the audience’s emotions.\\nIf you’re analyzing one or more commercials for a marketing class, you may find that certain words are used more frequently than others. For example, words like “tasty” and “sensational” are commonly used in ads because they tend to make products seem more desirable.\\nPay particular attention to words that aren’t used to directly describe the product, and think about why those words have been included in the commercial. If words aren’t overtly being used to inform the audience, they’re being used to covertly influence viewers.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Evaluating Advertisements in Print Media\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Determine who the target audience is for the advertisement.\", \"描述\": \"Use the context of the ad (e.g., what type of magazine it’s in) to figure out who the advertisers are trying to persuade. This will help you determine what sorts of beliefs or emotions the ad is meant to appeal to.\\nFor example, an ad that appears in Cosmopolitan magazine is probably meant to appeal to women, while an ad featured in the newspaper is probably aimed at a wider general audience.\\nThink about how a person from a particular demographic might respond to an ad targeted at a different demographic, and why they might have a different reaction. This will help you to determine some of the hidden social meanings that the ad is incorporating.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Examine what action or activity is taking place in the ad.\", \"描述\": \"This may be thought of as the advertisement’s “plot” (e.g., a happy family going on a cruise). Consider what sort of significance the ad’s plot has and how it makes you think about the product differently.\\nFor example, if an ad for a watch features a man wearing it while on a cruise with his family, you may come to associate the watch with the excitement of going on a cruise and the positive feelings of having a family.\\nNote that the ad’s plot may not seem relevant to the product itself. This is an example of an advertisement intentionally manipulating their audience’s feelings.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Consider what words are used in the text of the ad.\", \"描述\": \"Like with commercials, the words used in print advertisements are meant to either inform about the product or manipulate the audience’s reaction to it. Ask yourself why the particular words in the advertisement were chosen.\\nThink as well about how the language in the ad describes the benefits of buying the product. For example, does the ad say the product will make you happier, cooler, or sexier?\\nThe typeface used is also an intentional design choice. Ask yourself how you might react to the ad if the words were printed in a different typeface and why that might be.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Analyze the images used in the ad.\", \"描述\": \"Images are just as important as text in print media advertisements. Take note of what images are used in the ad to depict the product or to complement its depiction.\\nFor example, ask yourself what sort of images of people or objects are included in the advertisement and how these images influence your reaction to the product. Consider whether your reaction would change if different people or objects were used.\\nIf you’re analyzing the ad from an artistic perspective, you should also note which colors are used and where in the ad those colors are placed. You may find there are certain colors that are matched with particular emotional responses.\\nThe ad may feature images that reflect a certain lifestyle (e.g., a two-story home in a wealthy neighborhood) and use these images to associate the product with particular values and beliefs in your mind.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Think about the background and what sort of reaction it’s meant to elicit.\", \"描述\": \"Backgrounds are a particularly subtle aspect of how advertisements influence people’s emotions. Pay attention to what sort of background is used in the advertisement and how it might be influencing your reaction to the product.\\nFor example, a background of a sunny beach and palm tree might be trying to elicit feelings of calm and relaxation, while a busy city street might bring to mind feelings of activity or people in motion.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Take note of how everything in the ad is spatially situated.\", \"描述\": \"Print advertisements are limited to a certain amount of space, so the way that advertisers use that space is significant. Think about where words and images in the ad are situated and what reaction that spatial organization is meant to cause.\\nFor example, an advertisement that seeks to leave its audience excited and energized about its product might feature a large amount of overlapping words and images and leave very little blank space in the ad.\\nAn ad with lots of empty space might want to make people think of feelings like “quiet” or “understated.”\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Advertisements can be analyzed in much the same way that books can (i.e., interpreting symbols, determining the motives of the creator, examining the use of particular themes, etc.).\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,682 | How to Analyze an Article | 1. Summarizing an Article
1-1. Read the article once without writing anything down.
The first reading should be used to learn concepts and gain a general grasp of the content.
1-2. Look up any terms or words that you are unclear about.
If your article is technical, you should ensure you understand all the concepts before you begin to analyze.
1-3. Write a short three to four sentence summary of the article.
If you are unable to do so, you may need to reread it for content.
1-4. Consider explaining the article aloud if that is easier than writing.
If you can explain the outline and content of the article in non-technical language, you are ready to move on.
2. Annotating an Article
2-1. Make a photocopy of the article.
You can also print out a copy. Unless you are very familiar with a note taking program like Evernote, you should do it by hand.
Ensure you have page numbers, so that you can cite the article correctly in your analysis.
2-2. Read the article a second time to underscore thematic concepts.
You will want to read more slowly and mark in the margins as you go.
2-3. Highlight the thesis of the article.
This should be the main argument that the writer is making or trying to prove. Your analysis will refer back to this thesis frequently as you decide how successful the author was in convincing their audience.
2-4. Underline concepts that recur frequently throughout the article.
Underline supporting points and make notes about them in the margins as you go along.
If you are reading a scientific paper, look for methods, evidence, and results. This is the accepted structure of most scientific papers.
2-5. Make notes of any concepts that are not fully proven or explained.
These annotations will save you time during the writing process.
3. Analyzing an Article
3-1. Write the summary or abstract of the article.
If you are writing an analysis essay, this can serve as your introduction.
3-2. Provide some cursory research about the writer of the article.
Their qualifications will prove whether their opinions are part of an area of expertise. In historical articles, this will also establish whether the author is a primary or secondary source.
State whether you believe the author could be guilty of a bias. In media-related articles, you should state whether the author was able to stay somewhat objective as they relayed news to the audience.
3-3. Establish the audience of the article.
Decide if you believe the author catered well to the audience. For example, if the audience is the general public, but the author uses very technical terms, it may not be a convincing article.
3-4. Decide the purpose of the article.
This may also be the thesis, or what the author is trying to prove. The author may propose questions and answer them later.
3-5. Answer how successfully the author proves the thesis.
State examples, such as in-text citations, to outline particularly successful or failed arguments. Move through the article establishing how meaningful and cohesive their arguments were.
Refer back to your annotations to find quotations or questions about the validity of an argument.
3-6. Compare the article to other articles on the same subject.
If you have been asked to read more than one article, you can analyze one article in light of another. State which argument was more convincing and why.
3-7. Write any questions that were left unanswered.
Decide if the author could have improved their article by providing more evidence or in-depth research on a topic.
3-8. Explain why the article matters to the reader and to the world in general.
At this point, you should consider stating your opinion about the topic. Some classes ask for the reader's opinions, while others demand a very scientific critique.
3-9. Create a Works Cited page if you used citations in your article.
Ask your teacher what style you should be using, such as MLA, Chicago, or APA.
Tips
Always proof your work for content, spelling, and grammatical errors before you turn it in. Although an article analysis can be done fairly quickly it should be edited at least once.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:54",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Summarizing an Article\\n1-1. Read the article once without writing anything down.\\nThe first reading should be used to learn concepts and gain a general grasp of the content.\\n1-2. Look up any terms or words that you are unclear about.\\nIf your article is technical, you should ensure you understand all the concepts before you begin to analyze.\\n1-3. Write a short three to four sentence summary of the article.\\nIf you are unable to do so, you may need to reread it for content.\\n1-4. Consider explaining the article aloud if that is easier than writing.\\nIf you can explain the outline and content of the article in non-technical language, you are ready to move on.\\n2. Annotating an Article\\n2-1. Make a photocopy of the article.\\nYou can also print out a copy. Unless you are very familiar with a note taking program like Evernote, you should do it by hand.\\nEnsure you have page numbers, so that you can cite the article correctly in your analysis.\\n2-2. Read the article a second time to underscore thematic concepts.\\nYou will want to read more slowly and mark in the margins as you go.\\n2-3. Highlight the thesis of the article.\\nThis should be the main argument that the writer is making or trying to prove. Your analysis will refer back to this thesis frequently as you decide how successful the author was in convincing their audience.\\n2-4. Underline concepts that recur frequently throughout the article.\\nUnderline supporting points and make notes about them in the margins as you go along.\\nIf you are reading a scientific paper, look for methods, evidence, and results. This is the accepted structure of most scientific papers.\\n2-5. Make notes of any concepts that are not fully proven or explained.\\nThese annotations will save you time during the writing process.\\n3. Analyzing an Article\\n3-1. Write the summary or abstract of the article.\\nIf you are writing an analysis essay, this can serve as your introduction.\\n3-2. Provide some cursory research about the writer of the article.\\nTheir qualifications will prove whether their opinions are part of an area of expertise. In historical articles, this will also establish whether the author is a primary or secondary source.\\nState whether you believe the author could be guilty of a bias. In media-related articles, you should state whether the author was able to stay somewhat objective as they relayed news to the audience.\\n3-3. Establish the audience of the article.\\nDecide if you believe the author catered well to the audience. For example, if the audience is the general public, but the author uses very technical terms, it may not be a convincing article.\\n3-4. Decide the purpose of the article.\\nThis may also be the thesis, or what the author is trying to prove. The author may propose questions and answer them later.\\n3-5. Answer how successfully the author proves the thesis.\\nState examples, such as in-text citations, to outline particularly successful or failed arguments. Move through the article establishing how meaningful and cohesive their arguments were.\\nRefer back to your annotations to find quotations or questions about the validity of an argument.\\n3-6. Compare the article to other articles on the same subject.\\nIf you have been asked to read more than one article, you can analyze one article in light of another. State which argument was more convincing and why.\\n3-7. Write any questions that were left unanswered.\\nDecide if the author could have improved their article by providing more evidence or in-depth research on a topic.\\n3-8. Explain why the article matters to the reader and to the world in general.\\nAt this point, you should consider stating your opinion about the topic. Some classes ask for the reader's opinions, while others demand a very scientific critique.\\n3-9. Create a Works Cited page if you used citations in your article.\\nAsk your teacher what style you should be using, such as MLA, Chicago, or APA.\\nTips\\nAlways proof your work for content, spelling, and grammatical errors before you turn it in. Although an article analysis can be done fairly quickly it should be edited at least once.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Learning to analyze and think critically is a valuable skill. Not only will it help with schoolwork, but it will also allow you to judge the validity of news articles and conduct thoughtful research for the rest of your life. A good analysis requires a summary, annotation, and examination of an article and its writer.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Summarizing an Article\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Read the article once without writing anything down.\", \"描述\": \"The first reading should be used to learn concepts and gain a general grasp of the content.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Look up any terms or words that you are unclear about.\", \"描述\": \"If your article is technical, you should ensure you understand all the concepts before you begin to analyze.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Write a short three to four sentence summary of the article.\", \"描述\": \"If you are unable to do so, you may need to reread it for content.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Consider explaining the article aloud if that is easier than writing.\", \"描述\": \"If you can explain the outline and content of the article in non-technical language, you are ready to move on.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Annotating an Article\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make a photocopy of the article.\", \"描述\": \"You can also print out a copy. Unless you are very familiar with a note taking program like Evernote, you should do it by hand.\\nEnsure you have page numbers, so that you can cite the article correctly in your analysis.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Read the article a second time to underscore thematic concepts.\", \"描述\": \"You will want to read more slowly and mark in the margins as you go.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Highlight the thesis of the article.\", \"描述\": \"This should be the main argument that the writer is making or trying to prove. Your analysis will refer back to this thesis frequently as you decide how successful the author was in convincing their audience.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Underline concepts that recur frequently throughout the article.\", \"描述\": \"Underline supporting points and make notes about them in the margins as you go along.\\nIf you are reading a scientific paper, look for methods, evidence, and results. This is the accepted structure of most scientific papers.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Make notes of any concepts that are not fully proven or explained.\", \"描述\": \"These annotations will save you time during the writing process.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Analyzing an Article\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Write the summary or abstract of the article.\", \"描述\": \"If you are writing an analysis essay, this can serve as your introduction.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Provide some cursory research about the writer of the article.\", \"描述\": \"Their qualifications will prove whether their opinions are part of an area of expertise. In historical articles, this will also establish whether the author is a primary or secondary source.\\nState whether you believe the author could be guilty of a bias. In media-related articles, you should state whether the author was able to stay somewhat objective as they relayed news to the audience.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Establish the audience of the article.\", \"描述\": \"Decide if you believe the author catered well to the audience. For example, if the audience is the general public, but the author uses very technical terms, it may not be a convincing article.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Decide the purpose of the article.\", \"描述\": \"This may also be the thesis, or what the author is trying to prove. The author may propose questions and answer them later.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Answer how successfully the author proves the thesis.\", \"描述\": \"State examples, such as in-text citations, to outline particularly successful or failed arguments. Move through the article establishing how meaningful and cohesive their arguments were.\\nRefer back to your annotations to find quotations or questions about the validity of an argument.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Compare the article to other articles on the same subject.\", \"描述\": \"If you have been asked to read more than one article, you can analyze one article in light of another. State which argument was more convincing and why.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Write any questions that were left unanswered.\", \"描述\": \"Decide if the author could have improved their article by providing more evidence or in-depth research on a topic.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Explain why the article matters to the reader and to the world in general.\", \"描述\": \"At this point, you should consider stating your opinion about the topic. Some classes ask for the reader's opinions, while others demand a very scientific critique.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Create a Works Cited page if you used citations in your article.\", \"描述\": \"Ask your teacher what style you should be using, such as MLA, Chicago, or APA.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Always proof your work for content, spelling, and grammatical errors before you turn it in. Although an article analysis can be done fairly quickly it should be edited at least once.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,683 | How to Analyze and Cue Tracks in Rekordbox | 1. Steps
1-1. Drag and drop all of the tracks that you want to analyze into Rekordbox.
It is important that you remember to drag every track that you plan on playing into the software, because unlike Serato, you can not properly play tracks that have not been previously analyzed.
1-2. Make a crate, name it, and drag all of the tracks that you want to play into this crate.
This is also an important part of staying organized while you are playing.
1-3. Organize your tracks in the order that you would like to play them.
Another organization technique that will really add to the fluidity of your set. Instead of having to scroll through hundreds of tracks trying to find the song you want to play next, plan your set beforehand and get all of the tracks in order. You won't regret it.
1-4. Go through each of your tracks and check that the beat grids are all in line.
This is very important, because if your beat grids don't follow the beat of the song, it will make beat-matching very difficult.
1-5. Cue your tracks in a way that is convenient for you.
The same technique won't work for everyone. For example, you might set A-cue at the beginning of the track, B-cue 16 bars from the drop of the track, C-cue 8 bars from the drop, and D-cue 8 bars from where you want to mix the track in.
1-6. Do a run through just to be sure.
This will help you avoid an occasion where you've loaded a track expecting it to be cued and it wasn't. There will be a small graphic beside each track telling you whether it has been cued or not.
1-7. Insert the flash drive that you plan on using the night of the show into your computer.
1-8. Find your flash drive in Rekordbox.
1-9. Drag your analyzed, and cued crate onto the flash drive.
Make sure that you see it loading onto the flash drive on the bottom Rekordbox, and make sure you don't remove the flash drive until Rekordbox has finished exporting your crate.
1-10. Insert another flash drive and repeat.
It is easy for files to become corrupted, and sometimes crates might not export in their entirety. It is also possible to experience issues with network connectors on CDJs where it won't load your tracks through all the devices. In that case you would need a flash drive to plug into each CDJ you planned on using. Play it safe, and be prepared for anything.
1-11. Get on a pair of CDJs or XDJ set up, and run through your set.
Flagship hardware can be very pricey so ask around the DJ community, make friends, and share equipment with others. The DJ community is generally a pretty cool bunch so be outgoing, and reach out to people so you never have an issue with finding the right equipment to practice on.
1-12. Get to the venue early to plug in your flash drive.
Make sure everything is set to go. Just get there early and be prepared.
1-13. Throw down a killer set.
Make sure to have fun, and if you make a mistake keep playing. Chances are the crowd didn't even notice.
Tips
Make sure you have at least a 16 GB Flashdrive
Leave time for set planning. It is harder than it seems.
Have fun with it.
Warnings
Don't get frustrated while doing this process. It is time consuming and sometimes boring, but it is a vital part.
Make sure you don't go to the club or venue with no idea of what you are going to play.
If you are not familiar with DJ'ing then some of the terms in this WikiHow may seem foreign.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:54",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Drag and drop all of the tracks that you want to analyze into Rekordbox.\\nIt is important that you remember to drag every track that you plan on playing into the software, because unlike Serato, you can not properly play tracks that have not been previously analyzed.\\n1-2. Make a crate, name it, and drag all of the tracks that you want to play into this crate.\\nThis is also an important part of staying organized while you are playing.\\n1-3. Organize your tracks in the order that you would like to play them.\\nAnother organization technique that will really add to the fluidity of your set. Instead of having to scroll through hundreds of tracks trying to find the song you want to play next, plan your set beforehand and get all of the tracks in order. You won't regret it.\\n1-4. Go through each of your tracks and check that the beat grids are all in line.\\nThis is very important, because if your beat grids don't follow the beat of the song, it will make beat-matching very difficult.\\n1-5. Cue your tracks in a way that is convenient for you.\\nThe same technique won't work for everyone. For example, you might set A-cue at the beginning of the track, B-cue 16 bars from the drop of the track, C-cue 8 bars from the drop, and D-cue 8 bars from where you want to mix the track in.\\n1-6. Do a run through just to be sure.\\nThis will help you avoid an occasion where you've loaded a track expecting it to be cued and it wasn't. There will be a small graphic beside each track telling you whether it has been cued or not.\\n1-7. Insert the flash drive that you plan on using the night of the show into your computer.\\n\\n1-8. Find your flash drive in Rekordbox.\\n\\n1-9. Drag your analyzed, and cued crate onto the flash drive.\\nMake sure that you see it loading onto the flash drive on the bottom Rekordbox, and make sure you don't remove the flash drive until Rekordbox has finished exporting your crate.\\n1-10. Insert another flash drive and repeat.\\nIt is easy for files to become corrupted, and sometimes crates might not export in their entirety. It is also possible to experience issues with network connectors on CDJs where it won't load your tracks through all the devices. In that case you would need a flash drive to plug into each CDJ you planned on using. Play it safe, and be prepared for anything.\\n1-11. Get on a pair of CDJs or XDJ set up, and run through your set.\\nFlagship hardware can be very pricey so ask around the DJ community, make friends, and share equipment with others. The DJ community is generally a pretty cool bunch so be outgoing, and reach out to people so you never have an issue with finding the right equipment to practice on.\\n1-12. Get to the venue early to plug in your flash drive.\\nMake sure everything is set to go. Just get there early and be prepared.\\n1-13. Throw down a killer set.\\nMake sure to have fun, and if you make a mistake keep playing. Chances are the crowd didn't even notice.\\nTips\\nMake sure you have at least a 16 GB Flashdrive\\nLeave time for set planning. It is harder than it seems.\\nHave fun with it.\\nWarnings\\nDon't get frustrated while doing this process. It is time consuming and sometimes boring, but it is a vital part.\\nMake sure you don't go to the club or venue with no idea of what you are going to play.\\nIf you are not familiar with DJ'ing then some of the terms in this WikiHow may seem foreign.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"You are getting ready to DJ your first gig at a big club or venue, and they tell you that they have house CDJs and, due to time and sound constraints, you won't be able to use your controller and your Serato that you are oh so accustomed to using. Don't sweat it. While flagship hardware primarily runs Rekordbox software, and it is significantly different than Serato, it is not so difficult to understand when you have proper guidance.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Drag and drop all of the tracks that you want to analyze into Rekordbox.\", \"描述\": \"It is important that you remember to drag every track that you plan on playing into the software, because unlike Serato, you can not properly play tracks that have not been previously analyzed.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Make a crate, name it, and drag all of the tracks that you want to play into this crate.\", \"描述\": \"This is also an important part of staying organized while you are playing.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Organize your tracks in the order that you would like to play them.\", \"描述\": \"Another organization technique that will really add to the fluidity of your set. Instead of having to scroll through hundreds of tracks trying to find the song you want to play next, plan your set beforehand and get all of the tracks in order. You won't regret it.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Go through each of your tracks and check that the beat grids are all in line.\", \"描述\": \"This is very important, because if your beat grids don't follow the beat of the song, it will make beat-matching very difficult.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Cue your tracks in a way that is convenient for you.\", \"描述\": \"The same technique won't work for everyone. For example, you might set A-cue at the beginning of the track, B-cue 16 bars from the drop of the track, C-cue 8 bars from the drop, and D-cue 8 bars from where you want to mix the track in.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Do a run through just to be sure.\", \"描述\": \"This will help you avoid an occasion where you've loaded a track expecting it to be cued and it wasn't. There will be a small graphic beside each track telling you whether it has been cued or not.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Insert the flash drive that you plan on using the night of the show into your computer.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Find your flash drive in Rekordbox.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Drag your analyzed, and cued crate onto the flash drive.\", \"描述\": \"Make sure that you see it loading onto the flash drive on the bottom Rekordbox, and make sure you don't remove the flash drive until Rekordbox has finished exporting your crate.\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Insert another flash drive and repeat.\", \"描述\": \"It is easy for files to become corrupted, and sometimes crates might not export in their entirety. It is also possible to experience issues with network connectors on CDJs where it won't load your tracks through all the devices. In that case you would need a flash drive to plug into each CDJ you planned on using. Play it safe, and be prepared for anything.\"}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Get on a pair of CDJs or XDJ set up, and run through your set.\", \"描述\": \"Flagship hardware can be very pricey so ask around the DJ community, make friends, and share equipment with others. The DJ community is generally a pretty cool bunch so be outgoing, and reach out to people so you never have an issue with finding the right equipment to practice on.\"}, {\"编号\": 12, \"标题\": \"Get to the venue early to plug in your flash drive.\", \"描述\": \"Make sure everything is set to go. Just get there early and be prepared.\"}, {\"编号\": 13, \"标题\": \"Throw down a killer set.\", \"描述\": \"Make sure to have fun, and if you make a mistake keep playing. Chances are the crowd didn't even notice.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Make sure you have at least a 16 GB Flashdrive\\n\", \"Leave time for set planning. It is harder than it seems.\\n\", \"Have fun with it.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Don't get frustrated while doing this process. It is time consuming and sometimes boring, but it is a vital part.\\n\", \"Make sure you don't go to the club or venue with no idea of what you are going to play.\\n\", \"If you are not familiar with DJ'ing then some of the terms in this WikiHow may seem foreign.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,684 | How to Anchor Objects in InDesign | 1. Steps
1-1. Purchase Adobe InDesign if you do not already own it.
Follow the on-screen instructions for installing InDesign on your computer and restart your computer if necessary.
1-2. Familiarize yourself with the InDesign workspace and the program's available user resources.
1-3. Open Adobe InDesign.
1-4. Open the InDesign document you want to work in by selecting File>Open from the Control panel at the top of your workspace.
If you do not have an existing InDesign document to work in, create a new document by selecting File>New>Document and specifying the settings for your new document.
1-5. Navigate to the text frame to which you would like to anchor an object.
If your document does not already contain text, you can type text directly into your document by first creating a text frame with your Type tool, which is located in the InDesign Tools palette. With your Type tool still selected, click within the text frame and begin typing your text. If your text already exists in a word processing document, select File>Place, navigate to the file you wish to import and double click the file name. A loaded cursor will appear. Move your mouse to the location where you want your text to appear and click to place the text.
1-6. Anchor an existing object by clicking on it using the Select tool and selecting Edit>Cut from your Control panel.
1-7. Use your Type tool to position an insertion point for your anchored object.
1-8. Select Edit>Paste from your Control panel to place your object.
2. Create an Anchored Object from a Placeholder Frame
2-1. Use your Type tool to position an insertion point for your anchored object.
2-2. Select Object>Anchored Object>Insert from the Control panel.
2-3. Specify options for your anchored object, including content, object style, paragraph style, height and width.
Tips
Anchored objects may be either in line, above line or in a custom position. Inline anchored objects are aligned with the baseline of the insertion point. Above line anchored objects are anchored above the insertion point and are aligned left, center, right, toward spine or away from spine. The position of anchored objects may also be customized by specifying a position for your object in the Anchored Object Options dialog box.
To release an anchored object, select Object>Anchored Object>Release from the Control panel.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:54",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Purchase Adobe InDesign if you do not already own it.\\nFollow the on-screen instructions for installing InDesign on your computer and restart your computer if necessary.\\n1-2. Familiarize yourself with the InDesign workspace and the program's available user resources.\\n\\n1-3. Open Adobe InDesign.\\n\\n1-4. Open the InDesign document you want to work in by selecting File>Open from the Control panel at the top of your workspace.\\nIf you do not have an existing InDesign document to work in, create a new document by selecting File>New>Document and specifying the settings for your new document.\\n1-5. Navigate to the text frame to which you would like to anchor an object.\\nIf your document does not already contain text, you can type text directly into your document by first creating a text frame with your Type tool, which is located in the InDesign Tools palette. With your Type tool still selected, click within the text frame and begin typing your text. If your text already exists in a word processing document, select File>Place, navigate to the file you wish to import and double click the file name. A loaded cursor will appear. Move your mouse to the location where you want your text to appear and click to place the text.\\n1-6. Anchor an existing object by clicking on it using the Select tool and selecting Edit>Cut from your Control panel.\\n\\n1-7. Use your Type tool to position an insertion point for your anchored object.\\n\\n1-8. Select Edit>Paste from your Control panel to place your object.\\n\\n2. Create an Anchored Object from a Placeholder Frame\\n2-1. Use your Type tool to position an insertion point for your anchored object.\\n\\n2-2. Select Object>Anchored Object>Insert from the Control panel.\\n\\n2-3. Specify options for your anchored object, including content, object style, paragraph style, height and width.\\n\\nTips\\nAnchored objects may be either in line, above line or in a custom position. Inline anchored objects are aligned with the baseline of the insertion point. Above line anchored objects are anchored above the insertion point and are aligned left, center, right, toward spine or away from spine. The position of anchored objects may also be customized by specifying a position for your object in the Anchored Object Options dialog box.\\nTo release an anchored object, select Object>Anchored Object>Release from the Control panel.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Anchoring an object, such as a photo or other graphic element, to a specific line or block of text allows the anchored object to flow with the text as it is moved. Knowing how to anchor objects in InDesign, a popular desktop publishing program that allows users to create print documents in a variety of sizes and formats, provides you with the flexibility to move text without having to replace or manually move associated graphics each time the text is moved.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Purchase Adobe InDesign if you do not already own it.\", \"描述\": \"Follow the on-screen instructions for installing InDesign on your computer and restart your computer if necessary.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Familiarize yourself with the InDesign workspace and the program's available user resources.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Open Adobe InDesign.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Open the InDesign document you want to work in by selecting File>Open from the Control panel at the top of your workspace.\", \"描述\": \"If you do not have an existing InDesign document to work in, create a new document by selecting File>New>Document and specifying the settings for your new document.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Navigate to the text frame to which you would like to anchor an object.\", \"描述\": \"If your document does not already contain text, you can type text directly into your document by first creating a text frame with your Type tool, which is located in the InDesign Tools palette. With your Type tool still selected, click within the text frame and begin typing your text. If your text already exists in a word processing document, select File>Place, navigate to the file you wish to import and double click the file name. A loaded cursor will appear. Move your mouse to the location where you want your text to appear and click to place the text.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Anchor an existing object by clicking on it using the Select tool and selecting Edit>Cut from your Control panel.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Use your Type tool to position an insertion point for your anchored object.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Select Edit>Paste from your Control panel to place your object.\", \"描述\": \"\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Create an Anchored Object from a Placeholder Frame\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use your Type tool to position an insertion point for your anchored object.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Select Object>Anchored Object>Insert from the Control panel.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Specify options for your anchored object, including content, object style, paragraph style, height and width.\", \"描述\": \"\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Anchored objects may be either in line, above line or in a custom position. Inline anchored objects are aligned with the baseline of the insertion point. Above line anchored objects are anchored above the insertion point and are aligned left, center, right, toward spine or away from spine. The position of anchored objects may also be customized by specifying a position for your object in the Anchored Object Options dialog box.\\n\", \"To release an anchored object, select Object>Anchored Object>Release from the Control panel.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,685 | How to Anchor a Boat | 1. Selecting Proper Equipment
1-1. Consider a general purpose fluke anchor.
A fluke or Danforth anchor relies less on its weight than on its design, which consists of two flat, pointed flukes extending at a 30º angle from the anchor rod. This is one of the more popular designs on the market, and in soft mud or hard sand, has more staying power by weight than any other type. However, its broad-fluked design may prevent it from reaching bottom in a strong current, and like most anchors, it will have trouble catching on rocks and other hard bottoms.
Aluminum variations of the Danforth design, such as the Fortress, have excellent holding power. Some of these also have adjustable flukes, which can be made broader when anchoring in soft mud. A large aluminum fluke anchor may make a good storm anchor.
1-2. Research plow anchors for areas of high or changing current.
The plow anchor is named for the plow-shaped wedge attached by a swivel to the shaft. It is effective in soft bottoms, and somewhat better in grass than other lightweight anchors. These tend to be heavier than fluke anchors of the same size, and thus will set more easily (though with somewhat less holding power) than fluke anchors. The ability of the shaft to swivel in the direction it is pulled without yanking the main anchor makes the plow anchor less likely to unfasten when the boat is pulled a different direction.
Plow anchors have no protruding flukes or pieces that the anchor line or chain can catch on. However, unless you have a bow roller, plow anchors can be difficult to store.
1-3. Only use mushroom anchors for light use.
Mushroom anchors look like a disc or dish at the base of the anchor shaft. They don't have much holding power, but are a good choice for small boats that make short stops in areas with soft ground. If your boat is small enough for the size of mushroom anchor you choose, it may be your best bet for heavily weeded areas. If poking a hole in your vessel is a concern, mushroom anchors have no sharp edges and are less likely to damage thin hulled boats such as composite canoes, kayaks and inflatables.
Many electric anchors lowered by the push of a button are mushroom anchors.
1-4. Research other types of anchors for specialized uses.
Many more types of anchor exist, and no single anchor is useful for every purpose. Grapnel, navy, or Herreshoff anchors are useful for anchoring small boats to rocky bottoms. Less common bottoms may require specialized anchors for best results, such as a claw anchor in gravel.
1-5. Use several anchors for different purposes.
Depending on what you use your boat for, you'll probably want several anchors of different sizes. Your main anchor is useful for extending fishing spots and most other purposes. An anchor one or two sizes smaller that's easy to deploy and pull up is good for lunch stops and other short breaks. A storm anchor one or two sizes larger should be kept around to deploy during rough weather or for overnight stops. In addition, it's always good to have at least one heavy backup in case you lose an anchor, or for situations where it's wise to use two anchors.
Make sure your anchor is the proper weight and size for your boat, as well as the proper type of anchor for the bottom of the lake, ocean, or sea that you're going to be anchoring to.
You should always follow the recommendations of your boat's manufacturer when picking anchor size. However, a rough chart can be found halfway down this page. Purchase a larger anchor than specified if you have an unusual amount of weight on your boat.
When in doubt, purchase a larger anchor. Physical size is a more important indicator than weight, although both are relevant.
1-6. Use high quality anchors.
Anchors are important for your safety, and you should buy the best anchors you can afford. Inspect each anchor for rust, uneven or breaking welding lines, and other inconsistencies in the metal before purchasing.
1-7. Make sure you have deck cleats or anchor rollers suitable for your anchors.
You may have a bow roller mounted on your boat where you can store and attach your anchor, but be aware that each roller is only suitable for specific types of anchors. Otherwise, make sure you have strong, sturdy deck cleats to tie the anchor rope onto.
1-8. Learn how to pick a nylon anchor line.
The chain, rope, or combination of these that attaches the anchor to your boat is called an . Nylon's elasticity allows it to respond well to sudden wind and current changes, and a high quality rope is sufficiently strong to use as a rode. It is also easy to manipulate and relatively cheap, although you should not skimp on quality.
Three stranded nylon rope is most resistant to tears and thus best suited for water bottom purposes, but it will become difficult to handle and need to be replaced after it is stiff with salt. Choose medium lay three stranded rope, referring to the number of twists in the strands, as it will come apart less easily.
Braided nylon rope is stronger and easier to work with, but not a great option for frequent anchor use, as it snags or tears from objects on the bottom.
When you anchor your boat, always be sure the rode is free and clear, so it's able to run out of the boat cleanly.
1-9. Understand which anchor chain is best to use.
Chain is more expensive and takes more effort to use, but won't be fouled by strong currents and helps the anchor drop to the bottom quickly. Try to find anchor chain with high quality of manufacture and consistent galvanization, indicated by a uniform appearance. Good choices for chain types to use in anchor applications include BBB, Hi-test chain, and proof coil. Make sure the chain's links fit on your boat's windlass, which stores the chain and releases it as you drop the anchor.
Proof coil chain has a "G 3" imprinted on each link.
BBB chain is a strong material with small links suitable for small windlasses. It is preferred by people who use all-chain anchor ropes rather than a mix of rope and chain.
Hi-test chain is strong but light. Use it instead of the others if you'd like to reduce weight.
Anchor chain made by North American companies is a more consistent quality than some anchor chains of other countries. If you live elsewhere in the world and don't wish to buy an imported chain, local sailors or fishermen may be able to advise you.
1-10. Consider using both materials.
An anchor rode formed from lengths of both rope and chain provides some of the benefits and downsides of each, but requires an additional shackle joint to keep the two lengths tightly fastened. In the end, the chain vs. rope discussion has many factors involved, and you may want an experienced boat owner to help you make the decision.
If you use an all-chain rode, it is still a good idea to attach a nylon rope "snubbing line" to make the rode heavier and more elastic. One end of this rope is tied to a bow cleat, while a special chain hook tool attaches the other to the chain 4 feet (1.2m) or more from where the chain is attached to the bow.
1-11. Use rope or chain of sufficient diameter.
Nylon rope should be 3/16" (4.8mm) in diameter for a craft under 10' (3m) in length and 3/8" (9.5mm) for a craft under 20' (6m). Increase the diameter by an additional 1/8" (3.2mm) for each additional 10' (3m) in length beyond 20 feet (6 meters). Chain can be 1/8" (3.2mm) smaller in diameter than rope would be for that size of boat.
2. Choosing a Spot to Anchor
2-1. Use your charts and eyesight to choose a good location.
Your charts should tell you the depth of the water and note any designated anchoring locations. Try to find a location with a flat bottom suitable for your anchor type (soft and relatively weed-free is usually best). Avoid areas of strong current or areas open to the weather, especially during an overnight stop.
If you're aiming to end up over a fishing spot or other specific area, keep in mind the anchor location should be well upwind of the area your boat will end up.
2-2. Measure the depth at that location and check the space available.
Measure the depth of the chosen spot and multiply by 7: this is roughly how far your boat will drift from your anchor. If the current or wind changes, your boat could swing to the other side of the anchor; make sure it has sufficient space in every direction. anchor your boat somewhere where its swing radius will intersect another boat's.
Never assume the other boats have the same anchor line (or "anchor rode") length as you do, or that they will drift in the same direction. Ask other boat owners where their anchors are dropped and how long the rode is if you're not sure.
The instructions below give you more exact instructions for determining the length of your anchor line.
2-3. Circle the possible anchorage location while making depth measurements.
Circle the spot you've chosen fully, taking depth measurements. This will reveal any hidden shoals or other obstructions that could damage your boat if it drifts while anchored.
If you do find dangerous shallow areas, you'll need to find another place to drop anchor.
2-4. Check the weather and tide information.
You should know the timing of the next tide and the range of water level between high tide and low tide, so you aren't caught unawares. If you're staying longer than an hour or two, you should check the weather forecast so you're prepared for any high wind or storms.
2-5. Consider which anchor to use.
You should now have a good idea of the nature of your location. If you expect high winds or a strong tide, or if your anchor coming loose could cause a collision, you should use a heavy storm anchor with excellent holding power. For most situations, your ordinary main anchor or light "lunch anchor" will do.
See Selecting an Anchor for more information.
In rough circumstances, you may need to use one anchor at the bow and a second anchor at the stern. do this if nearby boats are using this method, as boats using one or two anchors swing by different amounts and easily foul each other's lines.
2-6. Slowly approach the confirmed spot from downwind and stop when over it.
When you stop, the current or wind should push you slowly backward away from the spot. This is when you should drop the anchor.
If the water is calm, you may need a helmsman to reverse the engines at idle speed. It's better to work out hand signals for "start", "stop", "more power", and "less power" in advance, rather than attempting to shout across the boat.
2-7. Determine how much line to let out and cleat it at that point.
Before you drop your anchor, determine how much you'll line, or , you'll need, then use a cleat hitch to tie it at that distance. The term refers to the ratio between the length of your rode and the distance from the bow to the bottom. Your scope should be at least 5:1, but 7:1 is preferable. Increase the scope to 10:1 or more for stormy conditions or if your anchor keeps ripping free of the bottom. The longer the scope, the closer to horizontal your rode is, and the more tightly you will be anchored.
Measure from the bow, not the water surface. If the water is 10 feet deep (3m), and your bow is 4 feet (1.2) m above the water surface, the total depth is 14 feet (4.2m). A typical scope of 7:1 would require 14 x 7 = 98 feet of rode (4.2 x 7 = 29.4 m).
Consult a knot guide for sailors or online tutorial if you do not know how to tie a firm cleat hitch.
Only use a shorter scope than listed if you need to avoid drifting into obstacles and cannot find any suitable anchorage spot with more space. Do not rely on a short scope for rough weather or overnight stays.
3. Dropping Anchor
3-1. Slowly lower your anchor over the bow (front of the boat).
Keep the anchor rode tight at first to help you aim the anchor until you feel it hit bottom. Then slowly play out the rode. It should end up in a straight line across the bottom, not piled up in a heap that could get tangled.
Be sure to stop the boat completely before you deploy the anchor.
Be careful to avoid getting your hands or feet caught in the rode, which could cause serious injury. Instruct passengers of the danger and keep kids and animals away.
Don't throw your anchor overboard; let it down slowly to avoid fouling your own rope.
drop an anchor from the stern unless there is already an anchor holding the bow and you need extra anchorage. Anchoring from the stern only could cause your boat to capsize.
3-2. After 1/3 of the rode has been let out, cinch it off and let the boat straighten.
Your boat will probably turn across the current or wind as you move. After you've let out about 1/3 of the total rode you determined you'd use, cinch it off and wait for the boat to straighten out. This will straighten the rode you've let out and gently set the anchor into the bottom.
If your boat won't straighten out, your anchor is drifting and you need to try again. Pick another spot if possible.
3-3. Continue to let out the scope and straighten the boat twice more.
Uncinch the anchor rode and let it out as the boat once again drifts backward. Cinch it again once a total of 2/3 the rode length has been played out. Let the boat's momentum straighten it out and set the anchor more firmly. Repeat this process one more time, letting out the rest of the rode length you determined was necessary.
3-4. Tie off the line around a bow cleat.
Tie the anchor rode firmly around a bow cleat. Give it a tug to test the anchor is set, although be aware it will require further setting as described below. If not, you'll need to repeat this process. Try to find a different spot with better conditions.
It's a good idea to secure the anchor to the boat with a backup secure in case the primary rode were to fail for some reason.
3-5. Check you're anchored using reference points.
First, find two stationary objects on the shore, and note their positions relative to each other from your perspective. (For instance, a tree in front of a lighthouse, or two boulders a thumb's width apart if you hold your hand at arm's length.) Signal the helmsman to gently start the engine in reverse until the rode straightens, then signal him or her to return to neutral. The boat should drift back to a stationary position where the two objects you noted appear in exactly the same position relative to each other.
If the two objects are in different positions and you remained standing in the same spot throughout this procedure, you are not anchored and need to begin again.
Try to arrange hand signals with your helmsman in advance, rather than attempting to shout across the boat.
3-6. Use your engine to give the anchor a final hard set.
This is called the anchor, and jams a set anchor more firmly into the bottom. Have your helmsman reverse hard until the rode straightens out, then kill the engine.
Check your bearings again as your helmsman does this, to double check the anchor hasn't pulled free.
3-7. Take compass bearings regularly
Take the bearings of several objects around you and note them in your log book. Do this immediately after anchoring, and 15–20 minutes after anchoring to make sure the anchor set properly. Keep checking every hour or few hours, depending on how long you'll be anchored.
GPS units often have an alarm setting that will alert you if you drift.
If you are going to be staying overnight, try to find at least one object that will be lit. If you can't, you should use a GPS unit.
For an overnight stay or other long stop, arrange an anchor watch rotation in advance so the crew can take turns checking to make sure you haven't drifted.
Tips
When finished, make sure the anchor line is wrapped in a circle and then stored neatly to prevent future tangles.
When using a fluke anchor, give the anchor rope a couple of sharp, short pulls while letting out line to set it. The more line out the better angle you will have to get the flukes in the sand.
Warnings
Always wear a personal flotation device while dropping or retrieving an anchor.
Buoys can be useful for marking a fishing spot so you can more easily find an anchor spot at a suitable distance upwind. However, buoys to mark your anchor position can snag on anchor ropes when your boat drifts. Do not use them for overnight stays, and be aware of their position for shorter stops.[42]
X
Research source
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:54",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Selecting Proper Equipment\\n1-1. Consider a general purpose fluke anchor.\\nA fluke or Danforth anchor relies less on its weight than on its design, which consists of two flat, pointed flukes extending at a 30º angle from the anchor rod. This is one of the more popular designs on the market, and in soft mud or hard sand, has more staying power by weight than any other type. However, its broad-fluked design may prevent it from reaching bottom in a strong current, and like most anchors, it will have trouble catching on rocks and other hard bottoms.\\nAluminum variations of the Danforth design, such as the Fortress, have excellent holding power. Some of these also have adjustable flukes, which can be made broader when anchoring in soft mud. A large aluminum fluke anchor may make a good storm anchor.\\n1-2. Research plow anchors for areas of high or changing current.\\nThe plow anchor is named for the plow-shaped wedge attached by a swivel to the shaft. It is effective in soft bottoms, and somewhat better in grass than other lightweight anchors. These tend to be heavier than fluke anchors of the same size, and thus will set more easily (though with somewhat less holding power) than fluke anchors. The ability of the shaft to swivel in the direction it is pulled without yanking the main anchor makes the plow anchor less likely to unfasten when the boat is pulled a different direction.\\nPlow anchors have no protruding flukes or pieces that the anchor line or chain can catch on. However, unless you have a bow roller, plow anchors can be difficult to store.\\n1-3. Only use mushroom anchors for light use.\\nMushroom anchors look like a disc or dish at the base of the anchor shaft. They don't have much holding power, but are a good choice for small boats that make short stops in areas with soft ground. If your boat is small enough for the size of mushroom anchor you choose, it may be your best bet for heavily weeded areas. If poking a hole in your vessel is a concern, mushroom anchors have no sharp edges and are less likely to damage thin hulled boats such as composite canoes, kayaks and inflatables.\\nMany electric anchors lowered by the push of a button are mushroom anchors.\\n1-4. Research other types of anchors for specialized uses.\\nMany more types of anchor exist, and no single anchor is useful for every purpose. Grapnel, navy, or Herreshoff anchors are useful for anchoring small boats to rocky bottoms. Less common bottoms may require specialized anchors for best results, such as a claw anchor in gravel.\\n1-5. Use several anchors for different purposes.\\nDepending on what you use your boat for, you'll probably want several anchors of different sizes. Your main anchor is useful for extending fishing spots and most other purposes. An anchor one or two sizes smaller that's easy to deploy and pull up is good for lunch stops and other short breaks. A storm anchor one or two sizes larger should be kept around to deploy during rough weather or for overnight stops. In addition, it's always good to have at least one heavy backup in case you lose an anchor, or for situations where it's wise to use two anchors.\\nMake sure your anchor is the proper weight and size for your boat, as well as the proper type of anchor for the bottom of the lake, ocean, or sea that you're going to be anchoring to.\\nYou should always follow the recommendations of your boat's manufacturer when picking anchor size. However, a rough chart can be found halfway down this page. Purchase a larger anchor than specified if you have an unusual amount of weight on your boat.\\nWhen in doubt, purchase a larger anchor. Physical size is a more important indicator than weight, although both are relevant.\\n1-6. Use high quality anchors.\\nAnchors are important for your safety, and you should buy the best anchors you can afford. Inspect each anchor for rust, uneven or breaking welding lines, and other inconsistencies in the metal before purchasing.\\n1-7. Make sure you have deck cleats or anchor rollers suitable for your anchors.\\nYou may have a bow roller mounted on your boat where you can store and attach your anchor, but be aware that each roller is only suitable for specific types of anchors. Otherwise, make sure you have strong, sturdy deck cleats to tie the anchor rope onto.\\n1-8. Learn how to pick a nylon anchor line.\\nThe chain, rope, or combination of these that attaches the anchor to your boat is called an . Nylon's elasticity allows it to respond well to sudden wind and current changes, and a high quality rope is sufficiently strong to use as a rode. It is also easy to manipulate and relatively cheap, although you should not skimp on quality.\\nThree stranded nylon rope is most resistant to tears and thus best suited for water bottom purposes, but it will become difficult to handle and need to be replaced after it is stiff with salt. Choose medium lay three stranded rope, referring to the number of twists in the strands, as it will come apart less easily.\\nBraided nylon rope is stronger and easier to work with, but not a great option for frequent anchor use, as it snags or tears from objects on the bottom.\\nWhen you anchor your boat, always be sure the rode is free and clear, so it's able to run out of the boat cleanly.\\n1-9. Understand which anchor chain is best to use.\\nChain is more expensive and takes more effort to use, but won't be fouled by strong currents and helps the anchor drop to the bottom quickly. Try to find anchor chain with high quality of manufacture and consistent galvanization, indicated by a uniform appearance. Good choices for chain types to use in anchor applications include BBB, Hi-test chain, and proof coil. Make sure the chain's links fit on your boat's windlass, which stores the chain and releases it as you drop the anchor.\\nProof coil chain has a \\\"G 3\\\" imprinted on each link.\\nBBB chain is a strong material with small links suitable for small windlasses. It is preferred by people who use all-chain anchor ropes rather than a mix of rope and chain.\\nHi-test chain is strong but light. Use it instead of the others if you'd like to reduce weight.\\nAnchor chain made by North American companies is a more consistent quality than some anchor chains of other countries. If you live elsewhere in the world and don't wish to buy an imported chain, local sailors or fishermen may be able to advise you.\\n1-10. Consider using both materials.\\nAn anchor rode formed from lengths of both rope and chain provides some of the benefits and downsides of each, but requires an additional shackle joint to keep the two lengths tightly fastened. In the end, the chain vs. rope discussion has many factors involved, and you may want an experienced boat owner to help you make the decision.\\nIf you use an all-chain rode, it is still a good idea to attach a nylon rope \\\"snubbing line\\\" to make the rode heavier and more elastic. One end of this rope is tied to a bow cleat, while a special chain hook tool attaches the other to the chain 4 feet (1.2m) or more from where the chain is attached to the bow.\\n1-11. Use rope or chain of sufficient diameter.\\nNylon rope should be 3/16\\\" (4.8mm) in diameter for a craft under 10' (3m) in length and 3/8\\\" (9.5mm) for a craft under 20' (6m). Increase the diameter by an additional 1/8\\\" (3.2mm) for each additional 10' (3m) in length beyond 20 feet (6 meters). Chain can be 1/8\\\" (3.2mm) smaller in diameter than rope would be for that size of boat.\\n2. Choosing a Spot to Anchor\\n2-1. Use your charts and eyesight to choose a good location.\\nYour charts should tell you the depth of the water and note any designated anchoring locations. Try to find a location with a flat bottom suitable for your anchor type (soft and relatively weed-free is usually best). Avoid areas of strong current or areas open to the weather, especially during an overnight stop.\\nIf you're aiming to end up over a fishing spot or other specific area, keep in mind the anchor location should be well upwind of the area your boat will end up.\\n2-2. Measure the depth at that location and check the space available.\\nMeasure the depth of the chosen spot and multiply by 7: this is roughly how far your boat will drift from your anchor. If the current or wind changes, your boat could swing to the other side of the anchor; make sure it has sufficient space in every direction. anchor your boat somewhere where its swing radius will intersect another boat's.\\nNever assume the other boats have the same anchor line (or \\\"anchor rode\\\") length as you do, or that they will drift in the same direction. Ask other boat owners where their anchors are dropped and how long the rode is if you're not sure.\\nThe instructions below give you more exact instructions for determining the length of your anchor line.\\n2-3. Circle the possible anchorage location while making depth measurements.\\nCircle the spot you've chosen fully, taking depth measurements. This will reveal any hidden shoals or other obstructions that could damage your boat if it drifts while anchored.\\nIf you do find dangerous shallow areas, you'll need to find another place to drop anchor.\\n2-4. Check the weather and tide information.\\nYou should know the timing of the next tide and the range of water level between high tide and low tide, so you aren't caught unawares. If you're staying longer than an hour or two, you should check the weather forecast so you're prepared for any high wind or storms.\\n2-5. Consider which anchor to use.\\nYou should now have a good idea of the nature of your location. If you expect high winds or a strong tide, or if your anchor coming loose could cause a collision, you should use a heavy storm anchor with excellent holding power. For most situations, your ordinary main anchor or light \\\"lunch anchor\\\" will do.\\nSee Selecting an Anchor for more information.\\nIn rough circumstances, you may need to use one anchor at the bow and a second anchor at the stern. do this if nearby boats are using this method, as boats using one or two anchors swing by different amounts and easily foul each other's lines.\\n2-6. Slowly approach the confirmed spot from downwind and stop when over it.\\nWhen you stop, the current or wind should push you slowly backward away from the spot. This is when you should drop the anchor.\\nIf the water is calm, you may need a helmsman to reverse the engines at idle speed. It's better to work out hand signals for \\\"start\\\", \\\"stop\\\", \\\"more power\\\", and \\\"less power\\\" in advance, rather than attempting to shout across the boat.\\n2-7. Determine how much line to let out and cleat it at that point.\\nBefore you drop your anchor, determine how much you'll line, or , you'll need, then use a cleat hitch to tie it at that distance. The term refers to the ratio between the length of your rode and the distance from the bow to the bottom. Your scope should be at least 5:1, but 7:1 is preferable. Increase the scope to 10:1 or more for stormy conditions or if your anchor keeps ripping free of the bottom. The longer the scope, the closer to horizontal your rode is, and the more tightly you will be anchored.\\nMeasure from the bow, not the water surface. If the water is 10 feet deep (3m), and your bow is 4 feet (1.2) m above the water surface, the total depth is 14 feet (4.2m). A typical scope of 7:1 would require 14 x 7 = 98 feet of rode (4.2 x 7 = 29.4 m).\\nConsult a knot guide for sailors or online tutorial if you do not know how to tie a firm cleat hitch.\\nOnly use a shorter scope than listed if you need to avoid drifting into obstacles and cannot find any suitable anchorage spot with more space. Do not rely on a short scope for rough weather or overnight stays.\\n3. Dropping Anchor\\n3-1. Slowly lower your anchor over the bow (front of the boat).\\nKeep the anchor rode tight at first to help you aim the anchor until you feel it hit bottom. Then slowly play out the rode. It should end up in a straight line across the bottom, not piled up in a heap that could get tangled.\\nBe sure to stop the boat completely before you deploy the anchor.\\nBe careful to avoid getting your hands or feet caught in the rode, which could cause serious injury. Instruct passengers of the danger and keep kids and animals away.\\nDon't throw your anchor overboard; let it down slowly to avoid fouling your own rope.\\n\\n drop an anchor from the stern unless there is already an anchor holding the bow and you need extra anchorage. Anchoring from the stern only could cause your boat to capsize.\\n3-2. After 1/3 of the rode has been let out, cinch it off and let the boat straighten.\\nYour boat will probably turn across the current or wind as you move. After you've let out about 1/3 of the total rode you determined you'd use, cinch it off and wait for the boat to straighten out. This will straighten the rode you've let out and gently set the anchor into the bottom.\\nIf your boat won't straighten out, your anchor is drifting and you need to try again. Pick another spot if possible.\\n3-3. Continue to let out the scope and straighten the boat twice more.\\nUncinch the anchor rode and let it out as the boat once again drifts backward. Cinch it again once a total of 2/3 the rode length has been played out. Let the boat's momentum straighten it out and set the anchor more firmly. Repeat this process one more time, letting out the rest of the rode length you determined was necessary.\\n3-4. Tie off the line around a bow cleat.\\nTie the anchor rode firmly around a bow cleat. Give it a tug to test the anchor is set, although be aware it will require further setting as described below. If not, you'll need to repeat this process. Try to find a different spot with better conditions.\\nIt's a good idea to secure the anchor to the boat with a backup secure in case the primary rode were to fail for some reason.\\n3-5. Check you're anchored using reference points.\\nFirst, find two stationary objects on the shore, and note their positions relative to each other from your perspective. (For instance, a tree in front of a lighthouse, or two boulders a thumb's width apart if you hold your hand at arm's length.) Signal the helmsman to gently start the engine in reverse until the rode straightens, then signal him or her to return to neutral. The boat should drift back to a stationary position where the two objects you noted appear in exactly the same position relative to each other.\\nIf the two objects are in different positions and you remained standing in the same spot throughout this procedure, you are not anchored and need to begin again.\\nTry to arrange hand signals with your helmsman in advance, rather than attempting to shout across the boat.\\n3-6. Use your engine to give the anchor a final hard set.\\nThis is called the anchor, and jams a set anchor more firmly into the bottom. Have your helmsman reverse hard until the rode straightens out, then kill the engine.\\nCheck your bearings again as your helmsman does this, to double check the anchor hasn't pulled free.\\n3-7. Take compass bearings regularly\\nTake the bearings of several objects around you and note them in your log book. Do this immediately after anchoring, and 15–20 minutes after anchoring to make sure the anchor set properly. Keep checking every hour or few hours, depending on how long you'll be anchored.\\nGPS units often have an alarm setting that will alert you if you drift.\\nIf you are going to be staying overnight, try to find at least one object that will be lit. If you can't, you should use a GPS unit.\\nFor an overnight stay or other long stop, arrange an anchor watch rotation in advance so the crew can take turns checking to make sure you haven't drifted.\\nTips\\nWhen finished, make sure the anchor line is wrapped in a circle and then stored neatly to prevent future tangles.\\nWhen using a fluke anchor, give the anchor rope a couple of sharp, short pulls while letting out line to set it. The more line out the better angle you will have to get the flukes in the sand.\\nWarnings\\nAlways wear a personal flotation device while dropping or retrieving an anchor.\\nBuoys can be useful for marking a fishing spot so you can more easily find an anchor spot at a suitable distance upwind. However, buoys to mark your anchor position can snag on anchor ropes when your boat drifts. Do not use them for overnight stays, and be aware of their position for shorter stops.[42]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Anchoring a boat properly is important when you want it to remain in position. Read the following instructions to learn how to safely and effectively anchor your boat. Be sure you understand the entire process, especially the instructions under Choosing a Spot to Anchor, before you drop your anchor. Even if you already have several anchors, reading or skimming the section on Selecting an Anchor will tell you valuable information about when to use each type, and how to evaluate anchor, rope, and chain quality.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Selecting Proper Equipment\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Consider a general purpose fluke anchor.\", \"描述\": \"A fluke or Danforth anchor relies less on its weight than on its design, which consists of two flat, pointed flukes extending at a 30º angle from the anchor rod. This is one of the more popular designs on the market, and in soft mud or hard sand, has more staying power by weight than any other type. However, its broad-fluked design may prevent it from reaching bottom in a strong current, and like most anchors, it will have trouble catching on rocks and other hard bottoms.\\nAluminum variations of the Danforth design, such as the Fortress, have excellent holding power. Some of these also have adjustable flukes, which can be made broader when anchoring in soft mud. A large aluminum fluke anchor may make a good storm anchor.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Research plow anchors for areas of high or changing current.\", \"描述\": \"The plow anchor is named for the plow-shaped wedge attached by a swivel to the shaft. It is effective in soft bottoms, and somewhat better in grass than other lightweight anchors. These tend to be heavier than fluke anchors of the same size, and thus will set more easily (though with somewhat less holding power) than fluke anchors. The ability of the shaft to swivel in the direction it is pulled without yanking the main anchor makes the plow anchor less likely to unfasten when the boat is pulled a different direction.\\nPlow anchors have no protruding flukes or pieces that the anchor line or chain can catch on. However, unless you have a bow roller, plow anchors can be difficult to store.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Only use mushroom anchors for light use.\", \"描述\": \"Mushroom anchors look like a disc or dish at the base of the anchor shaft. They don't have much holding power, but are a good choice for small boats that make short stops in areas with soft ground. If your boat is small enough for the size of mushroom anchor you choose, it may be your best bet for heavily weeded areas. If poking a hole in your vessel is a concern, mushroom anchors have no sharp edges and are less likely to damage thin hulled boats such as composite canoes, kayaks and inflatables.\\nMany electric anchors lowered by the push of a button are mushroom anchors.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Research other types of anchors for specialized uses.\", \"描述\": \"Many more types of anchor exist, and no single anchor is useful for every purpose. Grapnel, navy, or Herreshoff anchors are useful for anchoring small boats to rocky bottoms. Less common bottoms may require specialized anchors for best results, such as a claw anchor in gravel.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Use several anchors for different purposes.\", \"描述\": \"Depending on what you use your boat for, you'll probably want several anchors of different sizes. Your main anchor is useful for extending fishing spots and most other purposes. An anchor one or two sizes smaller that's easy to deploy and pull up is good for lunch stops and other short breaks. A storm anchor one or two sizes larger should be kept around to deploy during rough weather or for overnight stops. In addition, it's always good to have at least one heavy backup in case you lose an anchor, or for situations where it's wise to use two anchors.\\nMake sure your anchor is the proper weight and size for your boat, as well as the proper type of anchor for the bottom of the lake, ocean, or sea that you're going to be anchoring to.\\nYou should always follow the recommendations of your boat's manufacturer when picking anchor size. However, a rough chart can be found halfway down this page. Purchase a larger anchor than specified if you have an unusual amount of weight on your boat.\\nWhen in doubt, purchase a larger anchor. Physical size is a more important indicator than weight, although both are relevant.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Use high quality anchors.\", \"描述\": \"Anchors are important for your safety, and you should buy the best anchors you can afford. Inspect each anchor for rust, uneven or breaking welding lines, and other inconsistencies in the metal before purchasing.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Make sure you have deck cleats or anchor rollers suitable for your anchors.\", \"描述\": \"You may have a bow roller mounted on your boat where you can store and attach your anchor, but be aware that each roller is only suitable for specific types of anchors. Otherwise, make sure you have strong, sturdy deck cleats to tie the anchor rope onto.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Learn how to pick a nylon anchor line.\", \"描述\": \"The chain, rope, or combination of these that attaches the anchor to your boat is called an . Nylon's elasticity allows it to respond well to sudden wind and current changes, and a high quality rope is sufficiently strong to use as a rode. It is also easy to manipulate and relatively cheap, although you should not skimp on quality.\\nThree stranded nylon rope is most resistant to tears and thus best suited for water bottom purposes, but it will become difficult to handle and need to be replaced after it is stiff with salt. Choose medium lay three stranded rope, referring to the number of twists in the strands, as it will come apart less easily.\\nBraided nylon rope is stronger and easier to work with, but not a great option for frequent anchor use, as it snags or tears from objects on the bottom.\\nWhen you anchor your boat, always be sure the rode is free and clear, so it's able to run out of the boat cleanly.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Understand which anchor chain is best to use.\", \"描述\": \"Chain is more expensive and takes more effort to use, but won't be fouled by strong currents and helps the anchor drop to the bottom quickly. Try to find anchor chain with high quality of manufacture and consistent galvanization, indicated by a uniform appearance. Good choices for chain types to use in anchor applications include BBB, Hi-test chain, and proof coil. Make sure the chain's links fit on your boat's windlass, which stores the chain and releases it as you drop the anchor.\\nProof coil chain has a \\\"G 3\\\" imprinted on each link.\\nBBB chain is a strong material with small links suitable for small windlasses. It is preferred by people who use all-chain anchor ropes rather than a mix of rope and chain.\\nHi-test chain is strong but light. Use it instead of the others if you'd like to reduce weight.\\nAnchor chain made by North American companies is a more consistent quality than some anchor chains of other countries. If you live elsewhere in the world and don't wish to buy an imported chain, local sailors or fishermen may be able to advise you.\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Consider using both materials.\", \"描述\": \"An anchor rode formed from lengths of both rope and chain provides some of the benefits and downsides of each, but requires an additional shackle joint to keep the two lengths tightly fastened. In the end, the chain vs. rope discussion has many factors involved, and you may want an experienced boat owner to help you make the decision.\\nIf you use an all-chain rode, it is still a good idea to attach a nylon rope \\\"snubbing line\\\" to make the rode heavier and more elastic. One end of this rope is tied to a bow cleat, while a special chain hook tool attaches the other to the chain 4 feet (1.2m) or more from where the chain is attached to the bow.\"}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Use rope or chain of sufficient diameter.\", \"描述\": \"Nylon rope should be 3/16\\\" (4.8mm) in diameter for a craft under 10' (3m) in length and 3/8\\\" (9.5mm) for a craft under 20' (6m). Increase the diameter by an additional 1/8\\\" (3.2mm) for each additional 10' (3m) in length beyond 20 feet (6 meters). Chain can be 1/8\\\" (3.2mm) smaller in diameter than rope would be for that size of boat.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Choosing a Spot to Anchor\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use your charts and eyesight to choose a good location.\", \"描述\": \"Your charts should tell you the depth of the water and note any designated anchoring locations. Try to find a location with a flat bottom suitable for your anchor type (soft and relatively weed-free is usually best). Avoid areas of strong current or areas open to the weather, especially during an overnight stop.\\nIf you're aiming to end up over a fishing spot or other specific area, keep in mind the anchor location should be well upwind of the area your boat will end up.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Measure the depth at that location and check the space available.\", \"描述\": \"Measure the depth of the chosen spot and multiply by 7: this is roughly how far your boat will drift from your anchor. If the current or wind changes, your boat could swing to the other side of the anchor; make sure it has sufficient space in every direction. anchor your boat somewhere where its swing radius will intersect another boat's.\\nNever assume the other boats have the same anchor line (or \\\"anchor rode\\\") length as you do, or that they will drift in the same direction. Ask other boat owners where their anchors are dropped and how long the rode is if you're not sure.\\nThe instructions below give you more exact instructions for determining the length of your anchor line.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Circle the possible anchorage location while making depth measurements.\", \"描述\": \"Circle the spot you've chosen fully, taking depth measurements. This will reveal any hidden shoals or other obstructions that could damage your boat if it drifts while anchored.\\nIf you do find dangerous shallow areas, you'll need to find another place to drop anchor.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Check the weather and tide information.\", \"描述\": \"You should know the timing of the next tide and the range of water level between high tide and low tide, so you aren't caught unawares. If you're staying longer than an hour or two, you should check the weather forecast so you're prepared for any high wind or storms.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Consider which anchor to use.\", \"描述\": \"You should now have a good idea of the nature of your location. If you expect high winds or a strong tide, or if your anchor coming loose could cause a collision, you should use a heavy storm anchor with excellent holding power. For most situations, your ordinary main anchor or light \\\"lunch anchor\\\" will do.\\nSee Selecting an Anchor for more information.\\nIn rough circumstances, you may need to use one anchor at the bow and a second anchor at the stern. do this if nearby boats are using this method, as boats using one or two anchors swing by different amounts and easily foul each other's lines.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Slowly approach the confirmed spot from downwind and stop when over it.\", \"描述\": \"When you stop, the current or wind should push you slowly backward away from the spot. This is when you should drop the anchor.\\nIf the water is calm, you may need a helmsman to reverse the engines at idle speed. It's better to work out hand signals for \\\"start\\\", \\\"stop\\\", \\\"more power\\\", and \\\"less power\\\" in advance, rather than attempting to shout across the boat.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Determine how much line to let out and cleat it at that point.\", \"描述\": \"Before you drop your anchor, determine how much you'll line, or , you'll need, then use a cleat hitch to tie it at that distance. The term refers to the ratio between the length of your rode and the distance from the bow to the bottom. Your scope should be at least 5:1, but 7:1 is preferable. Increase the scope to 10:1 or more for stormy conditions or if your anchor keeps ripping free of the bottom. The longer the scope, the closer to horizontal your rode is, and the more tightly you will be anchored.\\nMeasure from the bow, not the water surface. If the water is 10 feet deep (3m), and your bow is 4 feet (1.2) m above the water surface, the total depth is 14 feet (4.2m). A typical scope of 7:1 would require 14 x 7 = 98 feet of rode (4.2 x 7 = 29.4 m).\\nConsult a knot guide for sailors or online tutorial if you do not know how to tie a firm cleat hitch.\\nOnly use a shorter scope than listed if you need to avoid drifting into obstacles and cannot find any suitable anchorage spot with more space. Do not rely on a short scope for rough weather or overnight stays.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Dropping Anchor\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Slowly lower your anchor over the bow (front of the boat).\", \"描述\": \"Keep the anchor rode tight at first to help you aim the anchor until you feel it hit bottom. Then slowly play out the rode. It should end up in a straight line across the bottom, not piled up in a heap that could get tangled.\\nBe sure to stop the boat completely before you deploy the anchor.\\nBe careful to avoid getting your hands or feet caught in the rode, which could cause serious injury. Instruct passengers of the danger and keep kids and animals away.\\nDon't throw your anchor overboard; let it down slowly to avoid fouling your own rope.\\n\\n drop an anchor from the stern unless there is already an anchor holding the bow and you need extra anchorage. Anchoring from the stern only could cause your boat to capsize.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"After 1/3 of the rode has been let out, cinch it off and let the boat straighten.\", \"描述\": \"Your boat will probably turn across the current or wind as you move. After you've let out about 1/3 of the total rode you determined you'd use, cinch it off and wait for the boat to straighten out. This will straighten the rode you've let out and gently set the anchor into the bottom.\\nIf your boat won't straighten out, your anchor is drifting and you need to try again. Pick another spot if possible.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Continue to let out the scope and straighten the boat twice more.\", \"描述\": \"Uncinch the anchor rode and let it out as the boat once again drifts backward. Cinch it again once a total of 2/3 the rode length has been played out. Let the boat's momentum straighten it out and set the anchor more firmly. Repeat this process one more time, letting out the rest of the rode length you determined was necessary.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Tie off the line around a bow cleat.\", \"描述\": \"Tie the anchor rode firmly around a bow cleat. Give it a tug to test the anchor is set, although be aware it will require further setting as described below. If not, you'll need to repeat this process. Try to find a different spot with better conditions.\\nIt's a good idea to secure the anchor to the boat with a backup secure in case the primary rode were to fail for some reason.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Check you're anchored using reference points.\", \"描述\": \"First, find two stationary objects on the shore, and note their positions relative to each other from your perspective. (For instance, a tree in front of a lighthouse, or two boulders a thumb's width apart if you hold your hand at arm's length.) Signal the helmsman to gently start the engine in reverse until the rode straightens, then signal him or her to return to neutral. The boat should drift back to a stationary position where the two objects you noted appear in exactly the same position relative to each other.\\nIf the two objects are in different positions and you remained standing in the same spot throughout this procedure, you are not anchored and need to begin again.\\nTry to arrange hand signals with your helmsman in advance, rather than attempting to shout across the boat.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Use your engine to give the anchor a final hard set.\", \"描述\": \"This is called the anchor, and jams a set anchor more firmly into the bottom. Have your helmsman reverse hard until the rode straightens out, then kill the engine.\\nCheck your bearings again as your helmsman does this, to double check the anchor hasn't pulled free.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Take compass bearings regularly\", \"描述\": \"Take the bearings of several objects around you and note them in your log book. Do this immediately after anchoring, and 15–20 minutes after anchoring to make sure the anchor set properly. Keep checking every hour or few hours, depending on how long you'll be anchored.\\nGPS units often have an alarm setting that will alert you if you drift.\\nIf you are going to be staying overnight, try to find at least one object that will be lit. If you can't, you should use a GPS unit.\\nFor an overnight stay or other long stop, arrange an anchor watch rotation in advance so the crew can take turns checking to make sure you haven't drifted.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"When finished, make sure the anchor line is wrapped in a circle and then stored neatly to prevent future tangles.\\n\", \"When using a fluke anchor, give the anchor rope a couple of sharp, short pulls while letting out line to set it. The more line out the better angle you will have to get the flukes in the sand.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Always wear a personal flotation device while dropping or retrieving an anchor.\\n\", \"Buoys can be useful for marking a fishing spot so you can more easily find an anchor spot at a suitable distance upwind. However, buoys to mark your anchor position can snag on anchor ropes when your boat drifts. Do not use them for overnight stays, and be aware of their position for shorter stops.[42]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,686 | How to Anchor a Swing Set | 1. Anchoring with Concrete
1-1. Position the swing set and mark the location of each leg with a shovel.
Place the swing set where you intend to permanently install it. Make a small mark in the ground where each leg is with the blade of a shovel. Make this mark on the very edge of each leg so that it is as accurately located as possible.
Be sure you’re confident with the location for your swing set. Once you pour in your concrete anchoring, it will be very difficult to move the set.
Nearly any type of soft ground (such as dirt or sand) will work for this method, and you can use this method with wooden and metal swing sets.
1-2. Dig holes at each point where you marked the ground with your shovel.
Move the swing set out of the way so you can have direct access to each anchor point. Dig each hole to be roughly 12 inches (30 cm) deep and 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter.
For maximum safety, always use 4 anchors to secure all 4 legs of the swing set.
1-3. Drill holes into the sides of each leg of the swing set.
Use a ⁄8 inch (9.5 mm) drill bit to drill a hole on either side of each leg, oriented horizontally. Drill each hole at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the bottom of the leg.
This is technically optional if your swing set has wooden legs, since you may be able to screw in the anchors without pre-drilling a hole. However, it’s a much easier process if the legs already have holes in them, especially if they’re made of metal.
1-4. Place the plate of a concrete anchor at the bottom side of each leg.
Use the materials that came with your anchoring kit for best results. Screw 2 large bolts or screws through each anchoring plate to attach it to its corresponding leg. Slide the bolts into the screw holes of the plate, then use a drill to twist each one into the leg material.
You can purchase an anchoring kit at most home improvement stores and any store that sells supplies for swing sets.
Typically, you'll need to use two large bolts or screws to attach each anchoring plate to the corresponding leg.
1-5. Mix a batch of concrete
Wait to mix your concrete until just before you’re ready to pour it into the ground. Fill each hole nearly full with concrete, so that there is 1 inch (2.5 cm) between the concrete and the top of the hole.
When mixing the concrete, follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding the correct ratio of concrete mix to water. The ideal texture of the finished concrete should be consistent and very thick.
Continue to the next step while the poured concrete remains wet.
1-6. Place each anchor in the anchoring hole.
Carefully position the swing set over each filled anchoring hole and press the bottom of each anchor plate into the concrete. Insert the bottom of the anchor plate deep enough into the hole so that the entire bottom half of the anchor rests below the concrete.
Be sure that this bottom portion does not stick out of the ground; it could present a safety hazard if it does.
For best results, have 1 person hold each leg of the swing set as you lower them into the holes to keep the swing at an even level.
1-7. Let the concrete dry, then cover the area beneath the swing.
Allow 24 hours for the concrete to fully harden. Then, pack the previously removed soil around the base of each leg and cover the ground area beneath the swing with soft material.
Note that the total amount of time may vary depending on the concrete formula and current weather conditions. Tap on the concrete to test its hardness before use.
If you’re using wood mulch or shredded bark mulch, cover the ground beneath the set with at least 9 inches (23 cm) of material. If you’re using uniform wood chips, fine sand, or fine gravel, cover the ground with at least 12 inches (30 cm).
