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= Hurricane Ernesto ( 2006 ) = Hurricane Ernesto was the costliest tropical cyclone of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season . The sixth tropical storm and first hurricane of the season , Ernesto developed from a tropical wave on August 24 in the eastern Caribbean Sea . Ernesto first affected the northern Caribbean , reaching minimal hurricane status near Haiti before weakening and moving across eastern Cuba as a tropical storm . Despite initial predictions for it to track through the eastern Gulf of Mexico as a major hurricane , Ernesto moved across eastern Florida as a weak tropical storm . After turning to the northeast , it re @-@ intensified and made landfall on August 31 on the North Carolina coast just below hurricane status . Late the next day , Ernesto became extratropical after entering southern Virginia . The remnants spread moisture across the northeastern United States before dissipating over eastern Canada on September 4 . The deaths of at least eleven people were attributed to Ernesto , which dumped heavy rains throughout its path , especially in the Mid @-@ Atlantic region of the United States . While moving across the Caribbean , it affected several countries , and initially Ernesto posed a threat to the Gulf Coast of the United States around the one @-@ year anniversary of Hurricane Katrina . Damage in Virginia was estimated at over $ 118 million ( 2006 USD ) , prompting the declaration of a federal disaster area . Total damage in the United States was estimated at $ 500 million ( 2006 USD ) . = = Meteorological history = = On August 18 , a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa . It tracked westward , and its convection began organizing and concentrating on August 22 . The next day , convection increased along the wave axis , and Dvorak classifications from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch of the National Hurricane Center began at 1200 UTC on August 23 . As it approached the Lesser Antilles , a surface low developed , and with the confirmation of a closed low @-@ level circulation from the Hurricane Hunters , it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Five on August 24 about 50 mi ( 80 km ) north @-@ northwest of Grenada . Located to the south of a ridge across the southwestern Atlantic Ocean , the depression tracked west @-@ northwestward through an area of dry air and westerly wind shear . Despite the shear , convection intensified near the center as banding features improved , and on August 24 , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Ernesto . Convection deepened and expanded , though wind shear displaced the low @-@ level center to the west of the convection . By August 26 , the structure had become much better @-@ defined , and within five days Ernesto was forecast to be located about 275 mi ( 445 km ) south of the Gulf Coast of the United States as a powerful hurricane . The center reformed under the deepest convection after wind shear decreased , and at the same time outflow increased in all quadrants . Turning northwestward , a small eye formed , and early on August 27 Ernesto attained hurricane status about 95 mi ( 200 km ) south @-@ southwest of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic . Upon becoming a hurricane , Ernesto was believed to be undergoing rapid intensification . However , the small inner core deteriorated as the circulation interacted with the mountainous terrain of southwest Haiti , and it quickly weakened back to tropical storm status . The center became broad and ill @-@ defined , though it was forecast to re @-@ intensify to hurricane status before striking Cuba . It continued to weaken due to land interaction , and early on August 28 Ernesto passed just offshore of the southwestern tip of Haiti with winds of 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) . Hindered by increased wind shear from an upper @-@ level low over the Bahamas , the storm weakened further before striking just west of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba as a minimal tropical storm . With very warm water temperatures and a favorable upper @-@ level environment , one forecast remarked the possibility of Ernesto strengthening greatly over the Straits of Florida and eastern Gulf of Mexico to hit western Florida as a major hurricane . Ernesto remained over land as a minimal tropical storm for about 18 hours before reaching the Straits of Florida . Convection gradually increased over the warm waters , though Ernesto failed to strengthen significantly due to its disrupted inner core . An eastward @-@ moving high pressure system over the southeastern United States allowed a continued northwest movement , and at 0300 UTC on August 30 the storm struck Plantation Key in the upper Florida Keys with winds of 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) . Two hours later , Ernesto made landfall on the Florida mainland in southwestern Miami @-@ Dade County . Moving through a weakness in the subtropical ridge , the storm turned to the north through the state . Operationally , the National Hurricane Center downgraded Ernesto to tropical depression status while over the state , though post @-@ analysis indicated the system maintained tropical storm status . Ernesto retained a well @-@ organized cloud pattern over land , and after emerging over the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Canaveral , convection again increased and began wrapping into the circulation . Upon reaching the Atlantic Ocean , Ernesto accelerated north @-@ northeastward ahead of an approaching deep layer trough . The convection increased as the storm strengthened over warm waters , and late on August 31 Ernesto attained an intensity of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) while located about 170 mi ( 270 km ) south @-@ southwest of Wilmington , North Carolina . Shortly prior to moving ashore , an eye began to develop , and early on September 1 the storm made landfall on Oak Island , North Carolina very near the threshold between tropical storm and hurricane status . The National Hurricane Center remarked the possibility that Ernesto could have been a hurricane at landfall , due to the possibility that the strongest maximum wind was not sampled . After landfall the storm rapidly weakened , and about eight hours after moving ashore , Ernesto deteriorated to tropical depression status . Interacting with a pre @-@ existing frontal zone that extended eastward through Virginia , Ernesto quickly lost its tropical characteristics , and late on September 1 it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone . It re @-@ intensified to a gale over the Mid @-@ Atlantic states , only to weaken to an extratropical depression near Pennsylvania . With a large high pressure area to its east , the remnants turned to the north @-@ northwest , reaching southern Ontario on September 3 . After turning northeastward , the extratropical remnants of Ernesto were absorbed into a larger storm over Quebec on September 4 . = = Preparations = = = = = Caribbean = = = About nine hours after Ernesto became a tropical storm , the government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch from its border with the Dominican Republic to the southwestern tip of the country . As the storm strengthened , the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning , and about 15 hours prior to its closest approach the warning was replaced with a hurricane warning . Several low @-@ lying citizens in Gonaïves were evacuated after local meteorologists anticipated up to 20 inches ( 500 mm ) of rain in some mountainous areas . Additionally , authorities advised residents in shantytowns near the ocean to evacuate to emergency shelters . Jamaican officials issued radio and television advisories for residents in low @-@ lying areas , urging them to be ready and evacuate if necessary . The Jamaican government opened all shelters on the island and placed its armed forces on standby . Long lines for storm supplies were reported at local businesses ahead of the storm as residents rushed to obtain supplies in preparation for Ernesto 's onslaught . When a tropical storm warning was put in effect for Jamaica and the central Bahamas , cruise ship companies indicated they were diverting several liners to avoid the storm . Hurricane warnings were put in effect for six provinces in southeastern Cuba , where significant precipitation ranging up to 20 inches ( 500 mm ) across the mountainous south was expected as the center of Ernesto tracked slowly across Cuba . Cuban officials evacuated 300 @,@ 000 people and brought its fishing fleet into harbors . The Cuban state television broadcast extensive warnings about the storm , urging precautions . Cattle were moved to higher ground , tourists were evacuated from hotels in the southeastern province of Granma , and baseball games scheduled for the evening of August 27 in Havana were played earlier in the day . The threat of the storm caused domestic flights to be canceled . = = = United States = = = On August 26 , about four days prior to Ernesto striking the state , the government of Florida activated its Emergency Operations Center , while the National Guard was placed on standby , following a " warning order " to its commanders . On August 27 , the Governor of Florida , Jeb Bush , issued a state of emergency because of the high risk of impact from Ernesto on the state . Officials issued a mandatory evacuation order for all visitors and non @-@ residents in the Florida Keys about three days before the storm passed through the area . Mandatory evacuations were later issued for mobile homes and low @-@ lying areas of Monroe , Broward , St. Lucie , and Martin counties ; voluntary evacuations were also issued for barrier islands in Miami @-@ Dade and Palm Beach counties . On August 28 , forecasters issued a hurricane watch for southern Florida through the Florida Keys . When Ernesto was downgraded to tropical storm status , Governor Jeb Bush urged Florida residents to continue preparations and not wait until it regained hurricane status , as it was forecast to do by the National Hurricane Center . At least 30 shelters were opened , and tolls on four turnpike were lifted . Several schools were closed across southern Florida . The threat of the storm caused NASA to postpone the launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis at Kennedy Space Center to avoid risking damage from the storm . The storm was initially expected to move into the Gulf of Mexico and affect people recovering from hurricanes Katrina , Rita , and Wilma in the previous year , which caused hundreds of billion in damage and left thousands of houses damaged or destroyed . There were initial fears that Ernesto would make landfall days after Hurricane Katrina 's one @-@ year anniversary , and that the levees in New Orleans might not be able to withstand a strong storm surge . Officials in New Orleans prepared buses and trains in the event that people needed to evacuate but could not . A possible path over the Gulf of Mexico oil fields , as well as tension with Iran , caused the price of oil to increase , although the prices receded when the threat of the storm receded . On August 29 , a hurricane watch was issued from the mouth of the Altamaha River in Georgia to Cape Fear , North Carolina . The next day , the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning , which was later extended to Currituck Beach Light in Corolla , North Carolina before the storm moved ashore . In South Carolina , voluntary evacuations occurred in Charleston and Colleton counties . On August 31 before the storm 's arrival , Virginia Governor Tim Kaine declared a state of emergency , putting the Virginia National Guard and state agencies on alert and opening the state 's new Emergency Operations Center in suburban Richmond . North Carolina Governor Mike Easley activated 200 National Guard troops and had other emergency teams on standby . Washington D.C. and parts of Maryland and Delaware were put on a Coastal Flood Watch and Flash Flood Watch by the National Weather Service in preparation for Ernesto . = = Impact = = = = = Caribbean = = = Shortly before Ernesto developed into a tropical cyclone , the precursor tropical wave produced sustained winds of 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) in Barbados in association with a convective downburst . On the island , the winds downed some trees , and some flooding was reported . Strong winds and rough seas damaged six fishing boats in the southern portion of the island . Squalls in Trinidad left about 12 people injured after winds destroyed several tents . Also on Trinidad , the system produced widespread flooding , which resulted in some crop damage . Puerto Rico experienced peripheral rainfall from the cyclone as it tracked through the eastern Caribbean Sea . A two @-@ day storm total of 4 @.@ 69 inches ( 119 mm ) occurred in Sabana Grande . In the Dominican Republic , heavy rainfall caused river flooding and mudslides , resulting in damage to several houses . The highest rainfall report noted was 7 @.@ 01 inches ( 178 mm ) at Barahona . The rainfall also downed trees , and caused flooding to enter over 400 houses near Santo Domingo , which forced the evacuation of over 1 @,@ 600 people . In Haiti , the storm caused heavy rainfall of over 11 inches ( 300 mm ) and strong winds , causing flooding and destroying 13 homes on the island of La Gonave . In Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , rainfall severely damaged a bridge , isolating the southern portion of the region . Across the country , 59 homes were damaged , of which six destroyed , and a total of five deaths were reported . Ernesto produced heavy rainfall in eastern Cuba , with Guantanamo reporting 3 inches ( 75 mm ) in four hours . Gusty winds left some towns in the Camagüey Province without power , though overall damage was minor . There were no reports from Cuba of deaths , injuries , or major damage attributed to the storm . = = = Southeastern United States = = = In the Florida Keys , Ernesto produced tropical storm force wind gusts and light rainfall , causing minor flooding . Upon making landfall in southern Florida , the storm produced a storm tide of about 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 3 m ) above astronomical tide levels , though no beach erosion was reported . Winds were fairly minor across the state , reaching 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) at a station on Lake Okeechobee . Ernesto dropped heavy rainfall across southwest Florida , with a state maximum of 8 @.@ 72 inches ( 221 mm ) recorded at South Golden Gate . The rainfall caused the Fisheating Creek to overflow , and some flooding also occurred in portions of Collier County . Floodwaters entered at least 13 homes in Palmdale . The storm resulted in more than 150 canceled flights at Orlando International Airport , stranding several travelers . While moving through the state , Ernesto spawned two F0 tornadoes in Osceola County . One person died in each in Broward and Miami @-@ Dade counties from traffic accidents ; the deaths are considered indirectly related to Ernesto . Overall damage in the state was minor . Passing to the east of Georgia , the storm produced light winds and rainfall near the coast . In South Carolina , the storm brought over 7 inches ( 175 mm ) of precipitation to North Myrtle Beach , which caused ponding on roadways . Winds were generally light , peaking at around 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) , which caused isolated power outages ; about 2 @,@ 700 people across the state lost power . Near Charleston , the passage of the storm caused moderate flooding that left some roads closed . No significant damage was reported in the state . Tropical Storm Ernesto made landfall in Brunswick County in the southern portion of North Carolina , producing a moderate storm surge along the Pamlico River which forced several evacuations . The storm surge reached 4 – 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 8 m ) in Beaufort County , flooding many homes and businesses . Just east of where it moved ashore , the storm dropped 14 @.@ 6 inches ( 371 mm ) of rainfall in Wrightsville Beach ; this was the highest rainfall total associated with Ernesto in the United States . Much of the eastern portion of the state received over 3 inches ( 75 mm ) of precipitation , and in the northeastern portion of the state , the precipitation caused flash flooding . The rainfall caused freshwater flooding in low @-@ lying areas , as well as along major and minor roadways ; the floodwaters left a 12 mi ( 19 km ) portion of Interstate 40 closed in Duplin County . Subsequent to the storm 's passage , the rainfall caused severe river flooding , with many streams and rivers overflowing their banks for several days . The Northeast Cape Fear River at Chinquapin remained in major flood stage for a week , flooding about 300 homes . The storm moved ashore just below hurricane strength , though wind gusts near the coast were generally around 40 – 60 mph ( 65 – 95 km / h ) . Gusts peaked at 62 mph ( 100 km / h ) in Wilmington , and the strong winds downed trees and power lines across the coastal region ; about 69 @,@ 000 people were left without power . Minor property damage was caused by three tornadoes spawned by the storm in eastern North Carolina . The passage of the storm caused a traffic fatality in the state . Overall damage was estimated at $ 80 million ( 2006 USD ) , all but $ 4 million of which from crop damage . = = = Mid @-@ Atlantic States and Canada = = = Ernesto transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it entered southern Virginia , bringing heavy rainfall which peaked at 10 @.@ 6 inches ( 270 mm ) in Wakefield . The precipitation caused flash flooding , which closed several roads but did not cause serious damage . The interaction between Ernesto and a strong ridge over the western Atlantic produced a tight pressure gradient , resulting in strong winds across the state ; wind gusts peaked at 87 mph ( 141 km / h ) at a station near the mouth of the York River . Strong winds downed numerous trees , including in Gloucester where two people died after a tree hit their home . The winds caused widespread power outages ; Dominion Virginia Power reported about 600 @,@ 000 customers as losing power some time during the storm . The storm produced a storm tide of 6 @.@ 12 feet ( 1 @.@ 86 m ) near Virginia Beach ; along the Chesapeake Bay , tidal flooding in combination with strong waves damaged boats and piers , and left a few homes flooded . Storm surge flooding also occurred along the Potomac River , with heavy beach erosion , light property damage , and flooded roadways reported in Alexandria . Across the state , the storm damaged or destroyed 609 houses , with damage totaling at least $ 118 million ( 2006 USD ) . Seven people were killed in the state , of which two directly to the storm ; three of the deaths were from traffic accidents , and one person died from carbon monoxide poisoning , due to operating a power generator inside after a power outage . In Washington , D.C. , the storm produced wind gusts of up to 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) which , in combination with heavy rainfall , resulted in a few downed tree branches and power lines . High tides left moderate damage in St. Mary 's County , Maryland of about $ 4 @.@ 4 million ( 2006 USD ) , with the damage to trees and power lines considered worse than the impact in Hurricane Isabel in 2003 . In neighboring Charles County , storm surge flooding forced the evacuations of houses along the waterfront . The interaction between Ernesto and a high pressure area over eastern Canada produced high winds , heavy rainfall , tidal flooding , and high waves across the Mid @-@ Atlantic and New England . In Delaware , the winds left 151 @,@ 000 people without power , and the adverse conditions canceled several Labor Day Weekend events . A buoy in the Delaware Bay recorded a record @-@ high wave height of 22 @.@ 3 ft ( 6 @.@ 8 m ) . In southern New Jersey , 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) winds left over 200 @,@ 000 buildings without power , while high waves flooded or closed several roads and bridges . Further north , between 2 @-@ 4 inches ( 50 – 100 mm ) of rain fell across Pennsylvania and New York . In Pennsylvania , there were two deaths . A seven @-@ year @-@ old boy died at a hospital , after a tree limb fell on him . A man was trying to rescue his golden retriever from a drainage steam , while he was sucked into an outflow pipe , and was found dead after being pulled out of a manhole . The rain in New York caused delays in the play at the 2006 U.S. Open , and washed out a whole day 's play . The extratropical remnants of Ernesto moved across southern Ontario , dropping moderate rainfall of up to 2 @.@ 1 inches ( 54 mm ) . Wind gusts reached 37 mph ( 60 km / h ) near Toronto , and the winds in combination with the rainfall caused power outages when lines snapped . Hundreds were left without power , though the outages were quickly restored . = = Aftermath = = On September 22 , following a request from Virginia governor Tim Kaine , President George W. Bush declared 19 counties in Virginia as disaster areas , along with the cities of Richmond and Poquoson . The declaration allocated federal funding to assist in paying for debris removal and the rebuilding of public infrastructure damaged by Ernesto 's flooding , including roads , parks , and government buildings . The city of Newport News and four additional counties were added later in the areas eligible for federal funding . In all , FEMA provided about $ 7 @.@ 3 million ( 2006 USD ) in assistance . Although the state of Virginia applied for individual assistance , the federal government denied the request . Due to debris and waste being carried into waterways by flooding from Ernesto , Virginia officials closed the Chesapeake Bay to shellfishing for four days from the Chesapeake Bay Bridge @-@ Tunnel to the mouth of the Potomac River . In Richmond , officials condemned 70 homes , prompting city workers to establish temporary homes . By five days after the storm 's passage through the state , most of the 600 @,@ 000 people who experienced power outages had their electricity restored . Dominion Resources 's Tidewater Virginia area was among the most affected , requiring 2 – 3 days to restore all areas . By two days after the storm moved through the area , all major roadways were opened , though secondary roadways took longer to be cleared from debris . Outside of Virginia , the Emergency Operation Centers in Pennsylvania , Delaware , and the District of Columbia were closed . Power crews worked to restore electricity to the affected areas across the region .
