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for ( int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++ ) {
The loop starts with the iteration variable value as 0 and runs as long as the its value is less than the length of the array length, incrementing it's value by 1 each time because of i++ .
To really change the array as we march across it, we need to use indexes so we can assign an updated value to each position as we go.
2
for ( int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++ ) {
The loop starts with the iteration variable value as 0 and runs as long as the its value is less than the length of the array length, incrementing it's value by 1 each time because of i++ .
We need the array indexes to start at 0 (array indexes start from 0) with every integer number up to but not including the array length.
3
arr[i] += 1;
in each iteration, the value of the array element whose index value is equal to the value of the iteration variable , is incremented by 1.
This statement increments the element at the index i of the array by 1.
3
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
We create a scanner object to scan inputs from user, that is , the input.
To read the input value from the user, we need to define a Scanner object.
4
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
We create a scanner object to scan inputs from user, that is , the input.
We need to read and process the value that the user enters.
3
System.out.println("Enter an integer for seconds: ");
We print a message to the user on screen, "Enter an integer for seconds", asking them to input the value.
We prompt the user to enter the seconds.
4
int seconds = scan.nextInt();
we store the scanned input into an integer variable named seconds.
We need to read the seconds that the user enters and store it in a variable.
4
int seconds = scan.nextInt();
we store the scanned input into an integer variable named seconds.
We read the seconds by calling the nextInt() method because this input is an integer.
4
scan.close();
We then close the scan object.
We close the scanner as we do not want to process any input from the user in the rest of the program.
3
int minutes = seconds / 60;
We divide the seconds by 60 and store the results in another integer variable named minutes.
To obtain the minutes in seconds, we divide the seconds by 60 because there are 60 seconds in a minute.
3
int minutes = seconds / 60;
We divide the seconds by 60 and store the results in another integer variable named minutes.
Note that since both operands of division operator are integer, the fractional part of the result is truncated, if there is any.
1
int remainingSeconds = seconds % 60;
We then take the remainder of the division of seconds by 60 and store it into the variable named remainingSeconds .
This is because there are 60 seconds in a minute.
2
int remainingSeconds = seconds % 60;
We then take the remainder of the division of seconds by 60 and store it into the variable named remainingSeconds .
Note that the % operator returns the remainder of the division.
2
int remainingSeconds = seconds % 60;
We then take the remainder of the division of seconds by 60 and store it into the variable named remainingSeconds .
To obtain the remaining seconds after taking away the minutes, we have to take the remainder of the seconds divided by 60.
3
System.out.println(seconds + " seconds is " + minutes + " minutes and " + remainingSeconds + " seconds.");
we then print to the user on screen: seconds(the value stored by this variable) + "second is" + minutes(the value stored by this variable) + "minutes and" + remainingSeconds(the value stored by this variable) + " seconds."
This statement prints to the default standard output stream the minutes and remaining seconds from the input amount of time in seconds.
4
System.out.println(seconds + " seconds is " + minutes + " minutes and " + remainingSeconds + " seconds.");
we then print to the user on screen: seconds(the value stored by this variable) + "second is" + minutes(the value stored by this variable) + "minutes and" + remainingSeconds(the value stored by this variable) + " seconds."
The printed text is followed by the end-of-line character at the end.
1
int num = 15;
We initialize an integer variable named num with the value 15.
We define variable num to store the number that we want to find its smallest divisor.
3
int num = 15;
We initialize an integer variable named num with the value 15.
We could initialize it to any positive integer greater than 1.
3
int num = 15;
We initialize an integer variable named num with the value 15.
In this program, we initialize variable num to 15.
4
int divisor = 2;
we initialize another variable named divisor with the value 2.
We initialize variable divisor by 2 because we want to find the smallest divisor except 1.
3
int divisor = 2;
we initialize another variable named divisor with the value 2.
We define variable divisor to store the smallest divisor of the number.
3
while (num % divisor != 0) {
We begin a while loop, with the condition that the remainder when num is divided by divisor is not equal to 0.
Since we don't know ahead of time how many times the loop will be repeated, we need to use a while loop.
3
while (num % divisor != 0) {
We begin a while loop, with the condition that the remainder when num is divided by divisor is not equal to 0.