For maximum safety, check the swing set once more after covering the area beneath it. Firmly push on each leg of the set. If you anchored the set properly, the pressure should not be enough to cause any leg movement.
2. Using Ground Anchors
2-1. Position the set, then hammer stakes into the ground under each leg.
Choose the best location for your swing set and temporarily position the set in place. Then, use a hammer to insert a wooden stake into the ground where each leg is positioned. You’ll need to hammer each stake in 1 of 2 ways, depending on if you’re using a 1-piece anchor or a 2-piece anchor:
If you’re using a 1-piece anchor, simply hammer each stake directly in front of each leg.
If you’re using a 2-piece anchor, insert the wooden stakes into the ground exactly where each leg of the swing set will be. This will require you to have someone move the leg out of the way while you’re hammering.
2-2. Remove the stakes and twist each anchor into the holes in the ground.
Carefully shift the legs of the set to the sides of each marked hole. Then, twist each ground anchor while applying downward pressure to insert it into the soil at each marked position. Be sure to keep the anchor vertical as you twist it into the ground.
Make sure that you insert the anchors into solid ground. Packed soils are better than loose soil or sand, while soils containing clay or covered in dense grass are even better.
If you are unable to twist the anchor with your hands, slide a metal bar through the eye of the anchor and use it as a lever to help rotate the anchor down.
2-3. Attach each leg of the swing set to its corresponding anchor.
If you used 1-piece anchors, slide a screw or bolt into the eye of each anchor, then drill the screw directly into the side of the leg near the bottom. If you used 2-piece anchors, place 1 4-by-4 leg attachment at the bottom of each leg. Then, drill this attachment to the leg using 2 ⁄8 inch (9.5 mm) bolts, drilling each bolt into the side of the leg.
The screws or bolts you'll need should come with the anchoring kit.
You may need to drill the holes with an appropriately sized drill bit before fitting the bolts into the legs, especially when working with metal sets.
Position the swing set back in place so that the legs sit directly next to each anchor. Use a drill to carefully insert each screw through the eye of the anchor and into the bottom side of each leg.
Be sure to cover any exposed screws with appropriately sized bolt caps.
2-4. Fit the upper anchor over the ground anchor, if applicable.
Line up each leg with each ground anchor, then push the leg attachments onto the revealed ground anchors. Finally, slide a bolt into the corresponding sets of holes on each anchor to secure them to each other. This is only necessary to do if you’re using 2-piece anchors.
Match up the screw holes, when applicable. Drill another bolt through each overlapping pair of holes to secure each leg attachment to its corresponding ground anchor.
2-5. Lay ground covering over the area.
Cover the base of each leg with soil or mulch. For added safety, cover the ground beneath the set with additional mulch. After covering the ground, check the swing set by pushing on each leg. If the set does not budge when you apply pressure, you've anchored it successfully.
Apply roughly 9 inches (23 cm) of wood mulch or 12 inches (30 cm) of fine sand or fine gravel as your ground covering.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:54",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Anchoring with Concrete\\n1-1. Position the swing set and mark the location of each leg with a shovel.\\nPlace the swing set where you intend to permanently install it. Make a small mark in the ground where each leg is with the blade of a shovel. Make this mark on the very edge of each leg so that it is as accurately located as possible.\\nBe sure you’re confident with the location for your swing set. Once you pour in your concrete anchoring, it will be very difficult to move the set.\\nNearly any type of soft ground (such as dirt or sand) will work for this method, and you can use this method with wooden and metal swing sets.\\n1-2. Dig holes at each point where you marked the ground with your shovel.\\nMove the swing set out of the way so you can have direct access to each anchor point. Dig each hole to be roughly 12 inches (30 cm) deep and 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter.\\nFor maximum safety, always use 4 anchors to secure all 4 legs of the swing set.\\n1-3. Drill holes into the sides of each leg of the swing set.\\nUse a ⁄8 inch (9.5 mm) drill bit to drill a hole on either side of each leg, oriented horizontally. Drill each hole at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the bottom of the leg.\\nThis is technically optional if your swing set has wooden legs, since you may be able to screw in the anchors without pre-drilling a hole. However, it’s a much easier process if the legs already have holes in them, especially if they’re made of metal.\\n1-4. Place the plate of a concrete anchor at the bottom side of each leg.\\nUse the materials that came with your anchoring kit for best results. Screw 2 large bolts or screws through each anchoring plate to attach it to its corresponding leg. Slide the bolts into the screw holes of the plate, then use a drill to twist each one into the leg material.\\nYou can purchase an anchoring kit at most home improvement stores and any store that sells supplies for swing sets.\\nTypically, you'll need to use two large bolts or screws to attach each anchoring plate to the corresponding leg.\\n1-5. Mix a batch of concrete\\nWait to mix your concrete until just before you’re ready to pour it into the ground. Fill each hole nearly full with concrete, so that there is 1 inch (2.5 cm) between the concrete and the top of the hole.\\nWhen mixing the concrete, follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding the correct ratio of concrete mix to water. The ideal texture of the finished concrete should be consistent and very thick.\\nContinue to the next step while the poured concrete remains wet.\\n1-6. Place each anchor in the anchoring hole.\\nCarefully position the swing set over each filled anchoring hole and press the bottom of each anchor plate into the concrete. Insert the bottom of the anchor plate deep enough into the hole so that the entire bottom half of the anchor rests below the concrete.\\nBe sure that this bottom portion does not stick out of the ground; it could present a safety hazard if it does.\\nFor best results, have 1 person hold each leg of the swing set as you lower them into the holes to keep the swing at an even level.\\n1-7. Let the concrete dry, then cover the area beneath the swing.\\nAllow 24 hours for the concrete to fully harden. Then, pack the previously removed soil around the base of each leg and cover the ground area beneath the swing with soft material.\\nNote that the total amount of time may vary depending on the concrete formula and current weather conditions. Tap on the concrete to test its hardness before use.\\nIf you’re using wood mulch or shredded bark mulch, cover the ground beneath the set with at least 9 inches (23 cm) of material. If you’re using uniform wood chips, fine sand, or fine gravel, cover the ground with at least 12 inches (30 cm).\\nFor maximum safety, check the swing set once more after covering the area beneath it. Firmly push on each leg of the set. If you anchored the set properly, the pressure should not be enough to cause any leg movement.\\n2. Using Ground Anchors\\n2-1. Position the set, then hammer stakes into the ground under each leg.\\nChoose the best location for your swing set and temporarily position the set in place. Then, use a hammer to insert a wooden stake into the ground where each leg is positioned. You’ll need to hammer each stake in 1 of 2 ways, depending on if you’re using a 1-piece anchor or a 2-piece anchor:\\nIf you’re using a 1-piece anchor, simply hammer each stake directly in front of each leg.\\nIf you’re using a 2-piece anchor, insert the wooden stakes into the ground exactly where each leg of the swing set will be. This will require you to have someone move the leg out of the way while you’re hammering.\\n2-2. Remove the stakes and twist each anchor into the holes in the ground.\\nCarefully shift the legs of the set to the sides of each marked hole. Then, twist each ground anchor while applying downward pressure to insert it into the soil at each marked position. Be sure to keep the anchor vertical as you twist it into the ground.\\nMake sure that you insert the anchors into solid ground. Packed soils are better than loose soil or sand, while soils containing clay or covered in dense grass are even better.\\nIf you are unable to twist the anchor with your hands, slide a metal bar through the eye of the anchor and use it as a lever to help rotate the anchor down.\\n2-3. Attach each leg of the swing set to its corresponding anchor.\\nIf you used 1-piece anchors, slide a screw or bolt into the eye of each anchor, then drill the screw directly into the side of the leg near the bottom. If you used 2-piece anchors, place 1 4-by-4 leg attachment at the bottom of each leg. Then, drill this attachment to the leg using 2 ⁄8 inch (9.5 mm) bolts, drilling each bolt into the side of the leg.\\nThe screws or bolts you'll need should come with the anchoring kit.\\nYou may need to drill the holes with an appropriately sized drill bit before fitting the bolts into the legs, especially when working with metal sets.\\nPosition the swing set back in place so that the legs sit directly next to each anchor. Use a drill to carefully insert each screw through the eye of the anchor and into the bottom side of each leg.\\nBe sure to cover any exposed screws with appropriately sized bolt caps.\\n2-4. Fit the upper anchor over the ground anchor, if applicable.\\nLine up each leg with each ground anchor, then push the leg attachments onto the revealed ground anchors. Finally, slide a bolt into the corresponding sets of holes on each anchor to secure them to each other. This is only necessary to do if you’re using 2-piece anchors.\\nMatch up the screw holes, when applicable. Drill another bolt through each overlapping pair of holes to secure each leg attachment to its corresponding ground anchor.\\n2-5. Lay ground covering over the area.\\nCover the base of each leg with soil or mulch. For added safety, cover the ground beneath the set with additional mulch. After covering the ground, check the swing set by pushing on each leg. If the set does not budge when you apply pressure, you've anchored it successfully.\\nApply roughly 9 inches (23 cm) of wood mulch or 12 inches (30 cm) of fine sand or fine gravel as your ground covering.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"When installing any swing set, you should anchor the equipment into the ground to prevent it from flipping over while in use. Concrete anchors are the most secure. Conversely, if you’re anchoring a swing set to hard ground, you can also use a 1-piece or 2-piece twist-in anchor. Fortunately, whichever method you use, anchoring a swing set is a relatively straightforward process.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Anchoring with Concrete\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Position the swing set and mark the location of each leg with a shovel.\", \"描述\": \"Place the swing set where you intend to permanently install it. Make a small mark in the ground where each leg is with the blade of a shovel. Make this mark on the very edge of each leg so that it is as accurately located as possible.\\nBe sure you’re confident with the location for your swing set. Once you pour in your concrete anchoring, it will be very difficult to move the set.\\nNearly any type of soft ground (such as dirt or sand) will work for this method, and you can use this method with wooden and metal swing sets.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Dig holes at each point where you marked the ground with your shovel.\", \"描述\": \"Move the swing set out of the way so you can have direct access to each anchor point. Dig each hole to be roughly 12 inches (30 cm) deep and 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter.\\nFor maximum safety, always use 4 anchors to secure all 4 legs of the swing set.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Drill holes into the sides of each leg of the swing set.\", \"描述\": \"Use a ⁄8 inch (9.5 mm) drill bit to drill a hole on either side of each leg, oriented horizontally. Drill each hole at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the bottom of the leg.\\nThis is technically optional if your swing set has wooden legs, since you may be able to screw in the anchors without pre-drilling a hole. However, it’s a much easier process if the legs already have holes in them, especially if they’re made of metal.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Place the plate of a concrete anchor at the bottom side of each leg.\", \"描述\": \"Use the materials that came with your anchoring kit for best results. Screw 2 large bolts or screws through each anchoring plate to attach it to its corresponding leg. Slide the bolts into the screw holes of the plate, then use a drill to twist each one into the leg material.\\nYou can purchase an anchoring kit at most home improvement stores and any store that sells supplies for swing sets.\\nTypically, you'll need to use two large bolts or screws to attach each anchoring plate to the corresponding leg.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Mix a batch of concrete\", \"描述\": \"Wait to mix your concrete until just before you’re ready to pour it into the ground. Fill each hole nearly full with concrete, so that there is 1 inch (2.5 cm) between the concrete and the top of the hole.\\nWhen mixing the concrete, follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding the correct ratio of concrete mix to water. The ideal texture of the finished concrete should be consistent and very thick.\\nContinue to the next step while the poured concrete remains wet.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Place each anchor in the anchoring hole.\", \"描述\": \"Carefully position the swing set over each filled anchoring hole and press the bottom of each anchor plate into the concrete. Insert the bottom of the anchor plate deep enough into the hole so that the entire bottom half of the anchor rests below the concrete.\\nBe sure that this bottom portion does not stick out of the ground; it could present a safety hazard if it does.\\nFor best results, have 1 person hold each leg of the swing set as you lower them into the holes to keep the swing at an even level.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Let the concrete dry, then cover the area beneath the swing.\", \"描述\": \"Allow 24 hours for the concrete to fully harden. Then, pack the previously removed soil around the base of each leg and cover the ground area beneath the swing with soft material.\\nNote that the total amount of time may vary depending on the concrete formula and current weather conditions. Tap on the concrete to test its hardness before use.\\nIf you’re using wood mulch or shredded bark mulch, cover the ground beneath the set with at least 9 inches (23 cm) of material. If you’re using uniform wood chips, fine sand, or fine gravel, cover the ground with at least 12 inches (30 cm).\\nFor maximum safety, check the swing set once more after covering the area beneath it. Firmly push on each leg of the set. If you anchored the set properly, the pressure should not be enough to cause any leg movement.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Using Ground Anchors\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Position the set, then hammer stakes into the ground under each leg.\", \"描述\": \"Choose the best location for your swing set and temporarily position the set in place. Then, use a hammer to insert a wooden stake into the ground where each leg is positioned. You’ll need to hammer each stake in 1 of 2 ways, depending on if you’re using a 1-piece anchor or a 2-piece anchor:\\nIf you’re using a 1-piece anchor, simply hammer each stake directly in front of each leg.\\nIf you’re using a 2-piece anchor, insert the wooden stakes into the ground exactly where each leg of the swing set will be. This will require you to have someone move the leg out of the way while you’re hammering.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Remove the stakes and twist each anchor into the holes in the ground.\", \"描述\": \"Carefully shift the legs of the set to the sides of each marked hole. Then, twist each ground anchor while applying downward pressure to insert it into the soil at each marked position. Be sure to keep the anchor vertical as you twist it into the ground.\\nMake sure that you insert the anchors into solid ground. Packed soils are better than loose soil or sand, while soils containing clay or covered in dense grass are even better.\\nIf you are unable to twist the anchor with your hands, slide a metal bar through the eye of the anchor and use it as a lever to help rotate the anchor down.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Attach each leg of the swing set to its corresponding anchor.\", \"描述\": \"If you used 1-piece anchors, slide a screw or bolt into the eye of each anchor, then drill the screw directly into the side of the leg near the bottom. If you used 2-piece anchors, place 1 4-by-4 leg attachment at the bottom of each leg. Then, drill this attachment to the leg using 2 ⁄8 inch (9.5 mm) bolts, drilling each bolt into the side of the leg.\\nThe screws or bolts you'll need should come with the anchoring kit.\\nYou may need to drill the holes with an appropriately sized drill bit before fitting the bolts into the legs, especially when working with metal sets.\\nPosition the swing set back in place so that the legs sit directly next to each anchor. Use a drill to carefully insert each screw through the eye of the anchor and into the bottom side of each leg.\\nBe sure to cover any exposed screws with appropriately sized bolt caps.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Fit the upper anchor over the ground anchor, if applicable.\", \"描述\": \"Line up each leg with each ground anchor, then push the leg attachments onto the revealed ground anchors. Finally, slide a bolt into the corresponding sets of holes on each anchor to secure them to each other. This is only necessary to do if you’re using 2-piece anchors.\\nMatch up the screw holes, when applicable. Drill another bolt through each overlapping pair of holes to secure each leg attachment to its corresponding ground anchor.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Lay ground covering over the area.\", \"描述\": \"Cover the base of each leg with soil or mulch. For added safety, cover the ground beneath the set with additional mulch. After covering the ground, check the swing set by pushing on each leg. If the set does not budge when you apply pressure, you've anchored it successfully.\\nApply roughly 9 inches (23 cm) of wood mulch or 12 inches (30 cm) of fine sand or fine gravel as your ground covering.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,687 | How to Anchor a Trampoline | 1. Putting in Wind Stakes
1-1. Pick up a set of U-shaped wind stakes.
Like their name suggests, these types of stakes come pre-curved into a tight “U” shape. They’re made of solid steel and are typically sold in sets of 4. Installing wind stakes is a cinch—all you have to do is place them over the legs of the trampoline and hammer them down.
A pack of basic U-shaped wind stakes will usually only run you $15-20.
Wind stakes are the easiest trampoline stakes to install, but they don’t hold quite as well as auger-style anchor systems with straps. For this reason, it's a good idea to always inspect them before you start jumping.
1-2. Position each stake over one leg of the trampoline.
Center the stakes on the trampoline legs as best you can. They’ll offer the most stability when they’re set an equal distance from one another.
The prongs of U-shaped wind stakes are spaced about 2–2.5 inches (5.1–6.4 cm) apart, which makes them just wide enough to fit over the legs of most average-sized trampolines.
1-3. Tap the stakes into the ground with a hammer.
It should only take a few taps to get them seated firmly. Once the stakes are in place, jiggle them to test how well they hold. If they feel loose, you may need to pull them up and drive them again.
All styles of trampoline anchors, including U-shaped wind stakes, are designed to be used on soft surfaces, such as grass, dirt, or clay.
If the ground beneath your trampoline is too hard to easily sink the stakes, spray it lightly with a garden hose to soften it up.
Consider using 2 or even 3 sets of stakes if you live in an area where storms and strong winds are a frequent occurrence, or if your trampoline is prone to shifting on the patch of ground where it's situated.
1-4. Remove U-shaped stakes with a screwdriver or similar tool.
When it comes time to pry up your wind stakes, work the blade of the screwdriver into the space between the stake and the trampoline leg, then lift up on the handle. After moving the stakes 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm), you should be able to finish pulling them out by hand.
Try using a hammer to wedge the screwdriver in if you’re having trouble getting your stakes to budge.
Replace your wind stakes if they become bent, broken, or rusted, as this could cause them to fail or even make them a safety hazard.
2. Installing Auger-Style Anchors
2-1. Purchase a trampoline anchor kit.
A standard trampoline anchor kit contains 4 steel augers and 4 adjustable nylon straps. After screwing the augers deep into the ground on each side of the trampoline, you’ll attach and tighten the straps to hold it in place from below.
Auger-style anchor kits are by far the most effective way to steady an ordinary backyard trampoline. They’re strong enough to stand up to high-speed winds and rain, as well as shifting caused by repeated jumping.
Trampoline anchor kits cost around $40-50 on average.
2-2. Measure roughly 1–1.5 feet (0.30–0.46 m) inward from each leg.
This is where you’ll place the augers. Measure each of the legs individually using a tape measure, if possible. To guarantee that your measurements are consistent on each side, make sure the tape measure is centered on the leg.
The exact placement and spacing of the augers may vary depending on the design of a particular trampoline anchor kit. Always follow the guidelines laid out in the manufacturer’s instructions to be on the safe side.
2-3. Screw the augers into the ground.
Place the pointed tip of the auger against the ground and take a firm grip on the hooked upper end. Twist the auger in a clockwise direction until only the circular hook is left above ground level. Repeat this process on each side of the trampoline, then jostle the augers to confirm that they're secure.
If you’re having difficulty sinking the augers, wetting the ground under the trampoline will help minimize the amount of resistance you encounter.
Eyeball each auger from ground level to make sure they're as vertical as possible. They'll be able to grip better when they're running straight up and down.
2-4. Loop the included straps over the top of the trampoline frame.
Pull the straps up and over the circular bar directly over the site of each auger, making sure both ends hang at the same length. Your kit should include one strap for each auger.
Anchoring the trampoline at the top of the frame rather than the base makes for a much more secure hold.
Some anchor kits may come with 2-piece straps that feature a separate ratchet strap that makes it easier to cinch the strap down tight. With these systems, the ratchet strap will usually attach directly to the auger.
2-5. Guide the free end of the strap through the auger.
Insert the strap into the hook at the top of the auger (the part you gripped while screwing it into the ground). After passing it through, line it up with the buckle dangling at the opposite end. From here, all that’s left to do is to join the 2 ends.
Make sure there are no twists or kinks in the strap before you pull it through the auger.
2-6. Feed the end of the strap through the buckle.
Thread the strap through the top of the buckle, then out the bottom. Pull down on the free end to take out the remaining slack. Again, do this on each side of the trampoline.
If you're using a kit with 2-piece straps, feed the loose end of the frame strap through the buckle on the lower ratchet strap to close the loop.
If you miss a buckle, there's a greater chance that your trampoline could be turned over with enough force.
2-7. Tighten the straps.
Work your way around the trampoline, checking to make sure there’s no give in any of the straps. Yanking on one strap can sometimes cause another to come loose, so it make take a few trips around to get everything properly secured.
If the free ends of the straps are long enough to reach the ground after tightening, wrap the extra length around the legs of the trampoline to get them out of the way.
For anchor kits with ratchet straps, work the lever on each buckle up and down repeatedly until there's no slack remaining.
Consider fastening each strap with a knot to prevent them from coming undone.
2-8. Reverse the process to remove your new trampoline anchors.
Lift up sharply on each buckle to loosen the straps, then finish undoing them by hand. Slide the frame straps clear of the outer edge of the trampoline, making sure they don't get caught on the springs or the frame itself. Finally, twist the augers counterclockwise while pulling up on them gently until they come free of the ground.
You'll need to invest in a new set of augers if your current set happens to become damaged or lose their ability to grip properly.
Tips
Ask a friend to lend you a hand installing your trampoline anchors. Twice the manpower will have you jumping safely in half the time.
Consider using both wind stakes and a more durable auger-style anchor system if you live in an area that often experiences severe weather.
Surrounding your trampoline with some type of protective cover, such as a dense treeline, fence, or tool shed, can help cut down on your chances of losing it to a freak gust of wind.
Warnings
Only specially-designed trampoline anchor kits should be used to hold a trampoline in place. Attempting to weigh down your trampoline with heavy objects like sandbags is both ineffective and unattractive.
Anchoring a trampoline on a hard surface like asphalt or concrete is not a DIY project—it will typically involve digging up the ground and pouring new paving materials over the legs.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:54",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Putting in Wind Stakes\\n1-1. Pick up a set of U-shaped wind stakes.\\nLike their name suggests, these types of stakes come pre-curved into a tight “U” shape. They’re made of solid steel and are typically sold in sets of 4. Installing wind stakes is a cinch—all you have to do is place them over the legs of the trampoline and hammer them down.\\nA pack of basic U-shaped wind stakes will usually only run you $15-20.\\nWind stakes are the easiest trampoline stakes to install, but they don’t hold quite as well as auger-style anchor systems with straps. For this reason, it's a good idea to always inspect them before you start jumping.\\n1-2. Position each stake over one leg of the trampoline.\\nCenter the stakes on the trampoline legs as best you can. They’ll offer the most stability when they’re set an equal distance from one another.\\nThe prongs of U-shaped wind stakes are spaced about 2–2.5 inches (5.1–6.4 cm) apart, which makes them just wide enough to fit over the legs of most average-sized trampolines.\\n1-3. Tap the stakes into the ground with a hammer.\\nIt should only take a few taps to get them seated firmly. Once the stakes are in place, jiggle them to test how well they hold. If they feel loose, you may need to pull them up and drive them again.\\nAll styles of trampoline anchors, including U-shaped wind stakes, are designed to be used on soft surfaces, such as grass, dirt, or clay.\\nIf the ground beneath your trampoline is too hard to easily sink the stakes, spray it lightly with a garden hose to soften it up.\\nConsider using 2 or even 3 sets of stakes if you live in an area where storms and strong winds are a frequent occurrence, or if your trampoline is prone to shifting on the patch of ground where it's situated.\\n1-4. Remove U-shaped stakes with a screwdriver or similar tool.\\nWhen it comes time to pry up your wind stakes, work the blade of the screwdriver into the space between the stake and the trampoline leg, then lift up on the handle. After moving the stakes 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm), you should be able to finish pulling them out by hand.\\nTry using a hammer to wedge the screwdriver in if you’re having trouble getting your stakes to budge.\\nReplace your wind stakes if they become bent, broken, or rusted, as this could cause them to fail or even make them a safety hazard.\\n2. Installing Auger-Style Anchors\\n2-1. Purchase a trampoline anchor kit.\\nA standard trampoline anchor kit contains 4 steel augers and 4 adjustable nylon straps. After screwing the augers deep into the ground on each side of the trampoline, you’ll attach and tighten the straps to hold it in place from below.\\nAuger-style anchor kits are by far the most effective way to steady an ordinary backyard trampoline. They’re strong enough to stand up to high-speed winds and rain, as well as shifting caused by repeated jumping.\\nTrampoline anchor kits cost around $40-50 on average.\\n2-2. Measure roughly 1–1.5 feet (0.30–0.46 m) inward from each leg.\\nThis is where you’ll place the augers. Measure each of the legs individually using a tape measure, if possible. To guarantee that your measurements are consistent on each side, make sure the tape measure is centered on the leg.\\nThe exact placement and spacing of the augers may vary depending on the design of a particular trampoline anchor kit. Always follow the guidelines laid out in the manufacturer’s instructions to be on the safe side.\\n2-3. Screw the augers into the ground.\\nPlace the pointed tip of the auger against the ground and take a firm grip on the hooked upper end. Twist the auger in a clockwise direction until only the circular hook is left above ground level. Repeat this process on each side of the trampoline, then jostle the augers to confirm that they're secure.\\nIf you’re having difficulty sinking the augers, wetting the ground under the trampoline will help minimize the amount of resistance you encounter.\\nEyeball each auger from ground level to make sure they're as vertical as possible. They'll be able to grip better when they're running straight up and down.\\n2-4. Loop the included straps over the top of the trampoline frame.\\nPull the straps up and over the circular bar directly over the site of each auger, making sure both ends hang at the same length. Your kit should include one strap for each auger.\\nAnchoring the trampoline at the top of the frame rather than the base makes for a much more secure hold.\\nSome anchor kits may come with 2-piece straps that feature a separate ratchet strap that makes it easier to cinch the strap down tight. With these systems, the ratchet strap will usually attach directly to the auger.\\n2-5. Guide the free end of the strap through the auger.\\nInsert the strap into the hook at the top of the auger (the part you gripped while screwing it into the ground). After passing it through, line it up with the buckle dangling at the opposite end. From here, all that’s left to do is to join the 2 ends.\\nMake sure there are no twists or kinks in the strap before you pull it through the auger.\\n2-6. Feed the end of the strap through the buckle.\\nThread the strap through the top of the buckle, then out the bottom. Pull down on the free end to take out the remaining slack. Again, do this on each side of the trampoline.\\nIf you're using a kit with 2-piece straps, feed the loose end of the frame strap through the buckle on the lower ratchet strap to close the loop.\\nIf you miss a buckle, there's a greater chance that your trampoline could be turned over with enough force.\\n2-7. Tighten the straps.\\nWork your way around the trampoline, checking to make sure there’s no give in any of the straps. Yanking on one strap can sometimes cause another to come loose, so it make take a few trips around to get everything properly secured.\\nIf the free ends of the straps are long enough to reach the ground after tightening, wrap the extra length around the legs of the trampoline to get them out of the way.\\nFor anchor kits with ratchet straps, work the lever on each buckle up and down repeatedly until there's no slack remaining.\\nConsider fastening each strap with a knot to prevent them from coming undone.\\n2-8. Reverse the process to remove your new trampoline anchors.\\nLift up sharply on each buckle to loosen the straps, then finish undoing them by hand. Slide the frame straps clear of the outer edge of the trampoline, making sure they don't get caught on the springs or the frame itself. Finally, twist the augers counterclockwise while pulling up on them gently until they come free of the ground.\\nYou'll need to invest in a new set of augers if your current set happens to become damaged or lose their ability to grip properly.\\nTips\\nAsk a friend to lend you a hand installing your trampoline anchors. Twice the manpower will have you jumping safely in half the time.\\nConsider using both wind stakes and a more durable auger-style anchor system if you live in an area that often experiences severe weather.\\nSurrounding your trampoline with some type of protective cover, such as a dense treeline, fence, or tool shed, can help cut down on your chances of losing it to a freak gust of wind.\\nWarnings\\nOnly specially-designed trampoline anchor kits should be used to hold a trampoline in place. Attempting to weigh down your trampoline with heavy objects like sandbags is both ineffective and unattractive.\\nAnchoring a trampoline on a hard surface like asphalt or concrete is not a DIY project—it will typically involve digging up the ground and pouring new paving materials over the legs.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Securing a trampoline against strong winds and big bounces is a simple project that can be done in a matter of minutes using a trampoline anchor kit. Tap U-shaped wind stakes into place over the legs of the trampoline for a quick fix, or sink auger-style anchors into the ground directly below the frame. Hook the included straps through the augers and tighten them down on each side to make sure your trampoline stays put, even during the worst weather.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Putting in Wind Stakes\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Pick up a set of U-shaped wind stakes.\", \"描述\": \"Like their name suggests, these types of stakes come pre-curved into a tight “U” shape. They’re made of solid steel and are typically sold in sets of 4. Installing wind stakes is a cinch—all you have to do is place them over the legs of the trampoline and hammer them down.\\nA pack of basic U-shaped wind stakes will usually only run you $15-20.\\nWind stakes are the easiest trampoline stakes to install, but they don’t hold quite as well as auger-style anchor systems with straps. For this reason, it's a good idea to always inspect them before you start jumping.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Position each stake over one leg of the trampoline.\", \"描述\": \"Center the stakes on the trampoline legs as best you can. They’ll offer the most stability when they’re set an equal distance from one another.\\nThe prongs of U-shaped wind stakes are spaced about 2–2.5 inches (5.1–6.4 cm) apart, which makes them just wide enough to fit over the legs of most average-sized trampolines.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Tap the stakes into the ground with a hammer.\", \"描述\": \"It should only take a few taps to get them seated firmly. Once the stakes are in place, jiggle them to test how well they hold. If they feel loose, you may need to pull them up and drive them again.\\nAll styles of trampoline anchors, including U-shaped wind stakes, are designed to be used on soft surfaces, such as grass, dirt, or clay.\\nIf the ground beneath your trampoline is too hard to easily sink the stakes, spray it lightly with a garden hose to soften it up.\\nConsider using 2 or even 3 sets of stakes if you live in an area where storms and strong winds are a frequent occurrence, or if your trampoline is prone to shifting on the patch of ground where it's situated.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Remove U-shaped stakes with a screwdriver or similar tool.\", \"描述\": \"When it comes time to pry up your wind stakes, work the blade of the screwdriver into the space between the stake and the trampoline leg, then lift up on the handle. After moving the stakes 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm), you should be able to finish pulling them out by hand.\\nTry using a hammer to wedge the screwdriver in if you’re having trouble getting your stakes to budge.\\nReplace your wind stakes if they become bent, broken, or rusted, as this could cause them to fail or even make them a safety hazard.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Installing Auger-Style Anchors\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Purchase a trampoline anchor kit.\", \"描述\": \"A standard trampoline anchor kit contains 4 steel augers and 4 adjustable nylon straps. After screwing the augers deep into the ground on each side of the trampoline, you’ll attach and tighten the straps to hold it in place from below.\\nAuger-style anchor kits are by far the most effective way to steady an ordinary backyard trampoline. They’re strong enough to stand up to high-speed winds and rain, as well as shifting caused by repeated jumping.\\nTrampoline anchor kits cost around $40-50 on average.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Measure roughly 1–1.5 feet (0.30–0.46 m) inward from each leg.\", \"描述\": \"This is where you’ll place the augers. Measure each of the legs individually using a tape measure, if possible. To guarantee that your measurements are consistent on each side, make sure the tape measure is centered on the leg.\\nThe exact placement and spacing of the augers may vary depending on the design of a particular trampoline anchor kit. Always follow the guidelines laid out in the manufacturer’s instructions to be on the safe side.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Screw the augers into the ground.\", \"描述\": \"Place the pointed tip of the auger against the ground and take a firm grip on the hooked upper end. Twist the auger in a clockwise direction until only the circular hook is left above ground level. Repeat this process on each side of the trampoline, then jostle the augers to confirm that they're secure.\\nIf you’re having difficulty sinking the augers, wetting the ground under the trampoline will help minimize the amount of resistance you encounter.\\nEyeball each auger from ground level to make sure they're as vertical as possible. They'll be able to grip better when they're running straight up and down.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Loop the included straps over the top of the trampoline frame.\", \"描述\": \"Pull the straps up and over the circular bar directly over the site of each auger, making sure both ends hang at the same length. Your kit should include one strap for each auger.\\nAnchoring the trampoline at the top of the frame rather than the base makes for a much more secure hold.\\nSome anchor kits may come with 2-piece straps that feature a separate ratchet strap that makes it easier to cinch the strap down tight. With these systems, the ratchet strap will usually attach directly to the auger.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Guide the free end of the strap through the auger.\", \"描述\": \"Insert the strap into the hook at the top of the auger (the part you gripped while screwing it into the ground). After passing it through, line it up with the buckle dangling at the opposite end. From here, all that’s left to do is to join the 2 ends.\\nMake sure there are no twists or kinks in the strap before you pull it through the auger.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Feed the end of the strap through the buckle.\", \"描述\": \"Thread the strap through the top of the buckle, then out the bottom. Pull down on the free end to take out the remaining slack. Again, do this on each side of the trampoline.\\nIf you're using a kit with 2-piece straps, feed the loose end of the frame strap through the buckle on the lower ratchet strap to close the loop.\\nIf you miss a buckle, there's a greater chance that your trampoline could be turned over with enough force.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Tighten the straps.\", \"描述\": \"Work your way around the trampoline, checking to make sure there’s no give in any of the straps. Yanking on one strap can sometimes cause another to come loose, so it make take a few trips around to get everything properly secured.\\nIf the free ends of the straps are long enough to reach the ground after tightening, wrap the extra length around the legs of the trampoline to get them out of the way.\\nFor anchor kits with ratchet straps, work the lever on each buckle up and down repeatedly until there's no slack remaining.\\nConsider fastening each strap with a knot to prevent them from coming undone.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Reverse the process to remove your new trampoline anchors.\", \"描述\": \"Lift up sharply on each buckle to loosen the straps, then finish undoing them by hand. Slide the frame straps clear of the outer edge of the trampoline, making sure they don't get caught on the springs or the frame itself. Finally, twist the augers counterclockwise while pulling up on them gently until they come free of the ground.\\nYou'll need to invest in a new set of augers if your current set happens to become damaged or lose their ability to grip properly.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Ask a friend to lend you a hand installing your trampoline anchors. Twice the manpower will have you jumping safely in half the time.\\n\", \"Consider using both wind stakes and a more durable auger-style anchor system if you live in an area that often experiences severe weather.\\n\", \"Surrounding your trampoline with some type of protective cover, such as a dense treeline, fence, or tool shed, can help cut down on your chances of losing it to a freak gust of wind.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Only specially-designed trampoline anchor kits should be used to hold a trampoline in place. Attempting to weigh down your trampoline with heavy objects like sandbags is both ineffective and unattractive.\\n\", \"Anchoring a trampoline on a hard surface like asphalt or concrete is not a DIY project—it will typically involve digging up the ground and pouring new paving materials over the legs.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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1,688 | How to Anchor an Image in Word | 1. Steps
1-1. Open your Word document.
Double-click the file to open it in Word.
Another way to open the document is to open (in the Windows menu on a PC or the Applications folder on a Mac), click , click , then double-click the file.
1-2. Enable anchor labeling.
This will help you keep track of where your anchors are set.
Click the menu.
Click .
Click .
Check the box next to “Object anchors.”
Click .
1-3. Insert the image you wish to anchor.
If you’ve already inserted your image, just scroll down to it now. Otherwise, here are a few different ways to get an image into your document:
Click on the tab, then select the image.
Drag an image to the document.
Copy an image from somewhere else on your computer, then press Ctrl+V (Windows) or ⌘ Cmd+V (macOS) to paste.
1-4. Right-click the image.
A menu will appear.
If you don’t have a right mouse button, hold down Ctrl as you click with the left button.
1-5. Click Size and Position….
This brings you to the “Position” tab.
1-6. Set the image’s absolute position.
This defines where the image will be anchored. You’ll have a section for both horizontal and vertical absolute positions drop-downs.
Select a distance from the first drop-down, and then select a relative page element. For example, to anchor the image 1” to the right of a column, select and from the menus.
This is the same principal, but defines how far below a page element the image will be anchored. For example, to anchor an image 1” beneath the paragraph where it’s anchored, select from the first drop-down, and from the second.
1-7. Click Text Wrapping.
1-8. Select a wrapping option.
You can wrap text around an anchored image with every option except "In line with text.” Choose any option other than that.
1-9. Click OK.
You should now see an anchor icon above the image’s top-left corner, meaning the image is now anchored to its position.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:54",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Open your Word document.\\nDouble-click the file to open it in Word.\\nAnother way to open the document is to open (in the Windows menu on a PC or the Applications folder on a Mac), click , click , then double-click the file.\\n1-2. Enable anchor labeling.\\nThis will help you keep track of where your anchors are set.\\nClick the menu.\\nClick .\\nClick .\\nCheck the box next to “Object anchors.”\\nClick .\\n1-3. Insert the image you wish to anchor.\\nIf you’ve already inserted your image, just scroll down to it now. Otherwise, here are a few different ways to get an image into your document:\\nClick on the tab, then select the image.\\nDrag an image to the document.\\nCopy an image from somewhere else on your computer, then press Ctrl+V (Windows) or ⌘ Cmd+V (macOS) to paste.\\n1-4. Right-click the image.\\nA menu will appear.\\nIf you don’t have a right mouse button, hold down Ctrl as you click with the left button.\\n1-5. Click Size and Position….\\nThis brings you to the “Position” tab.\\n1-6. Set the image’s absolute position.\\nThis defines where the image will be anchored. You’ll have a section for both horizontal and vertical absolute positions drop-downs.\\n\\n Select a distance from the first drop-down, and then select a relative page element. For example, to anchor the image 1” to the right of a column, select and from the menus.\\n This is the same principal, but defines how far below a page element the image will be anchored. For example, to anchor an image 1” beneath the paragraph where it’s anchored, select from the first drop-down, and from the second.\\n1-7. Click Text Wrapping.\\n\\n1-8. Select a wrapping option.\\nYou can wrap text around an anchored image with every option except \\\"In line with text.” Choose any option other than that.\\n1-9. Click OK.\\nYou should now see an anchor icon above the image’s top-left corner, meaning the image is now anchored to its position.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"This wikiHow teaches you how to anchor an image to a specific position in a Microsoft Word document.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Open your Word document.\", \"描述\": \"Double-click the file to open it in Word.\\nAnother way to open the document is to open (in the Windows menu on a PC or the Applications folder on a Mac), click , click , then double-click the file.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Enable anchor labeling.\", \"描述\": \"This will help you keep track of where your anchors are set.\\nClick the menu.\\nClick .\\nClick .\\nCheck the box next to “Object anchors.”\\nClick .\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Insert the image you wish to anchor.\", \"描述\": \"If you’ve already inserted your image, just scroll down to it now. Otherwise, here are a few different ways to get an image into your document:\\nClick on the tab, then select the image.\\nDrag an image to the document.\\nCopy an image from somewhere else on your computer, then press Ctrl+V (Windows) or ⌘ Cmd+V (macOS) to paste.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Right-click the image.\", \"描述\": \"A menu will appear.\\nIf you don’t have a right mouse button, hold down Ctrl as you click with the left button.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Click Size and Position….\", \"描述\": \"This brings you to the “Position” tab.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Set the image’s absolute position.\", \"描述\": \"This defines where the image will be anchored. You’ll have a section for both horizontal and vertical absolute positions drop-downs.\\n\\n Select a distance from the first drop-down, and then select a relative page element. For example, to anchor the image 1” to the right of a column, select and from the menus.\\n This is the same principal, but defines how far below a page element the image will be anchored. For example, to anchor an image 1” beneath the paragraph where it’s anchored, select from the first drop-down, and from the second.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Click Text Wrapping.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Select a wrapping option.\", \"描述\": \"You can wrap text around an anchored image with every option except \\\"In line with text.” Choose any option other than that.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Click OK.\", \"描述\": \"You should now see an anchor icon above the image’s top-left corner, meaning the image is now anchored to its position.\"}]}]}}",
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1,689 | What Are Angel Colors? Spiritual Light Rays Explained | 1. Blue
Blue represents power, protection, and strength.
This rich color is the mark of faith and is identified with the leader of angels himself, Michael. Thinking of this color while you pray can give you the courage to communicate your needs and move past doubt.
is God’s top angel and helps you be a leader. He gives you the strength to overcome your fears and protects you in dangerous situations.
2. Yellow
Yellow is the symbol of wisdom and joy.
Radiant and bright, this color represents the good in the world. It’s often associated with Jophiel, the angel of beautiful thoughts, and brings knowledge and positivity to those who visualize it.
helps you discover your worth and accept yourself. She inspires you creatively and gives you the courage to fight unhealthy thoughts.
3. Pink
Pink is the embodiment of love and peace.
This pleasing color can evoke calmness, kindness, and forgiveness. Focus on the color pink while you pray if you want Chamuel, the angel of peaceful relationships, to open your or someone else’s spirit to compassion.
helps you find peace within yourself and others. He lends a hand when you need to be guided by love.
4. White
White symbolizes purity and holiness.
The crisp and vast glow of this color represents spirituality as a whole. Untouched by any other color, white is 100% pure and honest, which is best embodied by Gabriel, the angel of revelation. Surrounding yourself with white can help you unveil truths and clear your mind.
guides you away from confusion and toward your truth. He may help you communicate your thoughts or make wiser decisions.
5. Green
Green represents growth and prosperity.
Often associated with luck and nature, this bright color can bring good fortune to those who visualize it. Seeing the color green may be a sign from Raphael, the angel of healing, that you’re on a path of self-improvement.
helps you overcome mental and physical wounds. He provides love and care even in your darkest times.
6. Red
Red is the color of wise service.
This bold and passionate color urges you to move forward and follow your desires. Visualizing the color red while you pray or meditate can help you summon Uriel, the angel of wisdom, and find guidance.
guides you toward learning new things and resolving conflicts. He urges you to let go of anger and become wiser.
Uriel can also appear as the color orange. Although orange isn’t an official light ray, some believe Uriel’s energy shines with this color to bring pride and passion.
7. Purple
Purple stands for mercy and transformation.
A symbol of divine or royal power, this color embodies the spirit of a leader. Seeing the color purple may be a sign from Zadkiel, the angel of mercy, that you should be gentle with yourself as your journey shifts and changes.
helps you approach God or a divine power when you’ve done something wrong. He motivates you to pray, heal, and be the best version of yourself.
Being variations of purple, violet and indigo can also represent transformative energy.
Tips
Light a candle the color of the ray you want to focus your prayers or meditations on.
Use crystals that are the same colors as angel colors to help channel your energy and contact angels.
Visualize your 7 chakras as the 7 angel colors while meditating to align your energy with a divine power.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:55",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Blue\\nBlue represents power, protection, and strength.\\nThis rich color is the mark of faith and is identified with the leader of angels himself, Michael. Thinking of this color while you pray can give you the courage to communicate your needs and move past doubt.\\n is God’s top angel and helps you be a leader. He gives you the strength to overcome your fears and protects you in dangerous situations.\\n2. Yellow\\nYellow is the symbol of wisdom and joy.\\nRadiant and bright, this color represents the good in the world. It’s often associated with Jophiel, the angel of beautiful thoughts, and brings knowledge and positivity to those who visualize it. \\n helps you discover your worth and accept yourself. She inspires you creatively and gives you the courage to fight unhealthy thoughts.\\n3. Pink\\nPink is the embodiment of love and peace.\\nThis pleasing color can evoke calmness, kindness, and forgiveness. Focus on the color pink while you pray if you want Chamuel, the angel of peaceful relationships, to open your or someone else’s spirit to compassion.\\n helps you find peace within yourself and others. He lends a hand when you need to be guided by love.\\n4. White\\nWhite symbolizes purity and holiness.\\nThe crisp and vast glow of this color represents spirituality as a whole. Untouched by any other color, white is 100% pure and honest, which is best embodied by Gabriel, the angel of revelation. Surrounding yourself with white can help you unveil truths and clear your mind.\\n guides you away from confusion and toward your truth. He may help you communicate your thoughts or make wiser decisions.\\n5. Green\\nGreen represents growth and prosperity.\\nOften associated with luck and nature, this bright color can bring good fortune to those who visualize it. Seeing the color green may be a sign from Raphael, the angel of healing, that you’re on a path of self-improvement.\\n helps you overcome mental and physical wounds. He provides love and care even in your darkest times.\\n6. Red\\nRed is the color of wise service.\\nThis bold and passionate color urges you to move forward and follow your desires. Visualizing the color red while you pray or meditate can help you summon Uriel, the angel of wisdom, and find guidance. \\n\\n guides you toward learning new things and resolving conflicts. He urges you to let go of anger and become wiser.\\nUriel can also appear as the color orange. Although orange isn’t an official light ray, some believe Uriel’s energy shines with this color to bring pride and passion.\\n7. Purple\\nPurple stands for mercy and transformation.\\nA symbol of divine or royal power, this color embodies the spirit of a leader. Seeing the color purple may be a sign from Zadkiel, the angel of mercy, that you should be gentle with yourself as your journey shifts and changes. \\n\\n helps you approach God or a divine power when you’ve done something wrong. He motivates you to pray, heal, and be the best version of yourself.\\nBeing variations of purple, violet and indigo can also represent transformative energy.\\nTips\\nLight a candle the color of the ray you want to focus your prayers or meditations on.\\nUse crystals that are the same colors as angel colors to help channel your energy and contact angels.\\nVisualize your 7 chakras as the 7 angel colors while meditating to align your energy with a divine power.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Take a look around you. What colors do you see? Is one more prominent than the others? If so, it may be a sign from your guardian angels. Believe it or not, the 7 colors of the rainbow represent more than beauty. These colors (also known as light rays) could be messages from a higher power. Focusing your energy on one of these colors can even grow your spiritual practice, helping you gain strength, wisdom, and more. So, what do the angel colors mean? Keep reading to find out!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Blue\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Blue represents power, protection, and strength.\", \"描述\": \"This rich color is the mark of faith and is identified with the leader of angels himself, Michael. Thinking of this color while you pray can give you the courage to communicate your needs and move past doubt.\\n is God’s top angel and helps you be a leader. He gives you the strength to overcome your fears and protects you in dangerous situations.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Yellow\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Yellow is the symbol of wisdom and joy.\", \"描述\": \"Radiant and bright, this color represents the good in the world. It’s often associated with Jophiel, the angel of beautiful thoughts, and brings knowledge and positivity to those who visualize it. \\n helps you discover your worth and accept yourself. She inspires you creatively and gives you the courage to fight unhealthy thoughts.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Pink\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Pink is the embodiment of love and peace.\", \"描述\": \"This pleasing color can evoke calmness, kindness, and forgiveness. Focus on the color pink while you pray if you want Chamuel, the angel of peaceful relationships, to open your or someone else’s spirit to compassion.\\n helps you find peace within yourself and others. He lends a hand when you need to be guided by love.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"White\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"White symbolizes purity and holiness.\", \"描述\": \"The crisp and vast glow of this color represents spirituality as a whole. Untouched by any other color, white is 100% pure and honest, which is best embodied by Gabriel, the angel of revelation. Surrounding yourself with white can help you unveil truths and clear your mind.\\n guides you away from confusion and toward your truth. He may help you communicate your thoughts or make wiser decisions.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Green\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Green represents growth and prosperity.\", \"描述\": \"Often associated with luck and nature, this bright color can bring good fortune to those who visualize it. Seeing the color green may be a sign from Raphael, the angel of healing, that you’re on a path of self-improvement.\\n helps you overcome mental and physical wounds. He provides love and care even in your darkest times.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Red\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Red is the color of wise service.\", \"描述\": \"This bold and passionate color urges you to move forward and follow your desires. Visualizing the color red while you pray or meditate can help you summon Uriel, the angel of wisdom, and find guidance. \\n\\n guides you toward learning new things and resolving conflicts. He urges you to let go of anger and become wiser.\\nUriel can also appear as the color orange. Although orange isn’t an official light ray, some believe Uriel’s energy shines with this color to bring pride and passion.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Purple\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Purple stands for mercy and transformation.\", \"描述\": \"A symbol of divine or royal power, this color embodies the spirit of a leader. Seeing the color purple may be a sign from Zadkiel, the angel of mercy, that you should be gentle with yourself as your journey shifts and changes. \\n\\n helps you approach God or a divine power when you’ve done something wrong. He motivates you to pray, heal, and be the best version of yourself.\\nBeing variations of purple, violet and indigo can also represent transformative energy.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Light a candle the color of the ray you want to focus your prayers or meditations on.\\n\", \"Use crystals that are the same colors as angel colors to help channel your energy and contact angels.\\n\", \"Visualize your 7 chakras as the 7 angel colors while meditating to align your energy with a divine power.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,690 | Angel Number 111: What It Means & What to Do When You See It | 1. Meaning
Angel number 111 is a sign you’re headed toward a new beginning.
When you see this number, it’s the universe, your guardian angels, or the higher power you believe in telling you that you’re on the right path toward manifesting your dreams and visions into reality, whether it’s a new career, relationship, or a fresh start in a new town.
You’re approaching a new era of spiritual awakening and enlightenment because you’re in tune with your inner, higher self.
The exact meaning of 111 is unique for every individual. Reflect on what it may mean for you to take the next steps toward enlightenment.
2. Spirituality
Spiritually, 111 is a sign to nurture your connection with your higher self.
This is the part of you that knows what’s best for you at all times and has a direct connection to the energies of the universe. Some call it your intuition—the inner voice that guides your most meaningful, positive decisions. Your higher self is what leads you to your life’s spiritual purpose.
Take time to reflect on habits and beliefs that no longer serve your highest good. Clear them from your mind to make space for more exciting, fulfilling thoughts.
3. Love & Relationships
3-1. The 111 angel number can be a sign that new or deeper love is coming.
If you’re single, it means that a new relationship will enter your life soon if you keep your eyes peeled for opportunities to meet and connect with people. If you’re already in love, this number could mean you’ll get married or engaged soon, or, if you’re already married, enter a new era of harmony, tranquility, and peace together.
Recognize that you deserve love, and accept it from others with enthusiasm. When you carry love in your heart, you’ll find it elsewhere.
3-2. 111 asks you to reflect on the quality of your relationships.
Ask yourself questions like “Does my relationship make me feel the way I want to feel?” or “Do I get that feeling sometimes or not at all?” It’s normal to experience a range of feelings in a healthy and solid relationship, but your connection should make you feel content, supported, and cared for overall.
If most of your interactions with a partner (or friend or family member) are based on jealousy, insecurity, or distrust, it may be time to let go of the relationship.
Relationships can get distorted and strained when one or both partners bring low vibrations or negative energy into the mix.
4. Twin Flames
111 means you’ll meet or strengthen your bond with your twin flame.
A twin flame is another soul that mirrors your own—it could be a romantic partner or a platonic, dear friend. Seeing 111 could mean you’ll meet your twin flame soon if you haven’t found each other already, or that you’ll both soon experience a spiritual awakening together. Confide in each other and share your dreams for the future when you meet. When one of you works toward your spiritual purpose, the other will be inspired to do the same.
This number means you both are on track to enlightenment, but might have more spiritual work to do to complete your journey.
Your twin flame may or may not see 111 at the same times you do, depending on where they are in their spiritual journey.
111 is a strong number for twin flames. It’s a wonderful sign that you’re both about to experience something that will draw you closer together.
5. Numerology
In numerology, 111 is an amplification of the energy of the number 1.
Number 1 is a symbol of confidence and action. It vibrates with the energy of deep self-understanding and the knowledge that you have the skills and wisdom you need to accomplish your goals and believe in yourself. When you encounter 1s (like seeing 1111, 111, or 11), it means you’re approaching a milestone and everything is in place for you to succeed if you believe you can.
The universe or your guardian angels are sending you 1s to support and encourage you as you move through life with confidence.
6. What to Do When You See 111
6-1. Note what you were doing or thinking about everytime you see 111.
Keep a journal and write down what you noticed in your surroundings, where you saw the number, what you were doing, and any thoughts or emotions you felt. You're more likely to encounter an angel number when you’re doing or thinking about something related to what the universe wants you to reflect upon.
Think about the changes the universe is asking you to make. By releasing beliefs or relationships that hold you back, you make room for abundance.
For example, if you notice it’s 1:11am while you’re lying awake at night stressing about a difficult friend, it could be a sign to reevaluate that relationship.
Maybe you’re driving home from work and see 111 on a license plate while you’re steaming about something your boss said. It might be time to job search!
6-2. Celebrate what makes you unique and let go of self-judgment.
Embrace the self-discovery that the 111 angel number is urging you to explore and recognize that your outer self is just packaging for your soul—you’re perfect just the way you are! Deepen your self-awareness and recognize you have the right mindfulness, heart, and intentions to make good in the world.
Engage your authentic self to become a lighter, brighter version of you, as well as a guiding light to others.
6-3. Embrace your leadership skills and be a role model for others.
Use all of the tools at your disposal—your creativity, special skills, and intuition—to take charge of your circumstances. The angels are asking you to be a force for good, so reflect on the changes you want to see in the world and take action to fulfill your higher calling. Everything you’ve learned so far has been preparing you for leadership.
Take every opportunity to make positive change, no matter how small. Help a neighbor in need, organize a climate change march, or do anything in between.
Set an example for others to live fulfilling, harmonious lives. Your uniqueness and enlightenment shines through and inspires others to build a better world.
6-4. Cut sour relationships from your personal, professional, and love life.
If a relationship is full of conflict and depletes your energy, find ways to work through the issues or let go of the relationship. The angels want you to have harmonious and encouraging connections, so think deeply about whether a relationship is helping you achieve your goals or spiritual fulfillment.
Watch out for repetitive relationship patterns that hold you back from living authentically. 111 is a sign to break free from old beliefs and habits.
For example, if you always pursue emotionally unavailable partners, it’s time to try dating new types of people to broaden your horizons.
6-5. Embrace new beginnings by letting go of the past.
You can’t change what’s already happened, so turn your focus to present opportunities that will benefit your future. Forgive yourself for your past mistakes and try to forgive others for theirs, too. Try helping others with their current problems to encourage yourself to forget your past difficulties and look to the future happily.
By focusing on the past too much, you invite guilt and additional problems into your present and future.
Tips
Angel number 111 has no bad meaning, so there’s no need to be apprehensive when you see it. Even if you end a relationship, it means you’re clearing space for something bigger and more fulfilling.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:55",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Meaning\\nAngel number 111 is a sign you’re headed toward a new beginning.\\nWhen you see this number, it’s the universe, your guardian angels, or the higher power you believe in telling you that you’re on the right path toward manifesting your dreams and visions into reality, whether it’s a new career, relationship, or a fresh start in a new town.\\nYou’re approaching a new era of spiritual awakening and enlightenment because you’re in tune with your inner, higher self.\\nThe exact meaning of 111 is unique for every individual. Reflect on what it may mean for you to take the next steps toward enlightenment.\\n2. Spirituality\\nSpiritually, 111 is a sign to nurture your connection with your higher self.\\nThis is the part of you that knows what’s best for you at all times and has a direct connection to the energies of the universe. Some call it your intuition—the inner voice that guides your most meaningful, positive decisions. Your higher self is what leads you to your life’s spiritual purpose.\\nTake time to reflect on habits and beliefs that no longer serve your highest good. Clear them from your mind to make space for more exciting, fulfilling thoughts.\\n3. Love & Relationships\\n3-1. The 111 angel number can be a sign that new or deeper love is coming.\\nIf you’re single, it means that a new relationship will enter your life soon if you keep your eyes peeled for opportunities to meet and connect with people. If you’re already in love, this number could mean you’ll get married or engaged soon, or, if you’re already married, enter a new era of harmony, tranquility, and peace together.\\nRecognize that you deserve love, and accept it from others with enthusiasm. When you carry love in your heart, you’ll find it elsewhere.\\n3-2. 111 asks you to reflect on the quality of your relationships.\\nAsk yourself questions like “Does my relationship make me feel the way I want to feel?” or “Do I get that feeling sometimes or not at all?” It’s normal to experience a range of feelings in a healthy and solid relationship, but your connection should make you feel content, supported, and cared for overall.\\nIf most of your interactions with a partner (or friend or family member) are based on jealousy, insecurity, or distrust, it may be time to let go of the relationship.\\nRelationships can get distorted and strained when one or both partners bring low vibrations or negative energy into the mix.\\n4. Twin Flames\\n111 means you’ll meet or strengthen your bond with your twin flame.\\nA twin flame is another soul that mirrors your own—it could be a romantic partner or a platonic, dear friend. Seeing 111 could mean you’ll meet your twin flame soon if you haven’t found each other already, or that you’ll both soon experience a spiritual awakening together. Confide in each other and share your dreams for the future when you meet. When one of you works toward your spiritual purpose, the other will be inspired to do the same.\\nThis number means you both are on track to enlightenment, but might have more spiritual work to do to complete your journey.\\nYour twin flame may or may not see 111 at the same times you do, depending on where they are in their spiritual journey.\\n111 is a strong number for twin flames. It’s a wonderful sign that you’re both about to experience something that will draw you closer together.\\n5. Numerology\\nIn numerology, 111 is an amplification of the energy of the number 1.\\nNumber 1 is a symbol of confidence and action. It vibrates with the energy of deep self-understanding and the knowledge that you have the skills and wisdom you need to accomplish your goals and believe in yourself. When you encounter 1s (like seeing 1111, 111, or 11), it means you’re approaching a milestone and everything is in place for you to succeed if you believe you can.\\nThe universe or your guardian angels are sending you 1s to support and encourage you as you move through life with confidence.\\n6. What to Do When You See 111\\n6-1. Note what you were doing or thinking about everytime you see 111.\\nKeep a journal and write down what you noticed in your surroundings, where you saw the number, what you were doing, and any thoughts or emotions you felt. You're more likely to encounter an angel number when you’re doing or thinking about something related to what the universe wants you to reflect upon.\\nThink about the changes the universe is asking you to make. By releasing beliefs or relationships that hold you back, you make room for abundance.\\nFor example, if you notice it’s 1:11am while you’re lying awake at night stressing about a difficult friend, it could be a sign to reevaluate that relationship.\\nMaybe you’re driving home from work and see 111 on a license plate while you’re steaming about something your boss said. It might be time to job search!\\n6-2. Celebrate what makes you unique and let go of self-judgment.\\nEmbrace the self-discovery that the 111 angel number is urging you to explore and recognize that your outer self is just packaging for your soul—you’re perfect just the way you are! Deepen your self-awareness and recognize you have the right mindfulness, heart, and intentions to make good in the world.\\nEngage your authentic self to become a lighter, brighter version of you, as well as a guiding light to others.\\n6-3. Embrace your leadership skills and be a role model for others.\\nUse all of the tools at your disposal—your creativity, special skills, and intuition—to take charge of your circumstances. The angels are asking you to be a force for good, so reflect on the changes you want to see in the world and take action to fulfill your higher calling. Everything you’ve learned so far has been preparing you for leadership.\\nTake every opportunity to make positive change, no matter how small. Help a neighbor in need, organize a climate change march, or do anything in between.\\nSet an example for others to live fulfilling, harmonious lives. Your uniqueness and enlightenment shines through and inspires others to build a better world.\\n6-4. Cut sour relationships from your personal, professional, and love life.\\nIf a relationship is full of conflict and depletes your energy, find ways to work through the issues or let go of the relationship. The angels want you to have harmonious and encouraging connections, so think deeply about whether a relationship is helping you achieve your goals or spiritual fulfillment.\\nWatch out for repetitive relationship patterns that hold you back from living authentically. 111 is a sign to break free from old beliefs and habits.\\nFor example, if you always pursue emotionally unavailable partners, it’s time to try dating new types of people to broaden your horizons.\\n6-5. Embrace new beginnings by letting go of the past.\\nYou can’t change what’s already happened, so turn your focus to present opportunities that will benefit your future. Forgive yourself for your past mistakes and try to forgive others for theirs, too. Try helping others with their current problems to encourage yourself to forget your past difficulties and look to the future happily.\\nBy focusing on the past too much, you invite guilt and additional problems into your present and future.\\nTips\\nAngel number 111 has no bad meaning, so there’s no need to be apprehensive when you see it. Even if you end a relationship, it means you’re clearing space for something bigger and more fulfilling.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"You’re lost in thought and when you come back to reality, it’s 1:11pm. When you’re driving home from work later, you’re stuck behind a car with 111 on its license plate. Why are you seeing this angel number over and over? Angel number 111 is a powerful and wonderful number to see, and it foretells positive changes happening in your near future. In this article, we’ll walk you through what 111 means spiritually and romantically, plus show you what to do when you come across it. Keep scrolling to find out what 111 could mean for you!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Meaning\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Angel number 111 is a sign you’re headed toward a new beginning.\", \"描述\": \"When you see this number, it’s the universe, your guardian angels, or the higher power you believe in telling you that you’re on the right path toward manifesting your dreams and visions into reality, whether it’s a new career, relationship, or a fresh start in a new town.\\nYou’re approaching a new era of spiritual awakening and enlightenment because you’re in tune with your inner, higher self.\\nThe exact meaning of 111 is unique for every individual. Reflect on what it may mean for you to take the next steps toward enlightenment.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Spirituality\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Spiritually, 111 is a sign to nurture your connection with your higher self.\", \"描述\": \"This is the part of you that knows what’s best for you at all times and has a direct connection to the energies of the universe. Some call it your intuition—the inner voice that guides your most meaningful, positive decisions. Your higher self is what leads you to your life’s spiritual purpose.\\nTake time to reflect on habits and beliefs that no longer serve your highest good. Clear them from your mind to make space for more exciting, fulfilling thoughts.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Love & Relationships\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"The 111 angel number can be a sign that new or deeper love is coming.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re single, it means that a new relationship will enter your life soon if you keep your eyes peeled for opportunities to meet and connect with people. If you’re already in love, this number could mean you’ll get married or engaged soon, or, if you’re already married, enter a new era of harmony, tranquility, and peace together.\\nRecognize that you deserve love, and accept it from others with enthusiasm. When you carry love in your heart, you’ll find it elsewhere.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"111 asks you to reflect on the quality of your relationships.\", \"描述\": \"Ask yourself questions like “Does my relationship make me feel the way I want to feel?” or “Do I get that feeling sometimes or not at all?” It’s normal to experience a range of feelings in a healthy and solid relationship, but your connection should make you feel content, supported, and cared for overall.\\nIf most of your interactions with a partner (or friend or family member) are based on jealousy, insecurity, or distrust, it may be time to let go of the relationship.\\nRelationships can get distorted and strained when one or both partners bring low vibrations or negative energy into the mix.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Twin Flames\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"111 means you’ll meet or strengthen your bond with your twin flame.\", \"描述\": \"A twin flame is another soul that mirrors your own—it could be a romantic partner or a platonic, dear friend. Seeing 111 could mean you’ll meet your twin flame soon if you haven’t found each other already, or that you’ll both soon experience a spiritual awakening together. Confide in each other and share your dreams for the future when you meet. When one of you works toward your spiritual purpose, the other will be inspired to do the same.\\nThis number means you both are on track to enlightenment, but might have more spiritual work to do to complete your journey.\\nYour twin flame may or may not see 111 at the same times you do, depending on where they are in their spiritual journey.\\n111 is a strong number for twin flames. It’s a wonderful sign that you’re both about to experience something that will draw you closer together.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Numerology\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"In numerology, 111 is an amplification of the energy of the number 1.\", \"描述\": \"Number 1 is a symbol of confidence and action. It vibrates with the energy of deep self-understanding and the knowledge that you have the skills and wisdom you need to accomplish your goals and believe in yourself. When you encounter 1s (like seeing 1111, 111, or 11), it means you’re approaching a milestone and everything is in place for you to succeed if you believe you can.\\nThe universe or your guardian angels are sending you 1s to support and encourage you as you move through life with confidence.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"What to Do When You See 111\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Note what you were doing or thinking about everytime you see 111.\", \"描述\": \"Keep a journal and write down what you noticed in your surroundings, where you saw the number, what you were doing, and any thoughts or emotions you felt. You're more likely to encounter an angel number when you’re doing or thinking about something related to what the universe wants you to reflect upon.\\nThink about the changes the universe is asking you to make. By releasing beliefs or relationships that hold you back, you make room for abundance.\\nFor example, if you notice it’s 1:11am while you’re lying awake at night stressing about a difficult friend, it could be a sign to reevaluate that relationship.\\nMaybe you’re driving home from work and see 111 on a license plate while you’re steaming about something your boss said. It might be time to job search!\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Celebrate what makes you unique and let go of self-judgment.\", \"描述\": \"Embrace the self-discovery that the 111 angel number is urging you to explore and recognize that your outer self is just packaging for your soul—you’re perfect just the way you are! Deepen your self-awareness and recognize you have the right mindfulness, heart, and intentions to make good in the world.\\nEngage your authentic self to become a lighter, brighter version of you, as well as a guiding light to others.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Embrace your leadership skills and be a role model for others.\", \"描述\": \"Use all of the tools at your disposal—your creativity, special skills, and intuition—to take charge of your circumstances. The angels are asking you to be a force for good, so reflect on the changes you want to see in the world and take action to fulfill your higher calling. Everything you’ve learned so far has been preparing you for leadership.\\nTake every opportunity to make positive change, no matter how small. Help a neighbor in need, organize a climate change march, or do anything in between.\\nSet an example for others to live fulfilling, harmonious lives. Your uniqueness and enlightenment shines through and inspires others to build a better world.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Cut sour relationships from your personal, professional, and love life.\", \"描述\": \"If a relationship is full of conflict and depletes your energy, find ways to work through the issues or let go of the relationship. The angels want you to have harmonious and encouraging connections, so think deeply about whether a relationship is helping you achieve your goals or spiritual fulfillment.\\nWatch out for repetitive relationship patterns that hold you back from living authentically. 111 is a sign to break free from old beliefs and habits.\\nFor example, if you always pursue emotionally unavailable partners, it’s time to try dating new types of people to broaden your horizons.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Embrace new beginnings by letting go of the past.\", \"描述\": \"You can’t change what’s already happened, so turn your focus to present opportunities that will benefit your future. Forgive yourself for your past mistakes and try to forgive others for theirs, too. Try helping others with their current problems to encourage yourself to forget your past difficulties and look to the future happily.\\nBy focusing on the past too much, you invite guilt and additional problems into your present and future.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Angel number 111 has no bad meaning, so there’s no need to be apprehensive when you see it. Even if you end a relationship, it means you’re clearing space for something bigger and more fulfilling.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,691 | How to Angle Cut Hair | 1. Creating a Face Framing Cut
1-1. Start with dry hair that's parted down the center.
This method will give you a haircut that is shorter in the front and longer in the back. The around your face will be cut at a steep, downward angle, creating soft, face-framing layers. The rest of your hair should already be cut or trimmed to the length you want it to be.
1-2. Gather everything behind your ears into a low ponytail.
Secure the ponytail with a clip or a hair tie; you can also pull your hair into a bun instead. Leave the hair in front of your ears (on both sides) loose.
1-3. Cut a point guide in the middle-front of your hair.
Gather a 1-inch (2.54-centimeter) wide, ¼-inch (0.64-centimeter) thick section of hair from the center-front of your hairline. Slide your fingers down the section to where you want it to end. Cut your hair below you fingers with a pair of hairdressing shears.
How much you cut off depends on where you want the layers to start. Decide where you want your shortest layer to be—your nose or chin, for example—and cut there. The higher you cut, the steeper the angle will be.
1-4. Begin cutting the left side of your hair at a downward angle.
Take a strand of hair to the left of the point guide. Slide a comb down the length of the strand, stopping 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) below the point guide. Cut the strand at a downward angle, towards your left ear.
This part is known as "rough" cutting and will give you the general length.
You can also hold the strand between your forefinger and middle finger.
1-5. Continue rough cutting down the left side of your hair.
Take another small section of hair, to the left of the one you just cut. Slide the comb past the length you cut, then cut the strand at another downward angle. Keep going until you reach the far side of that hair section.
1-6. Refine the angle by cutting upwards into it.
Take a ½ to 1-inch (1.27 to 2.54-centimeter) section of hair to the left of the point guide. Pinch it between your forefinger and middle finger. Measure the strand against the point guide, then cut into it, angling the shears upwards.
Refine the rough cut by measuring the next strand against the previous one. Constantly refer back to the previously cut section of hair so your haircut is even.
Hold the scissors loosely in your palm while doing this.
1-7. Repeat the process for the right side of your hair.
Begin by rough cutting it into a choppy angle, then refine it by cutting upwards into the strands. Take a moment to ensure that both sides are even. You can do this by pulling matching strands from either side of your face, and making sure that they end at the same level (cheekbone, nose, jaw, etc.).
1-8. Straighten your hair and refine the haircut further.
Mist your hair with a heat protectant first, then straighten it using a flat iron. Refine both sides of your hair by cutting upwards into it, using the same technique as before. If there are still any pieces sticking out, trim them off.
Consider trimming the rest of your hair. Even if you already did this, it would be a good idea to give it a quick pass. This will ensure that it blends into the face-framing layers better.
1-9. Unclip and style your hair as usual.
Once you are happy with your haircut, unclip the hair you sectioned off in the beginning. Style your hair as you usually would.
2. Cutting an Angled Bob
2-1. Start with dry hair that's already cut to the length you want in the back.
This style will end up looking like a bob, except that there is a steep angle between the front and the back. The hair should already be cut short at the nape, from corner to corner; everything from the nape-forwards should be left alone. If your hair isn't cut, do so now.
This method is easier to do on someone else. You can try doing it on yourself, but it will be more difficult.
2-2. Part your hair down the center, then measure horizontally across it.
Use the handle of a rat-tail comb to create a clean, even part. Pick a side to start from, then place a comb horizontally across the hair. Make sure that the end of the comb is level with the short hair on the back.
2-3. Pinch the hair between your fingers, using the comb as a guide.
Make a V-shape with your fore and middle fingers. Close those fingers against the front part of the hair, just above the comb. Try to gather the entire hair section between your fingers, from front to where the short lengths start.
2-4. Pull the section away from the head and back.
The easiest way to do this would be to simply spin the client in the chair until your hand is next to the back of their neck. Your fingers will slide naturally down the hair shaft, and keep them parallel to the floor.
If you can't spin the chair, pull their hair away at a 90-degree angle, like opening a door.
2-5. Cut the hair across using a pair of hairdressing shears.
Start from the outside edge of the hair section, and work your way towards the back. Cut just below your fingers.
If you can find them, a pair of dry cutting shears would be even better for this.
2-6. Repeat the process for the other side of the client's head.
Use the same process as before: use the comb to measure out a horizontal guide along the client's hair, pinch the entire section between your fingers, angle it back, and cut it.
2-7. Fix any unevenness, then style the hair as usual.
Take a moment to look at the haircut from the front. Measure the two long lengths in the front against one another, and make any necessary adjustments. Once you are happy with the cut, style the client's hair as usual.
Tips
It is easier to cut hair on someone else than yourself. If you can, have someone cut your hair for you, preferably a trained stylist. If you need to cut your hair yourself, get a handheld mirror so you can see the back of your head more easily.
Consider taking a shower right after your haircut to get rid of any short snippets of hair.