= Texas State Highway 211 = State Highway 211 or SH 211 ( Hill Country Parkway ) is a 11 @.@ 184 @-@ mile ( 17 @.@ 999 km ) state highway west of the city of San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas . This route was designated in 1986 as an access route to the Texas Research Park . Portions of the route were built , but significant landowner opposition kept the connecting section from being completed . The completed sections of the route consist of a southern section from U.S. Highway 90 ( US 90 ) north to Farm to Market Road 1957 ( FM 1957 ) and a northern section from FM 471 north to SH 16 . The Texas Transportation Commission has approved a pass @-@ through toll agreement that Bexar County submitted in October 2008 . This proposal will allow for development of a segment of SH 211 ( Hill Country Parkway ) from 1 @.@ 33 miles south of FM 1957 to FM 471 and improvements to FM 1957 ( Potranco Road ) from Loop 1604 to the Medina County line . The completion of the section between FM 1957 ( Potranco Road ) to FM 471 ( Culebra Road ) will finally allow for seamless travel from Hwy 90 at the south end , north to SH 16 ( Bandera Road ) . The improvements to FM 1957 ( Potranco Road ) will allow for the necessary widening of the two @-@ lane roadway which is dealing with new suburban growth and traffic for which it wasn 't built to handle . = = History = = The current alignment was designated in March 1986 from US 90 northward to SH 16 . In November 1988 , the designation was extended northeastward from SH 16 to FM 3351 . Construction of the current segments of the highway were completed in the early 1990s . The southern portion was the first to be completed with the interchange at US 90 and the bridge over Lucas Creek completed in 1990 . The northern portion was completed the following year in 1991 with the completion of the bridges over San Geronimo Creek . SH 211 was previously designated between 1933 and 1935 on a route from Brenham northward to Independence . This route was transferred in 1942 to Farm to Market Road 50 and State Highway Spur 197 . = = Route description = = SH 211 currently exists in two separate sections west of San Antonio . The southern section begins at a diamond interchange with US 90 in western Bexar County . The route travels to the north as a two @-@ lane highway with a northbound passing lane for the majority of the route and is known as either the Texas Research Parkway or the Hill Country Parkway ( once it 's finally completed ) , providing access to the Texas Research Park and a Citi service center . This 3 @.@ 7 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 0 km ) section of the highway ends at FM 1957 just east of the Bexar / Medina county line . The northern section ( Hill Country Parkway ) begins at FM 471 in Medina County and heads north as a two @-@ lane highway , crossing back over into Bexar County and passes briefly through the San Antonio city limits before ending at SH 16 . The northern section of the highway features the occasional passing lane in both directions . This 7 @.@ 4 @-@ mile ( 11 @.@ 9 km ) section of the roadway includes a design to provide protection to the Edwards Aquifer , the drinking water supply of San Antonio . To prevent runoff from the highway entering the aquifer , a 555 @-@ foot ( 169 m ) long bridge was sealed to prevent it from leaking and an aqueduct was constructed nearby to carry the runoff . There are plans to connect the two segments , but there are insufficient funds available to complete the nearly 8 @-@ mile ( 12 @.@ 9 km ) project and right @-@ of @-@ way needs to be acquired . TxDOT only has $ 7 @.@ 7 million of the $ 30 million required for construction costs . Bexar County will pay for the balance of the project costs with TxDOT reimbursing the County when funds become available . Relocation assistance is being provided to landowners to persuade them to sell their property for the highway . With a shortage of funds and the right @-@ of @-@ way not purchased , there is no time table for construction . Local opposition to the extension cite greater highway needs elsewhere , environmental concerns in the corridor , and a reluctance to sell land needed for the highway as chief concerns of the highway . Once completed , the highway is believed to provide relief to nearby Loop 1604 . The traffic volume of the highway is dramatically different between the southern and northern sections . The southern section sees traffic volumes six times of that of the northern section . The traffic volume of the southern section saw a slight increase from 2005 to 2006 . In 2005 , it had a traffic volume of 6 @,@ 450 annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , which increased to 6 @,@ 700 AADT in 2006 . The traffic volume of the northern section saw a slight increase from 2005 to 2006 as well . In 2005 , it had a traffic volume of 1 @,@ 000 AADT near the southern end of the road and 1 @,@ 300 AADT near the northern end . In 2006 , these numbers had increased to 1 @,@ 050 and 1 @,@ 550 AADT respectively . = = Major intersections = =
= Nueces Bay = Nueces Bay is a northwestern extension of Corpus Christi Bay in the San Patricio and Nueces counties of Texas . The bay is fed by the Nueces River , forming a natural estuary , which renders it ecologically and economically vital to the surrounding area . It serves as a habitat for the propagation of fish and shellfish , which sustain diverse species of birds and other wildlife . The bay is threatened by pollution from the heavy industry on its southern shore , which prevents oyster farming . Petrochemical production and oil are important to the surrounding economies of the major settlements of Corpus Christi and Portland , found on the eastern shore and connected by the Nueces Bay Causeway at the bay 's confluence with Corpus Christi Bay . Agriculture dominates the northern shore , where many plots of land are still owned by the descendants of early settlers . The largely abandoned historical communities of Rosita and West Portland are also located in this area . To the west , the Odem Bay extension is formed , and is fed by Rincon Bayou and a large complex of marsh formed by the Nueces River delta . Just south of the mouth , are the remains of the abandoned Nuecestown settlement , which is now included in the Corpus Christi city limits . = = History = = Nueces Bay formed approximately 9 @,@ 000 years ago , as the sea level rose at the conclusion of the last ice age . The sea level stabilized 6 @,@ 000 years later , shaping the present @-@ day Nueces Bay . The first human inhabitants were the nomadic Aransas Indians , who settled between the Copano and Baffin bays about 8 @,@ 000 years ago , until 1300 CE . In the next century , the Karankawa Indians arrived , and were present when Europeans came ashore . Nueces is Spanish for " nuts " , and refers to the pecan trees that grew along the banks of the Nueces River , noted by Spanish explorer Alonso De León in 1689 . It is unclear when the name was given to the bay ; it was called San Miguel Arcángel by Spanish captain Joaquín de Orobio y Basterra in 1747 , and an 1835 map of Texas identified it as Papelote or " wastepaper " Bay . It appears to have been first noted on a Spanish map in 1527 as the mouth of the Río Escondido or hidden river , which is believed to be the Nueces . French explorer René Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle sailed into the bay in 1685 , mistakenly believing it was the Mississippi River . Spanish colonial governor José de Escandón planned a villa on the mouth of the Nueces River named Villa de Vedoya . Fifty families were sent the site in 1749 , but failed to establish a settlement , due to a lack of sufficient supplies . Later that century , missionaries discussed the possibility of moving Nuestra Señora del Refugio Mission to the site , but decided against the idea due to conflict with the Lipan Apaches . Germans attempted to settle the same area , but were turned away by the French during the Pastry War in the 1830s . The next decade , a colony for freed slaves was proposed by abolitionist Benjamin Lundy , who had to cancel after the outbreak of the Texas Revolution . Corpus Christi , which was founded as a trading post on the southeastern shore in 1839 , is believed to be the first permanent settlement on the bay . It soon grew into a major Texas port with a population of 277 @,@ 454 at the time of the 2000 census . In 1852 , a settlement was finally established at the confluence of the Nueces River and Nueces Bay by Henry Kinney , who also founded Corpus Christi . The community was referred to as The Motts by German and English settlers for nearby tree clusters , but was officially known as Nuecestown . It was raided by Mexican bandits in 1875 , but recovered and grew to a population of 200 by 1896 . After the railroad passed on the town in 1905 , it declined , and is today included in the city limits of Corpus Christi . To the north of the bay , the Coleman @-@ Fulton Pasture Company controlled a large segment of San Patricio County for ranching during the aftermath of the Texas Revolution . David Sinton and later Charles Phelps Taft , whose names are immortalized by the nearby towns of Sinton and Taft , were involved with the company . They sold a plot of land on the northeast of Nueces Bay to George H. Paul , who hired Mexican immigrants to clear the land of mesquite trees and founded a ranching community later named West Portland . The plots of land in this community are still mostly held by the descendants of the original owners . The town of Portland — on the extreme northeast of the bay — was also established from land purchased from the Coleman @-@ Fulton Pasture Company by future State Senator John G. Willacy with help from a New England company . The town steadily grew and reached a population of 14 @,@ 827 by 2000 . To the northwest of the bay , on the Whites Point peninsula , a settlement was established around 1866 by cattledriver Darius Rachal , who had purchased land on the point from the cattle @-@ driving White family . Soon after his purchase , many of the Whites died of yellow fever as an epidemic swept the area and killed 14 people . Rachal used his land to raise cattle , grow cotton and sell real estate to new settlers . A post office was established at the site in 1892 , and was given the name Rosita or " little flower " after the names " White Point " and " Rachal " were rejected by United States Postal Service . After a 1915 gas explosion and two massive hurricanes , including a 1919 storm that killed 26 residents ( approximately 50 were killed in Portland and 47 in Corpus Christi ) , the post office was abolished in 1919 and by the next year most residents had relocated to Odem . = = Features = = Nueces Bay covers an area of 28 @.@ 9 square miles ( 75 km2 ) and drains the 16 @,@ 950 square miles ( 43 @,@ 900 km2 ) of the Nueces River basin . It has an average depth of 2 @.@ 3 metres ( 7 ft 7 in ) , and a volume of 39 @,@ 700 acre feet ( 49 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m3 ) . The bay is considered the southern extreme of the Texas Coastal Plain , which stretches northeast to Galveston Bay , and is part of the geographic transition from the grasslands of the coastal plain to the dry brush region of South Texas . It forms at the base of the Nueces River , which enters at the southwesternmost point of the bay . North of the Nueces entrance is the extension of Odem Bay , named for the nearby settlement of Odem . This extension includes shallow marsh fed by an extensive system of tidal streams including Rincon Bayou , and is headed by Whites Point to the east . Due south of Whites Point at the mouth of Odem Bay , is an oil field , situated against the backdrop of heavy industry on the shore to the southwest . The southern shore , which continues toward Rincon Point , is slender due to the industrial canal dredged to the south to the Port of Corpus Christi . The mouth of Nueces Bay on Corpus Christi Bay from Rincon Point to Indian Point , is crossed by the mile @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) Nueces Bay Causeway , which leads to Portland . West Portland is found on the shoreline of the bay as it curves north and west , which is lined with piers and residences . The bay leads back west to Whites Point on the north shore , which is largely used for agriculture . = = Ecosystem = = The Nueces estuary provides an ecosystem for a wide variety of wildlife . However , since the construction of Choke Canyon Reservoir in 1985 , freshwater inflows have decreased from the Nueces River , increasing the bay 's salinity , and hurting the natural oyster and shrimp habitat . In response , the City of Corpus Christi , Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and two additional state agencies have worked to restore the natural freshwater inflows into the bay . The Odem Bay extension is low in salinity and serves as a nursery for shrimp , which migrate to Nueces Bay in spring . Oyster beds are common throughout the bay and are known to be hiding spots for such fish as trout , black drum , flounder and redfish . Such finfish must be protected from excessive freshwater introduction for survival . A diverse collection of birds sustained by the water life , such as the black skimmer , brown pelican , great blue heron , egret , laughing gull , roseate spoonbill , tern , and the white ibis , can be found in the bay , especially near the mouth of Rincon Bayou . Local efforts by the Coastal Bend Bays and Estuaries program have benefited bird populations by adding crushed oyster shells to the bay 's small islands for improved nesting conditions , and the restoration of marsh near the Nueces Bay Causeway to increase fish populations to satisfy the birds ' dietary requirements . At the nearby Nueces Delta Preserve , countless birds have been observed , as well as bobcats , coyotes , feral hogs , mountain lions , rattlesnakes , Texas spiny lizards , western diamondbacks and white @-@ tailed deer . = = Industry = = Oil has been pumped from the bay since 1912 , but fishing has been a mainstay since humans have inhabited the area . In the early 1970s , recreational fishing accounted for a yearly input of $ 17 million to the local economy , while commercial fishermen contributed $ 27 @.@ 3 million . Commercial oyster farming was common in the bay until 1995 , when the Texas Department of State Health Services suspended the practice , due to an unhealthy annual average zinc level of nearly 2500 mg / kg in oysters , which as filter feeders , are affected by high levels of zinc in the water . The excessive zinc is believed to have been dumped into the bay by the American Smelting and Refining Company 's Encycle Texas Incorporated subsidiary , which operated a zinc refinery at the site from 1942 to 1985 . The Nueces Bay Power Station is also believed to have discharged zinc used for coolant until December 2002 . Since that time , zinc levels in the bay have been reduced to slightly under 1000 mg / kg , which remains above the healthy levels of 700 mg / kg . The power station has since come under the control of the Topaz Power Group . The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality has established the Total Maximum Daily Load Program to measure the level of pollutants throughout the Nueces watershed , in an effort to restore the bay to safe levels of contaminants . Pesticides that seep into the bay from the heavy agricultural activity on the north shore can also spur adverse environmental effects . Several oil spills have occurred as a result of the heavy petroleum industry on the south shore of Nueces Bay . In 1984 , approximately 20 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 76 @,@ 000 L ) of oil leaked from a busted pipeline , which blackened 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) of the shore . Ten years later , Koch Industries , which owns a refinery on the bay , was responsible for a major spill that resulted in the release of 100 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 380 @,@ 000 L ) of oil , leaving a 12 @-@ mile ( 19 km ) slick that seeped into Corpus Christi Bay . The Environmental Protection Agency fined the company $ 30 million for the spill in 2000 , and $ 2 @.@ 5 million was later given by the company to the state of Texas to improve the bay 's water quality .
= The Grinning Man = " The Grinning Man " is a feature @-@ length episode of the BBC crime drama series Jonathan Creek , first broadcast on 1 January 2009 . The episode marked the series ' return to television following a five @-@ year hiatus , and saw the return of Alan Davies as the show 's titular sleuth . Stuart Milligan returned to the series as Jonathan 's boss , magician Adam Klaus , while the episode also introduced Sheridan Smith as Joey Ross , Jonathan 's crime @-@ solving assistant . The episode was written and directed by series creator David Renwick , who chose to revive the show as a means of delaying his retirement . The central mysteries of the episode focused on an attic room whose occupants disappeared without trace overnight , and the kidnapped partner of a stage magician . The episode was watched by 9 @.@ 91 million viewers and attained a 36 % audience share . Critical reaction to the episode from The Scotsman 's Paul Whitelaw and The Northern Echo 's Steve Pratt suggested that , at 120 minutes , the plot was overstretched . The Stage 's Mark Wright compared Smith favourably to her predecessor in the assistant role , Julia Sawalha as Carla Borrego , while both Scotland on Sunday 's Chitra Ramaswamy and Sian Brewis for the Leicester Mercury discussed the nostalgia invoked by the episode , as a result of the series having been off @-@ air since 2004 . = = Plot = = Set five years after the previous episode , " Gorgons Wood " , " The Grinning Man " begins by introducing the Gothic mansion Metropolis . Since 1938 , a number of visitors staying overnight in the mansion 's attic " Nightmare Room " have disappeared without a trace . Originally owned by a spiritualist , the mansion is now the property of his grandson , stage magician Lance Gessler ( Nicholas Boulton ) . Gessler lives with his mother , Constance ( Judy Parfitt ) , his partner Elodie ( Jenna Harrison ) , and their groundskeeper , Glenn ( Ciaran McMenamin ) . They offer shelter to paranormal investigator Joey Ross and her friend Mina ( Naomi Bentley ) when the two are caught in a storm . Mina elects to sleep in the Nightmare Room , and has vanished by morning . Constance calls in sleuth Jonathan Creek to investigate Mina 's disappearance . Jonathan has recently begun a relationship with an old acquaintance , Nicola ( Katherine Parkinson ) , who is opposed to his investigative career , believing it to be too dangerous an occupation . Jonathan is still in the employment of the magician Adam Klaus , whose television series is receiving heavy criticism from viewers . To Jonathan 's bemusement , Klaus invests in the 3D pornography industry and begins dating the porn actress Candy Mountains ( Jemma Walker ) . Investigating events at Metropolis , Jonathan deduces that Gessler 's grandfather was a Nazi sympathizer , who laid a trap in the attic room to kill one of his enemies without arousing suspicion . Jonathan and Joey spend the night in the room , but uncover nothing , save for a small vent in the canopy of the room 's four @-@ poster bed , which is opened when pressure is put on the mattress , releasing dead flies . The next morning , Jonathan comes to the realization that the vent above the bed was designed to leak a ectoplasmic fluid onto the room 's occupants as they slept , meaning they would need to bathe in the adjoining bathroom . Upon realizing the secret behind the disappearances , Jonathan races back up to the attic with Glenn . Unfortunately , Joey had already climbed into the bath , which has descended and released her into a water tank below the room , where the corpses of previous victims ( including her friend Mina ) remain , drowned and decomposing . The bath has not yet returned to its position so Jonathan and Glenn are able to rescue her . The mystery resembles the real @-@ life case of the Jarmans , the sixteenth @-@ century owners of the Ostrich Inn in Slough ( Berkshire ) , who killed wealthy travelers by tipping them into a barrel of boiling water via a hinged bed in one of the bedrooms . During the investigation , Gessler 's partner , Elodie , is kidnapped . Joey follows Gessler from his stage show one night , and observes him slashing Elodie 's throat . She , Jonathan , and Nicola later discover Elodie 's dead body , but when they return with policemen , the corpse has been switched for a prop dummy . Glenn reveals that he and Elodie were in love , and had recently married in secret . He suspects that Gessler may have murdered Elodie out of jealousy after she confessed their marriage to him . The police , however , receive a video of Elodie walking through a park the morning after she was supposedly murdered , with the day 's newspaper in plain view for validation . Jonathan realizes that Gessler had manipulated Delia Gunning ( Ellen Ashley ) , the editor of the local newspaper , into printing a fake copy a week in advance . By making the video before killing Elodie , he could deflect suspicion from himself , leading the police to believe that she had faked her own death and run away . Gessler ensured the front page 's authenticity by having Delia create the day 's headline herself , releasing a briefcase full of bees in the middle of a local council meeting . Jonathan 's suspicions became aroused as the following story about the construction of a motorway through six villages would have been far more engaging as a front @-@ pager . Jonathan and Joey arrive at Delia 's home just in time to save her from being murdered by Gessler , who later commits suicide by gassing himself in his car . The " Grinning Man " the title refers to is the subject of a Hieronymous Bosch painting , which hangs in the attic Nightmare Room . Once the episode 's mysteries are resolved , Constance confesses that she rescued the painting from a burning room decades previously , leaving an elderly uncle to die as she did so . She has Glenn assist her in burning the painting in Metropolis ' grounds . The episode ends with Jonathan , Joey , and Adam arriving at a restaurant to celebrate with their significant others . Adam discovers that he has been conned by Candy , and will not be receiving any return on his pornography investment . Joey receives a call from her partner , Alec ( Adam James ) , who reveals that he is in Miami with Nicola and the two are now seeing one another . As the maître d ' ( Graham Vanas ) arrives to lead them to their private booth , Jonathan jests ; " Three for the Nightmare Room " . = = Production = = David Renwick made the decision to revive Jonathan Creek for a Christmas special as a means of " deferring retirement " . He considered the alternative of developing an entirely new series to be too lengthy a process , and regarded reviving Jonathan Creek as the " safe decision " . He described the process of formulating a plot for the episode as an " agony " and a " torment " , revealing that he had stopped writing the show in 2004 partly due to a lack of ideas . Renwick explained : " Inevitably , you set up a series which is all about impossibilities that then have to have a rational explanation , by definition it ’ s going to be pretty challenging stuff for a writer . So God knows why I ever embarked on it in the first place . " As well as writing , Renwick also directed the episode , which was produced by Nerys Evans ; Jonathan Creek 's former Producer Verity Lambert died of cancer in November 2007 . Davies noted that he and Renwick met quite regularly following Lambert 's death , and when Renwick suggested to the BBC that they revive Jonathan Creek , the broadcaster " bit his hand off for it " . " The Grinning Man " was commissioned by Jane Tranter , Controller of BBC Fiction , with Lucy Lumsden , Controller of Comedy Commissioning , stating that the station was " delighted to have Jonathan Creek back on BBC One " . Renwick was prepared for a negative reaction to the show 's revival , describing how : " People say , Oh Jonathan Creek 's coming back . Fantastic . ' And then they watch it and go : ' God , what a mistake . ' Which is what happened with One Foot in the Grave . So I tend to expect the worst . " Davies had suspected that Renwick would one day revive Jonathan Creek , explaining that Jonathan 's fate had been left open , unlike Renwick 's other famous character - One Foot In The Grave 's Victor Meldrew , who was killed in a hit and run in the show 's last episode . When the production of " The Grinning Man " was announced in June 2008 , Davies commented : " For the last five years whenever I 've passed a locked room I 've thought there might be a mystery lurking behind it , so I 'm very happy to return to Jonathan Creek and to have something to actually solve . " He stated that reprising the role after such a lengthy hiatus was initially strange , and that : " I couldn 't remember my lines on the first day . I 'd sort of forgotten how precise you have to be when you work on a Jonathan Creek episode . " He praised co @-@ star Sheridan Smith in comparison , describing how : " Sheridan is extremely good at all that stuff , which works in a similar way to the script , in that she 's a very bright , sharp character and Creek 's a bit rusty and hasn 't really been doing it for a while . So sure enough , on the first day , she knows all her lines and makes her mark . And I 'm going , ' Hang on a minute , stop showing off ' " . Upon receiving the episode 's script , Davies had gained a stone in weight since last playing Jonathan Creek , almost five years previously . Renwick suggested that they include Davies ' weight gain in the plot , presenting the character as having " gone to seed " . Davies , however , did not want to play a " fat Creek " , and lost weight before filming began , stating : " it was my choice not to let him go too much " . The actor discussed with Renwick how Jonathan may have developed in the intervening five years : " We talked about whether he ’ d have changed , whether he ’ d have done any investigating in the meantime . He probably didn ’ t . He still does the same job and is locked in the same relationship with Klaus and feeling a bit put upon – that hasn ’ t changed at all ... and he still lives in a windmill " . In a change from the original , Cobstone Windmill was used for the exterior shots , replacing Shipley Windmill , which had been used for all other episodes . Davies grew his hair out again for the role , and wore his own duffel coat throughout the episode . The coat had become the character 's trademark in the show 's first series , with Davies explaining that : " After we did the first series , I could never wear it off screen again , because people started doing the Danse Macabre [ theme ] music everywhere I went . So it 's just been in the wardrobe for 12 years . " Previous series of Jonathan Creek had featured first Caroline Quentin , and then Julia Sawalha as Jonathan 's assistants Maddy Magellan and Carla Borrego , respectively . Quentin departed from the show at the end of its third series in 2000 in order to try for a second child , while Sawalha temporarily retired from acting in 2004 , having become so disillusioned that she was " dragging [ her ] self out of bed " by the end of the show 's fourth series in order to film episodes . Davies explained that Renwick had always believed Jonathan needed a sidekick character , and that : " You can 't really have Jonathan Creek without his sounding board when all the stuff is going on in his mind . In a novel you can have an interior monologue when a leading character is working out what 's going on , but for a film or television you have to have Dr Watson for Sherlock Holmes , it 's somebody for Holmes to explain it to . " For " The Grinning Man " , a new sidekick was created in the form of Joey Ross , played by actress Sheridan Smith . Renwick described the opportunity to work with Smith as a major catalyst in his decision to revive the show . The actress had previously appeared in his series Love Soup , and Renwick 's wife suggested pairing her with Davies in the new episode . Smith was approached about the role before the episode 's script was written , and after readily agreeing to take the part of Ross , Renwick wrote the character 's dialogue with Smith 's northern accent in mind . The actress found accustoming herself to " detective talk " the hardest part of the role , explaining : " You slow down , and then speed up at the end . I kept watching Alan and going , ' I can ’ t do this figuring out talk . ' But I learned from the master . " Smith enjoyed the challenge the role presented , stating : " He 's [ Renwick ] written this feisty little northern character , and I am really honoured because he 's such a great writer . I have always played chavs and slappers so I wasn 't used to being an intelligent young girl . " Renwick has stated that the production of any further Jonathan Creek specials will depend on reception to " The Grinning Man " , as well as his own schedule . Davies is amenable to reprising the lead role in future , stating : " If David writes more , I 'm happy to do them . Unless they turned up and they were awful - but it hasn 't happened so far . And he wouldn 't send me an awful one anyway . But I don 't know if he will come up with another one . He always says that the writing is so difficult , I 'm not sure it gives him any pleasure . But I think the shooting gave him a lot of pleasure this time . He was directing for the first time and I think he really enjoyed it . So , we 'll see . " = = Reception = = " The Grinning Man " received a mixed response from critics , and was watched by 9 @.@ 91 million viewers , with a 36 % share of the total television audience . The episode beat ITV 's Marple in the same time @-@ slot , with Geraldine McEwan 's last episode as Agatha Christie 's famous sleuth receiving just 4 @.