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Or we can build endoscopes that can see deep inside the body around occluders, and also for cardioscopes.
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äœå
ã®èŠéããªããã®ã®å¥¥ãŸã§èŠãããäœãããšãã§ããã§ããã
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Now, like Doc Edgerton, a scientist himself, science became art â an art of ultra-fast photography.
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ç§åŠè
ã§ãã£ããšãžã£ãŒãã³å士ãç§åŠããè¶
é«éåçãšããèžè¡ãçã¿åºããããã«
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So by applying the corresponding space and time warp, we can correct for this distortion.
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é©åãªæéãšç©ºéã®æªã¿ãèæ
®ããããšã§
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A year ago, I spoke to you about a book that I was just in the process of completing, that has come out in the interim, and I would like to talk to you today about some of the controversies that that book inspired.
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äžå¹Žåã«ã¡ããã©ä»äžãã®æäžã§ãã®åŸã«åºçãããæ¬ã«ã€ããŠè©±ããŸãã仿¥ã¯ãã®æ¬ãåŒãèµ·ãããè«äºã«ã€ããŠè©±ããããšæããŸã
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The book is called "" The Blank Slate, "" based on the popular idea that the human mind is a blank slate, and that all of its structure comes from socialization, culture, parenting, experience.
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æ¬ã®é¡åã¯ããã©ã³ã¯ã¹ã¬ãŒãã ïŒ ç©ºçœã®ç³ç ïŒ ã§ããã®èšèã¯äººéã®å¿ã¯çãŸãã€ã空çœã§ãããã®æ§æã¯å
šãŠç€ŸäŒç掻æåè²å
çµéšã«ãããšããéä¿çãªèãã«ç±æ¥ããŠããŸã
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The "" blank slate "" was an influential idea in the 20th century.
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20äžçŽã«ãã®ã空çœã®ç³çããšããèãã¯å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒããŸãã
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There are a number of reasons to doubt that the human mind is a blank slate, and some of them just come from common sense.
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ã空çœã®ç³çãã®çè«ãçãçç±ã¯ãããããããã®ãã¡ã®ããã€ãã¯åžžèã«åºã¥ããŠããŸã
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As many people have told me over the years, anyone who's had more than one child knows that kids come into the world with certain temperaments and talents; it doesn't all come from the outside.
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ç§ãäœåºŠãèããããŠããããã«ãŸãåäŸãäºäººä»¥äžãã人ãªãã ãã§ãåäŸã¯ããæ°è³ªãæèœãæã£ãŠãã®äžã«çãŸãããšããäºããåãã§ãããå
šãŠãå€éšããããããããããã§ã¯ãããŸãã
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Oh, and anyone who has both a child and a house pet has surely noticed that the child, exposed to speech, will acquire a human language, whereas the house pet won't, presumably because of some innate different between them.
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ããã«åäŸãããããäž¡æ¹ãããå®¶åºã®æ¹ããæ°ã¥ãã§ãã ïŒ åäŸã¯è©±ãèããŠè©±ããããã«ãªãã®ã«æ¯ã¹ãŠãããã¯è©±ããããã«ãªããŸãããã¶ãäœãå
倩çãªéããããããã«
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And anyone who's ever been in a heterosexual relationship knows that the minds of men and the minds of women are not indistinguishable.
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ç°æ§ãšä»ãåã£ãããšããã人ã女ãšç·ã®å¿ã¯åãã§ã¯ãªããšç¥ã£ãŠããŸã
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There are also, I think, increasing results from the scientific study of humans that, indeed, we're not born blank slates.
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人éã¯ãã¯ãã空çœã®ç³çãã§ã¯ãªããšç«èšŒããç ç©¶ãæè¿å¢ããŠããŸã
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One of them, from anthropology, is the study of human universals.
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ãã®äžã€ã人é¡åŠã®åéãªã®ã§ããã人éã®æ®éçç¹æ§ãã«ã€ããŠã®ç ç©¶ã§ã
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But if you instead look at what is common to the world's cultures, you find that there is an enormously rich set of behaviors and emotions and ways of construing the world that can be found in all of the world's 6,000-odd cultures.
