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Or we can build endoscopes that can see deep inside the body around occluders, and also for cardioscopes.
䜓内の芋通せないものの奥たで芋られる䜜るこずができるでしょう
Now, like Doc Edgerton, a scientist himself, science became art — an art of ultra-fast photography.
科孊者であった゚ゞャヌトン博士が科孊から超高速写真ずいう芞術を生み出したように
So by applying the corresponding space and time warp, we can correct for this distortion.
適切な時間ず空間の歪みを考慮するこずで
A year ago, I spoke to you about a book that I was just in the process of completing, that has come out in the interim, and I would like to talk to you today about some of the controversies that that book inspired.
䞀幎前にちょうど仕䞊げの最䞭でその埌に出版された本に぀いお話したした今日はその本が匕き起こした論争に぀いお話したいず思いたす
The book is called "" The Blank Slate, "" based on the popular idea that the human mind is a blank slate, and that all of its structure comes from socialization, culture, parenting, experience.
本の題名は「ブランクスレヌト」  空癜の石版  ですこの蚀葉は人間の心は生たれ぀き空癜でありその構成は党お瀟䌚生掻文化育児経隓によるずいう通俗的な考えに由来しおいたす
The "" blank slate "" was an influential idea in the 20th century.
20䞖玀にこの「空癜の石版」ずいう考えは倧きな圱響を及がしたした
There are a number of reasons to doubt that the human mind is a blank slate, and some of them just come from common sense.
「空癜の石版」の理論を疑う理由はたくさんありそのうちのいく぀かは垞識に基づいおいたす
As many people have told me over the years, anyone who's had more than one child knows that kids come into the world with certain temperaments and talents; it doesn't all come from the outside.
私も䜕床も聞かされおきたようにたた子䟛が二人以䞊いる人ならだれでも子䟛はある気質や才胜を持っおこの䞖に生たれるずいう事をご存じでしょう党おが倖郚からもたらされるわけではありたせん
Oh, and anyone who has both a child and a house pet has surely noticed that the child, exposed to speech, will acquire a human language, whereas the house pet won't, presumably because of some innate different between them.
それに子䟛もペットも䞡方がいる家庭の方もお気づきですね  子䟛は話を聞いお話せるようになるのに比べおペットは話せるようになりたせんたぶん䜕か先倩的な違いがあるために
And anyone who's ever been in a heterosexual relationship knows that the minds of men and the minds of women are not indistinguishable.
異性ず付き合ったこずがある人も女ず男の心は同じではないず知っおいたす
There are also, I think, increasing results from the scientific study of humans that, indeed, we're not born blank slates.
人間はやはり「空癜の石版」ではないず立蚌する研究も最近増えおいたす
One of them, from anthropology, is the study of human universals.
その䞀぀が人類孊の分野なのですが「人間の普遍的特性」に぀いおの研究です
But if you instead look at what is common to the world's cultures, you find that there is an enormously rich set of behaviors and emotions and ways of construing the world that can be found in all of the world's 6,000-odd cultures.
でも䞀方䞖界の諞文化の共通点をみおみるず䞖界䞭の6,000もある党おの文化に芋られる行動や感情や䞖界芳がたくさんありたす
The anthropologist Donald Brown has tried to list them all, and they range from aesthetics, affection and age statuses all the way down to weaning, weapons, weather, attempts to control, the color white and a worldview.
人類孊者ドナルドブラりンは矎孊愛情幎霢地䜍に始たり乳離れ歊噚倩候支配癜の意識䞖界芳に至る領域の党おの共通点をたずめようずしたした
Also, genetics and neuroscience are increasingly showing that the brain is intricately structured.
たた遺䌝孊ず神経科孊では脳の構造は耇雑であるこずを立蚌する研究が増えおいたす
This is a recent study by the neurobiologist Paul Thompson and his colleagues in which they — using MRI — measured the distribution of gray matter — that is, the outer layer of the cortex — in a large sample of pairs of people.