If you are cutting your own hair, consider investing in a three-way mirror. This will allow you to easily see the back of your hair.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:55",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Creating a Face Framing Cut\\n1-1. Start with dry hair that's parted down the center.\\nThis method will give you a haircut that is shorter in the front and longer in the back. The around your face will be cut at a steep, downward angle, creating soft, face-framing layers. The rest of your hair should already be cut or trimmed to the length you want it to be.\\n1-2. Gather everything behind your ears into a low ponytail.\\nSecure the ponytail with a clip or a hair tie; you can also pull your hair into a bun instead. Leave the hair in front of your ears (on both sides) loose.\\n1-3. Cut a point guide in the middle-front of your hair.\\nGather a 1-inch (2.54-centimeter) wide, ¼-inch (0.64-centimeter) thick section of hair from the center-front of your hairline. Slide your fingers down the section to where you want it to end. Cut your hair below you fingers with a pair of hairdressing shears.\\nHow much you cut off depends on where you want the layers to start. Decide where you want your shortest layer to be—your nose or chin, for example—and cut there. The higher you cut, the steeper the angle will be.\\n1-4. Begin cutting the left side of your hair at a downward angle.\\nTake a strand of hair to the left of the point guide. Slide a comb down the length of the strand, stopping 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) below the point guide. Cut the strand at a downward angle, towards your left ear.\\nThis part is known as \\\"rough\\\" cutting and will give you the general length.\\nYou can also hold the strand between your forefinger and middle finger.\\n1-5. Continue rough cutting down the left side of your hair.\\nTake another small section of hair, to the left of the one you just cut. Slide the comb past the length you cut, then cut the strand at another downward angle. Keep going until you reach the far side of that hair section.\\n1-6. Refine the angle by cutting upwards into it.\\nTake a ½ to 1-inch (1.27 to 2.54-centimeter) section of hair to the left of the point guide. Pinch it between your forefinger and middle finger. Measure the strand against the point guide, then cut into it, angling the shears upwards.\\nRefine the rough cut by measuring the next strand against the previous one. Constantly refer back to the previously cut section of hair so your haircut is even.\\nHold the scissors loosely in your palm while doing this.\\n1-7. Repeat the process for the right side of your hair.\\nBegin by rough cutting it into a choppy angle, then refine it by cutting upwards into the strands. Take a moment to ensure that both sides are even. You can do this by pulling matching strands from either side of your face, and making sure that they end at the same level (cheekbone, nose, jaw, etc.).\\n1-8. Straighten your hair and refine the haircut further.\\nMist your hair with a heat protectant first, then straighten it using a flat iron. Refine both sides of your hair by cutting upwards into it, using the same technique as before. If there are still any pieces sticking out, trim them off.\\nConsider trimming the rest of your hair. Even if you already did this, it would be a good idea to give it a quick pass. This will ensure that it blends into the face-framing layers better.\\n1-9. Unclip and style your hair as usual.\\nOnce you are happy with your haircut, unclip the hair you sectioned off in the beginning. Style your hair as you usually would.\\n2. Cutting an Angled Bob\\n2-1. Start with dry hair that's already cut to the length you want in the back.\\nThis style will end up looking like a bob, except that there is a steep angle between the front and the back. The hair should already be cut short at the nape, from corner to corner; everything from the nape-forwards should be left alone. If your hair isn't cut, do so now.\\nThis method is easier to do on someone else. You can try doing it on yourself, but it will be more difficult.\\n2-2. Part your hair down the center, then measure horizontally across it.\\nUse the handle of a rat-tail comb to create a clean, even part. Pick a side to start from, then place a comb horizontally across the hair. Make sure that the end of the comb is level with the short hair on the back.\\n2-3. Pinch the hair between your fingers, using the comb as a guide.\\nMake a V-shape with your fore and middle fingers. Close those fingers against the front part of the hair, just above the comb. Try to gather the entire hair section between your fingers, from front to where the short lengths start.\\n2-4. Pull the section away from the head and back.\\nThe easiest way to do this would be to simply spin the client in the chair until your hand is next to the back of their neck. Your fingers will slide naturally down the hair shaft, and keep them parallel to the floor.\\nIf you can't spin the chair, pull their hair away at a 90-degree angle, like opening a door.\\n2-5. Cut the hair across using a pair of hairdressing shears.\\nStart from the outside edge of the hair section, and work your way towards the back. Cut just below your fingers.\\nIf you can find them, a pair of dry cutting shears would be even better for this.\\n2-6. Repeat the process for the other side of the client's head.\\nUse the same process as before: use the comb to measure out a horizontal guide along the client's hair, pinch the entire section between your fingers, angle it back, and cut it.\\n2-7. Fix any unevenness, then style the hair as usual.\\nTake a moment to look at the haircut from the front. Measure the two long lengths in the front against one another, and make any necessary adjustments. Once you are happy with the cut, style the client's hair as usual.\\nTips\\nIt is easier to cut hair on someone else than yourself. If you can, have someone cut your hair for you, preferably a trained stylist. If you need to cut your hair yourself, get a handheld mirror so you can see the back of your head more easily.\\nConsider taking a shower right after your haircut to get rid of any short snippets of hair.\\nIf you are cutting your own hair, consider investing in a three-way mirror. This will allow you to easily see the back of your hair.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Angled haircuts are a great way to make blunt cuts look more dynamic. For a face framing cut, you want to have the angle point upwards towards the face. If you want to step up a bob and make it appear longer in the front, you want to have the hair angle downward towards the collarbone. Once you know the basics of angle cutting hair, you can experiment with adding more layers.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Creating a Face Framing Cut\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Start with dry hair that's parted down the center.\", \"描述\": \"This method will give you a haircut that is shorter in the front and longer in the back. The around your face will be cut at a steep, downward angle, creating soft, face-framing layers. The rest of your hair should already be cut or trimmed to the length you want it to be.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Gather everything behind your ears into a low ponytail.\", \"描述\": \"Secure the ponytail with a clip or a hair tie; you can also pull your hair into a bun instead. Leave the hair in front of your ears (on both sides) loose.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Cut a point guide in the middle-front of your hair.\", \"描述\": \"Gather a 1-inch (2.54-centimeter) wide, ¼-inch (0.64-centimeter) thick section of hair from the center-front of your hairline. Slide your fingers down the section to where you want it to end. Cut your hair below you fingers with a pair of hairdressing shears.\\nHow much you cut off depends on where you want the layers to start. Decide where you want your shortest layer to be—your nose or chin, for example—and cut there. The higher you cut, the steeper the angle will be.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Begin cutting the left side of your hair at a downward angle.\", \"描述\": \"Take a strand of hair to the left of the point guide. Slide a comb down the length of the strand, stopping 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) below the point guide. Cut the strand at a downward angle, towards your left ear.\\nThis part is known as \\\"rough\\\" cutting and will give you the general length.\\nYou can also hold the strand between your forefinger and middle finger.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Continue rough cutting down the left side of your hair.\", \"描述\": \"Take another small section of hair, to the left of the one you just cut. Slide the comb past the length you cut, then cut the strand at another downward angle. Keep going until you reach the far side of that hair section.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Refine the angle by cutting upwards into it.\", \"描述\": \"Take a ½ to 1-inch (1.27 to 2.54-centimeter) section of hair to the left of the point guide. Pinch it between your forefinger and middle finger. Measure the strand against the point guide, then cut into it, angling the shears upwards.\\nRefine the rough cut by measuring the next strand against the previous one. Constantly refer back to the previously cut section of hair so your haircut is even.\\nHold the scissors loosely in your palm while doing this.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Repeat the process for the right side of your hair.\", \"描述\": \"Begin by rough cutting it into a choppy angle, then refine it by cutting upwards into the strands. Take a moment to ensure that both sides are even. You can do this by pulling matching strands from either side of your face, and making sure that they end at the same level (cheekbone, nose, jaw, etc.).\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Straighten your hair and refine the haircut further.\", \"描述\": \"Mist your hair with a heat protectant first, then straighten it using a flat iron. Refine both sides of your hair by cutting upwards into it, using the same technique as before. If there are still any pieces sticking out, trim them off.\\nConsider trimming the rest of your hair. Even if you already did this, it would be a good idea to give it a quick pass. This will ensure that it blends into the face-framing layers better.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Unclip and style your hair as usual.\", \"描述\": \"Once you are happy with your haircut, unclip the hair you sectioned off in the beginning. Style your hair as you usually would.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Cutting an Angled Bob\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Start with dry hair that's already cut to the length you want in the back.\", \"描述\": \"This style will end up looking like a bob, except that there is a steep angle between the front and the back. The hair should already be cut short at the nape, from corner to corner; everything from the nape-forwards should be left alone. If your hair isn't cut, do so now.\\nThis method is easier to do on someone else. You can try doing it on yourself, but it will be more difficult.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Part your hair down the center, then measure horizontally across it.\", \"描述\": \"Use the handle of a rat-tail comb to create a clean, even part. Pick a side to start from, then place a comb horizontally across the hair. Make sure that the end of the comb is level with the short hair on the back.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Pinch the hair between your fingers, using the comb as a guide.\", \"描述\": \"Make a V-shape with your fore and middle fingers. Close those fingers against the front part of the hair, just above the comb. Try to gather the entire hair section between your fingers, from front to where the short lengths start.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Pull the section away from the head and back.\", \"描述\": \"The easiest way to do this would be to simply spin the client in the chair until your hand is next to the back of their neck. Your fingers will slide naturally down the hair shaft, and keep them parallel to the floor.\\nIf you can't spin the chair, pull their hair away at a 90-degree angle, like opening a door.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Cut the hair across using a pair of hairdressing shears.\", \"描述\": \"Start from the outside edge of the hair section, and work your way towards the back. Cut just below your fingers.\\nIf you can find them, a pair of dry cutting shears would be even better for this.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Repeat the process for the other side of the client's head.\", \"描述\": \"Use the same process as before: use the comb to measure out a horizontal guide along the client's hair, pinch the entire section between your fingers, angle it back, and cut it.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Fix any unevenness, then style the hair as usual.\", \"描述\": \"Take a moment to look at the haircut from the front. Measure the two long lengths in the front against one another, and make any necessary adjustments. Once you are happy with the cut, style the client's hair as usual.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"It is easier to cut hair on someone else than yourself. If you can, have someone cut your hair for you, preferably a trained stylist. If you need to cut your hair yourself, get a handheld mirror so you can see the back of your head more easily.\\n\", \"Consider taking a shower right after your haircut to get rid of any short snippets of hair.\\n\", \"If you are cutting your own hair, consider investing in a three-way mirror. This will allow you to easily see the back of your hair.\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,692 | How to Angle Park | 1. Pulling In
1-1. Locate a parking spot.
Angled parking spots are most common in high-traffic areas, so spots may come and go quickly. Look for spaces between cars or other drivers who are preparing to leave.
You’ll commonly find angled parking spots in commercial lots, multilevel garages, and busy side streets.
1-2. Put on your turn signal and check for traffic.
Using your turn signal will tell the cars behind you why you’re slowing down, and prevent anyone else from trying to park in your spot.
Always check for traffic, pedestrians, and other potential obstacles, even when you’re just parking.
1-3. Turn into the spot carefully.
Start turning into the spot when your mirrors are even with the line on the side nearest you. When in doubt, go slowly rather than quickly, to avoid overshooting the spot or crashing.
1-4. Finish pulling into the spot.
Continue turning until the front of your car is in line with the cars next to you. Come to a stop at the line, curb, or wall that marks the spot, being careful not to bump into anything and damage the front of your car.
1-5. Put your car into park.
Keep your foot on the brake until you’re securely parked. If you’re parking on an incline, pull the parking brake to prevent your car from rolling down the hill.
2. Backing Out
2-1. Put the car in reverse.
If you’re using the parking break, don’t forget to disengage the parking brake before driving.
2-2. Check behind you for cross traffic.
Cross traffic may be hard to see in an angled spot, so you can also back out slowly and check again for oncoming traffic. Don’t start backing out fully until you’re sure no one is approaching.
2-3. Pull straight out the parking spot, slowly.
Don’t start turning the wheel yet or you might hit the cars beside you. Check again for oncoming traffic once your line of sight is clear, and stop if you see another car coming -- they have the right of way.
2-4. Turn the wheel once you’re halfway out of the spot.
Turn the same way you turned into the spot -- angled sports are meant to be exited the same way they were entered. Turning your wheel the wrong way will force a much sharper turn. Aim for a smooth, loose arc, and reverse until your car is on the road, pointed straight ahead.
2-5. Shift your car into drive and rejoin the flow of traffic.
Before you start moving, make sure your steering wheel is straightened and not pointing into the parking spot. Keep an eye out for nearby drivers exiting their parking spots.
Watch your speed until you’re out of the parking lot or garage.
Tips
Always leave your seat belt on until you’re finished parking.
Avoid accidents by eliminating distractions, keeping your wits about you and practicing defensive driving skills.
If you’re ever unsure whether or not you’ll be able to fit in a given spot, it’s usually safest to pass it up and look for another with more room.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:55",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Pulling In\\n1-1. Locate a parking spot.\\nAngled parking spots are most common in high-traffic areas, so spots may come and go quickly. Look for spaces between cars or other drivers who are preparing to leave.\\nYou’ll commonly find angled parking spots in commercial lots, multilevel garages, and busy side streets.\\n1-2. Put on your turn signal and check for traffic.\\nUsing your turn signal will tell the cars behind you why you’re slowing down, and prevent anyone else from trying to park in your spot.\\nAlways check for traffic, pedestrians, and other potential obstacles, even when you’re just parking.\\n1-3. Turn into the spot carefully.\\nStart turning into the spot when your mirrors are even with the line on the side nearest you. When in doubt, go slowly rather than quickly, to avoid overshooting the spot or crashing.\\n1-4. Finish pulling into the spot.\\nContinue turning until the front of your car is in line with the cars next to you. Come to a stop at the line, curb, or wall that marks the spot, being careful not to bump into anything and damage the front of your car.\\n1-5. Put your car into park.\\nKeep your foot on the brake until you’re securely parked. If you’re parking on an incline, pull the parking brake to prevent your car from rolling down the hill.\\n2. Backing Out\\n2-1. Put the car in reverse.\\nIf you’re using the parking break, don’t forget to disengage the parking brake before driving.\\n2-2. Check behind you for cross traffic.\\nCross traffic may be hard to see in an angled spot, so you can also back out slowly and check again for oncoming traffic. Don’t start backing out fully until you’re sure no one is approaching.\\n2-3. Pull straight out the parking spot, slowly.\\nDon’t start turning the wheel yet or you might hit the cars beside you. Check again for oncoming traffic once your line of sight is clear, and stop if you see another car coming -- they have the right of way.\\n2-4. Turn the wheel once you’re halfway out of the spot.\\nTurn the same way you turned into the spot -- angled sports are meant to be exited the same way they were entered. Turning your wheel the wrong way will force a much sharper turn. Aim for a smooth, loose arc, and reverse until your car is on the road, pointed straight ahead.\\n2-5. Shift your car into drive and rejoin the flow of traffic.\\nBefore you start moving, make sure your steering wheel is straightened and not pointing into the parking spot. Keep an eye out for nearby drivers exiting their parking spots.\\nWatch your speed until you’re out of the parking lot or garage.\\nTips\\nAlways leave your seat belt on until you’re finished parking.\\nAvoid accidents by eliminating distractions, keeping your wits about you and practicing defensive driving skills.\\nIf you’re ever unsure whether or not you’ll be able to fit in a given spot, it’s usually safest to pass it up and look for another with more room.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Angled parking spots let drivers glide into them quickly and efficiently with minimal steering. You’ll probably find angled parking spots in high-traffic areas like cities and parking garages, though they’re also common on one-way streets. Because of how little maneuvering is involved, learning to park at an angle couldn’t be easier!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Pulling In\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Locate a parking spot.\", \"描述\": \"Angled parking spots are most common in high-traffic areas, so spots may come and go quickly. Look for spaces between cars or other drivers who are preparing to leave.\\nYou’ll commonly find angled parking spots in commercial lots, multilevel garages, and busy side streets.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Put on your turn signal and check for traffic.\", \"描述\": \"Using your turn signal will tell the cars behind you why you’re slowing down, and prevent anyone else from trying to park in your spot.\\nAlways check for traffic, pedestrians, and other potential obstacles, even when you’re just parking.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Turn into the spot carefully.\", \"描述\": \"Start turning into the spot when your mirrors are even with the line on the side nearest you. When in doubt, go slowly rather than quickly, to avoid overshooting the spot or crashing.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Finish pulling into the spot.\", \"描述\": \"Continue turning until the front of your car is in line with the cars next to you. Come to a stop at the line, curb, or wall that marks the spot, being careful not to bump into anything and damage the front of your car.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Put your car into park.\", \"描述\": \"Keep your foot on the brake until you’re securely parked. If you’re parking on an incline, pull the parking brake to prevent your car from rolling down the hill.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Backing Out\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Put the car in reverse.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re using the parking break, don’t forget to disengage the parking brake before driving.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Check behind you for cross traffic.\", \"描述\": \"Cross traffic may be hard to see in an angled spot, so you can also back out slowly and check again for oncoming traffic. Don’t start backing out fully until you’re sure no one is approaching.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Pull straight out the parking spot, slowly.\", \"描述\": \"Don’t start turning the wheel yet or you might hit the cars beside you. Check again for oncoming traffic once your line of sight is clear, and stop if you see another car coming -- they have the right of way.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Turn the wheel once you’re halfway out of the spot.\", \"描述\": \"Turn the same way you turned into the spot -- angled sports are meant to be exited the same way they were entered. Turning your wheel the wrong way will force a much sharper turn. Aim for a smooth, loose arc, and reverse until your car is on the road, pointed straight ahead.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Shift your car into drive and rejoin the flow of traffic.\", \"描述\": \"Before you start moving, make sure your steering wheel is straightened and not pointing into the parking spot. Keep an eye out for nearby drivers exiting their parking spots.\\nWatch your speed until you’re out of the parking lot or garage.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Always leave your seat belt on until you’re finished parking.\\n\", \"Avoid accidents by eliminating distractions, keeping your wits about you and practicing defensive driving skills.\\n\", \"If you’re ever unsure whether or not you’ll be able to fit in a given spot, it’s usually safest to pass it up and look for another with more room.\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,693 | How to Animate | 1. General Animation Concepts
1-1. Plan out the story you want to animate.
For simple animations, such as a flipbook, you can probably plan everything in your head, but for more complex work, you need to create a storyboard. A storyboard resembles an oversized comic strip, combining words and pictures to summarize the overall story or a given part of it.
If your animation will use characters with complicated appearances, you'll also need to prepare model sheets showing how they appear in various poses and full-length.
1-2. Decide what parts of your story need to be animated and what parts can remain static.
It usually isn't necessary, or cost-effective, to have every object in the story move in order to tell the story effectively. This is called limited animation.
For a cartoon depicting Superman flying, you may want to show only the Man of Steel's cape flapping and clouds whizzing from the foreground into the background on an otherwise static sky. For an animated logo, you may want to have only the company name spin to call attention to it, and then for only a fixed number of times, so that people can read the name clearly.
Limited animation in cartoons has the disadvantage of not looking particularly lifelike. For cartoons targeted to young children, this is not as much of a concern as in animated works intended for an older audience.
1-3. Determine what parts of the animation you can do repetitively.
Certain actions can be broken down into sequential renderings that can be re-used multiple times in an animation sequence. Such a sequence is called a loop. Actions that can be looped include the following:
Ball bouncing.
Walking/running.
Mouth movement (talking).
Jumping rope.
Wing/cape flapping.
1-4. You can find tutorials for some of these actions on the Angry Animator website at http://www.angryanimator.com/word/tutorials/.
2. Making a Flipbook
2-1. Get a number of sheets of paper you can flip through.
A flipbook consists of a number of sheets of paper, usually bound at one edge, that creates the illusion of motion when you grasp the opposite edge with your thumb and flip through the pages. The more sheets of paper in the flipbook, the more realistic the motion appears to be. (A live-action motion picture uses 24 frames/images for each second, while most animated cartoons use 12.) You can make the actual book one of several ways:
Staple or bind sheets of typing or construction paper together.
Use a notepad.
Use a pad of sticky notes.
2-2. Create the individual images.
You can make the images in your flipbook animation one of several ways:
Draw them by hand. If you do this, start with simple images (stick figures) and backgrounds and gradually tackle more complex drawings. You'll need to take care that the backgrounds are consistent from page to page to avoid a jittery appearance when you flip the pages.
Photographs. You can take a number of digital photos, then print them out on sheets of paper and bind them together, or use a software application to create a digital flipbook. It's easiest to do this if your camera has a burst picture mode that lets you take a number of pictures as you hold down the button.
Digital video. Some newlywed couples choose to create coffee-table flipbooks of their wedding, using a portion of the video shot during their wedding. Extracting individual video frames requires using a computer and video editing software, and many couples choose to upload their videos to online companies such as FlipClips.com.
2-3. Assemble the images together.
If you've been hand-drawing the images in an already-bound notepad, the assembly is done for you. Otherwise, arrange the images with the first image at the bottom of the stack and the last image at the top and bind the sheets together.
You may want to experiment with leaving out or rearranging a few of the images to make the animation appear jerkier or change the animation pattern before you bind the book together.
2-4. Flip through the pages.
Bend the pages upward with your thumb and release them at an even speed. You should see a moving image.
Pen-and-ink animators use a similar technique with preliminary drawings before coloring and inking them. They lay them one on top of each other, first to last, then hold down one of the edges as they flip through the drawings.
3. Creating Pen-and-Ink (Cel) Animation
3-1. Prepare the storyboard.
Most animation projects created through pen-and-ink animation require a large team of artists to produce. This requires creating a storyboard to guide the animators, as well as to communicate the proposed story to producers before the actual drawing work begins.
3-2. Record a preliminary soundtrack.
Because it's easier to coordinate an animated sequence to a soundtrack than a soundtrack to an animated sequence, you need to record a preliminary, or “scratch” soundtrack consisting of these items:
Character voices
Vocals to any songs
A temporary musical track. The final track, along with any sound effects, are added in post-production.
Animated cartoons before and into the 1930s did the animation first, then the sound. The Fleischer Studios did so in their earliest Popeye cartoons, which required the voice actors to ad-lib in between scripted places in the dialogue. This accounts for Popeye's humorous mutterings in cartoons such as “Choose Your Weppins.”
3-3. Make a preliminary story reel.
This reel, or animatic, synchronizes the soundtrack with the storyboard to find and fix timing errors in either the soundtrack or the script.
Advertising agencies make use of animatics as well as photomatics, a series of digital photographs sequenced together to make a crude animation. These are usually created with stock photos to keep the cost down.
3-4. Create model sheets for major characters and important props.
These sheets show the characters and items from a number of angles, as well as the style in which the characters are to be drawn. Some characters and items may be modeled in three dimensions using props called maquettes (small scale models).
Reference sheets are also created for the backgrounds needed for where the action takes place.
3-5. Refine the timing.
Go over the animatic to see what poses, lip movements, and other actions will be necessary for each frame of the story. Write these poses in a table called an exposure sheet (X-sheet).
If the animation is primarily set to music, such as Fantasia, you can also create a bar sheet to coordinate the animation to the notes of the musical score. For some productions, the bar sheet can substitute for the X-sheet.
3-6. Lay out the story scenes.
Animated cartoons are laid out similar to the way a cinematographer blocks out scenes in a live-action movie. For large productions, groups of artists devise the background appearance in terms of camera angles and paths, lighting, and shading, while other artists develop the necessary poses for each character in a given scene. For smaller productions, the director may make all these determinations.
3-7. Create a second animatic.
This animatic is composed of the storyboard and layout drawings, with the soundtrack. When the director approves it, the actual animation begins.
3-8. Draw the frames.
In traditional animation, each frame is drawn in pencil on transparent paper perforated on the edges to fit into the pegs on a physical frame called a peg bar, which in turn is attached to either a desk or a light table. The peg bar keeps the paper from slipping so that each item in the scene being rendered appears where it is supposed to.
Usually only the key points and actions are rendered first. A pencil test is made, using photos or scans of the drawings synchronized with the soundtrack to make sure the details are correct. Only then are the details added, after which they, too, are pencil-tested. Once everything has been so tested, it is sent to another animator, who redraws it to give it a more consistent look.
In large productions, a team of animators may be assigned to each character, with the lead animator rendering the key points and actions and assistants rendering the details. When characters drawn by separate teams interact, the lead animators for each character work out which character is the primary character for that scene, and that character is rendered first, with the second character drawn to react to the first character's actions.
A revised animatic is created during each phase of drawing, roughly equivalent to the daily “rushes” of live-action movies.
Sometimes, usually when working with realistically drawn human characters, the frame drawings are traced over stills of actors and scenery on film. This process, developed in 1915 by Max Fleischer, is called rotoscoping.
3-9. Paint the backgrounds.
As the frames are being drawn, the background drawings are turned into “sets” for photographing the character drawings against. Today usually done digitally, painting can be done traditionally with one of several media:
Gouache (a form of watercolor with thicker pigment particles)
Acrylic paint
Oil
Watercolor
3-10. Transfer the drawings onto cels.
Short for “celluloid,” cels are thin, clear sheets of plastic. As with the drawing paper, their edges are perforated to fit onto the pegs of a peg bar. Images can be traced from the drawings with ink or photocopied onto the cel. The cel is then painted on the reverse side using the same kind of paint to paint the background.
Only the image of the character on object on the cel is painted; the rest is left unpainted.
A more sophisticated form of this process was developed for the movie The Black Cauldron. The drawings were photographed on high-contrast film. The negatives were developed onto cels covered with light-sensitive dye. The unexposed portion of the cel was chemically cleaned, and small details were inked by hand.
3-11. Layer and photograph the cels.
All the cells are placed on the peg bar; each cel carries a reference to indicate where it is placed on the stack. A sheet of glass is laid over the stack to flatten it, then it is photographed. The cels are then removed, and a new stack is created and photographed. The process is repeated until each scene is composed and photographed.
Sometimes, instead of placing all the cels on a single stack, several stacks are created and the camera moves up or down through stacks. This kind of camera is called a multiplane camera and is used to add the illusion of depth.
Overlays can be added over the background cel, over the character cels, or on top of all the cells to add additional depth and detail to the resulting image before it's photographed.
3-12. Splice the photographed scenes together.
The individual images are sequenced together as film frames, which, when run in sequence, produce the illusion of motion.
4. Creating Stop-Motion Animation
4-1. Prepare the storyboard.
As with other forms of animation, a storyboard provides a guide to the animators and a means to communicate to others how the story is to flow.
4-2. Choose the kind of objects to be animated.
As with pen-and-ink animation, stop-motion animation relies on creating numerous pictures of images to be displayed in rapid sequence to produce the illusion of motion. Stop-motion animation, however, normally uses three-dimensional objects, although this is not always the case. You can use any of the following for stop-motion animation:
Paper cut-outs. You can cut or tear pieces of paper into parts of human and animal figures and lay them against a drawn background to produce a crude two-dimensional animation.
Dolls or stuffed toys. Best known with Rankin-Bass' animated productions such as Rudolph, The Red-Nosed Reindeer or Santa Claus Is Coming to Town and Adult Swim's Robot Chicken, this form of stop-motion dates back to Albert Smith and Stuart Blackton's 1897 The Humpty Dumpty Circus. You'll have to create cutouts for the various lip patterns to attach to your stuffed animals if you want to have them move their lips when they speak, however.
Clay figures. Will Vinton's Claymation animated California Raisins are the best-known modern examples of this technique, but the technique dates back to 1912's Modelling Extraordinary and was the method that made Art Clokey's Gumby a TV star in the 1950s. You may need to use armatures for some clay figures and pre-sculpted leg bases, as Marc Paul Chinoy did in his 1980 film I go Pogo.
Models. Models can be either of real or fantasy creatures or vehicles. Ray Harryhausen used stop-motion animation for the fantastic creatures of such movies as Jason and the Argonauts and The Golden Voyage of Sinbad. Industrial Light & Magic used stop-motion animation of vehicles to make the AT-ATs walk across the icy wastes of Hoth in The Empire Strikes Back.
4-3. Record a preliminary soundtrack.
As with pen-and-ink animation, you'll need to have a scratch soundtrack to synchronize the action to. You may need to create an exposure sheet, a bar sheet, or both.
4-4. Synchronize the soundtrack and storyboard.
As with pen-and-ink animation, you want to work out the timing between the soundtrack and the animation before you start moving objects around.
If you plan to have speaking characters, you'll have to work out the correct mouth shapes for the dialog they're to utter.
You may also find it necessary to create something similar to the photomatic described in the section about pen-and-ink animation.
4-5. Lay out the story scenes.
This part of stop-motion animation would also be similar to how a cinematographer blocks out a live-action movie, even more so than for pen-and-ink animation, since you're most likely working in three dimensions as in a live-action movie.
As with live-action film, you'll more likely have to be concerned with actually lighting a scene as opposed to drawing in the effects of light and shadow as you would in pen-and-ink animation.
4-6. Set up and photograph the components of the scene.
You'll probably want to have your camera mounted on a tripod to keep it steady during the shooting sequence. If you have a timer that lets you take pictures automatically, you may want to use it if you can set it for long enough periods to let you adjust the components during the scene.
4-7. Move the items that need to be moved and photograph the scene again.
Repeat this until you have completed photographing the entire scene from start to finish.
Animator Phil Tippett developed a way to have some of the moving of models controlled by computer to produce more realistic motions. Called “go motion,” this method was used in The Empire Strikes Back, as well as in Dragonslayer, RoboCop, and RoboCop II.
4-8. Assemble the photographed images into a sequence.
As with photographed cels in pen-and-ink animation, the individual shots from stop-motion animation become film frames that produce the illusion of motion when run one after the other.
5. Creating Computer Animation
5-1. Decide whether you want to specialize in 2-D or 3-D animation.
Computer animation makes doing either two-dimensional or three-dimensional animation easier than doing the work by hand.
Three-dimensional animation requires learning additional skills besides animation. You'll need to learn how to light a scene, and also how to create the illusion of texture.
5-2. Choose the right computer equipment.
How much computer you need depends on whether you're doing 2-D or 3-D animation.
For 2-D animation, a fast processor is helpful, but not absolutely necessary. Nonetheless, get a quad-core processor if you can afford it, and at least a dual-core processor if you're buying a used computer.
For 3-D animation, however, you want the fastest processor you can afford because of all the rendering work you'll do. You'll also want to have a significant amount of memory to support that processor. You'll more than likely spend several thousand dollars on a new computer workstation.
For either form of animation, you'll want as large a monitor as your planned work area can accommodate, and you may want to consider a two-monitor setup if you have several detail-oriented program windows open at once. Some monitors, such as the Cintiq, are designed specifically for animation.
You should also consider using a graphics tablet, an input device connected to your computer with a surface you draw on with a stylus, such as the Intuos Pro, in place of a mouse. Starting out, you may want to use a cheaper stylus pen to trace over your pencil drawings to transfer images to your computer.
5-3. Choose software appropriate to your skill level.
Software is available for both 2-D and 3-D animation, with inexpensive options available for beginners and more sophisticated and more costly options you can migrate to as your budget and skill directs.
For 2-D animation, you can produce animated images quickly using Adobe Flash, with the help of one of the many free tutorials available. When you're ready to learn to animate frame-by-frame, you can use a graphics program like Adobe Photoshop or a program that has a feature similar to Photoshop's Timeline feature.
For 3-D animation, you can start with free programs like Blender and then move on to more sophisticated programs such as Cinema 4D or the industry standard, Autodesk Maya.
5-4. Practice.
Immerse yourself in the software you've chosen to use, learning how to create with it and then actually sitting down and creating animations of your own. Compile these animations into a demonstration reel that you can show to others, either one-on-one or online.
When exploring your animation software package, take a look at “Part Three: Creating Pen-and-Ink Animation” if your software is for 2-D animation and “Part Four: Creating Stop-Motion Animation” to determine what portions of the process the software will automate for you and what portions you'll have to do outside of it.
You can post videos to your own website, which should be registered either under your own name or that of your business.
You can also post to a site such as YouTube or Vimeo. Vimeo allows you to change which video you're posting without changing the link to it, which can be helpful when you've created your latest masterpiece.
Tips
If you have a particular interest in 3-D animation, read “How to Cheat in Maya. To learn more about how to compose scenes and shots, read Jeremy Vineyard's Setting Up Your Shots.[16]
X
Research source
Animation can be combined with live action. MGM did this in 1944's Anchors Aweigh, where Gene Kelly danced with Jerry Mouse (of Tom and Jerry fame) in one scene.[17]
X
Research source
Hanna-Barbera's 1968 TV series, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn combined live actors playing Huck, Tom Sawyer, and Becky Thatcher, with animated characters and backgrounds.[18]
X
Research source
A more recent example with computer animation is 2004's Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, with human actors Jude Law, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Angelina Jolie performing with computer-generated backgrounds and vehicles.[19]
X
Research source
General books you can refer to while learning how to animate include Morr Meroz's Animation for Beginners, Richard Williams' The Animator's Survival Kit, and Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston's The Illusions of Life. If you want to learn cartoon-style animation, read Preston Blair's Cartoon Animation.
Warnings
Don't overuse animation loops. Although they simplify the animation process, loops are easily detected and can distract the viewer.[20]
X
Research source
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:55",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. General Animation Concepts\\n1-1. Plan out the story you want to animate.\\nFor simple animations, such as a flipbook, you can probably plan everything in your head, but for more complex work, you need to create a storyboard. A storyboard resembles an oversized comic strip, combining words and pictures to summarize the overall story or a given part of it.\\nIf your animation will use characters with complicated appearances, you'll also need to prepare model sheets showing how they appear in various poses and full-length.\\n1-2. Decide what parts of your story need to be animated and what parts can remain static.\\nIt usually isn't necessary, or cost-effective, to have every object in the story move in order to tell the story effectively. This is called limited animation.\\nFor a cartoon depicting Superman flying, you may want to show only the Man of Steel's cape flapping and clouds whizzing from the foreground into the background on an otherwise static sky. For an animated logo, you may want to have only the company name spin to call attention to it, and then for only a fixed number of times, so that people can read the name clearly.\\nLimited animation in cartoons has the disadvantage of not looking particularly lifelike. For cartoons targeted to young children, this is not as much of a concern as in animated works intended for an older audience.\\n1-3. Determine what parts of the animation you can do repetitively.\\nCertain actions can be broken down into sequential renderings that can be re-used multiple times in an animation sequence. Such a sequence is called a loop. Actions that can be looped include the following:\\nBall bouncing.\\nWalking/running.\\nMouth movement (talking).\\nJumping rope.\\nWing/cape flapping.\\n1-4. You can find tutorials for some of these actions on the Angry Animator website at http://www.angryanimator.com/word/tutorials/.\\n\\n2. Making a Flipbook\\n2-1. Get a number of sheets of paper you can flip through.\\nA flipbook consists of a number of sheets of paper, usually bound at one edge, that creates the illusion of motion when you grasp the opposite edge with your thumb and flip through the pages. The more sheets of paper in the flipbook, the more realistic the motion appears to be. (A live-action motion picture uses 24 frames/images for each second, while most animated cartoons use 12.) You can make the actual book one of several ways:\\nStaple or bind sheets of typing or construction paper together.\\nUse a notepad.\\nUse a pad of sticky notes.\\n2-2. Create the individual images.\\nYou can make the images in your flipbook animation one of several ways:\\nDraw them by hand. If you do this, start with simple images (stick figures) and backgrounds and gradually tackle more complex drawings. You'll need to take care that the backgrounds are consistent from page to page to avoid a jittery appearance when you flip the pages.\\nPhotographs. You can take a number of digital photos, then print them out on sheets of paper and bind them together, or use a software application to create a digital flipbook. It's easiest to do this if your camera has a burst picture mode that lets you take a number of pictures as you hold down the button.\\nDigital video. Some newlywed couples choose to create coffee-table flipbooks of their wedding, using a portion of the video shot during their wedding. Extracting individual video frames requires using a computer and video editing software, and many couples choose to upload their videos to online companies such as FlipClips.com.\\n2-3. Assemble the images together.\\nIf you've been hand-drawing the images in an already-bound notepad, the assembly is done for you. Otherwise, arrange the images with the first image at the bottom of the stack and the last image at the top and bind the sheets together.\\nYou may want to experiment with leaving out or rearranging a few of the images to make the animation appear jerkier or change the animation pattern before you bind the book together.\\n2-4. Flip through the pages.\\nBend the pages upward with your thumb and release them at an even speed. You should see a moving image.\\nPen-and-ink animators use a similar technique with preliminary drawings before coloring and inking them. They lay them one on top of each other, first to last, then hold down one of the edges as they flip through the drawings.\\n3. Creating Pen-and-Ink (Cel) Animation\\n3-1. Prepare the storyboard.\\nMost animation projects created through pen-and-ink animation require a large team of artists to produce. This requires creating a storyboard to guide the animators, as well as to communicate the proposed story to producers before the actual drawing work begins.\\n3-2. Record a preliminary soundtrack.\\nBecause it's easier to coordinate an animated sequence to a soundtrack than a soundtrack to an animated sequence, you need to record a preliminary, or “scratch” soundtrack consisting of these items:\\nCharacter voices\\nVocals to any songs\\nA temporary musical track. The final track, along with any sound effects, are added in post-production.\\nAnimated cartoons before and into the 1930s did the animation first, then the sound. The Fleischer Studios did so in their earliest Popeye cartoons, which required the voice actors to ad-lib in between scripted places in the dialogue. This accounts for Popeye's humorous mutterings in cartoons such as “Choose Your Weppins.”\\n3-3. Make a preliminary story reel.\\nThis reel, or animatic, synchronizes the soundtrack with the storyboard to find and fix timing errors in either the soundtrack or the script.\\nAdvertising agencies make use of animatics as well as photomatics, a series of digital photographs sequenced together to make a crude animation. These are usually created with stock photos to keep the cost down.\\n3-4. Create model sheets for major characters and important props.\\nThese sheets show the characters and items from a number of angles, as well as the style in which the characters are to be drawn. Some characters and items may be modeled in three dimensions using props called maquettes (small scale models).\\nReference sheets are also created for the backgrounds needed for where the action takes place.\\n3-5. Refine the timing.\\nGo over the animatic to see what poses, lip movements, and other actions will be necessary for each frame of the story. Write these poses in a table called an exposure sheet (X-sheet).\\nIf the animation is primarily set to music, such as Fantasia, you can also create a bar sheet to coordinate the animation to the notes of the musical score. For some productions, the bar sheet can substitute for the X-sheet.\\n3-6. Lay out the story scenes.\\nAnimated cartoons are laid out similar to the way a cinematographer blocks out scenes in a live-action movie. For large productions, groups of artists devise the background appearance in terms of camera angles and paths, lighting, and shading, while other artists develop the necessary poses for each character in a given scene. For smaller productions, the director may make all these determinations.\\n3-7. Create a second animatic.\\nThis animatic is composed of the storyboard and layout drawings, with the soundtrack. When the director approves it, the actual animation begins.\\n3-8. Draw the frames.\\nIn traditional animation, each frame is drawn in pencil on transparent paper perforated on the edges to fit into the pegs on a physical frame called a peg bar, which in turn is attached to either a desk or a light table. The peg bar keeps the paper from slipping so that each item in the scene being rendered appears where it is supposed to.\\nUsually only the key points and actions are rendered first. A pencil test is made, using photos or scans of the drawings synchronized with the soundtrack to make sure the details are correct. Only then are the details added, after which they, too, are pencil-tested. Once everything has been so tested, it is sent to another animator, who redraws it to give it a more consistent look.\\nIn large productions, a team of animators may be assigned to each character, with the lead animator rendering the key points and actions and assistants rendering the details. When characters drawn by separate teams interact, the lead animators for each character work out which character is the primary character for that scene, and that character is rendered first, with the second character drawn to react to the first character's actions.\\nA revised animatic is created during each phase of drawing, roughly equivalent to the daily “rushes” of live-action movies.\\nSometimes, usually when working with realistically drawn human characters, the frame drawings are traced over stills of actors and scenery on film. This process, developed in 1915 by Max Fleischer, is called rotoscoping.\\n3-9. Paint the backgrounds.\\nAs the frames are being drawn, the background drawings are turned into “sets” for photographing the character drawings against. Today usually done digitally, painting can be done traditionally with one of several media:\\nGouache (a form of watercolor with thicker pigment particles)\\nAcrylic paint\\nOil\\nWatercolor\\n3-10. Transfer the drawings onto cels.\\nShort for “celluloid,” cels are thin, clear sheets of plastic. As with the drawing paper, their edges are perforated to fit onto the pegs of a peg bar. Images can be traced from the drawings with ink or photocopied onto the cel. The cel is then painted on the reverse side using the same kind of paint to paint the background.\\nOnly the image of the character on object on the cel is painted; the rest is left unpainted.\\nA more sophisticated form of this process was developed for the movie The Black Cauldron. The drawings were photographed on high-contrast film. The negatives were developed onto cels covered with light-sensitive dye. The unexposed portion of the cel was chemically cleaned, and small details were inked by hand.\\n3-11. Layer and photograph the cels.\\nAll the cells are placed on the peg bar; each cel carries a reference to indicate where it is placed on the stack. A sheet of glass is laid over the stack to flatten it, then it is photographed. The cels are then removed, and a new stack is created and photographed. The process is repeated until each scene is composed and photographed.\\nSometimes, instead of placing all the cels on a single stack, several stacks are created and the camera moves up or down through stacks. This kind of camera is called a multiplane camera and is used to add the illusion of depth.\\nOverlays can be added over the background cel, over the character cels, or on top of all the cells to add additional depth and detail to the resulting image before it's photographed.\\n3-12. Splice the photographed scenes together.\\nThe individual images are sequenced together as film frames, which, when run in sequence, produce the illusion of motion.\\n4. Creating Stop-Motion Animation\\n4-1. Prepare the storyboard.\\nAs with other forms of animation, a storyboard provides a guide to the animators and a means to communicate to others how the story is to flow.\\n4-2. Choose the kind of objects to be animated.\\nAs with pen-and-ink animation, stop-motion animation relies on creating numerous pictures of images to be displayed in rapid sequence to produce the illusion of motion. Stop-motion animation, however, normally uses three-dimensional objects, although this is not always the case. You can use any of the following for stop-motion animation:\\nPaper cut-outs. You can cut or tear pieces of paper into parts of human and animal figures and lay them against a drawn background to produce a crude two-dimensional animation.\\nDolls or stuffed toys. Best known with Rankin-Bass' animated productions such as Rudolph, The Red-Nosed Reindeer or Santa Claus Is Coming to Town and Adult Swim's Robot Chicken, this form of stop-motion dates back to Albert Smith and Stuart Blackton's 1897 The Humpty Dumpty Circus. You'll have to create cutouts for the various lip patterns to attach to your stuffed animals if you want to have them move their lips when they speak, however.\\nClay figures. Will Vinton's Claymation animated California Raisins are the best-known modern examples of this technique, but the technique dates back to 1912's Modelling Extraordinary and was the method that made Art Clokey's Gumby a TV star in the 1950s. You may need to use armatures for some clay figures and pre-sculpted leg bases, as Marc Paul Chinoy did in his 1980 film I go Pogo.\\nModels. Models can be either of real or fantasy creatures or vehicles. Ray Harryhausen used stop-motion animation for the fantastic creatures of such movies as Jason and the Argonauts and The Golden Voyage of Sinbad. Industrial Light & Magic used stop-motion animation of vehicles to make the AT-ATs walk across the icy wastes of Hoth in The Empire Strikes Back.\\n4-3. Record a preliminary soundtrack.\\nAs with pen-and-ink animation, you'll need to have a scratch soundtrack to synchronize the action to. You may need to create an exposure sheet, a bar sheet, or both.\\n4-4. Synchronize the soundtrack and storyboard.\\nAs with pen-and-ink animation, you want to work out the timing between the soundtrack and the animation before you start moving objects around.\\nIf you plan to have speaking characters, you'll have to work out the correct mouth shapes for the dialog they're to utter.\\nYou may also find it necessary to create something similar to the photomatic described in the section about pen-and-ink animation.\\n4-5. Lay out the story scenes.\\nThis part of stop-motion animation would also be similar to how a cinematographer blocks out a live-action movie, even more so than for pen-and-ink animation, since you're most likely working in three dimensions as in a live-action movie.\\nAs with live-action film, you'll more likely have to be concerned with actually lighting a scene as opposed to drawing in the effects of light and shadow as you would in pen-and-ink animation.\\n4-6. Set up and photograph the components of the scene.\\nYou'll probably want to have your camera mounted on a tripod to keep it steady during the shooting sequence. If you have a timer that lets you take pictures automatically, you may want to use it if you can set it for long enough periods to let you adjust the components during the scene.\\n4-7. Move the items that need to be moved and photograph the scene again.\\nRepeat this until you have completed photographing the entire scene from start to finish.\\nAnimator Phil Tippett developed a way to have some of the moving of models controlled by computer to produce more realistic motions. Called “go motion,” this method was used in The Empire Strikes Back, as well as in Dragonslayer, RoboCop, and RoboCop II.\\n4-8. Assemble the photographed images into a sequence.\\nAs with photographed cels in pen-and-ink animation, the individual shots from stop-motion animation become film frames that produce the illusion of motion when run one after the other.\\n5. Creating Computer Animation\\n5-1. Decide whether you want to specialize in 2-D or 3-D animation.\\nComputer animation makes doing either two-dimensional or three-dimensional animation easier than doing the work by hand.\\nThree-dimensional animation requires learning additional skills besides animation. You'll need to learn how to light a scene, and also how to create the illusion of texture.\\n5-2. Choose the right computer equipment.\\nHow much computer you need depends on whether you're doing 2-D or 3-D animation.\\nFor 2-D animation, a fast processor is helpful, but not absolutely necessary. Nonetheless, get a quad-core processor if you can afford it, and at least a dual-core processor if you're buying a used computer.\\nFor 3-D animation, however, you want the fastest processor you can afford because of all the rendering work you'll do. You'll also want to have a significant amount of memory to support that processor. You'll more than likely spend several thousand dollars on a new computer workstation.\\nFor either form of animation, you'll want as large a monitor as your planned work area can accommodate, and you may want to consider a two-monitor setup if you have several detail-oriented program windows open at once. Some monitors, such as the Cintiq, are designed specifically for animation.\\nYou should also consider using a graphics tablet, an input device connected to your computer with a surface you draw on with a stylus, such as the Intuos Pro, in place of a mouse. Starting out, you may want to use a cheaper stylus pen to trace over your pencil drawings to transfer images to your computer.\\n5-3. Choose software appropriate to your skill level.\\nSoftware is available for both 2-D and 3-D animation, with inexpensive options available for beginners and more sophisticated and more costly options you can migrate to as your budget and skill directs.\\nFor 2-D animation, you can produce animated images quickly using Adobe Flash, with the help of one of the many free tutorials available. When you're ready to learn to animate frame-by-frame, you can use a graphics program like Adobe Photoshop or a program that has a feature similar to Photoshop's Timeline feature.\\nFor 3-D animation, you can start with free programs like Blender and then move on to more sophisticated programs such as Cinema 4D or the industry standard, Autodesk Maya.\\n5-4. Practice.\\nImmerse yourself in the software you've chosen to use, learning how to create with it and then actually sitting down and creating animations of your own. Compile these animations into a demonstration reel that you can show to others, either one-on-one or online.\\nWhen exploring your animation software package, take a look at “Part Three: Creating Pen-and-Ink Animation” if your software is for 2-D animation and “Part Four: Creating Stop-Motion Animation” to determine what portions of the process the software will automate for you and what portions you'll have to do outside of it.\\nYou can post videos to your own website, which should be registered either under your own name or that of your business.\\nYou can also post to a site such as YouTube or Vimeo. Vimeo allows you to change which video you're posting without changing the link to it, which can be helpful when you've created your latest masterpiece.\\nTips\\nIf you have a particular interest in 3-D animation, read “How to Cheat in Maya. To learn more about how to compose scenes and shots, read Jeremy Vineyard's Setting Up Your Shots.[16]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nAnimation can be combined with live action. MGM did this in 1944's Anchors Aweigh, where Gene Kelly danced with Jerry Mouse (of Tom and Jerry fame) in one scene.[17]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\\n\\n\\n Hanna-Barbera's 1968 TV series, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn combined live actors playing Huck, Tom Sawyer, and Becky Thatcher, with animated characters and backgrounds.[18]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\\n\\n\\n A more recent example with computer animation is 2004's Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, with human actors Jude Law, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Angelina Jolie performing with computer-generated backgrounds and vehicles.[19]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nGeneral books you can refer to while learning how to animate include Morr Meroz's Animation for Beginners, Richard Williams' The Animator's Survival Kit, and Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston's The Illusions of Life. If you want to learn cartoon-style animation, read Preston Blair's Cartoon Animation.\\nWarnings\\nDon't overuse animation loops. Although they simplify the animation process, loops are easily detected and can distract the viewer.[20]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Animation consists of a series of static images presented in rapid sequence to create the illusion of motion. There are a number of ways to animate: drawing by hand (flipbook), drawing and painting on transparent celluloid, stop-motion, or using a computer to create two-dimensional or three-dimensional images. While each method uses different techniques, all animation methods are based on the same concepts of how to fool the eye.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"General Animation Concepts\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Plan out the story you want to animate.\", \"描述\": \"For simple animations, such as a flipbook, you can probably plan everything in your head, but for more complex work, you need to create a storyboard. A storyboard resembles an oversized comic strip, combining words and pictures to summarize the overall story or a given part of it.\\nIf your animation will use characters with complicated appearances, you'll also need to prepare model sheets showing how they appear in various poses and full-length.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Decide what parts of your story need to be animated and what parts can remain static.\", \"描述\": \"It usually isn't necessary, or cost-effective, to have every object in the story move in order to tell the story effectively. This is called limited animation.\\nFor a cartoon depicting Superman flying, you may want to show only the Man of Steel's cape flapping and clouds whizzing from the foreground into the background on an otherwise static sky. For an animated logo, you may want to have only the company name spin to call attention to it, and then for only a fixed number of times, so that people can read the name clearly.\\nLimited animation in cartoons has the disadvantage of not looking particularly lifelike. For cartoons targeted to young children, this is not as much of a concern as in animated works intended for an older audience.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Determine what parts of the animation you can do repetitively.\", \"描述\": \"Certain actions can be broken down into sequential renderings that can be re-used multiple times in an animation sequence. Such a sequence is called a loop. Actions that can be looped include the following:\\nBall bouncing.\\nWalking/running.\\nMouth movement (talking).\\nJumping rope.\\nWing/cape flapping.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"You can find tutorials for some of these actions on the Angry Animator website at http://www.angryanimator.com/word/tutorials/.\", \"描述\": \"\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Making a Flipbook\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Get a number of sheets of paper you can flip through.\", \"描述\": \"A flipbook consists of a number of sheets of paper, usually bound at one edge, that creates the illusion of motion when you grasp the opposite edge with your thumb and flip through the pages. The more sheets of paper in the flipbook, the more realistic the motion appears to be. (A live-action motion picture uses 24 frames/images for each second, while most animated cartoons use 12.) You can make the actual book one of several ways:\\nStaple or bind sheets of typing or construction paper together.\\nUse a notepad.\\nUse a pad of sticky notes.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Create the individual images.\", \"描述\": \"You can make the images in your flipbook animation one of several ways:\\nDraw them by hand. If you do this, start with simple images (stick figures) and backgrounds and gradually tackle more complex drawings. You'll need to take care that the backgrounds are consistent from page to page to avoid a jittery appearance when you flip the pages.\\nPhotographs. You can take a number of digital photos, then print them out on sheets of paper and bind them together, or use a software application to create a digital flipbook. It's easiest to do this if your camera has a burst picture mode that lets you take a number of pictures as you hold down the button.\\nDigital video. Some newlywed couples choose to create coffee-table flipbooks of their wedding, using a portion of the video shot during their wedding. Extracting individual video frames requires using a computer and video editing software, and many couples choose to upload their videos to online companies such as FlipClips.com.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Assemble the images together.\", \"描述\": \"If you've been hand-drawing the images in an already-bound notepad, the assembly is done for you. Otherwise, arrange the images with the first image at the bottom of the stack and the last image at the top and bind the sheets together.\\nYou may want to experiment with leaving out or rearranging a few of the images to make the animation appear jerkier or change the animation pattern before you bind the book together.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Flip through the pages.\", \"描述\": \"Bend the pages upward with your thumb and release them at an even speed. You should see a moving image.\\nPen-and-ink animators use a similar technique with preliminary drawings before coloring and inking them. They lay them one on top of each other, first to last, then hold down one of the edges as they flip through the drawings.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Creating Pen-and-Ink (Cel) Animation\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Prepare the storyboard.\", \"描述\": \"Most animation projects created through pen-and-ink animation require a large team of artists to produce. This requires creating a storyboard to guide the animators, as well as to communicate the proposed story to producers before the actual drawing work begins.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Record a preliminary soundtrack.\", \"描述\": \"Because it's easier to coordinate an animated sequence to a soundtrack than a soundtrack to an animated sequence, you need to record a preliminary, or “scratch” soundtrack consisting of these items:\\nCharacter voices\\nVocals to any songs\\nA temporary musical track. The final track, along with any sound effects, are added in post-production.\\nAnimated cartoons before and into the 1930s did the animation first, then the sound. The Fleischer Studios did so in their earliest Popeye cartoons, which required the voice actors to ad-lib in between scripted places in the dialogue. This accounts for Popeye's humorous mutterings in cartoons such as “Choose Your Weppins.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Make a preliminary story reel.\", \"描述\": \"This reel, or animatic, synchronizes the soundtrack with the storyboard to find and fix timing errors in either the soundtrack or the script.\\nAdvertising agencies make use of animatics as well as photomatics, a series of digital photographs sequenced together to make a crude animation. These are usually created with stock photos to keep the cost down.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Create model sheets for major characters and important props.\", \"描述\": \"These sheets show the characters and items from a number of angles, as well as the style in which the characters are to be drawn. Some characters and items may be modeled in three dimensions using props called maquettes (small scale models).\\nReference sheets are also created for the backgrounds needed for where the action takes place.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Refine the timing.\", \"描述\": \"Go over the animatic to see what poses, lip movements, and other actions will be necessary for each frame of the story. Write these poses in a table called an exposure sheet (X-sheet).\\nIf the animation is primarily set to music, such as Fantasia, you can also create a bar sheet to coordinate the animation to the notes of the musical score. For some productions, the bar sheet can substitute for the X-sheet.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Lay out the story scenes.\", \"描述\": \"Animated cartoons are laid out similar to the way a cinematographer blocks out scenes in a live-action movie. For large productions, groups of artists devise the background appearance in terms of camera angles and paths, lighting, and shading, while other artists develop the necessary poses for each character in a given scene. For smaller productions, the director may make all these determinations.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Create a second animatic.\", \"描述\": \"This animatic is composed of the storyboard and layout drawings, with the soundtrack. When the director approves it, the actual animation begins.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Draw the frames.\", \"描述\": \"In traditional animation, each frame is drawn in pencil on transparent paper perforated on the edges to fit into the pegs on a physical frame called a peg bar, which in turn is attached to either a desk or a light table. The peg bar keeps the paper from slipping so that each item in the scene being rendered appears where it is supposed to.\\nUsually only the key points and actions are rendered first. A pencil test is made, using photos or scans of the drawings synchronized with the soundtrack to make sure the details are correct. Only then are the details added, after which they, too, are pencil-tested. Once everything has been so tested, it is sent to another animator, who redraws it to give it a more consistent look.\\nIn large productions, a team of animators may be assigned to each character, with the lead animator rendering the key points and actions and assistants rendering the details. When characters drawn by separate teams interact, the lead animators for each character work out which character is the primary character for that scene, and that character is rendered first, with the second character drawn to react to the first character's actions.\\nA revised animatic is created during each phase of drawing, roughly equivalent to the daily “rushes” of live-action movies.\\nSometimes, usually when working with realistically drawn human characters, the frame drawings are traced over stills of actors and scenery on film. This process, developed in 1915 by Max Fleischer, is called rotoscoping.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Paint the backgrounds.\", \"描述\": \"As the frames are being drawn, the background drawings are turned into “sets” for photographing the character drawings against. Today usually done digitally, painting can be done traditionally with one of several media:\\nGouache (a form of watercolor with thicker pigment particles)\\nAcrylic paint\\nOil\\nWatercolor\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Transfer the drawings onto cels.\", \"描述\": \"Short for “celluloid,” cels are thin, clear sheets of plastic. As with the drawing paper, their edges are perforated to fit onto the pegs of a peg bar. Images can be traced from the drawings with ink or photocopied onto the cel. The cel is then painted on the reverse side using the same kind of paint to paint the background.\\nOnly the image of the character on object on the cel is painted; the rest is left unpainted.\\nA more sophisticated form of this process was developed for the movie The Black Cauldron. The drawings were photographed on high-contrast film. The negatives were developed onto cels covered with light-sensitive dye. The unexposed portion of the cel was chemically cleaned, and small details were inked by hand.\"}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Layer and photograph the cels.\", \"描述\": \"All the cells are placed on the peg bar; each cel carries a reference to indicate where it is placed on the stack. A sheet of glass is laid over the stack to flatten it, then it is photographed. The cels are then removed, and a new stack is created and photographed. The process is repeated until each scene is composed and photographed.\\nSometimes, instead of placing all the cels on a single stack, several stacks are created and the camera moves up or down through stacks. This kind of camera is called a multiplane camera and is used to add the illusion of depth.\\nOverlays can be added over the background cel, over the character cels, or on top of all the cells to add additional depth and detail to the resulting image before it's photographed.\"}, {\"编号\": 12, \"标题\": \"Splice the photographed scenes together.\", \"描述\": \"The individual images are sequenced together as film frames, which, when run in sequence, produce the illusion of motion.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Creating Stop-Motion Animation\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Prepare the storyboard.\", \"描述\": \"As with other forms of animation, a storyboard provides a guide to the animators and a means to communicate to others how the story is to flow.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Choose the kind of objects to be animated.\", \"描述\": \"As with pen-and-ink animation, stop-motion animation relies on creating numerous pictures of images to be displayed in rapid sequence to produce the illusion of motion. Stop-motion animation, however, normally uses three-dimensional objects, although this is not always the case. You can use any of the following for stop-motion animation:\\nPaper cut-outs. You can cut or tear pieces of paper into parts of human and animal figures and lay them against a drawn background to produce a crude two-dimensional animation.\\nDolls or stuffed toys. Best known with Rankin-Bass' animated productions such as Rudolph, The Red-Nosed Reindeer or Santa Claus Is Coming to Town and Adult Swim's Robot Chicken, this form of stop-motion dates back to Albert Smith and Stuart Blackton's 1897 The Humpty Dumpty Circus. You'll have to create cutouts for the various lip patterns to attach to your stuffed animals if you want to have them move their lips when they speak, however.\\nClay figures. Will Vinton's Claymation animated California Raisins are the best-known modern examples of this technique, but the technique dates back to 1912's Modelling Extraordinary and was the method that made Art Clokey's Gumby a TV star in the 1950s. You may need to use armatures for some clay figures and pre-sculpted leg bases, as Marc Paul Chinoy did in his 1980 film I go Pogo.\\nModels. Models can be either of real or fantasy creatures or vehicles. Ray Harryhausen used stop-motion animation for the fantastic creatures of such movies as Jason and the Argonauts and The Golden Voyage of Sinbad. Industrial Light & Magic used stop-motion animation of vehicles to make the AT-ATs walk across the icy wastes of Hoth in The Empire Strikes Back.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Record a preliminary soundtrack.\", \"描述\": \"As with pen-and-ink animation, you'll need to have a scratch soundtrack to synchronize the action to. You may need to create an exposure sheet, a bar sheet, or both.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Synchronize the soundtrack and storyboard.\", \"描述\": \"As with pen-and-ink animation, you want to work out the timing between the soundtrack and the animation before you start moving objects around.\\nIf you plan to have speaking characters, you'll have to work out the correct mouth shapes for the dialog they're to utter.\\nYou may also find it necessary to create something similar to the photomatic described in the section about pen-and-ink animation.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Lay out the story scenes.\", \"描述\": \"This part of stop-motion animation would also be similar to how a cinematographer blocks out a live-action movie, even more so than for pen-and-ink animation, since you're most likely working in three dimensions as in a live-action movie.\\nAs with live-action film, you'll more likely have to be concerned with actually lighting a scene as opposed to drawing in the effects of light and shadow as you would in pen-and-ink animation.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Set up and photograph the components of the scene.\", \"描述\": \"You'll probably want to have your camera mounted on a tripod to keep it steady during the shooting sequence. If you have a timer that lets you take pictures automatically, you may want to use it if you can set it for long enough periods to let you adjust the components during the scene.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Move the items that need to be moved and photograph the scene again.\", \"描述\": \"Repeat this until you have completed photographing the entire scene from start to finish.\\nAnimator Phil Tippett developed a way to have some of the moving of models controlled by computer to produce more realistic motions. Called “go motion,” this method was used in The Empire Strikes Back, as well as in Dragonslayer, RoboCop, and RoboCop II.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Assemble the photographed images into a sequence.\", \"描述\": \"As with photographed cels in pen-and-ink animation, the individual shots from stop-motion animation become film frames that produce the illusion of motion when run one after the other.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Creating Computer Animation\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Decide whether you want to specialize in 2-D or 3-D animation.\", \"描述\": \"Computer animation makes doing either two-dimensional or three-dimensional animation easier than doing the work by hand.\\nThree-dimensional animation requires learning additional skills besides animation. You'll need to learn how to light a scene, and also how to create the illusion of texture.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Choose the right computer equipment.\", \"描述\": \"How much computer you need depends on whether you're doing 2-D or 3-D animation.\\nFor 2-D animation, a fast processor is helpful, but not absolutely necessary. Nonetheless, get a quad-core processor if you can afford it, and at least a dual-core processor if you're buying a used computer.\\nFor 3-D animation, however, you want the fastest processor you can afford because of all the rendering work you'll do. You'll also want to have a significant amount of memory to support that processor. You'll more than likely spend several thousand dollars on a new computer workstation.\\nFor either form of animation, you'll want as large a monitor as your planned work area can accommodate, and you may want to consider a two-monitor setup if you have several detail-oriented program windows open at once. Some monitors, such as the Cintiq, are designed specifically for animation.\\nYou should also consider using a graphics tablet, an input device connected to your computer with a surface you draw on with a stylus, such as the Intuos Pro, in place of a mouse. Starting out, you may want to use a cheaper stylus pen to trace over your pencil drawings to transfer images to your computer.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Choose software appropriate to your skill level.\", \"描述\": \"Software is available for both 2-D and 3-D animation, with inexpensive options available for beginners and more sophisticated and more costly options you can migrate to as your budget and skill directs.\\nFor 2-D animation, you can produce animated images quickly using Adobe Flash, with the help of one of the many free tutorials available. When you're ready to learn to animate frame-by-frame, you can use a graphics program like Adobe Photoshop or a program that has a feature similar to Photoshop's Timeline feature.\\nFor 3-D animation, you can start with free programs like Blender and then move on to more sophisticated programs such as Cinema 4D or the industry standard, Autodesk Maya.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Practice.\", \"描述\": \"Immerse yourself in the software you've chosen to use, learning how to create with it and then actually sitting down and creating animations of your own. Compile these animations into a demonstration reel that you can show to others, either one-on-one or online.\\nWhen exploring your animation software package, take a look at “Part Three: Creating Pen-and-Ink Animation” if your software is for 2-D animation and “Part Four: Creating Stop-Motion Animation” to determine what portions of the process the software will automate for you and what portions you'll have to do outside of it.\\nYou can post videos to your own website, which should be registered either under your own name or that of your business.\\nYou can also post to a site such as YouTube or Vimeo. Vimeo allows you to change which video you're posting without changing the link to it, which can be helpful when you've created your latest masterpiece.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"If you have a particular interest in 3-D animation, read “How to Cheat in Maya. To learn more about how to compose scenes and shots, read Jeremy Vineyard's Setting Up Your Shots.[16]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"Animation can be combined with live action. MGM did this in 1944's Anchors Aweigh, where Gene Kelly danced with Jerry Mouse (of Tom and Jerry fame) in one scene.[17]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\\n\\n\\n Hanna-Barbera's 1968 TV series, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn combined live actors playing Huck, Tom Sawyer, and Becky Thatcher, with animated characters and backgrounds.[18]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\\n\\n\\n A more recent example with computer animation is 2004's Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, with human actors Jude Law, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Angelina Jolie performing with computer-generated backgrounds and vehicles.[19]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"General books you can refer to while learning how to animate include Morr Meroz's Animation for Beginners, Richard Williams' The Animator's Survival Kit, and Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston's The Illusions of Life. If you want to learn cartoon-style animation, read Preston Blair's Cartoon Animation.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Don't overuse animation loops. Although they simplify the animation process, loops are easily detected and can distract the viewer.[20]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,694 | How to Animate Clay | 1. Preparing for Your Animation
1-1. Get movie software to edit your film.
You can use any camera to film clay animation, but you’ll need the right software to put all of the individual shots together. Your computer might come preloaded with options – Mac users will have iMovie and PC users will have Quicktime. But you can also download software like Picasa. It might take some experimenting to see which you like best.
1-2. Use Plastilina clay if you want to combine colors.
Plastilina clay is made by a company called Van Aken, and it’s the same type that was used in the first clay animation videos. It’s wax based, so it melts down quite easily if you put it over a double boiler. You can find it at most hobby, craft, and toy stores.
To set up a double boiler, fill one saucepot about halfway with water. Place that pot on your stovetop. Then place another pot - either the same size or slightly smaller so it fits snugly - on top of the first pot. Place the clay you want to mix in the top pot, and turn the burner on. As the water in the lower pot boils, it will heat up your clay to make it moldable.
1-3. Use polymer clay if you want your figures to maintain their shape for a while.
Polymer clay has plastic in it, which makes it more durable than Plastilina clay. If you’re working on a longer project, a polymer clay like Sculpey is your best bet, because your figures will hold their shape longer.
1-4. Build your figures.
Once you’ve decided which clay to use, it’s time to build your figures. Make sure you build every single figure you need. That includes all of your characters and any accessories or sets you want to be made from clay.
It might be helpful to begin by building a simple wireframe for each character. Use wire to shape the core of the body and arms and legs. If you're making a non-human form, use the wire to form the basic shape of the object.
Once you have a wireframe, press clay onto the frame. You'll have to form things like feet, hands, fingers, toes, or other details completely from clay.
If you’re just beginning in clay animation, stick to simple figures. They’ll be easier to create and manipulate. And keep in mind that some of the most popular clay animations use super simple figures – think of Gumby!
1-5. Gather or build additional sets.
If you’re not building your sets from clay, you’ll need to either gather or construct those. Legos or other building toys are a great option for those sets. You might also need to create a background, depending on your story. Drawings on construction paper are a great way to create those backgrounds.
For example, if your story is about a dog and its owner in a park, you'll need a set of trees, maybe a pond, and possibly some buildings in the background. You can build the trees out of building blocks, and the pond and buildings out of construction paper.
If you set up your scene near a wall, you can tape your background to it.
Make sure you have all of your sets built before you begin filming. It will cut down on your production time.
2. Planning Your Story
2-1. Make sure your story isn’t too long.
Because you have to film each separate movement, clay animation takes a long time. Keep that in mind when you’re planning your story. Even a 30-minute movie would require over 20,000 pictures. You can start with a very short story, and work on longer ones as you get more experience.
To figure out approximately how many shots you’ll need, consider that for every second of film, you’ll need about 12 shots or stops. Multiply that by 60 seconds in a minute, and then the number of minutes you want in your film to determine how many shots you need.
2-2. Keep your story simple.
The more complicated your story is, the more characters and movement you'll need. Instead, stick to a simple story that only includes a few characters and 1 or 2 major movements.
For example, your story could be about a boy talking his dog for a walk. For that, you'd only need a background and dog and boy clay figures.
2-3. Add dialogue during editing.
If you're just beginning with clay animation, moving a character's mouth so it looks like it's talking can take a lot of time and energy. Instead, add dialogue when you're editing your animation. You can layer conversation bubbles over your film as you go.
For example, if you're making a film about a boy walking a dog, maybe at some point the dog starts to chase a bird. Draw or insert (depending on your software) a conversation bubble next to the boy. You can write something like "Fido! Stop chasing the birds!"
If you're adding dialogue bubbles, you'll need to make sure you add them to several frames. Otherwise, they won't appear in the animation long enough for your viewer to read them.
2-4. Create or print out a storyboard.
In clay animation, you need to take a separate shot of every single movement. Because of that, you have to plan out your story in careful detail. You can find free downloadable storyboards online on websites. You can also order storyboards from craft and hobby stores.
2-5. Map each movement.
Each movement should be mapped on separate shot cards. Each card should have a drawing of the scene, the frame number, any notes you need, and the shot number. As you plot your story, you might find you need to add or take away cards. That’s fine – just make sure you adjust your numbering!
The differences between successive shot cards will be really, really small. For example, you can’t have your main character in one place in one shot, and then moving as if he’s walked a step in the next. Instead, you have to get a shot of his knee starting to bend, then another of his knee bent a bit more, then another of his foot lifting off the ground, etc.
3. Filming Your Animation
3-1. Put your camera on a tripod.
Because of the small differences between each shot, it’s important that your camera stays in the same position. Set up your camera on a tripod to ensure that it does. You might want to take a few test shots to make sure the tripod is at the right height and angle to your set.
You can really use any digital camera for clay animation. Larger cameras like DSLRs will give you the most editing options, but you can still make great clay animations with entry-level point-and-shoot digital cameras.
You can also use your smartphone's camera, just make sure you back up your photos to an external hard drive or cloud drive. Otherwise, you won't have enough storage space.
You will occasionally need to move your camera, depending on what you want to emphasize in each scene. Make sure you note on your storyboard when you need to move the camera, and where you should move it to.
3-2. Set up your first scene.
Set up the first set you’re going to use, and then place your figures according to your first shot card. Once you get into actually setting up the scene, you might find that you want to tweak some things slightly. That’s fine, but make sure you make changes to other shot cards as necessary.
Your first scene should set up the entire story. So for example, if you're filming a story about a boy taking his dog for a walk, you might want to set up the first scene outside of the boy's house. He should have a leash in his hand, and his dog should be there, ready for the walk.
3-3. Take your first shot.
Once everything is set up, you’re ready to take your first shot! Click the shutter on your camera. Check the image and make sure everything looks the way you want it, including the lighting, the figures, and your set.
The entire scene should be well-lit, but it should also mimic the scene you're creating. So if you're shooting a scene that's supposed to take place outside, pick a spot where the sun might be in the sky and set up a light there. It will create realistic shadows.
3-4. Set the next movement.
Use your next shot card to set up your next shot. Again, keep in mind that it will be a very small change from your first shot to your second. Once the next movement is set, take another picture with your camera. Continue to check each photograph.
For example, if your story is about a boy walking his dog and the first shot is of the boy and the dog outside their house, the next shot should begin the process of the boy putting the leash on the dog.
Keep the background in mind while you're setting shots. If you have other animals in the background, make sure you're also moving them.
3-5. Repeat as necessary.
Follow your storyboard of shot cards and take all of the shots you need to complete your film. You might not be able to film the whole story in one day. If you can’t, make sure you’ve set up somewhere that your scene and figures won’t be disturbed.
3-6. Load your photos into movie editing software.
Once you’ve got all of your photographs done, load them into the movie editing software you’re going to use. You can either use a USB cord to plug your camera directly into your computer or plug the SD card into the computer. Once you connect the camera or SD card, the software you’re using should prompt you about importing them. Select “Import” or “yes.”
3-7. Edit your film.
Once all of your photographs have been imported, you can begin to edit your film. The easiest way to edit them together is to import them into a slideshow, and set the slide duration to the lowest possible setting. Other software will have other options for editing your photos together. You’ll need to play with the software you’ve chosen to see which you like best.
Tips
Don't use air drying clay. As this process will take a long time to complete and you figures will dry while animating.