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ã§ãäžæ¹äžçã®è«žæåã®å
±éç¹ãã¿ãŠã¿ããšäžçäžã®6,000ãããå
šãŠã®æåã«èŠãããè¡åãææ
ãäžç芳ããããããããŸã
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The anthropologist Donald Brown has tried to list them all, and they range from aesthetics, affection and age statuses all the way down to weaning, weapons, weather, attempts to control, the color white and a worldview.
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人é¡åŠè
ããã«ããã©ãŠã³ã¯çŸåŠææ
幎霢å°äœã«å§ãŸãä¹³é¢ãæŠåšå€©åæ¯é
çœã®æèäžç芳ã«è³ãé åã®å
šãŠã®å
±éç¹ããŸãšããããšããŸãã
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Also, genetics and neuroscience are increasingly showing that the brain is intricately structured.
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ãŸãéºäŒåŠãšç¥çµç§åŠã§ã¯è³ã®æ§é ã¯è€éã§ããããšãç«èšŒããç ç©¶ãå¢ããŠããŸã
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This is a recent study by the neurobiologist Paul Thompson and his colleagues in which they â using MRI â measured the distribution of gray matter â that is, the outer layer of the cortex â in a large sample of pairs of people.
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ããã¯ç¥çµç§åŠè
ããŒã«ãã³ããœã³ãã®æè¿ã®ç ç©¶ã§ã圌ãã¯MRIã䜿ã£ãŠå€æ°ã®äºäººçµè¢«éšè
ã®è³ã®ç°çœè³ª â ã€ãŸãè³ã®ç®è³ª â ã®ååžã枬ã£ãã®ã§ã
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They coded correlations in the thickness of gray matter in different parts of the brain using a false color scheme, in which no difference is coded as purple, and any color other than purple indicates a statistically significant correlation.
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圌ãã¯è³ã®ãããããªéšåã®ç°çœè³ªã®åãã®çžäºé¢ä¿ãè²åããé¢é£æ§ã®ãªãéšåã¯çŽ«çŽ«ä»¥å€ã®è²ã¯çµ±èšçã«èããé¢é£ãããäºã瀺ããã®ãšããŸãã
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Well, this is what happens when you pair people up at random.
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ããŠã©ã³ãã ã§äºäººçµãçµãã°ãã®ããã«ãªããŸã
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By definition, two people picked at random can't have correlations in the distribution of gray matter in the cortex.
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å®çŸ©ã«ããã°ã©ã³ãã ã«éžãã äºäººã®è³ã«ã¯ç®è³ªå
ã®ç°çœè³ªã®ååžã«çžäºé¢ä¿ããªãã¯ãã§ã
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This is what happens in people who share half of their DNA â fraternal twins.
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DNAã®ååãåãã§ããäºåµæ§åçå
ãªããã®ããã«ãªããŸã
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And as you can see, large amounts of the brain are not purple, showing that if one person has a thicker bit of cortex in that region, so does his fraternal twin.
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埡芧ã®éãè³ã®å€ãã®éšåã¯çŽ«ã§ã¯ãããŸããååã®äžæ¹ã®ããéšåã®ç®è³ªãåããã°ããäžæ¹ãåãã®ã§ã
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And here's what happens if you get a pair of people who share all their DNA â namely, clones or identical twins.
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DNAã®å
šãŠãåãã§ããã¯ããŒã³ãäžåµæ§åçå
ã®å Žåã¯ãã®ããã«ãªããŸã
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And you can see huge areas of cortex where there are massive correlations in the distribution of gray matter.
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äºäººã®è³ã®ç®è³ªã®åºãç¯å²ã§ç°çœè³ªã®ååžã«åŒ·ãçžäºé¢ä¿ãããããšãããããŸã
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As you can see, there are two inventors with identical contraptions in their lap, meeting in the waiting room of a patent attorney.
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埡芧ã®ããã«ãŸã£ããåãçºæåãã²ãã«ä¹ããŠããäºäººã®çºæå®¶ãåŒç士ã®åŸ
å宀ã§åºäŒã£ãŠããŸã
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Now, the cartoon is not such an exaggeration, because studies of identical twins who were separated at birth and then tested in adulthood show that they have astonishing similarities.
