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She cut the heads off of her flies.
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ใใจใฎ้ ญใ ่ฝใจใใฆใใพใใฎใงใ
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These headless bodies can live for about a day, but they don't do much.
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้ ญใใชใ็ถๆ
ใงใ ใใใ1ๆฅใฏ็ใใใใจใใงใใพใ ๅคงใใใใจใฏ ใงใใพใใใ
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They just stand around and groom excessively.
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ใใ ๅใๅใฃใฆ ้ๅฐใซ่บซ็นใใใใพใ
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So it seems that the only trait that survives decapitation is vanity.
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้ ญใใชใใใๅพใซๆฎใใฎใฏ โ่ฆๆ โ ใ ใใฎใใใงใ
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(Laughter) Anyway, as you'll see in a moment, Susana was able to turn on the flight motor of what's the equivalent of the spinal cord of these flies and get some of the headless bodies to actually take off and fly away.
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(็ฌ๏ผ ใใใใซใใ ใ่ฆใใใใจใใ ในใถใผใใฏ ใใจใง ่้ซ็ฅ็ตใซ็ธๅฝใใ็ฅ็ตใใ ้ฃ่กใๅธใฃใฆใใ้จๅใ ๅถๅพกใใใใจใซๆๅใ ้ ญใใชใใใจใๅฎ้ใซ ้ฃใฐใใฆใฟใใใฎใงใ
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They didn't get very far, obviously.
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้ ใใซ่กใใชใใฎใฏ ๅฝ็ถใงใใ
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Since we took these first steps, the field of optogenetics has exploded.
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ๆๅใฎไธๆญฉใ ็งใใกใๅงใใใใจใซใใ ๅ
้บไผๅญฆใฎๅ้ใ ๆฅๆ้ทใใพใใ
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And there are now hundreds of labs using these approaches.
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ไปใงใฏๆฐ็พใฎ็ ็ฉถๆใ ใใฎๅฎ้จๆนๆณใ ๆก็จใใฆใใพใ
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And we've come a long way since Galvani's and Susana's first successes in making animals twitch or jump.
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ใฌใซใใผใใในใถใผใใ ๅ็ฉใฎ็ญๅ็ธฎใ้ฃ่กใชใฉใฎ ๆๅใฎๆๅใๅใใฆใใ ้ทใ้ใๆญฉใใงใใพใใ
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We can now actually interfere with their psychology in rather profound ways, as I'll show you in my last example, which is directed at a familiar question.
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ไปใๅ็ฉใฎๅฟ็ใซ ๆฌ่ณช็ใชใใๆนใง ๅนฒๆธใใใใจใใงใใพใ ใใฎๆๅพใฎไพใง ใ่ฆใใใใฎใฏ ใใ่ณใซใใๅใใซ ๅใใใใฎใงใ
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Life is a string of choices creating a constant pressure to decide what to do next.
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ใไบบ็ใจใฏ้ธๆใฎ้ฃ้ใงใใ ๆฌกใซไฝใใในใใๆฑบใใใใจใ ็ตถใใๆฑใใใใใ
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We cope with this pressure by having brains, and within our brains, decision-making centers that I've called here the "Actor."
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็งใใกใฏใใใใฃใใใฌใใทใฃใผใซๅฏพใใฆ ่ณใไฝฟใฃใฆๅฏพๅฆใใพใ ใใฎ่ณใฎไธญใงๆฑบๅฎใฎ ้ตใๆกใใจใใใ ็งใฏใใขใฏใฟใผ(ไฟณๅช)ใใจ ๅผใใงใใพใ
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The Actor implements a policy that takes into account the state of the environment and the context in which we operate.
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ใขใฏใฟใผใฏใใฎๆใซ็งใใกใ ็ฝฎใใใฆใใ็ถๆณใ ็ฐๅขใๅบใซใใฆ ไธใคใฎๆน้ใ่จญๅฎใใพใ
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Our actions change the environment, or context, and these changes are then fed back into the decision loop.
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่ชๅใฎ่กๅใ ็ฐๅขใ็ถๆณใๅคใใฆ ใใใซใใใใใใฃใผใใใใฏใใ ๆฐใใๆฑบๆญใใใใจใใใซใผใใใงใใพใ
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Now to put some neurobiological meat on this abstract model, we constructed a simple one-dimensional world for our favorite subject, fruit flies.