@ 48 million viewers and a 15 % audience share . The Sunday Times ' AA Gill was critical of the episode , suggesting that the series had been revived : " because of some dire piece of market research where they asked single , lonely , overweight , over @-@ 40 women who keep cats and believe in ghosts who they fancied most on television , and Alan Davies must have beaten Huw Edwards by a woolly head . " Of the episode itself , he wrote : " It skids between procedural whodunit realism and cartoonish fantasy in a way that defies belief and interest . It is a dull confusion of unknotted loose ends that breaks its own rules , suspends common sense and dumps so much unexplained plot that all suspense drains away through the holes in the story . " The Herald 's Alasdair McKay was critical of Davies ' acting in the episode , writing that : " it really is difficult to tell the difference between the comedian and the accidental detective in David Renwick 's comedy drama . Davies doesn 't act , he tries to stay awake , occasionally pausing for a cryptic insight . " While The Scotsman 's Paul Whitelaw similarly noted that Davies appeared to be playing " a slightly grumpier version " of himself , he was " quite impressed " by Davies performance , having never seen him act before . Whitelaw found that " the episode itself left a lot to be desired " , writing that its central mystery was " solid " and its solution was " satisfyingly creepy " , but that " At two hours in length it was fatally overstretched [ ... ] It was as though Renwick , who also directed , had been given 120 minutes to fill without having enough material to fill them – the narrative equivalent of an interminable jam session based around some fundamentally decent riffs . " Steve Pratt , writing for The Northern Echo , was similarly critical of the episode 's length , deeming the Adam Klaus subplot " nonsense " which " could easily be removed without loss " . Pratt suggested that " This would also help reduce the overlong two @-@ hour running time , during which my attention wandered more often than it should have done . " The Observer 's Euan Ferguson shared a similar sentiment , writing that the episode : ... was long , at two hours , but writer / director David Renwick had helped us here in our tea @-@ making and loo @-@ going by including an almost entirely unwatchable sub @-@ plot involving a sleazy magician and a porn star ; as soon as it segued back to this , it was time for the viewer to leap to race for the kettle . What was going on with this bit ? Had Renwick written it with his feet , in the bath or something ? Then gone through it removing all traces of point or humour , then dropped it actually into the bath , then torn it up , then asked for it to be quickly rewritten by , say , an ant ? Unlike McKay and Gill , however , Ferguson praised both Davies ' acting and the episode as a whole , deeming it " the best thing on television all week " . He opined that Davies : " plays Creek to easy perfection : mumbling , lugubrious , quietly brilliant " , and called the plot " involving , intriguing , [ and ] original " , stating that it " did the thing all good thrillers , books or films , do of getting you actively , cleverly involved in thinking you can see the answer before anyone else . You couldn 't . " The List 's Brian Donaldson was also positive about the episode , calling it " surprisingly splendid festive fare " , in which " The twists and resolutions were , to this watcher at least , as well hidden as Davies ’ ears underneath that shaggy bonce . " The Times ' Tim Teeman deemed the episode " comfort television " , commenting on its " rambling pace " and writing that : " Our hero was brainy and cranky and the show itself awkward , funny and idiosyncratic ( as you 'd expect from the creator , writer and director David Renwick ) . " The Daily Telegraph ' Gerard O 'Donovan agreed that the episode felt " comfy and familiar " , but also found its run @-@ time overstretched , writing that it : ... might have made for terrifically good , refreshingly unsentimental fun had it not been for the fact that the episode was commissioned to run for two hours . That 's a good 30 minutes longer than the show 's ever been stretched before , and an hour beyond its natural span . Expanding to fit necessitated getting Creek and Joey to stall , stumble and scratch their bonces ineffectually at each other all the time while writer David Renwick desperately padded out the story with ever more unlikely twists and turns , zig @-@ zagging down incredible subplots involving the magician 's scheme to kidnap and murder his assistant , and the terrible betrayal that lay behind his mother 's acquisition of an oil painting by Hieronymus Bosch . In the end , by the time the secret of the original mystery was unlocked , the only room one really feared never being able to escape from was the one with the telly in it . Of Smith 's performance as Joey , O 'Donovan opined that : " For most drama series the presence of a key new character would have a tangible impact . But not Jonathan Creek , where characterisation has never been done in anything but the broadest brush strokes . Both Caroline Quentin and Julia Sawalha have previously filled the generic role of Creek 's pushy , inquisitive partner pretty much interchangeably . Smith was no different . Ten minutes in and we 'd forgotten she was anyone new . " In contrast , Mark Wright , reviewing the episode for The Stage , praised Smith 's performance as Joey , deeming her to be " a much more satisfying sidekick " than Julia Sawalha 's Carla Borrego . He enjoyed the on @-@ screen relationship between the two lead actors , writing that : " it ’ s the interplay between Davies and Smith that makes this really special . " Scotland on Sunday 's Chitra Ramaswamy discussed the nostalgia invoked by the series ' return , alongside The Royle Family , Blackadder and Shooting Stars — other major shows which returned for 2008 Christmas specials . Ramaswamy wrote : " all the comforting , well kent faces are back to soothe us through these dismal times . In a culture that is becoming more and more risk @-@ averse , it 's the oldies but goodies that we trust . " Sian Brewis for the Leicester Mercury also considered this nostalgia angle , but concluded that : " Jonathan Creek is the sort of auld acquaintance you ’ re happy to see once a year – any more than that , you feel , and his mannerisms would start to grate . " She deemed the episode : " Less a blast from the past as a shuffling " excuse me " . Conversely , Anne Pickles for the News and Star wrote that a one @-@ off special was not enough , and " what we really wanted was a brand new series " . Pickles said of the episode : " It ’ s the gentle , facially expressive , deeply sceptical , somehow slightly daft performance of Davies as Creek that makes this sleuthing drama such a glory . But a one @-@ off ? Oh come on ... you can do better than that . "
= Greek ironclad Spetsai = Spetsai ( Greek : Θ / Κ Σπέτσαι ) was a Greek ironclad battleship of the Hydra class that served in the Royal Hellenic Navy from 1890 until 1920 . She was named after the Saronic Gulf island of Spetses , which played a key role in the war at sea during the Greek War of Independence . Spetsai she was ordered in 1885 in response to a crisis in the Balkans and Ottoman naval expansion . The ship was launched in 1889 and delivered to Greece by 1902 . She was armed with a main battery of three 10 @.@ 8 inches ( 270 millimetres ) guns and five 5 @.@ 9 inches ( 150 millimetres ) guns , and had a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 kilometres per hour ; 20 miles per hour ) . Spetsai and her sisters saw extensive service with the Greek Navy . They participated in the Greco – Turkish War in 1897 until the Great Powers intervened and prevented the Greek Navy from capitalizing on their superiority over the Ottoman Navy . Psara saw action in the First Balkan War at the Naval Battle of Elli and was present at the Naval Battle of Lemnos , but was too slow to actively engage the Ottoman forces . She did not see action during World War I , and was used as a naval communications school until 1929 , when she was sold for scrapping . = = Construction = = In 1885 , Greece ordered three new ironclads of the Hydra class . Spetsai was ordered from the Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipyard in Le Havre , France during the premiership of Charilaos Trikoupis . The ship , named for the island of Spetsai , was launched on 26 October 1889 , and by 1892 , she and her sister @-@ ships Hydra and Psara were delivered to the Greek fleet . The ship was 334 feet 8 inches ( 102 @.@ 01 m ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 51 ft 10 in ( 15 @.@ 80 m ) and a mean draft of 18 ft ( 5 @.@ 5 m ) . She displaced 4 @,@ 808 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 732 long tons ; 5 @,@ 300 short tons ) as built . She was powered by a pair of steam engines of unknown type ; they were rated at 6 @,@ 700 indicated horsepower ( 5 @,@ 000 kW ) and provided a top speed of 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 500 t ( 490 long tons ; 550 short tons ) . Spetsai 's main battery consisted of three 10 @.@ 8 @-@ inch ( 274 mm ) guns . Two guns were mounted forward in barbettes on either side of the forward superstructure ; these were L / 34 guns . The third gun , a L / 28 gun , was placed in a turret aft . The secondary battery consisted of four 5 @.@ 9 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) L / 36 guns in casemates were mounted below the forward main battery , and a fifth 5 @.@ 9 @-@ inch gun was placed on the centerline on the same deck as the main battery . A number of smaller guns were carried for defense against torpedo boats . These included four 3 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 86 mm ) L / 22 guns , four 3 @-@ pounder guns , four 1 @-@ pounder guns , and six 1 @-@ pounder revolver cannons . The ship was also armed with three 14 @-@ inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes . The ship was armored with a mix of Creusot and compound steel . The main belt was 12 in ( 300 mm ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 14 in ( 360 mm ) of armor . = = Service history = = Spetsai saw limited action in the Greco – Turkish War in 1897 , as the Royal Hellenic Navy was unable to make use of its superiority over the Ottoman Navy . The Ottoman Navy had remained in port during the conflict , but a major naval intervention of the Great Powers prevented the Greeks from capitalizing on their superiority . The conflict was centered on the island of Crete , which was the object of an international naval demonstration in 1897 – 1898 ; the Great Powers mediated a solution to the conflict that saw Crete returned to Ottoman control , but with a Greek prince . In 1897 – 1900 , Spetsai and her sister @-@ ships were partially rearmed ; Spetsai was modified at the La Seyne shipyard . Their small @-@ caliber guns were replaced with one 3 @.@ 9 @-@ inch ( 99 mm ) gun forward , eight 9 @-@ pounder guns , four 3 @-@ pounders , and ten 1 @-@ pounder revolver cannons . One of the 14 @-@ inch torpedo tubes was replaced with a 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) weapon . In 1908 – 1910 , the old 5 @.@ 9 in guns were replaced with new , longer L / 45 models . The Balkan League , of which Greece was a member , declared war on the Ottoman Empire in October 1912 . Two months later , the Ottoman fleet attacked the Greek navy , in an attempt to disrupt the naval blockade surrounding the Dardanelles . The Ottoman fleet , which included the pre @-@ dreadnought battleships Turgut Reis , Barbaros Hayreddin , the outdated ironclad battleships Mesudiye and Âsâr @-@ ı Tevfik , nine destroyers , and six torpedo boats , sortied from the Dardanelles in the morning , at 09 : 30 . The smaller ships remained at the mouth of the straits while the battleships sailed north , remaining near to the coast . The Greek flotilla , which included the armored cruiser Georgios Averof and Spetsai and her sisters , had been sailing from the island of Imbros to the patrol line outside the straits . When the Ottomans were sighted , the Greeks altered course to the northeast in order to block the advance of their opponents . In the ensuing Naval Battle of Elli , the Ottoman ships opened fire first , at 09 : 50 , from a range of about 15 @,@ 000 yards ( 14 @,@ 000 m ) ; the Greeks returned fire ten minutes later , by which time the range had decreased significantly to 8 @,@ 500 yards ( 7 @,@ 800 m ) . At 10 : 04 , the Ottoman ships completed a 16 @-@ point turn , which reversed their course , and steamed for the safety of the straits in a disorganized withdrawal . Within an hour , the routed Ottoman ships had withdrawn into the Dardanelles . The Naval Battle of Lemnos resulted from an Ottoman plan to lure the faster Georgios Averof away from the Dardanelles . The protected cruiser Hamidiye evaded the Greek blockade and broke out into the Aegean Sea ; the assumption was that the Greeks would dispatch Georgios Averof to hunt down Hamidiye . Despite the threat to Greek lines of communication posed by the cruiser , the Greek commander refused to detach Georgios Averof from her position . Georgios Averof , Spetsai , and her two sisters appeared approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) from Lemnos ; when the powerful Greek cruiser was spotted , the Ottomans turned to retreat with Georgios Averof in pursuit . She scored several hits on the fleeing Ottoman ships before breaking off the chase . Spetsai and her sisters were too slow to keep up with Georgios Averof , and played no active part in the engagement . At the outbreak of World War I at the end of July 1914 , Greece 's pro @-@ German monarch , Constantine I , decided to remain neutral . The Entente powers landed troops in Salonika in 1915 , which was a source of tension between France and Greece . Ultimately , the French seized the Greek Navy on 19 October 1916 ; the heavy units of the Greek fleet were disarmed and placed in reserve for the remainder of the war . Spetsai was decommissioned in 1920 and used as a naval communications school until 1929 , when she was broken up for scrap .
= Hurricane Joyce ( 2000 ) = Hurricane Joyce caused minor impact in the ABC and Windward islands during late September and early October 2000 . The fourteenth tropical cyclone , tenth named storm , and sixth hurricane of the season , Joyce developed from a tropical wave located southwest of Cape Verde on September 25 . Only twelve hours after becoming a cyclone , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Joyce early on September 26 . Joyce continued to strengthen and became a hurricane by September 27 . On the following day , Joyce peaked with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) on September 28 . After peak intensity on September 28 , unfavorable conditions caused Joyce to become disorganized and weaken . Late on September 29 , Joyce was downgraded to a tropical storm while centered well east of the Lesser Antilles . In contrast with predictions , Joyce continued to weaken and became a tropical depression on October 1 while crossing through the southern Windward Islands . Early on the following day , Joyce degenerated into a tropical wave over the southeast Caribbean Sea . The remnants were monitored for regeneration , but never developed back into a tropical cyclone . Overall , impact from Joyce was minimal , limited to mainly rainfall and near @-@ tropical storm force winds in Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados . The remnants of Joyce also caused similar effects on the ABC islands and Dominican Republic , which resulted in minor damage . = = Meteorological history = = Hurricane Joyce originated from a tropical wave that emerged from the coast of Africa on September 22 . Influenced by a powerful ridge that had developed in the wake of Hurricane Isaac , the wave traveled a brisk and slightly undulating westward path at 14 to 18 mph ( 23 to 29 km / h ) . It would never change from that general path . While in the deep tropics of the open Atlantic , the wave began to show indications of a closed circulation . Satellite data was ambiguous , but the evidence favored the existence of a tropical cyclone , and the system was designated Tropical Depression Fourteen . At the next advisory , the cyclone was upgraded and named " Joyce " , although satellite data was still ambiguous about whether Joyce even had a circulation . Joyce headed westward and steadily intensified . Deep convection and outflow improved , and Joyce gradually developed an eye . On September 27 , it was upgraded to a hurricane with cold cloud tops . Early on September 28 , Joyce peaked in intensity with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) , a central pressure of 975 mbar ( 28 @.@ 8 inHg ) , and a fleeting " pinhole " eye . At the time , it was located about midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles . Wind shear then increased , partially exposing Joyce 's center of circulation , although bursts of convection remained . Convection and organization slowly deteriorated , and became , early on September 29 , " pretty crummy " and without a well @-@ defined center of circulation . Joyce did manage to remain at hurricane intensity through this time . Due to the disorganization , it was downgraded to a tropical storm later that day . Despite occasional bursts of convection , Joyce weakened into a tropical depression as it crossed the Windward Islands on October 1 . The weakening was confirmed by Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance flights . After crossing the Windward Islands , and entering the southeastern Caribbean Sea , Joyce unexpectedly degenerated into an open wave . Although Joyce 's remnants were monitored for regeneration , any possible redevelopment never materialized . Joyce dissipated in an area of low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures . The National Hurricane Center attributed the weakening to dry air from the Sahara . The dry air may have been caused by a lack of southwesterlies bring moisture from equatorial areas , and continental influence from South America . = = Forecasting , impact , and naming = = Joyce 's track was well forecast , with errors ten to twenty percent smaller than the ten @-@ year average . In general , Joyce persistently stayed south of where it was forecast to be . By contrast , intensity forecasts had large errors . Indeed , at 0900 UTC on October 2 Joyce was forecast to be a 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) tropical storm three days out , when in reality the storm dissipated six hours later . These forecast errors were blamed on Joyce 's surprise dissipation . Regarding potential impacts , Joyce 's storm surge of 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) on Trinidad was accurately forecast . On September 30 , a tropical storm watch was issued for the Windward Islands from St. Vincent and the Grenadines south to Trinidad and Tobago . One hour later , the watch was extended to Saint Lucia . Later that day , the watches were upgraded to warnings in Trinidad and Tobago and Grenada . On October 1 , Trinidad 's warning was downgraded to a watch . After that , the watches and warnings were gradually discontinued , first in Barbados and St. Vincent and the Grenadines , then Trinidad and Saint Lucia , then Tobago , and finally Grenada . In response to the approaching hurricane , emergency operations centers in Grenada and both main islands of Trinidad and Tobago were placed on alert . While weakening , Tropical Depression Joyce passed close to Tobago , causing sustained winds of 30 mph ( 50 km / h ) . Barbados experienced the highest sustained winds Joyce brought to any land area . There , the winds were 35 mph ( 60 km / h ) , gusting to 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) . Neither Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , nor Grenada reported serious effects from Joyce . Joyce caused storm surge of 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) on southeast Trinidadian shores . After degenerating into an open wave , Joyce 's remnants passed over the ABC Islands , where locally heavy thunderstorms and light winds were reported on October 2 . A tropical wave related to Joyce 's decay was blamed for flooding in the Dominican Republic , where rain caused the Mao , Amina , and Yaque del Norte Rivers to burst their banks , flooding thousands of hectares of banana and rice crops . Damage was reported in communities in the northeastern part of the country . No other impact was reported , and no deaths were blamed on Joyce . Officials from Trinidad and Tobago reported that Joyce made landfall in that country . The National Hurricane Center differs , not attributing any landfall to Joyce . If Joyce really made landfall on Tobago , it would have been the first tropical storm to do so since 1990 's Arthur . In addition , Joyce moved south of west for a time at a location where it is rare for tropical cyclones to do so .
= Historic districts in the United States = In the United States , a historic district is a group of buildings , properties , or sites that have been designated by one of several entities on different levels as historically or architecturally significant . Buildings , structures , objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories , contributing and non @-@ contributing . Districts greatly vary in size : some have hundreds of structures , while others have just a few . The U.S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service . Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places , but listing usually imposes no restrictions on what property owners may do with a designated property . State @-@ level historic districts may follow similar criteria ( no restrictions ) or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards . Local historic district designation offers , by far , the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level . Local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government . = = History = = The first U.S. historic district was established in Charleston , South Carolina in 1931 , predating the U.S. federal government designation by more than three decades . Charleston city government designated an “ Old and Historic District ” by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it . New Orleans followed in 1937 , establishing the Vieux Carré Commission and authorizing it to act to maintain the historic character of the city 's French Quarter . Other localities picked up on the concept , with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955 . The regulatory authority of local commissions and historic districts has been consistently upheld as a legitimate use of government police power , most notably in Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York ( 1978 ) . The Supreme Court case validated the protection of historic resources as “ an entirely permissible governmental goal . ” In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places , soon after a report from the U.S. Conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from " rootlessness . " By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts . Some states , such as Arizona , have passed referendums defending property rights that have stopped private property being designated historic without the property owner 's consent or compensation for the historic overlay . = = Property types = = Historic districts are generally two types of properties , contributing and non @-@ contributing . Broadly defined , a contributing property is any property , structure or object which adds to the historical integrity or architectural qualities that make a historic district , listed locally or federally , significant . Different entities , usually governmental , at both the state and national level in the United States , have differing definitions of contributing property but they all retain the same basic characteristics . In general , contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context and character of a historic district . In addition to the two types of classification within historic districts , properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories . They are , building , structure , site , district and object ; each one has a specific definition in relation to the National Register . All but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register . = = Federal @-@ level = = A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district . However , the Register is " an honorary status with some federal financial incentives . " The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U.S. federal law , last revised in 2004 . According to the Register definition a historic district is : a geographically definable area , urban or rural , possessing a significant concentration , linkage , or continuity of sites , buildings , structures , or objects united by past events or aesthetically by plan or physical development . A district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history . Districts established under U.S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places . The National Register is the official recognition by the U.S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation . While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections , it is only in cases where the threatening action involves the federal government . If the federal government is not involved , then the listing on the National Register provides the site , property or district no protections . For example , if company A wants to tear down the hypothetical Smith House and company A is under contract with the state government of Illinois , then the federal designation would offer no protections . If , however , company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected . A federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation . In general , the criteria for acceptance to the National Register are applied consistently , but there are considerations for exceptions to the criteria and historic districts have influence on some of those exceptions . Usually , the National Register does not list religious structures , moved structures , reconstructed structures , or properties that have achieved significance within the last 50 years . However , if a property falls into one of those categories and are " integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria " then an exception allowing their listing will be made . Historic district listings , like all National Register nominations , can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval . In the case of historic districts , a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places . If such an objection occurred , then the nomination would become a determination of National Register eligibility only . = = State @-@ level = = Most U.S. state governments have a listing similar to the National Register of Historic Places . State listings can have similar benefits to federal designation , such as granting qualification and tax incentives . In addition , the property can become protected under specific state laws . The laws can be similar or different from the federal guidelines that govern the National Register . A state listing of a historic district on a " State Register of Historic Places , " usually by the State Historic Preservation Office , can be an " honorary status , " much like the National Register . For example , in Nevada , listing in the State Register places no limits on property owners . In contrast , state law in Tennessee requires that property owners within historic districts follow a strict set of guidelines , from the U.S. Department of Interior , when altering their properties . Though , according to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 , all states must have a State Historic Preservation Office , not all states must have a " state historic district " designation . As of 2004 , for example , the state of North Carolina had no such designation . = = Local @-@ level = = Local historic districts usually enjoy the greatest level of protection legally from any threats that may compromise their historic integrity because many land @-@ use decisions are made at the local level . There are more than 2 @,@ 300 local historic districts in the United States . Local historic districts can be administered at the county or the municipal level ; both entities are involved in land use decisions . Local historic districts are identified by surveying historic resources and delineating appropriate boundaries that comply with all aspects of due process . Depending on local ordinance or State law , property owners permission may be required ; however all owners are to be notified and given a chance to share their opinion . Most local historic districts are constricted by design guidelines that control changes to the properties included in the district . Many local commissions adopt specific guidelines for the " tout ensemble " of each neighborhood , although some smaller commissions rely on the Secretary of Interior Standards . For most minor changes , homeowners can consult with local preservation staff at the municipal office and receive guidance on and permission for the changes . Major changes however , require homeowners to apply for a Certificate of Appropriateness ( COA ) , and the changes may be decided upon by the historic commission or architectural review board . The COA process is carried out with all aspects of due process , with formal notification , hearings , and fair and informed decision making . According to the National Park Service , historic districts are one of the oldest forms of protection for historic properties . The city of Charleston , South Carolina is credited with beginning the modern day historic districts movement . In 1931 Charleston enacted an ordinance which designated an " Old and Historic District " administered by a Board of Architectural Review . Charleston 's early ordinance reflected the strong protection that local historic districts often enjoy under local law . It asserted that no alteration could be made to any architectural features which could be viewed by the public from the street . Local historic districts , as in New Orleans and Savannah , Georgia , predate the Register by 10 years or more as well . Local historic districts are most likely to generate resistance because of the restrictions they tend to place on property owners . Local laws can cause residents " to comply with ( local historic district ) ordinances . " The issue of local historic districts and the impact on property values is a concern to many homeowners . The effects have been extensively studied using multiple methodologies including before @-@ and @-@ after analysis and evaluating comparable neighborhoods with and without local designation status . Recent factual analysis has been conducted by independent researchers in a number of states , including New Jersey , Texas , Indiana , Georgia , Colorado , Maryland , North and South Carolina , Kentucky , Virginia , and elsewhere . As stated by economist Donovan Rypkema , " the results of these studies are remarkably consistent : property values in local historic districts appreciate significantly faster than the market as a whole in the vast majority of cases and appreciate at rates equivalent to the market in the worst case . Simply put – historic districts enhance property values . " In a 2011 study Connecticut Local Historic Districts and Property Values , it was found that “ property values in every local historic district saw average increases in value ranging from 4 % to over 19 % per year . ” Similarly , in New York City between 1980 @-@ 2000 , local historic district properties on a price per square foot basis increased in value significantly more than non @-@ designated properties . Equally important , local historic district property values were found to resist market downturns better than historic non @-@ designated properties . A recent study investigating the data on single @-@ family residential mortgage foreclosures and comparable non @-@ designated neighborhoods found that designated properties were significantly less likely to experience foreclosure . Local historic district designation has proven to protect property values from wild fluctuations and provides stability in the housing market . = = Significance = = The original concept of an American historic district was as a protective area surrounding more important , individual historic sites . As the field of historic preservation progressed , those involved came to realize that the structures acting as " buffer zones " were actually key elements of the historic integrity of larger , landmark sites . Preservationists came to the view that districts should be more encompassing , blending together a mesh of structures , streets , open space and landscaping to define the historical character of a historic district . As early as 1981 the National Trust for Historic Preservation identified 882 American cities and towns that had some form of " historic district zoning " in place ; local laws meant specifically to protect historic districts . Before 1966 , historic preservation in the United States was in its infancy . That year the U.S. Conference of Mayors penned an influential report which concluded , in part , that Americans suffered from a sense of " rootlessness . " They recommended historic preservation to help provide Americans with a sense of orientation . The creation of the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 , on the heels of the report , helped to instill that sense of orientation the mayors were looking for . The mayors also recommended that any historic preservation program not focus solely on individual properties but also on " areas and districts which contain special meaning for the community . " Local , state and federal historic districts now account for thousands of historic property listings at all levels of government .