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ãã®æŒ«ç»ã¯ä¿¡ããããªã話ã§ã¯ãããŸããçåŸããå¥ã倧人ã«ãªã£ãŠã®ã¡æ€æ»ãåããäžåµæ§åçå
ã«ã¯é©ãã¹ãé¡äŒŒç¹ããããŸã
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And this happens in every pair of identical twins separated at birth ever studied â but much less so with fraternal twins separated at birth.
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ãã®çŸè±¡ã¯ç§åŠè
ãç ç©¶ããå
šãŠã®çåŸããå¥ããäžåµæ§åçå
ã«èŠãããŸããçåŸããå¥ããäºåµæ§åçå
ã®å Žåã¯ããã»ã©ã§ã¯ãããŸãã
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My favorite example is a pair of twins, one of whom was brought up as a Catholic in a Nazi family in Germany, the other brought up in a Jewish family in Trinidad.
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ç§ã®ãæ°ã«å
¥ãã®äŸã¯ããååã®ã±ãŒã¹ã§ãååã®äžäººã¯ãã€ãã®ããã¹å®¶åºã§ã«ããªãã¯ä¿¡è
ãšããŠè²ã¡ããäžæ¹ã¯ããªãããŒãã®ãŠãã€äººå®¶åºã«è²ã£ããšãã話ã§ã
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Now â the story might seem to good to be true, but when you administer batteries of psychological tests, you get the same results â namely, identical twins separated at birth show quite astonishing similarities.
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ããã¯ä¿¡ããããªãè©±ãšæããããããŸãããäœåå¿çãã¹ããç¹°ãè¿ããŠãåãçµæãåŸãã§ãããã€ãŸãçåŸããå¥ããäžåµæ§åçå
ã«ã¯é©ãã¹ãé¡äŒŒç¹ãããã®ã§ã
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Now, given both the common sense and scientific data calling the doctrine of the blank slate into question, why should it have been such an appealing notion?
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ããŠäžè¬åžžèãšç§åŠçãªããŒã¿ã®äž¡æ¹ããèããŠããã®ç©ºçœã®ç³çã®çè«ã¯çåèŠãããŠããŸãã«ãããããããªããã®èãããããªã«ã人ã
ãæ¹ãä»ããã®ã§ãããã
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Well, there are a number of political reasons why people have found it congenial.
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人ã
ããã®èãã奜ãŸãããšããããããã®æ¿æ²»çãªçç±ããããŸã
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The foremost is that if we're blank slates, then, by definition, we are equal, because zero equals zero equals zero.
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第äžã«ããç§éã空çœã®ç³çã§ãããšããã°å®çŸ©ã«ããã°ç§éã¯å¹³çã§ããªããªããŒãã€ã³ãŒã«ãŒãã©ããŸã§ãã£ãŠããŒãã ããã§ã
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But if something is written on the slate, then some people could have more of it than others, and according to this line of thinking, that would justify discrimination and inequality.
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ã§ãããäœããç³çã«æžãããŠããããã人ã
ã¯ä»ã®äººã
ããæµãŸããŠããŠãã®èãæ¹ã«ãããšå·®å¥ãäžå¹³çã¯æ£åœåãããããšã«ãªããŸã
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Another political fear of human nature is that if we are blank slates, we can perfect mankind â the age-old dream of the perfectibility of our species through social engineering.
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ããã²ãšã€ã®äººéæ§ã®æ¿æ²»çãªæãã¯ããç§éã空çœã®ç³çãªã人éãå®ç§ãªãã®ã«ããããšãã§ãããšããããšã§ãããã¯ç€ŸäŒå·¥åŠã«ããç§éã®çš®ã®å®æãšããé·å¹Žã®å€¢ã§ã
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Whereas, if we're born with certain instincts, then perhaps some of them might condemn us to selfishness, prejudice and violence.