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ใใฎ็ฅ็ต็็ฉๅญฆใฎ่ญฐ่ซใ ๆฝ่ฑก็ใชใขใใซใซ ๅฝใฆใฏใใฆใฟใพใใใ ็งใใกใๅพๆใฎ ใทใงใฆใธใงใฆใใจใไฝฟใ ไธๆฌกๅ
ใฎไธ็ใไฝใฃใฆใฟใพใใ
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Each chamber in these two vertical stacks contains one fly.
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ใใฎๅ็ดใซ้ใญใใใ ไบๅใฎใฑใผในใใใใใซใฏ ไธๅนใใคใใจใๅ
ฅใฃใฆใใพใ
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The left and the right halves of the chamber are filled with two different odors, and a security camera watches as the flies pace up and down between them.
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ใใใใใฎ้จๅฑใฎ ๅณๅๅใจๅทฆๅๅใฏ ใใใใๅฅใฎๅใใง ๆบใใใใฆใใพใ ใใใฆใใจใ ่กใฃใใๆฅใใใใใฎใ ็ฃ่ฆใซใกใฉใ่ฆใฆใใพใ
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Here's some such CCTV footage.
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ใใใ็ฃ่ฆใซใกใฉใ ใจใใใๆ ๅใงใ
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Whenever a fly reaches the midpoint of the chamber where the two odor streams meet, it has to make a decision.
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ใใจใฏ้จๅฑใฎ ็ใไธญใซๆฅใใจใ ้ใๅใใฎ็ญ้ใง ๆฑบๆญใใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใ
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It has to decide whether to turn around and stay in the same odor, or whether to cross the midline and try something new.
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ๅใใๅคใใฆ ไปๆฅใ้ใๆปใ ๅใๅใใซ็ใพใใ ็ใไธญใ่ถใใฆ ๆฐใใใใฎใ่ฉฆใฟใใ
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These decisions are clearly a reflection of the Actor's policy.
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ใใฎๆฑบๅฎใฏใขใฏใฟใผใ ไฝใๅบใใ ่กๅๆน้ใซๅพใใพใ
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Now for an intelligent being like our fly, this policy is not written in stone but rather changes as the animal learns from experience.
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ใใฎใใจใฎใใใช ็ฅ็็็ฉใฎ่กๅๆน้ใฏ ็ขบๅฎใใใใฎใงใฏใชใ ็ต้จใใๅญฆ็ฟใใใใจใง ๅคๅใใฆใใใใฎใงใ
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We can incorporate such an element of adaptive intelligence into our model by assuming that the fly's brain contains not only an Actor, but a different group of cells, a "Critic," that provides a running commentary on the Actor's choices.
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ใใฎ้ฉๅฟๆงใ ็งใใกใฎใขใใซใซ ๅใๅ
ฅใใใใใซ ใขใฏใฟใผใจใฏ็ฐใชใ ็ดฐ่ใฎใฐใซใผใใงใใ ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใ่ณๅ
ใซๅญๅจใ ใขใฏใฟใผใใใ้ธๆใซๅฏพใ ๆ่ฆใใใใฎใจ ไปฎๅฎใใพใ
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You can think of this nagging inner voice as sort of the brain's equivalent of the Catholic Church, if you're an Austrian like me, or the super-ego, if you're Freudian, or your mother, if you're Jewish.
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้็ตถใใใใจใฎใชใ ใใฎๅ
ใชใๅฃฐใฏ ็ใใใ็งใจๅใ ใชใผในใใชใขไบบใงใใใฐ ่ณๅ
ใฎใซใใชใใฏๆไผใจใใฆ ่ใใใจใใใงใใใ ใใญใคใๆดพใงใใใฐ ่ถ
่ชๆใจใใฆ ใฆใใคไบบใงใใใฐ ใๆฏใใใ ใจ่ใใฆใใ ใใ
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(Laughter) Now obviously, the Critic is a key ingredient in what makes us intelligent.
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๏ผ็ฌ๏ผ ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใ ็งใใกใฎ็ฅๆงใฎ้ตใจ ใชใฃใฆใใใใจใฏ ๆใใใงใ
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So we set out to identify the cells in the fly's brain that played the role of the Critic.
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ใใใง็งใใกใฏ ใใจใฎ่ณใฎไธญใง ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใฎๅฝน็ฎใ ๆใใใฆใใ็ดฐ่ใ ็นๅฎใใใใจใใพใใ
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And the logic of our experiment was simple.
