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173. Moore v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 793 P.2d 479, 483 (Cal. 1990) (en
banc).
174. The statutory provisions are Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. §552a(d); Cable Com
munications Policy Act, 47 U.S.C. §551(d); Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C.
§1681g(a); and Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. §6502(b) (1)
(B) (i).
175. See, e.g., Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. §1681i(a) (5) (A).
176. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 15 U.S.C. §6802(b).
177. Mark Twain, The Autobiography o f M ark Twain xxxv (Charles Neider ed.
1990).
178. Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard's Alm anac (July 1735), quoted in John
Bartlett, B artlett's Fam iliar Quotations 309:15 (Justin Kaplan ed., Little, Brown,
16th ed. 1992).
Notes to Pages 137-140
233
179. McCormick v. England, 494 S.E.2d 431, 432, 435, 438 (S.C. Ct. App.
1997).
180. See, e.g., Peterson v. Idaho First Nat’l Bank, 367 P.2d 284,290 (Idaho 1961)
(recognizing a breach-of-confidentiality tort for disclosure by a bank). For more
information on the breach-of-confidentiality tort, see generally Alan B. Vickery,
Note, “Breach of Confidence: An Emerging Tort,” 82 Columbia Law Review 1426,
1426(1982).
181. See Hammonds v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 243 F. Supp. 793 (N.D. Ohio
1965) (holding an insurance company liable for inducing a physician to disclose
confidential information).
182. Neil M. Richards & Daniel J. Solove, “Privacy’s Other Path: Recovering
the Law of Confidentiality,” 96 Georgetown Lam Journal 123 (2007); Raymond
Wacks, Privacy and Press Freedom 48—58 (1995).
183. Barrymore v. News Group Newspapers Ltd., [1997] F.S.R. 600, 601 (Ch.).
184. A v. B, [2003] Q.B. 195, 207, 216.
185. See Mark S. Hayes, “Privacy Law in Canada,” in Proskauer on Privacy 13-1,
13-41 (Christopher Wolf ed., 2006) (discussing Canada’s breach-of-confidence
tort); David J. Seipp, “English Judicial Recognition of a Right to Privacy,” 3 Oxford
Journal o f Legal Studies 325, 366 (1983) (discussing Scotland’s recognition of breach
of confidence); Hosking v. Runting, [2004] NZCA 34, at [46] (Mar. 25, 2004) (dis
cussing New Zealand’s breach-of-confidentiality tort); Australian Broadcasting
Corp. v. Lenah Game Means, [2001] 208 CLR 199 (discussing Australia’s breach-
of-confidentiality tort).
186. Simonsen v. Swenson, 177 N.W. 831, 832 (Neb. 1920).
187. Id. at 831, 832.
188. Tarasoff v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 551 P.2d 334, 339-40, 347 (Cal.
1976) (en banc).
189. United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435,437,442—43 (1976).
190. Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 743 (1979).
191. Solove, D igital Person, 201-09.
192. See, e.g., Brex v. Smith, 146 A. 34, 36 (N.J. Ch. 1929) (finding an “implied
obligation” for banks to keep customers’ bank records confidential unless com
pelled by a court to disclose them).
193. The states are California, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Mon
tana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Washington. See Stephen E. Hen
derson, “Learning from All Fifty States: How to Apply the Fourth Amendment
and Its State Analogs to Protect Third Party Information from Unreasonable
Search,” 55 Catholic U niversity Law Review 373, 395 (2006).
194. Distt. Registrar & Collector, Hyderabad & Anr v. Canara Bank Etc, [2004]
INSC 668, available at http://www.commonlii.org/in/cases/INSC/2004/668.html.
195. Peterson v. Idaho First Nat’l Bank, 367 P.2d 284, 290 (Idaho 1961).
196. See, e.g., Barnett Bank of W. Fla. v. Hooper, 498 So. 2d 923,926 (Fla. 1986)
(recognizing that banks establish fiduciary relationships with customers when they
enter into transactions); Ind. Nat’l Bank v. Chapman, 482 N.E.2d 474, 482 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1985) (finding an implied contract not to disclose personal financial
information between a bank and its customers); Suburban Trust Co. v. Waller, 408
A.2d 758, 762 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1979) (“[A] bank implicitly warrants to main
tain, in strict confidence, information regarding its depositor’s affairs”); Richfield
234
Notes to Pages 140-142
Bank & Trust Co. v. Sjogren, 244 N.W.2d 648, 651 (Minn. 1976) (recognizing a
duty of confidentiality for banks); McGuire v. Shubert, 722 A.2d 1087, 1091 (Pa.
Super. Ct. 1998) (finding a duty for a bank to keep its customers’ account informa
tion confidential).
197. Henry James, The Reverberator 62 (1888).
198. Restatement (Second) of Torts §652D (1977); see Warren & Brandeis,
“Right to Privacy,” 195-96.
199.429 U.S. 589, 598-99 (1977).
200. See, e.g., Doe v. Borough of Barrington, 729 F. Supp. 376, 382 (D.N.J.
1990) (holding that it was a violation of the plaintiff’s constitutional right to infor
mation privacy for police to disclose to neighbors that the plaintiff’s husband was
infected with AIDS).
201. Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. §552a(e) (10) (prohibiting agencies from dis
closing information about an individual without her prior written consent); Family
Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, 20 U.S.C. §1232g(b) (1) (requiring
educational agencies or institutions that receive government funding not to dis
close education records without written consent); Cable Communications Policy
Act of 1984, 47 U.S.C. §§551(b)-(c) (limiting the extent to which a cable service
may collect or disclose personally identifiable information about subscribers);
Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988, 18 U.S.C. §2 710(b) (1) (creating civil lia
bility for video stores that disclose personally identifiable information about any
customer); Driver’s Privacy Protection Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. §§2721-2725 (re
stricting the use of personal information contained in state motor-vehicle records);
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996,42 U.S.C. §1320d-2
(protecting the privacy of personal health information in transactions).
202. See, e.g., Cal. Health & Safety Code §199.21 (West 1990) (repealed 1995)
(prohibiting, inter alia, disclosure of HIV test results); N.Y. Pub. Health Law §17
(McKinney 2001) (permitting the release of medical records of minors relating to
sexually transmitted diseases and abortion upon written request, but prohibiting dis
closure to parents without consent); 71 Pa. Stat. Ann. §1690.108 (West 1990) (pro
hibiting disclosure of all records prepared during alcohol- or drug-abuse treatment).
203. Argentine Civil Code art. 1071, incorporated by Law No. 21.173, quoted in
Privacy and H um an Rights, 217.
204. Privacy Act 1978 RSS c P-24 (Saskatchewan) s 2; Privacy Act 1990 RSNL c
P-22 (Newfoundland and Labrador) s 3(1); Privacy Act 1996 RSBC c 373 (British

