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(Laughter) So the second approach is redesigning education itself.
笑 さお、二぀目のアプロヌチは、教育自䜓のリデザむンです
This is the most complex.
これが最も耇雑です
It's a systems-level look at how education is administered and what is being offered and to whom.
教育がどのように管理され 䜕が、誰に察しお提䟛されおいるのか システム党䜓を俯瞰したす
So for us, this was a graphic public campaign called Connect Bertie.
さお、こちらは「コネクトバヌティ」ずいう グラフィックを甚いた公共キャンペヌンです
There are thousands of these blue dots all over the county.
このシンボルをバヌティ郡党䜓の数千箇所に掲瀺したした
And this was for a fund that the school district had to put a desktop computer and a broadband Internet connection in every home with a child in the public school system.
たた、これらは孊区内の生埒の党家庭に デスクトップコンピュヌタずブロヌドバンド・むンタヌネットを 提䟛するための資金源になりたす ただ、珟時点では
Right now I should say, there are only 10 percent of the houses that actually have an in-home Internet connection.
実際に家庭内でのむンタヌネット接続を 確保できおいるのは 10%にずどたっおいたす
And the only places to get WiFi are in the school buildings, or at the Bojangles Fried Chicken joint, which I find myself squatting outside of a lot.
iFi接続ができる堎所は、校舎内ず ボゞャングルス・フラむドチキンの店舗しかありたせん よくお店の倖で電波を拝借しおいたした
Aside from, you know, getting people excited and wondering what the heck these blue dots were all over the place, it asked the school system to envision how it might become a catalyst for a more connected community.
それから、人々が 「この青いシンボルはなんだろう」ずわくわくするこずで 孊校ずいうシステムが コミュニティ内の぀ながりを匷化する 存圚になるず、思い描くこずになりたす
It asked them to reach outside of the school walls and to think about how they could play a role in the community's development.
孊校の壁を越えお コミュニティの発展のために どんな圹割を担えるのかを考えさせるのです
So the first batch of computers are being installed later this summer, and we're helping Dr. Zullinger develop some strategies around how we might connect the classroom and the home to extend learning beyond the school day.
最初に導入される䞀匏のコンピュヌタは 今倏の䞋旬から導入が進んでいたす 私たちはザリンゞャヌ博士を支揎しお 教宀ず家庭の぀ながりを匷め、孊校にいる時間以倖にも 孊びを深めおいけるような戊略を緎っおいたす
And then the third approach, which is what I'm most excited about, which is where we are now, is: design as education.
そしお、第䞉のアプロヌチは、私たちが最もわくわくしおいる 珟圚も進行䞭の 「教育ずしおのデザむン」です
It also means that designers are no longer consultants, but we're teachers, and we are charged with growing creative capital within the next generation.
蚀い換えれば、私たちデザむナヌはもはや コンサルタントではなく、教垫であり 次䞖代を担う創造的資本の成長に 責任を負っおいたす
And what design offers as an educational framework is an antidote to all of the boring, rigid, verbal instruction that so many of these school districts are plagued by.
教育フレヌムワヌクずしおのデザむンは 退屈で硬盎した、蚀葉だけの授業に 苊しんできた倚くの孊区で 解毒剀のように働きたす
It's hands-on, it's in-your-face, it requires an active engagement, and it allows kids to apply all the core subject learning in real ways.
それは実践的で、挑戊的で 積極的な参加を必芁ずしたすが 子どもたちは必修科目を 真に孊ぶべき方法で孊べたす
So we started thinking about the legacy of shop class and how shop class -- wood and metal shop class in particular -- historically, has been something intended for kids who aren't going to go to college.
私たちはこう思っおいたす これたでの工䜜クラス ずくに朚工ず金工の授業は そもそもは、倧孊にいく぀もりのない 生埒たちのためのものだったのです
It's a vocational training path.
たるで職業蚓緎なのです
It's working-class; it's blue-collar.
劎働者階玚、ブルヌカラヌ的
The projects are things like, let's make a birdhouse for your mom for Christmas.
䟋えば、母芪ぞのクリスマスプレれントに 巣箱を䜜ろうずいう課題です
And in recent decades, a lot of the funding for shop class has gone away entirely.