We need to increment the divisor repeatedly as long as the divisor is not a factor of the number.
1
while (num % divisor != 0) {
We begin a while loop, with the condition that the remainder when num is divided by divisor is not equal to 0.
Therefore, we need to use a loop structure.
1
while (num % divisor != 0) {
We begin a while loop, with the condition that the remainder when num is divided by divisor is not equal to 0.
The condition in the while loop tests whether the body of the loop should be repeated, so it should test whether the divisor is not a factor of the number.
2
while (num % divisor != 0) {
We begin a while loop, with the condition that the remainder when num is divided by divisor is not equal to 0.
We could check whether the divisor is not a factor of the number by computing the remainder of the division of the number by the divisor.
2
while (num % divisor != 0) {
If this holds true, then the loop will be executed.
Since we don't know ahead of time how many times the loop will be repeated, we need to use a while loop.
2
while (num % divisor != 0) {
If this holds true, then the loop will be executed.
We need to increment the divisor repeatedly as long as the divisor is not a factor of the number.
2
while (num % divisor != 0) {
If this holds true, then the loop will be executed.
Therefore, we need to use a loop structure.
2
while (num % divisor != 0) {
If this holds true, then the loop will be executed.
The condition in the while loop tests whether the body of the loop should be repeated, so it should test whether the divisor is not a factor of the number.
1
while (num % divisor != 0) {
If this holds true, then the loop will be executed.
We could check whether the divisor is not a factor of the number by computing the remainder of the division of the number by the divisor.
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divisor += 1;
If the while condition is true then the value of 1 is assigned to the divisor.
When the divisor is not a factor of the number, we increment the variable divisor by 1.
1
System.out.println("The smallest divisor of " + num + " is " + divisor);
after exiting the loop, we print to the user on screen "The smallest divisor of " + num( the value of this variable) + "is" divisor (the value of this variable).
This statement prints to the default standard output stream the smallest divisor of the number.
3
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
It's a for loop.
To do this, we need to use a loop structure.
3
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
It's a for loop.
We need to repeat the same process for each of the even positive integers that are less than or equal to 10.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
It's a for loop.
To do this, we initialize variable num to 2, loop until reaching 10 (inclusive), and increment num by 2 after each iteration of the loop.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
It's a for loop.
We use for loops instead of a while loop because we need to repeat the loop a certain number of times, and for loops are best-suited in cases like this when we know ahead of time the number of times that we need to repeat the loop.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
It's a for loop.
Here, we want the for loop to start counting from 2 (2 is the first positive even number) with every even integer number up to (including) 10.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The iteration variable num is initialized with 2.
To do this, we need to use a loop structure.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The iteration variable num is initialized with 2.
We need to repeat the same process for each of the even positive integers that are less than or equal to 10.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The iteration variable num is initialized with 2.
To do this, we initialize variable num to 2, loop until reaching 10 (inclusive), and increment num by 2 after each iteration of the loop.
2
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The iteration variable num is initialized with 2.
We use for loops instead of a while loop because we need to repeat the loop a certain number of times, and for loops are best-suited in cases like this when we know ahead of time the number of times that we need to repeat the loop.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The iteration variable num is initialized with 2.
Here, we want the for loop to start counting from 2 (2 is the first positive even number) with every even integer number up to (including) 10.
3
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The control condition is that if num is less than or equal to 10 , then the statement enclosed by the loop will be executed.
To do this, we need to use a loop structure.
3
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The control condition is that if num is less than or equal to 10 , then the statement enclosed by the loop will be executed.
We need to repeat the same process for each of the even positive integers that are less than or equal to 10.
4
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The control condition is that if num is less than or equal to 10 , then the statement enclosed by the loop will be executed.
To do this, we initialize variable num to 2, loop until reaching 10 (inclusive), and increment num by 2 after each iteration of the loop.
2
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The control condition is that if num is less than or equal to 10 , then the statement enclosed by the loop will be executed.
We use for loops instead of a while loop because we need to repeat the loop a certain number of times, and for loops are best-suited in cases like this when we know ahead of time the number of times that we need to repeat the loop.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
The control condition is that if num is less than or equal to 10 , then the statement enclosed by the loop will be executed.