173. Moore v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 793 P.2d 479, 483 (Cal. 1990) (en

banc).

174. The statutory provisions are Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. §552a(d); Cable Com

munications Policy Act, 47 U.S.C. §551(d); Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C.

§1681g(a); and Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, 15 U.S.C. §6502(b) (1)

(B) (i).

175. See, e.g., Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. §1681i(a) (5) (A).

176. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 15 U.S.C. §6802(b).

177. Mark Twain, The Autobiography o f M ark Twain xxxv (Charles Neider ed.

1990).

178. Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard's Alm anac (July 1735), quoted in John

Bartlett, B artlett's Fam iliar Quotations 309:15 (Justin Kaplan ed., Little, Brown,

16th ed. 1992).

Notes to Pages 137-140

233

179. McCormick v. England, 494 S.E.2d 431, 432, 435, 438 (S.C. Ct. App.

1997).

180. See, e.g., Peterson v. Idaho First Nat’l Bank, 367 P.2d 284,290 (Idaho 1961)

(recognizing a breach-of-confidentiality tort for disclosure by a bank). For more

information on the breach-of-confidentiality tort, see generally Alan B. Vickery,

Note, “Breach of Confidence: An Emerging Tort,” 82 Columbia Law Review 1426,

1426(1982).

181. See Hammonds v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 243 F. Supp. 793 (N.D. Ohio

1965) (holding an insurance company liable for inducing a physician to disclose

confidential information).

182. Neil M. Richards & Daniel J. Solove, “Privacy’s Other Path: Recovering

the Law of Confidentiality,” 96 Georgetown Lam Journal 123 (2007); Raymond

Wacks, Privacy and Press Freedom 48—58 (1995).

183. Barrymore v. News Group Newspapers Ltd., [1997] F.S.R. 600, 601 (Ch.).

184. A v. B, [2003] Q.B. 195, 207, 216.

185. See Mark S. Hayes, “Privacy Law in Canada,” in Proskauer on Privacy 13-1,

13-41 (Christopher Wolf ed., 2006) (discussing Canada’s breach-of-confidence

tort); David J. Seipp, “English Judicial Recognition of a Right to Privacy,” 3 Oxford

Journal o f Legal Studies 325, 366 (1983) (discussing Scotland’s recognition of breach

of confidence); Hosking v. Runting, [2004] NZCA 34, at [46] (Mar. 25, 2004) (dis

cussing New Zealand’s breach-of-confidentiality tort); Australian Broadcasting

Corp. v. Lenah Game Means, [2001] 208 CLR 199 (discussing Australia’s breach-

of-confidentiality tort).

