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1401.3836
Liyue Zhao
Liyue Zhao, Yu Zhang and Gita Sukthankar
An Active Learning Approach for Jointly Estimating Worker Performance and Annotation Reliability with Crowdsourced Data
10 pages
null
null
null
cs.LG cs.HC
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Crowdsourcing platforms offer a practical solution to the problem of affordably annotating large datasets for training supervised classifiers. Unfortunately, poor worker performance frequently threatens to compromise annotation reliability, and requesting multiple labels for every instance can lead to large cost increases without guaranteeing good results. Minimizing the required training samples using an active learning selection procedure reduces the labeling requirement but can jeopardize classifier training by focusing on erroneous annotations. This paper presents an active learning approach in which worker performance, task difficulty, and annotation reliability are jointly estimated and used to compute the risk function guiding the sample selection procedure. We demonstrate that the proposed approach, which employs active learning with Bayesian networks, significantly improves training accuracy and correctly ranks the expertise of unknown labelers in the presence of annotation noise.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:51:19 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Zhao", "Liyue", "" ], [ "Zhang", "Yu", "" ], [ "Sukthankar", "Gita", "" ] ]
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1401.3837
Moshe Babaioff
Moshe Babaioff, Michal Feldman, Noam Nisan
Mixed Strategies in Combinatorial Agency
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 339-369, 2010
10.1613/jair.2961
null
cs.GT
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In many multiagent domains a set of agents exert effort towards a joint outcome, yet the individual effort levels cannot be easily observed. A typical example for such a scenario is routing in communication networks, where the sender can only observe whether the packet reached its destination, but often has no information about the actions of the intermediate routers, which influences the final outcome. We study a setting where a principal needs to motivate a team of agents whose combination of hidden efforts stochastically determines an outcome. In a companion paper we devise and study a basic combinatorial agency model for this setting, where the principal is restricted to inducing a pure Nash equilibrium. Here we study various implications of this restriction. First, we show that, in contrast to the case of observable efforts, inducing a mixed-strategies equilibrium may be beneficial for the principal. Second, we present a sufficient condition for technologies for which no gain can be generated. Third, we bound the principals gain for various families of technologies. Finally, we study the robustness of mixed equilibria to coalitional deviations and the computational hardness of the optimal mixed equilibria.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:51:30 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Babaioff", "Moshe", "" ], [ "Feldman", "Michal", "" ], [ "Nisan", "Noam", "" ] ]
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1401.3838
Claudette Cayrol
Claudette Cayrol, Florence Dupin de Saint-Cyr, Marie-Christine Lagasquie-Schiex
Change in Abstract Argumentation Frameworks: Adding an Argument
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 49-84, 2010
10.1613/jair.2965
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In this paper, we address the problem of change in an abstract argumentation system. We focus on a particular change: the addition of a new argument which interacts with previous arguments. We study the impact of such an addition on the outcome of the argumentation system, more particularly on the set of its extensions. Several properties for this change operation are defined by comparing the new set of extensions to the initial one, these properties are called structural when the comparisons are based on set-cardinality or set-inclusion relations. Several other properties are proposed where comparisons are based on the status of some particular arguments: the accepted arguments; these properties refer to the evolution of this status during the change, e.g., Monotony and Priority to Recency. All these properties may be more or less desirable according to specific applications. They are studied under two particular semantics: the grounded and preferred semantics.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:52:08 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Cayrol", "Claudette", "" ], [ "de Saint-Cyr", "Florence Dupin", "" ], [ "Lagasquie-Schiex", "Marie-Christine", "" ] ]
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1401.3839
Silvia Richter
Silvia Richter, Matthias Westphal
The LAMA Planner: Guiding Cost-Based Anytime Planning with Landmarks
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 127-177, 2010
10.1613/jair.2972
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
LAMA is a classical planning system based on heuristic forward search. Its core feature is the use of a pseudo-heuristic derived from landmarks, propositional formulas that must be true in every solution of a planning task. LAMA builds on the Fast Downward planning system, using finite-domain rather than binary state variables and multi-heuristic search. The latter is employed to combine the landmark heuristic with a variant of the well-known FF heuristic. Both heuristics are cost-sensitive, focusing on high-quality solutions in the case where actions have non-uniform cost. A weighted A* search is used with iteratively decreasing weights, so that the planner continues to search for plans of better quality until the search is terminated. LAMA showed best performance among all planners in the sequential satisficing track of the International Planning Competition 2008. In this paper we present the system in detail and investigate which features of LAMA are crucial for its performance. We present individual results for some of the domains used at the competition, demonstrating good and bad cases for the techniques implemented in LAMA. Overall, we find that using landmarks improves performance, whereas the incorporation of action costs into the heuristic estimators proves not to be beneficial. We show that in some domains a search that ignores cost solves far more problems, raising the question of how to deal with action costs more effectively in the future. The iterated weighted A* search greatly improves results, and shows synergy effects with the use of landmarks.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:52:55 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Richter", "Silvia", "" ], [ "Westphal", "Matthias", "" ] ]
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1401.3840
Johan Wittocx
Johan Wittocx, Maarten Mari\"en, Marc Denecker
Grounding FO and FO(ID) with Bounds
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 223-269, 2010
10.1613/jair.2980
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Grounding is the task of reducing a first-order theory and finite domain to an equivalent propositional theory. It is used as preprocessing phase in many logic-based reasoning systems. Such systems provide a rich first-order input language to a user and can rely on efficient propositional solvers to perform the actual reasoning. Besides a first-order theory and finite domain, the input for grounders contains in many applications also additional data. By exploiting this data, the size of the grounders output can often be reduced significantly. A common practice to improve the efficiency of a grounder in this context is by manually adding semantically redundant information to the input theory, indicating where and when the grounder should exploit the data. In this paper we present a method to compute and add such redundant information automatically. Our method therefore simplifies the task of writing input theories that can be grounded efficiently by current systems. We first present our method for classical first-order logic (FO) theories. Then we extend it to FO(ID), the extension of FO with inductive definitions, which allows for more concise and comprehensive input theories. We discuss implementation issues and experimentally validate the practical applicability of our method.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:53:20 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Wittocx", "Johan", "" ], [ "Mariën", "Maarten", "" ], [ "Denecker", "Marc", "" ] ]
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1401.3841
Mark Owen Riedl
Mark Owen Riedl, Robert Michael Young
Narrative Planning: Balancing Plot and Character
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 217-268, 2010
10.1613/jair.2989
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Narrative, and in particular storytelling, is an important part of the human experience. Consequently, computational systems that can reason about narrative can be more effective communicators, entertainers, educators, and trainers. One of the central challenges in computational narrative reasoning is narrative generation, the automated creation of meaningful event sequences. There are many factors -- logical and aesthetic -- that contribute to the success of a narrative artifact. Central to this success is its understandability. We argue that the following two attributes of narratives are universal: (a) the logical causal progression of plot, and (b) character believability. Character believability is the perception by the audience that the actions performed by characters do not negatively impact the audiences suspension of disbelief. Specifically, characters must be perceived by the audience to be intentional agents. In this article, we explore the use of refinement search as a technique for solving the narrative generation problem -- to find a sound and believable sequence of character actions that transforms an initial world state into a world state in which goal propositions hold. We describe a novel refinement search planning algorithm -- the Intent-based Partial Order Causal Link (IPOCL) planner -- that, in addition to creating causally sound plot progression, reasons about character intentionality by identifying possible character goals that explain their actions and creating plan structures that explain why those characters commit to their goals. We present the results of an empirical evaluation that demonstrates that narrative plans generated by the IPOCL algorithm support audience comprehension of character intentions better than plans generated by conventional partial-order planners.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:54:07 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Riedl", "Mark Owen", "" ], [ "Young", "Robert Michael", "" ] ]
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1401.3842
David Lesaint
David Lesaint, Deepak Mehta, Barry O'Sullivan, Luis Quesada, Nic Wilson
Developing Approaches for Solving a Telecommunications Feature Subscription Problem
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 271-305, 2010
10.1613/jair.2992
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Call control features (e.g., call-divert, voice-mail) are primitive options to which users can subscribe off-line to personalise their service. The configuration of a feature subscription involves choosing and sequencing features from a catalogue and is subject to constraints that prevent undesirable feature interactions at run-time. When the subscription requested by a user is inconsistent, one problem is to find an optimal relaxation, which is a generalisation of the feedback vertex set problem on directed graphs, and thus it is an NP-hard task. We present several constraint programming formulations of the problem. We also present formulations using partial weighted maximum Boolean satisfiability and mixed integer linear programming. We study all these formulations by experimentally comparing them on a variety of randomly generated instances of the feature subscription problem.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:54:27 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Lesaint", "David", "" ], [ "Mehta", "Deepak", "" ], [ "O'Sullivan", "Barry", "" ], [ "Quesada", "Luis", "" ], [ "Wilson", "Nic", "" ] ]
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1401.3843
Kenny Daniel
Kenny Daniel, Alex Nash, Sven Koenig, Ariel Felner
Theta*: Any-Angle Path Planning on Grids
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 533-579, 2010
10.1613/jair.2994
null
cs.CG cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Grids with blocked and unblocked cells are often used to represent terrain in robotics and video games. However, paths formed by grid edges can be longer than true shortest paths in the terrain since their headings are artificially constrained. We present two new correct and complete any-angle path-planning algorithms that avoid this shortcoming. Basic Theta* and Angle-Propagation Theta* are both variants of A* that propagate information along grid edges without constraining paths to grid edges. Basic Theta* is simple to understand and implement, fast and finds short paths. However, it is not guaranteed to find true shortest paths. Angle-Propagation Theta* achieves a better worst-case complexity per vertex expansion than Basic Theta* by propagating angle ranges when it expands vertices, but is more complex, not as fast and finds slightly longer paths. We refer to Basic Theta* and Angle-Propagation Theta* collectively as Theta*. Theta* has unique properties, which we analyze in detail. We show experimentally that it finds shorter paths than both A* with post-smoothed paths and Field D* (the only other version of A* we know of that propagates information along grid edges without constraining paths to grid edges) with a runtime comparable to that of A* on grids. Finally, we extend Theta* to grids that contain unblocked cells with non-uniform traversal costs and introduce variants of Theta* which provide different tradeoffs between path length and runtime.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:55:01 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Daniel", "Kenny", "" ], [ "Nash", "Alex", "" ], [ "Koenig", "Sven", "" ], [ "Felner", "Ariel", "" ] ]
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Theta*: Any-Angle Path Planning on Grids
http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.3843v1
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1401.3843v1.pdf
https://github.com/PathPlanning/ORCA-algorithm
false
false
https://paperswithcode.com/paper/theta-any-angle-path-planning-on-grids
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1401.3844
Yagil Engel
Yagil Engel, Michael P. Wellman
Multiattribute Auctions Based on Generalized Additive Independence
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 37, pages 479-525, 2010
10.1613/jair.3002
null
cs.GT cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We develop multiattribute auctions that accommodate generalized additive independent (GAI) preferences. We propose an iterative auction mechanism that maintains prices on potentially overlapping GAI clusters of attributes, thus decreases elicitation and computational burden, and creates an open competition among suppliers over a multidimensional domain. Most significantly, the auction is guaranteed to achieve surplus which approximates optimal welfare up to a small additive factor, under reasonable equilibrium strategies of traders. The main departure of GAI auctions from previous literature is to accommodate non-additive trader preferences, hence allowing traders to condition their evaluation of specific attributes on the value of other attributes. At the same time, the GAI structure supports a compact representation of prices, enabling a tractable auction process. We perform a simulation study, demonstrating and quantifying the significant efficiency advantage of more expressive preference modeling. We draw random GAI-structured utility functions with various internal structures, generate additive functions that approximate the GAI utility, and compare the performance of the auctions using the two representations. We find that allowing traders to express existing dependencies among attributes improves the economic efficiency of multiattribute auctions.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:55:39 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Engel", "Yagil", "" ], [ "Wellman", "Michael P.", "" ] ]
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1401.3845
Jianhui Wu
Jianhui Wu, Edmund H. Durfee
Resource-Driven Mission-Phasing Techniques for Constrained Agents in Stochastic Environments
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 415-473, 2010
10.1613/jair.3004
null
cs.MA cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Because an agents resources dictate what actions it can possibly take, it should plan which resources it holds over time carefully, considering its inherent limitations (such as power or payload restrictions), the competing needs of other agents for the same resources, and the stochastic nature of the environment. Such agents can, in general, achieve more of their objectives if they can use --- and even create --- opportunities to change which resources they hold at various times. Driven by resource constraints, the agents could break their overall missions into an optimal series of phases, optimally reconfiguring their resources at each phase, and optimally using their assigned resources in each phase, given their knowledge of the stochastic environment. In this paper, we formally define and analyze this constrained, sequential optimization problem in both the single-agent and multi-agent contexts. We present a family of mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations of this problem that can optimally create phases (when phases are not predefined) accounting for costs and limitations in phase creation. Because our formulations multaneously also find the optimal allocations of resources at each phase and the optimal policies for using the allocated resources at each phase, they exploit structure across these coupled problems. This allows them to find solutions significantly faster(orders of magnitude faster in larger problems) than alternative solution techniques, as we demonstrate empirically.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:56:30 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Wu", "Jianhui", "" ], [ "Durfee", "Edmund H.", "" ] ]
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1401.3846
Graeme Gange
Graeme Gange, Peter James Stuckey, Vitaly Lagoon
Fast Set Bounds Propagation Using a BDD-SAT Hybrid
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 307-338, 2010
10.1613/jair.3014
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) based set bounds propagation is a powerful approach to solving set-constraint satisfaction problems. However, prior BDD based techniques in- cur the significant overhead of constructing and manipulating graphs during search. We present a set-constraint solver which combines BDD-based set-bounds propagators with the learning abilities of a modern SAT solver. Together with a number of improvements beyond the basic algorithm, this solver is highly competitive with existing propagation based set constraint solvers.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:56:56 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Gange", "Graeme", "" ], [ "Stuckey", "Peter James", "" ], [ "Lagoon", "Vitaly", "" ] ]
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1401.3847
Jia-Hong Wu
Jia-Hong Wu, Robert Givan
Automatic Induction of Bellman-Error Features for Probabilistic Planning
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 687-755, 2010
10.1613/jair.3021
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Domain-specific features are important in representing problem structure throughout machine learning and decision-theoretic planning. In planning, once state features are provided, domain-independent algorithms such as approximate value iteration can learn weighted combinations of those features that often perform well as heuristic estimates of state value (e.g., distance to the goal). Successful applications in real-world domains often require features crafted by human experts. Here, we propose automatic processes for learning useful domain-specific feature sets with little or no human intervention. Our methods select and add features that describe state-space regions of high inconsistency in the Bellman equation (statewise Bellman error) during approximate value iteration. Our method can be applied using any real-valued-feature hypothesis space and corresponding learning method for selecting features from training sets of state-value pairs. We evaluate the method with hypothesis spaces defined by both relational and propositional feature languages, using nine probabilistic planning domains. We show that approximate value iteration using a relational feature space performs at the state-of-the-art in domain-independent stochastic relational planning. Our method provides the first domain-independent approach that plays Tetris successfully (without human-engineered features).