It's best to do your animation away from natural light. Due to the sun's movement, shadows and lighting will change while you make your animation.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:55",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Preparing for Your Animation\\n1-1. Get movie software to edit your film.\\nYou can use any camera to film clay animation, but you’ll need the right software to put all of the individual shots together. Your computer might come preloaded with options – Mac users will have iMovie and PC users will have Quicktime. But you can also download software like Picasa. It might take some experimenting to see which you like best.\\n1-2. Use Plastilina clay if you want to combine colors.\\nPlastilina clay is made by a company called Van Aken, and it’s the same type that was used in the first clay animation videos. It’s wax based, so it melts down quite easily if you put it over a double boiler. You can find it at most hobby, craft, and toy stores.\\nTo set up a double boiler, fill one saucepot about halfway with water. Place that pot on your stovetop. Then place another pot - either the same size or slightly smaller so it fits snugly - on top of the first pot. Place the clay you want to mix in the top pot, and turn the burner on. As the water in the lower pot boils, it will heat up your clay to make it moldable.\\n1-3. Use polymer clay if you want your figures to maintain their shape for a while.\\nPolymer clay has plastic in it, which makes it more durable than Plastilina clay. If you’re working on a longer project, a polymer clay like Sculpey is your best bet, because your figures will hold their shape longer.\\n1-4. Build your figures.\\nOnce you’ve decided which clay to use, it’s time to build your figures. Make sure you build every single figure you need. That includes all of your characters and any accessories or sets you want to be made from clay.\\nIt might be helpful to begin by building a simple wireframe for each character. Use wire to shape the core of the body and arms and legs. If you're making a non-human form, use the wire to form the basic shape of the object.\\nOnce you have a wireframe, press clay onto the frame. You'll have to form things like feet, hands, fingers, toes, or other details completely from clay.\\nIf you’re just beginning in clay animation, stick to simple figures. They’ll be easier to create and manipulate. And keep in mind that some of the most popular clay animations use super simple figures – think of Gumby!\\n1-5. Gather or build additional sets.\\nIf you’re not building your sets from clay, you’ll need to either gather or construct those. Legos or other building toys are a great option for those sets. You might also need to create a background, depending on your story. Drawings on construction paper are a great way to create those backgrounds.\\nFor example, if your story is about a dog and its owner in a park, you'll need a set of trees, maybe a pond, and possibly some buildings in the background. You can build the trees out of building blocks, and the pond and buildings out of construction paper.\\nIf you set up your scene near a wall, you can tape your background to it.\\nMake sure you have all of your sets built before you begin filming. It will cut down on your production time.\\n2. Planning Your Story\\n2-1. Make sure your story isn’t too long.\\nBecause you have to film each separate movement, clay animation takes a long time. Keep that in mind when you’re planning your story. Even a 30-minute movie would require over 20,000 pictures. You can start with a very short story, and work on longer ones as you get more experience.\\nTo figure out approximately how many shots you’ll need, consider that for every second of film, you’ll need about 12 shots or stops. Multiply that by 60 seconds in a minute, and then the number of minutes you want in your film to determine how many shots you need.\\n2-2. Keep your story simple.\\nThe more complicated your story is, the more characters and movement you'll need. Instead, stick to a simple story that only includes a few characters and 1 or 2 major movements.\\nFor example, your story could be about a boy talking his dog for a walk. For that, you'd only need a background and dog and boy clay figures.\\n2-3. Add dialogue during editing.\\nIf you're just beginning with clay animation, moving a character's mouth so it looks like it's talking can take a lot of time and energy. Instead, add dialogue when you're editing your animation. You can layer conversation bubbles over your film as you go.\\nFor example, if you're making a film about a boy walking a dog, maybe at some point the dog starts to chase a bird. Draw or insert (depending on your software) a conversation bubble next to the boy. You can write something like \\\"Fido! Stop chasing the birds!\\\"\\nIf you're adding dialogue bubbles, you'll need to make sure you add them to several frames. Otherwise, they won't appear in the animation long enough for your viewer to read them.\\n2-4. Create or print out a storyboard.\\nIn clay animation, you need to take a separate shot of every single movement. Because of that, you have to plan out your story in careful detail. You can find free downloadable storyboards online on websites. You can also order storyboards from craft and hobby stores.\\n2-5. Map each movement.\\nEach movement should be mapped on separate shot cards. Each card should have a drawing of the scene, the frame number, any notes you need, and the shot number. As you plot your story, you might find you need to add or take away cards. That’s fine – just make sure you adjust your numbering!\\nThe differences between successive shot cards will be really, really small. For example, you can’t have your main character in one place in one shot, and then moving as if he’s walked a step in the next. Instead, you have to get a shot of his knee starting to bend, then another of his knee bent a bit more, then another of his foot lifting off the ground, etc.\\n3. Filming Your Animation\\n3-1. Put your camera on a tripod.\\nBecause of the small differences between each shot, it’s important that your camera stays in the same position. Set up your camera on a tripod to ensure that it does. You might want to take a few test shots to make sure the tripod is at the right height and angle to your set.\\nYou can really use any digital camera for clay animation. Larger cameras like DSLRs will give you the most editing options, but you can still make great clay animations with entry-level point-and-shoot digital cameras.\\nYou can also use your smartphone's camera, just make sure you back up your photos to an external hard drive or cloud drive. Otherwise, you won't have enough storage space.\\nYou will occasionally need to move your camera, depending on what you want to emphasize in each scene. Make sure you note on your storyboard when you need to move the camera, and where you should move it to.\\n3-2. Set up your first scene.\\nSet up the first set you’re going to use, and then place your figures according to your first shot card. Once you get into actually setting up the scene, you might find that you want to tweak some things slightly. That’s fine, but make sure you make changes to other shot cards as necessary.\\nYour first scene should set up the entire story. So for example, if you're filming a story about a boy taking his dog for a walk, you might want to set up the first scene outside of the boy's house. He should have a leash in his hand, and his dog should be there, ready for the walk.\\n3-3. Take your first shot.\\nOnce everything is set up, you’re ready to take your first shot! Click the shutter on your camera. Check the image and make sure everything looks the way you want it, including the lighting, the figures, and your set.\\nThe entire scene should be well-lit, but it should also mimic the scene you're creating. So if you're shooting a scene that's supposed to take place outside, pick a spot where the sun might be in the sky and set up a light there. It will create realistic shadows.\\n3-4. Set the next movement.\\nUse your next shot card to set up your next shot. Again, keep in mind that it will be a very small change from your first shot to your second. Once the next movement is set, take another picture with your camera. Continue to check each photograph.\\nFor example, if your story is about a boy walking his dog and the first shot is of the boy and the dog outside their house, the next shot should begin the process of the boy putting the leash on the dog.\\nKeep the background in mind while you're setting shots. If you have other animals in the background, make sure you're also moving them.\\n3-5. Repeat as necessary.\\nFollow your storyboard of shot cards and take all of the shots you need to complete your film. You might not be able to film the whole story in one day. If you can’t, make sure you’ve set up somewhere that your scene and figures won’t be disturbed.\\n3-6. Load your photos into movie editing software.\\nOnce you’ve got all of your photographs done, load them into the movie editing software you’re going to use. You can either use a USB cord to plug your camera directly into your computer or plug the SD card into the computer. Once you connect the camera or SD card, the software you’re using should prompt you about importing them. Select “Import” or “yes.”\\n3-7. Edit your film.\\nOnce all of your photographs have been imported, you can begin to edit your film. The easiest way to edit them together is to import them into a slideshow, and set the slide duration to the lowest possible setting. Other software will have other options for editing your photos together. You’ll need to play with the software you’ve chosen to see which you like best.\\nTips\\nDon't use air drying clay. As this process will take a long time to complete and you figures will dry while animating.\\nIt's best to do your animation away from natural light. Due to the sun's movement, shadows and lighting will change while you make your animation.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Clay animation is a great way to get started in animation. It can take a lot of time and work, though, so be patient with yourself. You'll need software for your computer, the right kind of clay for building your characters, and figures and sets for your scenes. Then you’ll need to plan your story down to the tiniest detail. Using a storyboard and shot cards will help you plan. Once the planning is done, you’ll need to set up your camera and begin taking your photos. When you’ve taken all the photos you need, you’ll be ready to edit your film!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Preparing for Your Animation\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Get movie software to edit your film.\", \"描述\": \"You can use any camera to film clay animation, but you’ll need the right software to put all of the individual shots together. Your computer might come preloaded with options – Mac users will have iMovie and PC users will have Quicktime. But you can also download software like Picasa. It might take some experimenting to see which you like best.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Use Plastilina clay if you want to combine colors.\", \"描述\": \"Plastilina clay is made by a company called Van Aken, and it’s the same type that was used in the first clay animation videos. It’s wax based, so it melts down quite easily if you put it over a double boiler. You can find it at most hobby, craft, and toy stores.\\nTo set up a double boiler, fill one saucepot about halfway with water. Place that pot on your stovetop. Then place another pot - either the same size or slightly smaller so it fits snugly - on top of the first pot. Place the clay you want to mix in the top pot, and turn the burner on. As the water in the lower pot boils, it will heat up your clay to make it moldable.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Use polymer clay if you want your figures to maintain their shape for a while.\", \"描述\": \"Polymer clay has plastic in it, which makes it more durable than Plastilina clay. If you’re working on a longer project, a polymer clay like Sculpey is your best bet, because your figures will hold their shape longer.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Build your figures.\", \"描述\": \"Once you’ve decided which clay to use, it’s time to build your figures. Make sure you build every single figure you need. That includes all of your characters and any accessories or sets you want to be made from clay.\\nIt might be helpful to begin by building a simple wireframe for each character. Use wire to shape the core of the body and arms and legs. If you're making a non-human form, use the wire to form the basic shape of the object.\\nOnce you have a wireframe, press clay onto the frame. You'll have to form things like feet, hands, fingers, toes, or other details completely from clay.\\nIf you’re just beginning in clay animation, stick to simple figures. They’ll be easier to create and manipulate. And keep in mind that some of the most popular clay animations use super simple figures – think of Gumby!\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Gather or build additional sets.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re not building your sets from clay, you’ll need to either gather or construct those. Legos or other building toys are a great option for those sets. You might also need to create a background, depending on your story. Drawings on construction paper are a great way to create those backgrounds.\\nFor example, if your story is about a dog and its owner in a park, you'll need a set of trees, maybe a pond, and possibly some buildings in the background. You can build the trees out of building blocks, and the pond and buildings out of construction paper.\\nIf you set up your scene near a wall, you can tape your background to it.\\nMake sure you have all of your sets built before you begin filming. It will cut down on your production time.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Planning Your Story\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make sure your story isn’t too long.\", \"描述\": \"Because you have to film each separate movement, clay animation takes a long time. Keep that in mind when you’re planning your story. Even a 30-minute movie would require over 20,000 pictures. You can start with a very short story, and work on longer ones as you get more experience.\\nTo figure out approximately how many shots you’ll need, consider that for every second of film, you’ll need about 12 shots or stops. Multiply that by 60 seconds in a minute, and then the number of minutes you want in your film to determine how many shots you need.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Keep your story simple.\", \"描述\": \"The more complicated your story is, the more characters and movement you'll need. Instead, stick to a simple story that only includes a few characters and 1 or 2 major movements.\\nFor example, your story could be about a boy talking his dog for a walk. For that, you'd only need a background and dog and boy clay figures.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Add dialogue during editing.\", \"描述\": \"If you're just beginning with clay animation, moving a character's mouth so it looks like it's talking can take a lot of time and energy. Instead, add dialogue when you're editing your animation. You can layer conversation bubbles over your film as you go.\\nFor example, if you're making a film about a boy walking a dog, maybe at some point the dog starts to chase a bird. Draw or insert (depending on your software) a conversation bubble next to the boy. You can write something like \\\"Fido! Stop chasing the birds!\\\"\\nIf you're adding dialogue bubbles, you'll need to make sure you add them to several frames. Otherwise, they won't appear in the animation long enough for your viewer to read them.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Create or print out a storyboard.\", \"描述\": \"In clay animation, you need to take a separate shot of every single movement. Because of that, you have to plan out your story in careful detail. You can find free downloadable storyboards online on websites. You can also order storyboards from craft and hobby stores.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Map each movement.\", \"描述\": \"Each movement should be mapped on separate shot cards. Each card should have a drawing of the scene, the frame number, any notes you need, and the shot number. As you plot your story, you might find you need to add or take away cards. That’s fine – just make sure you adjust your numbering!\\nThe differences between successive shot cards will be really, really small. For example, you can’t have your main character in one place in one shot, and then moving as if he’s walked a step in the next. Instead, you have to get a shot of his knee starting to bend, then another of his knee bent a bit more, then another of his foot lifting off the ground, etc.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Filming Your Animation\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Put your camera on a tripod.\", \"描述\": \"Because of the small differences between each shot, it’s important that your camera stays in the same position. Set up your camera on a tripod to ensure that it does. You might want to take a few test shots to make sure the tripod is at the right height and angle to your set.\\nYou can really use any digital camera for clay animation. Larger cameras like DSLRs will give you the most editing options, but you can still make great clay animations with entry-level point-and-shoot digital cameras.\\nYou can also use your smartphone's camera, just make sure you back up your photos to an external hard drive or cloud drive. Otherwise, you won't have enough storage space.\\nYou will occasionally need to move your camera, depending on what you want to emphasize in each scene. Make sure you note on your storyboard when you need to move the camera, and where you should move it to.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Set up your first scene.\", \"描述\": \"Set up the first set you’re going to use, and then place your figures according to your first shot card. Once you get into actually setting up the scene, you might find that you want to tweak some things slightly. That’s fine, but make sure you make changes to other shot cards as necessary.\\nYour first scene should set up the entire story. So for example, if you're filming a story about a boy taking his dog for a walk, you might want to set up the first scene outside of the boy's house. He should have a leash in his hand, and his dog should be there, ready for the walk.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Take your first shot.\", \"描述\": \"Once everything is set up, you’re ready to take your first shot! Click the shutter on your camera. Check the image and make sure everything looks the way you want it, including the lighting, the figures, and your set.\\nThe entire scene should be well-lit, but it should also mimic the scene you're creating. So if you're shooting a scene that's supposed to take place outside, pick a spot where the sun might be in the sky and set up a light there. It will create realistic shadows.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Set the next movement.\", \"描述\": \"Use your next shot card to set up your next shot. Again, keep in mind that it will be a very small change from your first shot to your second. Once the next movement is set, take another picture with your camera. Continue to check each photograph.\\nFor example, if your story is about a boy walking his dog and the first shot is of the boy and the dog outside their house, the next shot should begin the process of the boy putting the leash on the dog.\\nKeep the background in mind while you're setting shots. If you have other animals in the background, make sure you're also moving them.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Repeat as necessary.\", \"描述\": \"Follow your storyboard of shot cards and take all of the shots you need to complete your film. You might not be able to film the whole story in one day. If you can’t, make sure you’ve set up somewhere that your scene and figures won’t be disturbed.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Load your photos into movie editing software.\", \"描述\": \"Once you’ve got all of your photographs done, load them into the movie editing software you’re going to use. You can either use a USB cord to plug your camera directly into your computer or plug the SD card into the computer. Once you connect the camera or SD card, the software you’re using should prompt you about importing them. Select “Import” or “yes.”\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Edit your film.\", \"描述\": \"Once all of your photographs have been imported, you can begin to edit your film. The easiest way to edit them together is to import them into a slideshow, and set the slide duration to the lowest possible setting. Other software will have other options for editing your photos together. You’ll need to play with the software you’ve chosen to see which you like best.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Don't use air drying clay. As this process will take a long time to complete and you figures will dry while animating.\\n\", \"It's best to do your animation away from natural light. Due to the sun's movement, shadows and lighting will change while you make your animation.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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} | wikihow |
1,695 | How to Animate With MS Paint and Windows Movie Maker | 1. Steps
1-1. Decide what you are going to animate Before you start drawing, you'll need to come up with a good (better, a great!
) story. wikiHow has several such entries to guide you; "How to write a short story" is a good place to start. Remember, effective stories have...an introduction, complications, and a resolution.
1-2. Storyboard your script (reducing it to a series of cartoon-like drawings).
See articles elsewhere in wikiHow for tips on storyboarding.
1-3. Begin animating!.
Open MS Paint (or any image processing software, such as JASC Paint Shop Pro). PSP is fairly straightforward, although there is a learning curve. Most importantly, in PSP you can add the bits that will move in your animation, as layers. Then, you move the layer to get the effect of movement (vs. redrawing your entire frame, or "cel").
1-4. Draw your first frame (or, import a photograph).
Be sure to make it look just the way you wanted it, or you'll hate the end result, and you will have wasted your time.
1-5. Save it into the image software you are using (or, better, paste it into an animation software package).
GIF Animator (GIF-A) is free and, for your first animation, it's recommended. You might also look at JASC Animator (the 'trial' version never seems to expire). Animation programs will speed your progress in far too many ways to itemize here.
1-6. Make any adjustments you wish to make for the next cel.
Usually (but not always) you will not make them drastic. This is animation, so you need to take it a step at a time. Each cel will usually be just slightly different from the last one. If you have learned about 'layers' and are using PSP, this will be accomplished with a flick of your mouse.
1-7. Import the saved photos (or, better, the animation file) into Windows Movie Maker (MM).
Do this when you have your scenes finished. Drag them down onto the story board. You will probably iterate this step many times, until you get your creation just right.
1-8. Add titles and special effects.
Once you have all the visuals exactly as you like them, then is the time to add special effects, credits, a title, anything you need.
1-9. Add sound; it is essential for an effective film.
While MM does have a sound editor, it is buggy, very difficult to modify, and is prone to hanging without warning (often requiring a complete reboot). You can edit your sound in any separate sound editing software (like Cooledit, but any comparable package should do), then drop the entire file into MM. You can download for free very nearly any type of sound you need, off the net.
1-10. Don't forget Ambient sound.
This is the incidental background sound, usually, some sort of a dull murmur; if you have none, the effect of going from "talking" to "complete silence" is jarring. You can put a soundtrack in the background, but, failing that, you should never (well, hardly ever) have a complete lack of sound. This is another time sound processing software like Cooledit proves its use: you put your ambient (or, your music) soundtrack on one channel, and your speech and sound effects on the second.
1-11. Search for examples of animation using the software mentioned in this article.
See www.youtube.com (and search there for "nzfilmprof"). "Kiwi Kids" has samples of young students using Paint; and other examples done with PSP.
Tips
Similar to the above, to show a windmill turning, only two or three positions are required; once the windmill rotates one-blade's worth, you can cycle the windmill by endlessly repeating those 3 cells. Anything similar (like moving targets in a shooting gallery) can be accomplished with just a few repeating cels.
Animation frequently relies on "sight gags". Observing "the rule of three" is invaluable. Show an action. Show it again (with a slight variation). The third time you begin to show it, the viewer will think "I know what's going to happen!" Here, at the third iteration, you dramatically CHANGE the action, surprising (and, hopefully, amusing) the viewer. See the honeybee sequence in "Kiwi Kids Stuff and Nonsense" on YouTube for an example ("Stuff" also has several examples of 14 year olds animating with Paint).
With MM, wait until 'all' your visuals are exactly the way you want them, for your entire film. Then add any titles, captions, sound, etc. Otherwise, if you add a clip in the middle, 'everything' (sound, captions, etc) after than point, will require changing.
Warnings
Don't use drawings, photos, or other artwork of others without permission, and given credit when you do receive permission. For one, you will not be eligible for revenue sharing on Youtube, should your video be an exceptionally popular one.
Copyrighted songs are a grey area: YouTube does have an algorithm which ferrets out many copyrighted songs, however, unless someone important (like Disney or Warners) complains, your clip will not be banned.
When MovieMaker fails, it often gives error messages that are misleading (to put it mildly). MM will complain about lack of "virtual memory" or that it is "unable to store file in specified location." These are meaningless messages. Basically, you have exceeded MM's resources on your PC. You must reduce the file size; either divide your animation in half, or, reduce frame sizes.
Be concise! YouTube limits upload length to no longer than 15 minutes, for one. Frankly, it is an exceptional animation that can keep the viewer's interest for longer than five minutes.
Movie Maker has its limits. You could find that a clip longer than two minutes, is about as long as it can handle. To make a 4 minute animation, usually requires that you paste two 2-minute files together (using software like Boilsoft to paste them, but there are others).
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:55",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Decide what you are going to animate Before you start drawing, you'll need to come up with a good (better, a great!\\n) story. wikiHow has several such entries to guide you; \\\"How to write a short story\\\" is a good place to start. Remember, effective stories have...an introduction, complications, and a resolution.\\n1-2. Storyboard your script (reducing it to a series of cartoon-like drawings).\\nSee articles elsewhere in wikiHow for tips on storyboarding.\\n1-3. Begin animating!.\\nOpen MS Paint (or any image processing software, such as JASC Paint Shop Pro). PSP is fairly straightforward, although there is a learning curve. Most importantly, in PSP you can add the bits that will move in your animation, as layers. Then, you move the layer to get the effect of movement (vs. redrawing your entire frame, or \\\"cel\\\").\\n1-4. Draw your first frame (or, import a photograph).\\nBe sure to make it look just the way you wanted it, or you'll hate the end result, and you will have wasted your time.\\n1-5. Save it into the image software you are using (or, better, paste it into an animation software package).\\nGIF Animator (GIF-A) is free and, for your first animation, it's recommended. You might also look at JASC Animator (the 'trial' version never seems to expire). Animation programs will speed your progress in far too many ways to itemize here.\\n1-6. Make any adjustments you wish to make for the next cel.\\nUsually (but not always) you will not make them drastic. This is animation, so you need to take it a step at a time. Each cel will usually be just slightly different from the last one. If you have learned about 'layers' and are using PSP, this will be accomplished with a flick of your mouse.\\n1-7. Import the saved photos (or, better, the animation file) into Windows Movie Maker (MM).\\nDo this when you have your scenes finished. Drag them down onto the story board. You will probably iterate this step many times, until you get your creation just right.\\n1-8. Add titles and special effects.\\nOnce you have all the visuals exactly as you like them, then is the time to add special effects, credits, a title, anything you need.\\n1-9. Add sound; it is essential for an effective film.\\nWhile MM does have a sound editor, it is buggy, very difficult to modify, and is prone to hanging without warning (often requiring a complete reboot). You can edit your sound in any separate sound editing software (like Cooledit, but any comparable package should do), then drop the entire file into MM. You can download for free very nearly any type of sound you need, off the net.\\n1-10. Don't forget Ambient sound.\\nThis is the incidental background sound, usually, some sort of a dull murmur; if you have none, the effect of going from \\\"talking\\\" to \\\"complete silence\\\" is jarring. You can put a soundtrack in the background, but, failing that, you should never (well, hardly ever) have a complete lack of sound. This is another time sound processing software like Cooledit proves its use: you put your ambient (or, your music) soundtrack on one channel, and your speech and sound effects on the second.\\n1-11. Search for examples of animation using the software mentioned in this article.\\nSee www.youtube.com (and search there for \\\"nzfilmprof\\\"). \\\"Kiwi Kids\\\" has samples of young students using Paint; and other examples done with PSP.\\nTips\\nSimilar to the above, to show a windmill turning, only two or three positions are required; once the windmill rotates one-blade's worth, you can cycle the windmill by endlessly repeating those 3 cells. Anything similar (like moving targets in a shooting gallery) can be accomplished with just a few repeating cels.\\nAnimation frequently relies on \\\"sight gags\\\". Observing \\\"the rule of three\\\" is invaluable. Show an action. Show it again (with a slight variation). The third time you begin to show it, the viewer will think \\\"I know what's going to happen!\\\" Here, at the third iteration, you dramatically CHANGE the action, surprising (and, hopefully, amusing) the viewer. See the honeybee sequence in \\\"Kiwi Kids Stuff and Nonsense\\\" on YouTube for an example (\\\"Stuff\\\" also has several examples of 14 year olds animating with Paint).\\nWith MM, wait until 'all' your visuals are exactly the way you want them, for your entire film. Then add any titles, captions, sound, etc. Otherwise, if you add a clip in the middle, 'everything' (sound, captions, etc) after than point, will require changing.\\nWarnings\\nDon't use drawings, photos, or other artwork of others without permission, and given credit when you do receive permission. For one, you will not be eligible for revenue sharing on Youtube, should your video be an exceptionally popular one.\\nCopyrighted songs are a grey area: YouTube does have an algorithm which ferrets out many copyrighted songs, however, unless someone important (like Disney or Warners) complains, your clip will not be banned.\\nWhen MovieMaker fails, it often gives error messages that are misleading (to put it mildly). MM will complain about lack of \\\"virtual memory\\\" or that it is \\\"unable to store file in specified location.\\\" These are meaningless messages. Basically, you have exceeded MM's resources on your PC. You must reduce the file size; either divide your animation in half, or, reduce frame sizes.\\nBe concise! YouTube limits upload length to no longer than 15 minutes, for one. Frankly, it is an exceptional animation that can keep the viewer's interest for longer than five minutes.\\nMovie Maker has its limits. You could find that a clip longer than two minutes, is about as long as it can handle. To make a 4 minute animation, usually requires that you paste two 2-minute files together (using software like Boilsoft to paste them, but there are others).\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Using common software (such as Paint and Movie Maker), you can create your own animations, for display on YouTube and other internet sites. Additionally, this article will introduce you to free (or, low cost) software that will make animation much easier than you ever thought possible, all without learning Flash or other complex programs.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Decide what you are going to animate Before you start drawing, you'll need to come up with a good (better, a great!\", \"描述\": \") story. wikiHow has several such entries to guide you; \\\"How to write a short story\\\" is a good place to start. Remember, effective stories have...an introduction, complications, and a resolution.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Storyboard your script (reducing it to a series of cartoon-like drawings).\", \"描述\": \"See articles elsewhere in wikiHow for tips on storyboarding.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Begin animating!.\", \"描述\": \"Open MS Paint (or any image processing software, such as JASC Paint Shop Pro). PSP is fairly straightforward, although there is a learning curve. Most importantly, in PSP you can add the bits that will move in your animation, as layers. Then, you move the layer to get the effect of movement (vs. redrawing your entire frame, or \\\"cel\\\").\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Draw your first frame (or, import a photograph).\", \"描述\": \"Be sure to make it look just the way you wanted it, or you'll hate the end result, and you will have wasted your time.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Save it into the image software you are using (or, better, paste it into an animation software package).\", \"描述\": \"GIF Animator (GIF-A) is free and, for your first animation, it's recommended. You might also look at JASC Animator (the 'trial' version never seems to expire). Animation programs will speed your progress in far too many ways to itemize here.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Make any adjustments you wish to make for the next cel.\", \"描述\": \"Usually (but not always) you will not make them drastic. This is animation, so you need to take it a step at a time. Each cel will usually be just slightly different from the last one. If you have learned about 'layers' and are using PSP, this will be accomplished with a flick of your mouse.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Import the saved photos (or, better, the animation file) into Windows Movie Maker (MM).\", \"描述\": \"Do this when you have your scenes finished. Drag them down onto the story board. You will probably iterate this step many times, until you get your creation just right.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Add titles and special effects.\", \"描述\": \"Once you have all the visuals exactly as you like them, then is the time to add special effects, credits, a title, anything you need.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Add sound; it is essential for an effective film.\", \"描述\": \"While MM does have a sound editor, it is buggy, very difficult to modify, and is prone to hanging without warning (often requiring a complete reboot). You can edit your sound in any separate sound editing software (like Cooledit, but any comparable package should do), then drop the entire file into MM. You can download for free very nearly any type of sound you need, off the net.\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Don't forget Ambient sound.\", \"描述\": \"This is the incidental background sound, usually, some sort of a dull murmur; if you have none, the effect of going from \\\"talking\\\" to \\\"complete silence\\\" is jarring. You can put a soundtrack in the background, but, failing that, you should never (well, hardly ever) have a complete lack of sound. This is another time sound processing software like Cooledit proves its use: you put your ambient (or, your music) soundtrack on one channel, and your speech and sound effects on the second.\"}, {\"编号\": 11, \"标题\": \"Search for examples of animation using the software mentioned in this article.\", \"描述\": \"See www.youtube.com (and search there for \\\"nzfilmprof\\\"). \\\"Kiwi Kids\\\" has samples of young students using Paint; and other examples done with PSP.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Similar to the above, to show a windmill turning, only two or three positions are required; once the windmill rotates one-blade's worth, you can cycle the windmill by endlessly repeating those 3 cells. Anything similar (like moving targets in a shooting gallery) can be accomplished with just a few repeating cels.\\n\", \"Animation frequently relies on \\\"sight gags\\\". Observing \\\"the rule of three\\\" is invaluable. Show an action. Show it again (with a slight variation). The third time you begin to show it, the viewer will think \\\"I know what's going to happen!\\\" Here, at the third iteration, you dramatically CHANGE the action, surprising (and, hopefully, amusing) the viewer. See the honeybee sequence in \\\"Kiwi Kids Stuff and Nonsense\\\" on YouTube for an example (\\\"Stuff\\\" also has several examples of 14 year olds animating with Paint).\\n\", \"With MM, wait until 'all' your visuals are exactly the way you want them, for your entire film. Then add any titles, captions, sound, etc. Otherwise, if you add a clip in the middle, 'everything' (sound, captions, etc) after than point, will require changing.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Don't use drawings, photos, or other artwork of others without permission, and given credit when you do receive permission. For one, you will not be eligible for revenue sharing on Youtube, should your video be an exceptionally popular one.\\n\", \"Copyrighted songs are a grey area: YouTube does have an algorithm which ferrets out many copyrighted songs, however, unless someone important (like Disney or Warners) complains, your clip will not be banned.\\n\", \"When MovieMaker fails, it often gives error messages that are misleading (to put it mildly). MM will complain about lack of \\\"virtual memory\\\" or that it is \\\"unable to store file in specified location.\\\" These are meaningless messages. Basically, you have exceeded MM's resources on your PC. You must reduce the file size; either divide your animation in half, or, reduce frame sizes.\\n\", \"Be concise! YouTube limits upload length to no longer than 15 minutes, for one. Frankly, it is an exceptional animation that can keep the viewer's interest for longer than five minutes.\\n\", \"Movie Maker has its limits. You could find that a clip longer than two minutes, is about as long as it can handle. To make a 4 minute animation, usually requires that you paste two 2-minute files together (using software like Boilsoft to paste them, but there are others).\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,696 | How to Animate Your Own Show | 1. Creating a Script and Storyboard to Animate
1-1. Write a treatment.
Come up with a story and set down the general overview without worrying about how to execute it just yet. Your vision and writing are crucial: before doing any animation, you need to know what it will be about. Include characters, settings, and action.
Keep it short. Animation takes a while. If you’re a beginner, aim for a two-minute video or less.
Keep it simple. Save the epic space battle for when you have more experience. Start with a low-key exchange between two characters in a single setting.
Watch HISHE’s Super Cafe segments for a great example of a short and simple cartoon.
1-2. Write a script.
Take the basic ingredients from your treatment and specify exactly what you would like to see onscreen. Include dialogue, sound effects, establishing shots, fade-ins, fade-outs, etc.
Specify elements that are essential to your story, especially if you’re working on a team. Keep everyone clear on the specifics. For instance, if at the end your cartoon a character flattens an empty soda can on his forehead, specify from the start that they’re drinking from a can of soda, and not just “drinking soda.”
1-3. Storyboard your script.
Map your story out visually by drawing panels for each shot, like a comic strip. Keep it simple for time’s sake; use stick-figures for characters and simple geometric shapes for objects.
1-4. Assess your storyboard.
Determine which elements are in the background, middle-ground, and foreground respectively. Also determine which elements will remain static throughout a shot and which will be in motion.
Think in terms of labor. More elements in motion will require more time spent animating them. Minimize the amount of work you have to do by recomposing shots to minimize the amount of movement within each one. For instance, if two characters get into a fistfight while others watch on, have the shot focus on the onlookers’ reactions while using sound effects to indicate the brawl off-camera.
1-5. Sketch your designs.
Draw each element that appears in your storyboard until you’re happy with how it looks. Once you’re happy with it, draw it a few more times for practice until you can replicate your design perfectly.
For each element that moves from panel to panel, draw it from every angle in which it’s seen. For example, draw each character facing the “camera,” then with their back to the camera, and again in profile; if any aspect of their appearance is asymmetrical (like a side part in their hair), draw each side’s profile.
Keep your designs simple. Again, think in terms of labor. Refrain from drawing too many details that will need to be replicated again and again.
Watch The Simpsons for an example of simple, easy-to-replicate designs.
1-6. Record your dialogue.
Either record each line separately on your computer or tablet and save it as its own audio file, or record the whole conversation and then splice each line into its own audio file.
2. Animating a Cartoon with Acetate Sheets
2-1. Install a cheap animation app.
Popular software used by professionals, such as Adobe Flash, Photoshop, and Toon Boom Studios, cost hundreds of dollars. Save your money for now and start with a simple app like Animation Creator HD or Animation Desk Cloud, which are easy to use and only cost a few bucks. Familiarize yourself with its functions and features. Learn how to duplicate frames and manipulate the number of frames seen per second.
2-2. Time your actions.
Decide on a rate of frames that will be seen per second. Then perform each action that your characters enact and time yourself with a stopwatch to determine how many seconds it takes. For each action performed, multiply the number of seconds it takes to complete by the number of frames seen per second to determine how many frames you’ll need to draw for each action.
Also determine how many frames each line of recorded dialogue will require to animate. If the dialogue is spoken at a normal speed from start to finish, simply check the timeline for each line. If one word or more is stretched out, however, check how long each syllable is prolonged. For example, imagine an announcer shouting, “Goooaaal!” at a soccer match; the shape of the announcer’s mouth will form the vowel sound for much longer than it will with the consonants.
2-3. Draw your background(s).
Use regular drawing paper to outline and color in the background for each scene.
2-4. Draw each element.
For each element that appears in the middle- or foreground of the first frame, lay an acetate sheet over the original design and trace the outline. Break it down into moving parts versus static parts and trace each separately on its own acetate sheet; for example, draw the base of a fan (static) on one sheet and the fan’s rotors (moving) on another. Then flip the sheet over and color in the outline on the back of the sheet.
2-5. Photograph your frame.
Secure your background to a rostrum with a small amount of blue tack. Layer your acetate sheets in order on top of it, from middle- to foreground. Mount a digital camera directly above, aiming down, and photograph.
Take a test shot or two to make sure your camera is distanced far enough to capture the whole image.
Choose a clean environment with controlled lighting for photographing. Avoid natural light, whose quality may change. Also avoid dusty or dirty environments, since particles may be trapped between acetate sheets and visible on camera.
2-6. Compose the next frame.
Reuse acetate sheets whose elements do not alter. Create new ones for elements that move from one frame to the next. Layer your sheets in order on top of your background and photograph. Repeat this step until the end of your shot.
Keep a checklist of elements for each frame. Double-check that all are present before photographing.
2-7. Upload your photos.
Once a shot is complete, transfer your photos from your camera to your device. Create a new folder for each shot in your photo library and label each image numerically, in sequence, for easy reference (for example: “Scene 1; Frame 1,” “Scene 1: Frame 2,” etc.).
2-8. Animate your shot.
For each shot, open a new file in your animation app. Import the first image from your photo library into the first frame. Add a second frame, import the second image, and repeat. Once you’re finished, export the file to your video library.
2-9. Finish your cartoon.
Create a new movie in a video-editing program like iMovie. Import each shot and arrange in sequence. Import audio files for dialogue, music, and/or sound effects, and sync each to the video.
3. Animating a Cartoon on Your Device
3-1. Install a cheap animation app.
Popular software used by professionals, such as Adobe Flash, Photoshop, and Toon Boom Studios, cost hundreds of dollars. Save your money for now and start with a simple app like Animation Creator HD or Animation Desk Cloud, which are easy to use and only cost a few bucks.
Use a tablet if you have one. Drawing directly on a screen is often preferred by artists.
3-2. Take your app for a test run.
Familiarize yourself with the program’s functions and features. Sample the different kinds of brushes it offers. Learn how to duplicate frames, add more layers per frame, and change the rate of frames seen per second.
Practice by animating a stick figure running in place. In the first frame, draw the whole body in a single layer. Add a second frame. With most apps, a new blank frame will appear as a translucent “onion skin” so you can trace the previous frame underneath it. Trace the stick figure’s head and upper torso on the second frame. Next, draw the arms so that one arm rises slightly forward, while the other falls behind. Do the same with the legs. Add a third blank frame. Trace the head and upper body as before and alter the position of each arm and leg again. Continue the process until you’ve created enough frames for your stick figure to run a few strides, then play it back to watch.
Practice drawing in layers next. Animate another stick figure running in place, only this time draw the head and upper torso in a single layer. Add a second layer to the first frame to draw the arms. Add a third layer and draw the legs. Then duplicate the first frame so you now have two identical frames. In the second frame, erase the arms in the second layer and draw them in new positions. Do the same with the legs in the third layer. Duplicate the second frame and repeat the process until your stick figure runs a few strides, without you ever having to draw the head and upper torso more than once.
3-3. Open a new file in your animation app.
Choose the screen ratio that you prefer for your opening shot. In your first frame, create layers for your foreground, middle-ground, and background respectively.
Depending on your app, you may be able to create even more layers; Animation Creator HD, for instance, offers four layers per frame. Feel free to create multiple middle-grounds.
3-4. Reassess your storyboard.
Think in layers and determine which elements will occupy the foreground, middle-ground(s), and background respectively. Identify which elements will occupy more than one.
Imagine a person seated at a table, facing the camera, with their elbow resting on the table and a can of soda in their hand. To animate them raising the can to their lips for a sip, think of the arm and soda as your foreground, the table and the rest of the character’s body as the middle-ground(s), and the area behind them as the background.
3-5. Fill in each layer.
Use a stylus to draw each element in the foreground, middle-ground(s), and background respectively.
Think ahead. Keep in mind which elements will move from frame to frame, possibly revealing details that are currently blocked from view in the first frame. For example, when a character raises their beverage, their raised arm may reveal more of their body.
3-6. Duplicate the frame.
In the new frame, alter the elements in each layer as dictated by your storyboard.
3-7. Check your progress as you go.
Play your animation back as you add and alter more and more frames. To slow your animation down, either duplicate each frame without altering any elements, or reduce the number of frames seen per second. To speed it up, add the number of frames seen per second.
3-8. Export the file.
Once you’ve finished each shot, export it to your video library. Open a video-editing app (like iMovie) and create a new "movie" to edit. Import your first animated shot from your video library.
3-9. Repeat this process for each individual shot.
Import each one into the editing app. Add them in sequence to your video.
3-10. Import audio files.
Sync any dialogue, music, and/or sound effects to the video.
4. Animating a Cartoon with Cutouts
4-1. Install a cheap animation app.
Popular software used by professionals, such as Adobe Flash, Photoshop, and Toon Boom Studios, cost hundreds of dollars. Save your money for now and start with a simple app like Animation Creator HD or Animation Desk Cloud, which are easy to use and only cost a few bucks. Familiarize yourself with its functions and features. Learn how to duplicate frames and manipulate the number of frames seen per second.
4-2. Time your actions.
Decide on a rate of frames that will be seen per second. Then perform each action that your characters enact and time yourself with a stopwatch to determine how many seconds it takes. For each action performed, multiply the number of seconds it takes to complete by the number of frames seen per second to determine how many frames you’ll need to draw for each action.
Also determine how many frames each line of recorded dialogue will require to animate. If the dialogue is spoken at a normal speed from start to finish, simply check the timeline for each line. If one word or more is stretched out, however, check how long each syllable is prolonged. For example, imagine an announcer shouting, “Goooaaal!” at a soccer match; the shape of the announcer’s mouth will form the vowel sound for much longer than it will with the consonants.
4-3. Create your background(s).
Use a rigid material to prepare your background, like cardboard, wood, or preferably pinboard; whichever you use, be sure that it will fit on the rostrum for your camera. Make cutouts for each element in your background. Glue elements that remain static throughout your shot to the background. Use blue tack to fix any that move, such as clouds.
For elements with moving parts, create separate cutouts for those parts that move. For example, with a flagpole, the pole itself will remain static while the flag may flap or be raised or lowered. Glue the pole’s cutout to your background and use blue tack to fix the flag.
4-4. Create your characters.
Determine how mobile your character will be. Decide how many joints each limb will have; for example, will the arm be jointed at both the shoulder and elbow, or only the shoulder? Make separate cutouts for each moving part, leaving a small tab at the end of each limb to be secured to the main body with either blue tack or butterfly clips.
4-5. Compose your first frame.
Arrange your characters on your background, along with any additional cutouts you’ve made for the foreground. Use blue tack to secure each to the background. Mount a digital camera to your rostrum directly above your scene and photograph it.
Take a test shot or two to make sure your camera is distanced far enough to capture the whole image.
4-6. Compose your next frame.
Rearrange each element that moves from your first frame to the next. Photograph your frame and repeat this step until you’ve finished your shot.
For each new frame, prepare a checklist of all elements to be rearranged so none are missed.
4-7. Upload your photos.
Once a shot is complete, transfer your photos from your camera to your device. Create a new folder for each shot in your photo library and label each image numerically, in sequence, for easy reference (for example: “Scene 1; Frame 1,” “Scene 1: Frame 2,” etc.).
4-8. Animate your shot.
For each shot, open a new file in your animation app. Import the first image from your photo library into the first frame. Add a second frame, import the second image, and repeat. Once you’re finished, export the file to your video library.
4-9. Finish your cartoon.
Create a new movie in a video-editing program like iMovie. Import each shot and arrange in sequence. Import audio files for dialogue, music, and/or sound effects, and sync each to the video.
Tips
(For all methods) Save each animated shot in your video library even if your editing app allows you to import directly from your animation app. Every second of animation onscreen requires minutes and/or hours of work to produce. Back your finished work up by saving it in multiple programs in case any crash. Also, save it to disc or thumbdrive.
(For Method 3) Install a drawing app like Procreate or Brushes. Drawing apps tend to offer more options for creating and manipulating images than animation apps: more brushes, more layers, more ways to move and manipulate each layer within a single image. Use the drawing app to create more detailed backgrounds, then import the saved image to your animation app to use as the back layer in your frame.
(For all methods) To animate dialogue, use a phoneme mouth chart to draw the different shapes a mouth makes when speaking, or mouth the words out yourself in a mirror.
Warnings
Set aside ample time. Making a two-minute video doesn’t sound ambitious until you’ve tried it.
When using other people’s work (music, sound effects, etc), familiarize yourself first with copyright and fair use laws. Avoid infringing on other people’s rights.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:56",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Creating a Script and Storyboard to Animate\\n1-1. Write a treatment.\\nCome up with a story and set down the general overview without worrying about how to execute it just yet. Your vision and writing are crucial: before doing any animation, you need to know what it will be about. Include characters, settings, and action.\\nKeep it short. Animation takes a while. If you’re a beginner, aim for a two-minute video or less.\\nKeep it simple. Save the epic space battle for when you have more experience. Start with a low-key exchange between two characters in a single setting.\\nWatch HISHE’s Super Cafe segments for a great example of a short and simple cartoon.\\n1-2. Write a script.\\nTake the basic ingredients from your treatment and specify exactly what you would like to see onscreen. Include dialogue, sound effects, establishing shots, fade-ins, fade-outs, etc.\\nSpecify elements that are essential to your story, especially if you’re working on a team. Keep everyone clear on the specifics. For instance, if at the end your cartoon a character flattens an empty soda can on his forehead, specify from the start that they’re drinking from a can of soda, and not just “drinking soda.”\\n1-3. Storyboard your script.\\nMap your story out visually by drawing panels for each shot, like a comic strip. Keep it simple for time’s sake; use stick-figures for characters and simple geometric shapes for objects.\\n1-4. Assess your storyboard.\\nDetermine which elements are in the background, middle-ground, and foreground respectively. Also determine which elements will remain static throughout a shot and which will be in motion.\\nThink in terms of labor. More elements in motion will require more time spent animating them. Minimize the amount of work you have to do by recomposing shots to minimize the amount of movement within each one. For instance, if two characters get into a fistfight while others watch on, have the shot focus on the onlookers’ reactions while using sound effects to indicate the brawl off-camera.\\n1-5. Sketch your designs.\\nDraw each element that appears in your storyboard until you’re happy with how it looks. Once you’re happy with it, draw it a few more times for practice until you can replicate your design perfectly.\\nFor each element that moves from panel to panel, draw it from every angle in which it’s seen. For example, draw each character facing the “camera,” then with their back to the camera, and again in profile; if any aspect of their appearance is asymmetrical (like a side part in their hair), draw each side’s profile.\\nKeep your designs simple. Again, think in terms of labor. Refrain from drawing too many details that will need to be replicated again and again.\\nWatch The Simpsons for an example of simple, easy-to-replicate designs.\\n1-6. Record your dialogue.\\nEither record each line separately on your computer or tablet and save it as its own audio file, or record the whole conversation and then splice each line into its own audio file.\\n2. Animating a Cartoon with Acetate Sheets\\n2-1. Install a cheap animation app.\\nPopular software used by professionals, such as Adobe Flash, Photoshop, and Toon Boom Studios, cost hundreds of dollars. Save your money for now and start with a simple app like Animation Creator HD or Animation Desk Cloud, which are easy to use and only cost a few bucks. Familiarize yourself with its functions and features. Learn how to duplicate frames and manipulate the number of frames seen per second.\\n2-2. Time your actions.\\nDecide on a rate of frames that will be seen per second. Then perform each action that your characters enact and time yourself with a stopwatch to determine how many seconds it takes. For each action performed, multiply the number of seconds it takes to complete by the number of frames seen per second to determine how many frames you’ll need to draw for each action.\\nAlso determine how many frames each line of recorded dialogue will require to animate. If the dialogue is spoken at a normal speed from start to finish, simply check the timeline for each line. If one word or more is stretched out, however, check how long each syllable is prolonged. For example, imagine an announcer shouting, “Goooaaal!” at a soccer match; the shape of the announcer’s mouth will form the vowel sound for much longer than it will with the consonants.\\n2-3. Draw your background(s).\\nUse regular drawing paper to outline and color in the background for each scene.\\n2-4. Draw each element.\\nFor each element that appears in the middle- or foreground of the first frame, lay an acetate sheet over the original design and trace the outline. Break it down into moving parts versus static parts and trace each separately on its own acetate sheet; for example, draw the base of a fan (static) on one sheet and the fan’s rotors (moving) on another. Then flip the sheet over and color in the outline on the back of the sheet.\\n2-5. Photograph your frame.\\nSecure your background to a rostrum with a small amount of blue tack. Layer your acetate sheets in order on top of it, from middle- to foreground. Mount a digital camera directly above, aiming down, and photograph.\\nTake a test shot or two to make sure your camera is distanced far enough to capture the whole image.\\nChoose a clean environment with controlled lighting for photographing. Avoid natural light, whose quality may change. Also avoid dusty or dirty environments, since particles may be trapped between acetate sheets and visible on camera.\\n2-6. Compose the next frame.\\nReuse acetate sheets whose elements do not alter. Create new ones for elements that move from one frame to the next. Layer your sheets in order on top of your background and photograph. Repeat this step until the end of your shot.\\nKeep a checklist of elements for each frame. Double-check that all are present before photographing.\\n2-7. Upload your photos.\\nOnce a shot is complete, transfer your photos from your camera to your device. Create a new folder for each shot in your photo library and label each image numerically, in sequence, for easy reference (for example: “Scene 1; Frame 1,” “Scene 1: Frame 2,” etc.).\\n2-8. Animate your shot.\\nFor each shot, open a new file in your animation app. Import the first image from your photo library into the first frame. Add a second frame, import the second image, and repeat. Once you’re finished, export the file to your video library.\\n2-9. Finish your cartoon.\\nCreate a new movie in a video-editing program like iMovie. Import each shot and arrange in sequence. Import audio files for dialogue, music, and/or sound effects, and sync each to the video.\\n3. Animating a Cartoon on Your Device\\n3-1. Install a cheap animation app.\\nPopular software used by professionals, such as Adobe Flash, Photoshop, and Toon Boom Studios, cost hundreds of dollars. Save your money for now and start with a simple app like Animation Creator HD or Animation Desk Cloud, which are easy to use and only cost a few bucks.\\nUse a tablet if you have one. Drawing directly on a screen is often preferred by artists.\\n3-2. Take your app for a test run.\\nFamiliarize yourself with the program’s functions and features. Sample the different kinds of brushes it offers. Learn how to duplicate frames, add more layers per frame, and change the rate of frames seen per second.\\nPractice by animating a stick figure running in place. In the first frame, draw the whole body in a single layer. Add a second frame. With most apps, a new blank frame will appear as a translucent “onion skin” so you can trace the previous frame underneath it. Trace the stick figure’s head and upper torso on the second frame. Next, draw the arms so that one arm rises slightly forward, while the other falls behind. Do the same with the legs. Add a third blank frame. Trace the head and upper body as before and alter the position of each arm and leg again. Continue the process until you’ve created enough frames for your stick figure to run a few strides, then play it back to watch.\\nPractice drawing in layers next. Animate another stick figure running in place, only this time draw the head and upper torso in a single layer. Add a second layer to the first frame to draw the arms. Add a third layer and draw the legs. Then duplicate the first frame so you now have two identical frames. In the second frame, erase the arms in the second layer and draw them in new positions. Do the same with the legs in the third layer. Duplicate the second frame and repeat the process until your stick figure runs a few strides, without you ever having to draw the head and upper torso more than once.\\n3-3. Open a new file in your animation app.\\nChoose the screen ratio that you prefer for your opening shot. In your first frame, create layers for your foreground, middle-ground, and background respectively.\\nDepending on your app, you may be able to create even more layers; Animation Creator HD, for instance, offers four layers per frame. Feel free to create multiple middle-grounds.\\n3-4. Reassess your storyboard.\\nThink in layers and determine which elements will occupy the foreground, middle-ground(s), and background respectively. Identify which elements will occupy more than one.\\nImagine a person seated at a table, facing the camera, with their elbow resting on the table and a can of soda in their hand. To animate them raising the can to their lips for a sip, think of the arm and soda as your foreground, the table and the rest of the character’s body as the middle-ground(s), and the area behind them as the background.\\n3-5. Fill in each layer.\\nUse a stylus to draw each element in the foreground, middle-ground(s), and background respectively.\\nThink ahead. Keep in mind which elements will move from frame to frame, possibly revealing details that are currently blocked from view in the first frame. For example, when a character raises their beverage, their raised arm may reveal more of their body.\\n3-6. Duplicate the frame.\\nIn the new frame, alter the elements in each layer as dictated by your storyboard.\\n3-7. Check your progress as you go.\\nPlay your animation back as you add and alter more and more frames. To slow your animation down, either duplicate each frame without altering any elements, or reduce the number of frames seen per second. To speed it up, add the number of frames seen per second.\\n3-8. Export the file.\\nOnce you’ve finished each shot, export it to your video library. Open a video-editing app (like iMovie) and create a new \\\"movie\\\" to edit. Import your first animated shot from your video library.\\n3-9. Repeat this process for each individual shot.\\nImport each one into the editing app. Add them in sequence to your video.\\n3-10. Import audio files.\\nSync any dialogue, music, and/or sound effects to the video.\\n4. Animating a Cartoon with Cutouts\\n4-1. Install a cheap animation app.\\nPopular software used by professionals, such as Adobe Flash, Photoshop, and Toon Boom Studios, cost hundreds of dollars. Save your money for now and start with a simple app like Animation Creator HD or Animation Desk Cloud, which are easy to use and only cost a few bucks. Familiarize yourself with its functions and features. Learn how to duplicate frames and manipulate the number of frames seen per second.\\n4-2. Time your actions.\\nDecide on a rate of frames that will be seen per second. Then perform each action that your characters enact and time yourself with a stopwatch to determine how many seconds it takes. For each action performed, multiply the number of seconds it takes to complete by the number of frames seen per second to determine how many frames you’ll need to draw for each action.\\nAlso determine how many frames each line of recorded dialogue will require to animate. If the dialogue is spoken at a normal speed from start to finish, simply check the timeline for each line. If one word or more is stretched out, however, check how long each syllable is prolonged. For example, imagine an announcer shouting, “Goooaaal!” at a soccer match; the shape of the announcer’s mouth will form the vowel sound for much longer than it will with the consonants.\\n4-3. Create your background(s).\\nUse a rigid material to prepare your background, like cardboard, wood, or preferably pinboard; whichever you use, be sure that it will fit on the rostrum for your camera. Make cutouts for each element in your background. Glue elements that remain static throughout your shot to the background. Use blue tack to fix any that move, such as clouds.\\nFor elements with moving parts, create separate cutouts for those parts that move. For example, with a flagpole, the pole itself will remain static while the flag may flap or be raised or lowered. Glue the pole’s cutout to your background and use blue tack to fix the flag.\\n4-4. Create your characters.\\nDetermine how mobile your character will be. Decide how many joints each limb will have; for example, will the arm be jointed at both the shoulder and elbow, or only the shoulder? Make separate cutouts for each moving part, leaving a small tab at the end of each limb to be secured to the main body with either blue tack or butterfly clips.\\n4-5. Compose your first frame.\\nArrange your characters on your background, along with any additional cutouts you’ve made for the foreground. Use blue tack to secure each to the background. Mount a digital camera to your rostrum directly above your scene and photograph it.\\nTake a test shot or two to make sure your camera is distanced far enough to capture the whole image.\\n4-6. Compose your next frame.\\nRearrange each element that moves from your first frame to the next. Photograph your frame and repeat this step until you’ve finished your shot.\\nFor each new frame, prepare a checklist of all elements to be rearranged so none are missed.\\n4-7. Upload your photos.\\nOnce a shot is complete, transfer your photos from your camera to your device. Create a new folder for each shot in your photo library and label each image numerically, in sequence, for easy reference (for example: “Scene 1; Frame 1,” “Scene 1: Frame 2,” etc.).\\n4-8. Animate your shot.\\nFor each shot, open a new file in your animation app. Import the first image from your photo library into the first frame. Add a second frame, import the second image, and repeat. Once you’re finished, export the file to your video library.\\n4-9. Finish your cartoon.\\nCreate a new movie in a video-editing program like iMovie. Import each shot and arrange in sequence. Import audio files for dialogue, music, and/or sound effects, and sync each to the video.\\nTips\\n(For all methods) Save each animated shot in your video library even if your editing app allows you to import directly from your animation app. Every second of animation onscreen requires minutes and/or hours of work to produce. Back your finished work up by saving it in multiple programs in case any crash. Also, save it to disc or thumbdrive.\\n(For Method 3) Install a drawing app like Procreate or Brushes. Drawing apps tend to offer more options for creating and manipulating images than animation apps: more brushes, more layers, more ways to move and manipulate each layer within a single image. Use the drawing app to create more detailed backgrounds, then import the saved image to your animation app to use as the back layer in your frame.\\n(For all methods) To animate dialogue, use a phoneme mouth chart to draw the different shapes a mouth makes when speaking, or mouth the words out yourself in a mirror.\\nWarnings\\nSet aside ample time. Making a two-minute video doesn’t sound ambitious until you’ve tried it.\\nWhen using other people’s work (music, sound effects, etc), familiarize yourself first with copyright and fair use laws. Avoid infringing on other people’s rights.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Before computers, animating two-dimensional cartoons was an extremely labor-intensive production, requiring whole teams and studios. Animation apps and software now make it so much quicker for one person to create their own content. You still need a little patience, but creating your own cartoon has never been easier!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Creating a Script and Storyboard to Animate\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Write a treatment.\", \"描述\": \"Come up with a story and set down the general overview without worrying about how to execute it just yet. Your vision and writing are crucial: before doing any animation, you need to know what it will be about. Include characters, settings, and action.\\nKeep it short. Animation takes a while. If you’re a beginner, aim for a two-minute video or less.\\nKeep it simple. Save the epic space battle for when you have more experience. Start with a low-key exchange between two characters in a single setting.\\nWatch HISHE’s Super Cafe segments for a great example of a short and simple cartoon.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Write a script.\", \"描述\": \"Take the basic ingredients from your treatment and specify exactly what you would like to see onscreen. Include dialogue, sound effects, establishing shots, fade-ins, fade-outs, etc.\\nSpecify elements that are essential to your story, especially if you’re working on a team. Keep everyone clear on the specifics. For instance, if at the end your cartoon a character flattens an empty soda can on his forehead, specify from the start that they’re drinking from a can of soda, and not just “drinking soda.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Storyboard your script.\", \"描述\": \"Map your story out visually by drawing panels for each shot, like a comic strip. Keep it simple for time’s sake; use stick-figures for characters and simple geometric shapes for objects.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Assess your storyboard.\", \"描述\": \"Determine which elements are in the background, middle-ground, and foreground respectively. Also determine which elements will remain static throughout a shot and which will be in motion.\\nThink in terms of labor. More elements in motion will require more time spent animating them. Minimize the amount of work you have to do by recomposing shots to minimize the amount of movement within each one. For instance, if two characters get into a fistfight while others watch on, have the shot focus on the onlookers’ reactions while using sound effects to indicate the brawl off-camera.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Sketch your designs.\", \"描述\": \"Draw each element that appears in your storyboard until you’re happy with how it looks. Once you’re happy with it, draw it a few more times for practice until you can replicate your design perfectly.\\nFor each element that moves from panel to panel, draw it from every angle in which it’s seen. For example, draw each character facing the “camera,” then with their back to the camera, and again in profile; if any aspect of their appearance is asymmetrical (like a side part in their hair), draw each side’s profile.\\nKeep your designs simple. Again, think in terms of labor. Refrain from drawing too many details that will need to be replicated again and again.\\nWatch The Simpsons for an example of simple, easy-to-replicate designs.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Record your dialogue.\", \"描述\": \"Either record each line separately on your computer or tablet and save it as its own audio file, or record the whole conversation and then splice each line into its own audio file.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Animating a Cartoon with Acetate Sheets\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Install a cheap animation app.\", \"描述\": \"Popular software used by professionals, such as Adobe Flash, Photoshop, and Toon Boom Studios, cost hundreds of dollars. Save your money for now and start with a simple app like Animation Creator HD or Animation Desk Cloud, which are easy to use and only cost a few bucks. Familiarize yourself with its functions and features. Learn how to duplicate frames and manipulate the number of frames seen per second.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Time your actions.\", \"描述\": \"Decide on a rate of frames that will be seen per second. Then perform each action that your characters enact and time yourself with a stopwatch to determine how many seconds it takes. For each action performed, multiply the number of seconds it takes to complete by the number of frames seen per second to determine how many frames you’ll need to draw for each action.\\nAlso determine how many frames each line of recorded dialogue will require to animate. If the dialogue is spoken at a normal speed from start to finish, simply check the timeline for each line. If one word or more is stretched out, however, check how long each syllable is prolonged. For example, imagine an announcer shouting, “Goooaaal!” at a soccer match; the shape of the announcer’s mouth will form the vowel sound for much longer than it will with the consonants.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Draw your background(s).\", \"描述\": \"Use regular drawing paper to outline and color in the background for each scene.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Draw each element.\", \"描述\": \"For each element that appears in the middle- or foreground of the first frame, lay an acetate sheet over the original design and trace the outline. Break it down into moving parts versus static parts and trace each separately on its own acetate sheet; for example, draw the base of a fan (static) on one sheet and the fan’s rotors (moving) on another. Then flip the sheet over and color in the outline on the back of the sheet.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Photograph your frame.\", \"描述\": \"Secure your background to a rostrum with a small amount of blue tack. Layer your acetate sheets in order on top of it, from middle- to foreground. Mount a digital camera directly above, aiming down, and photograph.\\nTake a test shot or two to make sure your camera is distanced far enough to capture the whole image.\\nChoose a clean environment with controlled lighting for photographing. Avoid natural light, whose quality may change. Also avoid dusty or dirty environments, since particles may be trapped between acetate sheets and visible on camera.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Compose the next frame.\", \"描述\": \"Reuse acetate sheets whose elements do not alter. Create new ones for elements that move from one frame to the next. Layer your sheets in order on top of your background and photograph. Repeat this step until the end of your shot.\\nKeep a checklist of elements for each frame. Double-check that all are present before photographing.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Upload your photos.\", \"描述\": \"Once a shot is complete, transfer your photos from your camera to your device. Create a new folder for each shot in your photo library and label each image numerically, in sequence, for easy reference (for example: “Scene 1; Frame 1,” “Scene 1: Frame 2,” etc.).\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Animate your shot.\", \"描述\": \"For each shot, open a new file in your animation app. Import the first image from your photo library into the first frame. Add a second frame, import the second image, and repeat. Once you’re finished, export the file to your video library.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Finish your cartoon.\", \"描述\": \"Create a new movie in a video-editing program like iMovie. Import each shot and arrange in sequence. Import audio files for dialogue, music, and/or sound effects, and sync each to the video.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Animating a Cartoon on Your Device\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Install a cheap animation app.\", \"描述\": \"Popular software used by professionals, such as Adobe Flash, Photoshop, and Toon Boom Studios, cost hundreds of dollars. Save your money for now and start with a simple app like Animation Creator HD or Animation Desk Cloud, which are easy to use and only cost a few bucks.\\nUse a tablet if you have one. Drawing directly on a screen is often preferred by artists.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Take your app for a test run.\", \"描述\": \"Familiarize yourself with the program’s functions and features. Sample the different kinds of brushes it offers. Learn how to duplicate frames, add more layers per frame, and change the rate of frames seen per second.\\nPractice by animating a stick figure running in place. In the first frame, draw the whole body in a single layer. Add a second frame. With most apps, a new blank frame will appear as a translucent “onion skin” so you can trace the previous frame underneath it. Trace the stick figure’s head and upper torso on the second frame. Next, draw the arms so that one arm rises slightly forward, while the other falls behind. Do the same with the legs. Add a third blank frame. Trace the head and upper body as before and alter the position of each arm and leg again. Continue the process until you’ve created enough frames for your stick figure to run a few strides, then play it back to watch.\\nPractice drawing in layers next. Animate another stick figure running in place, only this time draw the head and upper torso in a single layer. Add a second layer to the first frame to draw the arms. Add a third layer and draw the legs. Then duplicate the first frame so you now have two identical frames. In the second frame, erase the arms in the second layer and draw them in new positions. Do the same with the legs in the third layer. Duplicate the second frame and repeat the process until your stick figure runs a few strides, without you ever having to draw the head and upper torso more than once.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Open a new file in your animation app.\", \"描述\": \"Choose the screen ratio that you prefer for your opening shot. In your first frame, create layers for your foreground, middle-ground, and background respectively.\\nDepending on your app, you may be able to create even more layers; Animation Creator HD, for instance, offers four layers per frame. Feel free to create multiple middle-grounds.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Reassess your storyboard.\", \"描述\": \"Think in layers and determine which elements will occupy the foreground, middle-ground(s), and background respectively. Identify which elements will occupy more than one.\\nImagine a person seated at a table, facing the camera, with their elbow resting on the table and a can of soda in their hand. To animate them raising the can to their lips for a sip, think of the arm and soda as your foreground, the table and the rest of the character’s body as the middle-ground(s), and the area behind them as the background.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Fill in each layer.\", \"描述\": \"Use a stylus to draw each element in the foreground, middle-ground(s), and background respectively.\\nThink ahead. Keep in mind which elements will move from frame to frame, possibly revealing details that are currently blocked from view in the first frame. For example, when a character raises their beverage, their raised arm may reveal more of their body.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Duplicate the frame.\", \"描述\": \"In the new frame, alter the elements in each layer as dictated by your storyboard.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Check your progress as you go.\", \"描述\": \"Play your animation back as you add and alter more and more frames. To slow your animation down, either duplicate each frame without altering any elements, or reduce the number of frames seen per second. To speed it up, add the number of frames seen per second.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Export the file.\", \"描述\": \"Once you’ve finished each shot, export it to your video library. Open a video-editing app (like iMovie) and create a new \\\"movie\\\" to edit. Import your first animated shot from your video library.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Repeat this process for each individual shot.\", \"描述\": \"Import each one into the editing app. Add them in sequence to your video.\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Import audio files.\", \"描述\": \"Sync any dialogue, music, and/or sound effects to the video.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Animating a Cartoon with Cutouts\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Install a cheap animation app.\", \"描述\": \"Popular software used by professionals, such as Adobe Flash, Photoshop, and Toon Boom Studios, cost hundreds of dollars. Save your money for now and start with a simple app like Animation Creator HD or Animation Desk Cloud, which are easy to use and only cost a few bucks. Familiarize yourself with its functions and features. Learn how to duplicate frames and manipulate the number of frames seen per second.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Time your actions.\", \"描述\": \"Decide on a rate of frames that will be seen per second. Then perform each action that your characters enact and time yourself with a stopwatch to determine how many seconds it takes. For each action performed, multiply the number of seconds it takes to complete by the number of frames seen per second to determine how many frames you’ll need to draw for each action.\\nAlso determine how many frames each line of recorded dialogue will require to animate. If the dialogue is spoken at a normal speed from start to finish, simply check the timeline for each line. If one word or more is stretched out, however, check how long each syllable is prolonged. For example, imagine an announcer shouting, “Goooaaal!” at a soccer match; the shape of the announcer’s mouth will form the vowel sound for much longer than it will with the consonants.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Create your background(s).\", \"描述\": \"Use a rigid material to prepare your background, like cardboard, wood, or preferably pinboard; whichever you use, be sure that it will fit on the rostrum for your camera. Make cutouts for each element in your background. Glue elements that remain static throughout your shot to the background. Use blue tack to fix any that move, such as clouds.\\nFor elements with moving parts, create separate cutouts for those parts that move. For example, with a flagpole, the pole itself will remain static while the flag may flap or be raised or lowered. Glue the pole’s cutout to your background and use blue tack to fix the flag.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Create your characters.\", \"描述\": \"Determine how mobile your character will be. Decide how many joints each limb will have; for example, will the arm be jointed at both the shoulder and elbow, or only the shoulder? Make separate cutouts for each moving part, leaving a small tab at the end of each limb to be secured to the main body with either blue tack or butterfly clips.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Compose your first frame.\", \"描述\": \"Arrange your characters on your background, along with any additional cutouts you’ve made for the foreground. Use blue tack to secure each to the background. Mount a digital camera to your rostrum directly above your scene and photograph it.\\nTake a test shot or two to make sure your camera is distanced far enough to capture the whole image.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Compose your next frame.\", \"描述\": \"Rearrange each element that moves from your first frame to the next. Photograph your frame and repeat this step until you’ve finished your shot.\\nFor each new frame, prepare a checklist of all elements to be rearranged so none are missed.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Upload your photos.\", \"描述\": \"Once a shot is complete, transfer your photos from your camera to your device. Create a new folder for each shot in your photo library and label each image numerically, in sequence, for easy reference (for example: “Scene 1; Frame 1,” “Scene 1: Frame 2,” etc.).\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Animate your shot.\", \"描述\": \"For each shot, open a new file in your animation app. Import the first image from your photo library into the first frame. Add a second frame, import the second image, and repeat. Once you’re finished, export the file to your video library.\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Finish your cartoon.\", \"描述\": \"Create a new movie in a video-editing program like iMovie. Import each shot and arrange in sequence. Import audio files for dialogue, music, and/or sound effects, and sync each to the video.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"(For all methods) Save each animated shot in your video library even if your editing app allows you to import directly from your animation app. Every second of animation onscreen requires minutes and/or hours of work to produce. Back your finished work up by saving it in multiple programs in case any crash. Also, save it to disc or thumbdrive.\\n\", \"(For Method 3) Install a drawing app like Procreate or Brushes. Drawing apps tend to offer more options for creating and manipulating images than animation apps: more brushes, more layers, more ways to move and manipulate each layer within a single image. Use the drawing app to create more detailed backgrounds, then import the saved image to your animation app to use as the back layer in your frame.\\n\", \"(For all methods) To animate dialogue, use a phoneme mouth chart to draw the different shapes a mouth makes when speaking, or mouth the words out yourself in a mirror.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Set aside ample time. Making a two-minute video doesn’t sound ambitious until you’ve tried it.\\n\", \"When using other people’s work (music, sound effects, etc), familiarize yourself first with copyright and fair use laws. Avoid infringing on other people’s rights.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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} | wikihow |
1,697 | How to Animate a Sprite Sheet Using GIMP | 1. Steps
1-1. You will need GIMP to get the sprites isolated and animate them.
PortableApps has a no-fuss, no-muss package that won't leave a mess in your hard drive.
1-2. Start GIMP and open your sprite sheet.
Find a series of sprites that will make sense when viewed in sequence(usually a running animation).
1-3. Select the first frame of the series and select it with the Rectangular select tool.
Make the selection only as big as it needs to be. You can change the size of the image later if necessary.
1-4. Once you are happy with the selection, press Ctrl+C to copy the selected pixels.
Then press Ctrl+Shift+V to paste to a new image.
1-5. Now, you should notice that there is a colored background.
You want to get rid of that or it'll look silly. First click the background color using the Select By Color tool, then press Delete. You should just have your sprite on a grey checkerboard(representing transparency).
1-6. Select the next frame of the animation from your sprite sheet.
Copy and make sure that your working image is the one selected before using Paste As New Layer from the Edit menu.
1-7. Repeat for the remaining frames from your sheet.
When you're satisfied with what you have, Pick Export from the File menu and save your animation as a GIF file.
1-8. Save your file as an animation when prompted.
Then you will see another dialog box with more options. Change the Delay Between Frames option to your liking. A lower option means less delay between the display of each layer. Change the "Frame Disposal" option to "One Frame per Layer (replace)".
1-9. Click OK and you're done!
Tips
If you are not seeing all of each frame, you can adjust the image size to fit with the Canvas Size option in the Image menu.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:56",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. You will need GIMP to get the sprites isolated and animate them.\\nPortableApps has a no-fuss, no-muss package that won't leave a mess in your hard drive.\\n1-2. Start GIMP and open your sprite sheet.\\nFind a series of sprites that will make sense when viewed in sequence(usually a running animation).\\n1-3. Select the first frame of the series and select it with the Rectangular select tool.\\nMake the selection only as big as it needs to be. You can change the size of the image later if necessary.\\n1-4. Once you are happy with the selection, press Ctrl+C to copy the selected pixels.\\nThen press Ctrl+Shift+V to paste to a new image.\\n1-5. Now, you should notice that there is a colored background.\\nYou want to get rid of that or it'll look silly. First click the background color using the Select By Color tool, then press Delete. You should just have your sprite on a grey checkerboard(representing transparency).\\n1-6. Select the next frame of the animation from your sprite sheet.\\nCopy and make sure that your working image is the one selected before using Paste As New Layer from the Edit menu.\\n1-7. Repeat for the remaining frames from your sheet.\\nWhen you're satisfied with what you have, Pick Export from the File menu and save your animation as a GIF file.\\n1-8. Save your file as an animation when prompted.\\nThen you will see another dialog box with more options. Change the Delay Between Frames option to your liking. A lower option means less delay between the display of each layer. Change the \\\"Frame Disposal\\\" option to \\\"One Frame per Layer (replace)\\\".\\n1-9. Click OK and you're done!\\n\\nTips\\nIf you are not seeing all of each frame, you can adjust the image size to fit with the Canvas Size option in the Image menu.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"So you've got a sick sprite sheet that you want to make an avatar out of. But you have no clue where to start? Well, start here!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"You will need GIMP to get the sprites isolated and animate them.\", \"描述\": \"PortableApps has a no-fuss, no-muss package that won't leave a mess in your hard drive.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Start GIMP and open your sprite sheet.\", \"描述\": \"Find a series of sprites that will make sense when viewed in sequence(usually a running animation).\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Select the first frame of the series and select it with the Rectangular select tool.\", \"描述\": \"Make the selection only as big as it needs to be. You can change the size of the image later if necessary.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Once you are happy with the selection, press Ctrl+C to copy the selected pixels.\", \"描述\": \"Then press Ctrl+Shift+V to paste to a new image.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Now, you should notice that there is a colored background.\", \"描述\": \"You want to get rid of that or it'll look silly. First click the background color using the Select By Color tool, then press Delete. You should just have your sprite on a grey checkerboard(representing transparency).\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Select the next frame of the animation from your sprite sheet.\", \"描述\": \"Copy and make sure that your working image is the one selected before using Paste As New Layer from the Edit menu.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Repeat for the remaining frames from your sheet.\", \"描述\": \"When you're satisfied with what you have, Pick Export from the File menu and save your animation as a GIF file.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Save your file as an animation when prompted.\", \"描述\": \"Then you will see another dialog box with more options. Change the Delay Between Frames option to your liking. A lower option means less delay between the display of each layer. Change the \\\"Frame Disposal\\\" option to \\\"One Frame per Layer (replace)\\\".\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Click OK and you're done!\", \"描述\": \"\"}], \"小提示\": [\"If you are not seeing all of each frame, you can adjust the image size to fit with the Canvas Size option in the Image menu.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,698 | How to Animate in Clip Studio Paint | 1. Steps
1-1. Go to File > New and click on the red icon that has a play button in the use of work section.