= Keith Elliott = Keith Elliott VC ( 25 April 1916 – 7 October 1989 ) was a New Zealand soldier who served with the New Zealand Military Forces during the Second World War . He was awarded the Victoria Cross , the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces , for his actions in the First Battle of El Alamein . Born in Apiti , Elliott was a farm manager when the Second World War began . He volunteered for service abroad with the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( 2NZEF ) and was posted to the 22nd Battalion . He saw action during the Battles of Greece and Crete and then in North Africa . By now a sergeant , during Operation Crusader in November 1941 , he was one of 700 New Zealanders made prisoners of war when their position was overrun by the Germans . Freed two months later , he was serving as a platoon commander during the First Battle of El Alamein . After he was awarded his VC , he was promoted to second lieutenant , sent home to New Zealand and discharged from the 2NZEF . Returning to civilian life , he resumed his farming career , but in 1948 became a priest . He shifted around the lower half of the North Island for the next several years , serving in a number of churches . He was also a chaplain in the Territorial Force . He retired from the priesthood in 1981 and died eight years later at the age of 73 . = = Early life = = Keith Elliott was born on 25 April 1916 in Apiti , New Zealand , one of nine children of a farmer and his wife . He was educated in nearby Feilding , firstly at Lytton Street School and then at Feilding Agricultural High School . He was unable to complete his formal schooling because in 1933 , he had to drop out to work on the family farm . Two years later , he began managing a large farm at Marima . = = Second World War = = Elliott tried to enlist in the New Zealand Military Forces on hearing of the outbreak of the Second World War but was initially declined due to the poor state of his teeth . He was successful on a later attempt and in January 1940 he joined the Second New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( 2NZEF ) that was raised for service overseas . He was posted to 22nd Battalion , commanded by a Victoria Cross winner of the First World War , Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Andrew . The battalion embarked for the Middle East as part of the Second Echelon of the 2NZEF but was diverted to England during transit . It arrived in England in June 1940 , where it remained for the rest of the year on garrison duty . While in England , Elliott was promoted to lance corporal . In early 1941 , the Second Echelon was redesignated the 5th Infantry Brigade , 2nd New Zealand Division , and was sent to Greece as part of an Allied contingent set to counter a likely invasion by the Germans . His battalion was positioned at the Olympus Pass , and shortly after the invasion commenced , engaged advancing German tanks . The New Zealanders withdrew after a day , beginning a gradual retreat from the country . Evacuated to Crete on 25 April , 22nd Battalion was defending Maleme airfield when German paratroopers attacked on 20 May . The airfield was abandoned that evening much to Elliott 's displeasure as his platoon was holding their positions . The Allies were eventually evacuated to Egypt a week later , but not before Elliott was wounded in the arm in a skirmish with enemy paratroopers . = = = North Africa = = = While the division was refitting and rearming following the fighting in Greece and Crete , Elliott was promoted to lance sergeant , then platoon sergeant . In November 1941 , during Operation Crusader , his platoon was attached to the headquarters of the 5th Infantry Brigade for security . On 27 November , he , along with 700 other men , were captured when the headquarters was overrun by elements of Generalleutnant ( Lieutenant General ) Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Corps , which had outflanked the Allies . He spent two months under harsh conditions in captivity before being liberated by South African troops . He lost a considerable amount of weight during his time as a prisoner of war . He rejoined the 2nd New Zealand Division which was refitting in Syria , but then contracted malaria and missed out on its hasty recall to Egypt and the subsequent fighting at Minqar Qaim . On his recovery , Elliott rejoined the 22nd Battalion on 13 July 1942 , in time for the First Battle of Alamein . The battalion was short of commissioned officers , and he found himself acting platoon commander for the forthcoming operation to capture Ruweisat Ridge . After commencing the attack early in the morning of 15 July , the battalion reached the ridge and began digging in . At daybreak , it was discovered that the New Zealanders had passed several German tanks during their advance the previous evening . Elliott spotted the tanks when they began advancing towards the 22nd Battalion 's position at dawn and notified the commanders of nearby platoons . However , they believed the tanks to be British and disregarded Elliott 's warning until the German tanks began attacking the battalion 's positions . It was then that Elliott performed the actions that led to the award of the Victoria Cross ( VC ) . The citation for his VC read : At dawn on 15 July 1942 the battalion to which Sergeant Elliot belonged was attacked on three flanks by tanks . Under heavy tank , machine @-@ gun and shell fire , Sergeant Elliott led the platoon he was commanding to the cover of a ridge three hundred yards away , during which he sustained a chest wound . Here he re @-@ formed his men and led them to a dominating ridge a further five hundred yards away , where they came under heavy enemy machine @-@ gun and mortar fire . He located enemy machine @-@ gun posts to his front and right flank , and while one section attacked on the right flank , Sergeant Elliott led seven men in a bayonet charge across five hundred yards of open ground in the face of heavy fire and captured four enemy machine @-@ gun posts and an anti @-@ tank gun , killing a number of the enemy and taking fifty prisoners . His section then came under fire from a machine @-@ gun post on the left flank . He immediately charged this post single @-@ handed and succeeded in capturing it , killing several of the enemy and taking fifteen prisoners . During these two assaults he sustained three more wounds in the back and legs . Although badly wounded in four places , Sergeant Elliott refused to leave his men until he had reformed them , handed over his prisoners , which were now increased to one hundred and thirty , and arranged for his men to rejoin the battalion . Owing to Sergeant Elliott 's quick grasp of the situation , great personal courage and leadership , nineteen men , who were the only survivors of B Company of his battalion , captured and destroyed five machine @-@ guns , one anti @-@ tank gun , killed a great number of the enemy and captured one hundred and thirty prisoners . Sergeant Elliott sustained only one casualty amongst his men , and brought him back to the nearest advanced dressing station . All of the 22nd Battalion , bar Elliott 's platoon , were killed or captured during the fighting at Ruweisat Ridge . Some of the other battalions that participated in the battle also incurred heavy losses . Elliott managed to link up with elements of the 21st Battalion , the commander of which recommended him for the VC . Elliott was evacuated to hospital where he spent three months recovering from his various wounds before he returned to his battalion in September . His VC was gazetted on 24 September 1942 , but Elliott had learnt of his award the previous day . His divisional commander , Major General Bernard Freyberg , commissioned Elliott in the field as a second lieutenant shortly afterwards . He was presented with his VC ribbon by Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery and was ordered to return to New Zealand . It is likely that this was due the desire of military authorities to keep him out of harm 's way following the recent capture of the division 's other VC winner , Charles Upham , at Ruweisat . Elliott was unhappy at being sent home while his friends remained in the field . He was also uncomfortable with the attention he received from the public when he arrived back in New Zealand and remained modest about his achievements . He was discharged from the 2NZEF in December 1943 and resumed farming . = = Later life = = In February 1944 , Elliott married Margaret Rachel Markham . The couple had first met before the war and would go on to have five children . Although he continued farming , he became interested in a career in the Anglican Church . Encouraged by a friend who had been a chaplain in the military , he began training for the priesthood in February 1946 . He became a priest in 1948 and took up a curate in Palmerston North , before becoming chaplain at the nearby Linton Military Camp . This entailed him joining the New Zealand Territorial Force with the rank of chaplain , 4th class . For the next several years , Elliott moved around a number of parishes in the lower North Island . He also spent periods of time at the City Mission in Wellington . He was present at the unveiling of the Alamein Memorial in Egypt in 1954 , and two years later attended VC centenary celebrations in London . In 1967 , he co @-@ authored a book of his life , From Cowshed to Dog Collar . He retired from the priesthood in April 1981 and moved to Raumati . He died of cancer on 7 October 1989 , survived by his wife and five children . He was buried with full military honours at Paraparaumu Cemetery . = = Medal = = Elliott donated his Victoria Cross to his former school , Fielding Agricultural High School , in 1972 . It was later loaned to the QEII Army Memorial Museum in Waiouru for display . It was one of nine Victoria Crosses that were among a hundred medals stolen from the museum on 2 December 2007 . On 16 February 2008 , the New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered as a result of a NZ $ 300 @,@ 000 reward offered by Michael Ashcroft and Tom Sturgess .
= Blackrock ( film ) = Blackrock is a 1997 Australian drama thriller film directed by Steven Vidler and written by Nick Enright . Marking Vidler 's directorial debut , the film was adapted from the play of the same name , also written by Enright , which was inspired by the murder of Leigh Leigh . The film stars Laurence Breuls , Simon Lyndon and Linda Cropper , and also features the first credited film performance of Heath Ledger . The film follows Jared ( Breuls ) , a young surfer who witnesses his friends raping a girl . When she is found murdered the next day , Jared is torn between revealing what he saw and protecting his friends . Leigh 's family opposed the fictionalisation of her murder , though protests against the film were abandoned after it received financial backing from the New South Wales Film and Television Office . Blackrock was filmed over a period of two weeks at locations including Stockton , where Leigh was murdered , a decision that was opposed by local residents who said that memories of the murder were still fresh . While the film was never marketed as being based on a true story , numerous comparisons between the murder and the film were made , and many viewers believed it to be a factual account of the murder . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival , and was also shown at the Boston Film Festival , though it never found an American distributor . It was nominated for five AACTA Awards , including Best Film , and won the Feature Film – Adaptation award as well as the Major Award at the 1997 AWGIE Awards . It received generally positive reviews in Australia , where it grossed $ 1 @.@ 1 million at the box office . Outside Australia , where audiences were less familiar with Leigh 's murder , it received mixed reviews . = = Plot = = Blackrock is an Australian beachside working @-@ class suburb where surfing is popular among youths like Jared ( Laurence Breuls ) . His first serious girlfriend is Rachel ( Jessica Napier ) , who comes from a much wealthier part of the city . One day , Ricko ( Simon Lyndon ) , a surfer popular among the local youths , returns from an eleven @-@ month trip . Jared 's mother Diane ( Linda Cropper ) attempts to tell Jared that she has been diagnosed with breast cancer , though Jared insists on talking to her later as he is busy arranging a " welcome home " party for Ricko at the local surf club . Rachel 's father , a photographer who takes provocative images of women , forbids her from attending the party , though he allows her older brother Toby ( Heath Ledger ) to attend . While driving to the party , Toby sees Tracy ( Bojana Novakovic ) , Cherie ( Rebecca Smart ) and two other girls , and gives them a ride . Jared flirts with Tracy at the party and subsequently gets into a fight with Toby . Ricko comes to Jared 's defence , though Jared breaks up the fight after Ricko has hit Toby several times . Tracy comes to comfort Toby and Jared leaves the party to head to the beach alone . Jared sees Toby having consensual sex with Tracy on the beach . He then witnesses three of his male friends interrupting the couple and raping Tracy . Tracy calls out for help , though Jared , who is visibly disturbed by what he is witnessing , does not intervene . Toby and the other three boys , who never noticed Jared was watching , flee the area . Jared also runs away , leaving Tracy alone and distressed . Later that night Rachel , who has snuck out of home to attend the party , finds Tracy 's beaten corpse on the beach . Jared initially tells the police nothing of what he saw . He is torn between the need to tell the truth and the desire to protect his friends ; his anger leads to the breakdown of his relationships with both Rachel and Diane . Despite Jared 's silence , police arrest Toby and the three other boys within a few days . Jared decides to tell the police what he saw , as he believes Toby and the other boys will be charged with Tracy 's murder ; however , on his way into the police station he is confronted by Ricko . Ricko confesses to Jared that he killed Tracy , but claims it was an accident – that she hit her head on a rock when he attempted to have sex with her . He has already told police that he was with Jared all night and asks Jared to confirm his alibi in the name of mateship . Diane , who still has not been able to tell Jared that she has cancer due to his behaviour , goes in to have surgery . Jared tells the police that he was with Ricko ; when he tries to suggest Tracy 's death may have been an accident , the police show him the photos of Tracy 's battered body . Jared aggressively confronts Ricko at the beach and Ricko confesses that Tracy 's death was not an accident . He had found her walking on the beach after the rape and she asked him to take her home . He agreed , but wanted to have sex with her first . She tried to fight him off and bit him in the process , which enraged him enough to beat her to death . As Ricko finishes his confession , the police arrive and he realises that Jared has turned him in . He attempts to escape but the police give chase and corner him on a cliff . Rather than go to jail , and ignoring Jared 's screams of protest , he jumps to his death . In the weeks that follow , Jared 's life collapses . Despite learning of Diane 's illness , he moves out of her house , choosing instead to be homeless . Jared returns home one day to collect his belongings ; after arguing with Diane , he confesses that he witnessed Tracy 's rape and could have saved her life if he had intervened or helped her afterwards . Later that day , Jared joins Diane and Cherie in cleaning graffiti from Tracy 's grave . = = Cast = = = = Themes = = Writing in the journal Antipodes , academics Felicity Holland and Jane O 'Sullivan credit the film with exploring the themes of Australian masculinity , mateship , violence and sexuality . The film 's portrayal of a rape and murder at a teenage party suggests that serious crime can arise from drinking and fun simply getting out of hand . The violence , they say , erupts from extreme larikkinism rather than the archetypal psychopathy seen in other films featuring violence towards women . The film 's critique of criminal masculinity undermines the status of previously celebrated masculine lawbreakers in Australian history and cinema , such as Ned Kelly and Mick Dundee . The authors believe that the focus on masculinity leaves the female victim largely out of the film ; they consider the " near erasure " of Tracy to be a troubling aspect ; the film instead focuses on portraying the males as victims of their class , masculinity and mateship . Director Steven Vidler said the film was not about a rape , rather it was " about the culture that allowed it to happen . " Vidler defended the choice to give the rape victim a minor role , stating , " It was important to show that this could have happened to anyone . We didn 't want to give away too much about the victim so we could maintain that suspense . " Producer David Elfick said that the film was about contemporary Australia ; about " kids who have all their life to enjoy , then a deadly mixture of drugs , alcohol , sexual tension , and desire add up to a tragedy . " = = Production = = = = = Theatrical origins = = = Brian Joyce , the director of Newcastle 's Freewheels Theatre in Education , approached playwright Nick Enright , encouraging him to create a play that explored themes around the 1989 rape and murder of Leigh Leigh in Stockton , a beach area of Newcastle . Leigh 's family objected to the fictionalisation of her murder . Titled A Property of the Clan , the 45 @-@ minute play premiered at the Freewheels Theatre in 1992 and was performed at the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1993 . The play was shown at various high @-@ schools in the Newcastle area and , following its positive reception , was shown nationally at high schools across the country over a period of eighteen months . In 1994 , the Sydney Theatre Company commissioned Enright to develop the play into a feature @-@ length production . The resulting play was titled Blackrock . Blackrock retained the original four characters from A Property of the Clan , and added nine others ; it was considered a more fictionalised version of Leigh 's murder . The narrative and emphasis were reshaped for an adult audience rather than for a specifically educational environment . = = = Film adaptation = = = While the revisions to the play Blackrock were still being finalised , Enright started working with first @-@ time director Steven Vidler to direct a film version , which would also be titled Blackrock . By December 1995 , Vidler was working with Enright as an unofficial script editor , although they were having trouble finding financing for the film . Vidler said he considered directing the film Blackrock after having watched and been moved by the theatrical version , saying the play was " absolutely what it was like [ for him ] growing up in the Western Suburbs ... It 's about keeping bonded with your mates . Nothing else matters ... It 's about the unbelievable lengths boys will go to keep those bonds solid . " Leigh 's mother Robyn campaigned to have production of the film halted , but her attempts failed after the film received government financial backing from the New South Wales Film and Television Office . Blackrock was filmed over a period of two weeks with a cast and crew of about 70 . A call for extras received an enthusiastic response by many teenagers in the Newcastle area . Filming locations included Stockton , Maroubra Beach , Caves Beach , and NESCA House . Notable Stockton landmarks seen in the film include the Stockton Ferry and Stockton Bridge . The community of Stockton opposed filming in the area , as memories of Leigh 's murder were still fresh and the details of the script were " too close for comfort " . When filmmakers arrived in Stockton in late August 1996 , locations that had previously been reserved were suddenly no longer available . The local media treated them with hostility . Former Newcastle deputy mayor and Stockton resident Frank Rigby criticised the film during production , saying " I would just love it to go away and so would everybody else . " Brian Joyce was also critical of the decision to film in the area , saying the filmmakers had to acknowledge the choice they had made in doing so . The situation was exacerbated by the filmmakers ' denial that the film was specifically about Leigh , despite their choice of Stockton for filming . During production in September 1996 , Elfick told The Newcastle Herald that he was " getting a bit bored " of people mentioning Leigh 's murder . While acknowledging that the comments were understandable , Elfick concluded , " Unfortunately , that event happens all over Australia . We wanted to take the events of that murder and many other murders " . He was also quoted in The Sydney Morning Herald as saying , " The movie is bigger than the Leigh Leigh thing " . Elfick hoped that people viewing the film would see it as a positive way of looking at the circumstances that led to Leigh 's death , and that it would make people think and maybe stop something like that happening to someone in the future . Leigh 's family were vehemently opposed to the film , saying that the filmmakers were " feasting on an unfortunate situation " , insensitively trivialising and exploiting her death , and portraying her negatively while doing so . One of Leigh 's aunts wrote to The Newcastle Herald later that month , saying " David Elfick doesn 't seem to mind free publicity even if it comes from the tragic and brutal assault , rape , and murder of a fourteen @-@ year @-@ old virgin , not as he called it : ' the Leigh Leigh thing which happens all over Australia . ' " Enright said that while Leigh 's murder served as the inspiration , the completed film is about the way a small town reacts when one of its own members murders another . = = = Casting = = = Sandy George from Australian Screen Online said that Vidler 's long career as an actor helped him " draw the terrific performances " from the film 's young actors . 17 @-@ year @-@ old Laurence Breuls was literally the first person to audition for the role of Jared . Hundred of others auditioned though Breuls remained the favourite choice . Vidler chose Simon Lyndon , who played the role of Jared in the original stage production of Blackrock , for the role of Ricko , stating that Lyndon had the looks , charisma , and complexity to play the role . Rebecca Smart , who also portrayed Cherie in the original stage production , was the only person to reprise their role from the play . Blackrock is often considered to be Heath Ledger 's debut film , but he had an uncredited minor role in the 1991 film Clowning Around . While Ledger 's role in Blackrock is small , it is credited with garnering him attention in Australia , leading to more prominent acting roles . 15 @-@ year @-@ old Bojana Novakovic was given the role of Tracy partly because she was a competitive gymnast and was considered mentally and physically strong enough to film the rape scene . Vidler discussed the role with her parents before filming commenced , who despite initial reservations , eventually gave permission for her to film the scene . Novakovic said the experience was traumatic and she began to tremble uncontrollably once the shoot ended , though recovered shortly afterwards , concluding , " In a way , I feel lucky to have had such a role at the beginning of my career . I don 't think I 'll ever be scared by an emotional scene again . " The boys involved in the scene showed up at her door the following day and gave her a bunch of flowers and a T @-@ shirt that said " shit happens " . Vidler said he found the performance so powerful that when he first watched the rushes of the scene alone , he burst into tears . = = Soundtrack = = The soundtrack to the film was released on 28 April 1997 on Mercury Records Australia . Vidler said a lot of time was spend sifting through hundred of CDs " trying to find stuff that was not only appropriate for the film but would also be appealing to the audiences and hopefully , you know , would be released around the same time as the film , which isn 't as easy as it sounds ! " Jonathan Lewis from AllMusic gave the album four and a half out of five stars , concluding that it was " A fine collection of songs that , given the diversity of artists featured , is surprisingly cohesive as an album . " = = = Track listing = = = " The Way of All Things " by Rebecca 's Empire " Teach Me " by The Cruel Sea " Saturated " by Beasts of Bourbon " Portable Walt Whitman " by Ben Lee " Gonna Make You " by The Troggs " Titanic Days " by Sidewinder " A Day Away " by Shihad " Bound for the Floor " by Local H " Ghost of Love Returned " by Clouds " Not Coming Home " by Sidewinder " No Need to Argue " by The Cranberries " Tailor 's Eye " by Swirl " Kisses " by Tracy Bonham " State of Graceful Mourning " by Died Pretty " Blackrock Antitheme " by Steve Kilbey = = Release = = The film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival on 24 January 1997 . It was also shown at the Boston Film Festival in September 1997 . The version of the film shown outside Australia was around 100 minutes long ; upon reviewing this version the Australian Classification Board gave it an ' R ' rating , stating the rape scene was " too harrowing and confronting " for an MA15 + rating . Vidler subsequently cut about 10 minutes of footage out of the film so it could receive an MA15 + rating and reach its target audience of 15- to 18 @-@ year @-@ olds . Blackrock opened in cinemas in Australia on 1 May 1997 . It grossed $ 1 @,@ 136 @,@ 983 at the Australian box office . = = = Reception = = = In anticipation of the film 's debut at Sundance , John Brodie from Variety said the film could be the " thunder from Down Under the way Shine was last year . " Having watched the film at Sundance , David Rooney from Variety praised several of the actors ' performances and said the film " should score with kids the protagonists ' age , but its soap @-@ opera @-@ style plotting and overwritten dialogue will limit wider acceptance " . Premiere also gave a negative review of the film 's debut , commenting that audiences had been expecting to see another Shine , though left the screening disappointed . Elfick acknowledged that the initial screening of Blackrock at Sundance was less well received , which he blamed on sound problems . He stated that the issue was rectified for the second and third screenings , which were much more successful . Diane Carmen of The Denver Post gave the film a positive review of the film , which she said left audiences at Sundance " reeling with its intensity " , concluding it was " almost guaranteed to find a distributor in the U.S " , though in the event the film never received American distribution . Having viewed the film at the Boston Film Festival , Chris Wright from The Phoenix concluded , " Even with its slightly over @-@ the @-@ top dénouement , Blackrock is a believable , touching teen drama . It 's also a gripping thriller " . R.S. Murthi from the Malaysian newspaper New Straits Times gave the film two out of five stars , concluding it is " an unflattering but somewhat forced look at the wild side of teen life that at times seems dangerously tolerant of unrestrained teen behaviour . " Associate professor Donna Lee Brien of Central Queensland University said that when shown outside Australia , the film lacks the " poignant and powerful narrative support of Leigh 's tragedy " and was deemed by critics to be " shallow and clichéd " . Australian novelist and critic Robert Drewe gave a positive review , praising the performance of Breuls , the cinematography by Martin McGrath , and director Steven Vidler 's choice of such a controversial subject for a first film . Upon noting that the filmmakers deliberately insisted that their characters be portrayed as different from the actual people involved in the Leigh Leigh murder as possible , Drewe said the film is " asking a lot of Australian audiences to expunge reality from their memories " , though he concluded that the film should be " compulsory viewing for all Australian teenagers . " Rob Lowing from The Sun @-@ Herald noted that the film belonged to a slew of Australasian films that focused on middle class life and ultimately gave the film 3 ½ stars out of 4 , stating , " if you went to see Romper Stomper , Metal Skin , Idiot Box or Once Were Warriors , this gritty , punchy social drama ably fits into that class . " In her book Who Killed Leigh Leigh ? , Kerry Carrington , a criminologist and prominent researcher of Leigh 's murder , had both criticism and praise for the film . She praised it for dispelling " the myth " that sexual violence is confined to one social class , for illustrating how boys model their sexual conduct on their fathers ' treatment of women , and how the culture of sex segregation in workplaces can carry over into the public life of a town , exacerbating sexist beliefs and behaviours . She criticised the film , however , for the " strong impression " it makes that ineffectual mothers are part of the underlying problem and for several differences between Leigh 's murder and the film that she considered to be disrespectful to Leigh 's memory , in particular the film 's " Hollywood ending " . Donna Lee Brien stated that just as the filmmakers attempted to distance themselves from Leigh 's murder , the city of Newcastle attempted to distance itself from Blackrock . A 1999 feature in The Sydney Morning Herald discussing cinematic production in Newcastle mentioned everything from Mel Gibson 's 1977 debut film Summer City to a short film festival that year , but made no mention of Blackrock . Brien theorised that some of the condemnation the film received may have been due to public frustration with the legal system , as the film achieves justice for the victim , whereas no one was ever convicted of raping Leigh . Brien cited the film as an example of why sensitivity and care must be taken when fictionalising an actual crime . = = = Home media = = = A region 1 DVD was released on 29 October 2002 containing the original version of the film . A region 4 DVD was released on 19 November 2003 containing the edited version . Special features included a four @-@ minute featurette , cast and crew interviews , a ' goof reel ' which included footage of a bonding trip made by Simon Lyndon , Laurence Bruels and Cameron Nugent to Lennox Head , and the film 's original trailer and television advertisement . According to Andrew L. Urban from Urban Cinefile the featurette was " overburdened " with clips from the film , but was otherwise of interest . Urban also praised the seven @-@ minute interview with Nick Enright . = = Historical accuracy = = None of the promotional material for the film mentioned Leigh and the film was not marketed as being " based on a true story " . The film 's credits state that it is a work of fiction and that resemblance to " actual events or persons living or dead is entirely coincidental " . Nevertheless , numerous comparisons between the film and Leigh 's murder were made . Just like the play it was based on , Blackrock was often incorrectly considered by viewers to be a factual account of Leigh 's murder . Conflation between the two subjects was high ; the film was described by Miriam Davis on radio station FM 91 @.@ 5 as being the true story of " the murder of Leigh Warner at Blackrock Beach near Newcastle . " Donna Lee Brien stated that every review of both the film and the play it was based on at least mentioned Leigh , with some going into great detail on the subject . Kerry Carrington stated that the film was very accurate in some aspects of the murder , yet very distant in others , as if the film was " having a bet each way " . Jared is an entirely fictional character , though he has been interpreted as a metaphor for everyone who witnessed Leigh being publicly assaulted yet did nothing . In the film , Tracy does not ask her parents for permission to attend the party as she knows this would be denied , whereas Leigh obtained permission from her parents , who were told the party would be supervised . Tracy wears a short skirt , tight @-@ fitting top , and high @-@ heels to the party , while Leigh wore ordinary shorts , a jumper , and sand @-@ shoes . Tracy 's body is found that night by a girl ; Leigh 's body was found the next day by a boy . Tracy 's mother packs up her daughter 's bedroom the following day , whereas Leigh 's mother left her room untouched for months . In the film , police labour until every boy involved in the rape and murder is punished , whereas no one was convicted for raping Leigh and police received criticism for alleged incompetence . Tracy 's murderer was 22 years old , well @-@ toned , and committed suicide , while Leigh 's was 18 years old , 120 kg ( 265 lb ) , and was jailed . Both murderers , however , were high @-@ school dropouts who were interested in mechanics , were considered to have no emotional depth , and were prone to violence . The party in the film was considered to be " an almost perfect re @-@ creation " of the party in Stockton ; a surf club is hired for the night with teenage attendees being entertained by a high @-@ school band . The party spills out into the surrounding area where there are fights , and teenagers are seen stumbling , vomiting and unconscious . Tracy 's funeral was also considered to be " a direct re @-@ staging " of Leigh 's service ; both Leigh and Tracy 's friends placed red roses on her coffin and then plant a tree in her memory . Both Leigh and Tracy 's mothers worked at a nursing home and both their fathers called for the death penalty for her murderer . Parents are blamed for neglecting their children in both cases . Details that were considered to be undoubtedly taken from Leigh 's murder included the filming location of Stockton , the presence of the song " If I Could Turn Back Time " featured at Leigh 's funeral appearing in the original script ( though it did not appear in the finished film ) , and posters reading " Shame Blackrock Shame " seen on telegraph poles following Tracy 's murder ; posters appeared around Stockton following Leigh 's murder stating " Shame Stockton Shame : Dob the gutless bastards in " . = = Accolades = = Blackrock received five nominations at the 1997 AACTA Awards , though did not win any awards . It won both the ' Feature Film – Adaptation ' award and the Major Award at the 1997 AWGIE Awards .