ここ十数幎にわたり、工䜜クラスの予算は ほずんどれロたで削枛されたした
So we thought, what if you could bring back shop class, but this time orient the projects around things that the community needed, and to infuse shop class with a more critical and creative-design-thinking studio process.
そこで私たちは、工䜜クラスの再建を詊みたした ただ今回は、コミュニティで求められる ニヌズに沿ったものを目指し 工䜜クラスに、より重倧で創造的な デザむン思考プロセスを組み蟌むこずを考えたした
So we took this kind of nebulous idea and have worked really closely with Dr. Zullinger for the past year on writing this as a one-year curriculum offered at the high school level to the junior class.
この挠然ずしたアむデアをもずに ザリンゞャヌ博士ず密に連携をずりながら これたでの幎間で、䞭孊ず高校の 通幎のカリキュラムに取り入れおいきたした
And so this starts in four weeks, at the end of the summer, and my partner and I, Matthew and I, just went through the arduous and totally convoluted process of getting certified as high school teachers to actually run it.
この取り組みは、倏の終わりの週間から 始たりたした パヌトナヌであるマシュヌず私は 困難で耇雑な過皋を乗り越えお 高校の教垫たちに認められ
And this is what it looks like.
実践するずころたで持っおいきたした
So over the course of two semesters, the Fall and the Spring, the students spend three hours a day every single day in our 4,500 square foot studio/shop space.
秋孊期ず春孊期の ぀の孊期の間 生埒たちは毎日時間を 箄400平米の 補図宀・工房で過ごしたす
And then over the summer, they're offered a summer job.
倏の間は、圌らはむンタヌンシップを行いたした
They're paid as employees of Project H to be the construction crew with us to build these projects in the community.
プロゞェクトの埓業員ずしお絊䞎を埗ながら 建築チヌムの䞀員ずしお コミュニティにおけるプロゞェクトに携わりたした
So the first project, which will be built next summer, is an open-air farmers' market downtown, followed by bus shelters for the school bus system in the second year and home improvements for the elderly in the third year.
最初のプロゞェクトは来倏に完成する ダりンタりンの青空垂堎です 続いお幎目にはスクヌルバス甚の屋根付きのバス停 幎目には高霢者向けの䜏居を改装したす
So these are real visible projects that hopefully the students can point to and say, "I built that, and I'm proud of it."
これらは本圓に目に芋えるプロゞェクトで 生埒が指さしながら 「これは僕が䜜ったんだ、いいでしょう」ず蚀うこずができたす
So I want you to meet three of our students.
私たちの生埒を人玹介したす
This is Ryan.
䞀人目はラむアン
She is 15 years old.
15歳の女の子です
She loves agriculture and wants to be a high school teacher.
圌女は蟲業が倧奜きで、高校教垫を目指しおいたす
She wants to go to college, but she wants to come back to Bertie County, because that's where her family is from, where she calls home, and she feels very strongly about giving back to this place that she's been fairly fortunate in.
倧孊進孊を垌望しおいるのですが、バヌティ郡に戻っおきたいず蚀いたす なぜなら、バヌティ矀が家族の出身地であり、「ホヌム」ず呌ぶ堎所であり 恩恵を受けたこの堎所に察しお 恩返しをしたいず匷く思っおいるからです
So what Studio H might offer her is a way to develop skills so that she might give back in the most meaningful way.
スタゞオによっお 圌女は胜力を高め 最も有意矩なかたちで恩返しができるようになるでしょう
This is Eric. He plays for the football team.
人目ぱリックです。゚リックはフットボヌルチヌムに所属しおいたす
He is really into dirtbike racing, and he wants to be an architect.
圌はオフロヌドバむクのレヌスに倢䞭で 建築家を目指しおいたす
So for him, Studio H offers him a way to develop the skills he will need as an architect, everything from drafting to wood and metal construction to how to do research for a client.
圌はスタゞオを通じお 建築家ずしお必芁な技胜、図面を描いたり 朚や金属を組み立おたり、クラむアントに察しお リサヌチを行ったりする胜力を身に付けるこずができたす
And then this is Anthony.
人目はアン゜ニヌです
He is 16 years old, loves hunting and fishing and being outside and doing anything with his hands, and so for him, Studio H means that he can stay interested in his education through that hands-on engagement.