これは神経科孊者ポヌルトンプ゜ンらの最近の研究です圌らはMRIを䜿っお倚数の二人組被隓者の脳の灰癜質 ― ぀たり脳の皮質 ― の分垃を枬ったのです
They coded correlations in the thickness of gray matter in different parts of the brain using a false color scheme, in which no difference is coded as purple, and any color other than purple indicates a statistically significant correlation.
圌らは脳のいろいろな郚分の灰癜質の厚さの盞互関係を色分けし関連性のない郚分は玫玫以倖の色は統蚈的に著しい関連がある事を瀺すものずしたした
Well, this is what happens when you pair people up at random.
さおランダムで二人組を組めばこのようになりたす
By definition, two people picked at random can't have correlations in the distribution of gray matter in the cortex.
定矩によればランダムに遞んだ二人の脳には皮質内の灰癜質の分垃に盞互関係がないはずです
This is what happens in people who share half of their DNA — fraternal twins.
DNAの半分が同じである二卵性双生児ならこのようになりたす
And as you can see, large amounts of the brain are not purple, showing that if one person has a thicker bit of cortex in that region, so does his fraternal twin.
埡芧の通り脳の倚くの郚分は玫ではありたせん双子の䞀方のある郚分の皮質が厚ければもう䞀方も厚いのです
And here's what happens if you get a pair of people who share all their DNA — namely, clones or identical twins.
DNAの党おが同じであるクロヌンや䞀卵性双生児の堎合はこのようになりたす
And you can see huge areas of cortex where there are massive correlations in the distribution of gray matter.
二人の脳の皮質の広い範囲で灰癜質の分垃に匷い盞互関係があるこずがわかりたす
As you can see, there are two inventors with identical contraptions in their lap, meeting in the waiting room of a patent attorney.
埡芧のようにたったく同じ発明品をひざに乗せおいる二人の発明家が匁理士の埅合宀で出䌚っおいたす
Now, the cartoon is not such an exaggeration, because studies of identical twins who were separated at birth and then tested in adulthood show that they have astonishing similarities.
この挫画は信じられない話ではありたせん生埌すぐ別れ倧人になっおのち怜査を受けた䞀卵性双生児には驚くべき類䌌点がありたす
And this happens in every pair of identical twins separated at birth ever studied — but much less so with fraternal twins separated at birth.
この珟象は科孊者が研究した党おの生埌すぐ別れた䞀卵性双生児に芋られたすが生埌すぐ別れた二卵性双生児の堎合はそれほどではありたせん
My favorite example is a pair of twins, one of whom was brought up as a Catholic in a Nazi family in Germany, the other brought up in a Jewish family in Trinidad.
私のお気に入りの䟋はある双子のケヌスです双子の䞀人はドむツのナチス家庭でカトリック信者ずしお育ちもう䞀方はトリニダヌドのナダダ人家庭に育ったずいう話です
Now — the story might seem to good to be true, but when you administer batteries of psychological tests, you get the same results — namely, identical twins separated at birth show quite astonishing similarities.
それは信じられない話ず思うかもしれたせんが䜕回心理テストを繰り返しおも同じ結果を埗るでしょう぀たり生埌すぐ別れた䞀卵性双生児には驚くべき類䌌点があるのです
Now, given both the common sense and scientific data calling the doctrine of the blank slate into question, why should it have been such an appealing notion?
さお䞀般垞識ず科孊的なデヌタの䞡方から考えおもこの空癜の石版の理論は疑問芖されおいたすにもかかわらずなぜこの考えがこんなにも人々を惹き付けるのでしょうか
Well, there are a number of political reasons why people have found it congenial.
人々がこの考えを奜たしいずするたくさんの政治的な理由がありたす
The foremost is that if we're blank slates, then, by definition, we are equal, because zero equals zero equals zero.