= The Headphone Masterpiece = The Headphone Masterpiece is the debut album by American recording artist Cody Chesnutt . He recorded the album in his home bedroom with a 4 @-@ track recorder and played guitar , bass , keyboard , and an organ . A 36 @-@ song double album , The Headphone Masterpiece features neo soul and lo @-@ fi music , and distorted , overdubbed production . It was written and arranged by Chesnutt , whose ironic and sincere lyrics reflect on personal experiences such as falling in love with his wife and reconciling his love for rock and roll with the drawbacks of the rock lifestyle . After unsuccessfully shopping the album to record companies , Chesnutt released it himself on his website in September 2002 before releasing it on September 24 through his own label Ready , Set , Go ! . The album charted for one week on the Billboard 200 and had sold 25 @,@ 000 copies by March 30 , 2003 , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The Headphone Masterpiece was well received by music critics , who found it musically adventurous , albeit indulgent . = = Recording and composition = = After his band The Crosswalk was dropped from Hollywood Records in 1997 , Cody Chesnutt spent several months recording The Headphone Masterpiece in his bedroom , which he used as a makeshift studio called the Sonic Promiseland , in Valley Village , California . He used a 4 @-@ track recorder , and recorded the songs entirely by himself with equipment worth $ 10 @,@ 000 , including one microphone , an organ , a guitar , bass , and keyboard . He used a pair of Sony MDR @-@ 7506 headphones as a studio monitor in order not to wake up his roommate . It was subsequently mastered by Brian Gardner . A 36 @-@ song double album , The Headphone Masterpiece has overdubbed , distorted production , and incorporates pop rock , soul , R & B , and hip hop styles . Music journalist Philip Sherburne said that it explores British Invasion music on songs such as " Upstarts in a Blowout " , synthpop on " The World Is Coming to My Party " , and " cheerfully misogynist " hip hop on " Bitch , I 'm Broke " , but the album 's " core is classic soul " . Jared Levy of Tiny Mix Tapes called it a neo soul album , while The Fader magazine 's Knox Robinson categorized it as lo @-@ fi music . Chesnutt 's lyrics mix irony and sincerity . He wrote the album to express the complexity of his personal experiences , such as falling in love with his wife , rock and roll , and reconciling his love for the music with the trappings of the rock lifestyle . Pitchfork Media 's Rob Mitchum wrote that " Serve This Royalty " celebrates Chesnutt 's " cultural sect " , and " The Seed " mixes his " hypersexual egotism " with " a tone of evolutionary bravado . " On the former song , Chesnutt sings " Thank you Jesus / For my mama / Thank you bitches / For my money " . He said of recording the song , " I woke up , went to the organ , and played these chords " . Following " Bitch , I 'm Broke " , the album features a suite of songs written about Chesnutt 's wife and the pleasures of monogamy . = = Release and promotion = = Chesnutt shopped the album around to record companies , but they mistook it for a demo and rejected it . They encouraged him to reproduce it smoothly , rearrange the drums , and rerecord his vocals . He said in an interview for Vibe at the time , " I refuse to re @-@ record it @-@ that defeats the purpose . What about the experience I had in my bedroom ? To go back to the studio , I 'd be chasing something . If you 're listening to it and you love it , then it 's already done what it 's supposed to do . " In September 2002 , Chesnutt made the album available through his website , and released it on September 24 on his own label Ready , Set , Go ! . Chesnutt performed at clubs in Los Angeles in the album 's promotion . He subsequently toured with Macy Gray , Erykah Badu , and The Roots , who covered his song " The Seed " on their 2002 album Phrenology . The band released a music video for the song featuring Chesnutt , which received airplay on MTV . Consequently , The Headphone Masterpiece entered the Billboard 200 at number 128 with sales of 8 @,@ 000 copies . By March 30 , 2003 , it had sold 25 @,@ 000 copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan . It spent one week on the Billboard 200 . = = Critical reception = = In a positive review , AllMusic editor Mike Gowan called The Headphone Masterpiece a " lo @-@ fi gem " and " an eclectic celebration of sound " , while Rolling Stone magazine 's Tom Moon hailed it as " one of the most emotionally raw albums of the year " ; Moon wrote that the record " gathered musical strands from all over the pop universe into unadorned , remarkably intimate stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness musings on love , money and responsibility " . Uncut called the album " an awesome declaration of intent " and stated , " Although decidedly lo @-@ fi , this epic , adventurous and mischievous album bears comparison with Prince and Todd Rundgren ( at their respective peaks ) . " Matt Diehl from Spin called it " indie soul that traverses the chasm between Shuggie Otis and Guided by Voices " . Dream Hampton , writing in Vibe , said that the album is " everything that many roots and retro artists have reached for , pure and straightforward ; yet it is thoroughly modern in its outlook , inventive and unsentimental , with both feet in the future . " Mojo was somewhat less enthusiastic , finding the record " at once engaging and aloof " , with " its often hamfisted production and errant vocals adding to its ramshackle , rusticated charms " . In The A.V. Club , Nathan Rabin said the album was " musically uneven in the best way " , calling it " a brilliant , self @-@ indulgent , kaleidoscopic , contradictory mess " . Pitchfork Media 's Rob Mitchum observed " a surplus of uniqueness overshadows a respectable aptitude " and remarked that its " self @-@ indulgence , lack of focus , and unbridled sonic and lyrical crudity " made the album " so frustrating , yet compelling . " Village Voice critic Robert Christgau gave the record an honorable mention , citing " Family on Blast " , " The World Is Coming to My Party " , and " My Woman , My Guitars " as highlights while writing , " just what alt @-@ r & b needed — loads of ideas , considerable talent , and all the stern self @-@ discipline of a trust fund baby " . = = Track listing = = All songs were written , arranged , and produced by Cody Chesnutt . = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from liner notes . Cody Chesnutt – arranger , composer , engineer , mixing , vocals Brian Gardner – mastering RH – saxophone ( track 6 ) Sonja Marie – vocals ( track 2 ) Talley Thomas – background vocals ( track 27 ) , dialogue ( track 24 ) = = Charts = =
= Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge = The Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge ( local / keɪpən / ) , formerly known as South Branch Bridge or Romney Bridge , is a historic Whipple truss bridge in Capon Lake , West Virginia . It is located off Carpers Pike ( West Virginia Route 259 ) and crosses the Cacapon River . The bridge formerly carried Capon Springs Road ( West Virginia Secondary Route 16 ) over the river , connecting Capon Springs and Capon Lake . The bridge 's Whipple truss technology was developed by civil engineer Squire Whipple in 1847 . J. W. Murphy further modified Whipple 's truss design in 1859 by designing the first truss bridge with pinned eyebar connections . The design of the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge incorporates Murphy 's later modifications with double @-@ intersections and horizontal chords , and is therefore considered a Whipple – Murphy truss bridge . The Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge is West Virginia 's oldest remaining example of a Whipple truss bridge and its oldest extant metal truss bridge . The Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge was originally constructed in 1874 as part of the South Branch Bridge ( or alternatively , the Romney Bridge ) , a larger two @-@ span Whipple truss bridge conveying the Northwestern Turnpike ( U.S. Route 50 ) across the South Branch Potomac River near Romney . The larger Whipple truss bridge replaced an 1838 wooden covered bridge that was destroyed during the American Civil War . In 1874 , T. B. White and Sons were charged with the construction of a Whipple truss bridge over the South Branch ; that bridge served travelers along the Northwestern Turnpike for 63 years until a new bridge was constructed in 1937 . Dismantled in 1937 , the bridge was relocated to Capon Lake in southeastern Hampshire County to carry Capon Springs Road ( West Virginia Secondary Route 16 ) between West Virginia Route 259 and Capon Springs . The bridge was dedicated on August 20 , 1938 . In 1991 , a new bridge was completed to the south , and the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge was preserved in place by the West Virginia Division of Highways , due to its rarity , age , and engineering significance . The Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 15 , 2011 . = = Geography and setting = = The Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge is located in a predominantly rural agricultural and forested area of southeastern Hampshire County within the Cacapon River valley . Baker Mountain , a forested narrow anticlinal mountain ridge , rises to the immediate west , and the western rolling foothills of the anticlinal Great North Mountain rise to the bridge 's east . The confluence of Capon Springs Run with the Cacapon River lies just north ( downstream ) of the bridge . George Washington National Forest is located to the bridge 's southeast , covering the forested area south of Capon Springs Road . The bridge is located along Carpers Pike ( West Virginia Route 259 ) in the unincorporated community of Capon Lake , 2 @.@ 05 miles ( 3 @.@ 30 km ) southwest of Yellow Spring and 6 @.@ 77 miles ( 10 @.@ 90 km ) northeast of the town of Wardensville . The historic Capon Springs Resort and the unincorporated community of Capon Springs are located 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) east of Capon Lake on Capon Springs Road ( West Virginia Secondary Route 16 ) . The bridge is located immediately north ( downstream ) of the intersection of Carpers Pike with Capon Springs Road , which is carried across the Cacapon River via the current Capon Lake Bridge , a steel stringer bridge built in 1991 to replace the Whipple truss bridge for conveying vehicle traffic . The property containing the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge is less than 1 acre ( 0 @.@ 40 ha ) in size . = = Architecture = = The Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge is an early example of the use of metal truss bridge load @-@ bearing superstructure technology , which defined highway bridge design well into the 20th century . Because of " its uncommon innovative design and age " , the bridge is one of West Virginia 's most historically significant bridges . It is the oldest remaining example of a Whipple truss bridge in West Virginia , and the oldest extant metal truss bridge in the state . The metal truss technology of the bridge displays distinctive innovations developed by the prominent civil engineers and bridge designers Squire Whipple and J. W. Murphy ; the innovations are evident in the bridge 's double @-@ intersection diagonals and counter @-@ diagonals with pin connections . Approximately 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) in width and 176 feet ( 54 m ) in length , the bridge is built atop a reinforced concrete abutment and pier . Its truss structure exhibits a double @-@ intersection configuration , constructed of 14 bays , each measuring approximately 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) wide and 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) in height , with the diagonals extending across two bays each . The bridge is fabricated of wrought iron bracketed with pins . Spanning the full length of the bridge is a wooden pedestrian walkway that consists of an observation deck and wooden seating near the bridge 's midspan . = = History = = = = = Whipple truss development = = = The bridge 's Whipple truss technology was developed in 1847 by civil engineer Squire Whipple , who received a patent from the U.S. Patent Office the same year . Whipple was one of the first structural engineers to use scientific and mathematical methods analyzing the forces and stresses in framed structures to design the bridge , and his groundbreaking 1847 book , A Work on Bridge Building , had a significant influence on bridge engineering . Whipple 's truss bridge design incorporated double @-@ intersection diagonals into the standard Pratt truss , thus allowing the diagonals to extend across two truss bays . Engineer J. W. Murphy further modified Whipple 's truss design in 1859 when he designed the first truss bridge with pinned eyebar connections , which utilized pins instead of trunnions . Murphy 's design removed the need for riveted connections and allowed for easier and more widespread construction of truss bridges . In 1863 , Murphy designed the first pin @-@ connected truss bridge with both wrought iron tension and compression components and cast iron joint blocks and pedestals . Murphy 's truss design consisted of double @-@ intersection counter @-@ diagonals , and along with the eyebar and pin connections , permitted longer iron bridge spans . The technological design advances made by Whipple and Murphy , in addition to further advances in steel and iron fabrication , made wrought iron truss bridges a major industry in the United States . The Capon Lake bridge was a Whipple – Murphy truss bridge , since it incorporated Murphy 's later modifications with double @-@ intersections and horizontal chords . At the time of the bridge 's original fabrication in 1874 , metal truss bridges were ordered from catalogs by county courts and other entities responsible for transportation construction and maintenance . These entities provided the desired width , length , and other specifications , and the truss materials were shipped to the construction site and assembled by local construction teams . Metal truss bridges were more economically feasible , could span longer distances , and were simpler to construct than stone bridges , and they were more durable than wooden bridges . They were also marketed as detachable and transportable structures that could be dismantled and reassembled . The technology used in the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge revolutionized transport throughout West Virginia . While the Whipple truss bridge had waned in popularity by the 1890s , the bridges were commonly disassembled and re @-@ erected for use on secondary roads , as was the case with the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge in 1938 . = = = T. B. White and Sons = = = The construction company that built the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge , T. B. White and Sons , was established in 1868 . Its founder Timothy B. White had been a carpenter and contractor in New Brighton , Pennsylvania since the 1840s . White also operated factories for iron cars and woolen mill machinery until 1859 , when he began to concentrate solely on bridge construction . White 's bridge company operated from a factory on the Beaver River in New Brighton until the factory was destroyed by fire in 1878 . After the fire , the company relocated across the river to Beaver Falls and restructured as the Penn Bridge and Machine Works . In addition to iron truss bridges , the company produced a range of structural and architectural components and continued to expand ; it employed over 500 workers by 1908 . Penn Bridge and Machine Works fended off purchase by the American Bridge Company and continued to operate independently , unlike similar small bridge companies founded in the 19th century . The most prolific of its kind in the Pittsburgh region , the company was responsible for the construction of bridges throughout the United States . = = = South Branch Bridge = = = The Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge was originally constructed in 1874 as part of the South Branch Bridge ( or the Romney Bridge ) , a larger two @-@ span Whipple truss bridge conveying the Northwestern Turnpike ( U.S. Route 50 ) across the South Branch Potomac River 0 @.@ 57 miles ( 0 @.@ 92 km ) west of Romney . The 1874 Whipple truss bridge across the South Branch replaced an 1838 wooden covered bridge that had been chartered by the Virginia General Assembly during the construction of the Northwestern Turnpike . Before the construction of the covered bridge in 1838 , a public ferry conveyed traffic across the river . Isaac Parsons ( 1752 – 1796 ) operated a ferry there following its establishment by an act of the Virginia General Assembly in October 1786 . The 1838 covered bridge remained in use until it was destroyed by retreating Confederate forces during the American Civil War . Throughout the course of the war , Romney reportedly changed hands 56 times between Confederate and Union forces , and the crossing of the South Branch Potomac River served as a strategic point due to its position along the Northwestern Turnpike , an important east – west route . Following the conclusion of the war , nearly all bridges along the Northwestern Turnpike had been destroyed , including the South Branch Bridge . In order to restore local businesses and industry , Hampshire County citizens called a meeting and steps were taken at the local level to proceed with the construction of new bridges . Local citizens and the South Branch Intelligencer newspaper of Romney campaigned for the immediate replacement of the bridge because of " continual risk , danger and inconveniences arising from want of the South Branch Bridge at Col. Gibson 's ( destroyed during the war ) ... " . Hampshire County began issuing bonds for the construction of a new bridge over the South Branch in 1868 , and by 1874 , construction of the Whipple truss bridge had commenced . T. B. White and Sons were charged with the bridge 's construction . The South Branch Intelligencer published periodic updates on the progress of the South Branch Bridge 's construction . According to the newspaper , the bridge was scheduled to be completed by July 1875 . During the course of construction , John Ridenour lost a finger while working on the bridge . The new South Branch Bridge was completed well ahead of schedule in October 1874 . The October 12 , 1874 , edition of the South Branch Intelligencer characterized the new bridge as a " complete , handsome and durable structure " , and further recounted that " the contractors , Messrs. White & Sons , New Brighton , Pennsylvania ' Penn Bridge & Machine Works , ' have given us , in general opinion , a first rate , durable work , and deserve our best commendations .... We are confident that ours will realize a very handsome income and fully vindicate the wisdom of the County Court in voting its construction . " Following its construction in 1874 , the Whipple truss bridge over the South Branch Potomac River served Romney and travelers along the Northwestern Turnpike for 63 years . In 1935 , the West Virginia State Road Commission began organizing a project to replace the Whipple truss bridge , and construction of the new bridge had begun by 1936 . In November of that year , a car collided with the south side of the eastern Whipple truss span , which knocked the span completely off its eastern abutment . The car plunged into the South Branch Potomac River , followed by the compromised truss span , which collapsed on top of the car . Unaware of the span 's collapse , a car traveling from the west drove off the end of the west span at the bridge 's center pier , and fell onto the collapsed span . According to the Hampshire Review , the only serious injury sustained was a broken wooden leg . Following the collapse of the eastern Whipple truss span , a temporary wooden span was hastily constructed between the western truss span and the eastern abutment , so that traffic was uninterrupted until the new bridge was completed and opened on June 21 , 1937 . The 1937 bridge was used until 2010 when it was replaced by the current South Branch Bridge . = = = Capon Lake Bridge = = = Because Whipple truss bridges were easily disassembled and re @-@ erected , the remaining western span of the Whipple truss over the South Branch was dismantled in 1937 and relocated to Capon Lake in southeastern Hampshire County to convey Capon Springs Road ( West Virginia Secondary Route 16 ) between West Virginia Route 259 and Capon Springs . According to Branson Himelwright , a Capon Springs resident who had been a construction worker involved in the re @-@ erection of the Whipple truss span at Capon Lake , the only two ways to cross the Cacapon River to reach Capon Springs were to cross a swinging footbridge or ford the river . During the bridge 's construction , a new pier and abutments were constructed to carry the Whipple truss span and a connected Pratt truss that had been salvaged from an unknown bridge . Himelwright and Jacob " Moss " Rudolph , who had also participated in the bridge 's construction , stated in interviews that both the site excavation and concrete work for the pier and abutments were completed by hand . The newly erected Capon Lake Bridge was dedicated on August 20 , 1938 , with a ceremony including musical performances by the Romney High School and Capon Springs Resort bands . Former West Virginia Governor and Capon Springs native Herman G. Kump , West Virginia State Road Commission Secretary Cy Hammill , and numerous other state officials were in attendance at the dedication . In 1991 , the new steel stringer Capon Lake Bridge was constructed 187 feet ( 57 m ) to the southwest of the Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge , after which the Whipple truss bridge was closed to vehicle traffic . Due to its rarity , age , and engineering significance , West Virginia Division of Highways District 5 decided to preserve the Whipple truss bridge . During the bridge 's restoration , the Pratt truss span was removed due to significant deterioration , and the roadway deck was also removed . A wooden pedestrian walkway and observation deck were constructed across the full span of the remaining truss bridge . The Capon Lake Whipple Truss Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 15 , 2011 , for its " engineering significance as an excellent example of a Whipple / Murphy Truss bridge . " Since its listing , the bridge has been maintained as a historic site for pedestrians by the West Virginia Division of Highways District 5 . In 2012 , the West Virginia Division of Highways , in association with the West Virginia Archives and the history department of the West Virginia Division of Culture and History , installed a historical marker at the northwestern entry to the bridge as part of the West Virginia Highway Historical Marker Program . The marker reads : First erected in 1874 as a two span bridge on US 50 near Romney , one span was moved here in 1938 and re @-@ erected on a new foundation . The 17 ' wide by 176 ' long bridge is a Whipple – Murphy Truss . The state 's oldest extant metal truss , the bridge is one of a few of its type in WV . Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 .