Choose the settings. The only ones that really matter are the size, resolution, frame rate, and size of the blue borders. Anything outside of the blue borders does not get exported.
1-2. Go to "Animation > Show Animation cells > enable Onion Skin".
Alternatively, click the "Enable onion skin" icon on the timeline. This will show a translucent version of the frames before and after the one you're working on which makes it much easier to animate.
You can change onion skin colors as well as the amount of frames seen by going to "Animation > Show Animation cells > Onion Skin settings..."
1-3. Draw a ball falling over the sequence of several cels like the picture in step 2.
Make a new cel by creating a new layer for the next drawing. You must assign each animation cel or folder to a frame before you can draw on it. You can do this by right clicking and selecting the cel or clicking on specify cels and selecting the cel. Alternatively, you can select the frame you want the animation cel to be on and click “new animation cel” and it will create a cel on that frame for you.
1-4. (Optional) Go to "Window > Animation Cels" to get the animation cels palette.
Click on “Enable Light Table” and then choose between common light table(shows for all the cels) and light table specific (only shows up when editing that specific cel). While this isn't needed for a simple animation of a ball falling, it is useful for referring to key frames and references to keep animations consistent
Drag layers into the light table sections or import images to register that cel. This allows you to flip between specific frames.
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1-5. Delete cels from the animation by clicking delete specified cels icon.
This doesn’t actually delete the cel from the file, just removes it from the animation. You have to click at the beginning of the cel in the timeline in order to delete it or else the icon will be greyed out and unclickable.
1-6. Click on the side of the frame and drag to change the duration of frame.
Make sure to do this for the paper and background layers when extending the duration or else they will be transparent later on.
Adjust the blue lines which show the end and beginning of where you want to play. You can click .
Select specific cels by holding command. You can extend or shorten all at the same time.
1-7. Create a new animation folder for the final lines and colors above your rough animation layer or go to "Layer > Create folder and insert layer" for each rough cel (You might want to make a shortcut or auto action to make this much quicker).
If you choose the first method, you have to re-assign cels in the timeline to match that of your rough animation. If you choose the second method, make sure to hide or delete the rough animation cel.
1-8. Export your animations as a .avi if you’re using Windows and .mov if you’re using Mac by going to "File > Export Animation >Movie...
" Note that only the parts between the blue markers will be exported.
You can export it as a gif as well, but keep in mind that the colors will be limited to 256 colors per frame. You can check the dithering option for a smoother blending, but it will increase the file size of your gif.
You can export your animation cels by going to "File > Export Animation > Export animation cels…" All visible cels within the animation folders will be exported and separated into different folders depending on what animation folder it is.
Tips
You can use the areas outside the blue borders to put notes.
Creating shortcuts will make the process a lot faster.
If you don't remember what the icon stands for, just hover your mouse over it
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:56",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Steps\\n1-1. Go to File > New and click on the red icon that has a play button in the use of work section.\\nChoose the settings. The only ones that really matter are the size, resolution, frame rate, and size of the blue borders. Anything outside of the blue borders does not get exported.\\n1-2. Go to \\\"Animation > Show Animation cells > enable Onion Skin\\\".\\nAlternatively, click the \\\"Enable onion skin\\\" icon on the timeline. This will show a translucent version of the frames before and after the one you're working on which makes it much easier to animate.\\nYou can change onion skin colors as well as the amount of frames seen by going to \\\"Animation > Show Animation cells > Onion Skin settings...\\\"\\n1-3. Draw a ball falling over the sequence of several cels like the picture in step 2.\\nMake a new cel by creating a new layer for the next drawing. You must assign each animation cel or folder to a frame before you can draw on it. You can do this by right clicking and selecting the cel or clicking on specify cels and selecting the cel. Alternatively, you can select the frame you want the animation cel to be on and click “new animation cel” and it will create a cel on that frame for you.\\n1-4. (Optional) Go to \\\"Window > Animation Cels\\\" to get the animation cels palette.\\nClick on “Enable Light Table” and then choose between common light table(shows for all the cels) and light table specific (only shows up when editing that specific cel). While this isn't needed for a simple animation of a ball falling, it is useful for referring to key frames and references to keep animations consistent\\nDrag layers into the light table sections or import images to register that cel. This allows you to flip between specific frames.\\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/0\\\\/09\\\\/Screen-Shot-2016-10-24-at-10.39.02-AM.png\\\\/460px-Screen-Shot-2016-10-24-at-10.39.02-AM.png\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/0\\\\/09\\\\/Screen-Shot-2016-10-24-at-10.39.02-AM.png\\\\/527px-Screen-Shot-2016-10-24-at-10.39.02-AM.png\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":489,\\\"bigWidth\\\":527,\\\"bigHeight\\\":560,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>Image from: Uploader<br>\\\\nLicense: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"http:\\\\/\\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\\/wiki\\\\/Public_domain\\\\\\\">Public Domain<\\\\/a>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\\n1-5. Delete cels from the animation by clicking delete specified cels icon.\\nThis doesn’t actually delete the cel from the file, just removes it from the animation. You have to click at the beginning of the cel in the timeline in order to delete it or else the icon will be greyed out and unclickable.\\n1-6. Click on the side of the frame and drag to change the duration of frame.\\nMake sure to do this for the paper and background layers when extending the duration or else they will be transparent later on.\\nAdjust the blue lines which show the end and beginning of where you want to play. You can click .\\nSelect specific cels by holding command. You can extend or shorten all at the same time.\\n1-7. Create a new animation folder for the final lines and colors above your rough animation layer or go to \\\"Layer > Create folder and insert layer\\\" for each rough cel (You might want to make a shortcut or auto action to make this much quicker).\\nIf you choose the first method, you have to re-assign cels in the timeline to match that of your rough animation. If you choose the second method, make sure to hide or delete the rough animation cel.\\n1-8. Export your animations as a .avi if you’re using Windows and .mov if you’re using Mac by going to \\\"File > Export Animation >Movie...\\n\\\" Note that only the parts between the blue markers will be exported.\\nYou can export it as a gif as well, but keep in mind that the colors will be limited to 256 colors per frame. You can check the dithering option for a smoother blending, but it will increase the file size of your gif.\\nYou can export your animation cels by going to \\\"File > Export Animation > Export animation cels…\\\" All visible cels within the animation folders will be exported and separated into different folders depending on what animation folder it is.\\nTips\\nYou can use the areas outside the blue borders to put notes.\\nCreating shortcuts will make the process a lot faster.\\nIf you don't remember what the icon stands for, just hover your mouse over it\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"In March 2016, Clip Studio Paint(Same as Manga Studio 5) version 1.5.4 released animation functions within the drawing program. This tutorial’s focus is on utilizing those functions to create an animation, not on how to make your own animations. This tutorial will be most useful for those who have some experience with digital art programs.There are two main parts in animating in CSP, cels and the timeline. Cels are special layers used for animation and the timeline is where you piece together the cels for the animation. \\nIf you'd like to know more specific functionalities for animation in CSP, please check out the official guide linked below. Note: CSP Pro and Debut only allow up to 24 frames, while Paint Ex gives unlimited frames.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Steps\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Go to File > New and click on the red icon that has a play button in the use of work section.\", \"描述\": \"Choose the settings. The only ones that really matter are the size, resolution, frame rate, and size of the blue borders. Anything outside of the blue borders does not get exported.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Go to \\\"Animation > Show Animation cells > enable Onion Skin\\\".\", \"描述\": \"Alternatively, click the \\\"Enable onion skin\\\" icon on the timeline. This will show a translucent version of the frames before and after the one you're working on which makes it much easier to animate.\\nYou can change onion skin colors as well as the amount of frames seen by going to \\\"Animation > Show Animation cells > Onion Skin settings...\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Draw a ball falling over the sequence of several cels like the picture in step 2.\", \"描述\": \"Make a new cel by creating a new layer for the next drawing. You must assign each animation cel or folder to a frame before you can draw on it. You can do this by right clicking and selecting the cel or clicking on specify cels and selecting the cel. Alternatively, you can select the frame you want the animation cel to be on and click “new animation cel” and it will create a cel on that frame for you.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"(Optional) Go to \\\"Window > Animation Cels\\\" to get the animation cels palette.\", \"描述\": \"Click on “Enable Light Table” and then choose between common light table(shows for all the cels) and light table specific (only shows up when editing that specific cel). While this isn't needed for a simple animation of a ball falling, it is useful for referring to key frames and references to keep animations consistent\\nDrag layers into the light table sections or import images to register that cel. This allows you to flip between specific frames.\\n\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/0\\\\/09\\\\/Screen-Shot-2016-10-24-at-10.39.02-AM.png\\\\/460px-Screen-Shot-2016-10-24-at-10.39.02-AM.png\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/0\\\\/09\\\\/Screen-Shot-2016-10-24-at-10.39.02-AM.png\\\\/527px-Screen-Shot-2016-10-24-at-10.39.02-AM.png\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":489,\\\"bigWidth\\\":527,\\\"bigHeight\\\":560,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>Image from: Uploader<br>\\\\nLicense: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"http:\\\\/\\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\\/wiki\\\\/Public_domain\\\\\\\">Public Domain<\\\\/a>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Delete cels from the animation by clicking delete specified cels icon.\", \"描述\": \"This doesn’t actually delete the cel from the file, just removes it from the animation. You have to click at the beginning of the cel in the timeline in order to delete it or else the icon will be greyed out and unclickable.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Click on the side of the frame and drag to change the duration of frame.\", \"描述\": \"Make sure to do this for the paper and background layers when extending the duration or else they will be transparent later on.\\nAdjust the blue lines which show the end and beginning of where you want to play. You can click .\\nSelect specific cels by holding command. You can extend or shorten all at the same time.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Create a new animation folder for the final lines and colors above your rough animation layer or go to \\\"Layer > Create folder and insert layer\\\" for each rough cel (You might want to make a shortcut or auto action to make this much quicker).\", \"描述\": \"If you choose the first method, you have to re-assign cels in the timeline to match that of your rough animation. If you choose the second method, make sure to hide or delete the rough animation cel.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Export your animations as a .avi if you’re using Windows and .mov if you’re using Mac by going to \\\"File > Export Animation >Movie...\", \"描述\": \"\\\" Note that only the parts between the blue markers will be exported.\\nYou can export it as a gif as well, but keep in mind that the colors will be limited to 256 colors per frame. You can check the dithering option for a smoother blending, but it will increase the file size of your gif.\\nYou can export your animation cels by going to \\\"File > Export Animation > Export animation cels…\\\" All visible cels within the animation folders will be exported and separated into different folders depending on what animation folder it is.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"You can use the areas outside the blue borders to put notes.\\n\", \"Creating shortcuts will make the process a lot faster.\\n\", \"If you don't remember what the icon stands for, just hover your mouse over it\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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} | wikihow |
1,699 | How to Animate in FireAlpaca | 1. Starting a Project
1-1. Create a new file by clicking "File" on the top of the screen or window and clicking "New...".
Alternatively, use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl/Command + N.
1-2. Review the dialog box "Create New Image".
Adjust the width, height, paper size, background color, and resolution to your liking. Once done, click "OK".
1-3. Click "View" at the top of screen or window and click "Onion Skin Mode".
This makes it possible to export the layers as frames and put them together in an animation, and also enables you to see multiple frames at once while animating.
1-4.
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When it comes time to export the layers, each layer will be its own PNG file. It is useful to have all these images in one folder to avoid cluttering your files.
2. Creating Frames
2-1. Select a brush and color, and draw your first frame.
2-2. Create a new frame by adding a new layer.
Click "Layers" at the top of the screen or window and click "Add".
2-3. Draw your next frame, using the last frame as a reference.
This is why onion skin comes in handy—it is far easier to draw a frame when you can see the last frame right under it.
2-4. Continue adding and drawing frames, and going back to frames to edit them as necessary, until you are satisfied with your progress.
You can easily duplicate frames by clicking "Layers" and clicking "Duplicate" while in the frame you want to duplicate.
Add more frames in between frames by adding a layer, and dragging it in between the two layers you want it in.
If you sketched your frames, go back to draw the lines and color the frames (unless you want a simplistic animation).
2-5. Click "View" and click "AutoPlay" to see your animation.
{"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/70\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\/460px-How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/7\/70\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\/541px-How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":541,"bigHeight":406,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><p>License: <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\" class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fair_use\">Fair Use<\/a> (screenshot)<br>\n<\/p><\/div>"}You will see a dialog box and be able to adjust the FPS (frames per second, which determines the speed). You can go back to edit your frames if the animation does not turn out as expected, or you are not finished with it. Continue editing your animation and AutoPlaying it until you are satisfied.
3. Animating the Frames
3-1. Click "File" and click "Export Layers (Onion Skin Mode)...".
Select the folder you made while setting up, and each layer will save itself as a PNG in that folder.
3-2. Review the dialog box asking whether to open AlpacaDouga.
Click "Yes" (unless you choose to put the frames together in a separate program). This part of the article shows how to put together the animation in AlpacaDouga.
3-3. Wait for AlpacaDouga to open in your web browser.
Then click the button that says "Select all files (.gif/.jpg/.png)". If the website opens in Japanese, the button will look similar.
Select all the frames in the folder you exported the frames to, and scroll down the page to see your animation.
You can change the website language to English or Japanese at the top right corner of the screen.
3-4. Choose your desired FPS and completion size using the dropdowns, and click the large button that says "Create a GIF Animation".
Make sure that "Insert FireAlpaca Logo" is unchecked, unless you want the FireAlpaca logo in your animation.
You may not want to leave "Loop Replay" checked if you have a long animation.
3-5. Wait for the large button to turn yellow and say "OK!!
Download." Click it to download your animation. It will take you to a download page for the GIF.
3-6. Finished.
Enjoy your animation!
Tips
You can use a program like Windows Movie Maker or iMovie to put the frames together. This can be better than using AlpacaDouga, since you can speed up or slow down certain parts of the animation
If the animation can be viewed full-screen, such as on YouTube, a good canvas size to use is 1920px * 1080px.
To avoid more work, create one frame of a background and duplicate it, then draw your frames in front of it.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:56",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Starting a Project\\n1-1. Create a new file by clicking \\\"File\\\" on the top of the screen or window and clicking \\\"New...\\\".\\nAlternatively, use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl/Command + N.\\n1-2. Review the dialog box \\\"Create New Image\\\".\\nAdjust the width, height, paper size, background color, and resolution to your liking. Once done, click \\\"OK\\\".\\n1-3. Click \\\"View\\\" at the top of screen or window and click \\\"Onion Skin Mode\\\".\\nThis makes it possible to export the layers as frames and put them together in an animation, and also enables you to see multiple frames at once while animating.\\n1-4. \\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/1\\\\/12\\\\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-4.png\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/1\\\\/12\\\\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-4.png\\\\/115px-How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-4.png\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":584,\\\"bigWidth\\\":115,\\\"bigHeight\\\":146,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\\/wiki\\\\/Fair_use\\\\\\\">Fair Use<\\\\/a> (screenshot)<br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\\n When it comes time to export the layers, each layer will be its own PNG file. It is useful to have all these images in one folder to avoid cluttering your files.\\n2. Creating Frames\\n2-1. Select a brush and color, and draw your first frame.\\n\\n2-2. Create a new frame by adding a new layer.\\nClick \\\"Layers\\\" at the top of the screen or window and click \\\"Add\\\".\\n2-3. Draw your next frame, using the last frame as a reference.\\nThis is why onion skin comes in handy—it is far easier to draw a frame when you can see the last frame right under it.\\n2-4. Continue adding and drawing frames, and going back to frames to edit them as necessary, until you are satisfied with your progress.\\nYou can easily duplicate frames by clicking \\\"Layers\\\" and clicking \\\"Duplicate\\\" while in the frame you want to duplicate.\\nAdd more frames in between frames by adding a layer, and dragging it in between the two layers you want it in.\\nIf you sketched your frames, go back to draw the lines and color the frames (unless you want a simplistic animation).\\n2-5. Click \\\"View\\\" and click \\\"AutoPlay\\\" to see your animation.\\n{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/70\\\\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\\\\/460px-How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/70\\\\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\\\\/541px-How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":541,\\\"bigHeight\\\":406,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\\/wiki\\\\/Fair_use\\\\\\\">Fair Use<\\\\/a> (screenshot)<br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}You will see a dialog box and be able to adjust the FPS (frames per second, which determines the speed). You can go back to edit your frames if the animation does not turn out as expected, or you are not finished with it. Continue editing your animation and AutoPlaying it until you are satisfied.\\n3. Animating the Frames\\n3-1. Click \\\"File\\\" and click \\\"Export Layers (Onion Skin Mode)...\\\".\\nSelect the folder you made while setting up, and each layer will save itself as a PNG in that folder.\\n3-2. Review the dialog box asking whether to open AlpacaDouga.\\nClick \\\"Yes\\\" (unless you choose to put the frames together in a separate program). This part of the article shows how to put together the animation in AlpacaDouga.\\n3-3. Wait for AlpacaDouga to open in your web browser.\\nThen click the button that says \\\"Select all files (.gif/.jpg/.png)\\\". If the website opens in Japanese, the button will look similar.\\nSelect all the frames in the folder you exported the frames to, and scroll down the page to see your animation.\\nYou can change the website language to English or Japanese at the top right corner of the screen.\\n3-4. Choose your desired FPS and completion size using the dropdowns, and click the large button that says \\\"Create a GIF Animation\\\".\\nMake sure that \\\"Insert FireAlpaca Logo\\\" is unchecked, unless you want the FireAlpaca logo in your animation.\\nYou may not want to leave \\\"Loop Replay\\\" checked if you have a long animation.\\n3-5. Wait for the large button to turn yellow and say \\\"OK!!\\nDownload.\\\" Click it to download your animation. It will take you to a download page for the GIF.\\n3-6. Finished.\\nEnjoy your animation!\\nTips\\nYou can use a program like Windows Movie Maker or iMovie to put the frames together. This can be better than using AlpacaDouga, since you can speed up or slow down certain parts of the animation\\nIf the animation can be viewed full-screen, such as on YouTube, a good canvas size to use is 1920px * 1080px.\\nTo avoid more work, create one frame of a background and duplicate it, then draw your frames in front of it.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"FireAlpaca is a very user-friendly and useful drawing tool, but you can also use it to animate. Whether one is an animator or a novice artist, anyone can create a simple or complex animation in FireAlpaca. Start at step one to make your own animation in FireAlpaca!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Starting a Project\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Create a new file by clicking \\\"File\\\" on the top of the screen or window and clicking \\\"New...\\\".\", \"描述\": \"Alternatively, use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl/Command + N.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Review the dialog box \\\"Create New Image\\\".\", \"描述\": \"Adjust the width, height, paper size, background color, and resolution to your liking. Once done, click \\\"OK\\\".\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click \\\"View\\\" at the top of screen or window and click \\\"Onion Skin Mode\\\".\", \"描述\": \"This makes it possible to export the layers as frames and put them together in an animation, and also enables you to see multiple frames at once while animating.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"\", \"描述\": \"{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/1\\\\/12\\\\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-4.png\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/1\\\\/12\\\\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-4.png\\\\/115px-How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-4.png\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":584,\\\"bigWidth\\\":115,\\\"bigHeight\\\":146,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\\/wiki\\\\/Fair_use\\\\\\\">Fair Use<\\\\/a> (screenshot)<br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}\\n When it comes time to export the layers, each layer will be its own PNG file. It is useful to have all these images in one folder to avoid cluttering your files.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Creating Frames\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Select a brush and color, and draw your first frame.\", \"描述\": \"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Create a new frame by adding a new layer.\", \"描述\": \"Click \\\"Layers\\\" at the top of the screen or window and click \\\"Add\\\".\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Draw your next frame, using the last frame as a reference.\", \"描述\": \"This is why onion skin comes in handy—it is far easier to draw a frame when you can see the last frame right under it.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Continue adding and drawing frames, and going back to frames to edit them as necessary, until you are satisfied with your progress.\", \"描述\": \"You can easily duplicate frames by clicking \\\"Layers\\\" and clicking \\\"Duplicate\\\" while in the frame you want to duplicate.\\nAdd more frames in between frames by adding a layer, and dragging it in between the two layers you want it in.\\nIf you sketched your frames, go back to draw the lines and color the frames (unless you want a simplistic animation).\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Click \\\"View\\\" and click \\\"AutoPlay\\\" to see your animation.\", \"描述\": \"{\\\"smallUrl\\\":\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/www.wikihow.com\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/70\\\\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\\\\/460px-How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\\\",\\\"bigUrl\\\":\\\"\\\\/images\\\\/thumb\\\\/7\\\\/70\\\\/How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\\\\/541px-How-to-Animate-in-FireAlpaca-Step-9.5.png\\\",\\\"smallWidth\\\":460,\\\"smallHeight\\\":345,\\\"bigWidth\\\":541,\\\"bigHeight\\\":406,\\\"licensing\\\":\\\"<div class=\\\\\\\"mw-parser-output\\\\\\\"><p>License: <a target=\\\\\\\"_blank\\\\\\\" rel=\\\\\\\"nofollow noreferrer noopener\\\\\\\" class=\\\\\\\"external text\\\\\\\" href=\\\\\\\"https:\\\\/\\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\\/wiki\\\\/Fair_use\\\\\\\">Fair Use<\\\\/a> (screenshot)<br>\\\\n<\\\\/p><\\\\/div>\\\"}You will see a dialog box and be able to adjust the FPS (frames per second, which determines the speed). You can go back to edit your frames if the animation does not turn out as expected, or you are not finished with it. Continue editing your animation and AutoPlaying it until you are satisfied.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Animating the Frames\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Click \\\"File\\\" and click \\\"Export Layers (Onion Skin Mode)...\\\".\", \"描述\": \"Select the folder you made while setting up, and each layer will save itself as a PNG in that folder.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Review the dialog box asking whether to open AlpacaDouga.\", \"描述\": \"Click \\\"Yes\\\" (unless you choose to put the frames together in a separate program). This part of the article shows how to put together the animation in AlpacaDouga.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Wait for AlpacaDouga to open in your web browser.\", \"描述\": \"Then click the button that says \\\"Select all files (.gif/.jpg/.png)\\\". If the website opens in Japanese, the button will look similar.\\nSelect all the frames in the folder you exported the frames to, and scroll down the page to see your animation.\\nYou can change the website language to English or Japanese at the top right corner of the screen.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Choose your desired FPS and completion size using the dropdowns, and click the large button that says \\\"Create a GIF Animation\\\".\", \"描述\": \"Make sure that \\\"Insert FireAlpaca Logo\\\" is unchecked, unless you want the FireAlpaca logo in your animation.\\nYou may not want to leave \\\"Loop Replay\\\" checked if you have a long animation.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Wait for the large button to turn yellow and say \\\"OK!!\", \"描述\": \"Download.\\\" Click it to download your animation. It will take you to a download page for the GIF.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Finished.\", \"描述\": \"Enjoy your animation!\"}], \"小提示\": [\"You can use a program like Windows Movie Maker or iMovie to put the frames together. This can be better than using AlpacaDouga, since you can speed up or slow down certain parts of the animation\\n\", \"If the animation can be viewed full-screen, such as on YouTube, a good canvas size to use is 1920px * 1080px.\\n\", \"To avoid more work, create one frame of a background and duplicate it, then draw your frames in front of it.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,700 | How to Animate with Pencil2D | 1. Getting to Know the Tools
1-1. Get to know the brush tool.
It's quickly accessible with the B key. This tool will allow you to draw colorful, thick, luscious lines. You can change the color on the far right side of the screen, or create a custom color.
1-2. Press E to access the eraser when you need it.
You can change the size of the eraser on the far left, and hold down left-click in order to erase anything on your screen.
1-3. Use the bucket tool to fill color.
It can be used by pressing K. It's a little glitchy, so look out for issues if you use it.
1-4. Use the eyedropper tool to remember what colors you created or edited.
You can access it with the I key. If you created a custom color, just press the I key on your keyboard, left-click on the spot you want, and voila! You've got your custom color back!
1-5. Press N to access the pencil tool.
This will draw thinner lines, and it can be useful for more advanced detailing.
2. Creating an Animation
2-1. Make sure that you're on the first frame with Bitmap ON (on the bottom of your screen).
This will guarantee that you don't have blank frames at the beginning of your animation.
2-2. Draw what you'd like for your first frame, For the starting animation, maybe try a stick figure.
Try to make it seem realistic, and take your time to make sure it's the way you want it to be!
2-3. When you're done, look near the bottom left of your screen.
You should see 3 circular buttons that are arranged in this order. (+) (-) (+)
Pressing the first button will add a new blank slide.
If you left-click the second button, it will remove the most recent slide, or whatever slide you're on.
If you click on the third button (arguably the most useful one), then it will duplicate your slide and create another one.
2-4. Keep repeating this process until you've got a really nice animation.
If you want to just test out all of the features before creating your first real animation, then try to make a stick figure running in the forest, park, or wherever else you can think of!
3. Creating Your Own Custom Colors
3-1. Click on the small color box above your color list on the far right of your screen.
A massive color wheel should appear.
3-2. Select any color you like, and then press OK or "Add To Custom Colors."
After that, you've got a brand new color! You can use it with the tools mentioned above.
4. Troubleshooting
4-1. Use "undo" when you make mistakes.
If you accidentally get bumped while animating, move your mouse the wrong way, or, put simply, mess up while drawing something, you can always push Ctrl+Z or ⌘ Cmd+Z, and it will undo your last action.
4-2. Look out for issues with your view.
Let's say that you're casually creating an animation, thinking that it looks awesome, and then suddenly, when you try to undo an action with Ctrl+Z or ⌘ Cmd+Z, you click something else and your screen rotates weird. Oh no! What do you do? Left-click on the View button on the top-left of your screen and click on "Reset Zoom/Rotate." Then, your animation will be saved, and you can safely keep working on it once more!
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:56",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Getting to Know the Tools\\n1-1. Get to know the brush tool.\\nIt's quickly accessible with the B key. This tool will allow you to draw colorful, thick, luscious lines. You can change the color on the far right side of the screen, or create a custom color.\\n1-2. Press E to access the eraser when you need it.\\nYou can change the size of the eraser on the far left, and hold down left-click in order to erase anything on your screen.\\n1-3. Use the bucket tool to fill color.\\nIt can be used by pressing K. It's a little glitchy, so look out for issues if you use it.\\n1-4. Use the eyedropper tool to remember what colors you created or edited.\\nYou can access it with the I key. If you created a custom color, just press the I key on your keyboard, left-click on the spot you want, and voila! You've got your custom color back!\\n1-5. Press N to access the pencil tool.\\nThis will draw thinner lines, and it can be useful for more advanced detailing.\\n2. Creating an Animation\\n2-1. Make sure that you're on the first frame with Bitmap ON (on the bottom of your screen).\\nThis will guarantee that you don't have blank frames at the beginning of your animation.\\n2-2. Draw what you'd like for your first frame, For the starting animation, maybe try a stick figure.\\nTry to make it seem realistic, and take your time to make sure it's the way you want it to be!\\n2-3. When you're done, look near the bottom left of your screen.\\nYou should see 3 circular buttons that are arranged in this order. (+) (-) (+)\\nPressing the first button will add a new blank slide.\\nIf you left-click the second button, it will remove the most recent slide, or whatever slide you're on.\\nIf you click on the third button (arguably the most useful one), then it will duplicate your slide and create another one.\\n2-4. Keep repeating this process until you've got a really nice animation.\\nIf you want to just test out all of the features before creating your first real animation, then try to make a stick figure running in the forest, park, or wherever else you can think of!\\n3. Creating Your Own Custom Colors\\n3-1. Click on the small color box above your color list on the far right of your screen.\\nA massive color wheel should appear.\\n3-2. Select any color you like, and then press OK or \\\"Add To Custom Colors.\\\"\\nAfter that, you've got a brand new color! You can use it with the tools mentioned above.\\n4. Troubleshooting\\n4-1. Use \\\"undo\\\" when you make mistakes.\\nIf you accidentally get bumped while animating, move your mouse the wrong way, or, put simply, mess up while drawing something, you can always push Ctrl+Z or ⌘ Cmd+Z, and it will undo your last action.\\n4-2. Look out for issues with your view.\\nLet's say that you're casually creating an animation, thinking that it looks awesome, and then suddenly, when you try to undo an action with Ctrl+Z or ⌘ Cmd+Z, you click something else and your screen rotates weird. Oh no! What do you do? Left-click on the View button on the top-left of your screen and click on \\\"Reset Zoom/Rotate.\\\" Then, your animation will be saved, and you can safely keep working on it once more!\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Have you just downloaded Pencil2D on your Mac OS X or Windows computer? Even though the app is in its beta stage, you can still do tons with it! It's simple, free, and very easy to use.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Getting to Know the Tools\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Get to know the brush tool.\", \"描述\": \"It's quickly accessible with the B key. This tool will allow you to draw colorful, thick, luscious lines. You can change the color on the far right side of the screen, or create a custom color.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Press E to access the eraser when you need it.\", \"描述\": \"You can change the size of the eraser on the far left, and hold down left-click in order to erase anything on your screen.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Use the bucket tool to fill color.\", \"描述\": \"It can be used by pressing K. It's a little glitchy, so look out for issues if you use it.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Use the eyedropper tool to remember what colors you created or edited.\", \"描述\": \"You can access it with the I key. If you created a custom color, just press the I key on your keyboard, left-click on the spot you want, and voila! You've got your custom color back!\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Press N to access the pencil tool.\", \"描述\": \"This will draw thinner lines, and it can be useful for more advanced detailing.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Creating an Animation\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make sure that you're on the first frame with Bitmap ON (on the bottom of your screen).\", \"描述\": \"This will guarantee that you don't have blank frames at the beginning of your animation.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Draw what you'd like for your first frame, For the starting animation, maybe try a stick figure.\", \"描述\": \"Try to make it seem realistic, and take your time to make sure it's the way you want it to be!\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"When you're done, look near the bottom left of your screen.\", \"描述\": \"You should see 3 circular buttons that are arranged in this order. (+) (-) (+)\\nPressing the first button will add a new blank slide.\\nIf you left-click the second button, it will remove the most recent slide, or whatever slide you're on.\\nIf you click on the third button (arguably the most useful one), then it will duplicate your slide and create another one.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Keep repeating this process until you've got a really nice animation.\", \"描述\": \"If you want to just test out all of the features before creating your first real animation, then try to make a stick figure running in the forest, park, or wherever else you can think of!\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Creating Your Own Custom Colors\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Click on the small color box above your color list on the far right of your screen.\", \"描述\": \"A massive color wheel should appear.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Select any color you like, and then press OK or \\\"Add To Custom Colors.\\\"\", \"描述\": \"After that, you've got a brand new color! You can use it with the tools mentioned above.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Troubleshooting\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use \\\"undo\\\" when you make mistakes.\", \"描述\": \"If you accidentally get bumped while animating, move your mouse the wrong way, or, put simply, mess up while drawing something, you can always push Ctrl+Z or ⌘ Cmd+Z, and it will undo your last action.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Look out for issues with your view.\", \"描述\": \"Let's say that you're casually creating an animation, thinking that it looks awesome, and then suddenly, when you try to undo an action with Ctrl+Z or ⌘ Cmd+Z, you click something else and your screen rotates weird. Oh no! What do you do? Left-click on the View button on the top-left of your screen and click on \\\"Reset Zoom/Rotate.\\\" Then, your animation will be saved, and you can safely keep working on it once more!\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,701 | How to Anneal Copper | 1. Preparing the Flame
1-1. Put on a pair of safety goggles before you handle the torch.
Wearing safety goggles is a necessary precaution to ensure eye safety anytime you are working with open flames. Wear a pair of goggles that are rated to at least shade 4 to adequately block the bright acetylene flame from harming your eyes. If you don't wear safety goggles, you could risk seriously damaging your eyes by looking directly at the acetylene flame.
Goggles used for annealing, arc cutting, and welding are rated on a scale of 2–14, with 2 as the least tinted and 14 as the most tinted. Since an acetylene torch is much less bright than a welding torch, your eyes will be protected by relatively lightly tinted glasses.
If you do not own a pair of safety goggles, purchase a pair at a large hardware store or a welding-supply store.
1-2. Connect 1 hose to each tank
The torch itself—which will produce the flame—will have 2 hoses coming out of it. Connect the red welding torch hose to the acetylene tank, and the black hose to the oxygen tank. The acetylene gas will start the flame and the oxygen will continue to feed the flame once it's lit. You'll also adjust the amount of oxygen coming from the tank to control the intensity of the flame.
Before you begin, make sure that the 2 pressure gauges on the oxygen tank and the 2 pressure gauges on the acetylene tank are all at “0.”
If you don't already have an oxygen acetylene torch, you can purchase or rent one from a large hardware store or a home-improvement store.
1-3. Turn the acetylene valve a quarter turn clockwise.
This will engage the gas tank and switch on the flow of acetylene to the regulator. Only turn the valve a quarter of a turn to ensure that there is enough acetylene to start the flame, but not so much that it will be too large to control. Keep an eye on the pressure valve and fine-tune the acetylene valve until it reads 7 psi (pounds per square inch).
You'll find the pressure gauge directly on top of the large acetylene tank. Look for the dial that is marked “pressure” or “psi.”
Once the flame is burning consistently, you can adjust its intensity by turning the acetylene-tank valve so it's more or less open. Find the tank valve on top of the acetylene tank. In most cases, it will be next to (or even attached to) the pressure gauge.
1-4. Turn the valve on the oxygen tank as far as it goes counterclockwise.
Once the oxygen tank valve is fully on, adjust the line pressure by turning the oxygen tank regulator knob clockwise. Take a look at the regulator gauge on the oxygen tank to make sure that it's at 40 psi. If it's not, fiddle with the regulator knob until the gauge reaches the desired pressure.
The oxygen-control valve will be a handle located on the top of the oxygen tank. It may have a directional arrow indicating which way is “on.”
A correct mixture of oxygen to acetylene is crucial to produce a hot, manageable flame.
1-5. Light the acetylene torch with a flint striker.
To light the flame, hold the acetylene torch in 1 hand and turn the acetylene knob (on top of the gas tank) a half-turn clockwise with your other hand. This will start the flow of gas. Hold a flint striker about ⁄2 in (1.3 cm) away from the torch head. Spark it repeatedly until you see an orange-red flame.
Once you've turned on the acetylene gas knob, don't wait more than 2–3 seconds to pick up the striker once the gas is flowing, as it's incredibly flammable.
1-6. Turn the oxygen valve until the flame turns blue.
Once a bright orange flame is coming out of the tip of the torch, turn the oxygen valve on the side of the torch clockwise to introduce oxygen into the burning acetylene. Continue turning the knob until the flame turns blue. A blue-colored flame indicates that the flame is at the ideal temperature for annealing copper.
Turn on the flow of oxygen slowly, so the flame doesn't suddenly flare up.
A flame that is too hot will burn the copper, while a flame that is too cool will not be strong enough to change the copper's properties like durability and malleability.
2. Heating the Copper
2-1. Hold the flame 3–4 in (7.6–10.2 cm) from the copper you're annealing.
Point the flame directly at the copper band or pipe. If you hold the flame much closer to the copper, you'll burn the metal's relatively delicate surface. Hold the flame farther than 4–5 inches (10–13 cm) away, and the copper will take a long time to heat.
The copper won't catch on fire. However, to avoid catching anything else in your work environment on fire, the copper should be on top of a non-flammable object like a piece of brick or concrete.
Always anneal copper in a well-ventilated area. Annealing copper produces chemicals that can harm your lungs if the room you're working in doesn't have proper ventilation.
2-2. Move the torch quickly back and forth above the surface of the copper.
Keep the flame moving across the full surface of the copper to evenly heat it. It's important that you distribute the heat evenly, so no areas of the copper are annealed faster than any others. As you heat the surface of the copper, you'll notice that red and orange colors swirl across the metal's surface.
Have a dry chemical fire extinguisher in close proximity whenever you use an open flame. If any of the materials in your garage or metalworking lab catch on fire, spray them with the fire extinguisher immediately.
2-3. Spend extra time annealing thicker or heavier pieces of copper.
The annealing process can work to soften any piece of copper, regardless of its thickness or size. However, the amount time that you'll need to heat the copper for will increase proportionately with the thickness of the copper.
For example, you may only need to heat a thin jewelry-grade piece of copper for 20 seconds to anneal it. For a heavy copper pipe or ⁄2 in (1.3 cm) thick chunk of copper, you'll need to anneal for at least 2–3 minutes.
2-4. Keep the flame focused on the copper until it turns red.
As you continue to heat the surface of the copper with your acetylene torch, it will turn black. Don't worry that you're burning the copper yet; it must turn black before it turns red. Continue moving the torch over the surface of the copper until the black color turns into a bright, glowing red. At this point, the copper is annealed.
Regardless of the size or thickness of the copper you're annealing, it will be fully annealed once it's glowing red.
Copper that is glowing cherry red is at the correct temperature for annealing purposes.
3. Cooling and Drying the Copper
3-1. Turn the torch valves back to their closed position.
Once the copper is annealed, you don't have any more need for the flame. Turn the acetylene valve counterclockwise to shut off the flow of gas. Then turn the oxygen valve back to its closed position as well. Turning the valves back to their closed positions will ensure that the flame is extinguished. At this point, you can remove your safety goggles.
Closing the acetylene valve first and the oxygen valve second will clear the torch of any acetylene.
Even when you're turning off the acetylene torch, be careful not to point it at any other people in your workspace.
3-2. Pick up the annealed copper with a pair of pliers.
At this point, the copper will be incredibly hot, so you obviously cannot pick it up with your bare hands. So, slip 1 of the jaws of a pair of pliers under the edge of the copper bar or pipe, squeeze the pliers tightly shut, and pick up the annealed copper. If you don't already have a pair of pliers, purchase a pair at a local hardware store.
You don't need to wear gloves at this point (or at any other point during the annealing process), since you'll never touch the metal directly until it's cool.
In a pinch, you could use a pair of ordinary tweezers to pick up the superheated copper. Just be careful not to drop it!
3-3. Deposit the annealed copper into a metal bucket of water.
This will cause the red-hot copper to immediately lose heat and cool off. Keep an eye on the copper so you can gauge its temperature. Once the metal returns to its original reddish-brown color, use the pliers to remove the copper from the metal bucket.
The cooling process should take less than 5 minutes. Once this time has passed, the copper is now annealed and will be soft and malleable for working.
It's important that you use a metal bucket to cool the heated metal, since it could potentially melt through a plastic bucket.
Tips
Unlike many other metals, copper becomes more stiff and inflexible the more it's bent and handled. After enough handling, the copper becomes so hard that it can no longer be bent, even with pliers and a hammer. Annealing is necessary to soften up the copper and works by breaking apart the rigid chemical bonds that form when the copper is bent and twisted.[15]
X
Research source
If you're heating a very thin piece of copper, you could use an ordinary propane torch instead of the more heavy-duty acetylene torch.
Annealed copper can also be air-cooled instead of cooled by water. But, if you let the copper cool in the air, it will not be as soft and malleable after it has been annealed.
Warnings
If you don't anneal the copper you're working with when it begins to become brittle, you'll risk fracturing or breaking the copper.[16]
X
Research source
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:56",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Preparing the Flame\\n1-1. Put on a pair of safety goggles before you handle the torch.\\nWearing safety goggles is a necessary precaution to ensure eye safety anytime you are working with open flames. Wear a pair of goggles that are rated to at least shade 4 to adequately block the bright acetylene flame from harming your eyes. If you don't wear safety goggles, you could risk seriously damaging your eyes by looking directly at the acetylene flame.\\nGoggles used for annealing, arc cutting, and welding are rated on a scale of 2–14, with 2 as the least tinted and 14 as the most tinted. Since an acetylene torch is much less bright than a welding torch, your eyes will be protected by relatively lightly tinted glasses.\\nIf you do not own a pair of safety goggles, purchase a pair at a large hardware store or a welding-supply store.\\n1-2. Connect 1 hose to each tank\\nThe torch itself—which will produce the flame—will have 2 hoses coming out of it. Connect the red welding torch hose to the acetylene tank, and the black hose to the oxygen tank. The acetylene gas will start the flame and the oxygen will continue to feed the flame once it's lit. You'll also adjust the amount of oxygen coming from the tank to control the intensity of the flame.\\nBefore you begin, make sure that the 2 pressure gauges on the oxygen tank and the 2 pressure gauges on the acetylene tank are all at “0.”\\nIf you don't already have an oxygen acetylene torch, you can purchase or rent one from a large hardware store or a home-improvement store.\\n1-3. Turn the acetylene valve a quarter turn clockwise.\\nThis will engage the gas tank and switch on the flow of acetylene to the regulator. Only turn the valve a quarter of a turn to ensure that there is enough acetylene to start the flame, but not so much that it will be too large to control. Keep an eye on the pressure valve and fine-tune the acetylene valve until it reads 7 psi (pounds per square inch).\\nYou'll find the pressure gauge directly on top of the large acetylene tank. Look for the dial that is marked “pressure” or “psi.”\\nOnce the flame is burning consistently, you can adjust its intensity by turning the acetylene-tank valve so it's more or less open. Find the tank valve on top of the acetylene tank. In most cases, it will be next to (or even attached to) the pressure gauge.\\n1-4. Turn the valve on the oxygen tank as far as it goes counterclockwise.\\nOnce the oxygen tank valve is fully on, adjust the line pressure by turning the oxygen tank regulator knob clockwise. Take a look at the regulator gauge on the oxygen tank to make sure that it's at 40 psi. If it's not, fiddle with the regulator knob until the gauge reaches the desired pressure.\\nThe oxygen-control valve will be a handle located on the top of the oxygen tank. It may have a directional arrow indicating which way is “on.”\\nA correct mixture of oxygen to acetylene is crucial to produce a hot, manageable flame.\\n1-5. Light the acetylene torch with a flint striker.\\nTo light the flame, hold the acetylene torch in 1 hand and turn the acetylene knob (on top of the gas tank) a half-turn clockwise with your other hand. This will start the flow of gas. Hold a flint striker about ⁄2 in (1.3 cm) away from the torch head. Spark it repeatedly until you see an orange-red flame.\\nOnce you've turned on the acetylene gas knob, don't wait more than 2–3 seconds to pick up the striker once the gas is flowing, as it's incredibly flammable.\\n1-6. Turn the oxygen valve until the flame turns blue.\\nOnce a bright orange flame is coming out of the tip of the torch, turn the oxygen valve on the side of the torch clockwise to introduce oxygen into the burning acetylene. Continue turning the knob until the flame turns blue. A blue-colored flame indicates that the flame is at the ideal temperature for annealing copper.\\nTurn on the flow of oxygen slowly, so the flame doesn't suddenly flare up.\\nA flame that is too hot will burn the copper, while a flame that is too cool will not be strong enough to change the copper's properties like durability and malleability.\\n2. Heating the Copper\\n2-1. Hold the flame 3–4 in (7.6–10.2 cm) from the copper you're annealing.\\nPoint the flame directly at the copper band or pipe. If you hold the flame much closer to the copper, you'll burn the metal's relatively delicate surface. Hold the flame farther than 4–5 inches (10–13 cm) away, and the copper will take a long time to heat.\\nThe copper won't catch on fire. However, to avoid catching anything else in your work environment on fire, the copper should be on top of a non-flammable object like a piece of brick or concrete.\\nAlways anneal copper in a well-ventilated area. Annealing copper produces chemicals that can harm your lungs if the room you're working in doesn't have proper ventilation.\\n2-2. Move the torch quickly back and forth above the surface of the copper.\\nKeep the flame moving across the full surface of the copper to evenly heat it. It's important that you distribute the heat evenly, so no areas of the copper are annealed faster than any others. As you heat the surface of the copper, you'll notice that red and orange colors swirl across the metal's surface.\\nHave a dry chemical fire extinguisher in close proximity whenever you use an open flame. If any of the materials in your garage or metalworking lab catch on fire, spray them with the fire extinguisher immediately.\\n2-3. Spend extra time annealing thicker or heavier pieces of copper.\\nThe annealing process can work to soften any piece of copper, regardless of its thickness or size. However, the amount time that you'll need to heat the copper for will increase proportionately with the thickness of the copper.\\nFor example, you may only need to heat a thin jewelry-grade piece of copper for 20 seconds to anneal it. For a heavy copper pipe or ⁄2 in (1.3 cm) thick chunk of copper, you'll need to anneal for at least 2–3 minutes.\\n2-4. Keep the flame focused on the copper until it turns red.\\nAs you continue to heat the surface of the copper with your acetylene torch, it will turn black. Don't worry that you're burning the copper yet; it must turn black before it turns red. Continue moving the torch over the surface of the copper until the black color turns into a bright, glowing red. At this point, the copper is annealed.\\nRegardless of the size or thickness of the copper you're annealing, it will be fully annealed once it's glowing red.\\nCopper that is glowing cherry red is at the correct temperature for annealing purposes.\\n3. Cooling and Drying the Copper\\n3-1. Turn the torch valves back to their closed position.\\nOnce the copper is annealed, you don't have any more need for the flame. Turn the acetylene valve counterclockwise to shut off the flow of gas. Then turn the oxygen valve back to its closed position as well. Turning the valves back to their closed positions will ensure that the flame is extinguished. At this point, you can remove your safety goggles.\\nClosing the acetylene valve first and the oxygen valve second will clear the torch of any acetylene.\\nEven when you're turning off the acetylene torch, be careful not to point it at any other people in your workspace.\\n3-2. Pick up the annealed copper with a pair of pliers.\\nAt this point, the copper will be incredibly hot, so you obviously cannot pick it up with your bare hands. So, slip 1 of the jaws of a pair of pliers under the edge of the copper bar or pipe, squeeze the pliers tightly shut, and pick up the annealed copper. If you don't already have a pair of pliers, purchase a pair at a local hardware store.\\nYou don't need to wear gloves at this point (or at any other point during the annealing process), since you'll never touch the metal directly until it's cool.\\nIn a pinch, you could use a pair of ordinary tweezers to pick up the superheated copper. Just be careful not to drop it!\\n3-3. Deposit the annealed copper into a metal bucket of water.\\nThis will cause the red-hot copper to immediately lose heat and cool off. Keep an eye on the copper so you can gauge its temperature. Once the metal returns to its original reddish-brown color, use the pliers to remove the copper from the metal bucket.\\nThe cooling process should take less than 5 minutes. Once this time has passed, the copper is now annealed and will be soft and malleable for working.\\nIt's important that you use a metal bucket to cool the heated metal, since it could potentially melt through a plastic bucket.\\nTips\\nUnlike many other metals, copper becomes more stiff and inflexible the more it's bent and handled. After enough handling, the copper becomes so hard that it can no longer be bent, even with pliers and a hammer. Annealing is necessary to soften up the copper and works by breaking apart the rigid chemical bonds that form when the copper is bent and twisted.[15]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nIf you're heating a very thin piece of copper, you could use an ordinary propane torch instead of the more heavy-duty acetylene torch.\\nAnnealed copper can also be air-cooled instead of cooled by water. But, if you let the copper cool in the air, it will not be as soft and malleable after it has been annealed.\\nWarnings\\nIf you don't anneal the copper you're working with when it begins to become brittle, you'll risk fracturing or breaking the copper.[16]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Annealing copper makes it softer and less brittle, which allows you to bend it without breaking it. This malleability allows you to hammer and mold the copper into any shape you wish without cracking the metal. You can anneal any grade and thickness of copper as long as you have a flame that can transmit enough heat to the metal. The most straightforward way to anneal copper is by heating it with an oxygen acetylene torch and rapidly cooling it in water.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Preparing the Flame\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Put on a pair of safety goggles before you handle the torch.\", \"描述\": \"Wearing safety goggles is a necessary precaution to ensure eye safety anytime you are working with open flames. Wear a pair of goggles that are rated to at least shade 4 to adequately block the bright acetylene flame from harming your eyes. If you don't wear safety goggles, you could risk seriously damaging your eyes by looking directly at the acetylene flame.\\nGoggles used for annealing, arc cutting, and welding are rated on a scale of 2–14, with 2 as the least tinted and 14 as the most tinted. Since an acetylene torch is much less bright than a welding torch, your eyes will be protected by relatively lightly tinted glasses.\\nIf you do not own a pair of safety goggles, purchase a pair at a large hardware store or a welding-supply store.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Connect 1 hose to each tank\", \"描述\": \"The torch itself—which will produce the flame—will have 2 hoses coming out of it. Connect the red welding torch hose to the acetylene tank, and the black hose to the oxygen tank. The acetylene gas will start the flame and the oxygen will continue to feed the flame once it's lit. You'll also adjust the amount of oxygen coming from the tank to control the intensity of the flame.\\nBefore you begin, make sure that the 2 pressure gauges on the oxygen tank and the 2 pressure gauges on the acetylene tank are all at “0.”\\nIf you don't already have an oxygen acetylene torch, you can purchase or rent one from a large hardware store or a home-improvement store.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Turn the acetylene valve a quarter turn clockwise.\", \"描述\": \"This will engage the gas tank and switch on the flow of acetylene to the regulator. Only turn the valve a quarter of a turn to ensure that there is enough acetylene to start the flame, but not so much that it will be too large to control. Keep an eye on the pressure valve and fine-tune the acetylene valve until it reads 7 psi (pounds per square inch).\\nYou'll find the pressure gauge directly on top of the large acetylene tank. Look for the dial that is marked “pressure” or “psi.”\\nOnce the flame is burning consistently, you can adjust its intensity by turning the acetylene-tank valve so it's more or less open. Find the tank valve on top of the acetylene tank. In most cases, it will be next to (or even attached to) the pressure gauge.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Turn the valve on the oxygen tank as far as it goes counterclockwise.\", \"描述\": \"Once the oxygen tank valve is fully on, adjust the line pressure by turning the oxygen tank regulator knob clockwise. Take a look at the regulator gauge on the oxygen tank to make sure that it's at 40 psi. If it's not, fiddle with the regulator knob until the gauge reaches the desired pressure.\\nThe oxygen-control valve will be a handle located on the top of the oxygen tank. It may have a directional arrow indicating which way is “on.”\\nA correct mixture of oxygen to acetylene is crucial to produce a hot, manageable flame.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Light the acetylene torch with a flint striker.\", \"描述\": \"To light the flame, hold the acetylene torch in 1 hand and turn the acetylene knob (on top of the gas tank) a half-turn clockwise with your other hand. This will start the flow of gas. Hold a flint striker about ⁄2 in (1.3 cm) away from the torch head. Spark it repeatedly until you see an orange-red flame.\\nOnce you've turned on the acetylene gas knob, don't wait more than 2–3 seconds to pick up the striker once the gas is flowing, as it's incredibly flammable.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Turn the oxygen valve until the flame turns blue.\", \"描述\": \"Once a bright orange flame is coming out of the tip of the torch, turn the oxygen valve on the side of the torch clockwise to introduce oxygen into the burning acetylene. Continue turning the knob until the flame turns blue. A blue-colored flame indicates that the flame is at the ideal temperature for annealing copper.\\nTurn on the flow of oxygen slowly, so the flame doesn't suddenly flare up.\\nA flame that is too hot will burn the copper, while a flame that is too cool will not be strong enough to change the copper's properties like durability and malleability.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Heating the Copper\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Hold the flame 3–4 in (7.6–10.2 cm) from the copper you're annealing.\", \"描述\": \"Point the flame directly at the copper band or pipe. If you hold the flame much closer to the copper, you'll burn the metal's relatively delicate surface. Hold the flame farther than 4–5 inches (10–13 cm) away, and the copper will take a long time to heat.\\nThe copper won't catch on fire. However, to avoid catching anything else in your work environment on fire, the copper should be on top of a non-flammable object like a piece of brick or concrete.\\nAlways anneal copper in a well-ventilated area. Annealing copper produces chemicals that can harm your lungs if the room you're working in doesn't have proper ventilation.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Move the torch quickly back and forth above the surface of the copper.\", \"描述\": \"Keep the flame moving across the full surface of the copper to evenly heat it. It's important that you distribute the heat evenly, so no areas of the copper are annealed faster than any others. As you heat the surface of the copper, you'll notice that red and orange colors swirl across the metal's surface.\\nHave a dry chemical fire extinguisher in close proximity whenever you use an open flame. If any of the materials in your garage or metalworking lab catch on fire, spray them with the fire extinguisher immediately.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Spend extra time annealing thicker or heavier pieces of copper.\", \"描述\": \"The annealing process can work to soften any piece of copper, regardless of its thickness or size. However, the amount time that you'll need to heat the copper for will increase proportionately with the thickness of the copper.\\nFor example, you may only need to heat a thin jewelry-grade piece of copper for 20 seconds to anneal it. For a heavy copper pipe or ⁄2 in (1.3 cm) thick chunk of copper, you'll need to anneal for at least 2–3 minutes.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Keep the flame focused on the copper until it turns red.\", \"描述\": \"As you continue to heat the surface of the copper with your acetylene torch, it will turn black. Don't worry that you're burning the copper yet; it must turn black before it turns red. Continue moving the torch over the surface of the copper until the black color turns into a bright, glowing red. At this point, the copper is annealed.\\nRegardless of the size or thickness of the copper you're annealing, it will be fully annealed once it's glowing red.\\nCopper that is glowing cherry red is at the correct temperature for annealing purposes.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Cooling and Drying the Copper\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Turn the torch valves back to their closed position.\", \"描述\": \"Once the copper is annealed, you don't have any more need for the flame. Turn the acetylene valve counterclockwise to shut off the flow of gas. Then turn the oxygen valve back to its closed position as well. Turning the valves back to their closed positions will ensure that the flame is extinguished. At this point, you can remove your safety goggles.\\nClosing the acetylene valve first and the oxygen valve second will clear the torch of any acetylene.\\nEven when you're turning off the acetylene torch, be careful not to point it at any other people in your workspace.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Pick up the annealed copper with a pair of pliers.\", \"描述\": \"At this point, the copper will be incredibly hot, so you obviously cannot pick it up with your bare hands. So, slip 1 of the jaws of a pair of pliers under the edge of the copper bar or pipe, squeeze the pliers tightly shut, and pick up the annealed copper. If you don't already have a pair of pliers, purchase a pair at a local hardware store.\\nYou don't need to wear gloves at this point (or at any other point during the annealing process), since you'll never touch the metal directly until it's cool.\\nIn a pinch, you could use a pair of ordinary tweezers to pick up the superheated copper. Just be careful not to drop it!\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Deposit the annealed copper into a metal bucket of water.\", \"描述\": \"This will cause the red-hot copper to immediately lose heat and cool off. Keep an eye on the copper so you can gauge its temperature. Once the metal returns to its original reddish-brown color, use the pliers to remove the copper from the metal bucket.\\nThe cooling process should take less than 5 minutes. Once this time has passed, the copper is now annealed and will be soft and malleable for working.\\nIt's important that you use a metal bucket to cool the heated metal, since it could potentially melt through a plastic bucket.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Unlike many other metals, copper becomes more stiff and inflexible the more it's bent and handled. After enough handling, the copper becomes so hard that it can no longer be bent, even with pliers and a hammer. Annealing is necessary to soften up the copper and works by breaking apart the rigid chemical bonds that form when the copper is bent and twisted.[15]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"If you're heating a very thin piece of copper, you could use an ordinary propane torch instead of the more heavy-duty acetylene torch.\\n\", \"Annealed copper can also be air-cooled instead of cooled by water. But, if you let the copper cool in the air, it will not be as soft and malleable after it has been annealed.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"If you don't anneal the copper you're working with when it begins to become brittle, you'll risk fracturing or breaking the copper.[16]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,702 | How to Annotate | 1. Highlighting Important Information
1-1. Read the assignment carefully to identify priorities.
If you annotate everything you read, your annotations won’t really help you find what you need when the time comes. Before you start reading, decide what you are looking for. If you are in secondary school, you may want to ask your teacher for a list of suggested annotations.
Clearly annotate the thesis and key parts of the argument in an essay. Underline evidence that you find questionable. This will be useful if you want to argue that the author’s thesis is wrong.
Annotations on works of literature usually identify plot, character, and theme. However, they can also include setting, vocabulary and figurative language.
If you are reading for pleasure, highlight points that you found very interesting and that you might want to go back to. Consider, for example, annotating quotes that you really like and might want to use later. In addition, if you run across a big idea that changes the way you think, highlight it so that you can return to it.
1-2. Read closely
Successful annotation is only possible if you are always reading actively, meaning you’re thinking about the information and processing it. Consider reading shorter works multiple times and circling things you had trouble understanding the first time.
Slow down. Read aloud verbally or in your mind. Don't skim through the text.
You can also underline key terms or put brackets around longer phrases.
1-3. Highlight the theme or thesis.
No matter what your assignment is, you will need to understand the big idea of the text. Any part of the book that seems to speak to a major idea, should be clearly marked. Consider drawing a big asterisk in the margins so that you can easily find these elements later.
In an essay, the thesis is typically in the first paragraph, but not always. It summarizes the main point or idea of the essay.
The theme won't be a sentence. Instead, look for the repetition of certain ideas or significant passages (usually during the climax of the story).
1-4. Keep writing utensils on you at all times.
If you miss something important it can be very difficult to go back and find it. Yellow highlighter is the best way to mark text without making it hard to read. Pencil is easy to erase if you want to correct something or return the book to pristine condition after you finish.
Pens aren’t great since you can't erase it if you make a mistake. It may also take away from the sell-back value if this is a textbook.
If you choose to use a pen, consider blue. It will stand out from the black text of the book, but it won't detract from it, like hot pink or purple might.
If you can’t stand to write directly into your book, use Post-It notes instead.
1-5. Highlight important passages.
Taking a yellow highlighter to important parts of the reading is the best way to mark relevant sections without making it harder to read. Consider using different highlighter colors for different parts of the text. For example, you can use yellow for longer passages, and pink for important key terms.
Most e-book readers will allow you to highlight passages. Some will even allow you to use multiple colors when highlighting the text.
If you don't have a highlighter, put brackets around the passage instead. You can do this with a pencil or a colored ballpoint pen (i.e.: pink, purple, blue, red, etc).
If you're a visual learner, you can also artistically annotate important passages by drawing them and then writing an explanation of what your drawing is.
Stick to highlighting super important information. If your entire text is covered in highlighter, you won’t be able to figure out what’s actually important.
1-6. Use different techniques to identify characters or literary tropes.
Use circles, boxes, multiple colors, and so on. The more techniques you use to annotate the text, the easier it will be to find specific types of information. You can, for example, circle vocabulary you have trouble with so you can easily skim through and find vocabulary later. How you use each type of annotation will depend upon what you need to look for in the text.
For example, you may want to circle new vocabulary, box figurative language, underline thematic statements, and place parentheses around descriptions of settings.
You can use different color highlighters to identify text relevant to character, theme, or setting. You can also use different color highlighters to identify important statements about different characters.
You can create different symbols to make it easier to identify relevant pages. For example, an asterisk in the margins or top of the page could identify pages with major parts of the argument. You can use arrows to point to quotes that you know you will use during the essay.
1-7. Create a legend for your annotations.
Make a list that explains what each type of annotation you use means. If you are using a print out, write the key on a blank piece of paper attached to the printout. The front or last page of a book can also be a great place to write out your index.
For an e-reader, write a note at the beginning of the text.
Be as consistent as you can with your symbols so you understand what you were trying to say.
2. Taking Notes
2-1. Write out your own original ideas in the margins.
When you find a passage that may apply to your assignment, create brackets around the text. Then, record significant observations or ideas in the margins. Be prepared to explain how the passage or quote relates back to your argument or thesis for the assignment.
A common mistake with annotations is to underline too much and take too few notes. Your notes will help you to make important connections that you can refer to later. Otherwise, you might forget what it was that you found to be important about the underlined section.
2-2. Make predictions as you read.
Write down predictions so that you can return to the text later and remember where you think the text was going. This can be a good way to think about how the story or argument evolves and to pick out any curve balls the author might have thrown.
You won't always have to do this, especially if it is an essay.
Consider making your predictions on Post-it notes or on a separate sheet of paper. This will free up your margins for more important information.
2-3. Keep an index of key information.
Write down page numbers and a short description for the most important parts of the book. Try to group these comments by relevant subject, like theme, character change and repetitive figurative language on your additional note pages. For a book, consider putting the index on the front page. Otherwise, write them on a separate page, or in a word file.
Keep a list of themes and important figurative elements. This is especially important if you are going to be asked to do a literary analysis or write an essay. You can write these on a separate piece of paper, or on a blank page in the front of the book.
While you're reading the text, keep track of moments when major characters change or evolve.
List comments and page numbers under each theme. The more detailed you are, the easier it will be to write a paper and provide evidence.
2-4. Summarize the important points of each chapter.
This will make it easier to go back and find relevant material; plus, it will force you to digest what you read. Consider writing your own title for the chapter to help you think about the theme and major events of each chapter.
In a book, you can write this in the space between chapters. For e-books, write notes at the end of the text in the chapter. You can also write comments on a separate piece of paper or in a word file.
You can also make a list of reflective questions to ask yourself at the end of every chapter so it's easier to summarize them.
3. Using Annotations to Understand a Tough Text
3-1. Write down questions that you have.
When you hit parts of the book that you have trouble understanding or that you think require deeper analysis, write questions in the margins. Return to these after you finish the book to see if you can answer them. Questioning the text is a good way to produce original opinions about it.
Write these in the margins in pencil or on a separate sheet of paper.
When you get the answer, go back and write it under the question. If it's too long, write the page or paragraph number that the answer can be found on.
3-2. Write definitions.
When you encounter a word that you’re having trouble with, circle it. Look it up when you can and write the definition next to it.
If there is enough space, you can write the definition under the passage. For example, text books often have several line breaks between paragraphs. Take advantage of these.
Take note of any key terms as well. Mark these in the passage so that you can see how they are used.
3-3. Record new vocabulary words
Create a list of words that you circled, then go back and study it before you re-read the chapter. This will make it easier to understand the passage the second time so you don’t have to spend as long on it.
You can write these directly next to the words as they appear, or you can keep a list on a separate piece of paper to look back on later.
3-4. Number important steps in plot development or argument.
When you are trying to understand a process or a plot line, write down numbers on the margins. Number each step in the process as you encounter it. Then, when you go back, you can quickly identify how something happened.
If, for example, you are reading a book on chemistry, you could number each step necessary to produce a chemical reaction.
4. Annotating Digital Text
4-1. Highlight and write directly onto a PDF.
If you’re reading text through a PDF, you may be able to highlight, edit, and take notes directly onto the article itself. Head up to the settings and options buttons in the top right hand corner of the screen, then click on the option you’d like to choose.
If you’re using a tablet, you can write on the margins of the PDF with a stylus to take notes.
4-2. Download a browser extension to annotate texts online.
If you read a lot of tough to understand text on the internet, you can download an extension that lets you highlight and jot down notes directly onto the page. Most extensions also let you bookmark your pages easily so you can come back to your notes anytime you need them.
Diigo, A.nnotate, and Kindle for PC are a few popular browser extensions for annotation.
You should note that these browser extensions will often not let you annotate PDFs or word files—they’re for web pages only.
4-3. Annotate directly onto a Zoom meeting.
Sometimes it’s helpful to take notes during a meeting or a lecture, and you might want to keep your notes with the topic at hand. If you’re using Zoom, open up the Settings tab and head to Account Management → Account Settings. Click on the Meetings button, then scroll down to “Annotation” and make sure the toggle is switched to the “on” position.
Once your annotations are turned on, you can use a pen tool, highlight tool, and even share your screen with others so they can see your notes.
You can also annotate on the Zoom app if you’re using a mobile device.
Tips
When annotating a book, add your opinion and what you feel about a particular sentence.