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ๅฎ้จๆนๆณใฏๅ็ดใงใ
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We thought if we could use our optical remote control to activate the cells of the Critic, we should be able, artificially, to nag the Actor into changing its policy.
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ๅ
ใงใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใฎ็ดฐ่ใ ้ ้ๅถๅพกใใฆ ๆดปๆงๅใใใใใจใใงใใใฐ ไบบ็บ็ใซใขใฏใฟใผใฎ ่กๅๆน้ใๅคใใใใจใ ใงใใใฏใใจ ่ใใใฎใงใ
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In other words, the fly should learn from mistakes that it thought it had made but, in reality, it had not made.
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่จใๆใใใจ ใใจใฏ่ชๅใใใใจๆใ ้้ใใใ ๅญฆ็ฟใใใฏใใงใใ ๅฎ้ใซใฏ้้ใใ ็ต้จใใฆใใชใใฎใงใ
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So we bred flies whose brains were more or less randomly peppered with cells that were light addressable.
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็งใใกใฏ ๅ
ใงๅถๅพกใงใใ็ดฐ่ใ ่ณใซไธ่ฆๅใซใกใใฐใใ ใใจใ่ฒใฆใพใใ
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And then we took these flies and allowed them to make choices.
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ใใใใฎใใจใไฝฟใ ้ธๆใใใใพใใ
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And whenever they made one of the two choices, chose one odor, in this case the blue one over the orange one, we switched on the lights.
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2ใคใฎ้ธๆ่ขใใ๏ผใค ใฉใกใใใฎๅใใ้ธใถใจ ใใฎใฑใผในใงใฏ ใชใฌใณใธ่ฒใงใชใ ้่ฒใฎๆนใ้ธใถใจ ๅ
ใใคใใพใ
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If the Critic was among the optically activated cells, the result of this intervention should be a change in policy.
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ๅ
ใงๆดปๆงๅใใ็ดฐ่ใฎไธญใซ ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใๅซใพใใฆใใใฐ ใใฎไปๅ
ฅใซใใฃใฆ ่กๅๆน้ใๅคใใใฏใใงใ
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The fly should learn to avoid the optically reinforced odor.
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ใใจใฏ ๅ
ใงๅบๆฟใ ๅใใๆนใฎๅใใ ้ฟใใใฏใใงใ
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Here's what happened in two instances: We're comparing two strains of flies, each of them having about 100 light-addressable cells in their brains, shown here in green on the left and on the right.
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ไพใ๏ผใค็ดนไปใใพใ ๏ผ็ณป็ตฑใฎใใจใๆฏในใฆใใพใ ใใใใ ๅ
ใงๅถๅพกใงใใ็ดฐ่ใ ใใใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผๅ่ณๅ
ใซใใใพใ ๅทฆๅณใฎ ็ท่ฒใซ ่ฆใใ้จๅใงใ
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What's common among these groups of cells is that they all produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.
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ใใใใฎ็ดฐ่ใซ ๅ
ฑ้ใใฆใใใฎใฏ ใใใใ็ฅ็ตไผ้็ฉ่ณช ใใผใใใณใ็ๆใใใใจใงใ
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But the identities of the individual dopamine-producing neurons are clearly largely different on the left and on the right.
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ใใใใใผใใใณใ็ๆใใ ใใฅใผใญใณใใฉใใใฏ ๅณใจๅทฆใง ๆใใใซ ๅคงใใ็ฐใชใใพใ
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Optically activating these hundred or so cells into two strains of flies has dramatically different consequences.
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ๅ
ใงใใใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผๅใใใใใฎ ็ดฐ่ใๆดปๆงๅใใใใจใง ๏ผ็ณป็ตฑใฎใใจใฎ้ใซใฏ ๅ็ใช้ใใ็ใใพใ
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If you look first at the behavior of the fly on the right, you can see that whenever it reaches the midpoint of the chamber where the two odors meet, it marches straight through, as it did before.
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ๅณๅดใฎใใจใฎ่กๅใ ๆๅใซ่ฆใใจ ใใจใ้จๅฑใฎ็ใไธญ ไบใคใฎๅใใๆททใใฃใฆใใใจใใใซ ใใฉใ็ใใจ ไปใพใงใจๅใใใใซ ใพใฃใใ้ฒใฟใพใ
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Its behavior is completely unchanged.
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่กๅใฏๅ
จใๅคใใใพใใ
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But the behavior of the fly on the left is very different.