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:57:22 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Wu", "Jia-Hong", "" ], [ "Givan", "Robert", "" ] ]
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1401.3848
Alexander Feldman
Alexander Feldman, Gregory Provan, Arjan van Gemund
Approximate Model-Based Diagnosis Using Greedy Stochastic Search
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 371-413, 2010
10.1613/jair.3025
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We propose a StochAstic Fault diagnosis AlgoRIthm, called SAFARI, which trades off guarantees of computing minimal diagnoses for computational efficiency. We empirically demonstrate, using the 74XXX and ISCAS-85 suites of benchmark combinatorial circuits, that SAFARI achieves several orders-of-magnitude speedup over two well-known deterministic algorithms, CDA* and HA*, for multiple-fault diagnoses; further, SAFARI can compute a range of multiple-fault diagnoses that CDA* and HA* cannot. We also prove that SAFARI is optimal for a range of propositional fault models, such as the widely-used weak-fault models (models with ignorance of abnormal behavior). We discuss the optimality of SAFARI in a class of strong-fault circuit models with stuck-at failure modes. By modeling the algorithm itself as a Markov chain, we provide exact bounds on the minimality of the diagnosis computed. SAFARI also displays strong anytime behavior, and will return a diagnosis after any non-trivial inference time.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:57:50 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Feldman", "Alexander", "" ], [ "Provan", "Gregory", "" ], [ "van Gemund", "Arjan", "" ] ]
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1401.3849
Sebastian Rudolph
Sebastian Rudolph, Birte Glimm
Nominals, Inverses, Counting, and Conjunctive Queries or: Why Infinity is your Friend!
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 429-481, 2010
10.1613/jair.3029
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Description Logics are knowledge representation formalisms that provide, for example, the logical underpinning of the W3C OWL standards. Conjunctive queries, the standard query language in databases, have recently gained significant attention as an expressive formalism for querying Description Logic knowledge bases. Several different techniques for deciding conjunctive query entailment are available for a wide range of DLs. Nevertheless, the combination of nominals, inverse roles, and number restrictions in OWL 1 and OWL 2 DL causes unsolvable problems for the techniques hitherto available. We tackle this problem and present a decidability result for entailment of unions of conjunctive queries in the DL ALCHOIQb that contains all three problematic constructors simultaneously. Provided that queries contain only simple roles, our result also shows decidability of entailment of (unions of) conjunctive queries in the logic that underpins OWL 1 DL and we believe that the presented results will pave the way for further progress towards conjunctive query entailment decision procedures for the Description Logics underlying the OWL standards.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:58:22 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Rudolph", "Sebastian", "" ], [ "Glimm", "Birte", "" ] ]
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1401.3850
Alexander Feldman
Alexander Feldman, Gregory Provan, Arjan van Gemund
A Model-Based Active Testing Approach to Sequential Diagnosis
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 301-334, 2010
10.1613/jair.3031
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Model-based diagnostic reasoning often leads to a large number of diagnostic hypotheses. The set of diagnoses can be reduced by taking into account extra observations (passive monitoring), measuring additional variables (probing) or executing additional tests (sequential diagnosis/test sequencing). In this paper we combine the above approaches with techniques from Automated Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) and Model-Based Diagnosis (MBD) into a framework called FRACTAL (FRamework for ACtive Testing ALgorithms). Apart from the inputs and outputs that connect a system to its environment, in active testing we consider additional input variables to which a sequence of test vectors can be supplied. We address the computationally hard problem of computing optimal control assignments (as defined in FRACTAL) in terms of a greedy approximation algorithm called FRACTAL-G. We compare the decrease in the number of remaining minimal cardinality diagnoses of FRACTAL-G to that of two more FRACTAL algorithms: FRACTAL-ATPG and FRACTAL-P. FRACTAL-ATPG is based on ATPG and sequential diagnosis while FRACTAL-P is based on probing and, although not an active testing algorithm, provides a baseline for comparing the lower bound on the number of reachable diagnoses for the FRACTAL algorithms. We empirically evaluate the trade-offs of the three FRACTAL algorithms by performing extensive experimentation on the ISCAS85/74XXX benchmark of combinational circuits.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:58:46 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Feldman", "Alexander", "" ], [ "Provan", "Gregory", "" ], [ "van Gemund", "Arjan", "" ] ]
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1401.3851
Jing Xu
Jing Xu, Christian R. Shelton
Intrusion Detection using Continuous Time Bayesian Networks
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 745-774, 2010
10.1613/jair.3050
null
cs.AI cs.CR
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) fall into two high-level categories: network-based systems (NIDS) that monitor network behaviors, and host-based systems (HIDS) that monitor system calls. In this work, we present a general technique for both systems. We use anomaly detection, which identifies patterns not conforming to a historic norm. In both types of systems, the rates of change vary dramatically over time (due to burstiness) and over components (due to service difference). To efficiently model such systems, we use continuous time Bayesian networks (CTBNs) and avoid specifying a fixed update interval common to discrete-time models. We build generative models from the normal training data, and abnormal behaviors are flagged based on their likelihood under this norm. For NIDS, we construct a hierarchical CTBN model for the network packet traces and use Rao-Blackwellized particle filtering to learn the parameters. We illustrate the power of our method through experiments on detecting real worms and identifying hosts on two publicly available network traces, the MAWI dataset and the LBNL dataset. For HIDS, we develop a novel learning method to deal with the finite resolution of system log file time stamps, without losing the benefits of our continuous time model. We demonstrate the method by detecting intrusions in the DARPA 1998 BSM dataset.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:59:06 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Xu", "Jing", "" ], [ "Shelton", "Christian R.", "" ] ]
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1401.3852
Gianluigi Greco
Gianluigi Greco, Enrico Malizia, Luigi Palopoli, Francesco Scarcello
Non-Transferable Utility Coalitional Games via Mixed-Integer Linear Constraints
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 633-685, 2010
10.1613/jair.3060
null
cs.GT
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Coalitional games serve the purpose of modeling payoff distribution problems in scenarios where agents can collaborate by forming coalitions in order to obtain higher worths than by acting in isolation. In the classical Transferable Utility (TU) setting, coalition worths can be freely distributed amongst agents. However, in several application scenarios, this is not the case and the Non-Transferable Utility setting (NTU) must be considered, where additional application-oriented constraints are imposed on the possible worth distributions. In this paper, an approach to define NTU games is proposed which is based on describing allowed distributions via a set of mixed-integer linear constraints applied to an underlying TU game. It is shown that such games allow non-transferable conditions on worth distributions to be specified in a natural and succinct way. The properties and the relationships among the most prominent solution concepts for NTU games that hold when they are applied on (mixed-integer) constrained games are investigated. Finally, a thorough analysis is carried out to assess the impact of issuing constraints on the computational complexity of some of these solution concepts.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:59:32 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Greco", "Gianluigi", "" ], [ "Malizia", "Enrico", "" ], [ "Palopoli", "Luigi", "" ], [ "Scarcello", "Francesco", "" ] ]
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1401.3853
Michael Katz
Michael Katz, Carmel Domshlak
Implicit Abstraction Heuristics
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 51-126, 2010
10.1613/jair.3063
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
State-space search with explicit abstraction heuristics is at the state of the art of cost-optimal planning. These heuristics are inherently limited, nonetheless, because the size of the abstract space must be bounded by some, even if a very large, constant. Targeting this shortcoming, we introduce the notion of (additive) implicit abstractions, in which the planning task is abstracted by instances of tractable fragments of optimal planning. We then introduce a concrete setting of this framework, called fork-decomposition, that is based on two novel fragments of tractable cost-optimal planning. The induced admissible heuristics are then studied formally and empirically. This study testifies for the accuracy of the fork decomposition heuristics, yet our empirical evaluation also stresses the tradeoff between their accuracy and the runtime complexity of computing them. Indeed, some of the power of the explicit abstraction heuristics comes from precomputing the heuristic function offline and then determining h(s) for each evaluated state s by a very fast lookup in a database. By contrast, while fork-decomposition heuristics can be calculated in polynomial time, computing them is far from being fast. To address this problem, we show that the time-per-node complexity bottleneck of the fork-decomposition heuristics can be successfully overcome. We demonstrate that an equivalent of the explicit abstraction notion of a database exists for the fork-decomposition abstractions as well, despite their exponential-size abstract spaces. We then verify empirically that heuristic search with the databased" fork-decomposition heuristics favorably competes with the state of the art of cost-optimal planning.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 04:59:55 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Katz", "Michael", "" ], [ "Domshlak", "Carmel", "" ] ]
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1401.3854
Bonny Banerjee
Bonny Banerjee, B. Chandrasekaran
A Constraint Satisfaction Framework for Executing Perceptions and Actions in Diagrammatic Reasoning
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 373-427, 2010
10.1613/jair.3069
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Diagrammatic reasoning (DR) is pervasive in human problem solving as a powerful adjunct to symbolic reasoning based on language-like representations. The research reported in this paper is a contribution to building a general purpose DR system as an extension to a SOAR-like problem solving architecture. The work is in a framework in which DR is modeled as a process where subtasks are solved, as appropriate, either by inference from symbolic representations or by interaction with a diagram, i.e., perceiving specified information from a diagram or modifying/creating objects in a diagram in specified ways according to problem solving needs. The perceptions and actions in most DR systems built so far are hand-coded for the specific application, even when the rest of the system is built using the general architecture. The absence of a general framework for executing perceptions/actions poses as a major hindrance to using them opportunistically -- the essence of open-ended search in problem solving. Our goal is to develop a framework for executing a wide variety of specified perceptions and actions across tasks/domains without human intervention. We observe that the domain/task-specific visual perceptions/actions can be transformed into domain/task-independent spatial problems. We specify a spatial problem as a quantified constraint satisfaction problem in the real domain using an open-ended vocabulary of properties, relations and actions involving three kinds of diagrammatic objects -- points, curves, regions. Solving a spatial problem from this specification requires computing the equivalent simplified quantifier-free expression, the complexity of which is inherently doubly exponential. We represent objects as configuration of simple elements to facilitate decomposition of complex problems into simpler and similar subproblems. We show that, if the symbolic solution to a subproblem can be expressed concisely, quantifiers can be eliminated from spatial problems in low-order polynomial time using similar previously solved subproblems. This requires determining the similarity of two problems, the existence of a mapping between them computable in polynomial time, and designing a memory for storing previously solved problems so as to facilitate search. The efficacy of the idea is shown by time complexity analysis. We demonstrate the proposed approach by executing perceptions and actions involved in DR tasks in two army applications.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:00:46 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Banerjee", "Bonny", "" ], [ "Chandrasekaran", "B.", "" ] ]
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1401.3855
Michael Benisch
Michael Benisch, George B. Davis, Tuomas Sandholm
Algorithms for Closed Under Rational Behavior (CURB) Sets
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 513-534, 2010
10.1613/jair.3070
null
cs.GT cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We provide a series of algorithms demonstrating that solutions according to the fundamental game-theoretic solution concept of closed under rational behavior (CURB) sets in two-player, normal-form games can be computed in polynomial time (we also discuss extensions to n-player games). First, we describe an algorithm that identifies all of a player's best responses conditioned on the belief that the other player will play from within a given subset of its strategy space. This algorithm serves as a subroutine in a series of polynomial-time algorithms for finding all minimal CURB sets, one minimal CURB set, and the smallest minimal CURB set in a game. We then show that the complexity of finding a Nash equilibrium can be exponential only in the size of a game's smallest CURB set. Related to this, we show that the smallest CURB set can be an arbitrarily small portion of the game, but it can also be arbitrarily larger than the supports of its only enclosed Nash equilibrium. We test our algorithms empirically and find that most commonly studied academic games tend to have either very large or very small minimal CURB sets.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:01:13 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Benisch", "Michael", "" ], [ "Davis", "George B.", "" ], [ "Sandholm", "Tuomas", "" ] ]
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1401.3856
Georgios Chalkiadakis
Georgios Chalkiadakis, Edith Elkind, Evangelos Markakis, Maria Polukarov, Nicholas Robert Jennings
Cooperative Games with Overlapping Coalitions
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 179-216, 2010
10.1613/jair.3075
null
cs.GT
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In the usual models of cooperative game theory, the outcome of a coalition formation process is either the grand coalition or a coalition structure that consists of disjoint coalitions. However, in many domains where coalitions are associated with tasks, an agent may be involved in executing more than one task, and thus may distribute his resources among several coalitions. To tackle such scenarios, we introduce a model for cooperative games with overlapping coalitions--or overlapping coalition formation (OCF) games. We then explore the issue of stability in this setting. In particular, we introduce a notion of the core, which generalizes the corresponding notion in the traditional (non-overlapping) scenario. Then, under some quite general conditions, we characterize the elements of the core, and show that any element of the core maximizes the social welfare. We also introduce a concept of balancedness for overlapping coalitional games, and use it to characterize coalition structures that can be extended to elements of the core. Finally, we generalize the notion of convexity to our setting, and show that under some natural assumptions convex games have a non-empty core. Moreover, we introduce two alternative notions of stability in OCF that allow a wider range of deviations, and explore the relationships among the corresponding definitions of the core, as well as the classic (non-overlapping) core and the Aubin core. We illustrate the general properties of the three cores, and also study them from a computational perspective, thus obtaining additional insights into their fundamental structure.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:01:33 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Chalkiadakis", "Georgios", "" ], [ "Elkind", "Edith", "" ], [ "Markakis", "Evangelos", "" ], [ "Polukarov", "Maria", "" ], [ "Jennings", "Nicholas Robert", "" ] ]
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1401.3857
Vadim Bulitko
Vadim Bulitko, Yngvi Bj\"ornsson, Ramon Lawrence
Case-Based Subgoaling in Real-Time Heuristic Search for Video Game Pathfinding
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 269-300, 2010
10.1613/jair.3076
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Real-time heuristic search algorithms satisfy a constant bound on the amount of planning per action, independent of problem size. As a result, they scale up well as problems become larger. This property would make them well suited for video games where Artificial Intelligence controlled agents must react quickly to user commands and to other agents actions. On the downside, real-time search algorithms employ learning methods that frequently lead to poor solution quality and cause the agent to appear irrational by re-visiting the same problem states repeatedly. The situation changed recently with a new algorithm, D LRTA*, which attempted to eliminate learning by automatically selecting subgoals. D LRTA* is well poised for video games, except it has a complex and memory-demanding pre-computation phase during which it builds a database of subgoals. In this paper, we propose a simpler and more memory-efficient way of pre-computing subgoals thereby eliminating the main obstacle to applying state-of-the-art real-time search methods in video games. The new algorithm solves a number of randomly chosen problems off-line, compresses the solutions into a series of subgoals and stores them in a database. When presented with a novel problem on-line, it queries the database for the most similar previously solved case and uses its subgoals to solve the problem. In the domain of pathfinding on four large video game maps, the new algorithm delivers solutions eight times better while using 57 times less memory and requiring 14% less pre-computation time.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:02:02 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Bulitko", "Vadim", "" ], [ "Björnsson", "Yngvi", "" ], [ "Lawrence", "Ramon", "" ] ]
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1401.3858
Jos de Bruijn
Jos de Bruijn, Stijn Heymans
Logical Foundations of RDF(S) with Datatypes
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 38, pages 535-568, 2010
10.1613/jair.3088
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a Semantic Web standard that provides a data language, simply called RDF, as well as a lightweight ontology language, called RDF Schema. We investigate embeddings of RDF in logic and show how standard logic programming and description logic technology can be used for reasoning with RDF. We subsequently consider extensions of RDF with datatype support, considering D entailment, defined in the RDF semantics specification, and D* entailment, a semantic weakening of D entailment, introduced by ter Horst. We use the embeddings and properties of the logics to establish novel upper bounds for the complexity of deciding entailment. We subsequently establish two novel lower bounds, establishing that RDFS entailment is PTime-complete and that simple-D entailment is coNP-hard, when considering arbitrary datatypes, both in the size of the entailing graph. The results indicate that RDFS may not be as lightweight as one may expect.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:02:49 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "de Bruijn", "Jos", "" ], [ "Heymans", "Stijn", "" ] ]
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1401.3859
Andreas Krause
Andreas Krause, Eric Horvitz
A Utility-Theoretic Approach to Privacy in Online Services
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 633-662, 2010
10.1613/jair.3089
null
cs.AI cs.CR cs.CY
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Online offerings such as web search, news portals, and e-commerce applications face the challenge of providing high-quality service to a large, heterogeneous user base. Recent efforts have highlighted the potential to improve performance by introducing methods to personalize services based on special knowledge about users and their context. For example, a users demographics, location, and past search and browsing may be useful in enhancing the results offered in response to web search queries. However, reasonable concerns about privacy by both users, providers, and government agencies acting on behalf of citizens, may limit access by services to such information. We introduce and explore an economics of privacy in personalization, where people can opt to share personal information, in a standing or on-demand manner, in return for expected enhancements in the quality of an online service. We focus on the example of web search and formulate realistic objective functions for search efficacy and privacy. We demonstrate how we can find a provably near-optimal optimization of the utility-privacy tradeoff in an efficient manner. We evaluate our methodology on data drawn from a log of the search activity of volunteer participants. We separately assess users' preferences about privacy and utility via a large-scale survey, aimed at eliciting preferences about peoples' willingness to trade the sharing of personal data in returns for gains in search efficiency. We show that a significant level of personalization can be achieved using a relatively small amount of information about users.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:03:13 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Krause", "Andreas", "" ], [ "Horvitz", "Eric", "" ] ]