圌は16歳で、狩りや魚釣りが奜きで 野倖で手を動かしおいろいろなこずをするのが倧奜きです 圌にずっおは、スタゞオがあるこずで 実践的な参加を通じ、公教育に 興味を持ち続けるこずができるのです
He's interested in forestry, but he isn't sure, so if he ends up not going to college, he will have developed some industry-relevant skills.
圌は林業に興味がありたすが、ただ迷っおいたす もし倧孊に進孊しないずしおも 仕事に密接したスキルを獲埗できるこずでしょう
What design and building really offers to public education is a different kind of classroom.
実際に、デザむンず建築は、公教育に察しお、 異質な皮類の教宀を提䟛しおいるのです
So this building downtown, which may very well become the site of our future farmers' market, is now the classroom.
ダりンタりンにあるこの建物は 将来青空垂堎になるずころですが 珟圚は教宀です
And going out into the community and interviewing your neighbors about what kind of food they buy and from where and why -- that's a homework assignment.
たた、地域に出おいっお䜏民にむンタビュヌし どんな皮類の食べ物を買っおいるかや どの店で買うのか、その理由も 調べるこずが、宿題になりたす
And the ribbon-cutting ceremony at the end of the summer when they have built the farmers' market and it's open to the public -- that's the final exam.
倏の終わりには、テヌプカットの匏が行われ 青空垂堎の完成ず、垂民ぞの公開を祝いたすが それが最終詊隓です
And for the community, what design and building offers is real, visible, built progress.
デザむンず建築は、地域のコミュニティに 圢のある改善をもたらしたす
It's one project per year, and it makes the youth the biggest asset and the biggest untapped resource in imagining a new future.
プロゞェクトは幎に本 そしおそれは、若者ずいう最倧の 未開拓な資源を掘り起こしお 新しい未来を描かせおくれたす
So we recognize that Studio H, especially in its first year, is a small story -- 13 students, it's two teachers, it's one project in one place.
スタゞオは小さな物語です 特に最初の幎間は小芏暡でした 13人の生埒ず2人の教垫 ヶ所で぀のプロゞェクト
But we feel like this could work in other places.
しかし、これが他の堎所でも通甚するずいう手応えはありたす
And I really, strongly believe in the power of the small story, because it is so difficult to do humanitarian work at a global scale.
この小さな物語が秘めおいる力を、心から信じおいたす グロヌバルな芏暡で、人間䞭心の プロゞェクトを行うこずは非垞に困難です
Because, when you zoom out that far, you lose the ability to view people as humans.
芖野を拡げすぎるず、等身倧の人間を 芋぀めるこずができなくなっおしたいたすから
Ultimately, design itself is a process of constant education for the people that we work with and for and for us as designers.
最終的には、デザむンそのものが 私たちの仲間やクラむアント、そしお デザむナヌである私たち自身にずっお やむこずのない教育課皋なのです
And let's face it, designers, we need to reinvent ourselves.
デザむナヌは、それに向き合っお、自分自身を再発芋する必芁があるのです
We need to re-educate ourselves around the things that matter, we need to work outside of our comfort zones more, and we need to be better citizens in our own backyard.
重芁な物事を自ら孊び盎し 「快適な空間」にずどたらず挑戊し それぞれが専門性を持った、よりよい垂民ずしおあるべきなのです
So while this is a very small story, we hope that it represents a step in the right direction for the future of rural communities and for the future of public education and hopefully also for the future of design.
これは本圓に小さな物語ですが 未来を目指すひず぀のステップずしお 蟲村地域の未来や 公教育や、さらにはデザむンの未来をも ぀くっおいくこずを願っおやみたせん
Thank you.
ありがずうございたした
(Applause)
拍手
Today I want to talk to you about ethnic conflict and civil war.
今日は皆様に 民族玛争ず 内戊に぀いおお話ししたす
These are not normally the most cheerful of topics, nor do they generally generate the kind of good news that this conference is about.
本来なら これは喜ばしい話題でもなければ 喜ばしい話題を生み出すものですらなく TEDトヌクが必芁ずする 明るい話題ではないでしょう
Three things stand out: leadership, diplomacy and institutional design.
重芁なのは次の3぀です 「リヌダヌシップ」「倖亀」 そしお「制床蚭蚈」
But let's start at the beginning.
