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(Laughter) So the second approach is redesigning education itself.
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ïŒç¬ïŒ ããŠãäºã€ç®ã®ã¢ãããŒãã¯ãæè²èªäœã®ãªãã¶ã€ã³ã§ã
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This is the most complex.
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ãããæãè€éã§ã
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It's a systems-level look at how education is administered and what is being offered and to whom.
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æè²ãã©ã®ããã«ç®¡çãã äœãã誰ã«å¯ŸããŠæäŸãããŠããã®ã ã·ã¹ãã å
šäœã俯ç°ããŸã
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So for us, this was a graphic public campaign called Connect Bertie.
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ããŠããã¡ãã¯ãã³ãã¯ãããŒãã£ããšãã ã°ã©ãã£ãã¯ãçšããå
Œ
±ãã£ã³ããŒã³ã§ã
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There are thousands of these blue dots all over the county.
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ãã®ã·ã³ãã«ãããŒãã£é¡å
šäœã®æ°åç®æã«æ²ç€ºããŸãã
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And this was for a fund that the school district had to put a desktop computer and a broadband Internet connection in every home with a child in the public school system.
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ãŸãããããã¯åŠåºå
ã®çåŸã®å
šå®¶åºã« ãã¹ã¯ãããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãšãããŒããã³ãã»ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã æäŸããããã®è³éæºã«ãªããŸã ãã ãçŸæç¹ã§ã¯
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Right now I should say, there are only 10 percent of the houses that actually have an in-home Internet connection.
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å®éã«å®¶åºå
ã§ã®ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããæ¥ç¶ã 確ä¿ã§ããŠããã®ã¯ 10%ã«ãšã©ãŸã£ãŠããŸã
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And the only places to get WiFi are in the school buildings, or at the Bojangles Fried Chicken joint, which I find myself squatting outside of a lot.
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iFiæ¥ç¶ãã§ããå Žæã¯ãæ ¡èå
ãš ããžã£ã³ã°ã«ã¹ã»ãã©ã€ãããã³ã®åºèãããããŸãã ãããåºã®å€ã§é»æ³¢ãæåããŠããŸãã
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Aside from, you know, getting people excited and wondering what the heck these blue dots were all over the place, it asked the school system to envision how it might become a catalyst for a more connected community.
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ããããã人ã
ã ããã®éãã·ã³ãã«ã¯ãªãã ããããšããããããããšã§ åŠæ ¡ãšããã·ã¹ãã ã ã³ãã¥ããã£å
ã®ã€ãªããã匷åãã ååšã«ãªããšãæãæãããšã«ãªããŸã
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It asked them to reach outside of the school walls and to think about how they could play a role in the community's development.
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åŠæ ¡ã®å£ãè¶ã㊠ã³ãã¥ããã£ã®çºå±ã®ããã« ã©ããªåœ¹å²ãæ
ããã®ããèããããã®ã§ã
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So the first batch of computers are being installed later this summer, and we're helping Dr. Zullinger develop some strategies around how we might connect the classroom and the home to extend learning beyond the school day.
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æåã«å°å
¥ãããäžåŒã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯ ä»å€ã®äžæ¬ããå°å
¥ãé²ãã§ããŸã ç§ãã¡ã¯ã¶ãªã³ãžã£ãŒåå£«ãæ¯æŽã㊠æå®€ãšå®¶åºã®ã€ãªããã匷ããåŠæ ¡ã«ããæé以å€ã«ã åŠã³ãæ·±ããŠããããããªæŠç¥ãç·Žã£ãŠããŸã
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And then the third approach, which is what I'm most excited about, which is where we are now, is: design as education.
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ãããŠã第äžã®ã¢ãããŒãã¯ãç§ãã¡ãæãããããããŠãã çŸåšãé²è¡äžã® ãæè²ãšããŠã®ãã¶ã€ã³ãã§ã
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It also means that designers are no longer consultants, but we're teachers, and we are charged with growing creative capital within the next generation.