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1401.3860
Tobias Lang
Tobias Lang, Marc Toussaint
Planning with Noisy Probabilistic Relational Rules
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 1-49, 2010
10.1613/jair.3093
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Noisy probabilistic relational rules are a promising world model representation for several reasons. They are compact and generalize over world instantiations. They are usually interpretable and they can be learned effectively from the action experiences in complex worlds. We investigate reasoning with such rules in grounded relational domains. Our algorithms exploit the compactness of rules for efficient and flexible decision-theoretic planning. As a first approach, we combine these rules with the Upper Confidence Bounds applied to Trees (UCT) algorithm based on look-ahead trees. Our second approach converts these rules into a structured dynamic Bayesian network representation and predicts the effects of action sequences using approximate inference and beliefs over world states. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approaches for planning in a simulated complex 3D robot manipulation scenario with an articulated manipulator and realistic physics and in domains of the probabilistic planning competition. Empirical results show that our methods can solve problems where existing methods fail.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:03:40 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Lang", "Tobias", "" ], [ "Toussaint", "Marc", "" ] ]
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1401.3861
Ethan Burns
Ethan Burns, Sofia Lemons, Wheeler Ruml, Rong Zhou
Best-First Heuristic Search for Multicore Machines
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 689-743, 2010
10.1613/jair.3094
null
cs.AI cs.DC
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
To harness modern multicore processors, it is imperative to develop parallel versions of fundamental algorithms. In this paper, we compare different approaches to parallel best-first search in a shared-memory setting. We present a new method, PBNF, that uses abstraction to partition the state space and to detect duplicate states without requiring frequent locking. PBNF allows speculative expansions when necessary to keep threads busy. We identify and fix potential livelock conditions in our approach, proving its correctness using temporal logic. Our approach is general, allowing it to extend easily to suboptimal and anytime heuristic search. In an empirical comparison on STRIPS planning, grid pathfinding, and sliding tile puzzle problems using 8-core machines, we show that A*, weighted A* and Anytime weighted A* implemented using PBNF yield faster search than improved versions of previous parallel search proposals.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:04:02 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Burns", "Ethan", "" ], [ "Lemons", "Sofia", "" ], [ "Ruml", "Wheeler", "" ], [ "Zhou", "Rong", "" ] ]
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1401.3862
Yonghong Wang
Yonghong Wang, Chung-Wei Hang, Munindar P. Singh
A Probabilistic Approach for Maintaining Trust Based on Evidence
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 221-267, 2011
10.1613/jair.3108
null
cs.MA
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Leading agent-based trust models address two important needs. First, they show how an agent may estimate the trustworthiness of another agent based on prior interactions. Second, they show how agents may share their knowledge in order to cooperatively assess the trustworthiness of others. However, in real-life settings, information relevant to trust is usually obtained piecemeal, not all at once. Unfortunately, the problem of maintaining trust has drawn little attention. Existing approaches handle trust updates in a heuristic, not a principled, manner. This paper builds on a formal model that considers probability and certainty as two dimensions of trust. It proposes a mechanism using which an agent can update the amount of trust it places in other agents on an ongoing basis. This paper shows via simulation that the proposed approach (a) provides accurate estimates of the trustworthiness of agents that change behavior frequently; and (b) captures the dynamic behavior of the agents. This paper includes an evaluation based on a real dataset drawn from Amazon Marketplace, a leading e-commerce site.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:04:29 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Wang", "Yonghong", "" ], [ "Hang", "Chung-Wei", "" ], [ "Singh", "Munindar P.", "" ] ]
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1401.3863
Gerold J\"ager
Gerold J\"ager, Weixiong Zhang
An Effective Algorithm for and Phase Transitions of the Directed Hamiltonian Cycle Problem
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 39, pages 663-687, 2010
10.1613/jair.3109
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
The Hamiltonian cycle problem (HCP) is an important combinatorial problem with applications in many areas. It is among the first problems used for studying intrinsic properties, including phase transitions, of combinatorial problems. While thorough theoretical and experimental analyses have been made on the HCP in undirected graphs, a limited amount of work has been done for the HCP in directed graphs (DHCP). The main contribution of this work is an effective algorithm for the DHCP. Our algorithm explores and exploits the close relationship between the DHCP and the Assignment Problem (AP) and utilizes a technique based on Boolean satisfiability (SAT). By combining effective algorithms for the AP and SAT, our algorithm significantly outperforms previous exact DHCP algorithms, including an algorithm based on the award-winning Concorde TSP algorithm. The second result of the current study is an experimental analysis of phase transitions of the DHCP, verifying and refining a known phase transition of the DHCP.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:04:57 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Jäger", "Gerold", "" ], [ "Zhang", "Weixiong", "" ] ]
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1401.3864
Yi Zhou
Yi Zhou, Yan Zhang
A Logical Study of Partial Entailment
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 25-56, 2011
10.1613/jair.3117
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We introduce a novel logical notion--partial entailment--to propositional logic. In contrast with classical entailment, that a formula P partially entails another formula Q with respect to a background formula set \Gamma intuitively means that under the circumstance of \Gamma, if P is true then some "part" of Q will also be true. We distinguish three different kinds of partial entailments and formalize them by using an extended notion of prime implicant. We study their semantic properties, which show that, surprisingly, partial entailments fail for many simple inference rules. Then, we study the related computational properties, which indicate that partial entailments are relatively difficult to be computed. Finally, we consider a potential application of partial entailments in reasoning about rational agents.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:05:21 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Zhou", "Yi", "" ], [ "Zhang", "Yan", "" ] ]
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1401.3865
Xavier Tannier
Xavier Tannier, Philippe Muller
Evaluating Temporal Graphs Built from Texts via Transitive Reduction
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 375-413, 2011
10.1613/jair.3118
null
cs.CL cs.IR
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Temporal information has been the focus of recent attention in information extraction, leading to some standardization effort, in particular for the task of relating events in a text. This task raises the problem of comparing two annotations of a given text, because relations between events in a story are intrinsically interdependent and cannot be evaluated separately. A proper evaluation measure is also crucial in the context of a machine learning approach to the problem. Finding a common comparison referent at the text level is not obvious, and we argue here in favor of a shift from event-based measures to measures on a unique textual object, a minimal underlying temporal graph, or more formally the transitive reduction of the graph of relations between event boundaries. We support it by an investigation of its properties on synthetic data and on a well-know temporal corpus.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:05:45 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Tannier", "Xavier", "" ], [ "Muller", "Philippe", "" ] ]
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1401.3866
Christian Geist
Christian Geist, Ulle Endriss
Automated Search for Impossibility Theorems in Social Choice Theory: Ranking Sets of Objects
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 143-174, 2011
10.1613/jair.3126
null
cs.AI cs.LO cs.MA
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We present a method for using standard techniques from satisfiability checking to automatically verify and discover theorems in an area of economic theory known as ranking sets of objects. The key question in this area, which has important applications in social choice theory and decision making under uncertainty, is how to extend an agents preferences over a number of objects to a preference relation over nonempty sets of such objects. Certain combinations of seemingly natural principles for this kind of preference extension can result in logical inconsistencies, which has led to a number of important impossibility theorems. We first prove a general result that shows that for a wide range of such principles, characterised by their syntactic form when expressed in a many-sorted first-order logic, any impossibility exhibited at a fixed (small) domain size will necessarily extend to the general case. We then show how to formulate candidates for impossibility theorems at a fixed domain size in propositional logic, which in turn enables us to automatically search for (general) impossibility theorems using a SAT solver. When applied to a space of 20 principles for preference extension familiar from the literature, this method yields a total of 84 impossibility theorems, including both known and nontrivial new results.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:06:28 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Geist", "Christian", "" ], [ "Endriss", "Ulle", "" ] ]
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1401.3867
Aaron Hunter
Aaron Hunter, James P. Delgrande
Iterated Belief Change Due to Actions and Observations
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 269-304, 2011
10.1613/jair.3132
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In action domains where agents may have erroneous beliefs, reasoning about the effects of actions involves reasoning about belief change. In this paper, we use a transition system approach to reason about the evolution of an agents beliefs as actions are executed. Some actions cause an agent to perform belief revision while others cause an agent to perform belief update, but the interaction between revision and update can be non-elementary. We present a set of rationality properties describing the interaction between revision and update, and we introduce a new class of belief change operators for reasoning about alternating sequences of revisions and updates. Our belief change operators can be characterized in terms of a natural shifting operation on total pre-orderings over interpretations. We compare our approach with related work on iterated belief change due to action, and we conclude with some directions for future research.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:06:49 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Hunter", "Aaron", "" ], [ "Delgrande", "James P.", "" ] ]
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1401.3868
Albert Atserias
Albert Atserias, Johannes Klaus Fichte, Marc Thurley
Clause-Learning Algorithms with Many Restarts and Bounded-Width Resolution
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 353-373, 2011
10.1613/jair.3152
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We offer a new understanding of some aspects of practical SAT-solvers that are based on DPLL with unit-clause propagation, clause-learning, and restarts. We do so by analyzing a concrete algorithm which we claim is faithful to what practical solvers do. In particular, before making any new decision or restart, the solver repeatedly applies the unit-resolution rule until saturation, and leaves no component to the mercy of non-determinism except for some internal randomness. We prove the perhaps surprising fact that, although the solver is not explicitly designed for it, with high probability it ends up behaving as width-k resolution after no more than O(n^2k+2) conflicts and restarts, where n is the number of variables. In other words, width-k resolution can be thought of as O(n^2k+2) restarts of the unit-resolution rule with learning.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:07:08 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Atserias", "Albert", "" ], [ "Fichte", "Johannes Klaus", "" ], [ "Thurley", "Marc", "" ] ]
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1401.3869
Haris Aziz
Haris Aziz, Yoram Bachrach, Edith Elkind, Mike Paterson
False-Name Manipulations in Weighted Voting Games
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 57-93, 2011
10.1613/jair.3166
null
cs.GT cs.MA
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Weighted voting is a classic model of cooperation among agents in decision-making domains. In such games, each player has a weight, and a coalition of players wins the game if its total weight meets or exceeds a given quota. A players power in such games is usually not directly proportional to his weight, and is measured by a power index, the most prominent among which are the Shapley-Shubik index and the Banzhaf index.In this paper, we investigate by how much a player can change his power, as measured by the Shapley-Shubik index or the Banzhaf index, by means of a false-name manipulation, i.e., splitting his weight among two or more identities. For both indices, we provide upper and lower bounds on the effect of weight-splitting. We then show that checking whether a beneficial split exists is NP-hard, and discuss efficient algorithms for restricted cases of this problem, as well as randomized algorithms for the general case. We also provide an experimental evaluation of these algorithms. Finally, we examine related forms of manipulative behavior, such as annexation, where a player subsumes other players, or merging, where several players unite into one. We characterize the computational complexity of such manipulations and provide limits on their effects. For the Banzhaf index, we describe a new paradox, which we term the Annexation Non-monotonicity Paradox.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:07:29 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Aziz", "Haris", "" ], [ "Bachrach", "Yoram", "" ], [ "Elkind", "Edith", "" ], [ "Paterson", "Mike", "" ] ]
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1401.3870
Erik Talvitie
Erik Talvitie, Satinder Singh
Learning to Make Predictions In Partially Observable Environments Without a Generative Model
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 353-392, 2011
10.1613/jair.3396
null
cs.LG cs.AI stat.ML
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
When faced with the problem of learning a model of a high-dimensional environment, a common approach is to limit the model to make only a restricted set of predictions, thereby simplifying the learning problem. These partial models may be directly useful for making decisions or may be combined together to form a more complete, structured model. However, in partially observable (non-Markov) environments, standard model-learning methods learn generative models, i.e. models that provide a probability distribution over all possible futures (such as POMDPs). It is not straightforward to restrict such models to make only certain predictions, and doing so does not always simplify the learning problem. In this paper we present prediction profile models: non-generative partial models for partially observable systems that make only a given set of predictions, and are therefore far simpler than generative models in some cases. We formalize the problem of learning a prediction profile model as a transformation of the original model-learning problem, and show empirically that one can learn prediction profile models that make a small set of important predictions even in systems that are too complex for standard generative models.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:08:29 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Talvitie", "Erik", "" ], [ "Singh", "Satinder", "" ] ]
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1401.3871
Mahdi Milani Fard
Mahdi Milani Fard, Joelle Pineau
Non-Deterministic Policies in Markovian Decision Processes
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 1-24, 2011
10.1613/jair.3175
null
cs.AI cs.LG
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Markovian processes have long been used to model stochastic environments. Reinforcement learning has emerged as a framework to solve sequential planning and decision-making problems in such environments. In recent years, attempts were made to apply methods from reinforcement learning to construct decision support systems for action selection in Markovian environments. Although conventional methods in reinforcement learning have proved to be useful in problems concerning sequential decision-making, they cannot be applied in their current form to decision support systems, such as those in medical domains, as they suggest policies that are often highly prescriptive and leave little room for the users input. Without the ability to provide flexible guidelines, it is unlikely that these methods can gain ground with users of such systems. This paper introduces the new concept of non-deterministic policies to allow more flexibility in the users decision-making process, while constraining decisions to remain near optimal solutions. We provide two algorithms to compute non-deterministic policies in discrete domains. We study the output and running time of these method on a set of synthetic and real-world problems. In an experiment with human subjects, we show that humans assisted by hints based on non-deterministic policies outperform both human-only and computer-only agents in a web navigation task.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:09:10 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Fard", "Mahdi Milani", "" ], [ "Pineau", "Joelle", "" ] ]
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1401.3872
Christophe Lecoutre
Christophe Lecoutre, Stephane Cardon, Julien Vion
Second-Order Consistencies
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 175-219, 2011
10.1613/jair.3180
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In this paper, we propose a comprehensive study of second-order consistencies (i.e., consistencies identifying inconsistent pairs of values) for constraint satisfaction. We build a full picture of the relationships existing between four basic second-order consistencies, namely path consistency (PC), 3-consistency (3C), dual consistency (DC) and 2-singleton arc consistency (2SAC), as well as their conservative and strong variants. Interestingly, dual consistency is an original property that can be established by using the outcome of the enforcement of generalized arc consistency (GAC), which makes it rather easy to obtain since constraint solvers typically maintain GAC during search. On binary constraint networks, DC is equivalent to PC, but its restriction to existing constraints, called conservative dual consistency (CDC), is strictly stronger than traditional conservative consistencies derived from path consistency, namely partial path consistency (PPC) and conservative path consistency (CPC). After introducing a general algorithm to enforce strong (C)DC, we present the results of an experimentation over a wide range of benchmarks that demonstrate the interest of (conservative) dual consistency. In particular, we show that enforcing (C)DC before search clearly improves the performance of MAC (the algorithm that maintains GAC during search) on several binary and non-binary structured problems.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:09:30 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Lecoutre", "Christophe", "" ], [ "Cardon", "Stephane", "" ], [ "Vion", "Julien", "" ] ]
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1401.3874
Fei Wu
Fei Wu, Jayant Madhavan, Alon Halevy
Identifying Aspects for Web-Search Queries
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 677-700, 2011
10.1613/jair.3182
null
cs.IR cs.DB
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Many web-search queries serve as the beginning of an exploration of an unknown space of information, rather than looking for a specific web page. To answer such queries effec- tively, the search engine should attempt to organize the space of relevant information in a way that facilitates exploration. We describe the Aspector system that computes aspects for a given query. Each aspect is a set of search queries that together represent a distinct information need relevant to the original search query. To serve as an effective means to explore the space, Aspector computes aspects that are orthogonal to each other and to have high combined coverage. Aspector combines two sources of information to compute aspects. We discover candidate aspects by analyzing query logs, and cluster them to eliminate redundancies. We then use a mass-collaboration knowledge base (e.g., Wikipedia) to compute candidate aspects for queries that occur less frequently and to group together aspects that are likely to be "semantically" related. We present a user study that indicates that the aspects we compute are rated favorably against three competing alternatives -related searches proposed by Google, cluster labels assigned by the Clusty search engine, and navigational searches proposed by Bing.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:09:56 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Wu", "Fei", "" ], [ "Madhavan", "Jayant", "" ], [ "Halevy", "Alon", "" ] ]
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1401.3875
Wheeler Ruml
Wheeler Ruml, Minh Binh Do, Rong Zhou, Markus P.J. Fromherz
On-line Planning and Scheduling: An Application to Controlling Modular Printers
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 415-468, 2011
10.1613/jair.3184