Remember to erase pencil notations before returning the book to a library or school classroom.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:56",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Highlighting Important Information\\n1-1. Read the assignment carefully to identify priorities.\\nIf you annotate everything you read, your annotations won’t really help you find what you need when the time comes. Before you start reading, decide what you are looking for. If you are in secondary school, you may want to ask your teacher for a list of suggested annotations.\\nClearly annotate the thesis and key parts of the argument in an essay. Underline evidence that you find questionable. This will be useful if you want to argue that the author’s thesis is wrong.\\nAnnotations on works of literature usually identify plot, character, and theme. However, they can also include setting, vocabulary and figurative language.\\nIf you are reading for pleasure, highlight points that you found very interesting and that you might want to go back to. Consider, for example, annotating quotes that you really like and might want to use later. In addition, if you run across a big idea that changes the way you think, highlight it so that you can return to it.\\n1-2. Read closely\\nSuccessful annotation is only possible if you are always reading actively, meaning you’re thinking about the information and processing it. Consider reading shorter works multiple times and circling things you had trouble understanding the first time.\\nSlow down. Read aloud verbally or in your mind. Don't skim through the text.\\nYou can also underline key terms or put brackets around longer phrases.\\n1-3. Highlight the theme or thesis.\\nNo matter what your assignment is, you will need to understand the big idea of the text. Any part of the book that seems to speak to a major idea, should be clearly marked. Consider drawing a big asterisk in the margins so that you can easily find these elements later.\\nIn an essay, the thesis is typically in the first paragraph, but not always. It summarizes the main point or idea of the essay.\\nThe theme won't be a sentence. Instead, look for the repetition of certain ideas or significant passages (usually during the climax of the story).\\n1-4. Keep writing utensils on you at all times.\\nIf you miss something important it can be very difficult to go back and find it. Yellow highlighter is the best way to mark text without making it hard to read. Pencil is easy to erase if you want to correct something or return the book to pristine condition after you finish. \\nPens aren’t great since you can't erase it if you make a mistake. It may also take away from the sell-back value if this is a textbook.\\nIf you choose to use a pen, consider blue. It will stand out from the black text of the book, but it won't detract from it, like hot pink or purple might.\\nIf you can’t stand to write directly into your book, use Post-It notes instead.\\n1-5. Highlight important passages.\\nTaking a yellow highlighter to important parts of the reading is the best way to mark relevant sections without making it harder to read. Consider using different highlighter colors for different parts of the text. For example, you can use yellow for longer passages, and pink for important key terms.\\nMost e-book readers will allow you to highlight passages. Some will even allow you to use multiple colors when highlighting the text.\\nIf you don't have a highlighter, put brackets around the passage instead. You can do this with a pencil or a colored ballpoint pen (i.e.: pink, purple, blue, red, etc).\\nIf you're a visual learner, you can also artistically annotate important passages by drawing them and then writing an explanation of what your drawing is.\\nStick to highlighting super important information. If your entire text is covered in highlighter, you won’t be able to figure out what’s actually important.\\n1-6. Use different techniques to identify characters or literary tropes.\\nUse circles, boxes, multiple colors, and so on. The more techniques you use to annotate the text, the easier it will be to find specific types of information. You can, for example, circle vocabulary you have trouble with so you can easily skim through and find vocabulary later. How you use each type of annotation will depend upon what you need to look for in the text.\\nFor example, you may want to circle new vocabulary, box figurative language, underline thematic statements, and place parentheses around descriptions of settings.\\nYou can use different color highlighters to identify text relevant to character, theme, or setting. You can also use different color highlighters to identify important statements about different characters.\\nYou can create different symbols to make it easier to identify relevant pages. For example, an asterisk in the margins or top of the page could identify pages with major parts of the argument. You can use arrows to point to quotes that you know you will use during the essay.\\n1-7. Create a legend for your annotations.\\nMake a list that explains what each type of annotation you use means. If you are using a print out, write the key on a blank piece of paper attached to the printout. The front or last page of a book can also be a great place to write out your index.\\nFor an e-reader, write a note at the beginning of the text.\\nBe as consistent as you can with your symbols so you understand what you were trying to say.\\n2. Taking Notes\\n2-1. Write out your own original ideas in the margins.\\nWhen you find a passage that may apply to your assignment, create brackets around the text. Then, record significant observations or ideas in the margins. Be prepared to explain how the passage or quote relates back to your argument or thesis for the assignment.\\nA common mistake with annotations is to underline too much and take too few notes. Your notes will help you to make important connections that you can refer to later. Otherwise, you might forget what it was that you found to be important about the underlined section.\\n2-2. Make predictions as you read.\\nWrite down predictions so that you can return to the text later and remember where you think the text was going. This can be a good way to think about how the story or argument evolves and to pick out any curve balls the author might have thrown.\\nYou won't always have to do this, especially if it is an essay.\\nConsider making your predictions on Post-it notes or on a separate sheet of paper. This will free up your margins for more important information.\\n2-3. Keep an index of key information.\\nWrite down page numbers and a short description for the most important parts of the book. Try to group these comments by relevant subject, like theme, character change and repetitive figurative language on your additional note pages. For a book, consider putting the index on the front page. Otherwise, write them on a separate page, or in a word file.\\nKeep a list of themes and important figurative elements. This is especially important if you are going to be asked to do a literary analysis or write an essay. You can write these on a separate piece of paper, or on a blank page in the front of the book.\\nWhile you're reading the text, keep track of moments when major characters change or evolve.\\nList comments and page numbers under each theme. The more detailed you are, the easier it will be to write a paper and provide evidence.\\n2-4. Summarize the important points of each chapter.\\nThis will make it easier to go back and find relevant material; plus, it will force you to digest what you read. Consider writing your own title for the chapter to help you think about the theme and major events of each chapter.\\nIn a book, you can write this in the space between chapters. For e-books, write notes at the end of the text in the chapter. You can also write comments on a separate piece of paper or in a word file.\\nYou can also make a list of reflective questions to ask yourself at the end of every chapter so it's easier to summarize them.\\n3. Using Annotations to Understand a Tough Text\\n3-1. Write down questions that you have.\\nWhen you hit parts of the book that you have trouble understanding or that you think require deeper analysis, write questions in the margins. Return to these after you finish the book to see if you can answer them. Questioning the text is a good way to produce original opinions about it.\\nWrite these in the margins in pencil or on a separate sheet of paper.\\nWhen you get the answer, go back and write it under the question. If it's too long, write the page or paragraph number that the answer can be found on.\\n3-2. Write definitions.\\nWhen you encounter a word that you’re having trouble with, circle it. Look it up when you can and write the definition next to it.\\nIf there is enough space, you can write the definition under the passage. For example, text books often have several line breaks between paragraphs. Take advantage of these.\\nTake note of any key terms as well. Mark these in the passage so that you can see how they are used.\\n3-3. Record new vocabulary words\\nCreate a list of words that you circled, then go back and study it before you re-read the chapter. This will make it easier to understand the passage the second time so you don’t have to spend as long on it.\\nYou can write these directly next to the words as they appear, or you can keep a list on a separate piece of paper to look back on later.\\n3-4. Number important steps in plot development or argument.\\nWhen you are trying to understand a process or a plot line, write down numbers on the margins. Number each step in the process as you encounter it. Then, when you go back, you can quickly identify how something happened.\\nIf, for example, you are reading a book on chemistry, you could number each step necessary to produce a chemical reaction.\\n4. Annotating Digital Text\\n4-1. Highlight and write directly onto a PDF.\\nIf you’re reading text through a PDF, you may be able to highlight, edit, and take notes directly onto the article itself. Head up to the settings and options buttons in the top right hand corner of the screen, then click on the option you’d like to choose.\\nIf you’re using a tablet, you can write on the margins of the PDF with a stylus to take notes.\\n4-2. Download a browser extension to annotate texts online.\\nIf you read a lot of tough to understand text on the internet, you can download an extension that lets you highlight and jot down notes directly onto the page. Most extensions also let you bookmark your pages easily so you can come back to your notes anytime you need them.\\nDiigo, A.nnotate, and Kindle for PC are a few popular browser extensions for annotation.\\nYou should note that these browser extensions will often not let you annotate PDFs or word files—they’re for web pages only.\\n4-3. Annotate directly onto a Zoom meeting.\\nSometimes it’s helpful to take notes during a meeting or a lecture, and you might want to keep your notes with the topic at hand. If you’re using Zoom, open up the Settings tab and head to Account Management → Account Settings. Click on the Meetings button, then scroll down to “Annotation” and make sure the toggle is switched to the “on” position.\\nOnce your annotations are turned on, you can use a pen tool, highlight tool, and even share your screen with others so they can see your notes.\\nYou can also annotate on the Zoom app if you’re using a mobile device.\\nTips\\nWhen annotating a book, add your opinion and what you feel about a particular sentence.\\nRemember to erase pencil notations before returning the book to a library or school classroom.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Slogging through a tough text is hard, and it can be even harder if you aren’t retaining the information. Annotating text is a purposeful note taking system that encourages close reading and literary analysis. When you go back to review a book or article, your annotations should help you find important information and jog your memory about relevant information. Your annotation system can be highly personalized, but you should establish your method before you start to read to make it easier on yourself.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Highlighting Important Information\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Read the assignment carefully to identify priorities.\", \"描述\": \"If you annotate everything you read, your annotations won’t really help you find what you need when the time comes. Before you start reading, decide what you are looking for. If you are in secondary school, you may want to ask your teacher for a list of suggested annotations.\\nClearly annotate the thesis and key parts of the argument in an essay. Underline evidence that you find questionable. This will be useful if you want to argue that the author’s thesis is wrong.\\nAnnotations on works of literature usually identify plot, character, and theme. However, they can also include setting, vocabulary and figurative language.\\nIf you are reading for pleasure, highlight points that you found very interesting and that you might want to go back to. Consider, for example, annotating quotes that you really like and might want to use later. In addition, if you run across a big idea that changes the way you think, highlight it so that you can return to it.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Read closely\", \"描述\": \"Successful annotation is only possible if you are always reading actively, meaning you’re thinking about the information and processing it. Consider reading shorter works multiple times and circling things you had trouble understanding the first time.\\nSlow down. Read aloud verbally or in your mind. Don't skim through the text.\\nYou can also underline key terms or put brackets around longer phrases.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Highlight the theme or thesis.\", \"描述\": \"No matter what your assignment is, you will need to understand the big idea of the text. Any part of the book that seems to speak to a major idea, should be clearly marked. Consider drawing a big asterisk in the margins so that you can easily find these elements later.\\nIn an essay, the thesis is typically in the first paragraph, but not always. It summarizes the main point or idea of the essay.\\nThe theme won't be a sentence. Instead, look for the repetition of certain ideas or significant passages (usually during the climax of the story).\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Keep writing utensils on you at all times.\", \"描述\": \"If you miss something important it can be very difficult to go back and find it. Yellow highlighter is the best way to mark text without making it hard to read. Pencil is easy to erase if you want to correct something or return the book to pristine condition after you finish. \\nPens aren’t great since you can't erase it if you make a mistake. It may also take away from the sell-back value if this is a textbook.\\nIf you choose to use a pen, consider blue. It will stand out from the black text of the book, but it won't detract from it, like hot pink or purple might.\\nIf you can’t stand to write directly into your book, use Post-It notes instead.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Highlight important passages.\", \"描述\": \"Taking a yellow highlighter to important parts of the reading is the best way to mark relevant sections without making it harder to read. Consider using different highlighter colors for different parts of the text. For example, you can use yellow for longer passages, and pink for important key terms.\\nMost e-book readers will allow you to highlight passages. Some will even allow you to use multiple colors when highlighting the text.\\nIf you don't have a highlighter, put brackets around the passage instead. You can do this with a pencil or a colored ballpoint pen (i.e.: pink, purple, blue, red, etc).\\nIf you're a visual learner, you can also artistically annotate important passages by drawing them and then writing an explanation of what your drawing is.\\nStick to highlighting super important information. If your entire text is covered in highlighter, you won’t be able to figure out what’s actually important.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Use different techniques to identify characters or literary tropes.\", \"描述\": \"Use circles, boxes, multiple colors, and so on. The more techniques you use to annotate the text, the easier it will be to find specific types of information. You can, for example, circle vocabulary you have trouble with so you can easily skim through and find vocabulary later. How you use each type of annotation will depend upon what you need to look for in the text.\\nFor example, you may want to circle new vocabulary, box figurative language, underline thematic statements, and place parentheses around descriptions of settings.\\nYou can use different color highlighters to identify text relevant to character, theme, or setting. You can also use different color highlighters to identify important statements about different characters.\\nYou can create different symbols to make it easier to identify relevant pages. For example, an asterisk in the margins or top of the page could identify pages with major parts of the argument. You can use arrows to point to quotes that you know you will use during the essay.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Create a legend for your annotations.\", \"描述\": \"Make a list that explains what each type of annotation you use means. If you are using a print out, write the key on a blank piece of paper attached to the printout. The front or last page of a book can also be a great place to write out your index.\\nFor an e-reader, write a note at the beginning of the text.\\nBe as consistent as you can with your symbols so you understand what you were trying to say.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Taking Notes\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Write out your own original ideas in the margins.\", \"描述\": \"When you find a passage that may apply to your assignment, create brackets around the text. Then, record significant observations or ideas in the margins. Be prepared to explain how the passage or quote relates back to your argument or thesis for the assignment.\\nA common mistake with annotations is to underline too much and take too few notes. Your notes will help you to make important connections that you can refer to later. Otherwise, you might forget what it was that you found to be important about the underlined section.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Make predictions as you read.\", \"描述\": \"Write down predictions so that you can return to the text later and remember where you think the text was going. This can be a good way to think about how the story or argument evolves and to pick out any curve balls the author might have thrown.\\nYou won't always have to do this, especially if it is an essay.\\nConsider making your predictions on Post-it notes or on a separate sheet of paper. This will free up your margins for more important information.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Keep an index of key information.\", \"描述\": \"Write down page numbers and a short description for the most important parts of the book. Try to group these comments by relevant subject, like theme, character change and repetitive figurative language on your additional note pages. For a book, consider putting the index on the front page. Otherwise, write them on a separate page, or in a word file.\\nKeep a list of themes and important figurative elements. This is especially important if you are going to be asked to do a literary analysis or write an essay. You can write these on a separate piece of paper, or on a blank page in the front of the book.\\nWhile you're reading the text, keep track of moments when major characters change or evolve.\\nList comments and page numbers under each theme. The more detailed you are, the easier it will be to write a paper and provide evidence.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Summarize the important points of each chapter.\", \"描述\": \"This will make it easier to go back and find relevant material; plus, it will force you to digest what you read. Consider writing your own title for the chapter to help you think about the theme and major events of each chapter.\\nIn a book, you can write this in the space between chapters. For e-books, write notes at the end of the text in the chapter. You can also write comments on a separate piece of paper or in a word file.\\nYou can also make a list of reflective questions to ask yourself at the end of every chapter so it's easier to summarize them.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Using Annotations to Understand a Tough Text\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Write down questions that you have.\", \"描述\": \"When you hit parts of the book that you have trouble understanding or that you think require deeper analysis, write questions in the margins. Return to these after you finish the book to see if you can answer them. Questioning the text is a good way to produce original opinions about it.\\nWrite these in the margins in pencil or on a separate sheet of paper.\\nWhen you get the answer, go back and write it under the question. If it's too long, write the page or paragraph number that the answer can be found on.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Write definitions.\", \"描述\": \"When you encounter a word that you’re having trouble with, circle it. Look it up when you can and write the definition next to it.\\nIf there is enough space, you can write the definition under the passage. For example, text books often have several line breaks between paragraphs. Take advantage of these.\\nTake note of any key terms as well. Mark these in the passage so that you can see how they are used.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Record new vocabulary words\", \"描述\": \"Create a list of words that you circled, then go back and study it before you re-read the chapter. This will make it easier to understand the passage the second time so you don’t have to spend as long on it.\\nYou can write these directly next to the words as they appear, or you can keep a list on a separate piece of paper to look back on later.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Number important steps in plot development or argument.\", \"描述\": \"When you are trying to understand a process or a plot line, write down numbers on the margins. Number each step in the process as you encounter it. Then, when you go back, you can quickly identify how something happened.\\nIf, for example, you are reading a book on chemistry, you could number each step necessary to produce a chemical reaction.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Annotating Digital Text\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Highlight and write directly onto a PDF.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re reading text through a PDF, you may be able to highlight, edit, and take notes directly onto the article itself. Head up to the settings and options buttons in the top right hand corner of the screen, then click on the option you’d like to choose.\\nIf you’re using a tablet, you can write on the margins of the PDF with a stylus to take notes.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Download a browser extension to annotate texts online.\", \"描述\": \"If you read a lot of tough to understand text on the internet, you can download an extension that lets you highlight and jot down notes directly onto the page. Most extensions also let you bookmark your pages easily so you can come back to your notes anytime you need them.\\nDiigo, A.nnotate, and Kindle for PC are a few popular browser extensions for annotation.\\nYou should note that these browser extensions will often not let you annotate PDFs or word files—they’re for web pages only.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Annotate directly onto a Zoom meeting.\", \"描述\": \"Sometimes it’s helpful to take notes during a meeting or a lecture, and you might want to keep your notes with the topic at hand. If you’re using Zoom, open up the Settings tab and head to Account Management → Account Settings. Click on the Meetings button, then scroll down to “Annotation” and make sure the toggle is switched to the “on” position.\\nOnce your annotations are turned on, you can use a pen tool, highlight tool, and even share your screen with others so they can see your notes.\\nYou can also annotate on the Zoom app if you’re using a mobile device.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"When annotating a book, add your opinion and what you feel about a particular sentence.\\n\", \"Remember to erase pencil notations before returning the book to a library or school classroom.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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1,703 | How to Annotate Art | 1. Describing a Work’s Formal Elements
1-1. Make notes about the use of line.
Line is one of the most foundational elements, so a reflection on it is a great place to start. You could consider things like:
What kind of marking techniques were used? For example, are the lines smooth, or scratchy?
Are there a range of thick and thin lines, or are they generally the same thickness?
Do the lines recall another artist’s style?
1-2. Jot down your thoughts on the use of tone.
When annotating art, “tone” refers to the piece’s use of lights, darks, and shading. As you observe the piece you are working with, notice the way it creates highlights, dark areas, and shades in between.
Is the piece predominantly light, dark, or somewhere in the middle?
Are there any highlights or dark areas that serve as a focal point in the work?
Are there gentle gradients of tone, or sharp shifts from light to dark?
1-3. Describe the forms used in the work.
You can look to see if there are any regular forms in the work, like squares or triangles. Make note whether these are pure geometric forms, or only suggestions of them (like a house may suggest a square shape). A work might also contain organic (freeform) shapes. If so describe them as best you can, asking questions like:
Are the forms rounded or angular?
Are they solid or broken up?
Are the forms flat, or do they have depth?
1-4. List the colors used.
Examine the full range of colors used in the artwork. Try to categorize them. For instance, are they mostly primary colors (red, yellow, blue), or a set of complementary colors (like red and green, or blue and orange)? You can also ask:
Is the piece is monochromatic (only uses one color, in various shades)?
Are warm colors (yellow, orange, and red) or cool colors (blue, green, purple) prominent?
Does the work make use of earth tones?
1-5. Describe the textures you see.
Artworks have real textures, or the way the work itself feels, such as the smoothness of a polished stone sculpture or the roughness of an oil painting. A work can also have represented textures (for instance, the way a painting might depict the softness of fabric). Either way, describe them:
Are they smooth, rough, or both?
Do the textures recall natural or manmade objects?
Are the textures related to the subject matter in any way?
1-6. Look for a pattern within the work.
Pattern could mean a repeated arrangement of colors, shapes, lines, textures or other elements. If there is a pattern, it might be obvious, as in a floral print or checkerboard. The pattern might also be more subtle, like the way a piece could alternate between areas of red and areas of blue.
1-7. Describe the overall composition.
How are the elements in the image or work arranged? Is the work more or less “flat,” or do you see a foreground, middleground, and background? Are objects in the image close together, or far apart? Is the work balanced, or are important elements mostly to one side or the other?
1-8. Put your thoughts together.
Whether you are annotating your own work or a piece by another artist, you'll want to write something about the formal elements of the work. Once you have gathered your thoughts on line, form, pattern, and the other elements, put together a solid paragraph or two discussing how these are used in the artwork.
2. Analyzing Your Creative Process
2-1. Summarize what you have made.
No annotation to your artwork would be complete without a reflection on what you have created. Start by writing a brief description of the piece itself, including its medium, basic subject matter, and style.
For instance, you might write “My piece title Constellation #3 is an oil painting on masonite board, with embedded nails. It depicts an angel in a night sky. I rendered the work using a rough impasto painting technique and a cool color palette.”
2-2. Tell the story of your artistic process.
For annotations, how you made the work matters as much as what you made. Spend some time describing the process you used, step by step. This can be a simple narrative of the work’s development:
”I started by laying black gesso over the masonite panel. I drove nails through the panel at random intervals to create texture. I then blocked out the subject’s basic form using a light wash of thinned paint. Finally, I built up the subject’s form through successive layers of thick paint.”
2-3. Mention any sources of inspiration.
In creating your work, you might have had other artworks or artists in mind. Or, you might have been responding to something from culture, like a movie, historical event, or performance. Make sure to give a brief statement that explains how you incorporated these points of reference.
You can also mention if the piece is related to other artworks you’ve made. For instance, you might have been working on a series of paintings depicting night sky scenes.
2-4. Acknowledge what you learned from making the piece.
Annotations are often used as part of art education. Even if you are writing them for yourself, taking a moment to think about what you learned from the piece can help you become more self aware as an artist.
For instance, perhaps you learned intricate details about how oil paint of various thicknesses dries at different rates.
2-5. Evaluate your work.
Being able to honestly and accurately critique your own work is as valuable as evaluating the work of others. When annotating your artwork, you can ask yourself a couple simple questions:
What have I done well in this work? Try to list a few specific points.
What could I improve if I did the work over again? Here too, list some specifics.
2-6. Write it all out.
After you've thought about how you developed your work, your sources of inspiration, and what you learned form the piece, devote another couple of paragraphs in your annotation to these reflections. For instance, you can have one paragraph that describes your process and inspiration, and another that evaluates your work and discusses what you learned or how you would create the piece differently if you were to do it over again.
If you are writing about your own work, you can stop here.
Make sure to proofread your annotation carefully, correcting any spelling or grammar mistakes, and polishing the style of your sentences to make sure they are clear and flow well.
3. Annotating Another Artist’s Work
3-1. Give some background information.
When annotating other artists’ work, you’ll want to consider its context. What is the work’s title? Who created it? What do you know about the artist’s biography, or the history of this work?
3-2. Describe the work.
Draw on your knowledge of the elements of art to write an account of the work itself. Describe its medium and overall composition as well as things like its use of color, line, texture, and form.
3-3. State the artwork's meaning in your own words.
What is the subject or theme of the work? Is if focused on the depiction of an object or individual? Does a tell a story? Or is the work more abstract? Consider for a moment what the artist seems to be saying in the work, and summarize it as a message.
You could also mention here whether the work seems to relate to something from culture or history, or to reference other artworks.
3-4. Evaluate the artwork.
Mention which aspects of the work seem to be most successful. Then, ask yourself what you would have done differently had you created the work. You can also mention what you would ask the artist about the work, if you were able to.
3-5. Write your thoughts out.
If you are annotating the work of another artist, instead of reflecting on your own creative process, you'll devote a couple of paragraphs to an analysis of the piece you're studying. For instance, you could begin with a paragraph that describes the artist's background, and the work itself. You could then follow with a paragraph that gives your interpretation of the work's meaning, and evaluates its strengths and how you might have approached the work differently.
After you have the annotations written out, make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar. Polish your sentences stylistically as well so that your writing sounds clear and lively.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:57",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Describing a Work’s Formal Elements\\n1-1. Make notes about the use of line.\\nLine is one of the most foundational elements, so a reflection on it is a great place to start. You could consider things like:\\nWhat kind of marking techniques were used? For example, are the lines smooth, or scratchy?\\nAre there a range of thick and thin lines, or are they generally the same thickness?\\nDo the lines recall another artist’s style?\\n1-2. Jot down your thoughts on the use of tone.\\nWhen annotating art, “tone” refers to the piece’s use of lights, darks, and shading. As you observe the piece you are working with, notice the way it creates highlights, dark areas, and shades in between.\\nIs the piece predominantly light, dark, or somewhere in the middle?\\nAre there any highlights or dark areas that serve as a focal point in the work?\\nAre there gentle gradients of tone, or sharp shifts from light to dark?\\n1-3. Describe the forms used in the work.\\nYou can look to see if there are any regular forms in the work, like squares or triangles. Make note whether these are pure geometric forms, or only suggestions of them (like a house may suggest a square shape). A work might also contain organic (freeform) shapes. If so describe them as best you can, asking questions like:\\nAre the forms rounded or angular?\\nAre they solid or broken up?\\nAre the forms flat, or do they have depth?\\n1-4. List the colors used.\\nExamine the full range of colors used in the artwork. Try to categorize them. For instance, are they mostly primary colors (red, yellow, blue), or a set of complementary colors (like red and green, or blue and orange)? You can also ask:\\nIs the piece is monochromatic (only uses one color, in various shades)?\\nAre warm colors (yellow, orange, and red) or cool colors (blue, green, purple) prominent?\\nDoes the work make use of earth tones?\\n1-5. Describe the textures you see.\\nArtworks have real textures, or the way the work itself feels, such as the smoothness of a polished stone sculpture or the roughness of an oil painting. A work can also have represented textures (for instance, the way a painting might depict the softness of fabric). Either way, describe them:\\nAre they smooth, rough, or both?\\nDo the textures recall natural or manmade objects?\\nAre the textures related to the subject matter in any way?\\n1-6. Look for a pattern within the work.\\nPattern could mean a repeated arrangement of colors, shapes, lines, textures or other elements. If there is a pattern, it might be obvious, as in a floral print or checkerboard. The pattern might also be more subtle, like the way a piece could alternate between areas of red and areas of blue.\\n1-7. Describe the overall composition.\\nHow are the elements in the image or work arranged? Is the work more or less “flat,” or do you see a foreground, middleground, and background? Are objects in the image close together, or far apart? Is the work balanced, or are important elements mostly to one side or the other?\\n1-8. Put your thoughts together.\\nWhether you are annotating your own work or a piece by another artist, you'll want to write something about the formal elements of the work. Once you have gathered your thoughts on line, form, pattern, and the other elements, put together a solid paragraph or two discussing how these are used in the artwork.\\n2. Analyzing Your Creative Process\\n2-1. Summarize what you have made.\\nNo annotation to your artwork would be complete without a reflection on what you have created. Start by writing a brief description of the piece itself, including its medium, basic subject matter, and style.\\nFor instance, you might write “My piece title Constellation #3 is an oil painting on masonite board, with embedded nails. It depicts an angel in a night sky. I rendered the work using a rough impasto painting technique and a cool color palette.”\\n2-2. Tell the story of your artistic process.\\nFor annotations, how you made the work matters as much as what you made. Spend some time describing the process you used, step by step. This can be a simple narrative of the work’s development:\\n”I started by laying black gesso over the masonite panel. I drove nails through the panel at random intervals to create texture. I then blocked out the subject’s basic form using a light wash of thinned paint. Finally, I built up the subject’s form through successive layers of thick paint.”\\n2-3. Mention any sources of inspiration.\\nIn creating your work, you might have had other artworks or artists in mind. Or, you might have been responding to something from culture, like a movie, historical event, or performance. Make sure to give a brief statement that explains how you incorporated these points of reference.\\nYou can also mention if the piece is related to other artworks you’ve made. For instance, you might have been working on a series of paintings depicting night sky scenes.\\n2-4. Acknowledge what you learned from making the piece.\\nAnnotations are often used as part of art education. Even if you are writing them for yourself, taking a moment to think about what you learned from the piece can help you become more self aware as an artist.\\nFor instance, perhaps you learned intricate details about how oil paint of various thicknesses dries at different rates.\\n2-5. Evaluate your work.\\nBeing able to honestly and accurately critique your own work is as valuable as evaluating the work of others. When annotating your artwork, you can ask yourself a couple simple questions:\\nWhat have I done well in this work? Try to list a few specific points.\\nWhat could I improve if I did the work over again? Here too, list some specifics.\\n2-6. Write it all out.\\nAfter you've thought about how you developed your work, your sources of inspiration, and what you learned form the piece, devote another couple of paragraphs in your annotation to these reflections. For instance, you can have one paragraph that describes your process and inspiration, and another that evaluates your work and discusses what you learned or how you would create the piece differently if you were to do it over again.\\nIf you are writing about your own work, you can stop here.\\nMake sure to proofread your annotation carefully, correcting any spelling or grammar mistakes, and polishing the style of your sentences to make sure they are clear and flow well.\\n3. Annotating Another Artist’s Work\\n3-1. Give some background information.\\nWhen annotating other artists’ work, you’ll want to consider its context. What is the work’s title? Who created it? What do you know about the artist’s biography, or the history of this work?\\n3-2. Describe the work.\\nDraw on your knowledge of the elements of art to write an account of the work itself. Describe its medium and overall composition as well as things like its use of color, line, texture, and form.\\n3-3. State the artwork's meaning in your own words.\\nWhat is the subject or theme of the work? Is if focused on the depiction of an object or individual? Does a tell a story? Or is the work more abstract? Consider for a moment what the artist seems to be saying in the work, and summarize it as a message.\\nYou could also mention here whether the work seems to relate to something from culture or history, or to reference other artworks.\\n3-4. Evaluate the artwork.\\nMention which aspects of the work seem to be most successful. Then, ask yourself what you would have done differently had you created the work. You can also mention what you would ask the artist about the work, if you were able to.\\n3-5. Write your thoughts out.\\nIf you are annotating the work of another artist, instead of reflecting on your own creative process, you'll devote a couple of paragraphs to an analysis of the piece you're studying. For instance, you could begin with a paragraph that describes the artist's background, and the work itself. You could then follow with a paragraph that gives your interpretation of the work's meaning, and evaluates its strengths and how you might have approached the work differently.\\nAfter you have the annotations written out, make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar. Polish your sentences stylistically as well so that your writing sounds clear and lively.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Art annotations for GCSE examinations or other situations might seem difficult, but the pattern for writing them is actually pretty clear. Begin by examining the formal elements of design that comprise the work. If you are annotating your own artwork, follow up with a discussion of your creative process. If you are annotating another artist’s work, spend some time discussing the context of the piece, and its subject matter or message. In either case, you’ll want to close with some evaluation of the work’s strengths and a consideration of how the piece might have been created differently.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Describing a Work’s Formal Elements\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make notes about the use of line.\", \"描述\": \"Line is one of the most foundational elements, so a reflection on it is a great place to start. You could consider things like:\\nWhat kind of marking techniques were used? For example, are the lines smooth, or scratchy?\\nAre there a range of thick and thin lines, or are they generally the same thickness?\\nDo the lines recall another artist’s style?\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Jot down your thoughts on the use of tone.\", \"描述\": \"When annotating art, “tone” refers to the piece’s use of lights, darks, and shading. As you observe the piece you are working with, notice the way it creates highlights, dark areas, and shades in between.\\nIs the piece predominantly light, dark, or somewhere in the middle?\\nAre there any highlights or dark areas that serve as a focal point in the work?\\nAre there gentle gradients of tone, or sharp shifts from light to dark?\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Describe the forms used in the work.\", \"描述\": \"You can look to see if there are any regular forms in the work, like squares or triangles. Make note whether these are pure geometric forms, or only suggestions of them (like a house may suggest a square shape). A work might also contain organic (freeform) shapes. If so describe them as best you can, asking questions like:\\nAre the forms rounded or angular?\\nAre they solid or broken up?\\nAre the forms flat, or do they have depth?\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"List the colors used.\", \"描述\": \"Examine the full range of colors used in the artwork. Try to categorize them. For instance, are they mostly primary colors (red, yellow, blue), or a set of complementary colors (like red and green, or blue and orange)? You can also ask:\\nIs the piece is monochromatic (only uses one color, in various shades)?\\nAre warm colors (yellow, orange, and red) or cool colors (blue, green, purple) prominent?\\nDoes the work make use of earth tones?\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Describe the textures you see.\", \"描述\": \"Artworks have real textures, or the way the work itself feels, such as the smoothness of a polished stone sculpture or the roughness of an oil painting. A work can also have represented textures (for instance, the way a painting might depict the softness of fabric). Either way, describe them:\\nAre they smooth, rough, or both?\\nDo the textures recall natural or manmade objects?\\nAre the textures related to the subject matter in any way?\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Look for a pattern within the work.\", \"描述\": \"Pattern could mean a repeated arrangement of colors, shapes, lines, textures or other elements. If there is a pattern, it might be obvious, as in a floral print or checkerboard. The pattern might also be more subtle, like the way a piece could alternate between areas of red and areas of blue.\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Describe the overall composition.\", \"描述\": \"How are the elements in the image or work arranged? Is the work more or less “flat,” or do you see a foreground, middleground, and background? Are objects in the image close together, or far apart? Is the work balanced, or are important elements mostly to one side or the other?\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Put your thoughts together.\", \"描述\": \"Whether you are annotating your own work or a piece by another artist, you'll want to write something about the formal elements of the work. Once you have gathered your thoughts on line, form, pattern, and the other elements, put together a solid paragraph or two discussing how these are used in the artwork.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Analyzing Your Creative Process\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Summarize what you have made.\", \"描述\": \"No annotation to your artwork would be complete without a reflection on what you have created. Start by writing a brief description of the piece itself, including its medium, basic subject matter, and style.\\nFor instance, you might write “My piece title Constellation #3 is an oil painting on masonite board, with embedded nails. It depicts an angel in a night sky. I rendered the work using a rough impasto painting technique and a cool color palette.”\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Tell the story of your artistic process.\", \"描述\": \"For annotations, how you made the work matters as much as what you made. Spend some time describing the process you used, step by step. This can be a simple narrative of the work’s development:\\n”I started by laying black gesso over the masonite panel. I drove nails through the panel at random intervals to create texture. I then blocked out the subject’s basic form using a light wash of thinned paint. Finally, I built up the subject’s form through successive layers of thick paint.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Mention any sources of inspiration.\", \"描述\": \"In creating your work, you might have had other artworks or artists in mind. Or, you might have been responding to something from culture, like a movie, historical event, or performance. Make sure to give a brief statement that explains how you incorporated these points of reference.\\nYou can also mention if the piece is related to other artworks you’ve made. For instance, you might have been working on a series of paintings depicting night sky scenes.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Acknowledge what you learned from making the piece.\", \"描述\": \"Annotations are often used as part of art education. Even if you are writing them for yourself, taking a moment to think about what you learned from the piece can help you become more self aware as an artist.\\nFor instance, perhaps you learned intricate details about how oil paint of various thicknesses dries at different rates.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Evaluate your work.\", \"描述\": \"Being able to honestly and accurately critique your own work is as valuable as evaluating the work of others. When annotating your artwork, you can ask yourself a couple simple questions:\\nWhat have I done well in this work? Try to list a few specific points.\\nWhat could I improve if I did the work over again? Here too, list some specifics.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Write it all out.\", \"描述\": \"After you've thought about how you developed your work, your sources of inspiration, and what you learned form the piece, devote another couple of paragraphs in your annotation to these reflections. For instance, you can have one paragraph that describes your process and inspiration, and another that evaluates your work and discusses what you learned or how you would create the piece differently if you were to do it over again.\\nIf you are writing about your own work, you can stop here.\\nMake sure to proofread your annotation carefully, correcting any spelling or grammar mistakes, and polishing the style of your sentences to make sure they are clear and flow well.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Annotating Another Artist’s Work\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Give some background information.\", \"描述\": \"When annotating other artists’ work, you’ll want to consider its context. What is the work’s title? Who created it? What do you know about the artist’s biography, or the history of this work?\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Describe the work.\", \"描述\": \"Draw on your knowledge of the elements of art to write an account of the work itself. Describe its medium and overall composition as well as things like its use of color, line, texture, and form.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"State the artwork's meaning in your own words.\", \"描述\": \"What is the subject or theme of the work? Is if focused on the depiction of an object or individual? Does a tell a story? Or is the work more abstract? Consider for a moment what the artist seems to be saying in the work, and summarize it as a message.\\nYou could also mention here whether the work seems to relate to something from culture or history, or to reference other artworks.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Evaluate the artwork.\", \"描述\": \"Mention which aspects of the work seem to be most successful. Then, ask yourself what you would have done differently had you created the work. You can also mention what you would ask the artist about the work, if you were able to.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Write your thoughts out.\", \"描述\": \"If you are annotating the work of another artist, instead of reflecting on your own creative process, you'll devote a couple of paragraphs to an analysis of the piece you're studying. For instance, you could begin with a paragraph that describes the artist's background, and the work itself. You could then follow with a paragraph that gives your interpretation of the work's meaning, and evaluates its strengths and how you might have approached the work differently.\\nAfter you have the annotations written out, make sure to proofread for spelling and grammar. Polish your sentences stylistically as well so that your writing sounds clear and lively.\"}]}]}}",
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1,704 | How to Annotate Chess | 1. Writing Basic Algebraic Notation
1-1. Familiarize yourself with the ranks and files.
Ranks are the horizontal rows on the board while files are the vertical rows. The ranks are labeled 1–8, where rank 1 is the back row of white pieces and rank 8 is the back row of black pieces. The files are labeled with letters a–h, starting with the leftmost column on the white side. When you list where a piece is on the board, start with the letter of the file followed by the number of the rank.
For example, the white player’s queen always starts on the square d1 and the black player’s queen starts on d8.
Files are only listed from left to right in alphabetical order from the white player’s perspective. If you’re the white player, then the leftmost file will be the a-file and the rightmost will be the h (and vice versa for black).
Always write the letter of the file in lowercase.
1-2. Learn the letters symbolizing each piece.
Chess notation also lists which piece moves so you know exactly how it’s laid out on the board. Always write the symbols for the pieces with uppercase letters so you don’t confuse them with the files of the board. The symbols for each chess piece are:
King: K
Queen: Q
Knight: N
Bishop: B
Rook: R
Pawns: (none)
1-3. Write down the piece's symbol and the square where the piece is now.
When a move is played, put the letter symbol for the piece in the notation first (or none for pawns). Without adding a space, write down the file and rank of the square where the piece ends its movement. You do not need to include the file and rank for the square where the piece started the turn.
For example, if you move your queen to the square in the 4th rank and the e-file, write down Qd4 for your notation. In this example, Q represents the queen, d refers to the vertical file, and 4 indicates the horizontal rank. It does not matter which square the queen started.
When you move a pawn, just write down the file and rank of the square where it moves. For example, if you move the pawn on the e-file onto the 3rd rank, you would write e3.
If two of the same piece could have made the same move, list the file or rank of where the piece was before it was moved (or both in rare cases). For example, if you have a rook at h1 and another rook at a1, write down Rhe1 so you know the rook in the h-file was the one that moved to the e1 square.
1-4. List the white player’s move before the black player’s move.
Since the white player always starts a game of chess, their moves are always listed first in notation. Label the turn “1.” followed by the white player’s move. Put 1–2 spaces after the notation before listing the black player’s opening move. Start a new line on your notation sheet or piece of paper after each black move to keep your notation organized.
For example, the first turn’s notation may read “1. e4 d6,” meaning the white player moved a pawn and the black player both moved pawns.
2. Notating Special Moves in Algebraic Notation
2-1. Put an “x” after the piece’s symbol to indicate a capture.
If you move onto the same space as one of your opponent’s pieces, remove it from the board and place your piece there. Write down the letter symbol for the piece that you moved followed by an “x” to show that you captured a piece. Then list the square where your piece ended its move.
For pawn captures, write the file the pawn started on, followed by an "x" and the square the pawn is on. For instance, exf3 would mean that a pawn on e2 took a piece on f3.
For example, if you used your rook to capture a piece in the 7th rank on the e file, you would write Rxe7, where R represents the rook, x indicates a capture, and e7 is the square where the rook ended its movement.
You do not need to list the symbol for the piece you captured.
Write en passant captures the same as any other pawn capture.
2-2. Write “0-0” or “0-0-0” if you castle on the kingside or queenside respectively.
Castling refers to moving your king two squares horizontally toward one of your rooks, and then placing the closest rook on the opposite side of the king. If you castle kingside (sometimes known as castling short as the rook only moves two squares), then write “0-0” in your notation. If you castle queenside (sometimes known as castling long), then use “0-0-0” instead.
You do not need to include the ranks or files in your notation.
2-3. Include “=” and a piece’s symbol if a pawn gets promoted.
If you’re able to get one of your pawns to the other side of the chessboard, then you can promote it to any piece besides a pawn or king. After the standard file and rank of the square, add “=” followed by the symbol of the piece you to promote the pawn to.
For example, if a player moved their pawn into the 8th rank in the b file and chose to promote it to a queen, you would write b8=Q. In this example, b8 refers to the square in the b file in the 8th rank, and =Q refers to changing the piece to a queen.
2-4. Add “+” to the end of the notation if you put your opponent in check.
Check refers to when you move one of your pieces so it can potentially capture your opponent’s king during the next turn. Write the notation for the piece as you normally would with the symbol and square where it lands, but use a “+” to show that your opponent’s king is in danger.
For example, if your bishop moved into the 6th rank on the g file and put the opponent’s king in check, then write Bg6+ for the notation.
2-5. Use “++” or “#” after the notation to signify a checkmate.
Checkmate refers to when you put your opponent’s king in check and they can’t make any moves to block or escape it. If you get a checkmate, either write “++” or “#” after the regular notation to show that your opponent lost the game.
For example, if you moved your knight to the square b3 and put your opponent’s king in checkmate, use Nb3++ or Nb3# for the notation.
2-6. Write 1-0 if white won or 0-1 if black won.
After a player wins, write 1-0 or 0-1 to signify that the player won. If the game ended in a draw, write 1/2-1/2.
Tips
To annotate a game (provide commentary to moves) players may use special symbols to indicate good, bad, really good or really bad moves. For example, “!!” may refer to an excellent move while “??” will refer to a terrible move.[10]
X
Research source
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:57",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Writing Basic Algebraic Notation\\n1-1. Familiarize yourself with the ranks and files.\\nRanks are the horizontal rows on the board while files are the vertical rows. The ranks are labeled 1–8, where rank 1 is the back row of white pieces and rank 8 is the back row of black pieces. The files are labeled with letters a–h, starting with the leftmost column on the white side. When you list where a piece is on the board, start with the letter of the file followed by the number of the rank.\\nFor example, the white player’s queen always starts on the square d1 and the black player’s queen starts on d8.\\nFiles are only listed from left to right in alphabetical order from the white player’s perspective. If you’re the white player, then the leftmost file will be the a-file and the rightmost will be the h (and vice versa for black).\\nAlways write the letter of the file in lowercase.\\n1-2. Learn the letters symbolizing each piece.\\nChess notation also lists which piece moves so you know exactly how it’s laid out on the board. Always write the symbols for the pieces with uppercase letters so you don’t confuse them with the files of the board. The symbols for each chess piece are:\\nKing: K\\nQueen: Q\\nKnight: N\\nBishop: B\\nRook: R\\nPawns: (none)\\n1-3. Write down the piece's symbol and the square where the piece is now.\\nWhen a move is played, put the letter symbol for the piece in the notation first (or none for pawns). Without adding a space, write down the file and rank of the square where the piece ends its movement. You do not need to include the file and rank for the square where the piece started the turn.\\nFor example, if you move your queen to the square in the 4th rank and the e-file, write down Qd4 for your notation. In this example, Q represents the queen, d refers to the vertical file, and 4 indicates the horizontal rank. It does not matter which square the queen started.\\nWhen you move a pawn, just write down the file and rank of the square where it moves. For example, if you move the pawn on the e-file onto the 3rd rank, you would write e3.\\nIf two of the same piece could have made the same move, list the file or rank of where the piece was before it was moved (or both in rare cases). For example, if you have a rook at h1 and another rook at a1, write down Rhe1 so you know the rook in the h-file was the one that moved to the e1 square.\\n1-4. List the white player’s move before the black player’s move.\\nSince the white player always starts a game of chess, their moves are always listed first in notation. Label the turn “1.” followed by the white player’s move. Put 1–2 spaces after the notation before listing the black player’s opening move. Start a new line on your notation sheet or piece of paper after each black move to keep your notation organized.\\nFor example, the first turn’s notation may read “1. e4 d6,” meaning the white player moved a pawn and the black player both moved pawns.\\n2. Notating Special Moves in Algebraic Notation\\n2-1. Put an “x” after the piece’s symbol to indicate a capture.\\nIf you move onto the same space as one of your opponent’s pieces, remove it from the board and place your piece there. Write down the letter symbol for the piece that you moved followed by an “x” to show that you captured a piece. Then list the square where your piece ended its move.\\nFor pawn captures, write the file the pawn started on, followed by an \\\"x\\\" and the square the pawn is on. For instance, exf3 would mean that a pawn on e2 took a piece on f3.\\nFor example, if you used your rook to capture a piece in the 7th rank on the e file, you would write Rxe7, where R represents the rook, x indicates a capture, and e7 is the square where the rook ended its movement.\\nYou do not need to list the symbol for the piece you captured.\\nWrite en passant captures the same as any other pawn capture.\\n2-2. Write “0-0” or “0-0-0” if you castle on the kingside or queenside respectively.\\nCastling refers to moving your king two squares horizontally toward one of your rooks, and then placing the closest rook on the opposite side of the king. If you castle kingside (sometimes known as castling short as the rook only moves two squares), then write “0-0” in your notation. If you castle queenside (sometimes known as castling long), then use “0-0-0” instead.\\nYou do not need to include the ranks or files in your notation.\\n2-3. Include “=” and a piece’s symbol if a pawn gets promoted.\\nIf you’re able to get one of your pawns to the other side of the chessboard, then you can promote it to any piece besides a pawn or king. After the standard file and rank of the square, add “=” followed by the symbol of the piece you to promote the pawn to.\\nFor example, if a player moved their pawn into the 8th rank in the b file and chose to promote it to a queen, you would write b8=Q. In this example, b8 refers to the square in the b file in the 8th rank, and =Q refers to changing the piece to a queen.\\n2-4. Add “+” to the end of the notation if you put your opponent in check.\\nCheck refers to when you move one of your pieces so it can potentially capture your opponent’s king during the next turn. Write the notation for the piece as you normally would with the symbol and square where it lands, but use a “+” to show that your opponent’s king is in danger.\\nFor example, if your bishop moved into the 6th rank on the g file and put the opponent’s king in check, then write Bg6+ for the notation.\\n2-5. Use “++” or “#” after the notation to signify a checkmate.\\nCheckmate refers to when you put your opponent’s king in check and they can’t make any moves to block or escape it. If you get a checkmate, either write “++” or “#” after the regular notation to show that your opponent lost the game.\\nFor example, if you moved your knight to the square b3 and put your opponent’s king in checkmate, use Nb3++ or Nb3# for the notation.\\n2-6. Write 1-0 if white won or 0-1 if black won.\\nAfter a player wins, write 1-0 or 0-1 to signify that the player won. If the game ended in a draw, write 1/2-1/2.\\nTips\\nTo annotate a game (provide commentary to moves) players may use special symbols to indicate good, bad, really good or really bad moves. For example, “!!” may refer to an excellent move while “??” will refer to a terrible move.[10]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Notation makes it easy to keep track of moves throughout a game of chess so you can study from them later on. If you want to learn how to notate chess, first start by learning how to list the pieces and squares so you can write down how the pieces move. If you capture pieces or perform other special moves on the board, make sure you notate them as well so someone else can read it easily. With a little bit of practice, you’ll be able to notate games and learn how to play better!\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Writing Basic Algebraic Notation\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Familiarize yourself with the ranks and files.\", \"描述\": \"Ranks are the horizontal rows on the board while files are the vertical rows. The ranks are labeled 1–8, where rank 1 is the back row of white pieces and rank 8 is the back row of black pieces. The files are labeled with letters a–h, starting with the leftmost column on the white side. When you list where a piece is on the board, start with the letter of the file followed by the number of the rank.\\nFor example, the white player’s queen always starts on the square d1 and the black player’s queen starts on d8.\\nFiles are only listed from left to right in alphabetical order from the white player’s perspective. If you’re the white player, then the leftmost file will be the a-file and the rightmost will be the h (and vice versa for black).\\nAlways write the letter of the file in lowercase.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Learn the letters symbolizing each piece.\", \"描述\": \"Chess notation also lists which piece moves so you know exactly how it’s laid out on the board. Always write the symbols for the pieces with uppercase letters so you don’t confuse them with the files of the board. The symbols for each chess piece are:\\nKing: K\\nQueen: Q\\nKnight: N\\nBishop: B\\nRook: R\\nPawns: (none)\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Write down the piece's symbol and the square where the piece is now.\", \"描述\": \"When a move is played, put the letter symbol for the piece in the notation first (or none for pawns). Without adding a space, write down the file and rank of the square where the piece ends its movement. You do not need to include the file and rank for the square where the piece started the turn.\\nFor example, if you move your queen to the square in the 4th rank and the e-file, write down Qd4 for your notation. In this example, Q represents the queen, d refers to the vertical file, and 4 indicates the horizontal rank. It does not matter which square the queen started.\\nWhen you move a pawn, just write down the file and rank of the square where it moves. For example, if you move the pawn on the e-file onto the 3rd rank, you would write e3.\\nIf two of the same piece could have made the same move, list the file or rank of where the piece was before it was moved (or both in rare cases). For example, if you have a rook at h1 and another rook at a1, write down Rhe1 so you know the rook in the h-file was the one that moved to the e1 square.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"List the white player’s move before the black player’s move.\", \"描述\": \"Since the white player always starts a game of chess, their moves are always listed first in notation. Label the turn “1.” followed by the white player’s move. Put 1–2 spaces after the notation before listing the black player’s opening move. Start a new line on your notation sheet or piece of paper after each black move to keep your notation organized.\\nFor example, the first turn’s notation may read “1. e4 d6,” meaning the white player moved a pawn and the black player both moved pawns.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Notating Special Moves in Algebraic Notation\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Put an “x” after the piece’s symbol to indicate a capture.\", \"描述\": \"If you move onto the same space as one of your opponent’s pieces, remove it from the board and place your piece there. Write down the letter symbol for the piece that you moved followed by an “x” to show that you captured a piece. Then list the square where your piece ended its move.\\nFor pawn captures, write the file the pawn started on, followed by an \\\"x\\\" and the square the pawn is on. For instance, exf3 would mean that a pawn on e2 took a piece on f3.\\nFor example, if you used your rook to capture a piece in the 7th rank on the e file, you would write Rxe7, where R represents the rook, x indicates a capture, and e7 is the square where the rook ended its movement.\\nYou do not need to list the symbol for the piece you captured.\\nWrite en passant captures the same as any other pawn capture.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Write “0-0” or “0-0-0” if you castle on the kingside or queenside respectively.\", \"描述\": \"Castling refers to moving your king two squares horizontally toward one of your rooks, and then placing the closest rook on the opposite side of the king. If you castle kingside (sometimes known as castling short as the rook only moves two squares), then write “0-0” in your notation. If you castle queenside (sometimes known as castling long), then use “0-0-0” instead.\\nYou do not need to include the ranks or files in your notation.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Include “=” and a piece’s symbol if a pawn gets promoted.\", \"描述\": \"If you’re able to get one of your pawns to the other side of the chessboard, then you can promote it to any piece besides a pawn or king. After the standard file and rank of the square, add “=” followed by the symbol of the piece you to promote the pawn to.\\nFor example, if a player moved their pawn into the 8th rank in the b file and chose to promote it to a queen, you would write b8=Q. In this example, b8 refers to the square in the b file in the 8th rank, and =Q refers to changing the piece to a queen.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Add “+” to the end of the notation if you put your opponent in check.\", \"描述\": \"Check refers to when you move one of your pieces so it can potentially capture your opponent’s king during the next turn. Write the notation for the piece as you normally would with the symbol and square where it lands, but use a “+” to show that your opponent’s king is in danger.\\nFor example, if your bishop moved into the 6th rank on the g file and put the opponent’s king in check, then write Bg6+ for the notation.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Use “++” or “#” after the notation to signify a checkmate.\", \"描述\": \"Checkmate refers to when you put your opponent’s king in check and they can’t make any moves to block or escape it. If you get a checkmate, either write “++” or “#” after the regular notation to show that your opponent lost the game.\\nFor example, if you moved your knight to the square b3 and put your opponent’s king in checkmate, use Nb3++ or Nb3# for the notation.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Write 1-0 if white won or 0-1 if black won.\", \"描述\": \"After a player wins, write 1-0 or 0-1 to signify that the player won. If the game ended in a draw, write 1/2-1/2.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"To annotate a game (provide commentary to moves) players may use special symbols to indicate good, bad, really good or really bad moves. For example, “!!” may refer to an excellent move while “??” will refer to a terrible move.[10]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\"]}]}}",
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1,705 | How to Annotate a Book | 1. Selecting Your Annotation Tool
1-1. Annotate with a highlighter and a pen or pencil.
One of the easiest ways to annotate a book is to use a highlighter and pen or pencil directly on the text. Choose a highlighter in a shade that is easy for you to read on the page, such as a light blue or orange color. The standard yellow highlighter shade would also work too. Go for a pen in a dark color so it's easy to read.
Try to stick to one highlighter color for the annotation so you do not end up with highlighted pages that are hard to re read.
Choose the highlighter and pen or pencil option if it's okay for you to mark up the text.
1-2. Use sticky notes or tabs if you can't mark up the book.
Sticky notes or sticky tabs are a good option if you’d prefer not to mark up the book’s pages. Get colored sticky notes or tabs to mark pages or passages as part of your annotations.
Look for sticky notes and tabs in different colors. You can then use the different colored notes or tabs to annotate the book.
1-3. Try an electronic annotation program.
If you are annotating a book on an eReader, there are several different annotation programs you can download. Programs like Skim and Marvin make it easy for you to annotate a text on your Reader.
You can download electronic annotation programs in the Apps store on your eReader.
2. Annotating Keywords, Phrases, and Sections
2-1. Remove distractions.
Go to a quiet, isolated spot at school, like the library or a study hall. If you are at home, close the door of your room and let others around you know you are not to be disturbed.
2-2. Read the book slowly and carefully.
To annotate a book properly, you need to take your time and read the book slowly. Pay attention to each word in the text. Pause and think about a passage in the text before moving on. Moving slowly through the text will ensure you do not miss anything and that you annotate the text well.
2-3. Underline key phrases.
Start by underlining any phrases that feel important to you. Often, key phrases appear at the end of a sentence. They may also appear after a colon or a comma. Look for phrases that appear several times in the text, as they are likely important.
Try to only underline phrases that seem very important in the text. You do not want to end up with pages of underlined phrases, as it will be difficult for you to determine which ones are actually important.
You can also underline phrases you like or find interesting. If a sentence strikes you or stands out to you, underline it so you can return to it later.
2-4. Circle or box key words.
Look for words that seem important to the author. You may circle words that connect back to the main idea in a section. Or you may draw a box around words that are repeated several times in the book.
For example, if you notice the word “power” appears several times in the text, circle or box it as an annotation.
The author may tell you to keep certain words in mind as you read the text. Make sure you circle or box these words as part of your annotations.
2-5. Bracket key sections.
If you feel several lines in a section are important, use brackets to indicate this in the text. Try to choose only several lines or short sections of the text to bracket. Bracketing long sections can make it hard for you to return to the annotation later and get a clear sense of why you noted the section.
For example, if there is a section that focuses on a particular case study in the text you find interesting or important, use a bracket in the margins to annotate it.
2-6. Make a list of words you don’t recognize.
Keep a running list of words that you do not know or are not familiar with. Write them down on a separate piece of paper or at the end of the text. Then, look up the terms so you know what they mean. Consider the meaning of the term in the context of where it appears in the book.
Keep a dictionary handy so you can look up terms you do not recognize quickly and easily.
3. Making Note of Key Ideas and Questions
3-1. Reflect on the book in the margins.
Have a conversation with the text by writing down your thoughts and reflections in the margins as you read. You may write one or two words to mark your thoughts. You can also jot down short phrases in the margins as they come.
As you read, ask yourself questions like, "What is the author trying to tell me as the reader?" "Why is this passage in the text?" "How do I respond emotionally to the text?"
3-2. Make a list of questions you have about the book.
As you read, write down any questions you have about the text. Jot them down in the margins or at the bottom of the page. Ask questions about words or phrases that confuse you. Pose questions about ideas that you find hard to follow or do not agree with.
For example, you may ask questions like, "Why did the author include this example in the book?" "What is the goal of the author in this passage?" "What is the author trying to say here?"
To make the questions short so they can fit into the margins, you may simply put a question mark next to passages you do not understand. Or you may write the questions like, "Goal of the author?" "What is being said?" to keep them short.
You can also keep the questions in a separate notebook or piece of paper so you do not clutter up the margins of the book.
3-3. Link ideas together with arrows.
Use arrows or lines to connect ideas and themes together in the text. You may circle key words on the same page and then link them together with arrows. Or you could highlight a passage and draw an arrow to another passage further down the page.
Linking ideas together will help you think critically about the text. It will also deepen your annotations and notes on the text.
3-4. Summarize each section at the bottom of the page.
Once you have completed a section of the book, try to condense the main thoughts and ideas in the section with a few key words. Write these key words at the bottom of the page so you can return to them later.
For example, you may summarize a passage in the book with key words like “power,” “female sexuality,” and “Freud case study.”
You can keep your summaries in a separate notebook or piece of paper so the margins do not become cluttered with your notes.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:57",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Selecting Your Annotation Tool\\n1-1. Annotate with a highlighter and a pen or pencil.\\nOne of the easiest ways to annotate a book is to use a highlighter and pen or pencil directly on the text. Choose a highlighter in a shade that is easy for you to read on the page, such as a light blue or orange color. The standard yellow highlighter shade would also work too. Go for a pen in a dark color so it's easy to read.\\nTry to stick to one highlighter color for the annotation so you do not end up with highlighted pages that are hard to re read.\\nChoose the highlighter and pen or pencil option if it's okay for you to mark up the text.\\n1-2. Use sticky notes or tabs if you can't mark up the book.\\nSticky notes or sticky tabs are a good option if you’d prefer not to mark up the book’s pages. Get colored sticky notes or tabs to mark pages or passages as part of your annotations.\\nLook for sticky notes and tabs in different colors. You can then use the different colored notes or tabs to annotate the book.\\n1-3. Try an electronic annotation program.\\nIf you are annotating a book on an eReader, there are several different annotation programs you can download. Programs like Skim and Marvin make it easy for you to annotate a text on your Reader.\\nYou can download electronic annotation programs in the Apps store on your eReader.\\n2. Annotating Keywords, Phrases, and Sections\\n2-1. Remove distractions.\\nGo to a quiet, isolated spot at school, like the library or a study hall. If you are at home, close the door of your room and let others around you know you are not to be disturbed.\\n2-2. Read the book slowly and carefully.\\nTo annotate a book properly, you need to take your time and read the book slowly. Pay attention to each word in the text. Pause and think about a passage in the text before moving on. Moving slowly through the text will ensure you do not miss anything and that you annotate the text well.\\n2-3. Underline key phrases.\\nStart by underlining any phrases that feel important to you. Often, key phrases appear at the end of a sentence. They may also appear after a colon or a comma. Look for phrases that appear several times in the text, as they are likely important.\\nTry to only underline phrases that seem very important in the text. You do not want to end up with pages of underlined phrases, as it will be difficult for you to determine which ones are actually important.\\nYou can also underline phrases you like or find interesting. If a sentence strikes you or stands out to you, underline it so you can return to it later.\\n2-4. Circle or box key words.\\nLook for words that seem important to the author. You may circle words that connect back to the main idea in a section. Or you may draw a box around words that are repeated several times in the book.\\nFor example, if you notice the word “power” appears several times in the text, circle or box it as an annotation.\\nThe author may tell you to keep certain words in mind as you read the text. Make sure you circle or box these words as part of your annotations.\\n2-5. Bracket key sections.\\nIf you feel several lines in a section are important, use brackets to indicate this in the text. Try to choose only several lines or short sections of the text to bracket. Bracketing long sections can make it hard for you to return to the annotation later and get a clear sense of why you noted the section.\\nFor example, if there is a section that focuses on a particular case study in the text you find interesting or important, use a bracket in the margins to annotate it.\\n2-6. Make a list of words you don’t recognize.\\nKeep a running list of words that you do not know or are not familiar with. Write them down on a separate piece of paper or at the end of the text. Then, look up the terms so you know what they mean. Consider the meaning of the term in the context of where it appears in the book.\\nKeep a dictionary handy so you can look up terms you do not recognize quickly and easily.\\n3. Making Note of Key Ideas and Questions\\n3-1. Reflect on the book in the margins.\\nHave a conversation with the text by writing down your thoughts and reflections in the margins as you read. You may write one or two words to mark your thoughts. You can also jot down short phrases in the margins as they come.\\nAs you read, ask yourself questions like, \\\"What is the author trying to tell me as the reader?\\\" \\\"Why is this passage in the text?\\\" \\\"How do I respond emotionally to the text?\\\"\\n3-2. Make a list of questions you have about the book.\\nAs you read, write down any questions you have about the text. Jot them down in the margins or at the bottom of the page. Ask questions about words or phrases that confuse you. Pose questions about ideas that you find hard to follow or do not agree with.\\nFor example, you may ask questions like, \\\"Why did the author include this example in the book?\\\" \\\"What is the goal of the author in this passage?\\\" \\\"What is the author trying to say here?\\\"\\nTo make the questions short so they can fit into the margins, you may simply put a question mark next to passages you do not understand. Or you may write the questions like, \\\"Goal of the author?\\\" \\\"What is being said?\\\" to keep them short.\\nYou can also keep the questions in a separate notebook or piece of paper so you do not clutter up the margins of the book.\\n3-3. Link ideas together with arrows.\\nUse arrows or lines to connect ideas and themes together in the text. You may circle key words on the same page and then link them together with arrows. Or you could highlight a passage and draw an arrow to another passage further down the page.\\nLinking ideas together will help you think critically about the text. It will also deepen your annotations and notes on the text.\\n3-4. Summarize each section at the bottom of the page.\\nOnce you have completed a section of the book, try to condense the main thoughts and ideas in the section with a few key words. Write these key words at the bottom of the page so you can return to them later.\\nFor example, you may summarize a passage in the book with key words like “power,” “female sexuality,” and “Freud case study.”\\nYou can keep your summaries in a separate notebook or piece of paper so the margins do not become cluttered with your notes.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Annotating a book is a great way to make notes on the text. It also allows you to do a deep read of the book, where you jot down your thoughts or impressions of the text. You may need to annotate a book for a class or decide to try it to deepen your reading experience. Start by selecting your annotation tool. Then, annotate the book by focusing on keywords, phrases, ideas, and questions so your notes are clear and easy to review later.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Selecting Your Annotation Tool\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Annotate with a highlighter and a pen or pencil.\", \"描述\": \"One of the easiest ways to annotate a book is to use a highlighter and pen or pencil directly on the text. Choose a highlighter in a shade that is easy for you to read on the page, such as a light blue or orange color. The standard yellow highlighter shade would also work too. Go for a pen in a dark color so it's easy to read.\\nTry to stick to one highlighter color for the annotation so you do not end up with highlighted pages that are hard to re read.\\nChoose the highlighter and pen or pencil option if it's okay for you to mark up the text.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Use sticky notes or tabs if you can't mark up the book.\", \"描述\": \"Sticky notes or sticky tabs are a good option if you’d prefer not to mark up the book’s pages. Get colored sticky notes or tabs to mark pages or passages as part of your annotations.\\nLook for sticky notes and tabs in different colors. You can then use the different colored notes or tabs to annotate the book.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Try an electronic annotation program.\", \"描述\": \"If you are annotating a book on an eReader, there are several different annotation programs you can download. Programs like Skim and Marvin make it easy for you to annotate a text on your Reader.\\nYou can download electronic annotation programs in the Apps store on your eReader.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Annotating Keywords, Phrases, and Sections\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Remove distractions.\", \"描述\": \"Go to a quiet, isolated spot at school, like the library or a study hall. If you are at home, close the door of your room and let others around you know you are not to be disturbed.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Read the book slowly and carefully.\", \"描述\": \"To annotate a book properly, you need to take your time and read the book slowly. Pay attention to each word in the text. Pause and think about a passage in the text before moving on. Moving slowly through the text will ensure you do not miss anything and that you annotate the text well.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Underline key phrases.\", \"描述\": \"Start by underlining any phrases that feel important to you. Often, key phrases appear at the end of a sentence. They may also appear after a colon or a comma. Look for phrases that appear several times in the text, as they are likely important.\\nTry to only underline phrases that seem very important in the text. You do not want to end up with pages of underlined phrases, as it will be difficult for you to determine which ones are actually important.\\nYou can also underline phrases you like or find interesting. If a sentence strikes you or stands out to you, underline it so you can return to it later.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Circle or box key words.\", \"描述\": \"Look for words that seem important to the author. You may circle words that connect back to the main idea in a section. Or you may draw a box around words that are repeated several times in the book.\\nFor example, if you notice the word “power” appears several times in the text, circle or box it as an annotation.\\nThe author may tell you to keep certain words in mind as you read the text. Make sure you circle or box these words as part of your annotations.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Bracket key sections.\", \"描述\": \"If you feel several lines in a section are important, use brackets to indicate this in the text. Try to choose only several lines or short sections of the text to bracket. Bracketing long sections can make it hard for you to return to the annotation later and get a clear sense of why you noted the section.\\nFor example, if there is a section that focuses on a particular case study in the text you find interesting or important, use a bracket in the margins to annotate it.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Make a list of words you don’t recognize.\", \"描述\": \"Keep a running list of words that you do not know or are not familiar with. Write them down on a separate piece of paper or at the end of the text. Then, look up the terms so you know what they mean. Consider the meaning of the term in the context of where it appears in the book.\\nKeep a dictionary handy so you can look up terms you do not recognize quickly and easily.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Making Note of Key Ideas and Questions\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Reflect on the book in the margins.\", \"描述\": \"Have a conversation with the text by writing down your thoughts and reflections in the margins as you read. You may write one or two words to mark your thoughts. You can also jot down short phrases in the margins as they come.\\nAs you read, ask yourself questions like, \\\"What is the author trying to tell me as the reader?\\\" \\\"Why is this passage in the text?\\\" \\\"How do I respond emotionally to the text?\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Make a list of questions you have about the book.\", \"描述\": \"As you read, write down any questions you have about the text. Jot them down in the margins or at the bottom of the page. Ask questions about words or phrases that confuse you. Pose questions about ideas that you find hard to follow or do not agree with.\\nFor example, you may ask questions like, \\\"Why did the author include this example in the book?\\\" \\\"What is the goal of the author in this passage?\\\" \\\"What is the author trying to say here?\\\"\\nTo make the questions short so they can fit into the margins, you may simply put a question mark next to passages you do not understand. Or you may write the questions like, \\\"Goal of the author?\\\" \\\"What is being said?\\\" to keep them short.\\nYou can also keep the questions in a separate notebook or piece of paper so you do not clutter up the margins of the book.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Link ideas together with arrows.\", \"描述\": \"Use arrows or lines to connect ideas and themes together in the text. You may circle key words on the same page and then link them together with arrows. Or you could highlight a passage and draw an arrow to another passage further down the page.\\nLinking ideas together will help you think critically about the text. It will also deepen your annotations and notes on the text.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Summarize each section at the bottom of the page.\", \"描述\": \"Once you have completed a section of the book, try to condense the main thoughts and ideas in the section with a few key words. Write these key words at the bottom of the page so you can return to them later.\\nFor example, you may summarize a passage in the book with key words like “power,” “female sexuality,” and “Freud case study.”\\nYou can keep your summaries in a separate notebook or piece of paper so the margins do not become cluttered with your notes.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,706 | How to Annotate a Poem | 1. Reading the Poem
1-1. Read through the poem
Don’t stop to try to figure out what the poem might mean. Just read the entire poem a few times from start to finish and consider how it makes you feel. After you finish reading, answer the following questions in the margins or your notebook:
What is the subject of this poem?
Who might the speaker be?
What could the poem mean?
How do I feel after reading the poem?
When might this poem take place?
Did any significant images stand out? What?
1-2. Read the poem aloud to yourself, if you can.
The way a poem sounds is important because it is very much an oral art form, so it’s best to read it aloud. You’ll more easily recognize the meter, rhyme scheme, and rhythm when you read aloud. Additionally, you’ll hear the effect of the way the poet arranged the words.
You’ll likely need to read the poem aloud several times, especially when you start looking for sound devices later in your annotation.
Look for a quiet location where you can read the poem.
You may not be able to read the poem too loudly if you're taking a test or in a place where you can't talk, such as a library. If this is the case, read the poem quietly under your breath. This isn’t exactly the same, but it can help you if you’re trying to annotate the poem during a test or a similar situation.
1-3. Scan the poem
Recognizing the meter will help you understand the poem’s form and structure. Read the poem aloud line by line. As you read, mark each unstressed (soft) syllable with a “u” and every stressed (hard) syllable with a “/”. If you notice a pattern of unstressed and stressed syllables, draw a line between each set of syllables to mark the feet of the poem.
A metrical foot of a poem is a single set of syllables within a pattern of syllables in the poem. For example, if a line of poetry has a meter of “u/u/u/u/u/,” then a foot would be “u/.”
A formal poem is likely to have a meter, while an informal poem may not. After you identify the number of feet, count the syllables in each line. Three feet is trimeter, 4 is tetrameter, 5 is pentameter, and so on.
If you’re having trouble identifying the meter, try tapping a hand along as you read. Tap softly for unstressed syllables and harder for stressed syllables. Notice the pattern of the tapping. Keep in mind that this can take some practice, so be patient with yourself.
You will encounter the iamb most often, which is 1 stressed and 1 unstressed syllable, but you will also encounter other patterns, such as the dactyl, trochee, anapest, pyrrhic, and spondee.
1-4. Determine the poem’s rhyme scheme, if it has one.
The rhyme scheme will help you determine the poem’s form, as well as if the poem is formal or informal. To find the rhyme scheme, use letters to mark repeating rhymes. Start with an “A” on line 1, then use a new letter for a new sound or the same letter for a repeated sound. Continue until you finish marking the poem. Here's how you would label the rhyme scheme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12:
When I do count the clock that tells the time,
And see the brave day sunk in hideous night;
When I behold the violet past prime,
And sable curls, all silvered o'er with white;
When lofty trees I see barren of leaves,
Which erst from heat did canopy the herd,
And summer's green all girded up in sheaves,
Borne on the bier with white and bristly beard,
Then of thy beauty do I question make,
That thou among the wastes of time must go,
Since sweets and beauties do themselves forsake
And die as fast as they see others grow;
And nothing 'against Time's scythe can make defense
Save breed, to brave him when he takes thee hence.
1-5. Identify the poem’s form, if it has one.
A poem’s form can add to its meaning because it gives the poem structure. You can recognize form by looking at the rhyme scheme and meter of the poem and its stanza arrangement. Once you know the poem, consider why the poet may have chosen to use that structure for their poem.
For example, the poem may be a sonnet, haiku, villanelle, acrostic, narrative, ballad, or blank verse poem. A poem that appears to have no form is called free verse. These are the most common forms used in poetry.
A formal poem is more likely to adhere to a form, while an informal poem may not. An informal poem may loosely follow a form or may be free verse.
If you’re having trouble figuring out which form the poem is, try searching the rhyme scheme on the Internet.
2. Highlighting Words and Phrases
2-1. Begin highlighting important or confusing lines on your second reading.
Don't worry about highlighting everything important in one pass. Read the poem as many times as necessary to help you understand its meaning.
Always read through the poem without stopping the first time. Then, start your annotation process on the second reading.
2-2. Use multiple colors of highlighters to organize your thoughts.
Make each color represent a different piece of information. This will help you as you study the poem and write your notes.
For example, yellow might represent passages you think are important, blue might identify words you don’t know, and pink could highlight passages you don’t understand. Use a system that works for you.
If you only have one highlighter, that’s okay! Use it to identify passages you think are important or don’t understand.
2-3. Highlight important passages so you can analyze them.
Use your yellow highlighter to identify the key passages in the poem, such as repeated lines, imagery, or emphasized words and phrases. Mark any passage that seems significant to you.
For example, you might highlight repeated words or lines. Also, identify what you have gleaned from the poem so far in your first readings and highlight anything that seems important or meaningful to you.
Later, you can draw quotes from your highlighted passages, if you’re writing a paper on the poem.
2-4. Mark words you don’t know so you can look them up.
Use a blue highlighter to indicate words that you either don’t know or don’t understand in the context of the poem. Then, look them up in your dictionary or online, depending on what’s available to you.
If you know the word but aren't sure what it means in the context of the poem, analyze the sentence itself so you can use context clues to figure out what the poet means. If this doesn't help, you can use online resources to look at how people typically interpret that word in this particular poem.
Keep in mind that poetry often uses words that have multiple meanings. Write out all of a word’s definitions if you are unfamiliar with them. This will aid you in your analysis.
Don’t just skip over words you don’t know. The poet chose that word for a reason, so it’s important that you understand its meaning. It will help you more easily understand the poem’s overall meaning.
2-5. Highlight confusing lines so you can work out their meaning.
Use your pink highlighter to mark lines that don’t quite make sense. For example, you might struggle to understand the line because of inverted syntax, a reference you don’t know, or a seeming contradiction. Highlight the line so you can spend more time on it.
Inverted syntax means that the order of the words in a sentence is rearranged. For example, “Fruit blossomed on the tree” is normal syntax. Inverted syntax might read, “On the tree blossomed fruit.”
It’s okay if you use two colors on the same line. For example, you might think a line is important but not understand it. In this case, you could mark it both yellow and pink. To keep the colors from bleeding together, highlight the top of the line in one color and the bottom of the line in another color.
3. Writing Notes in the Margins
3-1. Begin writing notes on the poem on the second reading.
After reading it for enjoyment the first time, start making notes on your paper. Add new notes each time you read the poem.
Once you’ve highlighted your passages, go back through the poem and analyze the highlighted text in the margins.
3-2. Record your thoughts about the poem.
Whenever you have a new thought or reaction, stop and write it down. At the end of each stanza, jot down a summary, your reaction, or any questions you have. As you read the poem, try to answer these questions for yourself.
If you’re writing an essay about the poem, you can use these notes later to pull commentary for your analysis.
If you can’t figure out the answer to one of your questions, talk to your instructor or a classmate. As another option, you might search for secondary sources online to help you better understand the poem.
3-3. Identify literary devices used in the poem to understand the meaning.
Poets use literary devices to convey meaning in poetry. Additionally, literary devices also enrich the poem, making it more interesting to the reader. Here are some common literary devices used in poetry:
Figurative language includes descriptions and abstract images. For example, referring to a clock as a “pair of hands stealing hours” is figurative language.
Symbols are objects, characters, situations, places, or words that have a meaning other than their literal meaning. For instance, the whale in Moby Dick is a symbol for nature, which can’t be conquered.
Metaphor is the comparison between two seemingly unlike things, such as “her memory is a cup of sorrows.”
Simile is the comparison of two seemingly unlike things but uses the words “like” or “as” to make the comparison. An example is “hot as the scorching sun.”
Metonymy occurs when the poet refers to something using a word closely related to that thing. For example, they might refer to blood as “the lifeforce in your veins.”
Synecdoche occurs when the poet uses part of something to stand for the entire person or object. They might write “The greybeards pondered,” instead of writing “The old men thought.”
Hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration, such as “petals from a million roses.”
Verbal irony is when someone says one thing but means another. A good example of irony is sarcasm, such as when you're having a bad day and say, "What a great day!"
3-4. Recognize the sound devices used in the poem.
Sound devices add richness and texture to the poem. Additionally, they allow the poet to more easily convey meaning. Look for these sound devices, which won’t be present in every poem:
Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter sound in a line. For example, “Blackberries blooming on a prickly bush” is alliteration because of the repeating "b" sound.
Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound within a line or lines. As an example, “Sweet tea flowed free” has a repeating “e” sound.
Consonance is the repetition of a consonant sound within a line or lines. For instance, “Tickets sold, I kicked the lock” has a repeating “k” sound.
Rhythm is the pattern of the sound, which is created by the meter.
Onomatopoeia are sound words, such as “bam” and “pow.”
Off rhyme occurs when two words nearly rhyme but not quite. For instance, “off” and “loft” almost rhyme.
3-5. Examine the poem’s imagery to help you recognize the themes.
Imagery evokes your senses so you can better enjoy the poem. It might trigger your sense of sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. Note passages in the poem that contain words or phrases that help you experience the poem, then analyze what the poet might want you to take from them.
Go through the poem and underline the descriptive words and phrases that trigger your 5 senses.
For example, in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 above, we see barren trees that have lost their leaves and sable hair that has turned grey. This helps us understand that Shakespeare is reflecting on the passage of time.
3-6. Summarize what’s happening in each stanza or section.
It’s very hard to summarize a poem, but making brief summaries for yourself can help you figure out the poem’s meaning. Jot down what you think each passage is talking about, and identify any notable images in that passage. Later, this can help you analyze the poem.
For example, we might summarize the first four lines of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 like this: “The narrator is watching time pass, which turns youth into old age.”
4. Analyzing the Poem
4-1. Identify the speaker of the poem.
The speaker in the poem is the narrator. If you think the speaker is the poet, consider their persona. What is their perspective? What do they seem to think or feel according to their words? However, remember that the poet as the speaker isn’t always the case. It’s important to know who the speaker is to help yourself understand the poem. Here are some questions to ask yourself:
Could the speaker be the poet?
Does the speaker provide their name?
Does the image of the speaker match your image of the poet?
What does the language used in the poem tell me about the speaker?
What does the speaker’s attitude suggest about the speaker?
What is the setting?
What is the situation in the poem?
How might I describe this speaker?
4-2. Determine the tone of the poem.
The tone is the mood or attitude of the speaker toward the subject. It can help you understand the messages within the poem, as the tone shows what the poet wants you to feel about the subject. Consider how the poem made you feel, as well the language used in the poem.
For example, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 has a dark tone, as the speaker describes time stealing away youth. However, it has a mocking twist at the end, as the speaker notes that having children can defy time as you live on through them.
4-3. Focus on the sentences in the poem rather than the line breaks.
While line breaks are important to the structure of the poem, the poet still expresses their thoughts in sentences. Read through the line breaks and stop at punctuation when you’re studying the poem’s meaning.
Notice if the lines use enjambment or end-stopped lines. Enjambment means that thoughts continue across multiple lines or couplets, while end-stopped lines end with punctuation.
After you have gotten a sense of where the lines break, think about why the poet may have arranged their words in this way. For example, does this arrangement place more emphasis on certain words?