= Elastic Heart = " Elastic Heart " is a song by Australian singer Sia featuring Canadian singer The Weeknd and American producer Diplo , taken from the soundtrack for the 2013 American film The Hunger Games : Catching Fire . Andrew Swanson assisted the artists in writing the song , with production handled by Diplo and American producer Greg Kurstin . It was released on 1 October 2013 as a single from Catching Fire by RCA , Republic and Lionsgate . " Elastic Heart " was well received by music critics and peaked at number 7 on the singles chart of New Zealand and was certified gold by the Recorded Music NZ . It also appeared on the charts of Australia , Belgium , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . In 2014 , Sia re @-@ recorded a solo version of " Elastic Heart " for her sixth studio album 1000 Forms of Fear . The solo version was released in 2015 as a single from the album and was accompanied by a controversial music video that features actor Shia LaBeouf and dancer Maddie Ziegler . The video was the 8th most viewed YouTube music video in 2015 . = = Release and composition = = " Elastic Heart " was released as the second single from the soundtrack for The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) . The song was made available for digital download on 1 October 2013 . It was sent to US rhythmic contemporary radio by RCA Records , Republic Records and Lionsgate Films on 8 October 2013 . A power ballad , Hilary Hughes of The Village Voice named " Elastic Heart " a " grand , full electropop production , " while Aimee Cliff from Fact characterised the song as " a pop song that bounces like rubber . " Meanwhile , Rolling Stone reviewer Julianne Shepherd called it a trap song . Its lyrics address " the overwhelming strength [ Sia ] needed to convince herself that life was worth living after coming out of a crushing relationship . " Having the chord progression of D – A – E – F ♯ m , the song is composed in the key of F # minor . In the deluxe version of 1000 Forms of Fear , this song was released as Elastic Heart ( piano version ) as a piano ballad . = = Reception = = Blue Sullivan of Slant Magazine wrote that " ' Elastic Heart ' is a seamless and highly successful team @-@ up that reads like a grimier after @-@ market version of Lady Gaga 's ' Do What U Want ' . " Spin magazine 's Chris Martins stated that " Sia soared " and it was a " bubbling ballad , " and Bradley Stern of MuuMuse claimed it was " a perfectly chaotic combination . " " Elastic Heart " debuted at number 67 on the Australian ARIA Singles Charts on the chart issue dated 14 October 2013 . The single also charted at number 27 on the Walloon Ultratip , and number 36 in Switzerland . The song fared better in New Zealand , peaking at number 7 on the national singles chart and was certified gold by the Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) . In the United Kingdom , " Elastic Heart " debuted at number 79 on the UK Singles Chart on 12 October 2013 . On 17 January 2015 , the single re @-@ entered the chart at number 61 . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits for " Elastic Heart " are adapted from The Hunger Games : Catching Fire soundtrack digital inlay cover . = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = = = = Sia solo version = = In 2014 , Sia recorded a solo version of " Elastic Heart " for her sixth studio album , 1000 Forms of Fear . It was released on 9 January 2015 by RCA as the fourth single from the album . Annie Zaleski from The AV Club labelled " Elastic Heart " a " striking power ballad , " while AllMusic 's Heather Phares picked the song as one of the three standouts from the album , alongside " Chandelier " and " Eye of the Needle " . Aimee Cliff from Fact named it a " great example of how only Sia can truly rock a song written for ( rather than by ) Sia . " In Italy , " Elastic Heart " impacted contemporary hit radio on 9 January 2015 . " Elastic Heart " debuted at number 8 on the ARIA Singles Chart on the chart issue dated 19 January 2015 . The following week , the song rose to number 5 . The Australian Recording Industry Association certified it 3 × Platinum , which denotes shipments exceeding 210 @,@ 000 copies in Australia . In the United States , " Elastic Heart " debuted at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue chart dated 24 January 2015 , becoming the week 's " Hot Shot Debut " . The song was later certified double platinum for digital sales of two million copies in the United States . In the United Kingdom , the single peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart on 5 April 2015 and has since been certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry . = = = Music video = = = On 7 January 2015 , the music video for the song was released . Directed by Sia and Daniel Askill and choreographed by Ryan Heffington , the video features Maddie Ziegler , who previously appeared in the video for Sia 's single " Chandelier " , and actor Shia LaBeouf . In the video , Ziegler and LaBeouf wear nude and dirt @-@ smeared outfits . Justine Harman from Elle likened the concept of the video to the plot of Titanic . Jason Lipshutz from Billboard summarised : " The entirety of the video features the surprising pair interpreting the song through various body contortions : they dance @-@ fight , collapse in the middle of the cage , crawl toward and away from each other , and make some wildly fantastic facial expressions . " The video was nominated for the 2015 VMA Award for Best Female Video . Billboard selected the video as one " of the 10 best music videos of 2015 ( so far ) " , as did PopCrush , commenting that the video 's " lopsided choreography and filthy warfare yields a raw , junkyard beauty that doesn ’ t ask who will make it out alive , but whether escape is ever really on the table . " New York magazine 's Vulture.com ranked it # 6 on its list of 2015 's top 10 music videos . As of July 2016 , the video had received more than 650 million views on YouTube . It was the 8th most viewed YouTube video in 2015 . = = = = Controversy = = = = Upon its release , the video faced criticism due to the depiction of an adult and child dancing together , clad only in beige dancewear . Some commentators perceived the piece as pedophilic , and Sia later apologized on Twitter : " All I can say is Maddie and Shia are two of the only actors I felt could play these two warring ' Sia ' self states . I apologize to those who feel triggered by ' Elastic Heart ' . My intention was to create some emotional content , not to upset anybody . " = = = Live performances = = = On 17 January 2015 , Sia performed " Elastic Heart " on Saturday Night Live . For the performance , Sia sang the song with a short black veil covering the top half of her face , while Ziegler recreated the dance routine in the music video wearing a nude leotard and blonde wig . Later that month , Sia made a live rendition of the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . She also performed the song on The Voice UK on 28 March and The Voice US on 7 April 2015 . = = = Charts = = = = = = Release history = = =
= Delorentos = Delorentos are a critically acclaimed Dublin @-@ based Irish alternative rock band , formed in 2005 . The band consist of four members : Ró ( vocals , guitar , piano ) , Kier ( vocals , guitar ) , Níal ( Bass , Keys , backing vocals ) and Ross ( drums , backing vocals ) . The band 's sound is based around having four singer @-@ songwriters , with each member taking lead vocals on various albums ' tracks and singles . In 2013 they won the Choice Music Prize Irish Album of the Year for " Little Sparks " . The band 's early sound was rooted in post @-@ punk and pop but eventually grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music . In 2010 , they began experimenting with acoustic music , ( obvious in 2014 release " Unbroken , Untied " ) a theme that would expand and develop their sound and audience . The band have released five critically acclaimed albums ; 2007 's In Love with Detail , 2009 's You Can Make Sound , 2012 's Little Sparks , 2014 's Acoustic album , Unbroken , Untied , and 2014 's Night Becomes Light . The band 's debut album In Love with Detail was critically acclaimed in Ireland , being nominated for the Choice Music Prize and in the Best Irish Album category at the 2007 Meteor Awards , at which Delorentos were also nominated for Best New Irish Band . Delorentos spent much of 2008 working on their second album , playing few live shows . By early 2009 , they were reported to be performing with Director as both bands showcased material from their second albums . However , on 17 February 2009 , Delorentos announced on their MySpace and official website that Rónan Yourell had decided to leave the band . The entire band subsequently announced a split but rescinded this decision two months later . Their second album You Can Make Sound was released on 9 October 2009 and led to two more Meteor nominations for Delorentos in 2010 . Since then , their third album Little Sparks was released with much fanfare and an innovative release and went on to win Irelands ' Choice Music Prize . Aside from headline shows , Delorentos have opened a number of high @-@ profile shows throughout their career , including 2013 support slots for Bruce Springsteen in Kilkenny , in 2007 with Sinéad O 'Connor at Heineken Green Energy , the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre and Arctic Monkeys , Supergrass and The Coral at Malahide Castle . The band have also played with the likes of Idlewild , Gang of Four , Bell X1 and The Futureheads in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago , Madrid and Toronto . They have featured at numerous major festivals and tours including Electric Picnic , Oxegen , Bennicassim , CMJ , Eurosonic and South by Southwest . Delorentos were invited to play a set at the 2006 edition of Other Voices : Songs From a Room and were also regular performers on The Cafe . They have built up a small fanbase in the neighboring United Kingdom through appearances on television shows such as CD : UK . They have also had several songs feature on the PlayStation 3 karaoke video game , SingStar . The band announced on 31 July 2014 that they had signed a deal with Universal Music to release their new album Night Becomes Light . Delorentos are also well known for their Irish speaking ; they have released several songs in Irish , performed a set in Irish in 2011 , and in 2012 were heavily featured in Bernard Dunne 's Brod Club on RTÉ TV in Ireland . = = Career = = = = = Formation = = = Each of the band members were in other bands prior to Delorentos , sometimes playing together , in what Conlan once described as " a weird web of bands through schools and colleges , until the four of us came together " . McGuinness started playing with McCormick 's school band around 1999 , with Conlan joining the band soon after that . After this band failed , McCormick played with Yourell for a while , with McCormick and Conlan having played in a band together as well . Yourell then worked in France for a time but later returned to Ireland . Eventually the four grouped together to form Delorentos , whose name was taken from an older band in which a number of them featured . They were , by their own admission , " shite " until they went to Chicago to play " a rake of gigs " . McCormick and Conlan were in college in the earlier days of the band 's career . = = = Early career = = = Their first release , the EP , Leave It On , was an entirely independent one and was launched in Whelan 's in Dublin . The band collectively provided an amount of cash to record it at the start of 2005 . McGuinness had a job so provided the money , with the rest of the band paying him back . Leave It On was released on the band 's Delo Records label , with Cottage Records distributing it . Produced by Marc Carolan the four @-@ track EP was released in Ireland in November 2005 , entering the Top 30 of the Irish Singles Chart . The single , " Leave it On " , went straight to number one in the Irish Singles Chart . Delorentos followed this with a tour which included an appearance at the UK industry show In The City ( festival ) and they were invited to participate in the 2006 series of RTÉ 's annual Other Voices music show . This was followed in May 2006 by another single , " The Rules " , which debuted in the Irish Singles Chart at number fourteen and spent a total of three weeks in this chart . Just prior to this , Delorentos had come to wider attention when they represented Ireland at the National Student Music Awards ( NSMA ) in Dublin on 31 March 2005 , where they were chosen as the Best Student Artist in the UK and Ireland . As part of their prize , they received free recording time at the BBC 's Maida Vale recording studios and were invited onto the UK television show CD : UK , on which they confirmed the UK release date of their debut EP Leave It On . The band followed this with another Irish tour and appeared on The Cafe in 2006 and 2007 . They toured with other more established bands such as Idlewild , Bell X1 , Whitey , The Futureheads , Gang of Four and Tapes ' n Tapes in locations such as London , New York City , Chicago and Toronto . Delorentos featured at both Oxegen and Electric Picnic in 2006 , becoming the first unsigned act to perform at both festivals . In February 2007 , they released the single , " Basis of Everything " , to coincide with US dates in New York City and a series of performances at South by South West . = = = In Love with Detail = = = Delorentos recorded their debut album in Dublin 's Sun and Apollo Studios with Gareth Mannix . In Love with Detail was released on their own Cottage Records label on 20 April 2007 . The album entered the Irish Albums Chart at number seven , spending five weeks in that chart , and later received a nomination for the Choice Music Prize . The majority of the album was written over the previous year . Later that year , Delorentos had festival slots at Oxegen , Electric Picnic and Cois Fharraige . At that year 's Heineken Green Energy , the band supported Sinéad O 'Connor and Kíla , they supported the Dave Matthews Band at the Point Theatre on 23 May 2007 , and went on to open for Arctic Monkeys at Malahide Castle on two separate dates in June 2007 . The single " Stop " was released in July . A second EP , Do You Realise , was released in November , spending two weeks in the Irish Singles Chart and peaking at number thirty @-@ four . Delorentos twice toured the United States during this time , including several dates in March 2008 . The Irish Times selected their South by Southwest performance in Austin , Texas in March 2008 as the best by any Irish act at the event . The band also performed at the Razz Club in Barcelona , Spain . However , they kept a low enough profile on the Irish live circuit for much of the year , only performing at a small number of festivals , including Oxegen , the Bandon Music Festival and the Drogheda Arts Festival . The Irish Times noted their performance in Pet Sounds on the Sunday of Oxegen 2008 by reminiscing upon their performance from two years previously in front of a smaller crowd early on a Sunday morning . Performances of the singles " Basis of Everything " and " The Rules " at Oxegen 2008 were described as having " the kind of hummable sheen that sounds as perfect at a festival as on the radio " . Two extended plays were also been released to accompany their debut ; their debut release , titled Leave It On , in October 2005 , and the follow @-@ up EP , titled Do You Realise , came out in November 2007 . = = = Brief split = = = The band 's overall low profile in 2008 was initially thought to be due to them spending time working on their second album . However , in December 2008 , Delorentos explained in their MySpace blog that a potential record deal had fallen through due to the prospective label encountering financial problems . Added to this , the collapse of Pinnacle , their distribution company , denied the band a chance to release their album in the United Kingdom . Their blog entry stated that " these are strange times for everyone , and for us in the music industry there has been a lot of uncertainty . It just happened that our opportunity coincided with this extraordinary time . " After performing a number of shows with fellow Dubliners Director , Delorentos announced their break @-@ up on 17 February 2009 . The split came about after Yourell decided to leave the band due to his desire to " do other things " . A MySpace entry stated : " It 's with a very heavy heart that we have to let you know that Ronan has decided to leave the band . He feels its best for him to move on and do other things . The three of us will still be making music and will let you know about what happens next " . However , they still planned to record their second album , believed to be titled You Can Make Sound , in March 2009 – it would contain all the songs they had written in the previous year – and play " a gig or two " as part of a farewell tour . The band 's farewell tour includes shows in Whelan 's in Dublin and Cyprus Avenue in Cork . Reaction to the split was generally one of shock – The Kinetiks were amongst the neighbouring bands they had influenced , Jacqui Carroll attributed her discovery of Irish music to an early Delorentos show , whilst blogger UnaRocks , John Walshe of State , Jonnie Craig and others had recently been championing the band 's sound . On 22 April 2009 , the band announced they would not split after all , citing a newfound excitement for recording as their reason . Yourell later explained that the band signing away their independent stance only to be let down by their record company had " knocked us out of our stride " and had led to him considering his future . = = = You Can Make Sound = = = The second album by Delorentos , You Can Make Sound , was released on DeloRecords on Friday 9 October 2009 in Ireland . The band released the title track as a free download and the single " Secret " was released on 16 October . They co @-@ presented an edition of The Last Splash with Alison Curtis on Today FM on 20 December . In 2010 , they appeared on TG4 music series Ceol Ar An Imeall . They represented Ireland in the Eurosonic Festival in Groningen , Netherlands in January 2010 . You Can Make Sound is to be released in the Netherlands in March 2010 . On March 19 , the band were announced as one of the first acts expected to perform at 2010 's Indiependence . They headlined Livestock in Kells , County Meath on 5 June 2010 . = = = Little Sparks = = = Delorentos ' third album was released on 27 January 2012 . It had been recorded over the summer of 2011 with producer Rob Kirwan in Grouse Lodge studios , Westmeath and Exchequer Studios Dublin . The album was different as Kirwan insisted on two weeks ' Preproduction beforehand , something the band had not down before . The record was recorded over three months with engineer Colin Murphy , and Cenzo Townsend additionally mixing a number of tracks . The First single from the record , " Did we ever really Try " was released in October 2011 with an accompanying EP Magazine - written by the band with contributions from other artists and musicians . It reached number 10 on the charts , despite not being available in record stores , only the band 's own " pop @-@ up stores " . The release was notable for its inventive release campaign : they toured acoustically to release the preceding EP , " Little Sparks EP " ( which was released as part of a full @-@ colour 40 @-@ page creative magazine ) , they slowly released their songs on YouTube as part of an Acoustic project , and they opened up their own pop @-@ up record shops to perform in on the week of release . The latter idea proved to be very popular - with the band visiting cities around Ireland and opening up one @-@ day stores in empty shops . The band discussed this radical new idea on RTÉ 's " the Business with George Lee " and Today FM 's " The Last Word with Matt cooper " , and the shops were also written about in the Irish Times . The critical reception to the record was the best of the band 's career , with five @-@ star reviews from State.ie , Mail on Sunday , the Star and Heinekenmusic.ie , and 4 @.@ 5 stars from Entertainment.ie , and 4 stars from Hotpress , Irish Times , Irish Independent , Sunday Times , Metro , RTÉ guide , Goldenplec.ie and many more . It was described by entertainment.ie : “ Little Sparks is not only an album which is Delorentos ’ best work to date , but one of the finest Irish releases of recent times " and by the Irish Times as " Full of brave , bracing and emotionally direct songs , it ’ s the sound of a band who have found their musical and lyrical groove . " , and by hotpress as “ An early bid for Irish album of the year … Little sparks is the sound of a group striving to write the flab @-@ free , solid @-@ gold pop record of their lives , mission accomplished . ” = = = Unbroken , Untied = = = On April 19 , 2014 Delorentos released Unbroken , Untied a self @-@ recorded and produced Acoustic album . A collection of 13 acoustic tracks , nine of which are completely reworked versions of previous releases while there are four brand new tracks . The physical release was contained in a handmade individually stamped boxes , limited to 147 copies . These sold out in hours on Record Store Day , 2014 . = = = Night Becomes Light = = = Released in Autumn 2014 , Night Becomes Light went straight into the Irish top 5 . It was named of the best albums of 2014 by the ' Choice Music Prize ' . The album received the best reviews of an already critically acclaimed career . = = Style and influences = = Delorentos are known for their attractive guitar sound full of hooks and harmonies . The band 's influences include Arcade Fire , Pixies , The Cure and The Clash . Their musical output has been likened to many modern British bands . The style of their single " Eustace Street " , about a troubled love affair set in Dublin 's Temple Bar , has been compared to that of Editors , and another single " Stop " , influenced by a post @-@ punk sound , has been likened to Bloc Party . The band 's second single " The Rules " has been called " a sharp comment on the culture of casual racism " . Conlan and Yourell like The Band , whilst Conlan and McCormick like The Redneck Manifesto . Conlan has stated that their earlier music had " a lot more dancey beats to it , but we 're always chopping and changing " . For instance , at one point the oldest song in the band 's set list was " Leave It On " and that was only about eight months old at the time . = = Discography = = = = Awards = = In 2013 Delorentos won Choice Music Prize Irish album of the year for " Little Sparks " in Vicar St , Dublin The Sunday Tribune 's Una Mullally said their debut album was " Best Hope For 2007 " . Delorentos were chosen as the Best Student Artist in the UK and Ireland at the National Student Music Awards on 31 March 2005 . The band were nominated for four Meteor Music Awards – " Hope for 2006 " in 2005 , " Best New Band " in 2006 , as well as " Best Irish Band " and " Best Irish Album " in 2008 . They lost out on the 2008 Best Irish Band award to veteran rockers Aslan . In Love with Detail was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in 2007 , losing out to Super Extra Bonus Party 's self @-@ titled LP . The album also won 2007 's Róisín Dubh Album of the Year , given by the Róisín Dubh in Galway . In February 2008 they won The Irish World 's " Best New Band " Award in London . They were nominated in two categories at the 2010 Meteor Awards : Best Irish Band and Best Irish Pop Act . That same year the band were successful in the Entertainment.ie Annual Awards picking up the Best Album of the previous year award .
= Disappearance of Madeleine McCann = Madeleine Beth McCann ( b . 12 May 2003 ) disappeared on the evening of 3 May 2007 from her bed in a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz , a resort in the Algarve region of Portugal , sparking what one newspaper called " the most heavily reported missing @-@ person case in modern history . " Her whereabouts remain unknown . Madeleine was on holiday from the UK with her parents , Kate and Gerry McCann , her younger twin siblings , and a group of family friends and their children . She and the twins had been left asleep at 20 : 30 in the ground @-@ floor apartment , while the McCanns and friends dined in a restaurant 50 metres ( 160 ft ) away . The parents checked on the children throughout the evening , until Madeleine 's mother discovered she was missing at 22 : 00 . At first the Portuguese police seemed to accept that it was an abduction , but after misinterpreting a British DNA analysis they came to believe that Madeleine had died in the apartment . The McCanns were declared arguidos ( suspects ) in September 2007 but were cleared when Portugal 's attorney @-@ general archived the case in July 2008 . The parents continued the investigation using private detectives until Scotland Yard opened its own inquiry , Operation Grange , in 2011 . In 2013 Scotland Yard released e @-@ fit images of men they wanted to trace , including one of a man seen carrying a child toward the beach that night . Shortly after this the Portuguese police reopened their inquiry . Operation Grange was scaled back in 2015 . The disappearance attracted sustained international interest and saturation coverage in the UK reminiscent of the death of Diana in 1997 . The McCanns were subjected to intense scrutiny and false allegations of involvement in their daughter 's death , particularly in the tabloid press and on Twitter . They received damages and front @-@ page apologies in 2008 from Express Newspapers , In 2011 they testified before the Leveson Inquiry into British press misconduct , lending support to those arguing for tighter press regulation . = = People = = = = = Madeleine McCann = = = Madeleine was born in Leicester and lived with her family in Rothley , also in Leicestershire . At the request of her parents , she was made a ward of court in England shortly after the disappearance , which gave the court statutory powers to act on her behalf . Interpol described Madeleine as having blonde hair , blue and green eyes , a small brown spot on her left calf , and a distinctive dark strip on the iris of her right eye . In 2009 the McCanns released age @-@ progressed images of how she may have looked at age six , and in 2012 Scotland Yard commissioned one of her at age nine . = = = Kate and Gerry McCann = = = Madeleine 's parents are both physicians and practising Roman Catholics . Kate Marie McCann , née Healy ( born 1968 , Huyton , near Liverpool ) attended All Saints School in Anfield , then Notre Dame High School , Everton Valley , graduating in 1992 with a degree in medicine from the University of Dundee . She moved briefly into obstetrics and gynaecology , then anaesthesiology , and finally general practice . Gerald Patrick McCann ( born 1968 in Glasgow ) attended Holyrood Secondary School . He obtained a BSc in physiology / sports science from the University of Glasgow in 1989 , qualifying in medicine in 1992 . In 2002 he obtained his MD , a research degree , also from Glasgow . Since 2005 he has been a consultant cardiologist at Glenfield Hospital , Leicester . The McCanns met in 1993 in Glasgow and were married in 1998 . Madeleine was born in 2003 and the twins , a boy and girl , two years later . = = = Tapas Seven = = = The McCanns were on holiday with seven friends and eight children in all , including the McCanns ' three . The nine adults dined together most evenings at 20 : 30 in the resort 's tapas restaurant , as a result of which the media dubbed the friends the Tapas Seven . The group consisted of marketing manager Jane Tanner and her partner , physician Russell O 'Brien , who were there with their two children ; physician Matthew Oldfield and his wife , recruitment consultant Rachael Oldfield , along with their daughter ; and physicians Fiona and David Payne , their two children , and Fiona Payne 's mother , Dianne Webster . Jane Tanner became an important witness , when she reported seeing a man carry a young girl away from the resort 50 minutes before Madeleine was reported missing . = = 5A Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva , Praia da Luz = = The McCanns arrived on Saturday , 28 April 2007 , for their seven @-@ night spring break in Praia da Luz , a village with a population of 1 @,@ 000 , known as a " little Britain " because of the concentration of British homeowners and holidaymakers . They had booked through the British holiday company Mark Warner Ltd , and were placed in 5A Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva , an apartment owned by a retired teacher from Liverpool , one of several privately owned properties rented by the company . 5A was a two @-@ bedroom , ground @-@ floor apartment in the fifth block of a group of apartments known as Waterside Village , which lay on the perimeter of part of Mark Warner 's Ocean Club resort . ( The resort 's facilities were scattered throughout the town . ) Matthew and Rachel Oldfield were next door in 5B , Jane Tanner and Russell O 'Brien in 5D , and the Paynes and Dianne Webster on the first floor . Located on the corner of Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva and Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins , 5A was accessible to the public from at least two sides . Sliding glass patio doors in the living room at the back overlooked the Ocean Club 's ostensibly private pool , tennis courts , tapas restaurant and bar . The patio doors could be accessed via the ( public ) Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins , where a small gate and set of steps led up to 5A 's balcony and living room . 5A 's front door was on the opposite side of the block from the Ocean Club , on Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva . The McCanns ' three children slept in a bedroom next to the front door , which the McCanns kept locked . The bedroom had one waist @-@ high window with curtains and a metal exterior shutter , the latter controlled by a cord inside the window ; the McCanns kept the curtains and shutter closed throughout the holiday . The window overlooked a narrow walkway and residents ' car park , which was separated by a low wall from the street . Madeleine slept in a single bed next to the bedroom door , on the opposite side of the room from the window , while the twins were in travel cots in the middle of the room . There was another , empty , single bed underneath the window . = = Thursday , 3 May 2007 = = = = = Tapas restaurant = = = Thursday , 3 May , was the penultimate day of the family 's holiday . Over breakfast Madeleine asked : " Why didn 't you come when [ her brother ] and I cried last night ? " After the disappearance , her parents wondered whether this meant someone had entered the children 's bedroom . Her mother also noticed a large brown stain on Madeleine 's Eeyore pyjama top . The children spent the morning in the resort 's Kids ' Club , then the family lunched at their apartment before heading to the pool . Madeleine 's mother took the last known photograph of Madeleine that afternoon , sitting by the pool next to her father and two @-@ year @-@ old sister . The children returned to Kids ' Club , and at 18 : 00 their mother took them back to 5A , while their father went for a tennis lesson . The McCanns put the children to bed around 19 : 00 . Madeleine was left asleep in short @-@ sleeved , pink @-@ and @-@ white Marks and Spencer 's Eeyore pyjamas , next to her comfort blanket and soft toy Cuddle Cat . At 20 : 30 the parents left 5A to dine with their friends in the Ocean Club 's open @-@ air tapas restaurant , 50 metres ( 160 ft ) as the crow flies on the other side of the pool , a walk of 30 – 45 seconds , according to Madeleine 's mother . The staff had left a note in a message book at the swimming @-@ pool reception area , asking that the same table , which overlooked the apartments , be block @-@ booked for 20 : 30 for the McCanns and friends . The message said the group 's children were asleep in the apartments . Madeleine 's mother believes the abductor may have seen the note . The McCanns and their friends left the restaurant roughly every half @-@ hour to check on their children . 