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We present a case study of artificial intelligence techniques applied to the control of production printing equipment. Like many other real-world applications, this complex domain requires high-speed autonomous decision-making and robust continual operation. To our knowledge, this work represents the first successful industrial application of embedded domain-independent temporal planning. Our system handles execution failures and multi-objective preferences. At its heart is an on-line algorithm that combines techniques from state-space planning and partial-order scheduling. We suggest that this general architecture may prove useful in other applications as more intelligent systems operate in continual, on-line settings. Our system has been used to drive several commercial prototypes and has enabled a new product architecture for our industrial partner. When compared with state-of-the-art off-line planners, our system is hundreds of times faster and often finds better plans. Our experience demonstrates that domain-independent AI planning based on heuristic search can flexibly handle time, resources, replanning, and multiple objectives in a high-speed practical application without requiring hand-coded control knowledge.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:10:17 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Ruml", "Wheeler", "" ], [ "Do", "Minh Binh", "" ], [ "Zhou", "Rong", "" ], [ "Fromherz", "Markus P. J.", "" ] ]
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1401.3876
Lirong Xia
Lirong Xia, Vincent Conitzer
Determining Possible and Necessary Winners Given Partial Orders
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 25-67, 2011
10.1613/jair.3186
null
cs.GT cs.MA
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Usually a voting rule requires agents to give their preferences as linear orders. However, in some cases it is impractical for an agent to give a linear order over all the alternatives. It has been suggested to let agents submit partial orders instead. Then, given a voting rule, a profile of partial orders, and an alternative (candidate) c, two important questions arise: first, is it still possible for c to win, and second, is c guaranteed to win? These are the possible winner and necessary winner problems, respectively. Each of these two problems is further divided into two sub-problems: determining whether c is a unique winner (that is, c is the only winner), or determining whether c is a co-winner (that is, c is in the set of winners). We consider the setting where the number of alternatives is unbounded and the votes are unweighted. We completely characterize the complexity of possible/necessary winner problems for the following common voting rules: a class of positional scoring rules (including Borda), Copeland, maximin, Bucklin, ranked pairs, voting trees, and plurality with runoff.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:10:45 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Xia", "Lirong", "" ], [ "Conitzer", "Vincent", "" ] ]
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1401.3877
Botond Cseke
Botond Cseke, Tom Heskes
Properties of Bethe Free Energies and Message Passing in Gaussian Models
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 1-24, 2011
10.1613/jair.3195
null
cs.LG cs.AI stat.ML
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We address the problem of computing approximate marginals in Gaussian probabilistic models by using mean field and fractional Bethe approximations. We define the Gaussian fractional Bethe free energy in terms of the moment parameters of the approximate marginals, derive a lower and an upper bound on the fractional Bethe free energy and establish a necessary condition for the lower bound to be bounded from below. It turns out that the condition is identical to the pairwise normalizability condition, which is known to be a sufficient condition for the convergence of the message passing algorithm. We show that stable fixed points of the Gaussian message passing algorithm are local minima of the Gaussian Bethe free energy. By a counterexample, we disprove the conjecture stating that the unboundedness of the free energy implies the divergence of the message passing algorithm.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:11:12 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Cseke", "Botond", "" ], [ "Heskes", "Tom", "" ] ]
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1401.3878
Alessandro Cimatti
Alessandro Cimatti, Alberto Griggio, Roberto Sebastiani
Computing Small Unsatisfiable Cores in Satisfiability Modulo Theories
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 701-728, 2011
10.1613/jair.3196
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
The problem of finding small unsatisfiable cores for SAT formulas has recently received a lot of interest, mostly for its applications in formal verification. However, propositional logic is often not expressive enough for representing many interesting verification problems, which can be more naturally addressed in the framework of Satisfiability Modulo Theories, SMT. Surprisingly, the problem of finding unsatisfiable cores in SMT has received very little attention in the literature. In this paper we present a novel approach to this problem, called the Lemma-Lifting approach. The main idea is to combine an SMT solver with an external propositional core extractor. The SMT solver produces the theory lemmas found during the search, dynamically lifting the suitable amount of theory information to the Boolean level. The core extractor is then called on the Boolean abstraction of the original SMT problem and of the theory lemmas. This results in an unsatisfiable core for the original SMT problem, once the remaining theory lemmas are removed. The approach is conceptually interesting, and has several advantages in practice. In fact, it is extremely simple to implement and to update, and it can be interfaced with every propositional core extractor in a plug-and-play manner, so as to benefit for free of all unsat-core reduction techniques which have been or will be made available. We have evaluated our algorithm with a very extensive empirical test on SMT-LIB benchmarks, which confirms the validity and potential of this approach.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:11:40 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Cimatti", "Alessandro", "" ], [ "Griggio", "Alberto", "" ], [ "Sebastiani", "Roberto", "" ] ]
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1401.3879
Emmanuel Hebrard
Emmanuel Hebrard, D\'aniel Marx, Barry O'Sullivan, Igor Razgon
Soft Constraints of Difference and Equality
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 97-130, 2011
10.1613/jair.3197
null
cs.AI cs.DS
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In many combinatorial problems one may need to model the diversity or similarity of assignments in a solution. For example, one may wish to maximise or minimise the number of distinct values in a solution. To formulate problems of this type, we can use soft variants of the well known AllDifferent and AllEqual constraints. We present a taxonomy of six soft global constraints, generated by combining the two latter ones and the two standard cost functions, which are either maximised or minimised. We characterise the complexity of achieving arc and bounds consistency on these constraints, resolving those cases for which NP-hardness was neither proven nor disproven. In particular, we explore in depth the constraint ensuring that at least k pairs of variables have a common value. We show that achieving arc consistency is NP-hard, however achieving bounds consistency can be done in polynomial time through dynamic programming. Moreover, we show that the maximum number of pairs of equal variables can be approximated by a factor 1/2 with a linear time greedy algorithm. Finally, we provide a fixed parameter tractable algorithm with respect to the number of values appearing in more than two distinct domains. Interestingly, this taxonomy shows that enforcing equality is harder than enforcing difference.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:11:58 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Hebrard", "Emmanuel", "" ], [ "Marx", "Dániel", "" ], [ "O'Sullivan", "Barry", "" ], [ "Razgon", "Igor", "" ] ]
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1401.3880
Harris Papadopoulos
Harris Papadopoulos, Vladimir Vovk, Alex Gammerman
Regression Conformal Prediction with Nearest Neighbours
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 815-840, 2011
10.1613/jair.3198
null
cs.LG
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In this paper we apply Conformal Prediction (CP) to the k-Nearest Neighbours Regression (k-NNR) algorithm and propose ways of extending the typical nonconformity measure used for regression so far. Unlike traditional regression methods which produce point predictions, Conformal Predictors output predictive regions that satisfy a given confidence level. The regions produced by any Conformal Predictor are automatically valid, however their tightness and therefore usefulness depends on the nonconformity measure used by each CP. In effect a nonconformity measure evaluates how strange a given example is compared to a set of other examples based on some traditional machine learning algorithm. We define six novel nonconformity measures based on the k-Nearest Neighbours Regression algorithm and develop the corresponding CPs following both the original (transductive) and the inductive CP approaches. A comparison of the predictive regions produced by our measures with those of the typical regression measure suggests that a major improvement in terms of predictive region tightness is achieved by the new measures.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:12:21 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Papadopoulos", "Harris", "" ], [ "Vovk", "Vladimir", "" ], [ "Gammerman", "Alex", "" ] ]
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1401.3881
Mustafa Bilgic
Mustafa Bilgic, Lise Getoor
Value of Information Lattice: Exploiting Probabilistic Independence for Effective Feature Subset Acquisition
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 69-95, 2011
10.1613/jair.3200
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We address the cost-sensitive feature acquisition problem, where misclassifying an instance is costly but the expected misclassification cost can be reduced by acquiring the values of the missing features. Because acquiring the features is costly as well, the objective is to acquire the right set of features so that the sum of the feature acquisition cost and misclassification cost is minimized. We describe the Value of Information Lattice (VOILA), an optimal and efficient feature subset acquisition framework. Unlike the common practice, which is to acquire features greedily, VOILA can reason with subsets of features. VOILA efficiently searches the space of possible feature subsets by discovering and exploiting conditional independence properties between the features and it reuses probabilistic inference computations to further speed up the process. Through empirical evaluation on five medical datasets, we show that the greedy strategy is often reluctant to acquire features, as it cannot forecast the benefit of acquiring multiple features in combination.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:12:42 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Bilgic", "Mustafa", "" ], [ "Getoor", "Lise", "" ] ]
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1401.3882
Saket Joshi
Saket Joshi, Roni Khardon
Probabilistic Relational Planning with First Order Decision Diagrams
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 231-266, 2011
10.1613/jair.3205
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Dynamic programming algorithms have been successfully applied to propositional stochastic planning problems by using compact representations, in particular algebraic decision diagrams, to capture domain dynamics and value functions. Work on symbolic dynamic programming lifted these ideas to first order logic using several representation schemes. Recent work introduced a first order variant of decision diagrams (FODD) and developed a value iteration algorithm for this representation. This paper develops several improvements to the FODD algorithm that make the approach practical. These include, new reduction operators that decrease the size of the representation, several speedup techniques, and techniques for value approximation. Incorporating these, the paper presents a planning system, FODD-Planner, for solving relational stochastic planning problems. The system is evaluated on several domains, including problems from the recent international planning competition, and shows competitive performance with top ranking systems. This is the first demonstration of feasibility of this approach and it shows that abstraction through compact representation is a promising approach to stochastic planning.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:13:02 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Joshi", "Saket", "" ], [ "Khardon", "Roni", "" ] ]
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1401.3883
Anna Khudyak Kozorovitsky
Anna Khudyak Kozorovitsky, Oren Kurland
From "Identical" to "Similar": Fusing Retrieved Lists Based on Inter-Document Similarities
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 267-296, 2011
10.1613/jair.3214
null
cs.IR
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Methods for fusing document lists that were retrieved in response to a query often utilize the retrieval scores and/or ranks of documents in the lists. We present a novel fusion approach that is based on using, in addition, information induced from inter-document similarities. Specifically, our methods let similar documents from different lists provide relevance-status support to each other. We use a graph-based method to model relevance-status propagation between documents. The propagation is governed by inter-document-similarities and by retrieval scores of documents in the lists. Empirical evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of our methods in fusing TREC runs. The performance of our most effective methods transcends that of effective fusion methods that utilize only retrieval scores or ranks.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:13:26 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Kozorovitsky", "Anna Khudyak", "" ], [ "Kurland", "Oren", "" ] ]
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1401.3884
Sujit Gujar
Sujit Gujar, Yadati Narahari
Redistribution Mechanisms for Assignment of Heterogeneous Objects
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 131-154, 2011
10.1613/jair.3225
null
cs.GT
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
There are p heterogeneous objects to be assigned to n competing agents (n > p) each with unit demand. It is required to design a Groves mechanism for this assignment problem satisfying weak budget balance, individual rationality, and minimizing the budget imbalance. This calls for designing an appropriate rebate function. When the objects are identical, this problem has been solved which we refer as WCO mechanism. We measure the performance of such mechanisms by the redistribution index. We first prove an impossibility theorem which rules out linear rebate functions with non-zero redistribution index in heterogeneous object assignment. Motivated by this theorem, we explore two approaches to get around this impossibility. In the first approach, we show that linear rebate functions with non-zero redistribution index are possible when the valuations for the objects have a certain type of relationship and we design a mechanism with linear rebate function that is worst case optimal. In the second approach, we show that rebate functions with non-zero efficiency are possible if linearity is relaxed. We extend the rebate functions of the WCO mechanism to heterogeneous objects assignment and conjecture them to be worst case optimal.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:13:45 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Gujar", "Sujit", "" ], [ "Narahari", "Yadati", "" ] ]
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1401.3885
Tomas De la Rosa
Tomas De la Rosa, Sergio Jimenez, Raquel Fuentetaja, Daniel Borrajo
Scaling up Heuristic Planning with Relational Decision Trees
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 767-813, 2011
10.1613/jair.3231
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Current evaluation functions for heuristic planning are expensive to compute. In numerous planning problems these functions provide good guidance to the solution, so they are worth the expense. However, when evaluation functions are misguiding or when planning problems are large enough, lots of node evaluations must be computed, which severely limits the scalability of heuristic planners. In this paper, we present a novel solution for reducing node evaluations in heuristic planning based on machine learning. Particularly, we define the task of learning search control for heuristic planning as a relational classification task, and we use an off-the-shelf relational classification tool to address this learning task. Our relational classification task captures the preferred action to select in the different planning contexts of a specific planning domain. These planning contexts are defined by the set of helpful actions of the current state, the goals remaining to be achieved, and the static predicates of the planning task. This paper shows two methods for guiding the search of a heuristic planner with the learned classifiers. The first one consists of using the resulting classifier as an action policy. The second one consists of applying the classifier to generate lookahead states within a Best First Search algorithm. Experiments over a variety of domains reveal that our heuristic planner using the learned classifiers solves larger problems than state-of-the-art planners.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:14:42 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "De la Rosa", "Tomas", "" ], [ "Jimenez", "Sergio", "" ], [ "Fuentetaja", "Raquel", "" ], [ "Borrajo", "Daniel", "" ] ]
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1401.3886
Wei Li
Wei Li, Pascal Poupart, Peter van Beek
Exploiting Structure in Weighted Model Counting Approaches to Probabilistic Inference
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 729-765, 2011
10.1613/jair.3232
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Previous studies have demonstrated that encoding a Bayesian network into a SAT formula and then performing weighted model counting using a backtracking search algorithm can be an effective method for exact inference. In this paper, we present techniques for improving this approach for Bayesian networks with noisy-OR and noisy-MAX relations---two relations that are widely used in practice as they can dramatically reduce the number of probabilities one needs to specify. In particular, we present two SAT encodings for noisy-OR and two encodings for noisy-MAX that exploit the structure or semantics of the relations to improve both time and space efficiency, and we prove the correctness of the encodings. We experimentally evaluated our techniques on large-scale real and randomly generated Bayesian networks. On these benchmarks, our techniques gave speedups of up to two orders of magnitude over the best previous approaches for networks with noisy-OR/MAX relations and scaled up to larger networks. As well, our techniques extend the weighted model counting approach for exact inference to networks that were previously intractable for the approach.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:15:08 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Li", "Wei", "" ], [ "Poupart", "Pascal", "" ], [ "van Beek", "Peter", "" ] ]
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1401.3887
Lucas Bordeaux
Lucas Bordeaux, George Katsirelos, Nina Narodytska, Moshe Y. Vardi
The Complexity of Integer Bound Propagation
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 657-676, 2011
10.1613/jair.3248
null
cs.AI cs.LO
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Bound propagation is an important Artificial Intelligence technique used in Constraint Programming tools to deal with numerical constraints. It is typically embedded within a search procedure ("branch and prune") and used at every node of the search tree to narrow down the search space, so it is critical that it be fast. The procedure invokes constraint propagators until a common fixpoint is reached, but the known algorithms for this have a pseudo-polynomial worst-case time complexity: they are fast indeed when the variables have a small numerical range, but they have the well-known problem of being prohibitively slow when these ranges are large. An important question is therefore whether strongly-polynomial algorithms exist that compute the common bound consistent fixpoint of a set of constraints. This paper answers this question. In particular we show that this fixpoint computation is in fact NP-complete, even when restricted to binary linear constraints.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:15:30 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Bordeaux", "Lucas", "" ], [ "Katsirelos", "George", "" ], [ "Narodytska", "Nina", "" ], [ "Vardi", "Moshe Y.", "" ] ]
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1401.3888
Dmytro Korzhyk
Dmytro Korzhyk, Zhengyu Yin, Christopher Kiekintveld, Vincent Conitzer, Milind Tambe
Stackelberg vs. Nash in Security Games: An Extended Investigation of Interchangeability, Equivalence, and Uniqueness
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 297-327, 2011
10.1613/jair.3269
null
cs.GT
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
There has been significant recent interest in game-theoretic approaches to security, with much of the recent research focused on utilizing the leader-follower Stackelberg game model. Among the major applications are the ARMOR program deployed at LAX Airport and the IRIS program in use by the US Federal Air Marshals (FAMS). The foundational assumption for using Stackelberg games is that security forces (leaders), acting first, commit to a randomized strategy; while their adversaries (followers) choose their best response after surveillance of this randomized strategy. Yet, in many situations, a leader may face uncertainty about the follower's surveillance capability. Previous work fails to address how a leader should compute her strategy given such uncertainty. We provide five contributions in the context of a general class of security games. First, we show that the Nash equilibria in security games are interchangeable, thus alleviating the equilibrium selection problem. Second, under a natural restriction on security games, any Stackelberg strategy is also a Nash equilibrium strategy; and furthermore, the solution is unique in a class of security games of which ARMOR is a key exemplar. Third, when faced with a follower that can attack multiple targets, many of these properties no longer hold. Fourth, we show experimentally that in most (but not all) games where the restriction does not hold, the Stackelberg strategy is still a Nash equilibrium strategy, but this is no longer true when the attacker can attack multiple targets. Finally, as a possible direction for future research, we propose an extensive-form game model that makes the defender's uncertainty about the attacker's ability to observe explicit.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:15:53 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Korzhyk", "Dmytro", "" ], [ "Yin", "Zhengyu", "" ], [ "Kiekintveld", "Christopher", "" ], [ "Conitzer", "Vincent", "" ], [ "Tambe", "Milind", "" ] ]