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ใใใ ๅทฆๅดใฎใใจใฏ ๅ
จใ้ใ่กๅใใจใใพใ
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Whenever it comes up to the midpoint, it pauses, it carefully scans the odor interface as if it was sniffing out its environment, and then it turns around.
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็ใไธญใพใงใใใจ ็ซใกๆญขใพใ ใใใใๅจใใฎ็ฐๅขใ ๆขใใใจใใใใฎใใใซ ็ถฟๅฏใซๅใใๅๆใ ใใใฆ้ๆปใใใพใ
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This means that the policy that the Actor implements now includes an instruction to avoid the odor that's in the right half of the chamber.
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ใใใใฎ็ตๆใฏ ใขใฏใฟใผใไฝใฃใ่กๅๆน้ใ ้จๅฑใฎๅณๅๅใซ ๆบใใใใฆใใๅใใ ้ฟใใใใใซ ไปๅใใฆใใใใใงใ
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This means that the Critic must have spoken in that animal, and that the Critic must be contained among the dopamine-producing neurons on the left, but not among the dopamine producing neurons on the right.
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ๅทฆๅดใฎใใจใงใฏใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใ ๆฉ่ฝใใฆใใ ๅทฆใฎใใผใใใณใ็ๆใใ ใใฅใผใญใณใซใฏ ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใๅซใพใใฆใใ ใฏใใงใใ ๅณๅดใฎใใผใใใณใ็ๆใใใใฅใผใญใณใซใฏ ๅซใพใใฆใใชใใจใใใใจใงใ
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Through many such experiments, we were able to narrow down the identity of the Critic to just 12 cells.
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ๅนพๅคใฎใใฎใใใชๅฎ้จใ็นฐใ่ฟใ ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใฎๆๅจใ 12ๅใฎ็ดฐ่ใพใงใซ ็ตใ่พผใฟใพใใ
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These 12 cells, as shown here in green, send the output to a brain structure called the "mushroom body," which is shown here in gray.
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ใใใใฎ็ท่ฒใง็คบใใ 12ๅใฎ็ดฐ่ใฏ ๅบๅๆ
ๅ ฑใ่ณๆง้ ใฎ ใญใใณไฝใจๅผใฐใใใจใใ ใใฎ็ฐ่ฒใฎใจใใใซ้ใใพใ
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We know from our formal model that the brain structure at the receiving end of the Critic's commentary is the Actor.
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็่ซ็ใชใขใใซใใ ่ณๆง้ ใฎไธญใง ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใฎๅบๅใๅใใใฎใฏ ใขใฏใฟใผใจๅใใฃใฆใใใฎใง
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So this anatomy suggests that the mushroom bodies have something to do with action choice.
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ใใฎๅๆใ็คบใใฆใใใฎใฏ ใญใใณไฝใฏ่กๅใฎ ้ธๆใซไฝใใใ ้ขไฟใใใใจใใใใจใงใ
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Based on everything we know about the mushroom bodies, this makes perfect sense.
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ใญใใณไฝใซใคใใฆ ๅใใฃใฆใใใใจใ่ใใใจ ๅฎๅ
จใซ็ญใ้ใใพใ
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In fact, it makes so much sense that we can construct an electronic toy circuit that simulates the behavior of the fly.
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ๅฎ้ ใใพใใซใ็ถบ้บใซ ็ญใ้ใฃใฆใใใฎใง ใใจใฎ่กๅใ ๆจกๅฃใใ ใใใกใใฎ้ปๆฐๅ่ทฏใ ไฝใใใจใใงใใพใ
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In this electronic toy circuit, the mushroom body neurons are symbolized by the vertical bank of blue LEDs in the center of the board.
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ใใฎ้ปๆฐๅ่ทฏใง ใญใใณไฝใฎใใฅใผใญใณใฏ ไธญๅคฎใซ็ธฆใซไธฆใใ ้่ฒLEDใง ่กจใใใฆใใพใ
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These LED's are wired to sensors that detect the presence of odorous molecules in the air.