たずは過去のおさらいから始めたしょう
Civil wars have made news headlines for many decades now, and ethnic conflicts in particular have been a near constant presence as a major international security threat.
内戊がニュヌスのヘッドラむンを食るようになっお 数十幎ずいう幎月が流れたしたが 特に民族玛争は 囜際安党を脅かす存圚ずしお 倧きな課題であり぀づけおいたす
For nearly two decades now, the news has been bad and the images have been haunting.
箄20幎もの間 䞍幞なニュヌスず 光景を目の圓たりにしお来たした
In Georgia, after years of stalemate, we saw a full-scale resurgence of violence in August, 2008.
グルゞアでは長幎の行き詰たりのあず 2008幎8月には 党面的な歊力衝突が再発したした
This quickly escalated into a five-day war between Russia and Georgia, leaving Georgia ever more divided.
これはすぐにロシアずグルゞアの 日間の戊争に発展し 囜内の亀裂がさらに深たるこずになりたした
In Kenya, contested presidential elections in 2007 -- we just heard about them -- quickly led to high levels of inter-ethnic violence and the killing and displacement of thousands of people.
ケニアでは2007幎の 倧統領遞挙の競争により 倧芏暡な民族間暎力ぞず進展し 数千人もの人々が殺され あるいは囜倖退去を 䜙儀なくされたした
In Sri Lanka, a decades-long civil war between the Tamil minority and the Sinhala majority led to a bloody climax in 2009, after perhaps as many as 100,000 people had been killed since 1983.
スリランカでは 10数幎にわたる内戊が 少数掟のタミル人ず 倚数掟シンハラ人の間で行われおいたしたが 2009幎に血みどろのクラむマックスを迎え 1983幎以降から およそ10䞇もの呜を 奪っおきたした
In Kyrgyzstan, just over the last few weeks, unprecedented levels of violence occurred between ethnic Kyrgyz and ethnic Uzbeks.
キルギスでは ほんの数週間前のこずですが 前䟋のない芏暡の暎力行為が キルギス人ず りズベク人の間に起きたした
Hundreds have been killed, and more than 100,000 displaced, including many ethnic Uzbeks who fled to neighboring Uzbekistan.
数癟人が殺され 10䞇人以䞊が囜を远われたした 倚数のりズベク人が 隣囜のりズベキスタンに逃れたした
In the Middle East, conflict between Israelis and Palestinians continues unabated, and it becomes ever more difficult to see how, just how a possible, sustainable solution can be achieved.
䞭東ではいただに むスラ゚ルずパレスチナが察立状態にありたす 果たしお どうすれば 持続可胜な解決法が 可胜ずなるのかずいうこずさえ 芋出すこずが たすたす困難になっおいたす
Darfur may have slipped from the news headlines, but the killing and displacement there continues as well, and the sheer human misery that it creates is very hard to fathom.
ダルフヌルスヌダンのこずは最近報道されたせんが 珟地ではいただに 殺戮や難民化が繰り返され それが生み出す悲惚さは 掚し枬るこずができたせん
And in Iraq, finally, violence is on the rise again, and the country has yet to form a government four months after its last parliamentary elections.
最埌にむラクですが 再び暎力が頭をもたげおいたす 盎近の議䌚遞挙が行われおヶ月 いただにむラクでは 政府を圢成できおいたせん
But hang on, this talk is to be about the good news.
本来のテヌマである吉報に入りたしょう
So are these now the images of the past?
先述の出来事はすでに昔話なのでしょうか
Well, notwithstanding the gloomy pictures from the Middle East, Darfur, Iraq, elsewhere, there is a longer-term trend that does represent some good news.
そうです 䞭東 ダルフヌル むラクを含む様々な堎所で 惚劇は起きおいるずはいえ 長期的な傟向からは 良いニュヌスが読み取れたす
Over the past two decades, since the end of the Cold War, there has been an overall decline in the number of civil wars.
冷戊終結埌の過去20幎間 党䜓的に内戊の数は 枛少傟向にありたす
Since the high in the early 1990s, with about 50 such civil wars ongoing, we now have 30 percent fewer such conflicts today.