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1401.3890
Joerg Hoffmann
Joerg Hoffmann
Analyzing Search Topology Without Running Any Search: On the Connection Between Causal Graphs and h+
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 155-229, 2011
10.1613/jair.3276
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
The ignoring delete lists relaxation is of paramount importance for both satisficing and optimal planning. In earlier work, it was observed that the optimal relaxation heuristic h+ has amazing qualities in many classical planning benchmarks, in particular pertaining to the complete absence of local minima. The proofs of this are hand-made, raising the question whether such proofs can be lead automatically by domain analysis techniques. In contrast to earlier disappointing results -- the analysis method has exponential runtime and succeeds only in two extremely simple benchmark domains -- we herein answer this question in the affirmative. We establish connections between causal graph structure and h+ topology. This results in low-order polynomial time analysis methods, implemented in a tool we call TorchLight. Of the 12 domains where the absence of local minima has been proved, TorchLight gives strong success guarantees in 8 domains. Empirically, its analysis exhibits strong performance in a further 2 of these domains, plus in 4 more domains where local minima may exist but are rare. In this way, TorchLight can distinguish easy domains from hard ones. By summarizing structural reasons for analysis failure, TorchLight also provides diagnostic output indicating domain aspects that may cause local minima.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:16:17 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Hoffmann", "Joerg", "" ] ]
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1401.3892
Sajjad Ahmed Siddiqi
Sajjad Ahmed Siddiqi, Jinbo Huang
Sequential Diagnosis by Abstraction
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 329-365, 2011
10.1613/jair.3296
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
When a system behaves abnormally, sequential diagnosis takes a sequence of measurements of the system until the faults causing the abnormality are identified, and the goal is to reduce the diagnostic cost, defined here as the number of measurements. To propose measurement points, previous work employs a heuristic based on reducing the entropy over a computed set of diagnoses. This approach generally has good performance in terms of diagnostic cost, but can fail to diagnose large systems when the set of diagnoses is too large. Focusing on a smaller set of probable diagnoses scales the approach but generally leads to increased average diagnostic costs. In this paper, we propose a new diagnostic framework employing four new techniques, which scales to much larger systems with good performance in terms of diagnostic cost. First, we propose a new heuristic for measurement point selection that can be computed efficiently, without requiring the set of diagnoses, once the system is modeled as a Bayesian network and compiled into a logical form known as d-DNNF. Second, we extend hierarchical diagnosis, a technique based on system abstraction from our previous work, to handle probabilities so that it can be applied to sequential diagnosis to allow larger systems to be diagnosed. Third, for the largest systems where even hierarchical diagnosis fails, we propose a novel method that converts the system into one that has a smaller abstraction and whose diagnoses form a superset of those of the original system; the new system can then be diagnosed and the result mapped back to the original system. Finally, we propose a novel cost estimation function which can be used to choose an abstraction of the system that is more likely to provide optimal average cost. Experiments with ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits indicate that our approach scales to all circuits in the suite except one that has a flat structure not susceptible to useful abstraction.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:16:38 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Siddiqi", "Sajjad Ahmed", "" ], [ "Huang", "Jinbo", "" ] ]
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1401.3893
Changhe Yuan
Changhe Yuan, Heejin Lim, Tsai-Ching Lu
Most Relevant Explanation in Bayesian Networks
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 309-352, 2011
10.1613/jair.3301
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
A major inference task in Bayesian networks is explaining why some variables are observed in their particular states using a set of target variables. Existing methods for solving this problem often generate explanations that are either too simple (underspecified) or too complex (overspecified). In this paper, we introduce a method called Most Relevant Explanation (MRE) which finds a partial instantiation of the target variables that maximizes the generalized Bayes factor (GBF) as the best explanation for the given evidence. Our study shows that GBF has several theoretical properties that enable MRE to automatically identify the most relevant target variables in forming its explanation. In particular, conditional Bayes factor (CBF), defined as the GBF of a new explanation conditioned on an existing explanation, provides a soft measure on the degree of relevance of the variables in the new explanation in explaining the evidence given the existing explanation. As a result, MRE is able to automatically prune less relevant variables from its explanation. We also show that CBF is able to capture well the explaining-away phenomenon that is often represented in Bayesian networks. Moreover, we define two dominance relations between the candidate solutions and use the relations to generalize MRE to find a set of top explanations that is both diverse and representative. Case studies on several benchmark diagnostic Bayesian networks show that MRE is often able to find explanatory hypotheses that are not only precise but also concise.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:17:05 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Yuan", "Changhe", "" ], [ "Lim", "Heejin", "" ], [ "Lu", "Tsai-Ching", "" ] ]
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1401.3894
Andr\'as Gy\"orgy
Andr\'as Gy\"orgy, Levente Kocsis
Efficient Multi-Start Strategies for Local Search Algorithms
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 407-444, 2011
10.1613/jair.3313
null
cs.LG cs.AI stat.ML
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Local search algorithms applied to optimization problems often suffer from getting trapped in a local optimum. The common solution for this deficiency is to restart the algorithm when no progress is observed. Alternatively, one can start multiple instances of a local search algorithm, and allocate computational resources (in particular, processing time) to the instances depending on their behavior. Hence, a multi-start strategy has to decide (dynamically) when to allocate additional resources to a particular instance and when to start new instances. In this paper we propose multi-start strategies motivated by works on multi-armed bandit problems and Lipschitz optimization with an unknown constant. The strategies continuously estimate the potential performance of each algorithm instance by supposing a convergence rate of the local search algorithm up to an unknown constant, and in every phase allocate resources to those instances that could converge to the optimum for a particular range of the constant. Asymptotic bounds are given on the performance of the strategies. In particular, we prove that at most a quadratic increase in the number of times the target function is evaluated is needed to achieve the performance of a local search algorithm started from the attraction region of the optimum. Experiments are provided using SPSA (Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation) and k-means as local search algorithms, and the results indicate that the proposed strategies work well in practice, and, in all cases studied, need only logarithmically more evaluations of the target function as opposed to the theoretically suggested quadratic increase.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:17:32 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "György", "András", "" ], [ "Kocsis", "Levente", "" ] ]
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1401.3895
Wolfgang Dvorak
Wolfgang Dvorak, Stefan Woltran
On the Intertranslatability of Argumentation Semantics
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 445-475, 2011
10.1613/jair.3318
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Translations between different nonmonotonic formalisms always have been an important topic in the field, in particular to understand the knowledge-representation capabilities those formalisms offer. We provide such an investigation in terms of different semantics proposed for abstract argumentation frameworks, a nonmonotonic yet simple formalism which received increasing interest within the last decade. Although the properties of these different semantics are nowadays well understood, there are no explicit results about intertranslatability. We provide such translations wrt. different properties and also give a few novel complexity results which underlie some negative results.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:17:48 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Dvorak", "Wolfgang", "" ], [ "Woltran", "Stefan", "" ] ]
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1401.3896
Oren Kurland
Oren Kurland, Eyal Krikon
The Opposite of Smoothing: A Language Model Approach to Ranking Query-Specific Document Clusters
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 367-395, 2011
10.1613/jair.3327
null
cs.IR
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Exploiting information induced from (query-specific) clustering of top-retrieved documents has long been proposed as a means for improving precision at the very top ranks of the returned results. We present a novel language model approach to ranking query-specific clusters by the presumed percentage of relevant documents that they contain. While most previous cluster ranking approaches focus on the cluster as a whole, our model utilizes also information induced from documents associated with the cluster. Our model substantially outperforms previous approaches for identifying clusters containing a high relevant-document percentage. Furthermore, using the model to produce document ranking yields precision-at-top-ranks performance that is consistently better than that of the initial ranking upon which clustering is performed. The performance also favorably compares with that of a state-of-the-art pseudo-feedback-based retrieval method.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:18:05 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Kurland", "Oren", "" ], [ "Krikon", "Eyal", "" ] ]
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1401.3897
Dov Gabbay
Dov Gabbay, David Pearce, Agust\'in Valverde
Interpolable Formulas in Equilibrium Logic and Answer Set Programming
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 917-943, 2011
10.1613/jair.3329
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Interpolation is an important property of classical and many non-classical logics that has been shown to have interesting applications in computer science and AI. Here we study the Interpolation Property for the the non-monotonic system of equilibrium logic, establishing weaker or stronger forms of interpolation depending on the precise interpretation of the inference relation. These results also yield a form of interpolation for ground logic programs under the answer sets semantics. For disjunctive logic programs we also study the property of uniform interpolation that is closely related to the concept of variable forgetting. The first-order version of equilibrium logic has analogous Interpolation properties whenever the collection of equilibrium models is (first-order) definable. Since this is the case for so-called safe programs and theories, it applies to the usual situations that arise in practical answer set programming.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:18:24 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Gabbay", "Dov", "" ], [ "Pearce", "David", "" ], [ "Valverde", "Agustín", "" ] ]
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1401.3898
Joohyung Lee
Joohyung Lee, Yunsong Meng
First-Order Stable Model Semantics and First-Order Loop Formulas
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 125-180, 2011
10.1613/jair.3337
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Lin and Zhaos theorem on loop formulas states that in the propositional case the stable model semantics of a logic program can be completely characterized by propositional loop formulas, but this result does not fully carry over to the first-order case. We investigate the precise relationship between the first-order stable model semantics and first-order loop formulas, and study conditions under which the former can be represented by the latter. In order to facilitate the comparison, we extend the definition of a first-order loop formula which was limited to a nondisjunctive program, to a disjunctive program and to an arbitrary first-order theory. Based on the studied relationship we extend the syntax of a logic program with explicit quantifiers, which allows us to do reasoning involving non-Herbrand stable models using first-order reasoners. Such programs can be viewed as a special class of first-order theories under the stable model semantics, which yields more succinct loop formulas than the general language due to their restricted syntax.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:18:54 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Lee", "Joohyung", "" ], [ "Meng", "Yunsong", "" ] ]
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1401.3899
Ganesh Ram Santhanam
Ganesh Ram Santhanam, Samik Basu, Vasant Honavar
Representing and Reasoning with Qualitative Preferences for Compositional Systems
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 211-274, 2011
10.1613/jair.3339
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Many applications, e.g., Web service composition, complex system design, team formation, etc., rely on methods for identifying collections of objects or entities satisfying some functional requirement. Among the collections that satisfy the functional requirement, it is often necessary to identify one or more collections that are optimal with respect to user preferences over a set of attributes that describe the non-functional properties of the collection. We develop a formalism that lets users express the relative importance among attributes and qualitative preferences over the valuations of each attribute. We define a dominance relation that allows us to compare collections of objects in terms of preferences over attributes of the objects that make up the collection. We establish some key properties of the dominance relation. In particular, we show that the dominance relation is a strict partial order when the intra-attribute preference relations are strict partial orders and the relative importance preference relation is an interval order. We provide algorithms that use this dominance relation to identify the set of most preferred collections. We show that under certain conditions, the algorithms are guaranteed to return only (sound), all (complete), or at least one (weakly complete) of the most preferred collections. We present results of simulation experiments comparing the proposed algorithms with respect to (a) the quality of solutions (number of most preferred solutions) produced by the algorithms, and (b) their performance and efficiency. We also explore some interesting conjectures suggested by the results of our experiments that relate the properties of the user preferences, the dominance relation, and the algorithms.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:19:43 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Santhanam", "Ganesh Ram", "" ], [ "Basu", "Samik", "" ], [ "Honavar", "Vasant", "" ] ]
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1401.3900
Vincent Aravantinos
Vincent Aravantinos, Ricardo Caferra, Nicolas Peltier
Decidability and Undecidability Results for Propositional Schemata
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 40, pages 599-656, 2011
10.1613/jair.3351
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We define a logic of propositional formula schemata adding to the syntax of propositional logic indexed propositions and iterated connectives ranging over intervals parameterized by arithmetic variables. The satisfiability problem is shown to be undecidable for this new logic, but we introduce a very general class of schemata, called bound-linear, for which this problem becomes decidable. This result is obtained by reduction to a particular class of schemata called regular, for which we provide a sound and complete terminating proof procedure. This schemata calculus allows one to capture proof patterns corresponding to a large class of problems specified in propositional logic. We also show that the satisfiability problem becomes again undecidable for slight extensions of this class, thus demonstrating that bound-linear schemata represent a good compromise between expressivity and decidability.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:20:30 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Aravantinos", "Vincent", "" ], [ "Caferra", "Ricardo", "" ], [ "Peltier", "Nicolas", "" ] ]
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1401.3901
Piero A. Bonatti
Piero A. Bonatti, Marco Faella, Luigi Sauro
Defeasible Inclusions in Low-Complexity DLs
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 719-764, 2011
10.1613/jair.3360
null
cs.LO cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Some of the applications of OWL and RDF (e.g. biomedical knowledge representation and semantic policy formulation) call for extensions of these languages with nonmonotonic constructs such as inheritance with overriding. Nonmonotonic description logics have been studied for many years, however no practical such knowledge representation languages exist, due to a combination of semantic difficulties and high computational complexity. Independently, low-complexity description logics such as DL-lite and EL have been introduced and incorporated in the OWL standard. Therefore, it is interesting to see whether the syntactic restrictions characterizing DL-lite and EL bring computational benefits to their nonmonotonic versions, too. In this paper we extensively investigate the computational complexity of Circumscription when knowledge bases are formulated in DL-lite_R, EL, and fragments thereof. We identify fragments whose complexity ranges from P to the second level of the polynomial hierarchy, as well as fragments whose complexity raises to PSPACE and beyond.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:20:50 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Bonatti", "Piero A.", "" ], [ "Faella", "Marco", "" ], [ "Sauro", "Luigi", "" ] ]
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1401.3902
Richard Booth
Richard Booth, Thomas Meyer, Ivan Varzinczak, Renata Wassermann
On the Link between Partial Meet, Kernel, and Infra Contraction and its Application to Horn Logic
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 31-53, 2011
10.1613/jair.3364
null
cs.AI cs.LO
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Standard belief change assumes an underlying logic containing full classical propositional logic. However, there are good reasons for considering belief change in less expressive logics as well. In this paper we build on recent investigations by Delgrande on contraction for Horn logic. We show that the standard basic form of contraction, partial meet, is too strong in the Horn case. This result stands in contrast to Delgrande's conjecture that orderly maxichoice is the appropriate form of contraction for Horn logic. We then define a more appropriate notion of basic contraction for the Horn case, influenced by the convexity property holding for full propositional logic and which we refer to as infra contraction. The main contribution of this work is a result which shows that the construction method for Horn contraction for belief sets based on our infra remainder sets corresponds exactly to Hansson's classical kernel contraction for belief sets, when restricted to Horn logic. This result is obtained via a detour through contraction for belief bases. We prove that kernel contraction for belief bases produces precisely the same results as the belief base version of infra contraction. The use of belief bases to obtain this result provides evidence for the conjecture that Horn belief change is best viewed as a hybrid version of belief set change and belief base change. One of the consequences of the link with base contraction is the provision of a representation result for Horn contraction for belief sets in which a version of the Core-retainment postulate features.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:21:09 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Booth", "Richard", "" ], [ "Meyer", "Thomas", "" ], [ "Varzinczak", "Ivan", "" ], [ "Wassermann", "Renata", "" ] ]
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1401.3903
Noa Agmon
Noa Agmon, Gal A. Kaminka, Sarit Kraus
Multi-Robot Adversarial Patrolling: Facing a Full-Knowledge Opponent
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 887-916, 2011
10.1613/jair.3365
null
cs.MA cs.RO
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
The problem of adversarial multi-robot patrol has gained interest in recent years, mainly due to its immediate relevance to various security applications. In this problem, robots are required to repeatedly visit a target area in a way that maximizes their chances of detecting an adversary trying to penetrate through the patrol path. When facing a strong adversary that knows the patrol strategy of the robots, if the robots use a deterministic patrol algorithm, then in many cases it is easy for the adversary to penetrate undetected (in fact, in some of those cases the adversary can guarantee penetration). Therefore this paper presents a non-deterministic patrol framework for the robots. Assuming that the strong adversary will take advantage of its knowledge and try to penetrate through the patrols weakest spot, hence an optimal algorithm is one that maximizes the chances of detection in that point. We therefore present a polynomial-time algorithm for determining an optimal patrol under the Markovian strategy assumption for the robots, such that the probability of detecting the adversary in the patrols weakest spot is maximized. We build upon this framework and describe an optimal patrol strategy for several robotic models based on their movement abilities (directed or undirected) and sensing abilities (perfect or imperfect), and in different environment models - either patrol around a perimeter (closed polygon) or an open fence (open polyline).