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ใใใใฎLEDใฏ ใปใณใตใผใซใคใชใใฃใฆใใ ็ฉบๆฐไธญใฎๅใๅๅญใฎ ๅญๅจใๆ็ฅใใพใ
|
Each odor activates a different combination of sensors, which in turn activates a different odor detector in the mushroom body.
|
ใใใใใฎๅใใฏ ใใใใ้ใ ใปใณใตใผใฎ็ตใฟๅใใใๆดปๆงๅใใ ใใใฏใญใใณไฝใฎไธญใฎ ใใใใ็ฐใชใๅใๆค็ฅๅจใ ๆดปๆงๅใใใพใ
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So the pilot in the cockpit of the fly, the Actor, can tell which odor is present simply by looking at which of the blue LEDs lights up.
|
ใใจใฎๆ็ธฆๅธญใงใฏ ใใคใญใใใงใใ ใขใฏใฟใผใ ใฉใฎๅใใใใใฎใใ ใฉใฎ้่ฒLEDใๅ
ใฃใฆใใใ่ฆใใใจใง ่ช่ญใใใใจใใงใใพใ
|
What the Actor does with this information depends on its policy, which is stored in the strengths of the connection, between the odor detectors and the motors that power the fly's evasive actions.
|
ใขใฏใฟใผใใใฎๆ
ๅ ฑใไฝฟใฃใฆ ไฝใใใใใฏ ่กๅๆน้ใซใใฃใฆๅคใใ ๅใๆค็ฅๅจใจใใจใฎ ๅ้ฟ่กๅใ่ตทใใใฆใใ ้ๅๅจใฎ็ตใณใคใใฎๅผทใใ ใใฎๆน้ใฎ ใใๆใซใชใฃใฆใใพใ
|
If the connection is weak, the motors will stay off and the fly will continue straight on its course.
|
ใใ็ตใณใคใใๅผฑใใใฐ ้ๅๅจใฏๅใใ ใใจใฏใใฎใพใพ็ด้ฒใใพใ
|
If the connection is strong, the motors will turn on and the fly will initiate a turn.
|
็ตใณใคใใๅผทใใใฐ ้ๅๅจใๅใ ใใจใฏไปๆฅใ้ใๆปใใพใ
|
Now consider a situation in which the motors stay off, the fly continues on its path and it suffers some painful consequence such as getting zapped.
|
ๆฌกใฎใใใช็ถๆณใ ่ใใฆใฟใพใใใ ้ๅๅจใๅใใชใใพใพ ใพใฃใใ้ฒใใจ ็ใฟใไผดใ็ตๆใ ๅพ
ใฃใฆใใ ไพใใฐ้ปๆฐใ ๆตใใใใใช
|
In a situation like this, we would expect the Critic to speak up and to tell the Actor to change its policy.
|
ใใฎใใใช็ถๆณใงใฏ ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใฏ ่กๅๆน้ใๅคใใใใ ใขใฏใฟใผใซๅใใใใใใฎใจ ไบๆณใใใพใ
|
We have created such a situation, artificially, by turning on the critic with a flash of light.
|
ๅ
ใงๆน่ฉๅฎถใ ๅใใใใใจใง ใใฎ็ถๆณใไบบ็บ็ใซ ไฝใๅบใใพใใ
|
That caused a strengthening of the connections between the currently active odor detector and the motors.
|
ใใใฆใใใฏ็พๅจๆดปๆงๅใใฆใใ ๅใๆค็ฅๅจใจ ้ๅๅจใฎ็ตใณใคใใๅผทใใ ็ตๆใจใชใใพใใ
|
So the next time the fly finds itself facing the same odor again, the connection is strong enough to turn on the motors and to trigger an evasive maneuver.
|
ใคใพใๆฌกใซ ใใจใ ๅใๅใใจ ๅบใใใใใจใ ็ตใณใคใใฏ้ๅๅจใๅใใ ๅ้ฟ่กๅใใจใใพใ
|
I don't know about you, but I find it exhilarating to see how vague psychological notions evaporate and give rise to a physical, mechanistic understanding of the mind, even if it's the mind of the fly.
|
็ใใใฏใฉใใ ๅใใใพใใใ ็งใใใใใจ ๅฟ็ๅญฆใฎๆฝ่ฑก็ใช ๆฆๅฟตใๆถใๅคฑใ ๅฟใฎๅใใ่บซไฝ็ใปๆฉๆขฐ็ใซ ็่งฃใงใใใฎใฏ ๅฎใซ็ฝๅฟซใชใใจใซๆใใพใ ใใจใใใจใฎๅฟใ ใจ ใใฆใใงใ
|
This is one piece of good news.
|
ใใใฏใใใใฅใผในใฎไธใคใงใ
|
The other piece of good news, for a scientist at least, is that much remains to be discovered.