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èšãæããã°ãç§ãã¡ãã¶ã€ããŒã¯ãã¯ã ã³ã³ãµã«ã¿ã³ãã§ã¯ãªããæåž«ã§ãã æ¬¡äžä»£ãæ
ãåµé çè³æ¬ã®æé·ã« 責任ãè² ã£ãŠããŸã
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And what design offers as an educational framework is an antidote to all of the boring, rigid, verbal instruction that so many of these school districts are plagued by.
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æè²ãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ãšããŠã®ãã¶ã€ã³ã¯ éå±ã§ç¡¬çŽãããèšèã ãã®ææ¥ã« èŠããã§ããå€ãã®åŠåºã§ è§£æ¯å€ã®ããã«åããŸã
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It's hands-on, it's in-your-face, it requires an active engagement, and it allows kids to apply all the core subject learning in real ways.
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ããã¯å®è·µçã§ãææŠçã§ ç©æ¥µçãªåå ãå¿
èŠãšããŸãã åã©ããã¡ã¯å¿
ä¿®ç§ç®ã çã«åŠã¶ã¹ãæ¹æ³ã§åŠã¹ãŸã
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So we started thinking about the legacy of shop class and how shop class -- wood and metal shop class in particular -- historically, has been something intended for kids who aren't going to go to college.
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ç§ãã¡ã¯ããæã£ãŠããŸã ãããŸã§ã®å·¥äœã¯ã©ã¹ ãšãã«æšå·¥ãšéå·¥ã®ææ¥ã¯ ããããã¯ã倧åŠã«ããã€ããã®ãªã çåŸãã¡ã®ããã®ãã®ã ã£ãã®ã§ã
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It's a vocational training path.
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ãŸãã§è·æ¥èšç·Žãªã®ã§ã
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It's working-class; it's blue-collar.
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åŽåè
éçŽããã«ãŒã«ã©ãŒç
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The projects are things like, let's make a birdhouse for your mom for Christmas.
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äŸãã°ãæ¯èŠªãžã®ã¯ãªã¹ãã¹ãã¬ãŒã³ã㫠巣箱ãäœãããšãã課é¡ã§ã
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And in recent decades, a lot of the funding for shop class has gone away entirely.
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ããåæ°å¹Žã«ããããå·¥äœã¯ã©ã¹ã®äºç®ã¯ ã»ãšãã©ãŒããŸã§åæžãããŸãã
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So we thought, what if you could bring back shop class, but this time orient the projects around things that the community needed, and to infuse shop class with a more critical and creative-design-thinking studio process.
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ããã§ç§ãã¡ã¯ãå·¥äœã¯ã©ã¹ã®å建ã詊ã¿ãŸãã ãã ä»åã¯ãã³ãã¥ããã£ã§æ±ãããã ããŒãºã«æ²¿ã£ããã®ãç®æã å·¥äœã¯ã©ã¹ã«ãããé倧ã§åµé ç㪠ãã¶ã€ã³æèããã»ã¹ãçµã¿èŸŒãããšãèããŸãã
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So we took this kind of nebulous idea and have worked really closely with Dr. Zullinger for the past year on writing this as a one-year curriculum offered at the high school level to the junior class.
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ãã®æŒ ç¶ãšããã¢ã€ãã¢ãããšã« ã¶ãªã³ãžã£ãŒå士ãšå¯ã«é£æºããšããªãã ãããŸã§ã®ïŒå¹Žéã§ãäžåŠãšé«æ ¡ã® é幎ã®ã«ãªãã¥ã©ã ã«åãå
¥ããŠãããŸãã
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And so this starts in four weeks, at the end of the summer, and my partner and I, Matthew and I, just went through the arduous and totally convoluted process of getting certified as high school teachers to actually run it.