第䞀にもし私達が空癜の石版であるずすれば定矩によれば私達は平等ですなぜなられロむコヌルれロどこたでいっおもれロだからです
But if something is written on the slate, then some people could have more of it than others, and according to this line of thinking, that would justify discrimination and inequality.
でももし䜕かが石版に曞かれおいたらある人々は他の人々より恵たれおいおその考え方によるず差別や䞍平等は正圓化されるこずになりたす
Another political fear of human nature is that if we are blank slates, we can perfect mankind — the age-old dream of the perfectibility of our species through social engineering.
もうひず぀の人間性の政治的な恐れはもし私達が空癜の石版なら人間を完璧なものにするこずができるずいうこずですそれは瀟䌚工孊による私達の皮の完成ずいう長幎の倢です
Whereas, if we're born with certain instincts, then perhaps some of them might condemn us to selfishness, prejudice and violence.
䞀方私達がある本胜を持っお生たれるずすればそれは私達を利己䞻矩ず偏芋ず暎力に運呜づけるものであるかもしれたせん
Well, in the book, I argue that these are, in fact, non sequiturs.
本の䞭で私はこれらは実際䞍合理な掚論だず䞻匵したした
And just to make a long story short: first of all, the concept of fairness is not the same as the concept of sameness.
手短に蚀うずたず第䞀に公平の抂念は同䞀性の抂念ず同じではないずいうこずです
Also, even if we were born with certain ignoble motives, they don't automatically lead to ignoble behavior.
たたもし私達が劣った本胜を持っお生たれたずしおもそれが劣った行動に自動的に぀ながるわけではないのです
That is because the human mind is a complex system with many parts, and some of them can inhibit others.
なぜなら人間の心ずいうのはたくさんの芁玠からなる耇雑なシステムである郚分が他の郚分を抑止するこずもできるからです
For example, there's excellent reason to believe that virtually all humans are born with a moral sense, and that we have cognitive abilities that allow us to profit from the lessons of history.
たずえば事実䞊党おの人間は道埳心をもっお生たれ私達には歎史の教蚓から孊ぶこずを可胜にする認識胜力があるず信じるべき理由が倧いにあるからです
So even if people did have impulses towards selfishness or greed, that's not the only thing in the skull, and there are other parts of the mind that can counteract them.
ですからもし人が利己的たたは欲深い衝動を持ったずしおもそれだけが脳の䞭にあるのではありたせん心の他の郚分がその衝動を打ち消すこずができるのです
And needless to say, there were certain risks in taking on these subjects.
蚀うたでもありたせんがこれらの問題を取り組むには危険が䌎いたす
When I wrote a first draft of the book, I circulated it to a number of colleagues for comments, and here are some of the reactions that I got: "Better get a security camera for your house."
最初の草皿を曞き終えた時仲間に回しお感想を聞いたのですが次の様な反応を受けたした「家に監芖カメラを぀けたほうがいいよ」
"" Don't expect to get any more awards, job offers or positions in scholarly societies. "" "" Tell your publisher not to list your hometown in your author bio. "" "Do you have tenure?"
「孊者䞖界で賞や仕事をもらう望みはないね」「出版瀟ぞ著者経歎に君の䜏所を曞かないように蚀っおおいたほうがいい」「きみ、終身教授職を持っおいる  」
(Laughter) Well, the book came out in October, and nothing terrible has happened.
 笑  本は十月に出版されたしたが私はただひどい目に逢っおいたせん
I — I like — There was indeed reason to be nervous, and there were moments in which I did feel nervous, knowing the history of what has happened to people who've taken controversial stands or discovered disquieting findings in the behavioral sciences.
実際神経質になる理由があったのです行動科孊で論議をかもす理論を䞻匵した人や䞍穏な発芋をした人がどんな目に逢ったかを知っおいたので本圓に緊匵を感じた時がありたした
There are many cases, some of which I talk about in the book, of people who have been slandered, called Nazis, physically assaulted, threatened with criminal prosecution for stumbling across or arguing about controversial findings.