|
ใใไธใคใฎ ๅฐใชใใจใ็งๅญฆ่
ใซใจใฃใฆ ใใใใฅใผในใฏ ใพใ ใพใ ๆช็ฅใฎ้ ๅใ ใใใใใใใจใใใใจใงใ
|
In the experiments I told you about, we have lifted the identity of the Critic, but we still have no idea how the Critic does its job.
|
ๅ่ฟฐใใๅฎ้จใง ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใ่ชฐใใฏ ๅใใใพใใใ ใ่ฉ่ซๅฎถใใใฉใฎใใใซ ๅใใฆใใใใฏ ใพใ ๅใใใพใใ
|
Come to think of it, knowing when you're wrong without a teacher, or your mother, telling you, is a very hard problem.
|
่ใใฆใฟใใจ ๅ
็ใใๆฏใใใฎๅฉ่จ็กใใงใฏ ่ชๅใฎ้้ใใซ ๆฐใฅใใใจใฏ ใจใฆใ้ฃใใใใจใงใ
|
There are some ideas in computer science and in artificial intelligence as to how this might be done, but we still haven't solved a single example of how intelligent behavior springs from the physical interactions in living matter.
|
ใณใณใใฅใผใฟใตใคใจใณในใ ไบบๅทฅ็ฅ่ฝใฎไธญใซใฏ ใใใใฎ่งฃๆฑบ็ญใฎ ็ณธๅฃใใใใพใใ ็็ฉใซใใใฆ ็ฅ็่กๅใ ใฉใฎใใใช็ฅ็ต็ดฐ่้ใฎ ็ธไบไฝ็จใง่ตทใใใ ่จผๆใใใใใจใใใใพใใ ่จผๆใใใใใจใใใใพใใ
|
I think we'll get there in the not too distant future.
|
ใใใใ่งฃๆฑบใใใใฎใ ใใ้ ใใชใใจๆใฃใฆใใพใ
|
Thank you.
|
ใใใใจใใใใใพใใ
|
(Applause)
|
๏ผๆๆ๏ผ
|
Well, there's lots to talk about, but I think I'm just going to play to start off.
|
่ฉฑใใใจใฏใใฃใฑใใใใใฉใ ใจใใใใๆผๅฅใงๅงใใพใใ
|
So, I wanted to do something special today.
|
ไปๆฅใฏใกใใฃใจ็นๅฅใชใใจใใใใใใ ใ
|
I want to debut a new song that I've been working on in the last five or six months.
|
ๅใๆใใฃใฆใใไบใๅ
ญใถๆใใใ็ตใค ๆฐๆฒใฎ็บ่กจใ ใใ
|
And there's few things more thrilling than playing a song for the first time in front of an audience, especially when it's half-finished.
|
ใๅฎขใใใฎๅใง ๅใใฆๆฒใๆซ้ฒใใใใจใปใฉ ใใญใใญใใใใจใฏใชใใญใ ็นใซไปไธใใฃใฆใชใๆฒใปใฉใ
|
(Laughter) I'm kind of hoping some conversations here might help me finish it.
|
๏ผ็ฌ๏ผ ใใใใฆใใใงใ่ฉฑใใใฆใใใใใจใง ๆฒใฎๅฎๆใซ็นใใใฐใใใชใจๆใฃใฆใ
|
Because it gets into all sorts of crazy realms.
|
ใจใใงใใชใๅ้ใซ ๅ
ฅใฃใฆใใใใใ
|
And so this is basically a song about loops, but not the kind of loops that I make up here.
|
็ฐกๅใซ่จใใจใใฎๆฒใฏ ใซใผใใฎ่ฉฑใ ๅใใใใงๅตใใใใชใซใผใใใใชใใฆ
|
They're feedback loops.
|
ใใฃใผใใใใฏใฎใซใผใใ
|
And in the audio world that's when the microphone gets too close to its sound source, and then it gets in this self-destructive loop that creates a very unpleasant sound.
|
้ณ้ฟใฎไธ็ใงใฏ ใใคใฏใ้ณๆบใซ ่ฟใฅใใใใๆใซใ ่ชๅทฑ็ ดๅฃ็ใชใซใผใใซ้ฅใฃใฆ ใใชใไธๅฟซใช้ณใๅบใๆใฎใใจใ
|
And I'm going to demonstrate for you.
|
ไปใใฃใฆใใใใใ
|
(Laughter) I'm not going to hurt you. Don't worry.