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ãã®åãçµã¿ã¯ãå€ã®çµããã®ïŒé±éãã å§ãŸããŸãã ããŒãããŒã§ãããã·ã¥ãŒãšç§ã¯ å°é£ã§è€éãªéçšãä¹ãè¶ããŠ é«æ ¡ã®æåž«ãã¡ã«èªããã
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And this is what it looks like.
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å®è·µãããšãããŸã§æã£ãŠãããŸãã
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So over the course of two semesters, the Fall and the Spring, the students spend three hours a day every single day in our 4,500 square foot studio/shop space.
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ç§åŠæãšæ¥åŠæã® ïŒã€ã®åŠæã®é çåŸãã¡ã¯æ¯æ¥ïŒæéã çŽ400平米㮠補å³å®€ã»å·¥æ¿ã§éãããŸã
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And then over the summer, they're offered a summer job.
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å€ã®éã¯ã圌ãã¯ã€ã³ã¿ãŒã³ã·ãããè¡ããŸãã
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They're paid as employees of Project H to be the construction crew with us to build these projects in the community.
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ãããžã§ã¯ãã®åŸæ¥å¡ãšããŠçµŠäžãåŸãªãã 建ç¯ããŒã ã®äžå¡ãšã㊠ã³ãã¥ããã£ã«ããããããžã§ã¯ãã«æºãããŸãã
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So the first project, which will be built next summer, is an open-air farmers' market downtown, followed by bus shelters for the school bus system in the second year and home improvements for the elderly in the third year.
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æåã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã¯æ¥å€ã«å®æãã ããŠã³ã¿ãŠã³ã®é空åžå Žã§ã ç¶ããŠïŒå¹Žç®ã«ã¯ã¹ã¯ãŒã«ãã¹çšã®å±æ ¹ä»ãã®ãã¹å ïŒå¹Žç®ã«ã¯é«éœ¢è
åãã®äœå±
ãæ¹è£
ããŸã
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So these are real visible projects that hopefully the students can point to and say, "I built that, and I'm proud of it."
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ãããã¯æ¬åœã«ç®ã«èŠãããããžã§ã¯ãã§ çåŸãæãããªãã ãããã¯åãäœã£ããã ãããã§ãããïŒããšèšãããšãã§ããŸã
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So I want you to meet three of our students.
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ç§ãã¡ã®çåŸãïŒäººç޹ä»ããŸã
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This is Ryan.
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äžäººç®ã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³
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She is 15 years old.
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15æ³ã®å¥³ã®åã§ã
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She loves agriculture and wants to be a high school teacher.
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圌女ã¯èŸ²æ¥ã倧奜ãã§ã髿 ¡æåž«ãç®æããŠããŸã
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She wants to go to college, but she wants to come back to Bertie County, because that's where her family is from, where she calls home, and she feels very strongly about giving back to this place that she's been fairly fortunate in.
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倧åŠé²åŠãåžæããŠããã®ã§ãããããŒãã£é¡ã«æ»ã£ãŠããããšèšããŸã ãªããªããããŒãã£çŸ€ãå®¶æã®åºèº«å°ã§ããããããŒã ããšåŒã¶å Žæã§ãã æ©æµãåãããã®å Žæã«å¯Ÿã㊠æ©è¿ããããããšåŒ·ãæã£ãŠããããã§ã
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So what Studio H might offer her is a way to develop skills so that she might give back in the most meaningful way.
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ã¹ã¿ãžãªïŒšã«ãã£ãŠ åœŒå¥³ã¯èœåãé«ã æãææçŸ©ãªããã¡ã§æ©è¿ããã§ããããã«ãªãã§ããã
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This is Eric. He plays for the football team.
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ïŒäººç®ã¯ãšãªãã¯ã§ãããšãªãã¯ã¯ãããããŒã«ããŒã ã«æå±ããŠããŸã
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He is really into dirtbike racing, and he wants to be an architect.