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:21:33 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Agmon", "Noa", "" ], [ "Kaminka", "Gal A.", "" ], [ "Kraus", "Sarit", "" ] ]
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1401.3905
Ko-Hsin Cindy Wang
Ko-Hsin Cindy Wang, Adi Botea
MAPP: a Scalable Multi-Agent Path Planning Algorithm with Tractability and Completeness Guarantees
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 55-90, 2011
10.1613/jair.3370
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Multi-agent path planning is a challenging problem with numerous real-life applications. Running a centralized search such as A* in the combined state space of all units is complete and cost-optimal, but scales poorly, as the state space size is exponential in the number of mobile units. Traditional decentralized approaches, such as FAR and WHCA*, are faster and more scalable, being based on problem decomposition. However, such methods are incomplete and provide no guarantees with respect to the running time or the solution quality. They are not necessarily able to tell in a reasonable time whether they would succeed in finding a solution to a given instance. We introduce MAPP, a tractable algorithm for multi-agent path planning on undirected graphs. We present a basic version and several extensions. They have low-polynomial worst-case upper bounds for the running time, the memory requirements, and the length of solutions. Even though all algorithmic versions are incomplete in the general case, each provides formal guarantees on problems it can solve. For each version, we discuss the algorithms completeness with respect to clearly defined subclasses of instances. Experiments were run on realistic game grid maps. MAPP solved 99.86% of all mobile units, which is 18--22% better than the percentage of FAR and WHCA*. MAPP marked 98.82% of all units as provably solvable during the first stage of plan computation. Parts of MAPPs computation can be re-used across instances on the same map. Speed-wise, MAPP is competitive or significantly faster than WHCA*, depending on whether MAPP performs all computations from scratch. When data that MAPP can re-use are preprocessed offline and readily available, MAPP is slower than the very fast FAR algorithm by a factor of 2.18 on average. MAPPs solutions are on average 20% longer than FARs solutions and 7--31% longer than WHCA*s solutions.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:21:59 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Wang", "Ko-Hsin Cindy", "" ], [ "Botea", "Adi", "" ] ]
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1401.3906
Peter D Grunwald
Peter D Grunwald, Joseph Y Halpern
Making Decisions Using Sets of Probabilities: Updating, Time Consistency, and Calibration
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 393-426, 2011
10.1613/jair.3374
null
cs.AI cs.GT
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We consider how an agent should update her beliefs when her beliefs are represented by a set P of probability distributions, given that the agent makes decisions using the minimax criterion, perhaps the best-studied and most commonly-used criterion in the literature. We adopt a game-theoretic framework, where the agent plays against a bookie, who chooses some distribution from P. We consider two reasonable games that differ in what the bookie knows when he makes his choice. Anomalies that have been observed before, like time inconsistency, can be understood as arising because different games are being played, against bookies with different information. We characterize the important special cases in which the optimal decision rules according to the minimax criterion amount to either conditioning or simply ignoring the information. Finally, we consider the relationship between updating and calibration when uncertainty is described by sets of probabilities. Our results emphasize the key role of the rectangularity condition of Epstein and Schneider.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:22:33 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Grunwald", "Peter D", "" ], [ "Halpern", "Joseph Y", "" ] ]
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1401.3907
Xiaosong Lu
Xiaosong Lu, Howard M. Schwartz, Sidney N. Givigi Jr
Policy Invariance under Reward Transformations for General-Sum Stochastic Games
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 41, pages 397-406, 2011
10.1613/jair.3384
null
cs.GT cs.LG
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We extend the potential-based shaping method from Markov decision processes to multi-player general-sum stochastic games. We prove that the Nash equilibria in a stochastic game remains unchanged after potential-based shaping is applied to the environment. The property of policy invariance provides a possible way of speeding convergence when learning to play a stochastic game.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:22:56 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Lu", "Xiaosong", "" ], [ "Schwartz", "Howard M.", "" ], [ "Givigi", "Sidney N.", "Jr" ] ]
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1401.3908
Ricardo Ribeiro
Ricardo Ribeiro, David Martins de Matos
Centrality-as-Relevance: Support Sets and Similarity as Geometric Proximity
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 275-308, 2011
10.1613/jair.3387
null
cs.IR cs.CL
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In automatic summarization, centrality-as-relevance means that the most important content of an information source, or a collection of information sources, corresponds to the most central passages, considering a representation where such notion makes sense (graph, spatial, etc.). We assess the main paradigms, and introduce a new centrality-based relevance model for automatic summarization that relies on the use of support sets to better estimate the relevant content. Geometric proximity is used to compute semantic relatedness. Centrality (relevance) is determined by considering the whole input source (and not only local information), and by taking into account the existence of minor topics or lateral subjects in the information sources to be summarized. The method consists in creating, for each passage of the input source, a support set consisting only of the most semantically related passages. Then, the determination of the most relevant content is achieved by selecting the passages that occur in the largest number of support sets. This model produces extractive summaries that are generic, and language- and domain-independent. Thorough automatic evaluation shows that the method achieves state-of-the-art performance, both in written text, and automatically transcribed speech summarization, including when compared to considerably more complex approaches.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:23:22 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Ribeiro", "Ricardo", "" ], [ "de Matos", "David Martins", "" ] ]
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1401.3909
Richard Hoshino
Richard Hoshino, Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi
Scheduling Bipartite Tournaments to Minimize Total Travel Distance
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 91-124, 2011
10.1613/jair.3388
null
cs.AI cs.DS
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In many professional sports leagues, teams from opposing leagues/conferences compete against one another, playing inter-league games. This is an example of a bipartite tournament. In this paper, we consider the problem of reducing the total travel distance of bipartite tournaments, by analyzing inter-league scheduling from the perspective of discrete optimization. This research has natural applications to sports scheduling, especially for leagues such as the National Basketball Association (NBA) where teams must travel long distances across North America to play all their games, thus consuming much time, money, and greenhouse gas emissions. We introduce the Bipartite Traveling Tournament Problem (BTTP), the inter-league variant of the well-studied Traveling Tournament Problem. We prove that the 2n-team BTTP is NP-complete, but for small values of n, a distance-optimal inter-league schedule can be generated from an algorithm based on minimum-weight 4-cycle-covers. We apply our theoretical results to the 12-team Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) league in Japan, producing a provably-optimal schedule requiring 42950 kilometres of total team travel, a 16% reduction compared to the actual distance traveled by these teams during the 2010 NPB season. We also develop a nearly-optimal inter-league tournament for the 30-team NBA league, just 3.8% higher than the trivial theoretical lower bound.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:24:01 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Hoshino", "Richard", "" ], [ "Kawarabayashi", "Ken-ichi", "" ] ]
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1401.3910
Peng Dai
Peng Dai, Mausam, Daniel Sabby Weld, Judy Goldsmith
Topological Value Iteration Algorithms
null
Journal Of Artificial Intelligence Research, Volume 42, pages 181-209, 2011
10.1613/jair.3390
null
cs.AI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Value iteration is a powerful yet inefficient algorithm for Markov decision processes (MDPs) because it puts the majority of its effort into backing up the entire state space, which turns out to be unnecessary in many cases. In order to overcome this problem, many approaches have been proposed. Among them, ILAO* and variants of RTDP are state-of-the-art ones. These methods use reachability analysis and heuristic search to avoid some unnecessary backups. However, none of these approaches build the graphical structure of the state transitions in a pre-processing step or use the structural information to systematically decompose a problem, whereby generating an intelligent backup sequence of the state space. In this paper, we present two optimal MDP algorithms. The first algorithm, topological value iteration (TVI), detects the structure of MDPs and backs up states based on topological sequences. It (1) divides an MDP into strongly-connected components (SCCs), and (2) solves these components sequentially. TVI outperforms VI and other state-of-the-art algorithms vastly when an MDP has multiple, close-to-equal-sized SCCs. The second algorithm, focused topological value iteration (FTVI), is an extension of TVI. FTVI restricts its attention to connected components that are relevant for solving the MDP. Specifically, it uses a small amount of heuristic search to eliminate provably sub-optimal actions; this pruning allows FTVI to find smaller connected components, thus running faster. We demonstrate that FTVI outperforms TVI by an order of magnitude, averaged across several domains. Surprisingly, FTVI also significantly outperforms popular heuristically-informed MDP algorithms such as ILAO*, LRTDP, BRTDP and Bayesian-RTDP in many domains, sometimes by as much as two orders of magnitude. Finally, we characterize the type of domains where FTVI excels --- suggesting a way to an informed choice of solver.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:24:38 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Dai", "Peng", "" ], [ "Mausam", "", "" ], [ "Weld", "Daniel Sabby", "" ], [ "Goldsmith", "Judy", "" ] ]
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1401.3913
Anatoly Latyshev
A. V. Latyshev, A. A. Yushkanov
Nonlinear interaction of electromagnetic field with quantum plasma
42 pages, 0 figures
null
null
null
physics.plasm-ph
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
The analysis of nonlinear interaction of transversal electromagnetic field with quantum collisionless plasma is carried out. Formulas for calculation electric current in quantum collisionless plasma at any temperature are deduced. It has appeared, that the nonlinearity account leads to occurrence of the longitudinal electric current directed along a wave vector. This second current is orthogonal to the known transversal classical current, received at the classical linear analysis. The case of degenerate electronic plasma is considered. It is shown, that for degenerate plasmas the electric current is calculated under the formula, not containing quadratures. In this formula we have allocated known Kohn's singularities (W. Kohn, 1959).