If the poem lacks punctuation, stop at the line breaks. However, consider if the poet didn't use punctuation because they intended for you to stop at the line breaks, or if the poet didn't use punctuation because the thought continues to the next line.
4-4. Find the setting of the poem.
The setting of the poem is when and where the poem takes place. This can help you understand the context of the poem. You can determine the setting using the descriptions in the poem. If it’s not clear where the poem is set, the historical and cultural context of the poem may help you understand it.
You can determine the historical and cultural context of a poem by examining the language the poet uses, the situation the poem presents, and the background of the poet. It's also helpful to read about the era when the poet wrote the poem.
Although historical and cultural context are important, don’t make them the focus of your interpretation of the poem.
4-5. Determine the poem’s themes to understand its meaning.
The themes are the underlying messages or major ideas expressed in the poem, such as love and loss. The poem will have one or more themes that the poet is trying to get across. These themes will be the heart of the poem’s meaning. Here are some questions to help you find the themes:
What is the speaker’s attitude toward the subject?
What does the imagery suggest about the subject?
What events happen in the poem?
What does the setting look like?
How does the poem make me feel?
Why might the poet have written this poem?
Who is the poem directed toward?
4-6. Decide what the title tells you about the meaning of the poem.
Poem titles may add to the meaning of the poem. For example, some poets may choose a title to tell you what they were thinking about when they wrote the poem. However, some poems may be untitled or take their title from the poem itself.
For example, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 takes its title from its number in the sequence of poems. The title doesn’t tell you anything new about the poem. However, if the title were “When I Look Upon My Love,” you would know the occasion of the poem, which could help you understand the meaning in more detail.
Tips
Annotating a poem is a great first step to analyzing it.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:57",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Reading the Poem\\n1-1. Read through the poem\\nDon’t stop to try to figure out what the poem might mean. Just read the entire poem a few times from start to finish and consider how it makes you feel. After you finish reading, answer the following questions in the margins or your notebook:\\nWhat is the subject of this poem?\\nWho might the speaker be?\\nWhat could the poem mean?\\nHow do I feel after reading the poem?\\nWhen might this poem take place?\\nDid any significant images stand out? What?\\n1-2. Read the poem aloud to yourself, if you can.\\nThe way a poem sounds is important because it is very much an oral art form, so it’s best to read it aloud. You’ll more easily recognize the meter, rhyme scheme, and rhythm when you read aloud. Additionally, you’ll hear the effect of the way the poet arranged the words.\\nYou’ll likely need to read the poem aloud several times, especially when you start looking for sound devices later in your annotation.\\nLook for a quiet location where you can read the poem.\\nYou may not be able to read the poem too loudly if you're taking a test or in a place where you can't talk, such as a library. If this is the case, read the poem quietly under your breath. This isn’t exactly the same, but it can help you if you’re trying to annotate the poem during a test or a similar situation.\\n1-3. Scan the poem\\nRecognizing the meter will help you understand the poem’s form and structure. Read the poem aloud line by line. As you read, mark each unstressed (soft) syllable with a “u” and every stressed (hard) syllable with a “/”. If you notice a pattern of unstressed and stressed syllables, draw a line between each set of syllables to mark the feet of the poem.\\nA metrical foot of a poem is a single set of syllables within a pattern of syllables in the poem. For example, if a line of poetry has a meter of “u/u/u/u/u/,” then a foot would be “u/.”\\nA formal poem is likely to have a meter, while an informal poem may not. After you identify the number of feet, count the syllables in each line. Three feet is trimeter, 4 is tetrameter, 5 is pentameter, and so on.\\nIf you’re having trouble identifying the meter, try tapping a hand along as you read. Tap softly for unstressed syllables and harder for stressed syllables. Notice the pattern of the tapping. Keep in mind that this can take some practice, so be patient with yourself.\\nYou will encounter the iamb most often, which is 1 stressed and 1 unstressed syllable, but you will also encounter other patterns, such as the dactyl, trochee, anapest, pyrrhic, and spondee.\\n1-4. Determine the poem’s rhyme scheme, if it has one.\\nThe rhyme scheme will help you determine the poem’s form, as well as if the poem is formal or informal. To find the rhyme scheme, use letters to mark repeating rhymes. Start with an “A” on line 1, then use a new letter for a new sound or the same letter for a repeated sound. Continue until you finish marking the poem. Here's how you would label the rhyme scheme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12: \\nWhen I do count the clock that tells the time, \\nAnd see the brave day sunk in hideous night; \\nWhen I behold the violet past prime, \\nAnd sable curls, all silvered o'er with white; \\nWhen lofty trees I see barren of leaves, \\nWhich erst from heat did canopy the herd, \\nAnd summer's green all girded up in sheaves, \\nBorne on the bier with white and bristly beard, \\nThen of thy beauty do I question make, \\nThat thou among the wastes of time must go, \\nSince sweets and beauties do themselves forsake \\nAnd die as fast as they see others grow; \\nAnd nothing 'against Time's scythe can make defense \\nSave breed, to brave him when he takes thee hence.\\n1-5. Identify the poem’s form, if it has one.\\nA poem’s form can add to its meaning because it gives the poem structure. You can recognize form by looking at the rhyme scheme and meter of the poem and its stanza arrangement. Once you know the poem, consider why the poet may have chosen to use that structure for their poem.\\nFor example, the poem may be a sonnet, haiku, villanelle, acrostic, narrative, ballad, or blank verse poem. A poem that appears to have no form is called free verse. These are the most common forms used in poetry.\\nA formal poem is more likely to adhere to a form, while an informal poem may not. An informal poem may loosely follow a form or may be free verse.\\nIf you’re having trouble figuring out which form the poem is, try searching the rhyme scheme on the Internet.\\n2. Highlighting Words and Phrases\\n2-1. Begin highlighting important or confusing lines on your second reading.\\nDon't worry about highlighting everything important in one pass. Read the poem as many times as necessary to help you understand its meaning.\\nAlways read through the poem without stopping the first time. Then, start your annotation process on the second reading.\\n2-2. Use multiple colors of highlighters to organize your thoughts.\\nMake each color represent a different piece of information. This will help you as you study the poem and write your notes.\\nFor example, yellow might represent passages you think are important, blue might identify words you don’t know, and pink could highlight passages you don’t understand. Use a system that works for you.\\nIf you only have one highlighter, that’s okay! Use it to identify passages you think are important or don’t understand.\\n2-3. Highlight important passages so you can analyze them.\\nUse your yellow highlighter to identify the key passages in the poem, such as repeated lines, imagery, or emphasized words and phrases. Mark any passage that seems significant to you.\\nFor example, you might highlight repeated words or lines. Also, identify what you have gleaned from the poem so far in your first readings and highlight anything that seems important or meaningful to you.\\nLater, you can draw quotes from your highlighted passages, if you’re writing a paper on the poem.\\n2-4. Mark words you don’t know so you can look them up.\\nUse a blue highlighter to indicate words that you either don’t know or don’t understand in the context of the poem. Then, look them up in your dictionary or online, depending on what’s available to you.\\nIf you know the word but aren't sure what it means in the context of the poem, analyze the sentence itself so you can use context clues to figure out what the poet means. If this doesn't help, you can use online resources to look at how people typically interpret that word in this particular poem.\\nKeep in mind that poetry often uses words that have multiple meanings. Write out all of a word’s definitions if you are unfamiliar with them. This will aid you in your analysis.\\nDon’t just skip over words you don’t know. The poet chose that word for a reason, so it’s important that you understand its meaning. It will help you more easily understand the poem’s overall meaning.\\n2-5. Highlight confusing lines so you can work out their meaning.\\nUse your pink highlighter to mark lines that don’t quite make sense. For example, you might struggle to understand the line because of inverted syntax, a reference you don’t know, or a seeming contradiction. Highlight the line so you can spend more time on it.\\nInverted syntax means that the order of the words in a sentence is rearranged. For example, “Fruit blossomed on the tree” is normal syntax. Inverted syntax might read, “On the tree blossomed fruit.”\\nIt’s okay if you use two colors on the same line. For example, you might think a line is important but not understand it. In this case, you could mark it both yellow and pink. To keep the colors from bleeding together, highlight the top of the line in one color and the bottom of the line in another color.\\n3. Writing Notes in the Margins\\n3-1. Begin writing notes on the poem on the second reading.\\nAfter reading it for enjoyment the first time, start making notes on your paper. Add new notes each time you read the poem.\\nOnce you’ve highlighted your passages, go back through the poem and analyze the highlighted text in the margins.\\n3-2. Record your thoughts about the poem.\\nWhenever you have a new thought or reaction, stop and write it down. At the end of each stanza, jot down a summary, your reaction, or any questions you have. As you read the poem, try to answer these questions for yourself.\\nIf you’re writing an essay about the poem, you can use these notes later to pull commentary for your analysis.\\nIf you can’t figure out the answer to one of your questions, talk to your instructor or a classmate. As another option, you might search for secondary sources online to help you better understand the poem.\\n3-3. Identify literary devices used in the poem to understand the meaning.\\nPoets use literary devices to convey meaning in poetry. Additionally, literary devices also enrich the poem, making it more interesting to the reader. Here are some common literary devices used in poetry:\\nFigurative language includes descriptions and abstract images. For example, referring to a clock as a “pair of hands stealing hours” is figurative language.\\nSymbols are objects, characters, situations, places, or words that have a meaning other than their literal meaning. For instance, the whale in Moby Dick is a symbol for nature, which can’t be conquered.\\nMetaphor is the comparison between two seemingly unlike things, such as “her memory is a cup of sorrows.”\\nSimile is the comparison of two seemingly unlike things but uses the words “like” or “as” to make the comparison. An example is “hot as the scorching sun.”\\nMetonymy occurs when the poet refers to something using a word closely related to that thing. For example, they might refer to blood as “the lifeforce in your veins.”\\nSynecdoche occurs when the poet uses part of something to stand for the entire person or object. They might write “The greybeards pondered,” instead of writing “The old men thought.”\\nHyperbole is an extreme exaggeration, such as “petals from a million roses.”\\nVerbal irony is when someone says one thing but means another. A good example of irony is sarcasm, such as when you're having a bad day and say, \\\"What a great day!\\\"\\n3-4. Recognize the sound devices used in the poem.\\nSound devices add richness and texture to the poem. Additionally, they allow the poet to more easily convey meaning. Look for these sound devices, which won’t be present in every poem:\\nAlliteration is the repetition of the same letter sound in a line. For example, “Blackberries blooming on a prickly bush” is alliteration because of the repeating \\\"b\\\" sound.\\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound within a line or lines. As an example, “Sweet tea flowed free” has a repeating “e” sound.\\nConsonance is the repetition of a consonant sound within a line or lines. For instance, “Tickets sold, I kicked the lock” has a repeating “k” sound.\\nRhythm is the pattern of the sound, which is created by the meter.\\nOnomatopoeia are sound words, such as “bam” and “pow.”\\nOff rhyme occurs when two words nearly rhyme but not quite. For instance, “off” and “loft” almost rhyme.\\n3-5. Examine the poem’s imagery to help you recognize the themes.\\nImagery evokes your senses so you can better enjoy the poem. It might trigger your sense of sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. Note passages in the poem that contain words or phrases that help you experience the poem, then analyze what the poet might want you to take from them.\\nGo through the poem and underline the descriptive words and phrases that trigger your 5 senses.\\nFor example, in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 above, we see barren trees that have lost their leaves and sable hair that has turned grey. This helps us understand that Shakespeare is reflecting on the passage of time.\\n3-6. Summarize what’s happening in each stanza or section.\\nIt’s very hard to summarize a poem, but making brief summaries for yourself can help you figure out the poem’s meaning. Jot down what you think each passage is talking about, and identify any notable images in that passage. Later, this can help you analyze the poem.\\nFor example, we might summarize the first four lines of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 like this: “The narrator is watching time pass, which turns youth into old age.”\\n4. Analyzing the Poem\\n4-1. Identify the speaker of the poem.\\nThe speaker in the poem is the narrator. If you think the speaker is the poet, consider their persona. What is their perspective? What do they seem to think or feel according to their words? However, remember that the poet as the speaker isn’t always the case. It’s important to know who the speaker is to help yourself understand the poem. Here are some questions to ask yourself:\\nCould the speaker be the poet?\\nDoes the speaker provide their name?\\nDoes the image of the speaker match your image of the poet?\\nWhat does the language used in the poem tell me about the speaker?\\nWhat does the speaker’s attitude suggest about the speaker?\\nWhat is the setting?\\nWhat is the situation in the poem?\\nHow might I describe this speaker?\\n4-2. Determine the tone of the poem.\\nThe tone is the mood or attitude of the speaker toward the subject. It can help you understand the messages within the poem, as the tone shows what the poet wants you to feel about the subject. Consider how the poem made you feel, as well the language used in the poem.\\nFor example, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 has a dark tone, as the speaker describes time stealing away youth. However, it has a mocking twist at the end, as the speaker notes that having children can defy time as you live on through them.\\n4-3. Focus on the sentences in the poem rather than the line breaks.\\nWhile line breaks are important to the structure of the poem, the poet still expresses their thoughts in sentences. Read through the line breaks and stop at punctuation when you’re studying the poem’s meaning.\\nNotice if the lines use enjambment or end-stopped lines. Enjambment means that thoughts continue across multiple lines or couplets, while end-stopped lines end with punctuation.\\nAfter you have gotten a sense of where the lines break, think about why the poet may have arranged their words in this way. For example, does this arrangement place more emphasis on certain words?\\nIf the poem lacks punctuation, stop at the line breaks. However, consider if the poet didn't use punctuation because they intended for you to stop at the line breaks, or if the poet didn't use punctuation because the thought continues to the next line.\\n4-4. Find the setting of the poem.\\nThe setting of the poem is when and where the poem takes place. This can help you understand the context of the poem. You can determine the setting using the descriptions in the poem. If it’s not clear where the poem is set, the historical and cultural context of the poem may help you understand it.\\nYou can determine the historical and cultural context of a poem by examining the language the poet uses, the situation the poem presents, and the background of the poet. It's also helpful to read about the era when the poet wrote the poem.\\nAlthough historical and cultural context are important, don’t make them the focus of your interpretation of the poem.\\n4-5. Determine the poem’s themes to understand its meaning.\\nThe themes are the underlying messages or major ideas expressed in the poem, such as love and loss. The poem will have one or more themes that the poet is trying to get across. These themes will be the heart of the poem’s meaning. Here are some questions to help you find the themes:\\nWhat is the speaker’s attitude toward the subject?\\nWhat does the imagery suggest about the subject?\\nWhat events happen in the poem?\\nWhat does the setting look like?\\nHow does the poem make me feel?\\nWhy might the poet have written this poem?\\nWho is the poem directed toward?\\n4-6. Decide what the title tells you about the meaning of the poem.\\nPoem titles may add to the meaning of the poem. For example, some poets may choose a title to tell you what they were thinking about when they wrote the poem. However, some poems may be untitled or take their title from the poem itself.\\nFor example, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 takes its title from its number in the sequence of poems. The title doesn’t tell you anything new about the poem. However, if the title were “When I Look Upon My Love,” you would know the occasion of the poem, which could help you understand the meaning in more detail.\\nTips\\nAnnotating a poem is a great first step to analyzing it.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"When you’re reading poetry, it’s common to struggle with understanding what the poem means. Fortunately, annotating a poem can help you figure out what the poet is trying to say. Although it sounds complicated, annotating is just a way to take notes when you analyze a text. To annotate a poem, you’ll need to read the poem multiple times, highlighting significant passages. As you read, make notes to yourself in the margins. Then, you can analyze the poem using your annotations.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Reading the Poem\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Read through the poem\", \"描述\": \"Don’t stop to try to figure out what the poem might mean. Just read the entire poem a few times from start to finish and consider how it makes you feel. After you finish reading, answer the following questions in the margins or your notebook:\\nWhat is the subject of this poem?\\nWho might the speaker be?\\nWhat could the poem mean?\\nHow do I feel after reading the poem?\\nWhen might this poem take place?\\nDid any significant images stand out? What?\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Read the poem aloud to yourself, if you can.\", \"描述\": \"The way a poem sounds is important because it is very much an oral art form, so it’s best to read it aloud. You’ll more easily recognize the meter, rhyme scheme, and rhythm when you read aloud. Additionally, you’ll hear the effect of the way the poet arranged the words.\\nYou’ll likely need to read the poem aloud several times, especially when you start looking for sound devices later in your annotation.\\nLook for a quiet location where you can read the poem.\\nYou may not be able to read the poem too loudly if you're taking a test or in a place where you can't talk, such as a library. If this is the case, read the poem quietly under your breath. This isn’t exactly the same, but it can help you if you’re trying to annotate the poem during a test or a similar situation.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Scan the poem\", \"描述\": \"Recognizing the meter will help you understand the poem’s form and structure. Read the poem aloud line by line. As you read, mark each unstressed (soft) syllable with a “u” and every stressed (hard) syllable with a “/”. If you notice a pattern of unstressed and stressed syllables, draw a line between each set of syllables to mark the feet of the poem.\\nA metrical foot of a poem is a single set of syllables within a pattern of syllables in the poem. For example, if a line of poetry has a meter of “u/u/u/u/u/,” then a foot would be “u/.”\\nA formal poem is likely to have a meter, while an informal poem may not. After you identify the number of feet, count the syllables in each line. Three feet is trimeter, 4 is tetrameter, 5 is pentameter, and so on.\\nIf you’re having trouble identifying the meter, try tapping a hand along as you read. Tap softly for unstressed syllables and harder for stressed syllables. Notice the pattern of the tapping. Keep in mind that this can take some practice, so be patient with yourself.\\nYou will encounter the iamb most often, which is 1 stressed and 1 unstressed syllable, but you will also encounter other patterns, such as the dactyl, trochee, anapest, pyrrhic, and spondee.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Determine the poem’s rhyme scheme, if it has one.\", \"描述\": \"The rhyme scheme will help you determine the poem’s form, as well as if the poem is formal or informal. To find the rhyme scheme, use letters to mark repeating rhymes. Start with an “A” on line 1, then use a new letter for a new sound or the same letter for a repeated sound. Continue until you finish marking the poem. Here's how you would label the rhyme scheme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12: \\nWhen I do count the clock that tells the time, \\nAnd see the brave day sunk in hideous night; \\nWhen I behold the violet past prime, \\nAnd sable curls, all silvered o'er with white; \\nWhen lofty trees I see barren of leaves, \\nWhich erst from heat did canopy the herd, \\nAnd summer's green all girded up in sheaves, \\nBorne on the bier with white and bristly beard, \\nThen of thy beauty do I question make, \\nThat thou among the wastes of time must go, \\nSince sweets and beauties do themselves forsake \\nAnd die as fast as they see others grow; \\nAnd nothing 'against Time's scythe can make defense \\nSave breed, to brave him when he takes thee hence.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Identify the poem’s form, if it has one.\", \"描述\": \"A poem’s form can add to its meaning because it gives the poem structure. You can recognize form by looking at the rhyme scheme and meter of the poem and its stanza arrangement. Once you know the poem, consider why the poet may have chosen to use that structure for their poem.\\nFor example, the poem may be a sonnet, haiku, villanelle, acrostic, narrative, ballad, or blank verse poem. A poem that appears to have no form is called free verse. These are the most common forms used in poetry.\\nA formal poem is more likely to adhere to a form, while an informal poem may not. An informal poem may loosely follow a form or may be free verse.\\nIf you’re having trouble figuring out which form the poem is, try searching the rhyme scheme on the Internet.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Highlighting Words and Phrases\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Begin highlighting important or confusing lines on your second reading.\", \"描述\": \"Don't worry about highlighting everything important in one pass. Read the poem as many times as necessary to help you understand its meaning.\\nAlways read through the poem without stopping the first time. Then, start your annotation process on the second reading.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Use multiple colors of highlighters to organize your thoughts.\", \"描述\": \"Make each color represent a different piece of information. This will help you as you study the poem and write your notes.\\nFor example, yellow might represent passages you think are important, blue might identify words you don’t know, and pink could highlight passages you don’t understand. Use a system that works for you.\\nIf you only have one highlighter, that’s okay! Use it to identify passages you think are important or don’t understand.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Highlight important passages so you can analyze them.\", \"描述\": \"Use your yellow highlighter to identify the key passages in the poem, such as repeated lines, imagery, or emphasized words and phrases. Mark any passage that seems significant to you.\\nFor example, you might highlight repeated words or lines. Also, identify what you have gleaned from the poem so far in your first readings and highlight anything that seems important or meaningful to you.\\nLater, you can draw quotes from your highlighted passages, if you’re writing a paper on the poem.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Mark words you don’t know so you can look them up.\", \"描述\": \"Use a blue highlighter to indicate words that you either don’t know or don’t understand in the context of the poem. Then, look them up in your dictionary or online, depending on what’s available to you.\\nIf you know the word but aren't sure what it means in the context of the poem, analyze the sentence itself so you can use context clues to figure out what the poet means. If this doesn't help, you can use online resources to look at how people typically interpret that word in this particular poem.\\nKeep in mind that poetry often uses words that have multiple meanings. Write out all of a word’s definitions if you are unfamiliar with them. This will aid you in your analysis.\\nDon’t just skip over words you don’t know. The poet chose that word for a reason, so it’s important that you understand its meaning. It will help you more easily understand the poem’s overall meaning.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Highlight confusing lines so you can work out their meaning.\", \"描述\": \"Use your pink highlighter to mark lines that don’t quite make sense. For example, you might struggle to understand the line because of inverted syntax, a reference you don’t know, or a seeming contradiction. Highlight the line so you can spend more time on it.\\nInverted syntax means that the order of the words in a sentence is rearranged. For example, “Fruit blossomed on the tree” is normal syntax. Inverted syntax might read, “On the tree blossomed fruit.”\\nIt’s okay if you use two colors on the same line. For example, you might think a line is important but not understand it. In this case, you could mark it both yellow and pink. To keep the colors from bleeding together, highlight the top of the line in one color and the bottom of the line in another color.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Writing Notes in the Margins\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Begin writing notes on the poem on the second reading.\", \"描述\": \"After reading it for enjoyment the first time, start making notes on your paper. Add new notes each time you read the poem.\\nOnce you’ve highlighted your passages, go back through the poem and analyze the highlighted text in the margins.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Record your thoughts about the poem.\", \"描述\": \"Whenever you have a new thought or reaction, stop and write it down. At the end of each stanza, jot down a summary, your reaction, or any questions you have. As you read the poem, try to answer these questions for yourself.\\nIf you’re writing an essay about the poem, you can use these notes later to pull commentary for your analysis.\\nIf you can’t figure out the answer to one of your questions, talk to your instructor or a classmate. As another option, you might search for secondary sources online to help you better understand the poem.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Identify literary devices used in the poem to understand the meaning.\", \"描述\": \"Poets use literary devices to convey meaning in poetry. Additionally, literary devices also enrich the poem, making it more interesting to the reader. Here are some common literary devices used in poetry:\\nFigurative language includes descriptions and abstract images. For example, referring to a clock as a “pair of hands stealing hours” is figurative language.\\nSymbols are objects, characters, situations, places, or words that have a meaning other than their literal meaning. For instance, the whale in Moby Dick is a symbol for nature, which can’t be conquered.\\nMetaphor is the comparison between two seemingly unlike things, such as “her memory is a cup of sorrows.”\\nSimile is the comparison of two seemingly unlike things but uses the words “like” or “as” to make the comparison. An example is “hot as the scorching sun.”\\nMetonymy occurs when the poet refers to something using a word closely related to that thing. For example, they might refer to blood as “the lifeforce in your veins.”\\nSynecdoche occurs when the poet uses part of something to stand for the entire person or object. They might write “The greybeards pondered,” instead of writing “The old men thought.”\\nHyperbole is an extreme exaggeration, such as “petals from a million roses.”\\nVerbal irony is when someone says one thing but means another. A good example of irony is sarcasm, such as when you're having a bad day and say, \\\"What a great day!\\\"\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Recognize the sound devices used in the poem.\", \"描述\": \"Sound devices add richness and texture to the poem. Additionally, they allow the poet to more easily convey meaning. Look for these sound devices, which won’t be present in every poem:\\nAlliteration is the repetition of the same letter sound in a line. For example, “Blackberries blooming on a prickly bush” is alliteration because of the repeating \\\"b\\\" sound.\\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound within a line or lines. As an example, “Sweet tea flowed free” has a repeating “e” sound.\\nConsonance is the repetition of a consonant sound within a line or lines. For instance, “Tickets sold, I kicked the lock” has a repeating “k” sound.\\nRhythm is the pattern of the sound, which is created by the meter.\\nOnomatopoeia are sound words, such as “bam” and “pow.”\\nOff rhyme occurs when two words nearly rhyme but not quite. For instance, “off” and “loft” almost rhyme.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Examine the poem’s imagery to help you recognize the themes.\", \"描述\": \"Imagery evokes your senses so you can better enjoy the poem. It might trigger your sense of sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. Note passages in the poem that contain words or phrases that help you experience the poem, then analyze what the poet might want you to take from them.\\nGo through the poem and underline the descriptive words and phrases that trigger your 5 senses.\\nFor example, in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 above, we see barren trees that have lost their leaves and sable hair that has turned grey. This helps us understand that Shakespeare is reflecting on the passage of time.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Summarize what’s happening in each stanza or section.\", \"描述\": \"It’s very hard to summarize a poem, but making brief summaries for yourself can help you figure out the poem’s meaning. Jot down what you think each passage is talking about, and identify any notable images in that passage. Later, this can help you analyze the poem.\\nFor example, we might summarize the first four lines of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 like this: “The narrator is watching time pass, which turns youth into old age.”\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Analyzing the Poem\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Identify the speaker of the poem.\", \"描述\": \"The speaker in the poem is the narrator. If you think the speaker is the poet, consider their persona. What is their perspective? What do they seem to think or feel according to their words? However, remember that the poet as the speaker isn’t always the case. It’s important to know who the speaker is to help yourself understand the poem. Here are some questions to ask yourself:\\nCould the speaker be the poet?\\nDoes the speaker provide their name?\\nDoes the image of the speaker match your image of the poet?\\nWhat does the language used in the poem tell me about the speaker?\\nWhat does the speaker’s attitude suggest about the speaker?\\nWhat is the setting?\\nWhat is the situation in the poem?\\nHow might I describe this speaker?\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Determine the tone of the poem.\", \"描述\": \"The tone is the mood or attitude of the speaker toward the subject. It can help you understand the messages within the poem, as the tone shows what the poet wants you to feel about the subject. Consider how the poem made you feel, as well the language used in the poem.\\nFor example, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 has a dark tone, as the speaker describes time stealing away youth. However, it has a mocking twist at the end, as the speaker notes that having children can defy time as you live on through them.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Focus on the sentences in the poem rather than the line breaks.\", \"描述\": \"While line breaks are important to the structure of the poem, the poet still expresses their thoughts in sentences. Read through the line breaks and stop at punctuation when you’re studying the poem’s meaning.\\nNotice if the lines use enjambment or end-stopped lines. Enjambment means that thoughts continue across multiple lines or couplets, while end-stopped lines end with punctuation.\\nAfter you have gotten a sense of where the lines break, think about why the poet may have arranged their words in this way. For example, does this arrangement place more emphasis on certain words?\\nIf the poem lacks punctuation, stop at the line breaks. However, consider if the poet didn't use punctuation because they intended for you to stop at the line breaks, or if the poet didn't use punctuation because the thought continues to the next line.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Find the setting of the poem.\", \"描述\": \"The setting of the poem is when and where the poem takes place. This can help you understand the context of the poem. You can determine the setting using the descriptions in the poem. If it’s not clear where the poem is set, the historical and cultural context of the poem may help you understand it.\\nYou can determine the historical and cultural context of a poem by examining the language the poet uses, the situation the poem presents, and the background of the poet. It's also helpful to read about the era when the poet wrote the poem.\\nAlthough historical and cultural context are important, don’t make them the focus of your interpretation of the poem.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Determine the poem’s themes to understand its meaning.\", \"描述\": \"The themes are the underlying messages or major ideas expressed in the poem, such as love and loss. The poem will have one or more themes that the poet is trying to get across. These themes will be the heart of the poem’s meaning. Here are some questions to help you find the themes:\\nWhat is the speaker’s attitude toward the subject?\\nWhat does the imagery suggest about the subject?\\nWhat events happen in the poem?\\nWhat does the setting look like?\\nHow does the poem make me feel?\\nWhy might the poet have written this poem?\\nWho is the poem directed toward?\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Decide what the title tells you about the meaning of the poem.\", \"描述\": \"Poem titles may add to the meaning of the poem. For example, some poets may choose a title to tell you what they were thinking about when they wrote the poem. However, some poems may be untitled or take their title from the poem itself.\\nFor example, Shakespeare’s Sonnet 12 takes its title from its number in the sequence of poems. The title doesn’t tell you anything new about the poem. However, if the title were “When I Look Upon My Love,” you would know the occasion of the poem, which could help you understand the meaning in more detail.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Annotating a poem is a great first step to analyzing it.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,707 | How to Annotate a Script | 1. Becoming Familiar with the Story
1-1. Read the script.
Before you start marking up your script, it is a good idea to read through it once and just get a basic understanding of the story. You can read with a pencil in hand and make some general notes in the margins if you like.
For example, you can mark lines that are confusing, surprising, important, or just interesting.
You can also look for scenes or lines that are repeated or that seem to connect to other scenes or lines.
1-2. Cross out stage directions for plays.
If you are acting in a stage production, then it is a good idea to put an X through any stage directions included in your script. The director of the production you are working on will probably design his or her own stage directions, so you will probably not need these.
If you want to be sure, you can always ask the director if he or she will be following the scripted stage directions before you cross them out.
1-3. Look up unfamiliar words and concepts.
There may be times when a word or concept in a script is unfamiliar to you. If this happens, make sure that you look it up. It is important to be fully aware of what your character’s lines mean.
You can define unfamiliar words or concepts in the margins of your script or keep a log of them in a journal.
You might have to look up lots of words and concepts if you are working with an old script, such as a play by Shakespeare.
1-4. Write down your questions.
You may not be able to figure out everything on your own. As you read your script, another way to annotate it is to write down your questions. Then, you can bring up these questions during rehearsal.
For example, if you encounter an unfamiliar concept and you don’t quite understand what it means after looking it up and reading about it, then you could include a question about it.
1-5. Read the script again.
It is important to read the script multiple times to gain a good understanding of it and to do a thorough annotation. Make sure that you give yourself plenty of time to read through the script at least twice before you start memorizing your lines.
2. Deciding How to Deliver Your Lines
2-1. Identify beats with two slashes (//).
A beat in a script is when something shifts, either in the script’s tone or in a character’s development. Identifying beats can help you to see when you need to alter the way that you deliver your lines from one sentence to the next. Mark beats with two slashes (//) to help you identify these crucial moments in your script.
For example, you might identify a beat in the following lines: “John, I love you. // Don’t you love me?’’ In this situation, the character speaking the lines might be going from feeling love and affection, to being afraid that John does not feel the same way about her.
2-2. Note intention.
It is important for actors to get inside of their characters’ heads and figure out what makes them tick. Intention is what is driving a character’s actions and words. Write your character’s intention for a scene at the top of the page where the scene begins.
For example, the intention might be “I want to get him to admit that he loves me.” Or, “I want to convince my friend that he should not seek revenge.”
2-3. Clarify action in parentheses.
Through rehearsals and becoming more familiar with your character, you will start to develop actions to go along with your lines and other character’s lines as well. Writing these actions in the margins can help you to link them with the lines.
For example, you might decide that your character would reach out and grab John’s arm while your character asks him, “Don’t you love me?” Or, you might decide that your character would be clenching his fists and shaking while another character is yelling at him.
2-4. Consider subtext.
Subtext is what your character is thinking and this might be quite different from what your character actually says. Noting your character’s subtext can help you to decide how to deliver certain lines.
For example, if your character says, “Of course, I love you,” but the subtext is that he is in love with someone else, then you might say the line in a somber way or say the line while looking in the other person’s direction.
2-5. Emphasize important words and phrases.
As you read through a script, make sure that you underline any important words or phrases that you think you will need to emphasize. These words and phrases may seem insignificant to a casual reader, but you may identify them as important based on what you know about your character.
For example, in the line, “Of course, I love you,” you might decide to place the emphasis on “love” or “of course.” Delivering the line with emphasis on “love” might make it seem like the character is being defiant while delivering it with emphasis on “of course” could make it seem like the character is being sincere.
Experiment with different types of emphasis to figure out what best expresses your character’s intention and subtext.
3. Adding Stage Directions
3-1. Learn abbreviations to note your stage locations.
Annotating your script with your director's blocking instructions can make it easier to remember where you are supposed to be and what you are supposed to be doing during the performance. Some common abbreviations for blocking include:
CS = Center Stage
OS = Off Stage
DC= Down Center
UC = Up Center
SR = Stage Right
DS = Downstage
SL = Stage Left
US = Upstage
3-2. Note when to enter and exit the stage.
Knowing when and where to enter and exit the stage is important. Your character might need to enter before her lines begin or exit a while after he or she has finished speaking. Note when to enter and exit the stage in the margins of your script by using abbreviations.
ENT or Ntr = enter
EXT or Xit = exit
You can combine the abbreviations for entering and exiting the stage with other abbreviations to help you remember where to enter and exit. For example, you could indicate that you need to exist stage left by writing EXTSL in the margins of your script, or indicate that you need to enter stage right by writing NtrSR.
3-3. Identify when to cross the stage.
Knowing when to move to a different part of the stage is also important. You can mark these instructions in the margins of your script using abbreviations as well.
X = cross
You can combine the cross abbreviation with others to identify where to cross to in a scene. For example, you might write XSL to indicate that you need to cross to stage left, or XCS to indicate that you need to cross to center stage.
3-4. Use abbreviations for other actions and positioning.
Your character might have to do other things, such as sitting, standing, kneeling, or picking up an object. You can abbreviate these actions in the margins of your script as well. Some abbreviations you might use to indicate different actions might include:
KN = kneel
SD = sit down
SU = stand up
LD = lay down
PU = pick up
PD = put down
4. Making the Most of Your Annotations
4-1. Use a pencil.
When you annotate a script, it is a good idea to use a pencil rather than a pen. This is because you may develop new ideas as you familiarize yourself with the character and story. Using a pencil makes it easy to erase a note if you change your mind about it and write in a new one.
4-2. Review your annotations.
After you have finished annotating your text, make sure that you review your annotations. Take time to read through all of them and make changes or additions to your annotations if you have developed new ideas about something.
You can use what you have written to help guide your actions, tone, and gestures during rehearsals. For example, your notes on your character’s intention can help you to decide how to stand, how your face should look, and what tone to use when delivering your lines.
4-3. Ask questions.
Your director and fellow actors can help you if you have unanswered questions or if you are struggling with something within the script. Bring up any unanswered questions that you have during rehearsals and listen to what your director and fellow actors have to say.
By collaborating with others, you may gain an even deeper understanding of your character and use this knowledge to improve your performance.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:57",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Becoming Familiar with the Story\\n1-1. Read the script.\\nBefore you start marking up your script, it is a good idea to read through it once and just get a basic understanding of the story. You can read with a pencil in hand and make some general notes in the margins if you like.\\nFor example, you can mark lines that are confusing, surprising, important, or just interesting.\\nYou can also look for scenes or lines that are repeated or that seem to connect to other scenes or lines.\\n1-2. Cross out stage directions for plays.\\nIf you are acting in a stage production, then it is a good idea to put an X through any stage directions included in your script. The director of the production you are working on will probably design his or her own stage directions, so you will probably not need these.\\nIf you want to be sure, you can always ask the director if he or she will be following the scripted stage directions before you cross them out.\\n1-3. Look up unfamiliar words and concepts.\\nThere may be times when a word or concept in a script is unfamiliar to you. If this happens, make sure that you look it up. It is important to be fully aware of what your character’s lines mean.\\nYou can define unfamiliar words or concepts in the margins of your script or keep a log of them in a journal.\\nYou might have to look up lots of words and concepts if you are working with an old script, such as a play by Shakespeare.\\n1-4. Write down your questions.\\nYou may not be able to figure out everything on your own. As you read your script, another way to annotate it is to write down your questions. Then, you can bring up these questions during rehearsal.\\nFor example, if you encounter an unfamiliar concept and you don’t quite understand what it means after looking it up and reading about it, then you could include a question about it.\\n1-5. Read the script again.\\nIt is important to read the script multiple times to gain a good understanding of it and to do a thorough annotation. Make sure that you give yourself plenty of time to read through the script at least twice before you start memorizing your lines.\\n2. Deciding How to Deliver Your Lines\\n2-1. Identify beats with two slashes (//).\\nA beat in a script is when something shifts, either in the script’s tone or in a character’s development. Identifying beats can help you to see when you need to alter the way that you deliver your lines from one sentence to the next. Mark beats with two slashes (//) to help you identify these crucial moments in your script.\\nFor example, you might identify a beat in the following lines: “John, I love you. // Don’t you love me?’’ In this situation, the character speaking the lines might be going from feeling love and affection, to being afraid that John does not feel the same way about her.\\n2-2. Note intention.\\nIt is important for actors to get inside of their characters’ heads and figure out what makes them tick. Intention is what is driving a character’s actions and words. Write your character’s intention for a scene at the top of the page where the scene begins.\\nFor example, the intention might be “I want to get him to admit that he loves me.” Or, “I want to convince my friend that he should not seek revenge.”\\n2-3. Clarify action in parentheses.\\nThrough rehearsals and becoming more familiar with your character, you will start to develop actions to go along with your lines and other character’s lines as well. Writing these actions in the margins can help you to link them with the lines.\\nFor example, you might decide that your character would reach out and grab John’s arm while your character asks him, “Don’t you love me?” Or, you might decide that your character would be clenching his fists and shaking while another character is yelling at him.\\n2-4. Consider subtext.\\nSubtext is what your character is thinking and this might be quite different from what your character actually says. Noting your character’s subtext can help you to decide how to deliver certain lines.\\nFor example, if your character says, “Of course, I love you,” but the subtext is that he is in love with someone else, then you might say the line in a somber way or say the line while looking in the other person’s direction.\\n2-5. Emphasize important words and phrases.\\nAs you read through a script, make sure that you underline any important words or phrases that you think you will need to emphasize. These words and phrases may seem insignificant to a casual reader, but you may identify them as important based on what you know about your character.\\nFor example, in the line, “Of course, I love you,” you might decide to place the emphasis on “love” or “of course.” Delivering the line with emphasis on “love” might make it seem like the character is being defiant while delivering it with emphasis on “of course” could make it seem like the character is being sincere.\\nExperiment with different types of emphasis to figure out what best expresses your character’s intention and subtext.\\n3. Adding Stage Directions\\n3-1. Learn abbreviations to note your stage locations.\\nAnnotating your script with your director's blocking instructions can make it easier to remember where you are supposed to be and what you are supposed to be doing during the performance. Some common abbreviations for blocking include:\\nCS = Center Stage\\nOS = Off Stage\\nDC= Down Center\\nUC = Up Center\\nSR = Stage Right\\nDS = Downstage\\nSL = Stage Left\\nUS = Upstage\\n3-2. Note when to enter and exit the stage.\\nKnowing when and where to enter and exit the stage is important. Your character might need to enter before her lines begin or exit a while after he or she has finished speaking. Note when to enter and exit the stage in the margins of your script by using abbreviations.\\nENT or Ntr = enter\\nEXT or Xit = exit\\nYou can combine the abbreviations for entering and exiting the stage with other abbreviations to help you remember where to enter and exit. For example, you could indicate that you need to exist stage left by writing EXTSL in the margins of your script, or indicate that you need to enter stage right by writing NtrSR.\\n3-3. Identify when to cross the stage.\\nKnowing when to move to a different part of the stage is also important. You can mark these instructions in the margins of your script using abbreviations as well.\\nX = cross\\nYou can combine the cross abbreviation with others to identify where to cross to in a scene. For example, you might write XSL to indicate that you need to cross to stage left, or XCS to indicate that you need to cross to center stage.\\n3-4. Use abbreviations for other actions and positioning.\\nYour character might have to do other things, such as sitting, standing, kneeling, or picking up an object. You can abbreviate these actions in the margins of your script as well. Some abbreviations you might use to indicate different actions might include:\\nKN = kneel\\nSD = sit down\\nSU = stand up\\nLD = lay down\\nPU = pick up\\nPD = put down\\n4. Making the Most of Your Annotations\\n4-1. Use a pencil.\\nWhen you annotate a script, it is a good idea to use a pencil rather than a pen. This is because you may develop new ideas as you familiarize yourself with the character and story. Using a pencil makes it easy to erase a note if you change your mind about it and write in a new one.\\n4-2. Review your annotations.\\nAfter you have finished annotating your text, make sure that you review your annotations. Take time to read through all of them and make changes or additions to your annotations if you have developed new ideas about something.\\nYou can use what you have written to help guide your actions, tone, and gestures during rehearsals. For example, your notes on your character’s intention can help you to decide how to stand, how your face should look, and what tone to use when delivering your lines.\\n4-3. Ask questions.\\nYour director and fellow actors can help you if you have unanswered questions or if you are struggling with something within the script. Bring up any unanswered questions that you have during rehearsals and listen to what your director and fellow actors have to say.\\nBy collaborating with others, you may gain an even deeper understanding of your character and use this knowledge to improve your performance.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Annotating a script is an essential skill for serious actors. By annotating your script, you can develop a better understanding of your character and you may even be able to improve your performances. You can also use annotations for more technical aspects of your performance, such as blocking. It takes time to annotate a script, but there are strategies you can use to make your annotations more efficient and helpful.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Becoming Familiar with the Story\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Read the script.\", \"描述\": \"Before you start marking up your script, it is a good idea to read through it once and just get a basic understanding of the story. You can read with a pencil in hand and make some general notes in the margins if you like.\\nFor example, you can mark lines that are confusing, surprising, important, or just interesting.\\nYou can also look for scenes or lines that are repeated or that seem to connect to other scenes or lines.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Cross out stage directions for plays.\", \"描述\": \"If you are acting in a stage production, then it is a good idea to put an X through any stage directions included in your script. The director of the production you are working on will probably design his or her own stage directions, so you will probably not need these.\\nIf you want to be sure, you can always ask the director if he or she will be following the scripted stage directions before you cross them out.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Look up unfamiliar words and concepts.\", \"描述\": \"There may be times when a word or concept in a script is unfamiliar to you. If this happens, make sure that you look it up. It is important to be fully aware of what your character’s lines mean.\\nYou can define unfamiliar words or concepts in the margins of your script or keep a log of them in a journal.\\nYou might have to look up lots of words and concepts if you are working with an old script, such as a play by Shakespeare.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Write down your questions.\", \"描述\": \"You may not be able to figure out everything on your own. As you read your script, another way to annotate it is to write down your questions. Then, you can bring up these questions during rehearsal.\\nFor example, if you encounter an unfamiliar concept and you don’t quite understand what it means after looking it up and reading about it, then you could include a question about it.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Read the script again.\", \"描述\": \"It is important to read the script multiple times to gain a good understanding of it and to do a thorough annotation. Make sure that you give yourself plenty of time to read through the script at least twice before you start memorizing your lines.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Deciding How to Deliver Your Lines\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Identify beats with two slashes (//).\", \"描述\": \"A beat in a script is when something shifts, either in the script’s tone or in a character’s development. Identifying beats can help you to see when you need to alter the way that you deliver your lines from one sentence to the next. Mark beats with two slashes (//) to help you identify these crucial moments in your script.\\nFor example, you might identify a beat in the following lines: “John, I love you. // Don’t you love me?’’ In this situation, the character speaking the lines might be going from feeling love and affection, to being afraid that John does not feel the same way about her.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Note intention.\", \"描述\": \"It is important for actors to get inside of their characters’ heads and figure out what makes them tick. Intention is what is driving a character’s actions and words. Write your character’s intention for a scene at the top of the page where the scene begins.\\nFor example, the intention might be “I want to get him to admit that he loves me.” Or, “I want to convince my friend that he should not seek revenge.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Clarify action in parentheses.\", \"描述\": \"Through rehearsals and becoming more familiar with your character, you will start to develop actions to go along with your lines and other character’s lines as well. Writing these actions in the margins can help you to link them with the lines.\\nFor example, you might decide that your character would reach out and grab John’s arm while your character asks him, “Don’t you love me?” Or, you might decide that your character would be clenching his fists and shaking while another character is yelling at him.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Consider subtext.\", \"描述\": \"Subtext is what your character is thinking and this might be quite different from what your character actually says. Noting your character’s subtext can help you to decide how to deliver certain lines.\\nFor example, if your character says, “Of course, I love you,” but the subtext is that he is in love with someone else, then you might say the line in a somber way or say the line while looking in the other person’s direction.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Emphasize important words and phrases.\", \"描述\": \"As you read through a script, make sure that you underline any important words or phrases that you think you will need to emphasize. These words and phrases may seem insignificant to a casual reader, but you may identify them as important based on what you know about your character.\\nFor example, in the line, “Of course, I love you,” you might decide to place the emphasis on “love” or “of course.” Delivering the line with emphasis on “love” might make it seem like the character is being defiant while delivering it with emphasis on “of course” could make it seem like the character is being sincere.\\nExperiment with different types of emphasis to figure out what best expresses your character’s intention and subtext.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Adding Stage Directions\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Learn abbreviations to note your stage locations.\", \"描述\": \"Annotating your script with your director's blocking instructions can make it easier to remember where you are supposed to be and what you are supposed to be doing during the performance. Some common abbreviations for blocking include:\\nCS = Center Stage\\nOS = Off Stage\\nDC= Down Center\\nUC = Up Center\\nSR = Stage Right\\nDS = Downstage\\nSL = Stage Left\\nUS = Upstage\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Note when to enter and exit the stage.\", \"描述\": \"Knowing when and where to enter and exit the stage is important. Your character might need to enter before her lines begin or exit a while after he or she has finished speaking. Note when to enter and exit the stage in the margins of your script by using abbreviations.\\nENT or Ntr = enter\\nEXT or Xit = exit\\nYou can combine the abbreviations for entering and exiting the stage with other abbreviations to help you remember where to enter and exit. For example, you could indicate that you need to exist stage left by writing EXTSL in the margins of your script, or indicate that you need to enter stage right by writing NtrSR.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Identify when to cross the stage.\", \"描述\": \"Knowing when to move to a different part of the stage is also important. You can mark these instructions in the margins of your script using abbreviations as well.\\nX = cross\\nYou can combine the cross abbreviation with others to identify where to cross to in a scene. For example, you might write XSL to indicate that you need to cross to stage left, or XCS to indicate that you need to cross to center stage.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Use abbreviations for other actions and positioning.\", \"描述\": \"Your character might have to do other things, such as sitting, standing, kneeling, or picking up an object. You can abbreviate these actions in the margins of your script as well. Some abbreviations you might use to indicate different actions might include:\\nKN = kneel\\nSD = sit down\\nSU = stand up\\nLD = lay down\\nPU = pick up\\nPD = put down\"}]}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Making the Most of Your Annotations\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Use a pencil.\", \"描述\": \"When you annotate a script, it is a good idea to use a pencil rather than a pen. This is because you may develop new ideas as you familiarize yourself with the character and story. Using a pencil makes it easy to erase a note if you change your mind about it and write in a new one.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Review your annotations.\", \"描述\": \"After you have finished annotating your text, make sure that you review your annotations. Take time to read through all of them and make changes or additions to your annotations if you have developed new ideas about something.\\nYou can use what you have written to help guide your actions, tone, and gestures during rehearsals. For example, your notes on your character’s intention can help you to decide how to stand, how your face should look, and what tone to use when delivering your lines.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Ask questions.\", \"描述\": \"Your director and fellow actors can help you if you have unanswered questions or if you are struggling with something within the script. Bring up any unanswered questions that you have during rehearsals and listen to what your director and fellow actors have to say.\\nBy collaborating with others, you may gain an even deeper understanding of your character and use this knowledge to improve your performance.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,708 | How to Annotate an Article | 1. Following General Annotation Procedures
1-1. Recognize why you should annotate.
Annotating, or interacting with, an article can help you understand the piece, highlight important concepts, and enhance your recall of the material. Things to note in your annotations include:
Background on the author
Themes throughout the text
The author’s purpose for writing the text
The author’s thesis
Points of confusion
How the text compares to other texts you are analyzing on the same topic
Questions to ask your teacher or questions to bring up in class discussions
1-2. Mark down the source information.
At the top of the document or annotation page, write down all of the citation information. If you know the citation style that you will be using, such as MLA or APA, it is even better if you can create an initial rough citation.
Later on, you can gather all of these citations together to form a bibliography or works cited page, if required.
If you are working with a source that frequently changes, such as a newspaper or website, make sure to mark down the accession date or number (the year the piece was acquired and/or where it came from).
1-3. Understand your reading goals.
If you are reading for your own personal work, then focus on finding information connected to your research goals. If you are working on a class assignment, consider what goals your teacher might have for you. They may want you to concentrate on creating a series of response questions or perhaps locating the main idea.
If you were given an assignment sheet with listed objectives, you might look over your completed annotation and check off each objective when finished. This will ensure that you’ve met all of the requirements.
1-4. Annotate as you read the article.
It may be tempting to read through a work without making notes, but resist this urge. Feel free to read a piece multiple times, but make sure to write down your notes for each round. This will allow you to capture your reactions and responses multiple times over.
1-5. Ask questions as you go through the text.
In the margins or alongside the text, make note of any questions that you have. It is not necessary to create any particular symbol for these, just end each statement with a question mark. You can write down questions that you have or those that you would like your teacher to help you answer.
You can also write down questions that you plan to bring up during a class discussion. For example, you might write, “What does everyone think about this sentence?” Or, if your reading connects to a future writing assignment, you can ask questions that connect to that work.
1-6. Focus on themes and connections to your class topics.
Try to place your reading into context with your class experiences and your general life experiences. To mark down these connections, you might draw lines between bracketed portions of the text. Then, you can write down the theme that you are interested in on the line itself or next to one of the brackets.
You could write, “Connects to the theme of hope and redemption discussed in class.”
1-7. Circle words or concepts that you don’t understand.
Use your annotations to remind you of what you need to do more research on. By circling your areas of confusion, this will allow you to then go back and look up whatever you need to. As an alternative to circles, you could simply write a question mark next to confusing passages.
Use whatever symbol marking system works for you. Just make sure that you are consistent in your use of certain symbols.
As you review your notes, you can create a list of all of the particular words that are circled. This may make it easier to look them up.
For example, if the tone of the work changes mid-paragraph, you might write a question mark next to that section.
1-8. Pay attention to the thesis and topic sentences.
These are the most important parts of any work. As you read through the document, try to locate this information and underline it. The thesis will come early on in the work, as it outlines the major argument to be made. The topic sentences let you know what to expect for each paragraph.
To increase your reading comprehension even more, you might want to write down the thesis statement in the margins in your own words.
The thesis sentence might start with a statement, such as, “I argue…”
1-9. Research the author.
Enter the author's name into a search engine and scroll through the results. See if you can download or preview a few of their works. If they have a website, visit it and learn what you can about their professional background. Try to determine their motivations for creating the piece that you are currently reading.
For example, reading online reviews can help you to determine whether or not the work is controversial or has been received without much fanfare.
If there are multiple authors for the work, start by researching the first name listed.
1-10. Write down your opinions.
Don’t be afraid to write whatever your feel or your reactions into the margins of a text. This will help you to create personal connections to your reading and will also make it easier to remember it as well. As you are reading, don’t be concerned about being right or wrong with your initial notes.
You might write, “This may contradict any earlier section.” Or, “I don’t agree with this.”
2. Annotating an Article by Hand
2-1. Make a photocopy of the article.
If you are focusing on a paper article or a book chapter, it may be easier to work from a paper copy. Go ahead and print out a clear copy of the work. Try to create a photocopy that leaves plenty of open space in the margins.
You can also file away this paper copy for future reference as you continue your research.
2-2. Choose a writing tool.
Carefully consider what writing tool to use for your notations. If you choose a yellow highlighter, just make sure to use it in a limited fashion, otherwise it becomes less meaningful. A pencil is a good tool to use because you can go back later and edit your comments for clarity, if needed.
If you are visual learner, you might consider developing a notation system involving various colors of highlighters and flags.
2-3. Create a separate notation page, if needed.
If your comments begin to overflow the margins, then you may want to use another piece of paper for extra annotations. Just make sure to write down the page numbers for each comment or marking. You could also divide the page up according to sections of the article.
2-4. Use Post-it notes.
If you are borrowing a book or have a work that you’ll need to return unmarked, then you can use sticky flags or Post-it notes to make your annotations. Just be sure to choose a size of Post-it that will provide ample space for your comments. And, you’ll want to handle the text carefully or your Post-its could fall out.
Depending on how you’ve taken your notes, you could also remove these Post-its to create an outline prior to writing.
2-5. Complete an annotation paragraph.
After you’ve finished reading and completed your annotations, then combine all of this knowledge into a single paragraph. This 3-4 sentence paragraph should identify the thesis and include a brief summary of the work. It can also mention any notable sources.
This rough annotation can then be used to create a larger annotated bibliography. This will help you to see any gaps in your research as well.
3. Annotating an Article on a Webpage
3-1. Download an online note-taking program.
Before you view the web article, start by locating and downloading an appropriate annotation program. Diigo, for example, is a free tool that will allow you to keep your notes private or share them with others. Teachers can also create universal Diigo accounts for classes.
You could also use a program, such as Evernote, MarkUp.io, Bounce, Shared Copy, WebKlipper, or Springnote. Be aware that some of these programs may require a payment for access.
3-2. Navigate to the webpage on which your article is posted.
Once your software is ready, you can start your real research. Browse the web until you locate an article that you can use. Or, to save time, you might locate numerous articles that you can use and go through them one by one.
3-3. Click the browser add-on button, usually located near the address bar.
To activate your notation program in the web window, you’ll need to activate the add-on. Some add-ons will require that you highlight or select all the entire page before clicking on the button.
3-4. Use the annotation toolbar to highlight, draw or note information.
Once the program opens in the webpage, go ahead and make your annotations like usual. You can highlight portions of the page or even draw arrows to certain sections. Some programs will even activate a paint-like note system, making it possible for you to create question marks, smiley faces, or even stars.
Depending on your program, you may be able to respond to other people’s comments. You can also designate your notes as private or public.
3-5. Save the annotation, if you want to clip it and use it outside of the web.
When you are finished, you can save the annotation as a document to your computer. Or, you can do a screenshot, which will allow to save a portion of the article. If you have an account with the online note-taking service, it will save the note to your account to access later.
3-6. Take extra steps to annotate a PDF work.
Start by saving the PDF as a text-based document. Then, open the file in a program, such as Apple Preview. Go through the application’s toolbar to make any desired notations. Save the PDF on your computer before closing and your margin notes and markings will be kept as well.
Tips
Annotating takes extra time, so make sure to set aside enough time for you to complete your work.[17]
X
Research source
If traditional annotation doesn’t appeal to you, then create a dialectical journal where you write down any quotes that speak to you.
Warnings
If you end up integrating your notes into a written project, make sure to keep your citation information connected. Otherwise, you run the risk of committing plagiarism.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:57",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Following General Annotation Procedures\\n1-1. Recognize why you should annotate.\\nAnnotating, or interacting with, an article can help you understand the piece, highlight important concepts, and enhance your recall of the material. Things to note in your annotations include:\\nBackground on the author\\nThemes throughout the text\\nThe author’s purpose for writing the text\\nThe author’s thesis\\nPoints of confusion\\nHow the text compares to other texts you are analyzing on the same topic\\nQuestions to ask your teacher or questions to bring up in class discussions\\n1-2. Mark down the source information.\\nAt the top of the document or annotation page, write down all of the citation information. If you know the citation style that you will be using, such as MLA or APA, it is even better if you can create an initial rough citation.\\nLater on, you can gather all of these citations together to form a bibliography or works cited page, if required.\\nIf you are working with a source that frequently changes, such as a newspaper or website, make sure to mark down the accession date or number (the year the piece was acquired and/or where it came from).\\n1-3. Understand your reading goals.\\nIf you are reading for your own personal work, then focus on finding information connected to your research goals. If you are working on a class assignment, consider what goals your teacher might have for you. They may want you to concentrate on creating a series of response questions or perhaps locating the main idea.\\nIf you were given an assignment sheet with listed objectives, you might look over your completed annotation and check off each objective when finished. This will ensure that you’ve met all of the requirements.\\n1-4. Annotate as you read the article.\\nIt may be tempting to read through a work without making notes, but resist this urge. Feel free to read a piece multiple times, but make sure to write down your notes for each round. This will allow you to capture your reactions and responses multiple times over.\\n1-5. Ask questions as you go through the text.\\nIn the margins or alongside the text, make note of any questions that you have. It is not necessary to create any particular symbol for these, just end each statement with a question mark. You can write down questions that you have or those that you would like your teacher to help you answer.\\nYou can also write down questions that you plan to bring up during a class discussion. For example, you might write, “What does everyone think about this sentence?” Or, if your reading connects to a future writing assignment, you can ask questions that connect to that work.\\n1-6. Focus on themes and connections to your class topics.\\nTry to place your reading into context with your class experiences and your general life experiences. To mark down these connections, you might draw lines between bracketed portions of the text. Then, you can write down the theme that you are interested in on the line itself or next to one of the brackets.\\nYou could write, “Connects to the theme of hope and redemption discussed in class.”\\n1-7. Circle words or concepts that you don’t understand.\\nUse your annotations to remind you of what you need to do more research on. By circling your areas of confusion, this will allow you to then go back and look up whatever you need to. As an alternative to circles, you could simply write a question mark next to confusing passages.\\nUse whatever symbol marking system works for you. Just make sure that you are consistent in your use of certain symbols.\\nAs you review your notes, you can create a list of all of the particular words that are circled. This may make it easier to look them up.\\nFor example, if the tone of the work changes mid-paragraph, you might write a question mark next to that section.\\n1-8. Pay attention to the thesis and topic sentences.\\nThese are the most important parts of any work. As you read through the document, try to locate this information and underline it. The thesis will come early on in the work, as it outlines the major argument to be made. The topic sentences let you know what to expect for each paragraph.\\nTo increase your reading comprehension even more, you might want to write down the thesis statement in the margins in your own words.\\nThe thesis sentence might start with a statement, such as, “I argue…”\\n1-9. Research the author.\\nEnter the author's name into a search engine and scroll through the results. See if you can download or preview a few of their works. If they have a website, visit it and learn what you can about their professional background. Try to determine their motivations for creating the piece that you are currently reading.\\nFor example, reading online reviews can help you to determine whether or not the work is controversial or has been received without much fanfare.\\nIf there are multiple authors for the work, start by researching the first name listed.\\n1-10. Write down your opinions.\\nDon’t be afraid to write whatever your feel or your reactions into the margins of a text. This will help you to create personal connections to your reading and will also make it easier to remember it as well. As you are reading, don’t be concerned about being right or wrong with your initial notes.\\nYou might write, “This may contradict any earlier section.” Or, “I don’t agree with this.”\\n2. Annotating an Article by Hand\\n2-1. Make a photocopy of the article.\\nIf you are focusing on a paper article or a book chapter, it may be easier to work from a paper copy. Go ahead and print out a clear copy of the work. Try to create a photocopy that leaves plenty of open space in the margins.\\nYou can also file away this paper copy for future reference as you continue your research.\\n2-2. Choose a writing tool.\\nCarefully consider what writing tool to use for your notations. If you choose a yellow highlighter, just make sure to use it in a limited fashion, otherwise it becomes less meaningful. A pencil is a good tool to use because you can go back later and edit your comments for clarity, if needed.\\nIf you are visual learner, you might consider developing a notation system involving various colors of highlighters and flags.\\n2-3. Create a separate notation page, if needed.\\nIf your comments begin to overflow the margins, then you may want to use another piece of paper for extra annotations. Just make sure to write down the page numbers for each comment or marking. You could also divide the page up according to sections of the article.\\n2-4. Use Post-it notes.\\nIf you are borrowing a book or have a work that you’ll need to return unmarked, then you can use sticky flags or Post-it notes to make your annotations. Just be sure to choose a size of Post-it that will provide ample space for your comments. And, you’ll want to handle the text carefully or your Post-its could fall out.\\nDepending on how you’ve taken your notes, you could also remove these Post-its to create an outline prior to writing.\\n2-5. Complete an annotation paragraph.\\nAfter you’ve finished reading and completed your annotations, then combine all of this knowledge into a single paragraph. This 3-4 sentence paragraph should identify the thesis and include a brief summary of the work. It can also mention any notable sources.\\nThis rough annotation can then be used to create a larger annotated bibliography. This will help you to see any gaps in your research as well.\\n3. Annotating an Article on a Webpage\\n3-1. Download an online note-taking program.\\nBefore you view the web article, start by locating and downloading an appropriate annotation program. Diigo, for example, is a free tool that will allow you to keep your notes private or share them with others. Teachers can also create universal Diigo accounts for classes.\\nYou could also use a program, such as Evernote, MarkUp.io, Bounce, Shared Copy, WebKlipper, or Springnote. Be aware that some of these programs may require a payment for access.\\n3-2. Navigate to the webpage on which your article is posted.\\nOnce your software is ready, you can start your real research. Browse the web until you locate an article that you can use. Or, to save time, you might locate numerous articles that you can use and go through them one by one.\\n3-3. Click the browser add-on button, usually located near the address bar.\\nTo activate your notation program in the web window, you’ll need to activate the add-on. Some add-ons will require that you highlight or select all the entire page before clicking on the button.\\n3-4. Use the annotation toolbar to highlight, draw or note information.\\nOnce the program opens in the webpage, go ahead and make your annotations like usual. You can highlight portions of the page or even draw arrows to certain sections. Some programs will even activate a paint-like note system, making it possible for you to create question marks, smiley faces, or even stars.\\nDepending on your program, you may be able to respond to other people’s comments. You can also designate your notes as private or public.\\n3-5. Save the annotation, if you want to clip it and use it outside of the web.\\nWhen you are finished, you can save the annotation as a document to your computer. Or, you can do a screenshot, which will allow to save a portion of the article. If you have an account with the online note-taking service, it will save the note to your account to access later.\\n3-6. Take extra steps to annotate a PDF work.\\nStart by saving the PDF as a text-based document. Then, open the file in a program, such as Apple Preview. Go through the application’s toolbar to make any desired notations. Save the PDF on your computer before closing and your margin notes and markings will be kept as well.\\nTips\\nAnnotating takes extra time, so make sure to set aside enough time for you to complete your work.[17]\\nX\\nResearch source\\nIf traditional annotation doesn’t appeal to you, then create a dialectical journal where you write down any quotes that speak to you.\\nWarnings\\nIf you end up integrating your notes into a written project, make sure to keep your citation information connected. Otherwise, you run the risk of committing plagiarism.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Annotating a text means that you take notes in the margins and make other markings for reading comprehension. Many people use annotation as part of academic research or to further their understanding of a certain work. To annotate an article, you'll need to ask questions as you go through the text, focus on themes, circle terms you don't understand, and write your opinions on the text's claims. You can annotate an article by hand or with an online note-taking program.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Following General Annotation Procedures\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Recognize why you should annotate.\", \"描述\": \"Annotating, or interacting with, an article can help you understand the piece, highlight important concepts, and enhance your recall of the material. Things to note in your annotations include:\\nBackground on the author\\nThemes throughout the text\\nThe author’s purpose for writing the text\\nThe author’s thesis\\nPoints of confusion\\nHow the text compares to other texts you are analyzing on the same topic\\nQuestions to ask your teacher or questions to bring up in class discussions\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Mark down the source information.\", \"描述\": \"At the top of the document or annotation page, write down all of the citation information. If you know the citation style that you will be using, such as MLA or APA, it is even better if you can create an initial rough citation.\\nLater on, you can gather all of these citations together to form a bibliography or works cited page, if required.\\nIf you are working with a source that frequently changes, such as a newspaper or website, make sure to mark down the accession date or number (the year the piece was acquired and/or where it came from).\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Understand your reading goals.\", \"描述\": \"If you are reading for your own personal work, then focus on finding information connected to your research goals. If you are working on a class assignment, consider what goals your teacher might have for you. They may want you to concentrate on creating a series of response questions or perhaps locating the main idea.\\nIf you were given an assignment sheet with listed objectives, you might look over your completed annotation and check off each objective when finished. This will ensure that you’ve met all of the requirements.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Annotate as you read the article.\", \"描述\": \"It may be tempting to read through a work without making notes, but resist this urge. Feel free to read a piece multiple times, but make sure to write down your notes for each round. This will allow you to capture your reactions and responses multiple times over.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Ask questions as you go through the text.\", \"描述\": \"In the margins or alongside the text, make note of any questions that you have. It is not necessary to create any particular symbol for these, just end each statement with a question mark. You can write down questions that you have or those that you would like your teacher to help you answer.\\nYou can also write down questions that you plan to bring up during a class discussion. For example, you might write, “What does everyone think about this sentence?” Or, if your reading connects to a future writing assignment, you can ask questions that connect to that work.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Focus on themes and connections to your class topics.\", \"描述\": \"Try to place your reading into context with your class experiences and your general life experiences. To mark down these connections, you might draw lines between bracketed portions of the text. Then, you can write down the theme that you are interested in on the line itself or next to one of the brackets.\\nYou could write, “Connects to the theme of hope and redemption discussed in class.”\"}, {\"编号\": 7, \"标题\": \"Circle words or concepts that you don’t understand.\", \"描述\": \"Use your annotations to remind you of what you need to do more research on. By circling your areas of confusion, this will allow you to then go back and look up whatever you need to. As an alternative to circles, you could simply write a question mark next to confusing passages.\\nUse whatever symbol marking system works for you. Just make sure that you are consistent in your use of certain symbols.\\nAs you review your notes, you can create a list of all of the particular words that are circled. This may make it easier to look them up.\\nFor example, if the tone of the work changes mid-paragraph, you might write a question mark next to that section.\"}, {\"编号\": 8, \"标题\": \"Pay attention to the thesis and topic sentences.\", \"描述\": \"These are the most important parts of any work. As you read through the document, try to locate this information and underline it. The thesis will come early on in the work, as it outlines the major argument to be made. The topic sentences let you know what to expect for each paragraph.\\nTo increase your reading comprehension even more, you might want to write down the thesis statement in the margins in your own words.\\nThe thesis sentence might start with a statement, such as, “I argue…”\"}, {\"编号\": 9, \"标题\": \"Research the author.\", \"描述\": \"Enter the author's name into a search engine and scroll through the results. See if you can download or preview a few of their works. If they have a website, visit it and learn what you can about their professional background. Try to determine their motivations for creating the piece that you are currently reading.\\nFor example, reading online reviews can help you to determine whether or not the work is controversial or has been received without much fanfare.\\nIf there are multiple authors for the work, start by researching the first name listed.\"}, {\"编号\": 10, \"标题\": \"Write down your opinions.\", \"描述\": \"Don’t be afraid to write whatever your feel or your reactions into the margins of a text. This will help you to create personal connections to your reading and will also make it easier to remember it as well. As you are reading, don’t be concerned about being right or wrong with your initial notes.\\nYou might write, “This may contradict any earlier section.” Or, “I don’t agree with this.”\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Annotating an Article by Hand\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Make a photocopy of the article.\", \"描述\": \"If you are focusing on a paper article or a book chapter, it may be easier to work from a paper copy. Go ahead and print out a clear copy of the work. Try to create a photocopy that leaves plenty of open space in the margins.\\nYou can also file away this paper copy for future reference as you continue your research.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Choose a writing tool.\", \"描述\": \"Carefully consider what writing tool to use for your notations. If you choose a yellow highlighter, just make sure to use it in a limited fashion, otherwise it becomes less meaningful. A pencil is a good tool to use because you can go back later and edit your comments for clarity, if needed.\\nIf you are visual learner, you might consider developing a notation system involving various colors of highlighters and flags.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Create a separate notation page, if needed.\", \"描述\": \"If your comments begin to overflow the margins, then you may want to use another piece of paper for extra annotations. Just make sure to write down the page numbers for each comment or marking. You could also divide the page up according to sections of the article.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Use Post-it notes.\", \"描述\": \"If you are borrowing a book or have a work that you’ll need to return unmarked, then you can use sticky flags or Post-it notes to make your annotations. Just be sure to choose a size of Post-it that will provide ample space for your comments. And, you’ll want to handle the text carefully or your Post-its could fall out.\\nDepending on how you’ve taken your notes, you could also remove these Post-its to create an outline prior to writing.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Complete an annotation paragraph.\", \"描述\": \"After you’ve finished reading and completed your annotations, then combine all of this knowledge into a single paragraph. This 3-4 sentence paragraph should identify the thesis and include a brief summary of the work. It can also mention any notable sources.\\nThis rough annotation can then be used to create a larger annotated bibliography. This will help you to see any gaps in your research as well.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Annotating an Article on a Webpage\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Download an online note-taking program.\", \"描述\": \"Before you view the web article, start by locating and downloading an appropriate annotation program. Diigo, for example, is a free tool that will allow you to keep your notes private or share them with others. Teachers can also create universal Diigo accounts for classes.\\nYou could also use a program, such as Evernote, MarkUp.io, Bounce, Shared Copy, WebKlipper, or Springnote. Be aware that some of these programs may require a payment for access.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Navigate to the webpage on which your article is posted.\", \"描述\": \"Once your software is ready, you can start your real research. Browse the web until you locate an article that you can use. Or, to save time, you might locate numerous articles that you can use and go through them one by one.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Click the browser add-on button, usually located near the address bar.\", \"描述\": \"To activate your notation program in the web window, you’ll need to activate the add-on. Some add-ons will require that you highlight or select all the entire page before clicking on the button.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Use the annotation toolbar to highlight, draw or note information.\", \"描述\": \"Once the program opens in the webpage, go ahead and make your annotations like usual. You can highlight portions of the page or even draw arrows to certain sections. Some programs will even activate a paint-like note system, making it possible for you to create question marks, smiley faces, or even stars.\\nDepending on your program, you may be able to respond to other people’s comments. You can also designate your notes as private or public.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Save the annotation, if you want to clip it and use it outside of the web.\", \"描述\": \"When you are finished, you can save the annotation as a document to your computer. Or, you can do a screenshot, which will allow to save a portion of the article. If you have an account with the online note-taking service, it will save the note to your account to access later.\"}, {\"编号\": 6, \"标题\": \"Take extra steps to annotate a PDF work.\", \"描述\": \"Start by saving the PDF as a text-based document. Then, open the file in a program, such as Apple Preview. Go through the application’s toolbar to make any desired notations. Save the PDF on your computer before closing and your margin notes and markings will be kept as well.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Annotating takes extra time, so make sure to set aside enough time for you to complete your work.[17]\\nX\\nResearch source\\n\", \"If traditional annotation doesn’t appeal to you, then create a dialectical journal where you write down any quotes that speak to you.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"If you end up integrating your notes into a written project, make sure to keep your citation information connected. Otherwise, you run the risk of committing plagiarism.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,709 | How to Announce Pregnancy to a One Night Stand | 1. Working Out Your Feelings
1-1. Confirm your pregnancy.
Before you feel the need to discuss it with anybody, you should confirm that you are pregnant. There is no need to have this conversation until you know for sure. If you have missed a period, and/or are experiencing other symptoms, go ahead and take a pregnancy test.
Some pregnancy tests can be taken up to five days prior to your missed period, but these are not as accurate.
For best results, wait until you have missed your period, then take an over-the-counter test.
You can also see your doctor to take a urine or blood test.
1-2. Reflect on how you feel.