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圌ã¯ãªãããŒããã€ã¯ã®ã¬ãŒã¹ã«å€¢äžã§ 建ç¯å®¶ãç®æããŠããŸã
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So for him, Studio H offers him a way to develop the skills he will need as an architect, everything from drafting to wood and metal construction to how to do research for a client.
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圌ã¯ã¹ã¿ãžãªïŒšãéã㊠建ç¯å®¶ãšããŠå¿
èŠãªæèœãå³é¢ãæããã æšãéå±ãçµã¿ç«ãŠãããã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ãã«å¯Ÿã㊠ãªãµãŒããè¡ã£ããããèœåã身ã«ä»ããããšãã§ããŸã
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And then this is Anthony.
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ïŒäººç®ã¯ã¢ã³ãœããŒã§ã
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He is 16 years old, loves hunting and fishing and being outside and doing anything with his hands, and so for him, Studio H means that he can stay interested in his education through that hands-on engagement.
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圌ã¯16æ³ã§ãç©ããéé£ãã奜ãã§ éå€ã§æãåãããŠãããããªããšãããã®ã倧奜ãã§ã 圌ã«ãšã£ãŠã¯ãã¹ã¿ãžãªïŒšãããããšã§ å®è·µçãªåå ãéããå
¬æè²ã« èå³ãæã¡ç¶ããããšãã§ããã®ã§ã
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He's interested in forestry, but he isn't sure, so if he ends up not going to college, he will have developed some industry-relevant skills.
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åœŒã¯ææ¥ã«èå³ããããŸããããŸã è¿·ã£ãŠããŸã ãã倧åŠã«é²åŠããªããšããŠã ä»äºã«å¯æ¥ããã¹ãã«ãç²åŸã§ããããšã§ããã
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What design and building really offers to public education is a different kind of classroom.
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å®éã«ããã¶ã€ã³ãšå»ºç¯ã¯ãå
¬æè²ã«å¯ŸããŠã ç°è³ªãªçš®é¡ã®æå®€ãæäŸããŠããã®ã§ã
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So this building downtown, which may very well become the site of our future farmers' market, is now the classroom.
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ããŠã³ã¿ãŠã³ã«ãããã®å»ºç©ã¯ å°æ¥é空åžå Žã«ãªããšããã§ãã çŸåšã¯æå®€ã§ã
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And going out into the community and interviewing your neighbors about what kind of food they buy and from where and why -- that's a homework assignment.
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ãŸããå°åã«åºãŠãã£ãŠäœæ°ã«ã€ã³ã¿ãã¥ãŒã ã©ããªçš®é¡ã®é£ã¹ç©ãè²·ã£ãŠãããã ã©ã®åºã§è²·ãã®ãããã®çç±ã 調ã¹ãããšãã宿é¡ã«ãªããŸã
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And the ribbon-cutting ceremony at the end of the summer when they have built the farmers' market and it's open to the public -- that's the final exam.
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å€ã®çµããã«ã¯ãããŒãã«ããã®åŒãè¡ãã é空åžå Žã®å®æãšãåžæ°ãžã®å
¬éãç¥ããŸãã ãããæçµè©Šéšã§ã
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And for the community, what design and building offers is real, visible, built progress.
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ãã¶ã€ã³ãšå»ºç¯ã¯ãå°åã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã« 圢ã®ããæ¹åããããããŸã
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It's one project per year, and it makes the youth the biggest asset and the biggest untapped resource in imagining a new future.
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ãããžã§ã¯ãã¯ïŒå¹Žã«ïŒæ¬ ãããŠããã¯ãè¥è
ãšããæå€§ã® æªéæãªè³æºãæãèµ·ãã㊠æ°ããæªæ¥ãæãããŠãããŸã
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So we recognize that Studio H, especially in its first year, is a small story -- 13 students, it's two teachers, it's one project in one place.
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ã¹ã¿ãžãªïŒšã¯å°ããªç©èªã§ã ç¹ã«æåã®ïŒå¹Žéã¯å°èŠæš¡ã§ãã 13人ã®çåŸãš2äººã®æåž« ïŒã¶æã§ïŒã€ã®ãããžã§ã¯ã
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But we feel like this could work in other places.