Here, we want the for loop to start counting from 2 (2 is the first positive even number) with every even integer number up to (including) 10.
2
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
After each iteration, the iteration variable's value is incremented by 2.
To do this, we need to use a loop structure.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
After each iteration, the iteration variable's value is incremented by 2.
We need to repeat the same process for each of the even positive integers that are less than or equal to 10.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
After each iteration, the iteration variable's value is incremented by 2.
To do this, we initialize variable num to 2, loop until reaching 10 (inclusive), and increment num by 2 after each iteration of the loop.
4
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
After each iteration, the iteration variable's value is incremented by 2.
We use for loops instead of a while loop because we need to repeat the loop a certain number of times, and for loops are best-suited in cases like this when we know ahead of time the number of times that we need to repeat the loop.
1
for (int num = 2; num <= 10; num += 2) {
After each iteration, the iteration variable's value is incremented by 2.
Here, we want the for loop to start counting from 2 (2 is the first positive even number) with every even integer number up to (including) 10.
1
System.out.println(num + " squared = " + (num * num));
if the control condition is true, then the system prints to the user on screen num(value of this variable) +" squared= " + (num *num) (product of num with num).
The multiplication may also be performed directly in the println statement.
1
System.out.println(num + " squared = " + (num * num));
if the control condition is true, then the system prints to the user on screen num(value of this variable) +" squared= " + (num *num) (product of num with num).
Note that we do not necessarily have to store the squared number in a variable.
1
System.out.println(num + " squared = " + (num * num));
if the control condition is true, then the system prints to the user on screen num(value of this variable) +" squared= " + (num *num) (product of num with num).
To square each number in the sequence, we multiply it by itself using the multiplication (*) operator.
2
System.out.println(num + " squared = " + (num * num));
if the control condition is true, then the system prints to the user on screen num(value of this variable) +" squared= " + (num *num) (product of num with num).
In each iteration of the loop, this statement prints the square number to the default standard output stream.
2
Point1 point = new Point1();
an object of the class Point1 is created, named point.
This statement creates a Point1 object using the new keyword and empty parentheses.
3
Point1 point = new Point1();
an object of the class Point1 is created, named point.
The variable point holds a reference to a Point1 object.
1
point.setX(7);
the point object's setter function/method is called. It assigns value to the point object's x coordinate.
This statement invokes the method setX of the point to set its x-coordinate to 7.
3
point.translate(11, 6);
The translate method of the object is called.
This statement invokes the method translate of the point.
5
point.translate(11, 6);
The translate method of the object is called.
The second parameter specifies how much we want to shift the y-coordinate of the point.
1
point.translate(11, 6);
The translate method of the object is called.
The translate method receives two parameters.
2
point.translate(11, 6);
The translate method of the object is called.
The first parameter specifies how much we want to shift the x-coordinate of the point.
1
point.translate(11, 6);
It increments the value of the x coordinate by 11 , while it increases the value of the y coordinate by 6.
This statement invokes the method translate of the point.
1
point.translate(11, 6);
It increments the value of the x coordinate by 11 , while it increases the value of the y coordinate by 6.
The second parameter specifies how much we want to shift the y-coordinate of the point.
1
point.translate(11, 6);
It increments the value of the x coordinate by 11 , while it increases the value of the y coordinate by 6.
The translate method receives two parameters.
1
point.translate(11, 6);
It increments the value of the x coordinate by 11 , while it increases the value of the y coordinate by 6.
The first parameter specifies how much we want to shift the x-coordinate of the point.
1
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This line then prints to the screen the point's coordinates.
Note that we do not necessarily have to store the returned value from each of these methods in a variable.
1
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This line then prints to the screen the point's coordinates.
We could use the returned value of them directly in the println statement.
1
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This line then prints to the screen the point's coordinates.
This statement prints the coordinates of the point to the default standard output stream.
3
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This line then prints to the screen the point's coordinates.
The printed text is followed by the end-of-line character at the end.
1
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This line then prints to the screen the point's coordinates.
To get the point's coordinates, we invoke the method getX and getY of the point.
1
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This is done by calling the respective getter functions which are used to get the x and y coordinate values of the points.
Note that we do not necessarily have to store the returned value from each of these methods in a variable.
1
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This is done by calling the respective getter functions which are used to get the x and y coordinate values of the points.