Becoming pregnant after a one night stand might come as a shock. As this news begins to sink in, spend a little time processing this information and seeing how you feel. You may experience a range of emotions as you consider how to proceed. Spend some time journaling and/or talking to a close friend in order to sort out what you are feeling. There is no need to tell the person who’ve slept with right away.
1-3. Consider your options.
You have at least one decision to make. You need to decide whether or not you will proceed with the pregnancy. If you do choose to proceed, you will need to decide how involved you would like the other parent to be. Ultimately, this is your decision. You may want their feedback or not. Whatever the case, you should decide (at least tentatively) how you feel before speaking to him. Some of your options include:
Having an abortion.
Seeking an adoption.
Keeping the baby and including the father.
Keeping the baby on your own.
2. Communicating Effectively
2-1. Plan what you want to say.
Anytime you are faced with an important conversation, it can be helpful to spend some time planning and practicing what you want to say. Take out some paper and a pen and write down everything you need to communicate. Keep your communication direct and to the point, and include all relevant info. Then practice speaking these words out loud. Some things you might say, include:
”I missed my period and I am pregnant.”
”I have already taken a pregnancy test and I’m sure.”
”I already know what I want to do,” or “I’m not really sure what I want to do,” or “I think I know what I should do, but I wanted your input.”
”I am positive that you are the father,” or “I’m pretty sure that you are the father.”
”I thought it was important for you to know.”
2-2. Set up a time to meet.
Tell him that you need to talk to him and that you’d like to do it in person. You might suggest going for a walk (some place public) or for a coffee (some place quiet). If he asks why, tell him that you are in company and can't talk at the moment. If he agrees, arrange a suitable venue and time.
Be aware that he may think you are calling him to follow up on the night you spent together. The reception you receive may be cold if that's not what he wants.
If he refuses to meet up in person, you may need to tell him over the phone.
2-3. Speak clearly.
When you meet with him, speak your words loud and clear, so that you do not need to repeat yourself. After some brief small talk, go ahead and cut to the chase. It can be helpful to bring a note card with what you plan to say printed on it. This way, you will not get nervous and forget what you have planned.
You can just come right out and say, “I’m pregnant and I thought that you should know.”
2-4. Be ready for a range of reactions.
Remember, you have had a little bit of time to process this information, and this will likely catch him off-guard. He might be confused, angry, or in denial. He might immediately offer his support. He may exhibit numerous reactions/emotions at the same time. Try to give him a moment to process the information. His first reaction might not indicate how he truly feels.
If he is angry, explain that you can talk at a later date, or simply walk away. He might contact you after he has calmed down.
If he is kind and understanding, you may choose to discuss your options and feelings with him.
You might suggest a follow-up meeting a week or so in the future – acknowledging that you've had more time to think things over than him.
Ultimately, what you do is your decision.
3. Deciding What You Will Do
3-1. Manage your stress.
Depending on numerous factor, this might be a stressful process. Regardless of whether or not you plan to proceed with the pregnancy, your health is in a sensitive state. You need to take care of yourself. After you speak with him, take some time and space to process your thoughts and manage your stress.
Do some self-care activities, like getting a massage, taking a bath, journaling, or treating yourself to a snack.
Talk to someone like a friend, trusted family member, or a therapist.
Get plenty of rest.
3-2. Make a decision.
After you’ve spoken to him and done some reflecting, you might be ready to make a decision. Maybe you’ve known all along what you wanted to do, or perhaps you haven’t been sure. Think about the realities of having a child and whether or not you have the desire and/or means to do so. Additionally, consider your personal beliefs and emotions. In general, you have four options to choose from. You may:
Choose to terminate the pregnancy.
Choose to put the child up for adoption.
Choose to continue with the pregnancy and co-parent with the father.
Choose to continue with the pregnancy and raise the child on your own or with your family’s help.
3-3. Consult a doctor.
Once you know how you plan to proceed, consult with a doctor. Whether you are continuing with the pregnancy or not, a doctor can provide you with valuable resources and advice. Make an appointment with an OBGYN for a consultation, and take it from there.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:58",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Working Out Your Feelings\\n1-1. Confirm your pregnancy.\\nBefore you feel the need to discuss it with anybody, you should confirm that you are pregnant. There is no need to have this conversation until you know for sure. If you have missed a period, and/or are experiencing other symptoms, go ahead and take a pregnancy test.\\nSome pregnancy tests can be taken up to five days prior to your missed period, but these are not as accurate.\\nFor best results, wait until you have missed your period, then take an over-the-counter test.\\nYou can also see your doctor to take a urine or blood test.\\n1-2. Reflect on how you feel.\\nBecoming pregnant after a one night stand might come as a shock. As this news begins to sink in, spend a little time processing this information and seeing how you feel. You may experience a range of emotions as you consider how to proceed. Spend some time journaling and/or talking to a close friend in order to sort out what you are feeling. There is no need to tell the person who’ve slept with right away.\\n1-3. Consider your options.\\nYou have at least one decision to make. You need to decide whether or not you will proceed with the pregnancy. If you do choose to proceed, you will need to decide how involved you would like the other parent to be. Ultimately, this is your decision. You may want their feedback or not. Whatever the case, you should decide (at least tentatively) how you feel before speaking to him. Some of your options include:\\nHaving an abortion.\\nSeeking an adoption.\\nKeeping the baby and including the father.\\nKeeping the baby on your own.\\n2. Communicating Effectively\\n2-1. Plan what you want to say.\\nAnytime you are faced with an important conversation, it can be helpful to spend some time planning and practicing what you want to say. Take out some paper and a pen and write down everything you need to communicate. Keep your communication direct and to the point, and include all relevant info. Then practice speaking these words out loud. Some things you might say, include:\\n”I missed my period and I am pregnant.”\\n”I have already taken a pregnancy test and I’m sure.”\\n”I already know what I want to do,” or “I’m not really sure what I want to do,” or “I think I know what I should do, but I wanted your input.”\\n”I am positive that you are the father,” or “I’m pretty sure that you are the father.”\\n”I thought it was important for you to know.”\\n2-2. Set up a time to meet.\\nTell him that you need to talk to him and that you’d like to do it in person. You might suggest going for a walk (some place public) or for a coffee (some place quiet). If he asks why, tell him that you are in company and can't talk at the moment. If he agrees, arrange a suitable venue and time.\\nBe aware that he may think you are calling him to follow up on the night you spent together. The reception you receive may be cold if that's not what he wants.\\nIf he refuses to meet up in person, you may need to tell him over the phone.\\n2-3. Speak clearly.\\nWhen you meet with him, speak your words loud and clear, so that you do not need to repeat yourself. After some brief small talk, go ahead and cut to the chase. It can be helpful to bring a note card with what you plan to say printed on it. This way, you will not get nervous and forget what you have planned.\\nYou can just come right out and say, “I’m pregnant and I thought that you should know.”\\n2-4. Be ready for a range of reactions.\\nRemember, you have had a little bit of time to process this information, and this will likely catch him off-guard. He might be confused, angry, or in denial. He might immediately offer his support. He may exhibit numerous reactions/emotions at the same time. Try to give him a moment to process the information. His first reaction might not indicate how he truly feels.\\nIf he is angry, explain that you can talk at a later date, or simply walk away. He might contact you after he has calmed down.\\nIf he is kind and understanding, you may choose to discuss your options and feelings with him.\\nYou might suggest a follow-up meeting a week or so in the future – acknowledging that you've had more time to think things over than him.\\nUltimately, what you do is your decision.\\n3. Deciding What You Will Do\\n3-1. Manage your stress.\\nDepending on numerous factor, this might be a stressful process. Regardless of whether or not you plan to proceed with the pregnancy, your health is in a sensitive state. You need to take care of yourself. After you speak with him, take some time and space to process your thoughts and manage your stress.\\nDo some self-care activities, like getting a massage, taking a bath, journaling, or treating yourself to a snack.\\nTalk to someone like a friend, trusted family member, or a therapist.\\nGet plenty of rest.\\n3-2. Make a decision.\\nAfter you’ve spoken to him and done some reflecting, you might be ready to make a decision. Maybe you’ve known all along what you wanted to do, or perhaps you haven’t been sure. Think about the realities of having a child and whether or not you have the desire and/or means to do so. Additionally, consider your personal beliefs and emotions. In general, you have four options to choose from. You may:\\nChoose to terminate the pregnancy.\\nChoose to put the child up for adoption.\\nChoose to continue with the pregnancy and co-parent with the father.\\nChoose to continue with the pregnancy and raise the child on your own or with your family’s help.\\n3-3. Consult a doctor.\\nOnce you know how you plan to proceed, consult with a doctor. Whether you are continuing with the pregnancy or not, a doctor can provide you with valuable resources and advice. Make an appointment with an OBGYN for a consultation, and take it from there.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"If you have become pregnant following a one-night stand, you may be experiencing a range of emotions. Informing the person you slept with might be a little scary, but it can be handled with grace. You can navigate this delicate conversation by first working out your own feelings on the matter, then working to communicate effectively, and finally by deciding what you will do. You may have some important decisions to make, but fortunately you've got options.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Working Out Your Feelings\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Confirm your pregnancy.\", \"描述\": \"Before you feel the need to discuss it with anybody, you should confirm that you are pregnant. There is no need to have this conversation until you know for sure. If you have missed a period, and/or are experiencing other symptoms, go ahead and take a pregnancy test.\\nSome pregnancy tests can be taken up to five days prior to your missed period, but these are not as accurate.\\nFor best results, wait until you have missed your period, then take an over-the-counter test.\\nYou can also see your doctor to take a urine or blood test.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Reflect on how you feel.\", \"描述\": \"Becoming pregnant after a one night stand might come as a shock. As this news begins to sink in, spend a little time processing this information and seeing how you feel. You may experience a range of emotions as you consider how to proceed. Spend some time journaling and/or talking to a close friend in order to sort out what you are feeling. There is no need to tell the person who’ve slept with right away.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Consider your options.\", \"描述\": \"You have at least one decision to make. You need to decide whether or not you will proceed with the pregnancy. If you do choose to proceed, you will need to decide how involved you would like the other parent to be. Ultimately, this is your decision. You may want their feedback or not. Whatever the case, you should decide (at least tentatively) how you feel before speaking to him. Some of your options include:\\nHaving an abortion.\\nSeeking an adoption.\\nKeeping the baby and including the father.\\nKeeping the baby on your own.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Communicating Effectively\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Plan what you want to say.\", \"描述\": \"Anytime you are faced with an important conversation, it can be helpful to spend some time planning and practicing what you want to say. Take out some paper and a pen and write down everything you need to communicate. Keep your communication direct and to the point, and include all relevant info. Then practice speaking these words out loud. Some things you might say, include:\\n”I missed my period and I am pregnant.”\\n”I have already taken a pregnancy test and I’m sure.”\\n”I already know what I want to do,” or “I’m not really sure what I want to do,” or “I think I know what I should do, but I wanted your input.”\\n”I am positive that you are the father,” or “I’m pretty sure that you are the father.”\\n”I thought it was important for you to know.”\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Set up a time to meet.\", \"描述\": \"Tell him that you need to talk to him and that you’d like to do it in person. You might suggest going for a walk (some place public) or for a coffee (some place quiet). If he asks why, tell him that you are in company and can't talk at the moment. If he agrees, arrange a suitable venue and time.\\nBe aware that he may think you are calling him to follow up on the night you spent together. The reception you receive may be cold if that's not what he wants.\\nIf he refuses to meet up in person, you may need to tell him over the phone.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Speak clearly.\", \"描述\": \"When you meet with him, speak your words loud and clear, so that you do not need to repeat yourself. After some brief small talk, go ahead and cut to the chase. It can be helpful to bring a note card with what you plan to say printed on it. This way, you will not get nervous and forget what you have planned.\\nYou can just come right out and say, “I’m pregnant and I thought that you should know.”\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Be ready for a range of reactions.\", \"描述\": \"Remember, you have had a little bit of time to process this information, and this will likely catch him off-guard. He might be confused, angry, or in denial. He might immediately offer his support. He may exhibit numerous reactions/emotions at the same time. Try to give him a moment to process the information. His first reaction might not indicate how he truly feels.\\nIf he is angry, explain that you can talk at a later date, or simply walk away. He might contact you after he has calmed down.\\nIf he is kind and understanding, you may choose to discuss your options and feelings with him.\\nYou might suggest a follow-up meeting a week or so in the future – acknowledging that you've had more time to think things over than him.\\nUltimately, what you do is your decision.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Deciding What You Will Do\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Manage your stress.\", \"描述\": \"Depending on numerous factor, this might be a stressful process. Regardless of whether or not you plan to proceed with the pregnancy, your health is in a sensitive state. You need to take care of yourself. After you speak with him, take some time and space to process your thoughts and manage your stress.\\nDo some self-care activities, like getting a massage, taking a bath, journaling, or treating yourself to a snack.\\nTalk to someone like a friend, trusted family member, or a therapist.\\nGet plenty of rest.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Make a decision.\", \"描述\": \"After you’ve spoken to him and done some reflecting, you might be ready to make a decision. Maybe you’ve known all along what you wanted to do, or perhaps you haven’t been sure. Think about the realities of having a child and whether or not you have the desire and/or means to do so. Additionally, consider your personal beliefs and emotions. In general, you have four options to choose from. You may:\\nChoose to terminate the pregnancy.\\nChoose to put the child up for adoption.\\nChoose to continue with the pregnancy and co-parent with the father.\\nChoose to continue with the pregnancy and raise the child on your own or with your family’s help.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Consult a doctor.\", \"描述\": \"Once you know how you plan to proceed, consult with a doctor. Whether you are continuing with the pregnancy or not, a doctor can provide you with valuable resources and advice. Make an appointment with an OBGYN for a consultation, and take it from there.\"}]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
1,710 | How to Announce Your Engagement to Family and Friends | 1. Making Your Announcement Personal
1-1. Inform the parents in person.
Pay a visit to both sets of parents separately to declare your intentions to marry. It's customary for the bride's side of the family to be the first to hear about their daughter's engagement. In fact, tradition dictates that the groom should ask the bride's father for her hand in marriage before he ever pops the question.
Generally, the parents should be the first people to find out. If you have children from a previous marriage, though, they should be consulted before anyone else.
Your parents should be the first people to officially find out about your engagement, even if you've already gotten their approval.
If you're unable to visit your parents in the flesh, a phone call (or better yet, a video chat) will make it possible to talk to them one-on-one.
1-2. Plan an intimate get-together for the rest of the family.
Get in touch with as many members of both families as you can and invite them over for a light luncheon, or offer to take them out to dinner. There, you can reveal your surprise to everyone at once. This makes for a more reverent gesture and also saves you the trouble of having to contact everyone individually.
Feel free to extend your invitation to siblings, grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins and anyone else who you're close to.
A holiday visit or family reunion can be a convenient time to make your announcement, if it happens to fall around the same time. Just make sure the news doesn't conflict with someone else's big day, like a graduation, baby shower or another wedding.
1-3. Pick up the phone.
Dial up anyone you're unable to meet with yourself and speak to them one-on-one. Be sure to mention that you wish you could have let them know in person. A phone call may feel somewhat impersonal, but it's your best bet when paying a visit isn't an option.
Briefly recap the recent history of your relationship for those you haven't spoken to in a while to catch them up.
A phone call is also the best way to alert your close friends if you're not going to see them right away.
If you're not sure how best to reach someone, consider whether they would be offended by receiving a phone call as opposed to a personal letter.
1-4. Mail a letter to distant relatives.
If you have family members living out of visiting range, you can reach them by mail. Taking the time write out a formal announcement is more considerate than simply typing up an email. It shows that you're thinking about the person, even if you can't be there to deliver the news in person.
If you've already chosen a date for the wedding, send out a “Save-the-Date” card that contains details like the date, time, location and any special instructions for the attendees.
Start mailing your announcements soon after making your engagement official so your recipients will have plenty of time to make arrangements.
2. Using Technology to Get in Touch
2-1. Post about it on social media.
Type up a quick post for the benefit of your more casual acquaintances. Show off a few choice photos of the two of you, along with any relevant details you want your followers to have about the wedding, bridal shower or other upcoming events. At this point, your engagement will have become common knowledge.
Only share as much information as you're comfortable with on forums like Facebook. You have a right to your privacy, even on the internet.
2-2. Organize your wedding-related posts.
Share your announcement on multiple platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). That way, you can make sure it's seen by the greatest number of eyes. Many couples have even begun using hashtags to keep their posts cataloged across different apps and sites.
Try coming up with your own unique hashtag by making a play on the groom's name, such as “#TilHeathDoUsPart” or “#StarCrossedGlovers.”
When your followers click on your hashtag, they'll be able to see all of your various posts in one place.
2-3. Send an email.
Though it shouldn't be your go-to choice, email can be very useful for targeting many different people with the same message. It may be just the format you need to drop a line to an old coworker or beloved college professor. Be sure to blind copy your recipients so it won't appear like they're just another name on the list.
Just because email is quick doesn't mean you should rush it. Take the time to author a thorough, well-written message, and go over it to check for spelling and grammatical errors.
You could even go the extra mile and personalize part of each message by bring up an old memory or asking questions specific to the person.
2-4. Set up a video chat.
When it comes to communicating with loved ones who are many miles away, programs like Skype and FaceTime can often be the next best thing to being in the same room. Since you and the other person are on camera, you'll be able to show off your ring and witness the delighted look on their face when you tell them you've found someone to spend your life with.
A live video chat can make it possible for you to address a whole crowd at once.
Consider requesting a video chat if you live abroad, tend to travel a lot for work or find phone conversations to be too detached.
3. Finding Other Fun Ways to Announce Your Engagement
3-1. Throw an engagement party.
Invite your closest friends and family to join you in celebrating your betrothal. Restrict the guest list to your inner circle to keep things more intimate, or turn it into one big bash and get everyone you know involved. Alternatively, you might make it a surprise engagement party by waiting until you've got everyone in one place to share the good news.
An engagement party may provide the first opportunity for the families to get acquainted with the bridal party.
Get as creative as you like—hand out “His” and “Hers” party favors and serve wedding-themed foods like cupcakes topped with toy rings miniature bride and groom figures.
3-2. Publish an announcement in the newspaper.
Call or write the head office of your city's newspaper and ask them to report your union. This is a somewhat dated custom, but it's a good way to get the word out to people who still read the society column of the local paper. It can also be pretty exciting to see your name in print.
The parents of either the bride or groom (or sometimes both parties) will typically be the ones credited with the announcement. This might be something you discuss when you sit down with them.
Snip out your newspaper announcement and add it to your wedding scrapbook to make it part of your personal history.
3-3. Schedule a photo shoot.
Hire a photographer to take a few snaps of you and your fiancé. Professional photographs are a wonderful way to commemorate the occasion—they'll give you something to look back on fondly years later. They're also good practice for being in front of the camera together before you actually take your vows.
Coordinate a series of photos to tell a story or drop hints about your engagement to the folks who are still none the wiser. For instance, you could work your way from a sunlit stroll in the park to a close up of the ring or a shot of the groom-to-be down on one knee.
Use your favorite picture as the central image on your Save-the-Date announcements.
Tips
Create a website for your wedding and include the link in your emails or social media posts. There, visitors will be able to find out more about the particulars of the event, leave comments and browse the places where you're registered.
Make a list of the individuals you plan on contacting personally so you don't forget about anyone. It would be a disaster for your best friend to find out through Facebook!
If you have young children, take them aside privately to explain your decision to them and prepare them for the change.
Warnings
To avoid potentially embarrassing situations, don't keep the news to yourself for too long once you've said yes. Close family and friends might interpret a long delay as disrespectful.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:58",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Making Your Announcement Personal\\n1-1. Inform the parents in person.\\nPay a visit to both sets of parents separately to declare your intentions to marry. It's customary for the bride's side of the family to be the first to hear about their daughter's engagement. In fact, tradition dictates that the groom should ask the bride's father for her hand in marriage before he ever pops the question.\\nGenerally, the parents should be the first people to find out. If you have children from a previous marriage, though, they should be consulted before anyone else.\\nYour parents should be the first people to officially find out about your engagement, even if you've already gotten their approval.\\nIf you're unable to visit your parents in the flesh, a phone call (or better yet, a video chat) will make it possible to talk to them one-on-one.\\n1-2. Plan an intimate get-together for the rest of the family.\\nGet in touch with as many members of both families as you can and invite them over for a light luncheon, or offer to take them out to dinner. There, you can reveal your surprise to everyone at once. This makes for a more reverent gesture and also saves you the trouble of having to contact everyone individually.\\nFeel free to extend your invitation to siblings, grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins and anyone else who you're close to.\\nA holiday visit or family reunion can be a convenient time to make your announcement, if it happens to fall around the same time. Just make sure the news doesn't conflict with someone else's big day, like a graduation, baby shower or another wedding.\\n1-3. Pick up the phone.\\nDial up anyone you're unable to meet with yourself and speak to them one-on-one. Be sure to mention that you wish you could have let them know in person. A phone call may feel somewhat impersonal, but it's your best bet when paying a visit isn't an option.\\nBriefly recap the recent history of your relationship for those you haven't spoken to in a while to catch them up.\\nA phone call is also the best way to alert your close friends if you're not going to see them right away.\\nIf you're not sure how best to reach someone, consider whether they would be offended by receiving a phone call as opposed to a personal letter.\\n1-4. Mail a letter to distant relatives.\\nIf you have family members living out of visiting range, you can reach them by mail. Taking the time write out a formal announcement is more considerate than simply typing up an email. It shows that you're thinking about the person, even if you can't be there to deliver the news in person.\\nIf you've already chosen a date for the wedding, send out a “Save-the-Date” card that contains details like the date, time, location and any special instructions for the attendees.\\nStart mailing your announcements soon after making your engagement official so your recipients will have plenty of time to make arrangements.\\n2. Using Technology to Get in Touch\\n2-1. Post about it on social media.\\nType up a quick post for the benefit of your more casual acquaintances. Show off a few choice photos of the two of you, along with any relevant details you want your followers to have about the wedding, bridal shower or other upcoming events. At this point, your engagement will have become common knowledge.\\nOnly share as much information as you're comfortable with on forums like Facebook. You have a right to your privacy, even on the internet.\\n2-2. Organize your wedding-related posts.\\nShare your announcement on multiple platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). That way, you can make sure it's seen by the greatest number of eyes. Many couples have even begun using hashtags to keep their posts cataloged across different apps and sites.\\nTry coming up with your own unique hashtag by making a play on the groom's name, such as “#TilHeathDoUsPart” or “#StarCrossedGlovers.”\\nWhen your followers click on your hashtag, they'll be able to see all of your various posts in one place.\\n2-3. Send an email.\\nThough it shouldn't be your go-to choice, email can be very useful for targeting many different people with the same message. It may be just the format you need to drop a line to an old coworker or beloved college professor. Be sure to blind copy your recipients so it won't appear like they're just another name on the list.\\nJust because email is quick doesn't mean you should rush it. Take the time to author a thorough, well-written message, and go over it to check for spelling and grammatical errors.\\nYou could even go the extra mile and personalize part of each message by bring up an old memory or asking questions specific to the person.\\n2-4. Set up a video chat.\\nWhen it comes to communicating with loved ones who are many miles away, programs like Skype and FaceTime can often be the next best thing to being in the same room. Since you and the other person are on camera, you'll be able to show off your ring and witness the delighted look on their face when you tell them you've found someone to spend your life with.\\nA live video chat can make it possible for you to address a whole crowd at once.\\nConsider requesting a video chat if you live abroad, tend to travel a lot for work or find phone conversations to be too detached.\\n3. Finding Other Fun Ways to Announce Your Engagement\\n3-1. Throw an engagement party.\\nInvite your closest friends and family to join you in celebrating your betrothal. Restrict the guest list to your inner circle to keep things more intimate, or turn it into one big bash and get everyone you know involved. Alternatively, you might make it a surprise engagement party by waiting until you've got everyone in one place to share the good news.\\nAn engagement party may provide the first opportunity for the families to get acquainted with the bridal party.\\nGet as creative as you like—hand out “His” and “Hers” party favors and serve wedding-themed foods like cupcakes topped with toy rings miniature bride and groom figures.\\n3-2. Publish an announcement in the newspaper.\\nCall or write the head office of your city's newspaper and ask them to report your union. This is a somewhat dated custom, but it's a good way to get the word out to people who still read the society column of the local paper. It can also be pretty exciting to see your name in print.\\nThe parents of either the bride or groom (or sometimes both parties) will typically be the ones credited with the announcement. This might be something you discuss when you sit down with them.\\nSnip out your newspaper announcement and add it to your wedding scrapbook to make it part of your personal history.\\n3-3. Schedule a photo shoot.\\nHire a photographer to take a few snaps of you and your fiancé. Professional photographs are a wonderful way to commemorate the occasion—they'll give you something to look back on fondly years later. They're also good practice for being in front of the camera together before you actually take your vows.\\nCoordinate a series of photos to tell a story or drop hints about your engagement to the folks who are still none the wiser. For instance, you could work your way from a sunlit stroll in the park to a close up of the ring or a shot of the groom-to-be down on one knee.\\nUse your favorite picture as the central image on your Save-the-Date announcements.\\nTips\\nCreate a website for your wedding and include the link in your emails or social media posts. There, visitors will be able to find out more about the particulars of the event, leave comments and browse the places where you're registered.\\nMake a list of the individuals you plan on contacting personally so you don't forget about anyone. It would be a disaster for your best friend to find out through Facebook!\\nIf you have young children, take them aside privately to explain your decision to them and prepare them for the change.\\nWarnings\\nTo avoid potentially embarrassing situations, don't keep the news to yourself for too long once you've said yes. Close family and friends might interpret a long delay as disrespectful.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"For many couples, deciding to get married is one of the most exciting experiences of their lives. Once the initial excitement has passed, however, there will be a lot of planning and preparation to see to, including announcing your engagement to your loved ones. There are many ways this can be done, from surprise parties to long-distance video chats, but the most important thing to remember is to deliver the news to those closest to you in person. You can then contact your other family and friends using a method that's convenient and suitable for your relationship.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Making Your Announcement Personal\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Inform the parents in person.\", \"描述\": \"Pay a visit to both sets of parents separately to declare your intentions to marry. It's customary for the bride's side of the family to be the first to hear about their daughter's engagement. In fact, tradition dictates that the groom should ask the bride's father for her hand in marriage before he ever pops the question.\\nGenerally, the parents should be the first people to find out. If you have children from a previous marriage, though, they should be consulted before anyone else.\\nYour parents should be the first people to officially find out about your engagement, even if you've already gotten their approval.\\nIf you're unable to visit your parents in the flesh, a phone call (or better yet, a video chat) will make it possible to talk to them one-on-one.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Plan an intimate get-together for the rest of the family.\", \"描述\": \"Get in touch with as many members of both families as you can and invite them over for a light luncheon, or offer to take them out to dinner. There, you can reveal your surprise to everyone at once. This makes for a more reverent gesture and also saves you the trouble of having to contact everyone individually.\\nFeel free to extend your invitation to siblings, grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins and anyone else who you're close to.\\nA holiday visit or family reunion can be a convenient time to make your announcement, if it happens to fall around the same time. Just make sure the news doesn't conflict with someone else's big day, like a graduation, baby shower or another wedding.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Pick up the phone.\", \"描述\": \"Dial up anyone you're unable to meet with yourself and speak to them one-on-one. Be sure to mention that you wish you could have let them know in person. A phone call may feel somewhat impersonal, but it's your best bet when paying a visit isn't an option.\\nBriefly recap the recent history of your relationship for those you haven't spoken to in a while to catch them up.\\nA phone call is also the best way to alert your close friends if you're not going to see them right away.\\nIf you're not sure how best to reach someone, consider whether they would be offended by receiving a phone call as opposed to a personal letter.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Mail a letter to distant relatives.\", \"描述\": \"If you have family members living out of visiting range, you can reach them by mail. Taking the time write out a formal announcement is more considerate than simply typing up an email. It shows that you're thinking about the person, even if you can't be there to deliver the news in person.\\nIf you've already chosen a date for the wedding, send out a “Save-the-Date” card that contains details like the date, time, location and any special instructions for the attendees.\\nStart mailing your announcements soon after making your engagement official so your recipients will have plenty of time to make arrangements.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Using Technology to Get in Touch\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Post about it on social media.\", \"描述\": \"Type up a quick post for the benefit of your more casual acquaintances. Show off a few choice photos of the two of you, along with any relevant details you want your followers to have about the wedding, bridal shower or other upcoming events. At this point, your engagement will have become common knowledge.\\nOnly share as much information as you're comfortable with on forums like Facebook. You have a right to your privacy, even on the internet.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Organize your wedding-related posts.\", \"描述\": \"Share your announcement on multiple platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). That way, you can make sure it's seen by the greatest number of eyes. Many couples have even begun using hashtags to keep their posts cataloged across different apps and sites.\\nTry coming up with your own unique hashtag by making a play on the groom's name, such as “#TilHeathDoUsPart” or “#StarCrossedGlovers.”\\nWhen your followers click on your hashtag, they'll be able to see all of your various posts in one place.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Send an email.\", \"描述\": \"Though it shouldn't be your go-to choice, email can be very useful for targeting many different people with the same message. It may be just the format you need to drop a line to an old coworker or beloved college professor. Be sure to blind copy your recipients so it won't appear like they're just another name on the list.\\nJust because email is quick doesn't mean you should rush it. Take the time to author a thorough, well-written message, and go over it to check for spelling and grammatical errors.\\nYou could even go the extra mile and personalize part of each message by bring up an old memory or asking questions specific to the person.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Set up a video chat.\", \"描述\": \"When it comes to communicating with loved ones who are many miles away, programs like Skype and FaceTime can often be the next best thing to being in the same room. Since you and the other person are on camera, you'll be able to show off your ring and witness the delighted look on their face when you tell them you've found someone to spend your life with.\\nA live video chat can make it possible for you to address a whole crowd at once.\\nConsider requesting a video chat if you live abroad, tend to travel a lot for work or find phone conversations to be too detached.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Finding Other Fun Ways to Announce Your Engagement\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Throw an engagement party.\", \"描述\": \"Invite your closest friends and family to join you in celebrating your betrothal. Restrict the guest list to your inner circle to keep things more intimate, or turn it into one big bash and get everyone you know involved. Alternatively, you might make it a surprise engagement party by waiting until you've got everyone in one place to share the good news.\\nAn engagement party may provide the first opportunity for the families to get acquainted with the bridal party.\\nGet as creative as you like—hand out “His” and “Hers” party favors and serve wedding-themed foods like cupcakes topped with toy rings miniature bride and groom figures.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Publish an announcement in the newspaper.\", \"描述\": \"Call or write the head office of your city's newspaper and ask them to report your union. This is a somewhat dated custom, but it's a good way to get the word out to people who still read the society column of the local paper. It can also be pretty exciting to see your name in print.\\nThe parents of either the bride or groom (or sometimes both parties) will typically be the ones credited with the announcement. This might be something you discuss when you sit down with them.\\nSnip out your newspaper announcement and add it to your wedding scrapbook to make it part of your personal history.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Schedule a photo shoot.\", \"描述\": \"Hire a photographer to take a few snaps of you and your fiancé. Professional photographs are a wonderful way to commemorate the occasion—they'll give you something to look back on fondly years later. They're also good practice for being in front of the camera together before you actually take your vows.\\nCoordinate a series of photos to tell a story or drop hints about your engagement to the folks who are still none the wiser. For instance, you could work your way from a sunlit stroll in the park to a close up of the ring or a shot of the groom-to-be down on one knee.\\nUse your favorite picture as the central image on your Save-the-Date announcements.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Create a website for your wedding and include the link in your emails or social media posts. There, visitors will be able to find out more about the particulars of the event, leave comments and browse the places where you're registered.\\n\", \"Make a list of the individuals you plan on contacting personally so you don't forget about anyone. It would be a disaster for your best friend to find out through Facebook!\\n\", \"If you have young children, take them aside privately to explain your decision to them and prepare them for the change.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"To avoid potentially embarrassing situations, don't keep the news to yourself for too long once you've said yes. Close family and friends might interpret a long delay as disrespectful.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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} | wikihow |
1,711 | How to Announce Your Retirement | 1. Announcing to Your Boss
1-1. Start planning well in advance.
The decision to retire is very significant, and you should start planning for your retirement at least six months in advance.
This allows you time to make sure you are comfortable with your decision before making things formal, tie up any loose ends, and use any remaining vacation days.
Be sure to familiarize yourself with your company's retirement policies. Download compensation statements and benefits information from your company's website while you still have company log-in credentials.
These policies will also let you know if your company has a rule about how far in advance you must notify your employer and/or human resources office, which will likely determine when you take the next steps.
1-2. Decide when to tell your boss.
It's important that you follow company protocol, but most of the time you will have some leeway regarding when to tell your immediate supervisor of your impending retirement.
Be cautious about announcing too early. Doing so can signal to your employer that you are not as invested, and you might be passed over for projects or asked to leave earlier to make room for your replacement. Similarly, if you are in a supervisory position, your employees may not listen to your directives or respect your authority.
If you do fear any negative repercussions of your announcement, it might be best to wait until the last minute as per your employee handbook. Just as with any other position you have left in your career, regardless of your handbook, you should tell your plans to your boss no later than three weeks prior to your intended date of retirement. The "three week notice" is the bare minimum of time required to find, hire and train a replacement.
If you have a senior position or one that is difficult to replace, it is not unusual to give three to six months of notice. It gives your company time to locate and train a suitable replacement.
Think about the relationship you have with your supervisor and company, and if that relationship is important to maintain in your retirement. Being thoughtful of the position your company will be in when you retire can go a long way in maintaining good feelings on both sides.
1-3. Schedule a private meeting for the end of the day.
This will ensure that you have a bit of time to discuss your plans but that you are not interrupting your boss's other work responsibilities.
The level of formality of this meeting will depend on the relationship with your boss or supervisor. If you have a strictly professional relationship, the announcement will be similarly formal. If you have a more friendly relationship, however, the announcement can be less rigid and more conversational.
If you have not finalized your plans but are giving the boss the news as a courtesy, be sure to say so. Simply say, "I am thinking about retiring in June-- but I have not quite made up my mind. When is the absolute latest you will need to know?"
If the plans are finalized, say, "I have been thinking about this for a long time, and I've decided it is time to retire. I will be retiring at the end of June."
Either way, let your boss know that you want to make the transition as smooth as possible.
1-4. Ask your boss about how to tell the rest of the staff.
Some bosses have a policy that they themselves will make a formal announcement of your retirement to the rest of the staff, but some prefer that you announce to your coworkers yourself. If you have a preference, be sure to let him or her know.
If the boss will send a memo, post a bulletin, or make an announcement, you will not need to announce you're retiring to the rest of the staff in a formal capacity.
If you actually prefer to tell all (or some) colleagues yourself, ask the boss to wait to announce until you've had a chance to talk to these important people yourself.
Even though you might not be planning to take another job or go back to work following retirement, the current economy is unpredictable and it is smart to ask your supervisors for three letters of recommendation just in case of contingency. It is better to do this now while your excellent work ethic is fresh in their minds than to wait until you need the letters, when they may have moved to other companies and be harder to track down.
1-5. Write a letter to your boss officially announcing your intention to retire.
The letter is a formality and it can be brief, but should state the date of your retirement.
Give the letter to your boss after you have verbally told her of your plans.
Even though you've made your intentions clear verbally, human resources will require a formal letter to file in their records. Payroll will also need the information to make sure you're given all relevant sick days or other compensation.
Be sure to follow up with human resources immediately to find out what paperwork will be required and when it is due.
2. Announcing to Co-Workers
2-1. Tell people personally.
It is considerate to let your co-workers and staff know that you're retiring verbally or by personal phone call or email, rather than via a company-wide memo. Giving a personal touch to the message helps your co-workers feel valued and goes a long way in maintaining your friendships into retirement.
Inform friends and close coworkers after you've told your boss. News often spreads, even if you ask to keep the information quiet, and you want your boss to be the first to know.
If your boss is holding a meeting to tell significant co-workers of your retirement, consider writing emails to all other co-workers and staff, and saving them to automatically send from your email service at the end of the scheduled meeting. That way everyone will find out at the same time, and no one will feel as if they've been slighted.
2-2. Include important information in all correspondence.
Whether you are drafting an email to human resources, a formal letter to your boss, or a note to your secretary, certain pieces of information should be included to simplify the process and avoid confusion.
Include the exact date of your retirement in all correspondence. Doing so helps avoid speculation and simplifies work for others who depend on you, since they know exactly what day you will no longer be working.
Add a forwarding address if it is different from what the company has on file. If you don't pick up your final paycheck on your last day, the company can mail it or any other relevant information to the address provided.
Include other contact information (phone number, email or address) should you want to stay in contact with anyone from the office after retirement.
2-3. Express your appreciation and well wishes.
Rather than sending a direct and impersonal notice, kind and personalized letters to coworkers and your replacement, if he or she has already been hired, will ensure that you are remembered as a thoughtful coworker.
Retirement letters are a chance to say your last goodbyes to the company, and they should be sincere and genuine in their offer of well wishes.
If you plan to maintain relationships with your co-workers once you've retired, now can be a good time to personally invite them for a barbeque or family dinner scheduled for after your retirement. That way you can ensure that you maintain the relationship and are not forgotten.
3. Announcing to Friends and Family
3-1. Time it right.
Regardless of when you decide to tell your boss and co-workers, you should always plan to tell family and friends after telling those at work.
News travels fast, and it could be awkward or problematic for your boss to hear through the grapevine that you're retiring.
The exception is your spouse and immediate family members or a very trusted friend or mentor. You need people you can talk to about the decision to retire even before you've finalized your plans, so feel free to take those closest to you into your confidence. Just be sure that whoever you tell knows that the information is confidential.
3-2. Keep it informal.
While announcements to your boss and co-workers need to maintain some level of formality, your announcement to friends and family can be as informal as you like.
A Facebook or other social media post can make the process of announcing simple, since you can tell everyone you know at once. If you use LinkedIn or other career networking sites, be sure to make a note there as well.
Its smart to word your retirement announcement in a way that leaves the door open to future opportunities, especially if you are retiring early in life. Say something like, "I will be stepping down from my position in June to spend more time with family. I'm looking forward to seeing what the next chapter holds."
Consider making a funny retirement video. Check out Youtube for ideas.
3-3. Consider throwing a party to make the big announcement.
Invite all your close family and friends, and that way you can tell them in person in a way that is meaningful to you.
You can choose if you want the let them know in advance of the party that it is a retirement party, or you can make a surprise announcement at the party itself.
While throwing a party for yourself might seem impolite, rules on etiquette are changing and most people find a retirement party an exception to that particular rule, especially if its a surprise that you reveal at the party (in which case, no one will have purchased gifts).
Tips
Even though you probably won't be moving on to another job, you still want your verbal announcement and retirement letter to be gracious. Focus on the positive experiences, even though you don't necessarily need the references for a new position.
Warnings
Announcing your retirement too early can lead to some unwanted outcomes. If you're in a position of authority, consider the possibility that some employees may question your directives if they know you're not sticking around.
| {
"create_time": "20230517 10:45:58",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Announcing to Your Boss\\n1-1. Start planning well in advance.\\nThe decision to retire is very significant, and you should start planning for your retirement at least six months in advance.\\nThis allows you time to make sure you are comfortable with your decision before making things formal, tie up any loose ends, and use any remaining vacation days.\\nBe sure to familiarize yourself with your company's retirement policies. Download compensation statements and benefits information from your company's website while you still have company log-in credentials.\\nThese policies will also let you know if your company has a rule about how far in advance you must notify your employer and/or human resources office, which will likely determine when you take the next steps.\\n1-2. Decide when to tell your boss.\\nIt's important that you follow company protocol, but most of the time you will have some leeway regarding when to tell your immediate supervisor of your impending retirement.\\nBe cautious about announcing too early. Doing so can signal to your employer that you are not as invested, and you might be passed over for projects or asked to leave earlier to make room for your replacement. Similarly, if you are in a supervisory position, your employees may not listen to your directives or respect your authority.\\nIf you do fear any negative repercussions of your announcement, it might be best to wait until the last minute as per your employee handbook. Just as with any other position you have left in your career, regardless of your handbook, you should tell your plans to your boss no later than three weeks prior to your intended date of retirement. The \\\"three week notice\\\" is the bare minimum of time required to find, hire and train a replacement.\\nIf you have a senior position or one that is difficult to replace, it is not unusual to give three to six months of notice. It gives your company time to locate and train a suitable replacement.\\nThink about the relationship you have with your supervisor and company, and if that relationship is important to maintain in your retirement. Being thoughtful of the position your company will be in when you retire can go a long way in maintaining good feelings on both sides.\\n1-3. Schedule a private meeting for the end of the day.\\nThis will ensure that you have a bit of time to discuss your plans but that you are not interrupting your boss's other work responsibilities.\\nThe level of formality of this meeting will depend on the relationship with your boss or supervisor. If you have a strictly professional relationship, the announcement will be similarly formal. If you have a more friendly relationship, however, the announcement can be less rigid and more conversational.\\nIf you have not finalized your plans but are giving the boss the news as a courtesy, be sure to say so. Simply say, \\\"I am thinking about retiring in June-- but I have not quite made up my mind. When is the absolute latest you will need to know?\\\"\\nIf the plans are finalized, say, \\\"I have been thinking about this for a long time, and I've decided it is time to retire. I will be retiring at the end of June.\\\"\\nEither way, let your boss know that you want to make the transition as smooth as possible.\\n1-4. Ask your boss about how to tell the rest of the staff.\\nSome bosses have a policy that they themselves will make a formal announcement of your retirement to the rest of the staff, but some prefer that you announce to your coworkers yourself. If you have a preference, be sure to let him or her know.\\nIf the boss will send a memo, post a bulletin, or make an announcement, you will not need to announce you're retiring to the rest of the staff in a formal capacity.\\nIf you actually prefer to tell all (or some) colleagues yourself, ask the boss to wait to announce until you've had a chance to talk to these important people yourself.\\nEven though you might not be planning to take another job or go back to work following retirement, the current economy is unpredictable and it is smart to ask your supervisors for three letters of recommendation just in case of contingency. It is better to do this now while your excellent work ethic is fresh in their minds than to wait until you need the letters, when they may have moved to other companies and be harder to track down.\\n1-5. Write a letter to your boss officially announcing your intention to retire.\\nThe letter is a formality and it can be brief, but should state the date of your retirement.\\nGive the letter to your boss after you have verbally told her of your plans.\\nEven though you've made your intentions clear verbally, human resources will require a formal letter to file in their records. Payroll will also need the information to make sure you're given all relevant sick days or other compensation.\\nBe sure to follow up with human resources immediately to find out what paperwork will be required and when it is due.\\n2. Announcing to Co-Workers\\n2-1. Tell people personally.\\nIt is considerate to let your co-workers and staff know that you're retiring verbally or by personal phone call or email, rather than via a company-wide memo. Giving a personal touch to the message helps your co-workers feel valued and goes a long way in maintaining your friendships into retirement.\\nInform friends and close coworkers after you've told your boss. News often spreads, even if you ask to keep the information quiet, and you want your boss to be the first to know.\\nIf your boss is holding a meeting to tell significant co-workers of your retirement, consider writing emails to all other co-workers and staff, and saving them to automatically send from your email service at the end of the scheduled meeting. That way everyone will find out at the same time, and no one will feel as if they've been slighted.\\n2-2. Include important information in all correspondence.\\nWhether you are drafting an email to human resources, a formal letter to your boss, or a note to your secretary, certain pieces of information should be included to simplify the process and avoid confusion.\\nInclude the exact date of your retirement in all correspondence. Doing so helps avoid speculation and simplifies work for others who depend on you, since they know exactly what day you will no longer be working.\\nAdd a forwarding address if it is different from what the company has on file. If you don't pick up your final paycheck on your last day, the company can mail it or any other relevant information to the address provided.\\nInclude other contact information (phone number, email or address) should you want to stay in contact with anyone from the office after retirement.\\n2-3. Express your appreciation and well wishes.\\nRather than sending a direct and impersonal notice, kind and personalized letters to coworkers and your replacement, if he or she has already been hired, will ensure that you are remembered as a thoughtful coworker.\\nRetirement letters are a chance to say your last goodbyes to the company, and they should be sincere and genuine in their offer of well wishes.\\nIf you plan to maintain relationships with your co-workers once you've retired, now can be a good time to personally invite them for a barbeque or family dinner scheduled for after your retirement. That way you can ensure that you maintain the relationship and are not forgotten.\\n3. Announcing to Friends and Family\\n3-1. Time it right.\\nRegardless of when you decide to tell your boss and co-workers, you should always plan to tell family and friends after telling those at work.\\nNews travels fast, and it could be awkward or problematic for your boss to hear through the grapevine that you're retiring.\\nThe exception is your spouse and immediate family members or a very trusted friend or mentor. You need people you can talk to about the decision to retire even before you've finalized your plans, so feel free to take those closest to you into your confidence. Just be sure that whoever you tell knows that the information is confidential.\\n3-2. Keep it informal.\\nWhile announcements to your boss and co-workers need to maintain some level of formality, your announcement to friends and family can be as informal as you like.\\nA Facebook or other social media post can make the process of announcing simple, since you can tell everyone you know at once. If you use LinkedIn or other career networking sites, be sure to make a note there as well.\\nIts smart to word your retirement announcement in a way that leaves the door open to future opportunities, especially if you are retiring early in life. Say something like, \\\"I will be stepping down from my position in June to spend more time with family. I'm looking forward to seeing what the next chapter holds.\\\"\\nConsider making a funny retirement video. Check out Youtube for ideas.\\n3-3. Consider throwing a party to make the big announcement.\\nInvite all your close family and friends, and that way you can tell them in person in a way that is meaningful to you.\\nYou can choose if you want the let them know in advance of the party that it is a retirement party, or you can make a surprise announcement at the party itself.\\nWhile throwing a party for yourself might seem impolite, rules on etiquette are changing and most people find a retirement party an exception to that particular rule, especially if its a surprise that you reveal at the party (in which case, no one will have purchased gifts).\\nTips\\nEven though you probably won't be moving on to another job, you still want your verbal announcement and retirement letter to be gracious. Focus on the positive experiences, even though you don't necessarily need the references for a new position.\\nWarnings\\nAnnouncing your retirement too early can lead to some unwanted outcomes. If you're in a position of authority, consider the possibility that some employees may question your directives if they know you're not sticking around.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"Historically, most people retired at the age of 65 unless extenuating circumstances kept them at their job, and there was no need to formally announce a planned retirement. Now, some people retire in their 50s while others work into their 80s-- and the process of announcing a retirement has become unclear. Knowing how and when to announce your retirement can make the process less stressful and help to end your successful career on the best note possible.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Announcing to Your Boss\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Start planning well in advance.\", \"描述\": \"The decision to retire is very significant, and you should start planning for your retirement at least six months in advance.\\nThis allows you time to make sure you are comfortable with your decision before making things formal, tie up any loose ends, and use any remaining vacation days.\\nBe sure to familiarize yourself with your company's retirement policies. Download compensation statements and benefits information from your company's website while you still have company log-in credentials.\\nThese policies will also let you know if your company has a rule about how far in advance you must notify your employer and/or human resources office, which will likely determine when you take the next steps.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Decide when to tell your boss.\", \"描述\": \"It's important that you follow company protocol, but most of the time you will have some leeway regarding when to tell your immediate supervisor of your impending retirement.\\nBe cautious about announcing too early. Doing so can signal to your employer that you are not as invested, and you might be passed over for projects or asked to leave earlier to make room for your replacement. Similarly, if you are in a supervisory position, your employees may not listen to your directives or respect your authority.\\nIf you do fear any negative repercussions of your announcement, it might be best to wait until the last minute as per your employee handbook. Just as with any other position you have left in your career, regardless of your handbook, you should tell your plans to your boss no later than three weeks prior to your intended date of retirement. The \\\"three week notice\\\" is the bare minimum of time required to find, hire and train a replacement.\\nIf you have a senior position or one that is difficult to replace, it is not unusual to give three to six months of notice. It gives your company time to locate and train a suitable replacement.\\nThink about the relationship you have with your supervisor and company, and if that relationship is important to maintain in your retirement. Being thoughtful of the position your company will be in when you retire can go a long way in maintaining good feelings on both sides.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Schedule a private meeting for the end of the day.\", \"描述\": \"This will ensure that you have a bit of time to discuss your plans but that you are not interrupting your boss's other work responsibilities.\\nThe level of formality of this meeting will depend on the relationship with your boss or supervisor. If you have a strictly professional relationship, the announcement will be similarly formal. If you have a more friendly relationship, however, the announcement can be less rigid and more conversational.\\nIf you have not finalized your plans but are giving the boss the news as a courtesy, be sure to say so. Simply say, \\\"I am thinking about retiring in June-- but I have not quite made up my mind. When is the absolute latest you will need to know?\\\"\\nIf the plans are finalized, say, \\\"I have been thinking about this for a long time, and I've decided it is time to retire. I will be retiring at the end of June.\\\"\\nEither way, let your boss know that you want to make the transition as smooth as possible.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Ask your boss about how to tell the rest of the staff.\", \"描述\": \"Some bosses have a policy that they themselves will make a formal announcement of your retirement to the rest of the staff, but some prefer that you announce to your coworkers yourself. If you have a preference, be sure to let him or her know.\\nIf the boss will send a memo, post a bulletin, or make an announcement, you will not need to announce you're retiring to the rest of the staff in a formal capacity.\\nIf you actually prefer to tell all (or some) colleagues yourself, ask the boss to wait to announce until you've had a chance to talk to these important people yourself.\\nEven though you might not be planning to take another job or go back to work following retirement, the current economy is unpredictable and it is smart to ask your supervisors for three letters of recommendation just in case of contingency. It is better to do this now while your excellent work ethic is fresh in their minds than to wait until you need the letters, when they may have moved to other companies and be harder to track down.\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Write a letter to your boss officially announcing your intention to retire.\", \"描述\": \"The letter is a formality and it can be brief, but should state the date of your retirement.\\nGive the letter to your boss after you have verbally told her of your plans.\\nEven though you've made your intentions clear verbally, human resources will require a formal letter to file in their records. Payroll will also need the information to make sure you're given all relevant sick days or other compensation.\\nBe sure to follow up with human resources immediately to find out what paperwork will be required and when it is due.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Announcing to Co-Workers\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Tell people personally.\", \"描述\": \"It is considerate to let your co-workers and staff know that you're retiring verbally or by personal phone call or email, rather than via a company-wide memo. Giving a personal touch to the message helps your co-workers feel valued and goes a long way in maintaining your friendships into retirement.\\nInform friends and close coworkers after you've told your boss. News often spreads, even if you ask to keep the information quiet, and you want your boss to be the first to know.\\nIf your boss is holding a meeting to tell significant co-workers of your retirement, consider writing emails to all other co-workers and staff, and saving them to automatically send from your email service at the end of the scheduled meeting. That way everyone will find out at the same time, and no one will feel as if they've been slighted.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Include important information in all correspondence.\", \"描述\": \"Whether you are drafting an email to human resources, a formal letter to your boss, or a note to your secretary, certain pieces of information should be included to simplify the process and avoid confusion.\\nInclude the exact date of your retirement in all correspondence. Doing so helps avoid speculation and simplifies work for others who depend on you, since they know exactly what day you will no longer be working.\\nAdd a forwarding address if it is different from what the company has on file. If you don't pick up your final paycheck on your last day, the company can mail it or any other relevant information to the address provided.\\nInclude other contact information (phone number, email or address) should you want to stay in contact with anyone from the office after retirement.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Express your appreciation and well wishes.\", \"描述\": \"Rather than sending a direct and impersonal notice, kind and personalized letters to coworkers and your replacement, if he or she has already been hired, will ensure that you are remembered as a thoughtful coworker.\\nRetirement letters are a chance to say your last goodbyes to the company, and they should be sincere and genuine in their offer of well wishes.\\nIf you plan to maintain relationships with your co-workers once you've retired, now can be a good time to personally invite them for a barbeque or family dinner scheduled for after your retirement. That way you can ensure that you maintain the relationship and are not forgotten.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Announcing to Friends and Family\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Time it right.\", \"描述\": \"Regardless of when you decide to tell your boss and co-workers, you should always plan to tell family and friends after telling those at work.\\nNews travels fast, and it could be awkward or problematic for your boss to hear through the grapevine that you're retiring.\\nThe exception is your spouse and immediate family members or a very trusted friend or mentor. You need people you can talk to about the decision to retire even before you've finalized your plans, so feel free to take those closest to you into your confidence. Just be sure that whoever you tell knows that the information is confidential.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Keep it informal.\", \"描述\": \"While announcements to your boss and co-workers need to maintain some level of formality, your announcement to friends and family can be as informal as you like.\\nA Facebook or other social media post can make the process of announcing simple, since you can tell everyone you know at once. If you use LinkedIn or other career networking sites, be sure to make a note there as well.\\nIts smart to word your retirement announcement in a way that leaves the door open to future opportunities, especially if you are retiring early in life. Say something like, \\\"I will be stepping down from my position in June to spend more time with family. I'm looking forward to seeing what the next chapter holds.\\\"\\nConsider making a funny retirement video. Check out Youtube for ideas.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Consider throwing a party to make the big announcement.\", \"描述\": \"Invite all your close family and friends, and that way you can tell them in person in a way that is meaningful to you.\\nYou can choose if you want the let them know in advance of the party that it is a retirement party, or you can make a surprise announcement at the party itself.\\nWhile throwing a party for yourself might seem impolite, rules on etiquette are changing and most people find a retirement party an exception to that particular rule, especially if its a surprise that you reveal at the party (in which case, no one will have purchased gifts).\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Even though you probably won't be moving on to another job, you still want your verbal announcement and retirement letter to be gracious. Focus on the positive experiences, even though you don't necessarily need the references for a new position.\\n\"], \"注意事项\": [\"Announcing your retirement too early can lead to some unwanted outcomes. If you're in a position of authority, consider the possibility that some employees may question your directives if they know you're not sticking around.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
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} | wikihow |
1,712 | How to Announce the Bridal Party at a Reception | 1. Organizing the Details
1-1. Give the MC a written list of names.
Your wedding party is a big part of your special day. When you introduce them, you want to make sure that they get the recognition that they deserve. Make sure the DJ or MC has a written list of the names of the entire bridal party.
If necessary, include a pronunciation guide for the announcer. You don’t want them stumbling over an uncommon name.
Make sure the names are written in the order in which the members of the party will enter.
1-2. Choose a good song.
Music is a traditional component of the bridal party entrance. You can use it simply as soft background noise, or as a prominent feature of the announcement. If you are planning a traditional entrance, you might want to pick a popular song for the moment. Some typical choices include:
”Walking on Sunshine” by Katrina and the Waves
”The Way You Make Me Feel” by Michael Jackson
”Bittersweet Symphony” by The Verve
”Viva La Vida” by Coldplay
"Waiting for Tonight” by Jennifer Lopez
1-3. Plan the timeline.
Decide what you are going to do between the ceremony and the reception. Many people choose to take formal pictures during this time. Others plan a cocktail hour so that they can mingle with guests. Whatever you do, make sure that you figure out how much time you want to have between the ceremony and the bridal party entrance.
Communicate this timeline to the MC. You could say, “The ceremony will end at 5:30, and the cocktail hour will begin. At 6:30, we want the guests to be escorted into the dining room. At 6:40, we would like the bridal party to be announced.”
1-4. Communicate the plan to the wedding party.
Make sure that each member of the bridal party understands where they need to be and when. You don’t want to be missing any members of the party when it’s time for the big announcement. Plan the timeline in advance, and give them clear instructions.
You could send an e-mail the week before to everyone in your wedding party. It should give a detailed timeline of the entire wedding day.
You can also remind everyone on the big day. During pictures you could say, “Remember, everyone, we’ll line up to enter the reception right at 6:35.”
1-5. Line everyone up.
Gather your wedding party near the door where they will enter the reception. Traditionally, they will line up in the order that they entered the ceremony. That means the bridesmaid and groomsmen pairs will enter first, followed by the maid of honor and best man. The newly married couple will be the last to be announced.
If you have a wedding coordinator, you can have them organize the line-up.
2. Choosing a Traditional Entrance
2-1. Choose the people who will be part of the entrance.
Traditionally, the bridesmaids and groomsmen are introduced to the guests during the entrance. In addition to their names, the MC should also state their relationship to the couple and their role in the wedding. For example, “Please welcome Anne Webster, Maid of Honor and sister of the bride.”
If you have a flower girl and ring bearer, it is traditional to include them in the entrance. You might want to have an adult escort them, as they could be nervous.
2-2. Give them specific instructions.
If your wedding is somewhat formal, you might be going for a more sedate entrance. Make sure to communicate your wishes directly to the bridal party. You don’t want to start your reception off on a bad foot by having an entrance that you don’t like.
You might send an email describing the entrance you want. You could say, “I know lots of entrances include fun dances, but my wedding is going to be more formal. I’d appreciate it if you could just walk sedately and smile.”
2-3. Double-check the details.
The key to your big day going smoothly is careful planning. This doesn’t mean you have to run yourself ragged checking every little thing, but it’s a good idea to make sure you have the entrance planned exactly the way you want it. A few days before the wedding, make sure to:
Give your MC the list of names and pronunciation guide.
Ensure you are comfortable with your choice of music.
Follow up with the bridal party members to make sure everyone knows the plan.
If you are using a wedding coordinator, check to make sure they know your specifications.
3. Planning a Creative Announcement
3-1. Choose your style.
Are you looking for a more unique entrance? Consider having a theme instead of just the traditional entrance. If your wedding has a theme, you could go with that. Or, you could create a separate theme for the entrance.
Maybe you are huge sports fans. Many fans of the University of Nebraska football team choose to enter to the team’s “Tunnel Walk.”
If you are really into Hollywood glamour, you could make the entrance a red carpet style announcement and encourage people to snap lots of photos.
3-2. Mix up the order of the party members’ entrance.
Don’t feel like you have to be tied to the traditional wedding party entrance. This is your wedding reception, and you should feel free to do it however you like. Maybe you would like to enter first with your new spouse. Then you can join the guests in cheering on the wedding party.
You could also choose to have the bridesmaids enter as a group, and then the groomsmen, instead of in pairs.
3-3. Plan choreography.
Some fun dance moves can help your bridal party’s entrance really stand out. Traditionally, members of the group walk in. Ask your party to learn a few easy steps to get the party going.
For example, if you choose a song by Michael Jackson, ask the groomsmen to try to moonwalk.
A song by Donna Summer might inspire you to teach the crew a few disco moves.
Respect your wedding party. If your friends don’t feel comfortable learning complicated steps, don’t force the issue. You don’t want them (and the rest of your guests) to feel uncomfortable.
3-4. Have individualized entrances.
Generally, each pair in the wedding party walks or dances in to the same song. Mix things up by changing the music for each pair or person. For example, let your Irish cousins lead the way by dancing an Irish jig.
You could also consider letting each person or pair choose their own music. This is a great way to allow your friends to express their individuality.
Tips
Upon entry into the reception site, the bridal party should walk to the center of the dance floor, pause for 30 seconds, then proceed directly to their seats. Parents of the bride and groom may have specially reserved tables along the sides of the main table. The bridal party usually sits in a focal location in the reception area.
Try to keep your bridal party out of the reception hall, otherwise someone will have to track everyone down to line up. Having them comfortably assembled in a designated area helps the MC start the evening's events on time.
Limit the amount of alcohol the bridal party is allowed to consume before entering the reception site.
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"create_time": "20230517 10:45:58",
"回答明细": "{\"回答\": \"1. Organizing the Details\\n1-1. Give the MC a written list of names.\\nYour wedding party is a big part of your special day. When you introduce them, you want to make sure that they get the recognition that they deserve. Make sure the DJ or MC has a written list of the names of the entire bridal party. \\nIf necessary, include a pronunciation guide for the announcer. You don’t want them stumbling over an uncommon name.\\nMake sure the names are written in the order in which the members of the party will enter.\\n1-2. Choose a good song.\\nMusic is a traditional component of the bridal party entrance. You can use it simply as soft background noise, or as a prominent feature of the announcement. If you are planning a traditional entrance, you might want to pick a popular song for the moment. Some typical choices include:\\n”Walking on Sunshine” by Katrina and the Waves\\n”The Way You Make Me Feel” by Michael Jackson\\n”Bittersweet Symphony” by The Verve\\n”Viva La Vida” by Coldplay\\n\\\"Waiting for Tonight” by Jennifer Lopez\\n1-3. Plan the timeline.\\nDecide what you are going to do between the ceremony and the reception. Many people choose to take formal pictures during this time. Others plan a cocktail hour so that they can mingle with guests. Whatever you do, make sure that you figure out how much time you want to have between the ceremony and the bridal party entrance.\\nCommunicate this timeline to the MC. You could say, “The ceremony will end at 5:30, and the cocktail hour will begin. At 6:30, we want the guests to be escorted into the dining room. At 6:40, we would like the bridal party to be announced.”\\n1-4. Communicate the plan to the wedding party.\\nMake sure that each member of the bridal party understands where they need to be and when. You don’t want to be missing any members of the party when it’s time for the big announcement. Plan the timeline in advance, and give them clear instructions.\\nYou could send an e-mail the week before to everyone in your wedding party. It should give a detailed timeline of the entire wedding day.\\nYou can also remind everyone on the big day. During pictures you could say, “Remember, everyone, we’ll line up to enter the reception right at 6:35.”\\n1-5. Line everyone up.\\nGather your wedding party near the door where they will enter the reception. Traditionally, they will line up in the order that they entered the ceremony. That means the bridesmaid and groomsmen pairs will enter first, followed by the maid of honor and best man. The newly married couple will be the last to be announced.\\nIf you have a wedding coordinator, you can have them organize the line-up.\\n2. Choosing a Traditional Entrance\\n2-1. Choose the people who will be part of the entrance.\\nTraditionally, the bridesmaids and groomsmen are introduced to the guests during the entrance. In addition to their names, the MC should also state their relationship to the couple and their role in the wedding. For example, “Please welcome Anne Webster, Maid of Honor and sister of the bride.”\\nIf you have a flower girl and ring bearer, it is traditional to include them in the entrance. You might want to have an adult escort them, as they could be nervous.\\n2-2. Give them specific instructions.\\nIf your wedding is somewhat formal, you might be going for a more sedate entrance. Make sure to communicate your wishes directly to the bridal party. You don’t want to start your reception off on a bad foot by having an entrance that you don’t like.\\nYou might send an email describing the entrance you want. You could say, “I know lots of entrances include fun dances, but my wedding is going to be more formal. I’d appreciate it if you could just walk sedately and smile.”\\n2-3. Double-check the details.\\nThe key to your big day going smoothly is careful planning. This doesn’t mean you have to run yourself ragged checking every little thing, but it’s a good idea to make sure you have the entrance planned exactly the way you want it. A few days before the wedding, make sure to:\\nGive your MC the list of names and pronunciation guide.\\nEnsure you are comfortable with your choice of music.\\nFollow up with the bridal party members to make sure everyone knows the plan.\\nIf you are using a wedding coordinator, check to make sure they know your specifications.\\n3. Planning a Creative Announcement\\n3-1. Choose your style.\\nAre you looking for a more unique entrance? Consider having a theme instead of just the traditional entrance. If your wedding has a theme, you could go with that. Or, you could create a separate theme for the entrance.\\nMaybe you are huge sports fans. Many fans of the University of Nebraska football team choose to enter to the team’s “Tunnel Walk.”\\nIf you are really into Hollywood glamour, you could make the entrance a red carpet style announcement and encourage people to snap lots of photos.\\n3-2. Mix up the order of the party members’ entrance.\\nDon’t feel like you have to be tied to the traditional wedding party entrance. This is your wedding reception, and you should feel free to do it however you like. Maybe you would like to enter first with your new spouse. Then you can join the guests in cheering on the wedding party.\\nYou could also choose to have the bridesmaids enter as a group, and then the groomsmen, instead of in pairs.\\n3-3. Plan choreography.\\nSome fun dance moves can help your bridal party’s entrance really stand out. Traditionally, members of the group walk in. Ask your party to learn a few easy steps to get the party going. \\nFor example, if you choose a song by Michael Jackson, ask the groomsmen to try to moonwalk.\\nA song by Donna Summer might inspire you to teach the crew a few disco moves.\\nRespect your wedding party. If your friends don’t feel comfortable learning complicated steps, don’t force the issue. You don’t want them (and the rest of your guests) to feel uncomfortable.\\n3-4. Have individualized entrances.\\nGenerally, each pair in the wedding party walks or dances in to the same song. Mix things up by changing the music for each pair or person. For example, let your Irish cousins lead the way by dancing an Irish jig.\\nYou could also consider letting each person or pair choose their own music. This is a great way to allow your friends to express their individuality.\\nTips\\nUpon entry into the reception site, the bridal party should walk to the center of the dance floor, pause for 30 seconds, then proceed directly to their seats. Parents of the bride and groom may have specially reserved tables along the sides of the main table. The bridal party usually sits in a focal location in the reception area.\\nTry to keep your bridal party out of the reception hall, otherwise someone will have to track everyone down to line up. Having them comfortably assembled in a designated area helps the MC start the evening's events on time.\\nLimit the amount of alcohol the bridal party is allowed to consume before entering the reception site.\\n\", \"简要回答\": \"You want your wedding day to be perfect. But you also want it to be fun and stress-free. You can have it all by doing some careful planning before your big day. To make sure your reception gets off to a great start, take time to figure out how you want to announce the bridal party. You can choose a traditional entrance or something more in line with your individual tastes. No matter what, you’ll want to choose a great song to help set the tone.\", \"结构\": {\"方法\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Organizing the Details\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Give the MC a written list of names.\", \"描述\": \"Your wedding party is a big part of your special day. When you introduce them, you want to make sure that they get the recognition that they deserve. Make sure the DJ or MC has a written list of the names of the entire bridal party. \\nIf necessary, include a pronunciation guide for the announcer. You don’t want them stumbling over an uncommon name.\\nMake sure the names are written in the order in which the members of the party will enter.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Choose a good song.\", \"描述\": \"Music is a traditional component of the bridal party entrance. You can use it simply as soft background noise, or as a prominent feature of the announcement. If you are planning a traditional entrance, you might want to pick a popular song for the moment. Some typical choices include:\\n”Walking on Sunshine” by Katrina and the Waves\\n”The Way You Make Me Feel” by Michael Jackson\\n”Bittersweet Symphony” by The Verve\\n”Viva La Vida” by Coldplay\\n\\\"Waiting for Tonight” by Jennifer Lopez\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Plan the timeline.\", \"描述\": \"Decide what you are going to do between the ceremony and the reception. Many people choose to take formal pictures during this time. Others plan a cocktail hour so that they can mingle with guests. Whatever you do, make sure that you figure out how much time you want to have between the ceremony and the bridal party entrance.\\nCommunicate this timeline to the MC. You could say, “The ceremony will end at 5:30, and the cocktail hour will begin. At 6:30, we want the guests to be escorted into the dining room. At 6:40, we would like the bridal party to be announced.”\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Communicate the plan to the wedding party.\", \"描述\": \"Make sure that each member of the bridal party understands where they need to be and when. You don’t want to be missing any members of the party when it’s time for the big announcement. Plan the timeline in advance, and give them clear instructions.\\nYou could send an e-mail the week before to everyone in your wedding party. It should give a detailed timeline of the entire wedding day.\\nYou can also remind everyone on the big day. During pictures you could say, “Remember, everyone, we’ll line up to enter the reception right at 6:35.”\"}, {\"编号\": 5, \"标题\": \"Line everyone up.\", \"描述\": \"Gather your wedding party near the door where they will enter the reception. Traditionally, they will line up in the order that they entered the ceremony. That means the bridesmaid and groomsmen pairs will enter first, followed by the maid of honor and best man. The newly married couple will be the last to be announced.\\nIf you have a wedding coordinator, you can have them organize the line-up.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Choosing a Traditional Entrance\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Choose the people who will be part of the entrance.\", \"描述\": \"Traditionally, the bridesmaids and groomsmen are introduced to the guests during the entrance. In addition to their names, the MC should also state their relationship to the couple and their role in the wedding. For example, “Please welcome Anne Webster, Maid of Honor and sister of the bride.”\\nIf you have a flower girl and ring bearer, it is traditional to include them in the entrance. You might want to have an adult escort them, as they could be nervous.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Give them specific instructions.\", \"描述\": \"If your wedding is somewhat formal, you might be going for a more sedate entrance. Make sure to communicate your wishes directly to the bridal party. You don’t want to start your reception off on a bad foot by having an entrance that you don’t like.\\nYou might send an email describing the entrance you want. You could say, “I know lots of entrances include fun dances, but my wedding is going to be more formal. I’d appreciate it if you could just walk sedately and smile.”\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Double-check the details.\", \"描述\": \"The key to your big day going smoothly is careful planning. This doesn’t mean you have to run yourself ragged checking every little thing, but it’s a good idea to make sure you have the entrance planned exactly the way you want it. A few days before the wedding, make sure to:\\nGive your MC the list of names and pronunciation guide.\\nEnsure you are comfortable with your choice of music.\\nFollow up with the bridal party members to make sure everyone knows the plan.\\nIf you are using a wedding coordinator, check to make sure they know your specifications.\"}]}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Planning a Creative Announcement\", \"步骤\": [{\"编号\": 1, \"标题\": \"Choose your style.\", \"描述\": \"Are you looking for a more unique entrance? Consider having a theme instead of just the traditional entrance. If your wedding has a theme, you could go with that. Or, you could create a separate theme for the entrance.\\nMaybe you are huge sports fans. Many fans of the University of Nebraska football team choose to enter to the team’s “Tunnel Walk.”\\nIf you are really into Hollywood glamour, you could make the entrance a red carpet style announcement and encourage people to snap lots of photos.\"}, {\"编号\": 2, \"标题\": \"Mix up the order of the party members’ entrance.\", \"描述\": \"Don’t feel like you have to be tied to the traditional wedding party entrance. This is your wedding reception, and you should feel free to do it however you like. Maybe you would like to enter first with your new spouse. Then you can join the guests in cheering on the wedding party.\\nYou could also choose to have the bridesmaids enter as a group, and then the groomsmen, instead of in pairs.\"}, {\"编号\": 3, \"标题\": \"Plan choreography.\", \"描述\": \"Some fun dance moves can help your bridal party’s entrance really stand out. Traditionally, members of the group walk in. Ask your party to learn a few easy steps to get the party going. \\nFor example, if you choose a song by Michael Jackson, ask the groomsmen to try to moonwalk.\\nA song by Donna Summer might inspire you to teach the crew a few disco moves.\\nRespect your wedding party. If your friends don’t feel comfortable learning complicated steps, don’t force the issue. You don’t want them (and the rest of your guests) to feel uncomfortable.\"}, {\"编号\": 4, \"标题\": \"Have individualized entrances.\", \"描述\": \"Generally, each pair in the wedding party walks or dances in to the same song. Mix things up by changing the music for each pair or person. For example, let your Irish cousins lead the way by dancing an Irish jig.\\nYou could also consider letting each person or pair choose their own music. This is a great way to allow your friends to express their individuality.\"}], \"小提示\": [\"Upon entry into the reception site, the bridal party should walk to the center of the dance floor, pause for 30 seconds, then proceed directly to their seats. Parents of the bride and groom may have specially reserved tables along the sides of the main table. The bridal party usually sits in a focal location in the reception area.\\n\", \"Try to keep your bridal party out of the reception hall, otherwise someone will have to track everyone down to line up. Having them comfortably assembled in a designated area helps the MC start the evening's events on time.\\n\", \"Limit the amount of alcohol the bridal party is allowed to consume before entering the reception site.\\n\"]}]}}",
"问题明细": "",
"扩展字段": ""
} | wikihow |
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