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ãããããããä»ã®å Žæã§ãéçšãããšããæå¿ãã¯ãããŸã
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And I really, strongly believe in the power of the small story, because it is so difficult to do humanitarian work at a global scale.
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ãã®å°ããªç©èªãç§ããŠããåããå¿ããä¿¡ããŠããŸã ã°ããŒãã«ãªèŠæš¡ã§ã人éäžå¿ã® ãããžã§ã¯ããè¡ãããšã¯éåžžã«å°é£ã§ã
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Because, when you zoom out that far, you lose the ability to view people as humans.
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èŠéãæ¡ãããããšãç身倧ã®äººéã èŠã€ããããšãã§ããªããªã£ãŠããŸããŸããã
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Ultimately, design itself is a process of constant education for the people that we work with and for and for us as designers.
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æçµçã«ã¯ããã¶ã€ã³ãã®ãã®ã ç§ãã¡ã®ä»²éãã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ãããã㊠ãã¶ã€ããŒã§ããç§ãã¡èªèº«ã«ãšã£ãŠ ããããšã®ãªãæè²èª²çšãªã®ã§ã
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And let's face it, designers, we need to reinvent ourselves.
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ãã¶ã€ããŒã¯ãããã«åãåã£ãŠãèªåèªèº«ãåçºèŠããå¿
èŠãããã®ã§ã
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We need to re-educate ourselves around the things that matter, we need to work outside of our comfort zones more, and we need to be better citizens in our own backyard.
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éèŠãªç©äºãèªãåŠã³çŽã ãå¿«é©ãªç©ºéãã«ãšã©ãŸããææŠã ãããããå°éæ§ãæã£ããããããåžæ°ãšããŠããã¹ããªã®ã§ã
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So while this is a very small story, we hope that it represents a step in the right direction for the future of rural communities and for the future of public education and hopefully also for the future of design.
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ããã¯æ¬åœã«å°ããªç©èªã§ãã æªæ¥ãç®æãã²ãšã€ã®ã¹ããããšã㊠蟲æå°åã®æªæ¥ã å
¬æè²ããããã«ã¯ãã¶ã€ã³ã®æªæ¥ãã ã€ãã£ãŠããããšãé¡ã£ãŠãã¿ãŸãã
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Thank you.
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ããããšãããããŸãã
|
(Applause)
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ïŒææïŒ
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Today I want to talk to you about ethnic conflict and civil war.
|
仿¥ã¯çæ§ã« æ°æçŽäºãš å
æŠã«ã€ããŠã話ãããŸã
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These are not normally the most cheerful of topics, nor do they generally generate the kind of good news that this conference is about.
|
æ¬æ¥ãªã ããã¯åã°ãã話é¡ã§ããªããã° åã°ãã話é¡ãçã¿åºããã®ã§ãããªã TEDããŒã¯ãå¿
èŠãšãã æãã話é¡ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããã
|
Three things stand out: leadership, diplomacy and institutional design.
|
éèŠãªã®ã¯æ¬¡ã®3ã€ã§ã ããªãŒããŒã·ããããå€äº€ã ãããŠãå¶åºŠèšèšã
|
But let's start at the beginning.
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ãŸãã¯éå»ã®ããããããå§ããŸããã
|
Civil wars have made news headlines for many decades now, and ethnic conflicts in particular have been a near constant presence as a major international security threat.
|
å
æŠããã¥ãŒã¹ã®ãããã©ã€ã³ã食ãããã«ãªã£ãŠ æ°å幎ãšãã幎æãæµããŸããã ç¹ã«æ°æçŽäºã¯ åœéå®å
šãè
ããååšãšã㊠倧ããªèª²é¡ã§ããã€ã¥ããŠããŸã
|
For nearly two decades now, the news has been bad and the images have been haunting.