本でも曞きたしたが議論を招く発芋や䞻匵をする人は䞭傷を受けたりナチスず呌ばれたり暎力を受けたり刑事蚎远するず脅されたりするケヌスがたくさんありたす
And you never know when you're going to come across one of these booby traps.
い぀こういう萜ずし穎に萜ちおしたうか分かりたせん
My favorite example is a pair of psychologists who did research on left-handers, and published some data showing that left-handers are, on average, more susceptible to disease, more prone to accidents and have a shorter lifespan.
私のお気に入りの䟋は巊利きに぀いお研究した二人組の心理孊者のこずです圌らは平均するず巊利きの人の方が病気になりがちで事故を経隓しがちで寿呜が短いず指摘するデヌタを発衚したした
It's not clear, by the way, since then, whether that is an accurate generalization, but the data at the time seemed to support that.
その埌その抂念が正確かどうかははっきりしないのですがその時点でデヌタはその結果を支持するように芋えたした
the night is young, but the book has been out for half a year, and nothing terrible has happened.
6カ月が経ちたしたただ宵の口ですが幞いひどい目には逢っおいたせん
None of the dire professional consequences has taken place — I haven't been exiled from the city of Cambridge.
恐ろしい職業䞊の危機にも陥っおいたせんケンブリッゞから远攟もされおいたせん
But what I wanted to talk about are two of these hot buttons that have aroused the strongest response in the 80-odd reviews that The Blank Slate has received.
でも私が今日お話ししたいのは「空癜の石版」が受け取った いく぀もの曞評の䞭で最も匷い反応を起こした ぀の重芁な争点に぀いおです
I'll just put that list up for a few seconds, and see if you can guess which two — I would estimate that probably two of these topics inspired probably 90 percent of the reaction in the various reviews and radio interviews.
ちょっずそのリストを出したすのでどの぀か圓おお䞋さい私はこの぀のトピックがたくさんの曞評ずラゞオむンタビュヌの䞭でおそらく人々の反応のパヌセントを占めおいるず思うのですが
It's not violence and war, it's not race, it's not gender, it's not Marxism, it's not Nazism.
それは暎力でも戊争でも人皮でもゞェンダヌでもマルクス䞻矩でもナチズムでもありたせん
They are: the arts and parenting.
その二぀は芞術ず育児です
(Laughter) So let me tell you what aroused such irate responses, and I'll let you decide if whether they — the claims are really that outrageous.
 笑  なぜそれらがそんな怒りを呌んだのかを説明いたしたす私の䞻匵が本圓にずんでもないかを刀断しお䞋さい
Let me start with the arts.
たずは芞術です
I note that among the long list of human universals that I presented a few slides ago are art.
䜕枚か前のスラむドでお芋せした人間の普遍的特性の長い衚の䞭に芞術がありたした
There is no society ever discovered in the remotest corner of the world that has not had something that we would consider the arts.
䞖界でどんなに遠隔なずころでも芞術ず芋なされるものをもたない瀟䌚はただ発芋されおいたせん
Visual arts — decoration of surfaces and bodies — appears to be a human universal.
芖芚的な矎術䜓や倖芳を食るこずは人間の普遍的な特性の䞀぀ず思われたす
Now, on the other hand, in the second half of the 20th century, the arts are frequently said to be in decline.
䞀方で 䞖玀の埌半珟圚芞術は衰え぀぀あるずよく蚀われたす
And I have a collection, probably 10 or 15 headlines, from highbrow magazines deploring the fact that the arts are in decline in our time.
私は高玚な雑誌に茉っおいる珟代芞術が衰えおいるこずを嘆く蚘事を   持っおいたす
And a more recent one: "" The possibility of sustaining high culture in our time is becoming increasing problematical.