|
๏ผ็ฌ๏ผ ็ใใชใใใใๅฟ้
ใใชใใงใ
|
And I've been thinking about how that applies across a whole spectrum of realms, from, say, the ecological, okay.
|
ใใใฆใๅใ่ใใฆใใฎใฏ ใใใใใใจใใใใๅ้ใซ้ใใใฃใฆใใจใ ไพใใฐใ็ๆ
ๅญฆใใฏใใ
|
There seems to be a rule in nature that if you get too close to where you came from, it gets ugly.
|
่ช็ถใซใฏๆณๅใใใใฟใใใชใใ ใ ่ชๅใฎๅ
ใซ่ฟใฅใใใใใจใ ้ใใใจใซใชใใ
|
So like, you can't feed cows their own brains or you get mad cow disease, and inbreeding and incest and, let's see, what's the other one?
|
็ใซ็ใฎ่ณใ้คใจใใฆไธใใฆใฏใใใชใใ ใใใชใใจ็็็
ใซใชใฃใฆใใพใใ ่ฟ่ฆชไบค้
ใจใ่ฟ่ฆช็ธๅงฆ ใใใจใใ ใใใฒใจใคใชใใ ใฃใใฃใ๏ผ
|
Biological -- there's autoimmune diseases, where the body attacks itself a little too overzealously and destroys the host, or the person.
|
็็ฉๅญฆใฎโ่ชๅทฑๅ
็ซ็พๆฃใ ไฝใ่ชๅ่ช่บซใๆปๆใใ็ถๆ
ใกใใฃใจ็ฑๅฟใซใชใใใใฆใใพใฃใฆ ๅฎฟไธปใๆฌไบบใใ ็ ดๅฃใใฆใใพใใ
|
And then -- okay, this is where we get to the song -- kind of bridges the gap to the emotional.
|
ใใใซโใใใใใใงๆฒใซ็นใใฃใฆใใใใ ใโ ๆๆ
็ใช้จๅใซ็นใใ
|
Because although I've used scientific terms in songs, it's very difficult sometimes to make them lyrical.
|
็งๅญฆ็ใช่จ่ใไฝฟใฃใใใฉ ๆฒใฎไธญใงใฏใ ่ฉ ใใใใฎใ้ฃใใใ
|
And there's some things you just don't need to have in songs.
|
ใใ ๅใซ ๆฒใซใฏ่ฆใใชใใใฎใใใใใใ
|
So I'm trying to bridge this gap between this idea and this melody.
|
ใ ใใใใใ็นใใใใจใใฆใใใ ใใฎใขใคใใฃใขใจใกใญใใฃใฎ้ใใ
|
And so, I don't know if you've ever had this, but when I close my eyes sometimes and try to sleep, I can't stop thinking about my own eyes.
|
ใใใชใใจใๅใ ใใใใใใชใใใ ใใฉใ ๅฏใใใจใใฆ ็ฎใ้ใใใจใใซใ ่ชๅใฎ็ฎ็ใฎใใจใฐใฃใใ่ใใฆใใพใใใ ใ
|
And it's like your eyes start straining to see themselves.
|
็ฎใ็ฎใใฎใใฎใ่ฆใใใจ ็ฎใๅใใๅงใใใฟใใใซใ
|
That's what it feels like to me.
|
ใใใชๆฐใใใใใ ใ
|
It's not pleasant.
|
ๆฐๆใกใฎใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใใ
|
I'm sorry if I put that idea in your head.
|
ๆฐใซใชใใใใฆใใพใฃใใใใใใชใใใ
|
(Laughter) It's impossible, of course, for your eyes to see themselves, but they seem to be trying.
|
๏ผ็ฌ๏ผ ใใกใใใ็ฎใ็ฎใ่ฆใใใจใฏใไธๅฏ่ฝใ ใใ ใงใ่ฆใใใจใใฆใๆใใใใใใ ใ
|
So that's getting a little more closer to a personal experience.
|
ใใใงใใใกใใฃใจๅไบบ็ใชไฝ้จใซ่ฟใฅใใฆใใใงใใใ
|
Or ears being able to hear themselves -- it's just impossible.
|
ใใใจใ่ณใ่ณ่ช่บซใ่ใใใจใใใใจโ ใใ ใใใฏไธๅฏ่ฝใ
|
That's the thing.
|
ใใใชใใ ใใ
|
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