|
çŽ20幎ãã®é äžå¹žãªãã¥ãŒã¹ãš å
æ¯ãç®ã®åœããã«ããŠæ¥ãŸãã
|
In Georgia, after years of stalemate, we saw a full-scale resurgence of violence in August, 2008.
|
ã°ã«ãžã¢ã§ã¯é·å¹Žã®è¡ãè©°ãŸãã®ããš 2008幎8æã«ã¯ å
šé¢çãªæŠåè¡çªãåçºããŸãã
|
This quickly escalated into a five-day war between Russia and Georgia, leaving Georgia ever more divided.
|
ããã¯ããã«ãã·ã¢ãšã°ã«ãžã¢ã® ïŒæ¥éã®æŠäºã«çºå±ã åœå
ã®äºè£ãããã«æ·±ãŸãããšã«ãªããŸãã
|
In Kenya, contested presidential elections in 2007 -- we just heard about them -- quickly led to high levels of inter-ethnic violence and the killing and displacement of thousands of people.
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ã±ãã¢ã§ã¯2007幎㮠倧統é éžæã®ç«¶äºã«ãã å€§èŠæš¡ãªæ°æéæŽåãžãšé²å±ã æ°å人ãã®äººã
ãæ®ºãã ãããã¯åœå€éå»ã äœåãªããããŸãã
|
In Sri Lanka, a decades-long civil war between the Tamil minority and the Sinhala majority led to a bloody climax in 2009, after perhaps as many as 100,000 people had been killed since 1983.
|
ã¹ãªã©ã³ã«ã§ã¯ 10æ°å¹Žã«ãããå
æŠã å°æ°æŽŸã®ã¿ãã«äººãš 倿°æŽŸã·ã³ãã©äººã®éã§è¡ãããŠããŸããã 2009幎ã«è¡ã¿ã©ãã®ã¯ã©ã€ããã¯ã¹ãè¿ã 1983幎以éãã ããã10äžãã®åœã 奪ã£ãŠããŸãã
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In Kyrgyzstan, just over the last few weeks, unprecedented levels of violence occurred between ethnic Kyrgyz and ethnic Uzbeks.
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ãã«ã®ã¹ã§ã¯ ã»ãã®æ°é±éåã®ããšã§ãã åäŸã®ãªãèŠæš¡ã®æŽåè¡çºã ãã«ã®ã¹äººãš ãŠãºãã¯äººã®éã«èµ·ããŸãã
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Hundreds have been killed, and more than 100,000 displaced, including many ethnic Uzbeks who fled to neighboring Uzbekistan.
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æ°çŸäººã殺ãã 10äžäººä»¥äžãåœã远ãããŸãã 倿°ã®ãŠãºãã¯äººã é£åœã®ãŠãºããã¹ã¿ã³ã«éããŸãã
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In the Middle East, conflict between Israelis and Palestinians continues unabated, and it becomes ever more difficult to see how, just how a possible, sustainable solution can be achieved.
|
äžæ±ã§ã¯ããŸã ã« ã€ã¹ã©ãšã«ãšãã¬ã¹ããã察ç«ç¶æ
ã«ãããŸã æãã㊠ã©ãããã° æç¶å¯èœãªè§£æ±ºæ³ã å¯èœãšãªãã®ããšããããšãã èŠåºãããšã ãŸããŸãå°é£ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸã
|
Darfur may have slipped from the news headlines, but the killing and displacement there continues as well, and the sheer human misery that it creates is very hard to fathom.