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äžæ¹ç§éãããæ¬èœãæã£ãŠçãŸãããšããã°ããã¯ç§éãå©å·±äž»çŸ©ãšåèŠãšæŽåã«éåœã¥ãããã®ã§ãããããããŸãã
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Well, in the book, I argue that these are, in fact, non sequiturs.
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æ¬ã®äžã§ç§ã¯ãããã¯å®éäžåçãªæšè«ã ãšäž»åŒµããŸãã
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And just to make a long story short: first of all, the concept of fairness is not the same as the concept of sameness.
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æçã«èšããšãŸã第äžã«å
¬å¹³ã®æŠå¿µã¯åäžæ§ã®æŠå¿µãšåãã§ã¯ãªããšããããšã§ã
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Also, even if we were born with certain ignoble motives, they don't automatically lead to ignoble behavior.
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ãŸãããç§éãå£ã£ãæ¬èœãæã£ãŠçãŸãããšããŠããããå£ã£ãè¡åã«èªåçã«ã€ãªããããã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ã
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That is because the human mind is a complex system with many parts, and some of them can inhibit others.
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ãªããªã人éã®å¿ãšããã®ã¯ããããã®èŠçŽ ãããªãè€éãªã·ã¹ãã ã§ããéšåãä»ã®éšåãææ¢ããããšãã§ããããã§ã
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For example, there's excellent reason to believe that virtually all humans are born with a moral sense, and that we have cognitive abilities that allow us to profit from the lessons of history.
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ããšãã°äºå®äžå
šãŠã®äººéã¯é埳å¿ããã£ãŠçãŸãç§éã«ã¯æŽå²ã®æèšããåŠã¶ããšãå¯èœã«ããèªèèœåããããšä¿¡ããã¹ãçç±ã倧ãã«ããããã§ã
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So even if people did have impulses towards selfishness or greed, that's not the only thing in the skull, and there are other parts of the mind that can counteract them.
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ã§ããããã人ãå©å·±çãŸãã¯æ¬²æ·±ãè¡åãæã£ããšããŠãããã ããè³ã®äžã«ããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸããå¿ã®ä»ã®éšåããã®è¡åãæã¡æ¶ãããšãã§ããã®ã§ã
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And needless to say, there were certain risks in taking on these subjects.
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èšããŸã§ããããŸããããããã®åé¡ãåãçµãã«ã¯å±éºã䌎ããŸã
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When I wrote a first draft of the book, I circulated it to a number of colleagues for comments, and here are some of the reactions that I got: "Better get a security camera for your house."
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æåã®èçš¿ãæžãçµããæä»²éã«åããŠææ³ãèããã®ã§ããæ¬¡ã®æ§ãªåå¿ãåããŸãããå®¶ã«ç£èŠã«ã¡ã©ãã€ããã»ãããããã
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"" Don't expect to get any more awards, job offers or positions in scholarly societies. "" "" Tell your publisher not to list your hometown in your author bio. "" "Do you have tenure?"
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ãåŠè
äžçã§è³ãä»äºããããæã¿ã¯ãªããããåºç瀟ãžèè
çµæŽã«åã®äœæãæžããªãããã«èšã£ãŠãããã»ãããããããã¿ãçµèº«ææè·ãæã£ãŠãã ïŒ ã
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(Laughter) Well, the book came out in October, and nothing terrible has happened.
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ïŒ ç¬ ïŒ æ¬ã¯åæã«åºçãããŸãããç§ã¯ãŸã ã²ã©ãç®ã«é¢ã£ãŠããŸãã
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I â I like â There was indeed reason to be nervous, and there were moments in which I did feel nervous, knowing the history of what has happened to people who've taken controversial stands or discovered disquieting findings in the behavioral sciences.
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å®éç¥çµè³ªã«ãªãçç±ããã£ãã®ã§ãè¡åç§åŠã§è«è°ããããçè«ã䞻匵ãã人ãäžç©ãªçºèŠããã人ãã©ããªç®ã«é¢ã£ãããç¥ã£ãŠããã®ã§æ¬åœã«ç·åŒµãæããæããããŸãã
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There are many cases, some of which I talk about in the book, of people who have been slandered, called Nazis, physically assaulted, threatened with criminal prosecution for stumbling across or arguing about controversial findings.