186. Simonsen v. Swenson, 177 N.W. 831, 832 (Neb. 1920).

187. Id. at 831, 832.

188. Tarasoff v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 551 P.2d 334, 339-40, 347 (Cal.

1976) (en banc).

189. United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435,437,442—43 (1976).

190. Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 743 (1979).

191. Solove, D igital Person, 201-09.

192. See, e.g., Brex v. Smith, 146 A. 34, 36 (N.J. Ch. 1929) (finding an “implied

obligation” for banks to keep customers’ bank records confidential unless com

pelled by a court to disclose them).

193. The states are California, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Mon

tana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Washington. See Stephen E. Hen

derson, “Learning from All Fifty States: How to Apply the Fourth Amendment

and Its State Analogs to Protect Third Party Information from Unreasonable

Search,” 55 Catholic U niversity Law Review 373, 395 (2006).

194. Distt. Registrar & Collector, Hyderabad & Anr v. Canara Bank Etc, [2004]

INSC 668, available at http://www.commonlii.org/in/cases/INSC/2004/668.html.

195. Peterson v. Idaho First Nat’l Bank, 367 P.2d 284, 290 (Idaho 1961).

196. See, e.g., Barnett Bank of W. Fla. v. Hooper, 498 So. 2d 923,926 (Fla. 1986)

(recognizing that banks establish fiduciary relationships with customers when they

enter into transactions); Ind. Nat’l Bank v. Chapman, 482 N.E.2d 474, 482 (Ind.

Ct. App. 1985) (finding an implied contract not to disclose personal financial

information between a bank and its customers); Suburban Trust Co. v. Waller, 408

A.2d 758, 762 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1979) (“[A] bank implicitly warrants to main

tain, in strict confidence, information regarding its depositor’s affairs”); Richfield

234

Notes to Pages 140-142

Bank & Trust Co. v. Sjogren, 244 N.W.2d 648, 651 (Minn. 1976) (recognizing a

duty of confidentiality for banks); McGuire v. Shubert, 722 A.2d 1087, 1091 (Pa.

Super. Ct. 1998) (finding a duty for a bank to keep its customers’ account informa

tion confidential).

197. Henry James, The Reverberator 62 (1888).

198. Restatement (Second) of Torts §652D (1977); see Warren & Brandeis,

“Right to Privacy,” 195-96.

199.429 U.S. 589, 598-99 (1977).

200. See, e.g., Doe v. Borough of Barrington, 729 F. Supp. 376, 382 (D.N.J.

1990) (holding that it was a violation of the plaintiff’s constitutional right to infor

mation privacy for police to disclose to neighbors that the plaintiff’s husband was

infected with AIDS).

201. Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. §552a(e) (10) (prohibiting agencies from dis

closing information about an individual without her prior written consent); Family

Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, 20 U.S.C. §1232g(b) (1) (requiring

educational agencies or institutions that receive government funding not to dis

close education records without written consent); Cable Communications Policy

Act of 1984, 47 U.S.C. §§551(b)-(c) (limiting the extent to which a cable service

may collect or disclose personally identifiable information about subscribers);

Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988, 18 U.S.C. §2 710(b) (1) (creating civil lia

bility for video stores that disclose personally identifiable information about any

customer); Driver’s Privacy Protection Act of 1994, 18 U.S.C. §§2721-2725 (re

stricting the use of personal information contained in state motor-vehicle records);

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996,42 U.S.C. §1320d-2

(protecting the privacy of personal health information in transactions).

202. See, e.g., Cal. Health & Safety Code §199.21 (West 1990) (repealed 1995)

(prohibiting, inter alia, disclosure of HIV test results); N.Y. Pub. Health Law §17

(McKinney 2001) (permitting the release of medical records of minors relating to

sexually transmitted diseases and abortion upon written request, but prohibiting dis

closure to parents without consent); 71 Pa. Stat. Ann. §1690.108 (West 1990) (pro

hibiting disclosure of all records prepared during alcohol- or drug-abuse treatment).

203. Argentine Civil Code art. 1071, incorporated by Law No. 21.173, quoted in

Privacy and H um an Rights, 217.

204. Privacy Act 1978 RSS c P-24 (Saskatchewan) s 2; Privacy Act 1990 RSNL c

P-22 (Newfoundland and Labrador) s 3(1); Privacy Act 1996 RSBC c 373 (British