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ãã«ããŒã«ïŒã¹ãŒãã³ïŒã®ããšã¯æè¿å ±éãããŸããã çŸå°ã§ã¯ããŸã 㫠殺æ®ã飿°åãç¹°ãè¿ãã ãããçã¿åºãæ²æšã㯠æšã枬ãããšãã§ããŸãã
|
And in Iraq, finally, violence is on the rise again, and the country has yet to form a government four months after its last parliamentary elections.
|
æåŸã«ã€ã©ã¯ã§ãã åã³æŽåãé ãããããŠããŸã çŽè¿ã®è°äŒéžæãè¡ãããŠïŒã¶æ ããŸã ã«ã€ã©ã¯ã§ã¯ æ¿åºã圢æã§ããŠããŸãã
|
But hang on, this talk is to be about the good news.
|
æ¬æ¥ã®ããŒãã§ããåå ±ã«å
¥ããŸããã
|
So are these now the images of the past?
|
å
è¿°ã®åºæ¥äºã¯ãã§ã«æè©±ãªã®ã§ããããïŒ
|
Well, notwithstanding the gloomy pictures from the Middle East, Darfur, Iraq, elsewhere, there is a longer-term trend that does represent some good news.
|
ããã§ã äžæ± ãã«ããŒã« ã€ã©ã¯ãå«ãæ§ã
ãªå Žæã§ æšåã¯èµ·ããŠãããšã¯ãã é·æçãªåŸåãã㯠è¯ããã¥ãŒã¹ãèªã¿åããŸã
|
Over the past two decades, since the end of the Cold War, there has been an overall decline in the number of civil wars.
|
å·æŠçµçµåŸã®éå»20幎é å
šäœçã«å
æŠã®æ°ã¯ æžå°åŸåã«ãããŸã
|
Since the high in the early 1990s, with about 50 such civil wars ongoing, we now have 30 percent fewer such conflicts today.
|
90幎代åæã«ã¯ çŽ50ãã®å
æŠãèµ·ããŠããŸãã ãã®æ°ã¯çŸåš 30ããŒã»ã³ãæžå°ããŠããŸã
|
The number of people killed in civil wars also is much lower today than it was a decade ago or two.
|
åããå
æŠã®æ»è
æ°ã 10幎 20幎åã«æ¯ã¹ æžã£ãŠããŸã
|
But this trend is less unambiguous.
|
ãã®åŸåã¯ããäžèŠåã§ã
|
The highest level of deaths on the battlefield was recorded between 1998 and 2001, with about 80,000 soldiers, policemen and rebels killed every year.
|
æŠæ»è
æ°ãæãå€ãã£ãææã¯ 1998幎~2001幎ã«èšé²ãã æ¯å¹ŽçŽ8äžäººã®å
µå£« èŠå¯ åä¹±è»å
µå£«ã æŠæ»ããŸãã
|
The lowest number of combatant casualties occurred in 2003, with just 20,000 killed.
|
æŠæ»è
æ°ãæãå°ãªãã£ãã®ã¯ 2003幎㧠2äžäººã«ãšã©ãŸããŸãã
|
Despite the up and down since then, the overall trend -- and this is the important bit -- clearly points downward for the past two decades.
|
ãã®ãããªäžäžåããããšã¯ãã å
šäœçãªåŸåã¯â ãŸãã«ãããããéèŠãªéšåã§ããâ æããã«éå»20幎éã§ æžå°åŸåã«ããããšã瀺ããŠããŸã
|
The news about civilian casualties is also less bad than it used to be.
|
æ°é人ã®ç ç²è
æ°ã ãã€ãŠã«æ¯ã¹ãã°ãŸãã«ãªã£ãŠããŸã
|
From over 12,000 civilians deliberately killed in civil wars in 1997 and 1998, a decade later, this figure stands at 4,000.
|
1äž2å人ãã®æ°é人ã å
æŠã«ãã£ãŠæ®ºå®³ãããŠããã®ã¯ 1997幎ãš1998幎ã§ãã 10å¹ŽåŸ ãã®æ°ã¯ïŒåã«æžå°ããŸãã
|
This is a decrease by two-thirds.
|
ïŒïŒïŒã®æžå°ã§ã
|
This decline would be even more obvious if we factored in the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
|
ãã®æžå°åŸåã«ã€ããŠã¯ 1994幎ã«èµ·ããã«ã¯ã³ãã§ã®è殺ãèæ
®ã«å
¥ãããš ããæç¢ºãªãã®ãšãªããŸã
|
But then 800,000 civilians were slaughtered in a matter of just a few months.