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æ¬ã§ãæžããŸãããè°è«ãæãçºèŠã䞻匵ããã人ã¯äžå·ãåãããããã¹ãšåŒã°ãããæŽåãåãããåäºèšŽè¿œãããšè
ããããããã±ãŒã¹ããããããããŸã
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And you never know when you're going to come across one of these booby traps.
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ãã€ããããèœãšã穎ã«èœã¡ãŠããŸããåãããŸãã
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My favorite example is a pair of psychologists who did research on left-handers, and published some data showing that left-handers are, on average, more susceptible to disease, more prone to accidents and have a shorter lifespan.
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ç§ã®ãæ°ã«å
¥ãã®äŸã¯å·Šå©ãã«ã€ããŠç ç©¶ããäºäººçµã®å¿çåŠè
ã®ããšã§ã圌ãã¯å¹³åãããšå·Šå©ãã®äººã®æ¹ãç
æ°ã«ãªããã¡ã§äºæ
ãçµéšããã¡ã§å¯¿åœãçããšææããããŒã¿ãçºè¡šããŸãã
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It's not clear, by the way, since then, whether that is an accurate generalization, but the data at the time seemed to support that.
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ãã®åŸãã®æŠå¿µãæ£ç¢ºãã©ããã¯ã¯ã£ããããªãã®ã§ãããã®æç¹ã§ããŒã¿ã¯ãã®çµæãæ¯æããããã«èŠããŸãã
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the night is young, but the book has been out for half a year, and nothing terrible has happened.
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6ã«æãçµã¡ãŸãããŸã 宵ã®å£ã§ãã幞ãã²ã©ãç®ã«ã¯é¢ã£ãŠããŸãã
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None of the dire professional consequences has taken place â I haven't been exiled from the city of Cambridge.
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æãããè·æ¥äžã®å±æ©ã«ãé¥ã£ãŠããŸããã±ã³ããªããžãã远æŸããããŠããŸãã
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But what I wanted to talk about are two of these hot buttons that have aroused the strongest response in the 80-odd reviews that The Blank Slate has received.
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ã§ãç§ã仿¥ã話ããããã®ã¯ã空çœã®ç³çããåãåã£ã ïŒïŒããã€ãã®æžè©ã®äžã§æã匷ãåå¿ãèµ·ããã ïŒã€ã®éèŠãªäºç¹ã«ã€ããŠã§ã
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I'll just put that list up for a few seconds, and see if you can guess which two â I would estimate that probably two of these topics inspired probably 90 percent of the reaction in the various reviews and radio interviews.
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ã¡ãã£ãšãã®ãªã¹ããåºããŸãã®ã§ã©ã®ïŒã€ãåœãŠãŠäžããç§ã¯ãã®ïŒã€ã®ãããã¯ãããããã®æžè©ãšã©ãžãªã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã®äžã§ãããã人ã
ã®åå¿ã®ïŒïŒããŒã»ã³ããå ããŠãããšæãã®ã§ãã
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It's not violence and war, it's not race, it's not gender, it's not Marxism, it's not Nazism.
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ããã¯æŽåã§ãæŠäºã§ã人皮ã§ããžã§ã³ããŒã§ããã«ã¯ã¹äž»çŸ©ã§ããããºã ã§ããããŸãã
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They are: the arts and parenting.
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ãã®äºã€ã¯èžè¡ãšè²å
ã§ã
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(Laughter) So let me tell you what aroused such irate responses, and I'll let you decide if whether they â the claims are really that outrageous.
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ïŒ ç¬ ïŒ ãªããããããããªæããåŒãã ã®ãã説æããããŸãç§ã®äž»åŒµãæ¬åœã«ãšãã§ããªããã倿ããŠäžãã
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Let me start with the arts.
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ãŸãã¯èžè¡ã§ã
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I note that among the long list of human universals that I presented a few slides ago are art.