90幎代初期には 箄50もの内戊が起きおいたした その数は珟圚 30パヌセント枛少しおいたす
The number of people killed in civil wars also is much lower today than it was a decade ago or two.
同じく内戊の死者数も 10幎 20幎前に比べ 枛っおいたす
But this trend is less unambiguous.
この傟向はやや䞍芏則です
The highest level of deaths on the battlefield was recorded between 1998 and 2001, with about 80,000 soldiers, policemen and rebels killed every year.
戊死者数が最も倚かった時期は 1998幎~2001幎に蚘録され 毎幎玄8䞇人の兵士 譊察 反乱軍兵士が 戊死したした
The lowest number of combatant casualties occurred in 2003, with just 20,000 killed.
戊死者数が最も少なかったのは 2003幎で 2䞇人にずどたりたした
Despite the up and down since then, the overall trend -- and this is the important bit -- clearly points downward for the past two decades.
このような䞊䞋動があるずはいえ 党䜓的な傟向は― たさにこれこそが重芁な郚分ですが― 明らかに過去20幎間で 枛少傟向にあるこずを瀺しおいたす
The news about civilian casualties is also less bad than it used to be.
民間人の犠牲者数も か぀おに比べればたしになっおいたす
From over 12,000 civilians deliberately killed in civil wars in 1997 and 1998, a decade later, this figure stands at 4,000.
1侇2千人もの民間人が 内戊によっお殺害されおいたのは 1997幎ず1998幎ですが 10幎埌 その数は千に枛少したした
This is a decrease by two-thirds.
の枛少です
This decline would be even more obvious if we factored in the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
この枛少傟向に぀いおは 1994幎に起きたルワンダでの虐殺も考慮に入れるず より明確なものずなりたす
But then 800,000 civilians were slaughtered in a matter of just a few months.
たった数ヶ月の間に 民間人80䞇が 殺害された事件です
This certainly is an accomplishment that must never be surpassed.
このような蚘録は 二床ず塗り替えられおはならないでしょう
What is also important is to note that these figures only tell part of the story.
たた重芁なのは これらの数字が 起きたこずの䞀郚しか語っおいない点です
They exclude people that died as a consequence of civil war, from hunger or disease, for example.
これらの数字に含たれおいない人々 䟋えば内戊の結果ずしお逓死 病死した人々の数は ここでは含たれおいたせん
And they also do not properly account for civilian suffering more generally.
たたこれらの数字に含たれおいないのは より広い意味で苊しみを背負った人びずの数です
Torture, rape and ethnic cleansing have become highly effective, if often non-lethal, weapons in civil war.
拷問 匷姊 民族浄化は 死に至らしめないにせよ 内戊䞋で倧きな打撃を䞎える歊噚です
To put it differently, for the civilians that suffer the consequences of ethnic conflict and civil war, there is no good war and there is no bad peace.
蚀っおみれば 民族玛争や内戊で苊しむ 民間人にずっお 良き戊争も 悪しき平和も存圚したせん
Thus, even though every civilian killed, maimed, raped, or tortured is one too many, the fact that the number of civilian casualties is clearly lower today than it was a decade ago, is good news.
ですので 民間人が殺害され 䞍具にされ レむプされ 拷問されるのが望たしくない䞭 民間人の犠牲者数が 過去10幎前に比べお 明らかに枛少しおいる ずいう事実は 良い知らせずいえるでしょう
So, we have fewer conflicts today in which fewer people get killed.
では こんにち玛争が枛り その犠牲者の数も枛っおいる
And the big question, of course, is why?
その「理由」ずは 䜕なのでしょうか
In some cases, there is a military victory of one side.
いく぀かの䟋では 䞀方的な歊力制圧がありたした
This is a solution of sorts, but rarely is it one that comes without human costs or humanitarian consequences.
これは 内戊終結の為の䞀぀の手段ずはいえ たいおいの堎合には 生呜や人道的犠牲が 䌎いたす
The defeat of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka is perhaps the most recent example of this, but we have seen similar so-called military solutions in the Balkans, in the South Caucasus and across most of Africa.
スリランカにおける「タミル解攟の虎」の敗北は おそらく盎近の䟋でしょう しかし 䌌たようなケヌスずしお いわゆる軍事的解決ずいうものが バルカン 南コヌカサス そしおアフリカ各地でも芋られたす