5A 's patio doors could only be locked from the inside , so to allow them to enter that way , the McCanns had left the patio curtains drawn and the doors closed but unlocked . They had also closed the child @-@ safety gate at the top of the patio stairs and the gate at the bottom leading to the street . Madeleine 's father carried out the first check on 5A at around 21 : 05 . The children were asleep and all was well , except that he recalled having left the children 's bedroom door slightly ajar , and now it stood almost wide open ; he pulled it nearly closed again before returning to the restaurant . This was the last time either of the McCanns saw Madeleine . = = = Tanner sighting = = = The sighting by Jane Tanner , one of the Tapas Seven , of a man carrying a child that night became an important part of the early investigation . She had left the restaurant just after 21 : 00 to check on her own daughter , passing Madeleine 's father on Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins on his way back to the restaurant from his 21 : 05 check . He had stopped to chat to a British holidaymaker , but neither man recalled having seen Tanner . This became an issue that puzzled the Portuguese police , given how narrow the street was , and led them to accuse Tanner of having invented the sighting . At c . 21 : 10 Tanner noticed a man with a child cross the junction of Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins and Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva just ahead of her , heading east , away from the Ocean Club . He was carrying a barefoot child wearing light @-@ coloured pink pyjamas with a floral pattern and cuffs on the legs . She described the man as white , dark @-@ haired , 5 ft 7 in ( 1 @.@ 70 m ) tall , of southern European or Mediterranean appearance , 35 – 40 years old , wearing gold or beige trousers and a dark jacket , and said he did not look like a tourist . Tanner told the Portuguese police , but they did not pass the description to the media until 25 May . Madeleine 's Fund hired a forensic artist to create an image of the man ( right ) , which was released in October 2007 . Although Tanner had not seen the man 's face , the sighting became important because it offered investigators a time frame for the abduction , but Scotland Yard came to view it as a red herring . In October 2013 they said that a British holidaymaker had been identified as the man Tanner had seen , and that he had been returning to his apartment after collecting his daughter from the Ocean Club night creche . Scotland Yard took photographs of the man wearing the same or similar clothes to the ones he was wearing on the night , and standing in a pose similar to the one Tanner reported . The pyjamas his daughter had been wearing also matched Tanner 's report . Scotland Yard said they were " almost certain " the Tanner sighting was not related to the abduction . = = = Smith sighting = = = Another sighting of a man carrying a child that night was reported by Martin and Mary Smith , on holiday from Ireland . Scotland Yard concluded in 2013 that the Smith sighting offered the approximate time of Madeleine 's kidnap . The Smiths saw the man at around 22 : 00 on Rua da Escola Primária , 500 yards ( 457 m ) from the McCanns ' apartment , walking toward Rua 25 de Abril and the beach . He was carrying a girl aged 3 – 4 years . She had blonde hair and pale skin , was wearing light @-@ coloured pyjamas and had bare feet . The man was mid @-@ 30s , 5 ft 7 in – 5 ft 9 in ( 1 @.@ 75 – 1 @.@ 80 m ) , slim @-@ to @-@ normal build , with short brown hair , wearing cream or beige trousers . He did not look like a tourist , according to the Smiths , and had seemed uncomfortable carrying the child . = = = Reported missing = = = Madeleine 's mother had intended to check on the children at 21 : 30 , but Matthew Oldfield , one of the Tapas Seven , offered to do it when he checked on his own children in the apartment next door . He noticed that the McCanns ' children 's bedroom door was wide open , but after hearing no noise he left their apartment without looking far enough into the room to see whether Madeleine was in bed . He could not recall whether the bedroom window and its exterior shutter were open at that point . Early on in the investigation the Portuguese police accused Oldfield of involvement because he had volunteered to do the check , suggesting to him that he had handed Madeleine to someone through the bedroom window . Kate made her own check at around 22 : 00 . Scotland Yard said in 2013 that Madeleine was probably taken moments before this . Kate recalled entering the apartment through the patio doors at the back , and noticed that the children 's bedroom door was wide open . When she tried to close the door it slammed shut as though there was a draught , which is when she found that the bedroom window and its shutter were open . Madeleine 's Cuddle Cat and pink blanket were still on the bed , but Madeleine was gone . After briefly searching the apartment Kate ran back towards the restaurant , screaming that someone had taken Madeleine . At around 22 : 10 Madeleine 's father sent Matthew Oldfield to ask the resort 's reception desk to call the police , and at 22 : 30 the resort activated its missing @-@ child search protocol . Sixty staff and guests searched until 04 : 30 , at first assuming that Madeleine had wandered off . One of them told Channel 4 's Dispatches that , from one end of Luz to the other , you could hear people shouting her name . = = Early response = = = = = Police = = = Two officers from the gendarmerie , the Guarda Nacional Republicana ( GNR ) , arrived at the resort at 23 : 10 from Lagos , five miles ( 8 km ) away . At midnight , after briefly searching , they alerted the criminal police , the Polícia Judiciária ; the latter said their officers arrived within 10 minutes of that alert . Two patrol dogs were brought to the resort at 2 am and four search @-@ and @-@ rescue dogs at 8 am . Police officers had their leave cancelled and started searching waterways , wells , caves , sewers and ruins . It was widely acknowledged that mistakes were made , perhaps the most serious of which was that the crime scene was not secured . Around 20 people entered apartment 5A before it was closed off , according to Chief Inspector Olegário de Sousa of the Polícia Judiciária . According to Madeleine 's mother , an officer placed tape across the doorway of the children 's bedroom , but left at 3 am without securing the apartment . The Polícia Judiciária case file , released in 2008 , showed that 5A lay empty for a month after the disappearance , then was let out to tourists before being sealed off in August 2007 for more forensic tests . A similar situation arose outside the apartment . A crowd gathered by the front door of 5A , including next to the children 's bedroom window through which an abductor may have entered or left , trampling on potentially important evidence . An officer dusted the bedroom window 's exterior shutter for fingerprints without wearing gloves or other protective clothing . Neither border nor marine police were given descriptions of Madeleine for many hours , and officers did not appear to make extensive door @-@ to @-@ door inquiries . According to Madeleine 's mother , roadblocks were first put in place at 10 am the next morning . Police did not request motorway surveillance pictures of vehicles leaving Praia da Luz that night , or of the road between Lagos and Vila Real de Santo António on the Spanish border ; the company that monitors the road , Euroscut , said they were not approached for information . It took Interpol five days to issue a global missing @-@ person alert . = = = Media = = = Criminal investigations in Portugal are governed by a secrecy clause in its penal code , which means there are no official press briefings . One journalist wrote that this leads to a culture of " leak , not speak " and a proliferation of gossip that is hard for others to counter without breaking the law . A Polícia Judiciária officer acknowledged in 2010 that they had been suspicious of the McCanns from the start , because the couple turned the inquiry into what the officer called a " media circus . " Owen Jones described it as " something approaching mass hysteria . " Bell Pottinger , representing Mark Warner Ltd , dealt with the media for the first ten days , then the British government sent in press officers . The first was Sheree Dodd , a former Daily Mirror journalist , then Clarence Mitchell , director of media monitoring for the Central Office of Information . When the government withdrew Mitchell , Justine McGuinness , a non @-@ government PR representative , took over until September 2007 , then another PR company , Hanover , was briefly involved . In September Brian Kennedy of Everest Windows stepped forward as a benefactor , and offered to cover Clarence Mitchell 's salary ( later paid by Madeleine 's Fund ) ; Mitchell resigned from his position and started working for the McCanns . Madeleine appeared on the cover of People magazine on 28 May 2007 , and on 30 May the McCanns and a group of journalists flew to Rome , in a Learjet belonging to British businessman Sir Philip Green , to meet Pope Benedict XVI . Placing Madeleine on the front page of a British newspaper would sell up to 30 @,@ 000 extra copies . She was on the front page of several British tabloids every day for almost six months and became one of Sky News 's menu options . The Portuguese tabloid Correio da Manhã published 384 articles about her between May 2007 and July 2008 . By June 2008 over seven million posts and 3 @,@ 700 videos were returned in a search for her name on YouTube . = = First Portuguese inquiry ( 2007 – 2008 ) = = = = = Witness statements = = = Witnesses described men behaving oddly near apartment 5A on the day of the disappearance , Thursday , 3 May 2007 , and in the days leading up to it . Scotland Yard believe the men may have been engaged in reconnaissance for an abduction or burglary . Between 15 : 30 and 17 : 30 on 3 May , two black @-@ haired men visited apartments close to 5A , ostensibly collecting for orphanages . One was seen in the McCanns ' block at 16 : 00 . On 20 April a bedraggled @-@ looking man rang on a tourist 's doorbell to say in broken English that he was collecting money for an orphanage . She described him as 38 – 45 years old , with a sallow complexion , lank dark hair , moustache and large teeth . On 3 May a man was seen walking through a gate leading away from the apartments ; he tried to close the gate quietly , with both hands , and looked around as he left . At 14 : 30 two blonde @-@ haired men were seen on the balcony of 5C , an empty apartment two doors from 5A . At 16 : 00 – 17 : 00 a blonde @-@ haired man was seen near 5A . At 18 : 00 the same or another blonde @-@ haired man was seen standing in the stairwell of the McCanns ' block . At 23 : 00 , an hour after the disappearance was reported , two blonde @-@ haired men were seen in a nearby street speaking in raised voices . When they realized they had been noticed , they reportedly lowered their voices and walked away . A witness reported seeing a blonde @-@ haired man on 29 April on Rua do Ramelhete , and again on 2 May across the road from 5A . She remembered him because he made her uneasy : she described him as " ugly , " with pitted skin and a large nose . That day or the next a different witness saw a man standing by a wall near the car park next to the pool . He was staring at the McCanns ' apartment block , where a white van was parked . At 8 am on Monday , 30 April , a girl whose grandparents used to own 5A saw a blonde @-@ haired man leaning against a wall on a path behind the apartments , and saw him again on 2 May near the car park by the pool and Tapas restaurant , looking at 5A . She described him as Caucasian , mid @-@ 30s , short cropped hair , " ugly " with spots . He was wearing a black leather jacket , a light @-@ coloured T @-@ shirt , jeans with a belt , trainers , and thick @-@ framed sunglasses . = = = First arguido = = = The first person given arguido ( suspect ) status , 12 days after the disappearance , was a local British @-@ Portuguese property consultant , Robert Murat . As with the McCanns , Murat found himself at the centre of media allegations that continued for months . Murat lived in his mother 's home , 150 yards ( 137 m ) from apartment 5A in the direction the man in the Tanner sighting had walked . He was made an arguido after a British tabloid journalist told police he had been asking questions about the case . The police had briefly signed him up as an official interpreter . Three members of the Tapas Seven said they had seen Murat near the resort on the evening Madeleine disappeared , although he and his mother said he had been at home all evening . The house was searched , the pool drained , his cars , computers , phones and video tapes examined , his garden searched using ground radar and sniffer dogs , and two of his associates were questioned . There was nothing to link him to the disappearance , and he was cleared on 21 July 2008 when the case was archived . The Portuguese case was re @-@ opened in 2013 , and in 2014 Murat was questioned as a witness by the Polícia Judiciária , this time on behalf of Scotland Yard . = = = McCanns as arguidos = = = = = = = Early suspicion = = = = An early indication for the McCanns that the tide was turning against them publicly came on 6 June 2007 , when a German journalist asked them during a press conference in Berlin whether they were involved in Madeleine 's disappearance . On 30 June the first of a series of articles critical of the couple appeared in Sol , a Portuguese weekly . The reporters had the names and mobile numbers of the Tapas Seven and at least one other witness , so there appeared to have been a leak from within the inquiry . This and later articles in the Portuguese press , almost invariably followed up in the UK , made several allegations , based on no evidence , that would engulf the McCanns for years on social media . They included that the McCanns and Tapas Seven were " swingers , " that there was a " pact of silence " between them regarding what happened the night of the disappearance , and that the McCanns had been sedating their children . Much was made of apparent inconsistencies within and between the McCanns ' and Tapas Seven 's statements , perhaps the result of translation problems . The police had asked questions in Portuguese , the interviewees had replied in English , and an interpreter had translated . The officer had then typed up a statement in Portuguese , which was verbally translated into English for the interviewee to sign . The likelihood that misunderstandings would emerge was high . Among the inconsistencies was whether the McCanns had entered the apartment by the front or back door when checking on the children . According to the Polícia Judiciária case file , Gerry McCann told them during his first interview on 4 May 2007 that they had entered 5A through the locked front door for his 21 : 05 and her 22 : 00 checks , and in a second interview on 10 May that he had entered through the unlocked patio doors at the back . There was also an inconsistency regarding whether the front door had been locked that night . He told the Sunday Times in December 2007 that the couple had used the front door during their checks earlier in the week , but it was next to the children 's bedroom so they had started using the patio doors instead . Another issue was whether the exterior shutter over Madeleine 's bedroom window could be opened from outside . Kate McCann said the shutter and window were closed when Madeleine was put to bed , and both were open when she discovered Madeleine was missing . Her husband told the Polícia Judiciária that , when he was first alerted to the disappearance , he had lowered the shutter , then had gone outside and discovered that it could be raised from the outside . Against this , the police said the shutter could not be raised from the outside without being forced , but there was no sign of forced entry . According to journalist Danny Collins , the shutter was made of non @-@ ferrous metal slats linked together on a roller blind that was housed in a box at the top of the inside window , controlled by pulling on a strap . He writes that the shutter was gravity @-@ fed ; once rolled down , the slats locked in place outside the window and could only be raised using the strap on the inside . The discrepancy contributed to the view of the Polícia Judiciária that there had been no abduction . Even Kate 's shout of " they 've taken her " was viewed with suspicion , as though she had been paving the way for an abduction story . The suspicions developed into the theory that Madeleine had died in the apartment as a result of an accident — perhaps after being sedated to help her stay asleep — and that her parents had hidden her body for a month , before retrieving her and driving her to an unknown place in a car they had hired over three weeks after the disappearance . = = = = British sniffer dogs = = = = In July 2007 Mark Harrison , the national search adviser to the British National Policing Improvement Agency arrived in Praia da Luz to help with the ground search , and recommended bringing in Keela and Eddie , two Springer spaniel sniffer dogs from South Yorkshire . Keela was a crime @-@ scene @-@ investigation ( CSI ) dog trained to alert her handler , Martin Grime , to traces of human blood . Eddie was an enhanced @-@ victim @-@ recovery dog ( EVRD ) , who alerted to the scent of human cadavers . The dogs were taken to two beaches , Robert Murat 's house and several Ocean Club apartments . Both dogs gave alerts only in apartment 5A , including behind the sofa in the living room , and on and under the veranda in the bedroom Madeleine 's parents had used . On 2 August the Polícia Judiciária told the McCanns that an anomaly had arisen , and removed boxes and suitcases of clothes from the house the McCanns had rented on Rua das Flores , as well as Madeleine 's Cuddle Cat . They also took a diary that Kate McCann had started after the disappearance and a friend 's Bible she had borrowed . A passage the Bible 's owner had marked from 2 Samuel , about the death of a child , became another item of interest ; it was copied into the police case file along with a Portuguese translation . On 6 August they took the Renault Scenic the couple had hired 24 days after Madeleine went missing . Keela and Eddie were placed in a room with the clothes and other items , and taken to an underground public car park where the McCanns ' car was parked alongside others , including Robert Murat 's . Eddie , the cadaver dog , gave an alert outside the McCanns ' car and inside the boot ( trunk ) . One or both dogs gave alerts at Cuddle Cat , Kate McCann 's clothes and the Bible . According to the Sunday Times , it seemed apparent from a video released by the Ministério Público that the handler was directing the dogs to particular spots inside the apartment and to the McCanns ' car . The McCanns ' lawyer said that , if there was indeed a smell of corpses on Kate 's clothes , it might have been caused by her contact with the deceased as a family doctor . = = = = British DNA analysis = = = = Hair and other fibres were collected from areas in the apartment and car that Keela and Eddie had reacted to , and sent to the Forensic Science Service ( FSS ) in Birmingham for DNA profiling , arriving around 8 August 2007 . The FSS used a technique known as low copy number ( LCN ) DNA analysis . This is used when only a few cells are available ; the test is controversial because it is vulnerable to contamination and misinterpretation . On 3 September John Lowe of the FSS emailed Detective Superintendent Stuart Prior of the Leicestershire police , the liaison between the British and Portuguese police . Lowe told Prior that a sample from the car boot contained 15 out of 19 of Madeleine 's DNA components , and that the result was " too complex for meaningful interpretation " : A complex LCN [ low copy number ] DNA result which appeared to have originated from at least three people was obtained from cellular material recovered from the luggage compartment section ... Within the DNA profile of Madeleine McCann there are 20 DNA components represented by 19 peaks on a chart . ... Of these 19 components 15 are present within the result from this item ; there are 37 components in total . There are 37 components because there are at least 3 contributors ; but there could be up to five contributors . In my opinion therefore this result is too complex for meaningful interpretation / inclusion . At this point , according to the Sunday Times , the Polícia Judiciária " abandoned the abduction theory . " The FSS email was translated into Portuguese on 4 September . The next day , according to Madeleine 's mother , the Polícia Judiciária proposed that , if she were to admit that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and that she had hidden the body , she might only serve a two @-@ year sentence ; her husband would not be charged and would be free to leave . Both parents were given arguido status on 7 September . They were interviewed that day and were advised by their lawyer not to answer questions ; Gerry did answer them , but Kate declined . The Polícia Judiciária told Gerry that Madeleine 's DNA had been found in the car boot and behind the sofa in the apartment . Journalists in Portugal were told that the DNA evidence was a " 100 percent match . " British tabloid headlines included " Corpse in McCann Car " ( London Evening Standard ) and " Brit Lab Bombshell : Car DNA is 100 % Maddie 's " ( Sun ) , while another reported that " a clump of Maddie 's hair " had been found in the car . Jerry Lawton , a reporter with the Daily Star , a British tabloid , told the Leveson Inquiry in March 2012 that the leaks had come directly from the Portuguese police . Matt Baggott , who when Madeleine disappeared was chief constable of Leicestershire police , the force that coordinated the British input , told the inquiry that he knew the DNA evidence was being wrongly interpreted , but because the Portuguese were in charge of the inquiry , he made a decision not to correct reporters who had been told the McCanns were involved . His force 's priority , he said , was to maintain a good relationship with the Polícia Judiciária with a view to finding Madeleine . = = = = McCanns return to the UK = = = = Despite their arguido status , the McCanns were allowed to leave Portugal and arrived back in England on 9 September 2007 . The following day Tavares de Almeida , head of the Polícia Judiciária in Portimão , signed a police report concluding that Madeleine had died in apartment 5A as a result of an accident , and that the McCanns had concealed the body and faked an abduction . On 11 September the 10 @-@ volume case file was passed to a judge , Pedro Miguel dos Anjos Frias , who authorized the seizure of Madeleine 's mother 's diary and her father 's laptop . The McCanns had taken both items back to England , although the police had retained a copy of the diary . On 24 September Control Risks , a British security company , took hair samples from the McCann twins at their parents ' request . An anonymous donor paid for Control Risks ' services . The McCanns were concerned that the abductor might have given the children sedatives ; the twins had slept through the commotion in apartment 5A after Madeleine was reported missing , but despite requests the Portuguese police had not taken samples . Control Risks took a sample from Kate McCann too , to rebut allegations that she was on medication . No trace of drugs was found . In October 2007 Gonçalo Amaral , the inquiry 's coordinator in Portugal , was removed from his post after telling a newspaper that the British police only pursued leads that were helpful to the McCanns . He was replaced by Paulo Rebelo , deputy national director of the Polícia Judiciária . The team of detectives was expanded and a case review began . On 29 November four members of the Portuguese investigation , including Francisco Corte @-@ Real , vice @-@ president of Portugal 's forensic crime service , were briefed at Leicestershire police headquarters by the Forensic Science Service . = = = Investigation closed ( July 2008 ) = = = The Tapas Seven were interviewed by Leicestershire police in England in April 2008 , with the Polícia Judiciária , including Paulo Rebelo , in attendance . The Polícia Judiciária planned the following month to hold a reconstruction in Praia da Luz , using the McCanns and Tapas Seven rather than actors , but it was cancelled when the Tapas Seven declined to participate . The poor relationship between the McCanns and the Portuguese police was evident again that month when , on the day the couple were at the European Parliament in Brussels to promote a monitoring system for missing children , transcripts of their interviews with the Polícia Judiciária were leaked to Spanish television . The national director of the Polícia Judiciária , Alípio Ribeiro , resigned not long after this , citing media pressure from the investigation ; he had publicly said the police had been hasty in naming the McCanns as suspects . As of May 2008 Portuguese prosecutors were examining several charges against the McCanns , including abandonment of a child , abduction , homicide and concealment of a corpse . Two months later , on 21 July , the Portuguese Attorney General announced that there was no evidence to link the McCanns or Robert Murat to the disappearance , that their arguido status had been lifted and the case closed . On 4 August Ministério Público released 11 @,@ 233 pages of the case file to the media on CD @-@ ROM . Days after the case closed , excerpts from Kate McCann 's diary , which had been taken by the Polícia Judiciária in August 2007 for the sniffer dogs , were published without her permission by a Portuguese tabloid , Correio da Manhã , translated from English to Portuguese , despite a Portuguese judge 's ruling in June 2008 that the seizure had been a privacy violation and that any copies must be destroyed . On 14 September 2008 one of the News International tabloids , the News of the World , also published the extracts , again without permission and now translated poorly back into English . = = = Gonçalo Amaral book = = = The bad feeling between the McCanns and the Polícia Judiciária reached such a height that the officer who had coordinated the investigation from May to October 2007 , Chief Inspector Gonçalo Amaral , resigned in June 2008 to write a book alleging that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and that the McCanns had faked an abduction . The McCanns had had little or no contact with Amaral , then @-@ head of the Polícia Judiciária in Portimão , during the Madeleine inquiry . After telling a Portuguese newspaper in October 2007 that the British police only pursued leads helpful to the McCanns , he had been transferred to Faro . Three days after the case closed in July 2008 , his book , Maddie : A Verdade da Mentira ( " Maddie : The Truth of the Lie " ) , was published in Portugal by Guerra & Paz . By November 2008 it had sold 180 @,@ 000 copies . The McCanns began a libel action in 2009 and in 2015 were awarded over € 600 @,@ 000 in damages and interest by a court in Lisbon . The decision was overturned in 2016 . A judge issued an injunction against further publication or sales of the book in 2009 , but the Court of Appeal in Lisbon overturned the ban in 2010 , stating that it violated Amaral 's freedom of expression . The ban was reinstated as part of the libel ruling , and was lifted when Amaral 's appeal succeeded in 2016 . Amaral was himself an arguido in another case during the McCann inquiry . A month after she went missing , he and four other officers were charged with offences related to their investigation into the disappearance of Joana Cipriano , an eight @-@ year @-@ old Portuguese girl who vanished in 2004 from Figueira , seven miles ( 11 km ) from Praia da Luz . Her body was never found , and no murder weapon was identified . Her mother , Leonor Cipriano , launched a campaign to find her daughter , but she and her brother were convicted of murder after confessing to the killing . The mother retracted her confession , saying she had been beaten by police ; the police accounted for bruising on her face and body by saying she had thrown herself down stairs in the police station . Amaral was not present when the beating is alleged to have taken place , but was accused of having covered up for others . He was convicted in 2009 of perjury related to that investigation and received an 18 @-@ month suspended sentence . = = Parents ' campaign = = = = = Madeleine 's Fund , private detectives = = = The family set up a limited company in May 2007 to finance the search , Madeleine 's Fund : Leaving No Stone Unturned . Brian Kennedy of Everest Windows stepped forward in September that year to help the McCanns financially . Appeals were made by public figures and screened at football matches across Britain . Over £ 2 @.@ 6 million was raised , and the News of the World offered a reward of £ 1 @.@ 5 million . The Fund was criticized in October 2007 for having made two of the McCanns ' mortgage payments when they were unable to work , before they were made arguidos . Madeleine 's Fund hired several firms of private investigators , which caused friction with the Portuguese police . Shortly after the disappearance , an anonymous benefactor paid for the services of a British security company , Control Risks . Brian Kennedy hired a Spanish agency , Método 3 , for six months for £ 50 @,@ 000 a month . The company had 35 investigators on the case in Europe and Morocco , and Kennedy went to Morocco himself in 2007 to look into one sighting . Investigators working for the McCanns attempted to question a British paedophile , Raymond Hewlett , in May 2009 ; he denied involvement , declined to speak to them , and died of cancer in Germany in December that year . Dave Edgar , a retired detective working for the McCanns , released an e @-@ fit in August 2009 of a woman said to have asked two British men in Barcelona , Spain , shortly after the disappearance , whether they were there to deliver her new daughter . Other private initiatives included a Portuguese lawyer financing the search of a reservoir near Praia da Luz in February 2008 , and the use of ground radar by a South African property developer , Stephen Birch , who said in 2012 that scans showed there were bones beneath the driveway of a house in Praia da Luz . = = = Oakley International = = = In 2008 Madeleine 's Fund hired Oakley International , a Washington , D.C.