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äœæãåã®ã¹ã©ã€ãã§ãèŠããã人éã®æ®éçç¹æ§ã®é·ã衚ã®äžã«èžè¡ããããŸãã
|
There is no society ever discovered in the remotest corner of the world that has not had something that we would consider the arts.
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äžçã§ã©ããªã«é éãªãšããã§ãèžè¡ãšèŠãªããããã®ããããªã瀟äŒã¯ãŸã çºèŠãããŠããŸãã
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Visual arts â decoration of surfaces and bodies â appears to be a human universal.
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èŠèŠçãªçŸè¡äœãå€èгã食ãããšã¯äººéã®æ®éçãªç¹æ§ã®äžã€ãšæãããŸã
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Now, on the other hand, in the second half of the 20th century, the arts are frequently said to be in decline.
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äžæ¹ã§ ïŒïŒäžçŽã®åŸåçŸåšèžè¡ã¯è¡°ãã€ã€ãããšããèšãããŸã
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And I have a collection, probably 10 or 15 headlines, from highbrow magazines deploring the fact that the arts are in decline in our time.
|
ç§ã¯é«çŽãªéèªã«èŒã£ãŠããçŸä»£èžè¡ãè¡°ããŠããããšãåãèšäºã ïŒïŒ ïŒ ïŒïŒæã£ãŠããŸã
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And a more recent one: "" The possibility of sustaining high culture in our time is becoming increasing problematical.
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ããå°ãè¿ããšããã§ã¯ã仿¥ãã€ã«ã«ãã£ãŒãç¶æã§ããå¯èœæ§ã¯ãŸããŸãçããããªã£ãŠãã
|
Well, in fact, the arts are not in decline.
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å®ã¯èžè¡ã¯è¡°ããŠããŸãã
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I don't think this will as a surprise to anyone in this room, but by any standard they have never been flourishing to a greater extent.
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ãã®éšå±ã«ãã誰ãé©ããªããšæããŸããã©ããªåºæºããèŠãŠãèžè¡ãä»ãŸã§ãããªã«æ ããããšã¯ãããŸãã
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There are, of course, entirely new art forms and new media, many of which you've heard over these few days.
|
ãã¡ãããŸã£ããæ°ããèžè¡åœ¢åŒæ°ããã¡ãã£ã¢ãã§ãŠããŠããŸããã®æ°æ¥ããããã®äŸãèŠãŸãããã
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The only grain of truth to this complaint that the arts are in decline come from three spheres.
|
èžè¡ãè¡°ããŠãããšããäžæºã«äžçã®çå®ããããšããã°ããã¯äžã€ã®é åã«ãããŠã§ã
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One of them is in elite art since the 1930s â say, the kinds of works performed by major symphony orchestras, where most of the repertory is before 1930, or the works shown in major galleries and prestigious museums.
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äžã€ã¯ïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹Žä»£ä»¥éã®ãšãªãŒãèžè¡ã§ãäŸãã°ã¬ããŒããªãŒã®å€§å㯠ïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹Žä»¥åã«äœããã倧æã®äº€é¿æ¥œå£ãæŒå¥ãã鳿¥œãšã倧æã®ã®ã£ã©ãªãŒãšé«åãªçŸè¡é€šã§å±ç€ºãããŠããäœåãšã
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In literary criticism and analysis, probably 40 or 50 years ago, literary critics were a kind of cultural hero; now they're kind of a national joke.
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ãŸãã ïŒïŒ ïŒ ïŒïŒå¹Žåã«ã¯æåŠã®æ¹è©ãšåæã®äžçã§æ¹è©å®¶ã¯æåã®åè
ãšæãããŠããŸãã仿¥åœŒãã¯åœäžã®ç¬ãã®çš®ã§ã
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And the humanities and arts programs in the universities, which by many measures, indeed are in decline.
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ããã«å€§åŠã®èžè¡åŠéšã人æç§åŠéšã¯ããããªåºæºããèŠãŠè¡°ããŠããŸã
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Students are staying away in droves, universities are disinvesting in the arts and humanities.
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çåŸã¯çŸ€ãããªããŠéããŠããŠå€§åŠãèžè¡ã人æåŠãžã®æè³ãæžé¡ããŠããŸã
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Well, here's a diagnosis.