もう少し近いずころでは「今日ハむカルチャヌを維持できる可胜性はたすたす疑わしくなっおいる
Well, in fact, the arts are not in decline.
実は芞術は衰えおいたせん
I don't think this will as a surprise to anyone in this room, but by any standard they have never been flourishing to a greater extent.
この郚屋にいる誰も驚かないず思いたすがどんな基準から芋おも芞術が今たでこんなに栄えたこずはありたせん
There are, of course, entirely new art forms and new media, many of which you've heard over these few days.
もちろんたったく新しい芞術圢匏新しいメディアがでおきおいたすこの数日たくさんの䟋を芋たしたよね
The only grain of truth to this complaint that the arts are in decline come from three spheres.
芞術が衰えおいるずいう䞍満に䞀片の真実があるずすればそれは䞉぀の領域においおです
One of them is in elite art since the 1930s — say, the kinds of works performed by major symphony orchestras, where most of the repertory is before 1930, or the works shown in major galleries and prestigious museums.
䞀぀は幎代以降の゚リヌト芞術です䟋えばレパヌトリヌの倧半は 幎以前に䜜られた倧手の亀響楜団が挔奏する音楜ずか倧手のギャラリヌず高名な矎術通で展瀺されおいる䜜品ずか
In literary criticism and analysis, probably 40 or 50 years ago, literary critics were a kind of cultural hero; now they're kind of a national joke.
たた、   幎前には文孊の批評ず分析の䞖界で批評家は文化の勇者ず思われおいたした今日圌らは囜䞭の笑いの皮です
And the humanities and arts programs in the universities, which by many measures, indeed are in decline.
さらに倧孊の芞術孊郚や人文科孊郚はいろんな基準から芋お衰えおいたす
Students are staying away in droves, universities are disinvesting in the arts and humanities.
生埒は矀れをなしお逃げおいお倧孊も芞術や人文孊ぞの投資を枛額しおいたす
Well, here's a diagnosis.
これが私の分析です
They didn't ask me, but by their own admission, they need all the help that they can get.
頌たれたわけではありたせんが圌ら自身の説明によればできるかぎりの助力が必芁だずいうこずなのでヌ
And I would like to suggest that it's not a coincidence that this supposed decline in the elite arts and criticism occurred in the same point in history in which there was a widespread denial of human nature.
゚リヌト芞術ず評論の衰退ずみなされる事態が人間性が広く吊定されたこずず歎史䞊の同䞀時点で生じたのは偶然ではないず私は提唱したいず思いたす
But it's very clear, looking at these syllabuses, that — it's used now as a way of saying that all forms of appreciation of art that were in place for centuries, or millennia, in the 20th century were discarded.
でもこれらの講矩予定衚を芋るず䜕癟幎䜕千幎続いおいた芞術の鑑賞のし方は 20䞖玀に捚おられたずいうこずは明癜です
The beauty and pleasure in art — probably a human universal — were — began to be considered saccharine, or kitsch, or commercial.
芞術の矎しさや喜びたぶん人間の普遍的な特性の䞀぀は甘ったるいかくだらないか商業化し過ぎたかのように思われるようになりたした
Barnett Newman had a famous quote that "" the impulse of modern art is the desire to destroy beauty "" — which was considered bourgeois or tacky.
バヌネットニュヌマン  抜象画家  の有名な蚀葉は「モダンアヌトの掚進力はブルゞョア又は俗物的な矎を砎壊したいずいう欲求だ」ずいうものです
And here's just one example.
䞀䟋をあげたす
I mean, this is perhaps a representative example of the visual depiction of the female form in the 15th century; here is a representative example of the depiction of the female form in the 20th century.
これは15䞖玀の女性の䜓の描写の代衚的な絵でこちらは20䞖玀の女性の䜓の描写の代衚的な絵です
And, as you can see, there — something has changed in the way the elite arts appeal to the senses.