We could use the returned value of them directly in the println statement.
1
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This is done by calling the respective getter functions which are used to get the x and y coordinate values of the points.
This statement prints the coordinates of the point to the default standard output stream.
1
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This is done by calling the respective getter functions which are used to get the x and y coordinate values of the points.
The printed text is followed by the end-of-line character at the end.
1
System.out.println("The point's coordinates: (" + point.getX() + ", " + point.getY() + ")") ;
This is done by calling the respective getter functions which are used to get the x and y coordinate values of the points.
To get the point's coordinates, we invoke the method getX and getY of the point.
3
class Point1 {
It is the beginning line of the creation of a class , here, Point1
We define the class Point1 to represent a point in the Euclidean plane.
3
public void translate(int dx, int dy) {
this is beginning line of the translate method of the class Point1, it has two integers as its arguments, dx and dy
This method shifts the coordinates by a specific delta-x and delta-y, which are passed as parameters.
3
public void translate(int dx, int dy) {
this is beginning line of the translate method of the class Point1, it has two integers as its arguments, dx and dy
We define this method as public to provide access to this method from outside of the class.
1
public void translate(int dx, int dy) {
this is beginning line of the translate method of the class Point1, it has two integers as its arguments, dx and dy
Also, we define its return type as void, as it does not return any value.
2
public void translate(int dx, int dy) {
this is beginning line of the translate method of the class Point1, it has two integers as its arguments, dx and dy
Note that both of the parameters are declared as integers because the point has integer coordinates.
2
private int y;
it's a private variable of type int, accessible only by the getter and setter functions of the class Point1.
Therefore, we need to declare an instance variable for the class to store the y-coordinate of the point.
2
private int y;
it's a private variable of type int, accessible only by the getter and setter functions of the class Point1.
We declare it as integer because we want to have integer coordinates for the point.
2
private int y;
it's a private variable of type int, accessible only by the getter and setter functions of the class Point1.
Note that an instance variable is a variable defined in a class, for which each instantiated object of the class has a separate copy, or instance.
1
private int y;
it's a private variable of type int, accessible only by the getter and setter functions of the class Point1.
Every object of the Point1 class will have its own y-coordinate.
2
x += dx;
the x coordinate value of the class is incremented by the value of the variable dx.
To shift the x-coordinate of the point, we need to add dx to the value of the x-coordinate of the point.
3
public void setX(int newX) {
this is the setter method of the class, it sets the value of the x coordinate.
Also, we define its return type as void, as it does not return any value.
1
public void setX(int newX) {
this is the setter method of the class, it sets the value of the x coordinate.
We define this method as public to provide access to this method from outside of the class.
1
public void setX(int newX) {
this is the setter method of the class, it sets the value of the x coordinate.
This method sets the current value of the x-coordinate of the point to the given value (newX) that is specified as the method's parameter.
2
public void setX(int newX) {
this is the setter method of the class, it sets the value of the x coordinate.
Note that the instance variable x is private; thus, it cannot be directly changed from outside the class.
1
public void setX(int newX) {
this is the setter method of the class, it sets the value of the x coordinate.
The parameter of the method is declared as integer because the x-coordinate of the point is an integer.
1
public void setX(int newX) {
this is the setter method of the class, it sets the value of the x coordinate.
It can be changed from outside the class only through this method.
1
public int getX() {
this is the getter method of the class, it gets the value of the coordinate of the class object.
We define this method as public to provide access to this method from outside of the class.
1
public int getX() {
this is the getter method of the class, it gets the value of the coordinate of the class object.
This method returns the x-coordinate of the point.
3
public int getX() {
this is the getter method of the class, it gets the value of the coordinate of the class object.
Note that the instance variable x is private; thus, it cannot be directly accessed from outside the class.
1
public int getX() {
this is the getter method of the class, it gets the value of the coordinate of the class object.
Also, we define its return type as int, as it returns the x-coordinate of the point which is an integer.
2
public int getX() {
this is the getter method of the class, it gets the value of the coordinate of the class object.
It can be accessed from outside the class only through this getter method.
2
String fullName = "John Smith"
The string "John Smith" is stored in the string variable fullname.
We define a string variable to hold the name.
3