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ãããç§ã®åæã§ã
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They didn't ask me, but by their own admission, they need all the help that they can get.
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é ŒãŸããããã§ã¯ãããŸããã圌ãèªèº«ã®èª¬æã«ããã°ã§ãããããã®å©åãå¿
èŠã ãšããããšãªã®ã§ãŒ
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And I would like to suggest that it's not a coincidence that this supposed decline in the elite arts and criticism occurred in the same point in history in which there was a widespread denial of human nature.
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ãšãªãŒãèžè¡ãšè©è«ã®è¡°éãšã¿ãªãããäºæ
ãäººéæ§ãåºãåŠå®ãããããšãšæŽå²äžã®åäžæç¹ã§çããã®ã¯å¶ç¶ã§ã¯ãªããšç§ã¯æå±ããããšæããŸã
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But it's very clear, looking at these syllabuses, that â it's used now as a way of saying that all forms of appreciation of art that were in place for centuries, or millennia, in the 20th century were discarded.
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ã§ããããã®è¬çŸ©äºå®è¡šãèŠããšäœçŸå¹Žäœå幎ç¶ããŠããèžè¡ã®éè³ã®ãæ¹ã¯ 20äžçŽã«æšãŠããããšããããšã¯æçœã§ã
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The beauty and pleasure in art â probably a human universal â were â began to be considered saccharine, or kitsch, or commercial.
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èžè¡ã®çŸãããåã³ãã¶ã人éã®æ®éçãªç¹æ§ã®äžã€ã¯çã£ãããããã ããªãã忥åãéãããã®ããã«æãããããã«ãªããŸãã
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Barnett Newman had a famous quote that "" the impulse of modern art is the desire to destroy beauty "" â which was considered bourgeois or tacky.
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ããŒããããã¥ãŒãã³ ïŒ æœè±¡ç»å®¶ ïŒ ã®æåãªèšèã¯ãã¢ãã³ã¢ãŒãã®æšé²åã¯ãã«ãžã§ã¢åã¯ä¿ç©çãªçŸãç Žå£ããããšããæ¬²æ±ã ããšãããã®ã§ã
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And here's just one example.
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äžäŸããããŸã
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I mean, this is perhaps a representative example of the visual depiction of the female form in the 15th century; here is a representative example of the depiction of the female form in the 20th century.
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ããã¯15äžçŽã®å¥³æ§ã®äœã®æåã®ä»£è¡šçãªçµµã§ãã¡ãã¯20äžçŽã®å¥³æ§ã®äœã®æåã®ä»£è¡šçãªçµµã§ã
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And, as you can see, there â something has changed in the way the elite arts appeal to the senses.
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ãšãªãŒãèžè¡ã人ã
ã®æèŠãåŒãã€ããæ¹æ³ã«äœããã®å€åããã£ãã®ã§ããã
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(Laughter) Let me give just you an example to back up that last statement.
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ïŒ ç¬ ïŒ ãã®èšèã蚌æããããã«äžã€ã®äŸããããŸã
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But here, there â one of the most famous literary English scholars of our time is the Berkeley professor, Judith Butler.
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ãã¡ãã§ãçŸä»£ã®ãã£ãšãæåãªè±èªã®æåŠã®å°éå®¶ã®äžäººããŒã¯ãªãŒå€§åŠã®ææã®ãžã¥ãã£ã¹ããã©ãŒ
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By the way, this is one sentence â you can actually parse it.
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ãšããã§ãããã¯ã³ã»ã³ãã³ã¹ãªã®ã§ãåè©ãåæãããææ³äžã§ã¯æ£ããè±èªã§ã
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Well, the argument in "" The Blank Slate "" was that elite art and criticism in the 20th century, although not the arts in general, have disdained beauty, pleasure, clarity, insight and style.