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 05:55:02 GMT", "version": "v1" }, { "created": "Mon, 3 Feb 2014 17:52:39 GMT", "version": "v2" }, { "created": "Thu, 6 Feb 2014 17:13:19 GMT", "version": "v3" } ]
2014-02-07
[ [ "Latyshev", "A. V.", "" ], [ "Yushkanov", "A. A.", "" ] ]
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1401.3915
Sharmodeep Bhattacharyya
Sharmodeep Bhattacharyya and Peter J. Bickel
Community Detection in Networks using Graph Distance
Presented in Networks with Community Structure Workshop, Eurandom, January, 2014. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:math/0504589 by other authors
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stat.ML cs.SI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
The study of networks has received increased attention recently not only from the social sciences and statistics but also from physicists, computer scientists and mathematicians. One of the principal problem in networks is community detection. Many algorithms have been proposed for community finding but most of them do not have have theoretical guarantee for sparse networks and networks close to the phase transition boundary proposed by physicists. There are some exceptions but all have some incomplete theoretical basis. Here we propose an algorithm based on the graph distance of vertices in the network. We give theoretical guarantees that our method works in identifying communities for block models and can be extended for degree-corrected block models and block models with the number of communities growing with number of vertices. Despite favorable simulation results, we are not yet able to conclude that our method is satisfactory for worst possible case. We illustrate on a network of political blogs, Facebook networks and some other networks.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 06:26:37 GMT", "version": "v1" }, { "created": "Fri, 24 Jan 2014 09:01:50 GMT", "version": "v2" } ]
2014-01-27
[ [ "Bhattacharyya", "Sharmodeep", "" ], [ "Bickel", "Peter J.", "" ] ]
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1401.3916
Sevag Gharibian
Sevag Gharibian, Yichen Huang, Zeph Landau, Seung Woo Shin
Quantum Hamiltonian Complexity
v4: published version, 127 pages, introduction expanded to include brief introduction to quantum information, brief list of some recent developments added, minor changes throughout
Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science: Vol. 10: No. 3, pp 159-282, 2015
10.1561/0400000066
null
quant-ph cond-mat.str-el cs.CC
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Constraint satisfaction problems are a central pillar of modern computational complexity theory. This survey provides an introduction to the rapidly growing field of Quantum Hamiltonian Complexity, which includes the study of quantum constraint satisfaction problems. Over the past decade and a half, this field has witnessed fundamental breakthroughs, ranging from the establishment of a "Quantum Cook-Levin Theorem" to deep insights into the structure of 1D low-temperature quantum systems via so-called area laws. Our aim here is to provide a computer science-oriented introduction to the subject in order to help bridge the language barrier between computer scientists and physicists in the field. As such, we include the following in this survey: (1) The motivations and history of the field, (2) a glossary of condensed matter physics terms explained in computer-science friendly language, (3) overviews of central ideas from condensed matter physics, such as indistinguishable particles, mean field theory, tensor networks, and area laws, and (4) brief expositions of selected computer science-based results in the area. For example, as part of the latter, we provide a novel information theoretic presentation of Bravyi's polynomial time algorithm for Quantum 2-SAT.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 06:53:28 GMT", "version": "v1" }, { "created": "Fri, 12 Sep 2014 18:30:42 GMT", "version": "v2" }, { "created": "Mon, 15 Sep 2014 13:51:47 GMT", "version": "v3" }, { "created": "Mon, 4 Apr 2016 19:47:28 GMT", "version": "v4" } ]
2016-04-05
[ [ "Gharibian", "Sevag", "" ], [ "Huang", "Yichen", "" ], [ "Landau", "Zeph", "" ], [ "Shin", "Seung Woo", "" ] ]
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1401.3918
Ke Xu
Xiao Liang, Jichang Zhao and Ke Xu
A universal law in human mobility
15 pages
null
null
null
physics.soc-ph cs.SI
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
The intrinsic factor that drives the human movement remains unclear for decades. While our observations from intra-urban and inter-urban trips both demonstrate a universal law in human mobility. Be specific, the probability from one location to another is inversely proportional to the number of population living in locations which are closer than the destination. A simple rank-based model is then presented, which is parameterless but predicts human flows with a convincing fidelity. Besides, comparison with other models shows that our model is more stable and fundamental at different spatial scales by implying the strong correlation between human mobility and social relationship.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 07:02:28 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Liang", "Xiao", "" ], [ "Zhao", "Jichang", "" ], [ "Xu", "Ke", "" ] ]
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1401.3922
Ni Ding Miss
Ni Ding, Parastoo Sadeghi and Rodney A. Kennedy
Discrete Convexity and Stochastic Approximation for Cross-layer On-off Transmission Control
29 pages, 8 figures, submitted to IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
null
null
null
cs.IT cs.SY math.IT
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
This paper considers the discrete convexity of a cross-layer on-off transmission control problem in wireless communications. In this system, a scheduler decides whether or not to transmit in order to optimize the long-term quality of service (QoS) incurred by the queueing effects in the data link layer and the transmission power consumption in the physical (PHY) layer simultaneously. Using a Markov decision process (MDP) formulation, we show that the optimal policy can be determined by solving a minimization problem over a set of queue thresholds if the dynamic programming (DP) is submodular. We prove that this minimization problem is discrete convex. In order to search the minimizer, we consider two discrete stochastic approximation (DSA) algorithms: discrete simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (DSPSA) and L-natural-convex stochastic approximation (L-natural-convex SA). Through numerical studies, we show that the two DSA algorithms converge significantly faster than the existing continuous simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (CSPSA) algorithm in multi-user systems. Finally, we compare the convergence results and complexity of two DSA and CSPSA algorithms where we show that DSPSA achieves the best trade-off between complexity and accuracy in multi-user systems.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 08:12:12 GMT", "version": "v1" }, { "created": "Tue, 25 Aug 2015 04:30:06 GMT", "version": "v2" } ]
2015-08-26
[ [ "Ding", "Ni", "" ], [ "Sadeghi", "Parastoo", "" ], [ "Kennedy", "Rodney A.", "" ] ]
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1401.3924
Nuno A. M. Araujo
Seongmin Kim, Y. S. Cho, N. A. M. Araujo, B. Kahng
Crossover behavior of conductivity in a discontinuous percolation model
null
Physical Review E 89, 032113 (2014)
10.1103/PhysRevE.89.032113
null
cond-mat.stat-mech cond-mat.dis-nn physics.comp-ph
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
When conducting bonds are occupied randomly in a two-dimensional square lattice, the conductivity of the system increases continuously as the density of those conducting bonds exceeds the percolation threshold. Such a behavior is well known in percolation theory; however, the conductivity behavior has not been studied yet when the percolation transition is discontinuous. Here we investigate the conductivity behavior through a discontinuous percolation model evolving under a suppressive external bias. Using effective medium theory, we analytically calculate the conductivity behavior as a function of the density of conducting bonds. The conductivity function exhibits a crossover behavior from a drastically to a smoothly increasing function beyond the percolation threshold in the thermodynamic limit. The analytic expression fits well our simulation data.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 08:20:12 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-11-03
[ [ "Kim", "Seongmin", "" ], [ "Cho", "Y. S.", "" ], [ "Araujo", "N. A. M.", "" ], [ "Kahng", "B.", "" ] ]
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1401.3927
Scientific Information Service CERN
L. Bottura (CERN)
Magnet Quench 101
9 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.1-9
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.1
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This paper gives a broad summary of the physical phenomena associated with the quench of a superconducting magnet.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 08:25:14 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Bottura", "L.", "", "CERN" ] ]
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1401.3928
Han Mao Kiah
Yeow Meng Chee, Zouha Cherif, Jean-Luc Danger, Sylvain Guilley, Han Mao Kiah, Jon-Lark Kim, Patrick Sol\'e, Xiande Zhang
Multiply Constant-Weight Codes and the Reliability of Loop Physically Unclonable Functions
null
null
null
null
cs.IT math.CO math.IT
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We introduce the class of multiply constant-weight codes to improve the reliability of certain physically unclonable function (PUF) response. We extend classical coding methods to construct multiply constant-weight codes from known $q$-ary and constant-weight codes. Analogues of Johnson bounds are derived and are shown to be asymptotically tight to a constant factor under certain conditions. We also examine the rates of the multiply constant-weight codes and interestingly, demonstrate that these rates are the same as those of constant-weight codes of suitable parameters. Asymptotic analysis of our code constructions is provided.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 08:28:28 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Chee", "Yeow Meng", "" ], [ "Cherif", "Zouha", "" ], [ "Danger", "Jean-Luc", "" ], [ "Guilley", "Sylvain", "" ], [ "Kiah", "Han Mao", "" ], [ "Kim", "Jon-Lark", "" ], [ "Solé", "Patrick", "" ], [ "Zhang", "Xiande", "" ] ]
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1401.3931
Scientific Information Service CERN
E. Todesco (CERN)
Quench limits in the next generation of magnets
7 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.10-16
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.10
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Several projects around the planet aim at building a new generation of superconducting magnets for particle accelerators, relying on Nb3Sn conductor, with peak fields in the range of 10-15 T. In this paper we give an overview of the main challenges for protecting this new generation of magnets. The cases of isolated short magnets, in which the energy can be extracted on an external dump resistor, and chain of long magnets, which have to absorb their stored energy and have to rely on quench heaters, are discussed. We show that this new generation of magnets can pose special challenges, related to both the large current density and to the energy densities.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 08:41:50 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Todesco", "E.", "", "CERN" ] ]
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1401.3934
Scientific Information Service CERN
H. Felice (LBNL, Berkeley), E. Todesco (CERN)
Quench protection analysis in accelerator magnets, a review of the tools
4 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.17-20
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.17
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
As accelerator magnets see the increase of their magnetic field and stored energy, quench protection becomes a critical part of the magnet design. Due to the complexity of the quench phenomenon interweaving magnetic, electrical and thermal analysis, the use of numerical codes is a key component of the process. In that respect, we propose here a review of several tools commonly used in the magnet design community.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 08:47:23 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Felice", "H.", "", "LBNL, Berkeley" ], [ "Todesco", "E.", "", "CERN" ] ]
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1401.3936
Adnan Anwar
Adnan Anwar, Abdun Naser Mahmood
Cyber Security of Smart Grid Infrastructure
The State of the Art in Intrusion Prevention and Detection, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, USA, January 2014
null
null
null
cs.CR
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Smart grid security is crucial to maintain stable and reliable power system operation during the contingency situation due to the failure of any critical power system component. Ensuring a secured smart grid involves with a less possibility of power grid collapse or equipment malfunction. Due to lack of the proper security measures, a major blackout may occur which can even lead to a cascading failure. Therefore, to protect this critical power system infrastructure and to ensure a reliable and an uninterrupted power supply to the end users, smart grid security issues must be addressed with high priority. In a smart grid environment, electric power infrastructure is modernized by incorporating the current and future requirements and advanced functionalities to its consumers. To make the smart grid happen, cyber system is integrated with the physical power system. Although adoption of cyber system has made the grid more energy efficient and modernized, it has introduced cyber-attack issues which are critical for national infrastructure security and customer satisfaction. Due to the cyber-attack, power grid may face operational failures and loss of synchronization. This operational failure may damage critical power system components which may interrupt the power supply and make the system unstable resulting high financial penalties. In this chapter, some recent cyber attack related incidents into a smart grid environment are discussed. The requirements and the state of the art of cyber security issues of a critical power system infrastructure are illustrated elaborately.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 08:53:28 GMT", "version": "v1" }, { "created": "Wed, 22 Jan 2014 05:00:21 GMT", "version": "v2" } ]
2014-01-23
[ [ "Anwar", "Adnan", "" ], [ "Mahmood", "Abdun Naser", "" ] ]
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1401.3937
Scientific Information Service CERN
J. Schwartz (NCSU, Raleigh)
Quench in high temperature superconductor magnets
9 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.21-29
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.21
null
physics.acc-ph cond-mat.supr-con
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
High field superconducting magnets using high temperature superconductors are being developed for high energy physics, nuclear magnetic resonance and energy storage applications. Although the conductor technology has progressed to the point where such large magnets can be readily envisioned, quench protection remains a key challenge. It is well-established that quench propagation in HTS magnets is very slow and this brings new challenges that must be addressed. In this paper, these challenges are discussed and potential solutions, driven by new technologies such as optical fiber based sensors and thermally conducting electrical insulators, are reviewed.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 08:53:36 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Schwartz", "J.", "", "NCSU, Raleigh" ] ]
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1401.3938
Subodh Pudasaini
Subodh Pudasaini, Seokjoo Shin, and Kyung Sup Kwak
Robust Modulation Technique for Diffusion-based Molecular Communication in Nanonetworks
4 pages, 5 fugures
null
null
null
cs.IT math.IT
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Diffusion-based molecular communication over nanonetworks is an emerging communication paradigm that enables nanomachines to communicate by using molecules as the information carrier. For such a communication paradigm, Concentration Shift Keying (CSK) has been considered as one of the most promising techniques for modulating information symbols, owing to its inherent simplicity and practicality. CSK modulated subsequent information symbols, however, may interfere with each other due to the random amount of time that molecules of each modulated symbols take to reach the receiver nanomachine. To alleviate Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) problem associated with CSK, we propose a new modulation technique called Zebra-CSK. The proposed Zebra-CSK adds inhibitor molecules in CSK-modulated molecular signal to selectively suppress ISI causing molecules. Numerical results from our newly developed probabilistic analytical model show that Zebra-CSK not only enhances capacity of the molecular channel but also reduces symbol error probability observed at the receiver nanomachine.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 08:54:54 GMT", "version": "v1" }, { "created": "Fri, 17 Jan 2014 01:33:10 GMT", "version": "v2" } ]
2014-01-20
[ [ "Pudasaini", "Subodh", "" ], [ "Shin", "Seokjoo", "" ], [ "Kwak", "Kyung Sup", "" ] ]
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1401.3939
Scientific Information Service CERN
T. Salmi, D. Arbelaez, S. Caspi, H. Felice, S. Prestemon (LBNL, Berkeley), G. Chlachidze (Fermilab), H.H.J. ten Kate (Twente U., Enschede)
Modeling heat transfer from quench protection heaters to superconducting cables in Nb3Sn magnets
8 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.30-37
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.30
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
We use a recently developed quench protection heater modeling tool for an analysis of heater delays in superconducting high-field Nb3Sn accelerator magnets. The results suggest that the calculated delays are consistent with experimental data, and show how the heater delay depends on the main heater design parameters.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:01:35 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Salmi", "T.", "", "LBNL,\n Berkeley" ], [ "Arbelaez", "D.", "", "LBNL,\n Berkeley" ], [ "Caspi", "S.", "", "LBNL,\n Berkeley" ], [ "Felice", "H.", "", "LBNL,\n Berkeley" ], [ "Prestemon", "S.", "", "LBNL,\n Berkeley" ], [ "Chlachidze", "G.", "", "Fermilab" ], [ "Kate", "H. H. J. ten", "", "Twente U., Enschede" ] ]
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1401.3941
Wentu Song
Wentu Song, Chau Yuen, Kai Cai and Rongquan Feng
Network Coding for $3$s$/n$t Sum-Networks
11 pages, 4 figures, conference
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null
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cs.IT math.IT
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
A sum-network is a directed acyclic network where each source independently generates one symbol from a given field $\mathbb F$ and each terminal wants to receive the sum $($over $\mathbb F)$ of the source symbols. For sum-networks with two sources or two terminals, the solvability is characterized by the connection condition of each source-terminal pair [3]. A necessary and sufficient condition for the solvability of the $3$-source $3$-terminal $(3$s$/3$t$)$ sum-networks was given by Shenvi and Dey [6]. However, the general case of arbitrary sources/sinks is still open. In this paper, we investigate the sum-network with three sources and $n$ sinks using a region decomposition method. A sufficient and necessary condition is established for a class of $3$s$/n$t sum-networks. As a direct application of this result, a necessary and sufficient condition of solvability is obtained for the special case of $3$s$/3$t sum-networks.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:05:29 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Song", "Wentu", "" ], [ "Yuen", "Chau", "" ], [ "Cai", "Kai", "" ], [ "Feng", "Rongquan", "" ] ]
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1401.3945
Jan Ostergaard
Adel Zahedi, Jan Ostergaard, Soren Holdt Jensen, Patrick Naylor, Soren Bech
Distributed Remote Vector Gaussian Source Coding for Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks
10 pages, to be presented at the IEEE DCC'14
null
10.1109/DCC.2014.27
null
cs.IT math.IT
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
In this paper, we consider the problem of remote vector Gaussian source coding for a wireless acoustic sensor network. Each node receives messages from multiple nodes in the network and decodes these messages using its own measurement of the sound field as side information. The node's measurement and the estimates of the source resulting from decoding the received messages are then jointly encoded and transmitted to a neighboring node in the network. We show that for this distributed source coding scenario, one can encode a so-called conditional sufficient statistic of the sources instead of jointly encoding multiple sources. We focus on the case where node measurements are in form of noisy linearly mixed combinations of the sources and the acoustic channel mixing matrices are invertible. For this problem, we derive the rate-distortion function for vector Gaussian sources and under covariance distortion constraints.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:12:59 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2016-11-15