|
ãã£ãæ°ã¶æã®éã« æ°é人80äžã 殺害ãããäºä»¶ã§ã
|
This certainly is an accomplishment that must never be surpassed.
|
ãã®ãããªèšé²ã¯ äºåºŠãšå¡ãæ¿ããããŠã¯ãªããªãã§ããã
|
What is also important is to note that these figures only tell part of the story.
|
ãŸãéèŠãªã®ã¯ ãããã®æ°åã èµ·ããããšã®äžéšããèªã£ãŠããªãç¹ã§ã
|
They exclude people that died as a consequence of civil war, from hunger or disease, for example.
|
ãããã®æ°åã«å«ãŸããŠããªã人ã
äŸãã°å
æŠã®çµæãšããŠé€æ» ç
æ»ãã人ã
ã®æ°ã¯ ããã§ã¯å«ãŸããŠããŸãã
|
And they also do not properly account for civilian suffering more generally.
|
ãŸããããã®æ°åã«å«ãŸããŠããªãã®ã¯ ããåºãæå³ã§èŠãã¿ãèè² ã£ã人ã³ãšã®æ°ã§ã
|
Torture, rape and ethnic cleansing have become highly effective, if often non-lethal, weapons in civil war.
|
æ·å 匷姊 æ°ææµå㯠æ»ã«è³ããããªãã«ãã å
æŠäžã§å€§ããªææãäžããæŠåšã§ã
|
To put it differently, for the civilians that suffer the consequences of ethnic conflict and civil war, there is no good war and there is no bad peace.
|
èšã£ãŠã¿ãã° æ°æçŽäºãå
æŠã§èŠãã æ°é人ã«ãšã£ãŠ è¯ãæŠäºã æªããå¹³åãååšããŸãã
|
Thus, even though every civilian killed, maimed, raped, or tortured is one too many, the fact that the number of civilian casualties is clearly lower today than it was a decade ago, is good news.
|
ã§ãã®ã§ æ°éäººãæ®ºå®³ããïŒ äžå
·ã«ãã ã¬ã€ããã æ·åãããã®ãæãŸãããªãäž æ°é人ã®ç ç²è
æ°ã éå»10幎åã«æ¯ã¹ãŠ æããã«æžå°ããŠãã ãšããäºå®ã¯ è¯ãç¥ãããšãããã§ããã
|
So, we have fewer conflicts today in which fewer people get killed.
|
ã§ã¯ ããã«ã¡çŽäºãæžã ãã®ç ç²è
ã®æ°ãæžã£ãŠãã
|
And the big question, of course, is why?
|
ãã®ãçç±ããšã¯ äœãªã®ã§ããããïŒ
|
In some cases, there is a military victory of one side.
|
ããã€ãã®äŸã§ã¯ äžæ¹çãªæŠåå¶å§ããããŸãã
|
This is a solution of sorts, but rarely is it one that comes without human costs or humanitarian consequences.
|
ãã㯠å
æŠçµçµã®çºã®äžã€ã®ææ®µãšã¯ãã ãããŠãã®å Žåã«ã¯ çåœã人éçç ç²ã 䌎ããŸã
|
The defeat of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka is perhaps the most recent example of this, but we have seen similar so-called military solutions in the Balkans, in the South Caucasus and across most of Africa.
|
ã¹ãªã©ã³ã«ã«ããããã¿ãã«è§£æŸã®èãã®æå㯠ããããçŽè¿ã®äŸã§ããã ããã 䌌ããããªã±ãŒã¹ãšã㊠ããããè»äºç解決ãšãããã®ã ãã«ã«ã³ åã³ãŒã«ãµã¹ ãããŠã¢ããªã«åå°ã§ãèŠãããŸã
|
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