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ã空çœã®ç³çãã§äž»åŒµããã®ã¯èžè¡äžè¬ãããã ãšããã®ã§ã¯ãããŸããã 20äžçŽã®ãšãªãŒãèžè¡ãšè©è«ã¯çŸå¿«é©ãæå¿«ãæŽå¯åã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã軜èããŠãããšããããšã§ã
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People are staying away from elite art and criticism.
|
人ã
ã¯ãšãªãŒãèžè¡ãè©è«ã«è·é¢ã眮ããŠããŸã
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What a puzzle â I wonder why.
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è¬ã§ãããªããªã®ã§ããã ïŒ
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Well, this turned out to be probably the most controversial claim in the book.
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ãããæ¬ã®äžã§ããããäžçªéšãããããã䞻匵ã«ãªããŸãã
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Someone asked me whether I stuck it in in order to deflect ire from discussions of gender and Nazism and race and so on. I won't comment on that.
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ãžã§ã³ããŒããããºã ã人皮ã®è°è«ããã®æããããããããã«ãã®äž»åŒµãæ¬ã«å
¥ããã®ããšèãã人ãããŸããããã«ã€ããŠã¯ããŒã³ã¡ã³ãã§ã
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But it certainly inspired an energetic reaction from many university professors.
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ã§ã確ãã«ããããã®å€§åŠã®ææããã®æ¿ããåå¿ãåŒã³ãŸãã
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Well, the other hot button is parenting.
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ããäžã€ã®æ±ãã«ãã話é¡ã¯è²å
ã§ã
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And the starting point is the â for that discussion was the fact that we have all been subject to the advice of the parenting industrial complex.
|
ããããåé¡ããå§ããŠã¿ãŸããããç§ãã¡ã¯ã¿ããªè²å
ç£æ¥è€åäœããã®ã¢ããã€ã¹ãç¡çã«åããããããããšããããŸããã
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Now, here is â here is a representative quote from a besieged mother: "" I'm overwhelmed with parenting advice.
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ãã¡ãã¯åæãªã¢ããã€ã¹ã«æ©ãŸãããæ¯ã®ä»£è¡šçãªåŒçšã®äžã€ã§ããè²å
ã®ã¢ããã€ã¹ãããŸãã«ãå€ããŠéå£ããŸã
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I'm supposed to do lots of physical activity with my kids so I can instill in them a physical fitness habit so they'll grow up to be healthy adults.
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äœã䜿ã£ã掻åããããããããŠéåã®ç¿æ
£ãã€ããŠã¯ã€ãã€ãšããå¥åº·ãªå€§äººã«è²ã€ããã«ããªããŠã¯ãããªã
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And I'm supposed to do all kinds of intellectual play so they'll grow up smart.
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ããããªçš®é¡ã®ç¥è²éã³ããããŠè³¢ãè²ã€ããã«ããªããŠã¯ãªããªã
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Well, here's some sobering facts about parenting.
|
è²å
ã«ã€ããŠã®ããã€ãã®å³ç²ãªäºå®ããããŸã
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Parents who talk a lot to their kids have kids who grow up to be articulate, parents who spank their kids have kids who grow up to be violent and so on.
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åã©ãã«ãããã話ãããã芪ã®åã©ãã¯éåŒã«ãªãåã©ããå©ã芪ã®åäŸã¯æŽåçã«ãªããªã©
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And very few of them control for the possibility that parents pass on genes for â that increase the chances a child will be articulate or violent and so on.
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ãããŠã»ãšãã©ã®ç ç©¶ã芪ããéºäŒåãåãç¶ããšããå¯èœæ§ã€ãŸãéºäŒãåã©ããéåŒã«ãããæŽåçã«ãããªã©ãšããå¯èœæ§ã¯ãªããšããŠããã®ã§ã
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Until the studies are redone with adoptive children, who provide an environment but not genes to their kids, we have no way of knowing whether these conclusions are valid.
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éºäŒåã§ã¯ãªãç°å¢ã®åœ±é¿ããåããªãé€åã§ç ç©¶ãããçŽãããªãéãããããçµè«ã確ããã©ããç¥ãè¡ã¯ãããŸãã
|
The genetically controlled studies have some sobering results.
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éºäŒãèæ
®ããç ç©¶ã«ã¯ããã€ãã®å³ç²ãªçµæããããŸã
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