[ [ "Zahedi", "Adel", "" ], [ "Ostergaard", "Jan", "" ], [ "Jensen", "Soren Holdt", "" ], [ "Naylor", "Patrick", "" ], [ "Bech", "Soren", "" ] ]
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1401.3946
Alessandro Pluchino
Dario A. Zappal\`a, Alessandro Pluchino, Andrea Rapisarda
Selective altruism in collective games
29 pages, 20 figures
Physica A, Volume 410, 2014, Pages 496-512
10.1016/j.physa.2014.05.032
null
physics.soc-ph
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We study the emergence of altruistic behaviour in collective games. In particular, we take into account Toral's version of collective Parrondo's paradoxical games, in which the redistribution of capital between agents, who can play different strategies, creates a positive trend of increasing capital. In this framework, we insert two categories of players, altruistic and selfish ones, and see how they interact and how their capital evolves. More in detail, we analyse the positive effects of altruistic behaviour, but we also point out how selfish players take advantage of that situation. The general result is that altruistic behaviour is discouraged, because selfish players get richer while altruistic ones get poorer. We also consider a smarter way of being altruistic, based on reputation, called "selective altruism", which prevents selfish players from taking advantage of altruistic ones. In this new situation it is altruism, and not selfishness, to be encouraged and stabilized. Finally, we introduce a mechanism of imitation between players and study how it influences the composition of the population of both altruistic and selfish players as a function of time for different initial conditions and network topologies adopted.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:13:16 GMT", "version": "v1" }, { "created": "Mon, 7 Apr 2014 15:16:23 GMT", "version": "v2" } ]
2014-10-30
[ [ "Zappalà", "Dario A.", "" ], [ "Pluchino", "Alessandro", "" ], [ "Rapisarda", "Andrea", "" ] ]
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1401.3950
Scientific Information Service CERN
M. Marchevsky, X. Wang, G. Sabbi and S. Prestemon (LBNL, Berkeley)
Acoustic detection in superconducting magnets for performance characterization and diagnostics
5 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.38-42
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.38
null
physics.acc-ph physics.ins-det
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Quench diagnostics in superconducting accelerator magnets is essential for understanding performance limitations and improving magnet design. Applicability of the conventional quench diagnostics methods such as voltage taps or quench antennas is limited for long magnets or complex winding geometries, and alternative approaches are desirable. Here, we discuss acoustic sensing technique for detecting mechanical vibrations in superconducting magnets. Using LARP high-field Nb3Sn quadrupole HQ01 [1], we show how acoustic data is connected with voltage instabilities measured simultaneously in the magnet windings during provoked extractions and current ramps to quench. Instrumentation and data analysis techniques for acoustic sensing are reviewed.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:26:45 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Marchevsky", "M.", "", "LBNL, Berkeley" ], [ "Wang", "X.", "", "LBNL, Berkeley" ], [ "Sabbi", "G.", "", "LBNL, Berkeley" ], [ "Prestemon", "S.", "", "LBNL, Berkeley" ] ]
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1401.3951
Taneli Kalvas
T. Kalvas
Beam Extraction and Transport
presented at the CERN Accelerator School CAS 2012: Ion Sources, Senec, 29 May - 8 June 2012
CERN-2013-007, pp. 537-564
10.5170/CERN-2013-007
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This chapter gives an introduction to low-energy beam transport systems, and discusses the typically used magnetostatic elements (solenoid, dipoles and quadrupoles) and electrostatic elements (einzel lens, dipoles and quadrupoles). The ion beam emittance, beam space-charge effects and the physics of ion source extraction are introduced. Typical computer codes for analysing and designing ion optical systems are mentioned, and the trajectory tracking method most often used for extraction simulations is described in more detail.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:28:42 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-20
[ [ "Kalvas", "T.", "" ] ]
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1401.3955
Scientific Information Service CERN
G. Ambrosio (Fermilab)
Maximum allowable temperature during quench in Nb3Sn accelerator magnets
4 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.43-46
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.43
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
This note aims at understanding the maximum allowable temperature at the hot spot during a quench in Nb3Sn accelerator magnets, through the analysis of experimental results previously presented.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:39:36 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Ambrosio", "G.", "", "Fermilab" ] ]
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1401.3956
Kousuke Yakubo
K. Yakubo, S. Saijo, and D. Koro\v{s}ak
Superlinear and sublinear urban scaling in geographical network model of the city
9 pages, 5 figures
null
10.1103/PhysRevE.90.022803
null
physics.soc-ph
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Using a geographical scale-free network to describe relations between people in a city, we explain both superlinear and sublinear allometric scaling of urban indicators that quantify activities or performances of the city. The urban indicator $Y(N)$ of a city with the population size $N$ is analytically calculated by summing up all individual activities produced by person-to-person relationships. Our results show that the urban indicator scales superlinearly with the population, namely, $Y(N)\propto N^{\beta}$ with $\beta>1$ if $Y(N)$ represents a creative productivity and the indicator scales sublinearly ($\beta<1$) if $Y(N)$ is related to the degree of infrastructure development. These coincide with allometric scaling observed in real-world urban indicators. We also show how the scaling exponent $\beta$ depends on the strength of the geographical constraint in the network formation.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:40:38 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2015-06-18
[ [ "Yakubo", "K.", "" ], [ "Saijo", "S.", "" ], [ "Korošak", "D.", "" ] ]
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1401.3957
Udi Boker
Udi Boker (IST Austria), Thomas A. Henzinger (IST AUstria)
Exact and Approximate Determinization of Discounted-Sum Automata
null
Logical Methods in Computer Science, Volume 10, Issue 1 (February 13, 2014) lmcs:1104
10.2168/LMCS-10(1:10)2014
null
cs.FL cs.LO
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
A discounted-sum automaton (NDA) is a nondeterministic finite automaton with edge weights, valuing a run by the discounted sum of visited edge weights. More precisely, the weight in the i-th position of the run is divided by $\lambda^i$, where the discount factor $\lambda$ is a fixed rational number greater than 1. The value of a word is the minimal value of the automaton runs on it. Discounted summation is a common and useful measuring scheme, especially for infinite sequences, reflecting the assumption that earlier weights are more important than later weights. Unfortunately, determinization of NDAs, which is often essential in formal verification, is, in general, not possible. We provide positive news, showing that every NDA with an integral discount factor is determinizable. We complete the picture by proving that the integers characterize exactly the discount factors that guarantee determinizability: for every nonintegral rational discount factor $\lambda$, there is a nondeterminizable $\lambda$-NDA. We also prove that the class of NDAs with integral discount factors enjoys closure under the algebraic operations min, max, addition, and subtraction, which is not the case for general NDAs nor for deterministic NDAs. For general NDAs, we look into approximate determinization, which is always possible as the influence of a word's suffix decays. We show that the naive approach, of unfolding the automaton computations up to a sufficient level, is doubly exponential in the discount factor. We provide an alternative construction for approximate determinization, which is singly exponential in the discount factor, in the precision, and in the number of states. We also prove matching lower bounds, showing that the exponential dependency on each of these three parameters cannot be avoided. All our results hold equally for automata over finite words and for automata over infinite words.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:43:11 GMT", "version": "v1" }, { "created": "Wed, 12 Feb 2014 05:57:39 GMT", "version": "v2" } ]
2015-07-01
[ [ "Boker", "Udi", "", "IST Austria" ], [ "Henzinger", "Thomas A.", "", "IST AUstria" ] ]
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1401.3958
Scientific Information Service CERN
G. Chlachidze, I. Novitski, A.V. Zlobin (Fermilab), B. Auchmann, M. Karppinen (CERN)
Experimental results and analysis from the 11 T Nb3Sn DS dipole
10 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.47-56
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.47
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
FNAL and CERN are developing a 5.5-m-long twin-aperture Nb3Sn dipole suitable for installation in the LHC. A 2-m-long single-aperture demonstrator dipole with 60 mm bore, a nominal field of 11 T at the LHC nominal current of 11.85 kA and 20% margin has been developed and tested. This paper presents the results of quench protection analysis and protection heater study for the Nb3Sn demonstrator dipole. Extrapolations of the results for long magnet and operation in LHC are also presented.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:46:15 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Chlachidze", "G.", "", "Fermilab" ], [ "Novitski", "I.", "", "Fermilab" ], [ "Zlobin", "A. V.", "", "Fermilab" ], [ "Auchmann", "B.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Karppinen", "M.", "", "CERN" ] ]
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1401.3960
Scientific Information Service CERN
G. Kirby, B. Auchmann, M. Bajko, M.Charrondiere, N. Bourcey, V.I. Datskov, P. Fessia, J. Feuvrier, P. Galbraith, A. Garcia Tabares, J. Garcia-Perez, P. Granieri, P. Hagen, C. Lorin, J. C. Perez, S. Russenschuck, T. Sahner, M. Segreti, E. Todesco, G. Willering (CERN)
Models and experimental results from the wide aperture Nb-Ti magnets for the LHC upgrade
8 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.57-64
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.57
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
MQXC is a Nb-Ti quadrupole designed to meet the accelerator quality requirements needed for the phase-1 LHC upgrade, now superseded by the high luminosity upgrade foreseen in 2021. The 2-m-long model magnet was tested at room temperature and 1.9 K. The technology developed for this magnet is relevant for other magnets currently under development for the high-luminosity upgrade, namely D1 (at KEK) and the large aperture twin quadrupole Q4 (at CEA). In this paper we present MQXC test results, some of the specialized heat extraction features, spot heaters, temperature sensor mounting and voltage tap development for the special open cable insulation. We look at some problem solving with noisy signals, give an overview of electrical testing, look at how we calculate the coil resistance during at quench and show that the heaters are not working We describe the quench signals and its timing, the development of the quench heaters and give an explanation of an Excel quench calculation and its comparison including the good agreement with the MQXC test results. We propose an improvement to the magnet circuit design to reduce voltage to ground values by factor 2. The program is then used to predict quench Hot-Spot and Voltages values for the D1 dipole and the Q4 quadrupole.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:51:45 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Kirby", "G.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Auchmann", "B.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Bajko", "M.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Charrondiere", "M.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Bourcey", "N.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Datskov", "V. I.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Fessia", "P.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Feuvrier", "J.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Galbraith", "P.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Tabares", "A. Garcia", "", "CERN" ], [ "Garcia-Perez", "J.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Granieri", "P.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Hagen", "P.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Lorin", "C.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Perez", "J. C.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Russenschuck", "S.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Sahner", "T.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Segreti", "M.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Todesco", "E.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Willering", "G.", "", "CERN" ] ]
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1401.3961
Scientific Information Service CERN
Ph. Fazilleau, M. Devaux, M. Durante, T. Lecrevisse, J.-M. Rey (IRFU, Saclay)
Protection of the 13 T Nb3Sn Fresca II dipole
5 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.65-69
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.65
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
The EuCARD project aims on construction of a 19 T hybrid dipole; it will be made of a 6 T HTS dipole associated to a 13 T outsert Nb3Sn dipole [1]. This paper reviews the quench analysis and protection of the 13 T Nb3Sn dipole.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 09:57:39 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Fazilleau", "Ph.", "", "IRFU,\n Saclay" ], [ "Devaux", "M.", "", "IRFU,\n Saclay" ], [ "Durante", "M.", "", "IRFU,\n Saclay" ], [ "Lecrevisse", "T.", "", "IRFU,\n Saclay" ], [ "Rey", "J. -M.", "", "IRFU,\n Saclay" ] ]
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1401.3967
Scientific Information Service CERN
A. Stenvall, E. Haro (Tampere U. of Tech.), Ph. Fazilleau, M. Devaux, M. Durante, T. Lecrevisse, J.-M. Rey (IRFU, Saclay), J. Fleiter (CERN), M. Sorbi, G. Volpini (INFN, LASA, Segrate), P. Tixador (G2Elab/Institut Neel, CNRS/Grenoble-INP/UJF, Grenoble)
Protection of the 6 T YBCO insert in the 13 T Nb3Sn Fresca II dipole
6 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.70-75
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.70
null
physics.acc-ph
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
In the EuCARD project, we aim to construct a dipole magnet in YBCO producing 6 T in the background field of a 13 T Nb3Sn dipole FRESCA II. This paper reviews the quench analysis and protection of the YBCO coil. In addition, a recommendation for the protection system of the YBCO coil is presented.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 10:09:38 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Stenvall", "A.", "", "Tampere U. of Tech." ], [ "Haro", "E.", "", "Tampere U. of Tech." ], [ "Fazilleau", "Ph.", "", "IRFU, Saclay" ], [ "Devaux", "M.", "", "IRFU, Saclay" ], [ "Durante", "M.", "", "IRFU, Saclay" ], [ "Lecrevisse", "T.", "", "IRFU, Saclay" ], [ "Rey", "J. -M.", "", "IRFU, Saclay" ], [ "Fleiter", "J.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Sorbi", "M.", "", "INFN, LASA, Segrate" ], [ "Volpini", "G.", "", "INFN, LASA, Segrate" ], [ "Tixador", "P.", "", "G2Elab/Institut Neel,\n CNRS/Grenoble-INP/UJF, Grenoble" ] ]
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1401.3971
Scientific Information Service CERN
R. Flukiger, T. Spina (CERN)
The behaviour of copper in view of radiation damage in the LHC luminosity upgrade
7 pages, Contribution to WAMSDO 2013: Workshop on Accelerator Magnet, Superconductor, Design and Optimization; 15 - 16 Jan 2013, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CERN Yellow Report CERN-2013-006, pp.76-82
10.5170/CERN-2013-006.76
null
physics.acc-ph physics.ins-det
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
In view of the safe operation of the quadrupoles in the luminosity upgrade of the LHC accelerator, the response of the copper stabilizer at low temperatures to the various high energy radiation sources is of primary importance. The present study takes into account the expected high energy spectrum of the simultaneous radiation by neutrons, protons, pions, electrons and photons, calculated using the FLUKA code by F. Cerutti (CERN) as well as on literature values. It was found that proton irradiation causes a considerably higher damage than neutron irradiation: in spite of a 3.8% proton fraction, the measured damage is of the order of 20%, which fits with the calculations of N. Mokhov (Fermilab) on the contribution of protons to the dpa. The same calculations indicate that the total effect of protons, pions and electrons is at least as high as that of neutrons. Since recent neutron experiments of Nakamoto et al. show that the RRR of Cu is reduced from 200 to 50-120 for a fluence of 10^{21} n/cm^{2}, it follows that the inclusion of all high energy sources would lead to RRR values well below 50, thus endangering stability and protection. This result confirms the necessity of including a tungsten shield inside the quadrupoles.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 10:15:38 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2014-01-17
[ [ "Flukiger", "R.", "", "CERN" ], [ "Spina", "T.", "", "CERN" ] ]
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1401.3973
Joan Serr\`a
Joan Serr\`a and Josep Lluis Arcos
An Empirical Evaluation of Similarity Measures for Time Series Classification
28 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables
Knowledge-Based Systems 67: 305-314, 2014
10.1016/j.knosys.2014.04.035
null
cs.LG cs.CV stat.ML
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
Time series are ubiquitous, and a measure to assess their similarity is a core part of many computational systems. In particular, the similarity measure is the most essential ingredient of time series clustering and classification systems. Because of this importance, countless approaches to estimate time series similarity have been proposed. However, there is a lack of comparative studies using empirical, rigorous, quantitative, and large-scale assessment strategies. In this article, we provide an extensive evaluation of similarity measures for time series classification following the aforementioned principles. We consider 7 different measures coming from alternative measure `families', and 45 publicly-available time series data sets coming from a wide variety of scientific domains. We focus on out-of-sample classification accuracy, but in-sample accuracies and parameter choices are also discussed. Our work is based on rigorous evaluation methodologies and includes the use of powerful statistical significance tests to derive meaningful conclusions. The obtained results show the equivalence, in terms of accuracy, of a number of measures, but with one single candidate outperforming the rest. Such findings, together with the followed methodology, invite researchers on the field to adopt a more consistent evaluation criteria and a more informed decision regarding the baseline measures to which new developments should be compared.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 10:21:44 GMT", "version": "v1" } ]
2016-05-18
[ [ "Serrà", "Joan", "" ], [ "Arcos", "Josep Lluis", "" ] ]
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1401.3977
Jarah Evslin
Emilio Ciuffoli, Jarah Evslin and Xinmin Zhang
The Leptonic CP Phase from Muon Decay at Rest with Two Detectors
5 pages, 11 figures, v3: matter effect included, error corrected
JHEP 1412 (2014) 051
10.1007/JHEP12(2014)051
null
hep-ph hep-ex physics.acc-ph
http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/
We propose a novel experimental setup for the determination of the leptonic CP-violating phase delta using the decay at rest (DAR) of mu+ from a single source located at distances of 10 and 30 km from two 20 kton organic liquid scintillator detectors. The mu+ are created by bombarding a target with a 9 mA beam of 800 MeV protons. With this proposal delta can be determined with a precision of about 20 (15) degrees in 6 (12) years. In contrast with the DAEdALUS project, only a single source is required and it runs with a duty factor of 100 percent. Therefore 9 mA is the maximum instanteous current, greatly reducing both the technological challenges and the costs.
[ { "created": "Thu, 16 Jan 2014 10:35:46 GMT", "version": "v1" }, { "created": "Wed, 29 Jan 2014 06:32:47 GMT", "version": "v2" }, { "created": "Mon, 10 Mar 2014 18:38:56 GMT", "version": "v3" } ]
2015-11-05
[ [ "Ciuffoli", "Emilio", "" ], [ "Evslin", "Jarah", "" ], [ "Zhang", "Xinmin", "" ] ]
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