゚リヌト芞術が人々の感芚を匕き぀ける方法に䜕らかの倉化があったのでしょう
(Laughter) Let me give just you an example to back up that last statement.
 笑  その蚀葉を蚌明するために䞀぀の䟋をあげたす
But here, there — one of the most famous literary English scholars of our time is the Berkeley professor, Judith Butler.
こちらです珟代のもっずも有名な英語の文孊の専門家の䞀人バヌクリヌ倧孊の教授のゞュディスバトラヌ
By the way, this is one sentence — you can actually parse it.
ずころでこれがワンセンテンスなのです品詞を分析したら文法䞊では正しい英語です
Well, the argument in "" The Blank Slate "" was that elite art and criticism in the 20th century, although not the arts in general, have disdained beauty, pleasure, clarity, insight and style.
「空癜の石版」で䞻匵したのは芞術䞀般がそうだずいうのではありたせんが 20䞖玀の゚リヌト芞術ず評論は矎快適さ明快さ掞察力スタむルを軜蔑しおいるずいうこずです
People are staying away from elite art and criticism.
人々ぱリヌト芞術や評論に距離を眮いおいたす
What a puzzle — I wonder why.
謎ですねなぜなのでしょう 
Well, this turned out to be probably the most controversial claim in the book.
これが本の䞭でおそらく䞀番隒ぎをおこした䞻匵になりたした
Someone asked me whether I stuck it in in order to deflect ire from discussions of gender and Nazism and race and so on. I won't comment on that.
ゞェンダヌやナチズムや人皮の議論からの怒りをそらせるためにこの䞻匵を本に入れたのかず聞いた人がいたしたそれに぀いおはノヌコメントです
But it certainly inspired an energetic reaction from many university professors.
でも確かにたくさんの倧孊の教授からの激しい反応を呌びたした
Well, the other hot button is parenting.
もう䞀぀の扱いにくい話題は育児です
And the starting point is the — for that discussion was the fact that we have all been subject to the advice of the parenting industrial complex.
こういう問題から始めおみたしょうか私たちはみんな育児産業耇合䜓からのアドバむスを無理に受けさせられたこずがありたすよね
Now, here is — here is a representative quote from a besieged mother: "" I'm overwhelmed with parenting advice.
こちらは勝手なアドバむスに悩たされた母の代衚的な匕甚の䞀぀です「育児のアドバむスがあたりにも倚くお閉口したす
I'm supposed to do lots of physical activity with my kids so I can instill in them a physical fitness habit so they'll grow up to be healthy adults.
䜓を䜿った掻動をたくさんさせお運動の習慣を぀けおは぀ら぀ずした健康な倧人に育぀ようにしなくおはいけない
And I'm supposed to do all kinds of intellectual play so they'll grow up smart.
いろんな皮類の知育遊びをさせお賢く育぀ようにしなくおはならない
Well, here's some sobering facts about parenting.
育児に぀いおのいく぀かの厳粛な事実がありたす
Parents who talk a lot to their kids have kids who grow up to be articulate, parents who spank their kids have kids who grow up to be violent and so on.
子どもにたくさん話しかける芪の子どもは雄匁になり子どもを叩く芪の子䟛は暎力的になるなど
And very few of them control for the possibility that parents pass on genes for — that increase the chances a child will be articulate or violent and so on.
そしおほずんどの研究が芪から遺䌝子を受け継ぐずいう可胜性぀たり遺䌝が子どもを雄匁にしたり暎力的にするなどずいう可胜性はないずしおいるのです
Until the studies are redone with adoptive children, who provide an environment but not genes to their kids, we have no way of knowing whether these conclusions are valid.
遺䌝子ではなく環境の圱響しか受けない逊子で研究がやり盎されない限りこうした結論が確かかどうか知る術はありたせん
The genetically controlled studies have some sobering results.
遺䌝を考慮した研究にはいく぀かの厳粛な結果がありたす