-registered detective agency , for over £ 500 @,@ 000 for six months . The company owner , Kevin Halligen , was arrested in 2009 in connection with an unrelated fraud allegation . Oakley sent a five @-@ man team to Portugal . Led by Henri Exton , a former British police officer who had worked for MI5 , the team engaged in undercover operations within the Ocean Club and among paedophile rings and the Roma community . Exton questioned the significance of the Tanner sighting of a man carrying a child at 21 : 15 near apartment 5A , and focused instead on the Smith sighting at 22 : 00 . The Oakley team produced e @-@ fits based on the Smiths ' description . This was a sensitive issue , because in September 2007 Martin Smith had watched footage of the McCanns arriving in the UK from Portugal , and believed he recognized Gerry McCann as the man he had seen with the child at 22 : 00 in Praia da Luz . Smith came to accept that he was mistaken : at 22 : 00 witnesses placed Gerry McCann in the tapas restaurant . Nevertheless , the publication of the Smith e @-@ fits , which bore some resemblance to Gerry , would have fed the conspiracy theories about the McCanns . Exton submitted his report to Madeleine 's Fund in November 2008 , but the Fund told Exton that the report and its efits had to remain confidential . The relationship between the company and the Fund soured , in part because of a dispute over fees , and in part because the report was critical of the McCanns and their friends ; it suggested that Madeleine may have died in an accident after leaving the apartment herself through its unlocked patio doors . The Fund passed the e @-@ fits to the police – the Polícia Judiciária and Leicestershire police had them by October 2009 , and Scotland Yard received them when they became involved in August 2011 – but did not otherwise release them . Kate McCann did not include them with the other images of suspects in her book , Madeleine ( 2011 ) , although she suggested that both the Tanner and Smith sightings were crucial . Scotland Yard released the e @-@ fits in 2013 for a BBC Crimewatch reconstruction . = = Further police inquiries ( 2011 – present ) = = = = = Operation Grange = = = At the request of the British Home Secretary Alan Johnson , the Home Office began discussions in 2010 with the Association of Chief Police Officers about setting up a new investigation . In May 2011 , under Home Secretary Theresa May , Scotland Yard launched an investigative review , Operation Grange , with a team of 29 detectives and eight civilians . The inquiry , which by June 2015 had cost £ 10.1m , was financed by a government contingency fund at the request of Prime Minister David Cameron , reportedly after News International persuaded the government to involve the British police . The team was led by Commander Simon Foy . Detective Chief Inspector ( DCI ) Andy Redwood of Scotland Yard 's Homicide and Serious Crime Command was the first senior investigating officer , reporting to Detective Chief Superintendent Hamish Campbell . Redwood retired in December 2014 and was replaced by DCI Nicola Wall . The investigation was scaled back in October 2015 and the number of officers reduced to four . The Home Office funded the final months of the investigation in 2016 to the tune of £ 95 @,@ 000 . The Operation Grange team had tens of thousands of documents translated , released an updated age @-@ progressed image of Madeleine , and investigated 560 lines in inquiry and 8 @,@ 685 potential sightings of Madeleine . By 2015 they had taken 1 @,@ 338 statements , collected 1 @,@ 027 exhibits , and investigated 60 persons of interest , as well as 650 sex offenders . = = = Burglary theory = = = By 2013 Scotland Yard were focusing on the theory that Madeleine was taken during a burglary gone wrong . There had been a fourfold increase in burglaries in the area between January and May 2007 . They included two in the McCanns ' block , during which intruders entered through apartment windows , in the three weeks before the disappearance . In October that year Scotland Yard and the BBC 's Crimewatch staged a reconstruction — broadcast in the UK , Netherlands and Germany — during which they released several e @-@ fits , including Oakley International 's e @-@ fit of the Smith sighting and of men seen near the McCanns ' apartment on and around the day of the disappearance . Days after Crimewatch aired , Portugal 's attorney general reopened the Portuguese investigation , citing new evidence . Mobile @-@ phone tracking techniques showed that the phone of a former Ocean Club restaurant worker had been used near the resort on the evening of the disappearance . He was identified in the media as originally from Cape Verde , West Africa , who had died in 2009 in a tractor accident after being fired from the Ocean Club in 2006 for theft ; the suspicion was that he had been breaking into apartments to finance a drug habit . In June 2014 Scotland Yard and the Polícia Judiciária , accompanied by archaeologists and sniffer dogs , searched drains and dug in 60 @,@ 000 sq metres of wasteland in Praia da Luz . Several interviews took place in Praia da Luz in July and December 2014 , conducted by the Polícia Judiciária at the request of Scotland Yard , with the latter in attendance . In July four Portuguese citizens were interviewed ; one , an associate of Robert Murat ( an arguido in 2007 ) , was first questioned shortly after the disappearance . Eleven people were interviewed in December . They included Robert Murat , his wife and her ex @-@ husband ; a 30 @-@ year @-@ old former tourist @-@ bus driver for the Ocean Club ; and the former driver 's 24 @-@ year @-@ old and 53 @-@ year @-@ old associates . The latter three men had telephoned or texted each other near the Ocean Club around the time of the disappearance . They admitted having broken into Ocean Club apartments but denied having taken Madeleine . = = = Other inquiries = = = Other Scotland Yard inquiries included an effort to trace 12 manual workers who were at the Ocean Club when Madeleine disappeared , including six British cleaners in a white van who were offering their services to British expats . They made inquiries about two convicted paedophiles in jail in Scotland since 2010 for murder ; the men were running a window @-@ cleaning service in the Canary Islands when Madeleine went missing , and one was said to resemble the Smith sighting . Another focus of the inquiry was Urs Hans von Aesch , a deceased Swiss man implicated in the July 2007 murder of five @-@ year @-@ old Ylenia Lenhard . Von Aesch was living in Spain when Madeleine disappeared . Scotland Yard issued another appeal in March 2014 about a man who had entered holiday homes occupied by British families in 12 incidents in the western Algarve between 2004 and 2010 , two of them in Praia da Luz . On four occasions he had sexually assaulted five white girls , aged 7 – 10 , in their beds . The man spoke English with a foreign accent , his speech was slow and perhaps slurred , and he had short , dark unkempt hair , tanned skin , and in the view of three victims a distinctive smell . He may have worn a long @-@ sleeved burgundy top , perhaps with a white circle on the back . The Polícia Judiciária said they believed the intruder was the former Ocean Club employee from Cape Verde who died in the 2009 tractor accident . = = Media coverage = = = = = Tabloids = = = The disappearance turned a harsh spotlight on the McCanns , one that became increasingly intrusive as familiarity bred contempt . The case had everything the media could latch onto , according to feminist scholar Nicola Rehling : a whodunnit involving a white , middle @-@ class family caught up in a nightmare of evil abroad . While the News of the World offered a £ 1 @.@ 5 million reward for Madeleine , another News International tabloid , The Sun , offered £ 20 @,@ 000 for information about Shannon Matthews , who disappeared from a council estate and whose mother had seven children by five men . The McCanns ' middle @-@ class status , at first protective , turned into a weapon against them . They were harshly criticized for having left their children alone , despite the availability of Ocean Club babysitters . Seventeen thousand people signed an online petition in June 2007 asking Leicestershire Social Services to investigate . The argument ran that a working @-@ class couple would have faced child @-@ abandonment charges , but doctors on a posh holiday had been let off the hook . Kate McCann — or " Hot Lips Healy , " as one tabloid called her after digging up a university nickname — was deemed too attractive , thin , well @-@ dressed , intense , controlled and not mumsy enough , according to media analyst Caroline Bainbridge . Much of the commentary came from female journalists . Journalism professor Nicola Goc wrote that Kate joined a long list of women the media sought to transform into Medea figures , including Lindy Chamberlain , Sally Clark , Trupti Patel , Angela Cannings and Donna Anthony . There was even a similar ( false ) story about supposedly relevant Bible passages Lindy Chamberlin and Kate McCann were said to have highlighted . Several tabloids criticized Kate for not crying in public , despite her obvious distress ; Correio da Manhã in Portugal complained that she had not " shed a single tear , " and called her " cynical and strange " while relying on Portuguese police sources to portray her as hysterical . = = = Leveson Inquiry = = = In November 2011 the McCanns testified before the Leveson Inquiry into British press standards . The inquiry heard that the editor of the Daily Express , in particular , had become " obsessed " with the McCanns . Lord Justice Leveson called the Express articles " complete piffle " ; Roy Greenslade described them as " a sustained campaign of vitriol . " Kate told the inquiry that photographers would bang on her car as she left home with the twins to obtain a startled expression for a photograph . British tabloids simply repeated Portuguese tabloid stories , which in turn made no mention of sources . " Maddie ' Sold ' By Hard @-@ Up McCanns " ran a headline in the Daily Star . = = = Libel actions = = = The McCanns and Tapas Seven brought libel actions against several newspapers . The Daily Express , Daily Star and their sister Sunday papers published front @-@ page apologies in 2008 and donated £ 550 @,@ 000 to Madeleine 's Fund . The Tapas Seven were awarded £ 375 @,@ 000 against the Express Group , also donated to Madeleine 's Fund , along with an apology in the Daily Express . Robert Murat and his two associates sued 11 newspapers for libel in relation to 100 articles published by Associated Newspapers , Northern & Shell ( Express group ) , Mirror Group Newspapers and News Group Newspapers ( News International ) . According to The Observer , it was the largest number of separate libel actions brought in the UK by the same person in relation to one issue . Murat was awarded £ 600 @,@ 000 in 2008 and the others $ 100 @,@ 000 ; all three received public apologies . The British Sky Broadcasting Group , which owns Sky News , also paid Murat undisclosed damages in 2008 and agreed that Sky News would host an apology on its website for 12 months . = = = Social media = = = Nicola Rehling writes that the narrative around the disappearance was shaped by social media . Twitter , one year old when Madeleine went missing , was the source of much of the vitriol . Social media 's attacks on the McCanns reportedly included threats to kidnap one of their twins , and when Scotland Yard and Crimewatch staged their reconstruction in 2013 , there was talk of phoning in with false information to sabotage the appeal . One man who ran a website devoted to criticizing the couple received a three @-@ month suspended sentence in 2013 after leafleting their village with his allegations , and the following year a Twitter user was found dead from a helium overdose after Sky News confronted her about her McCann tweets . Eilis O 'Hanlon wrote that the disappearance " could almost stand as a metaphor for the rise of social media as the predominant mode of public discourse . "
= Hurricane Henriette ( 1995 ) = Hurricane Henriette was the ninth tropical cyclone , eight named storm and fifth hurricane of the 1995 Pacific hurricane season . Henriette developed from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on August 15 . After crossing the Atlantic and moving into the eastern Pacific on August 29 , it developed a low @-@ level circulation that was designated a tropical depression on September 1 . The next day , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Henriette , and it was further upgraded to a hurricane on September 3 . The storm peaked as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , and crossed the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula . On land , wind gusts of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) were reported , knocking out power and water supplies . Heavy rainfall and strong storm surge contributed to flooding that damaged many roads ; throughout the region , 800 people were forced from their homes . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 15 . It traversed westward and entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 29 . The system quickly developed deep convection and a low @-@ level circulation , and on September 1 it organized into Tropical Depression Nine @-@ E while located about 170 miles ( 270 km ) off the southwest coast of Mexico . The depression initially moved west @-@ northwestward , and shortly after forming it turned to the north @-@ northwest . Under favorable conditions , the depression slowly strengthened to become Tropical Storm Henriette on September 2 while located 220 miles ( 350 km ) west of Manzanillo . By later that day , the convection wrapped around the center of circulation . Henriette quickly organized and intensified into a hurricane on September 3 while located 135 miles ( 235 km ) west @-@ southwest of Puerto Vallarta in Jalisco . Upon reaching hurricane status , one computer model predicted Henriette to continue moving northward through the Gulf of California , though most forecast a turn to the northwest . Late on September 3 , an eye began to form in the center of the deep convection as Henriette turned to the northwest . The eye became better defined the next day , and Henriette attained a peak intensity of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) as the northern portion of the eyewall moved over southern Baja California Peninsula . The hurricane quickly crossed the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula and emerged into the Pacific Ocean again as a weakened 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) cyclone with disrupted convection near the center . Convection gradually waned as the hurricane moved over progressively colder waters , and on September 6 Henriette weakened to a tropical depression . The storm turned to the west , and gradually weakened until dissipating on September 8 . = = Preparations and impact = = On September 2 , a few hours after Henriette became a tropical storm , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch for Baja California Peninsula from La Paz southward . Early the next day it was changed to a hurricane watch , and 18 hours before Henriette made landfall the watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning . Early on September 4 , the hurricane warning was extended northward to 25 ° N. The threat of Hurricane Henriette prompted a Carnival Cruise Line ship to alter their route . Originally planned to tour Mexican ports , the captain turned the ship to tour the southern California coastline . Many upset passengers demanded refunds , to which the cruise line offered discounts for future cruises and a $ 40 credit card during their cruise . Winds of up to 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) in southern Baja California Sur left much of Cabo San Lucas without water or power . Overall , 2 @,@ 000 people were directly affected by the hurricane . A strong storm surge produced flooding and heavy road damage in the state . Approximately 800 people were forced from their homes , and crop damage was reported . Generally up to 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of rain fell on land , though peak precipitation exceeded 13 inches ( 330 mm ) . No damage estimates are available , and no deaths were reported .
= Robert Ford ( politician ) = Robert Ford ( born December 26 , 1948 ) is an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the South Carolina Senate since 1993 , representing District 42 , which is located in Charleston . From 1974 to 1992 , he served as a member of the Charleston City Council . Originally involved in the civil rights movement , several of Ford 's public statements and legislative proposals as senator attracted media attention and controversy . He finished in third place in the June 2010 Democratic primary election for Governor of South Carolina . He resigned on May 31 , 2013 , in the midst of a political scandal on public funds spent in adult establishments . = = Personal life = = Ford was born in New Orleans , Louisiana ; his parents were leaders in the African American community . Ford attended Wayne State University and Grambling State University , from which he was expelled in 1969 before graduating for leading civil rights demonstrations . He was expelled by the university , despite it being historically black , because it relied on public funds which were controlled by a state government opposed to desegregation . Ford was a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference staff from 1966 to 1972 and worked for Martin Luther King , Jr. as a member of an advance team of the Poor People 's Campaign . He was arrested 73 times for participating in protests during the civil rights movement . In 1973 , he won a draft evasion trial on basis of conscientious objection . Ford worked as a car salesman and later became a full @-@ time legislator . Ford is a lifelong bachelor . = = Political career = = Ford was elected to serve on the Charleston City Council , where he served from 1974 to 1992 , and ran for the State Senate and was elected on November 3 , 1992 , taking office in 1993 . He was reelected in 1996 , 2000 , 2004 , and 2008 . He served on the Senate Committees on Banking and Insurance , Corrections and Penology , General , Invitations , Judiciary , and Labor , Commerce and Industry , and was the ranking Democrat on several committees . Ford is a member of the South Carolina Legislative Black Caucus . Ford resigned on May 31 , 2013 during a brewing campaign finance scandal . Ford has been described as entertaining , controversial , and politically incorrect . He supported Hillary Clinton in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries and questioned Barack Obama 's appeal to white voters . Ford later apologized for his comments , stating that any Democrat could win and that he had supported other African American candidates for president in the past . Ford 's comments prompted a primary challenge in 2008 from Charleston lawyer Dwayne Green . In the beginning of his campaign , Green managed to raise double the amount of campaign funds Ford raised , and although Ford 's fundraising improved he for the first time attended a candidate forum to receive free publicity , because his campaign had financial difficulty resulting from the contested primary and a fire in his home . Green was defeated in the primary election by a wide margin . Ford praised Obama 's election in November 2008 , but criticized South Carolina Congressman James Clyburn 's family for allegedly attempting to profit off Obama 's victory . = = = Political positions = = = As senator , Ford has introduced many bills with only a small number becoming law , but has been more successful in contributing to compromise bills . After becoming senator , Ford attempted to have the Confederate flag removed from the South Carolina State House . It was the last state capitol to display a Confederate battle flag , and Ford had picketed the building in the 1960s as a symbol of discrimination . Following years of debate , the flag was moved to a nearby monument with the adoption of a compromise bill authored by Ford . He was responsible for the passage of a 1998 bill that paired Martin Luther King , Jr . Day with Confederate Memorial Day as paid holidays . Ford stated that he hoped the legislation would improve race relations in South Carolina . Ford described the election of judges by popular vote as a major goal and supported increasing the number of judges . He supported giving more authority to law enforcement , including the ability to search people on parole and probation without warrant , making attempted murder a crime with lifelong sentence , and increasing penalties for possession of illegal guns . Ford is a proponent of stricter regulations of the financial industry . He sponsored a 2006 ban on payday lending , which was shown to discriminate against African Americans . In 2008 , Ford blocked all House bills in the Senate until the bill was taken up . The bill failed in the Senate by a close vote and was heavily amended so lenders would not be banned but restricted . The bill then passed with Ford voting in favor but failed to advance after changes made in the House . A bill preventing consumers from taking out more than one loan at a time passed the House in 2009 . Ford supported offshore drilling , stating conservation was not a priority for most citizens of the state . Geologists believe there is little oil to be found off the South Carolina coast . Ford wants to prevent the widening of Interstate 26 through Charleston , calling instead for a study for transportation needs . Ford emphasized the need for more funding for school programs , which he claimed is necessary due to the small number of pupils attending college and to remedy lacks of knowledge in geography and civics , which he wants reinstated as a school subject . Ford was told about favoritism , intimidation and racism in the South Carolina Highway Patrol and publicized it with Glenn McConnell . Subsequently , director and deputy director of the South Carolina Department of Public Safety resigned under pressure from governor Mark Sanford . Ford sponsored legislation defining a hate crime " as an assault , intimidation or threat based on ' actual or perceived ' race , religion , color , sex , age , national origin and sexual orientation . " He also introduced several bills concerning gay rights in lodging , hospital visitation rights and partnerships . His partnership bill would provide for civil unions in South Carolina . The effort was judged by state senator Mike Fair as predetermined to fail , but Ford cited the Democratic National Committee 's platform on the issue and argued that Barack Obama 's election showed that a change should be attempted . Even if passed , the measure would be unenforceable , due to a constitutional amendment banning unions similar to marriage in South Carolina . Ford worked to outlaw profanity and saggy pants and to keep music from minors that is " profane , vulgar , lewd , lascivious or indecent . " Ford argued he did not expect these proposals to be approved but wanted to start a discussion specifically targeting young African American men 's fashion as well as rap music . He stated : " You don 't have to emulate prisoners no more . You can emulate somebody like Barack Obama . " Ford often opposed governor Mark Sanford 's political goals , arguing his proposed reforms were unwanted by the public , and he mostly opposed Sanford 's fiscal policy and worked to override budget vetoes by the governor , claiming he was removed from the interests of citizens . An exception were security measures for the State House complex which Ford agreed were too costly . He also opposed Sanford 's goal to increase the number of roll calls in the State Senate and voted against a 2008 immigration reform bill favored by Sanford , stating it would be an ineffective deterrent and would lead to less driving safety . The reform would have required all employers to use state driver 's licenses or a database from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to check the legal status of workers . Ford co @-@ sponsored a bill with Glenn McConnell that would limit the governor 's authority to appoint and remove board members overseeing the Charleston port and increase required qualifications for board members . Ford opposed a bill giving Sanford authority over the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control . = = 2010 Gubernatorial candidacy = = Ford ran to succeed Mark Sanford as Governor of South Carolina in the 2010 gubernatorial election . His platform included reinstating video poker to the state to generate returns from taxes on the gaming industry in an effort to balance the state budget , something he has proposed since the late 1990s . A law Ford sponsored in 2008 to make gambling legal failed to advance ; he planned a voter referendum to repeal the ban . Ford faced state senator Vincent A. Sheheen of Camden and State Superintendent of Education Jim Rex in a primary election . Sheheen 's campaign has raised $ 33 @,@ 000 as of January 2009 , while Ford 's campaign raised $ 6 @,@ 000 . On June 8 , 2010 , Ford finished in third place in the primary election with 18 percent of the vote . = = Electoral history = = South Carolina State Senator , 42nd Senatorial District , 1992 Primary election , August 25 , 1992 Threshold > 50 % Ford won the general election unopposed on November 3 , 1992 . South Carolina State Senator , 42nd Senatorial District , 1996 Ford did not have a primary opponent on June 11 , 1996 . General election , November 5 , 1996 South Carolina State Senator , 42nd Senatorial District , 2000 Primary election Threshold > 50 % First Ballot , June 13 , 2000 Second Ballot , June 27 , 2000 Ford won the general election unopposed on November 7 , 2000 . South Carolina State Senator , 42nd Senatorial District , 2004 Primary election , June 8 , 2004 Threshold > 50 % General election , November 2 , 2004 South Carolina State Senator , 42nd Senatorial District , 2008 Primary election , June 10 , 2008 Threshold > 50 % General election , November 4 , 2008 South Carolina State Senator , 42nd Senatorial District , 2012 Senator Ford was unopposed for reelection in both the Democratic primary and the general election . General election , November 6 , 2012
= Maryland Route 657 = Maryland Route 657 ( MD 657 ) was a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . The state highway ran 1 @.@ 82 miles ( 2 @.@ 93 km ) from MD 36 in Lonaconing north to the Garrett County line , where it continued north as Avilton – Lonaconing Road . MD 657 was designated in the late 1930s . As part of a road maintenance swap enacted in 2008 , the highway was reconstructed in 2010 , then turned over to Allegany County in 2011 . = = Route description = = MD 657 began at MD 36 ( Main Street ) within the Lonaconing Historic District . The state highway headed northwest as Douglas Avenue , a two @-@ lane road with a speed limit of 15 miles per hour ( 24 km / h ) maintained by the town of Lonaconing . After passing Old Beechwood Road , MD 657 left the town of Lonaconing , becoming state @-@ maintained with a new name , Skids Hill Road . The roadway narrowed to 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) and the speed limit increased to 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) as the state highway climbed toward Big Savage Mountain high above Koontz Creek . At the Garrett County line , MD 657 ended and continued north as Avilton – Lonaconing Road toward the top of the ridge . = = History = = Skids Hill Road was improved as a county highway by the Maryland State Roads Commission in 1934 . MD 657 was designated when that county highway was brought into the state highway system in 1939 . In 2008 , the Maryland State Highway Administration ( MDSHA ) and Allegany County signed a road transfer agreement in which the state would take over maintenance of Messick Road and a portion of Williams Road near Cumberland . That stretch of highway became part of an extended MD 639 in 2008 . In exchange , the county would assume responsibility for the section of MD 657 outside of the town of Lonaconing . The town would continue to maintain the portion of the route within the town . The change of responsibility for MD 657 would not take place until after MDSHA reconstructed the highway , which was planned for 2010 . In March 2010 , a 50 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) section of the state highway was damaged by a torrent of water released from an abandoned mine following several days of rainfall , requiring an emergency repair project that reduced the roadway 's width at the site from 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) to 13 @.@ 5 feet ( 4 @.@ 1 m ) . MDSHA began its planned reconstruction of MD 657 from Old Beechwood Road to the Garrett County line , which included added retaining walls and widening the roadway , in April 2010 . The highway fully reopened in December 2010 . The official transfer of maintenance occurred and the MD 657 designation was removed in 2011 . = = Junction list = = The entire route was in Lonaconing , Allegany County .
= Steep Holm = Steep Holm ( Welsh : Ynys Rhonech , Old English : Ronech and later Steopanreolice ) is an English island lying in the Bristol Channel . The island covers 48 @.@ 87 acres ( 19 @.@ 78 ha ) at high tide , expanding to 63 @.@ 26 acres ( 25 @.@ 60 ha ) at mean low water . At its highest point it is 78 metres ( 256 ft ) above mean sea level . It lies within the historic boundaries of Somerset and administratively forms part of North Somerset . Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996 it was administered as part of Avon . Nearby is Flat Holm island ( Welsh : Ynys Echni ) , part of Wales . The Carboniferous Limestone island rises to about 200 feet ( 61 m ) and serves as a wind and wave break , sheltering the upper reaches of the Bristol Channel . The island is now uninhabited , with the exception of the wardens . It is protected as a nature reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) with a large bird population and plants including wild peonies . There was a signal station or watchtower on the island in Roman times , but there may have been human habitation as early as the Iron Age . In the 6th century it was home to St Gildas and to a small Augustinian priory in the 12th and 13th centuries . An inn was built in 1832 and used for holidays in the 19th century . A bird sanctuary was established in 1931 and since 1951 has been leased to charitable trusts . It is now owned by the Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust . In the 1860s the island was fortified with ten 7 @-@ inch rifled muzzle loaders as one of the Palmerston Forts for the coastal defence of the Bristol Channel until it was abandoned in 1898 . The infrastructure was reused in World War I and II when Mark VII 6 @-@ inch breech @-@ loading guns and search lights were installed . To enable the movement of materials , soldiers from the Indian Army Service Corps initially used mules and then installed a cable @-@ operated winched switchback railway . = = Geology and ecology = = The island is formed of Carboniferous Limestone and is often described as geologically a continuation of the Mendip Hills at Brean Down ; however , the dip is at a different angle to that on Brean Down . On Steep Holm the dip is about 30 degrees to the north whereas at Brean Down it is 30 degrees to the south . There are some folds and fractures with dip angles up to 75 degrees created during the final phases of the Variscan orogeny near the end of the Carboniferous Period , 300 million years ago . The island rises to about 200 feet ( 61 m ) from the surrounding sea and covers 49 acres ( 20 ha ) at high tide , whereas at low tide it expands to 63 acres ( 25 ha ) due to the tidal range of 43 feet ( 13 m ) , second only to the Bay of Fundy in Eastern Canada . There are many caves on the island , and pot holes up to 60 metres ( 200 ft ) deep in the surrounding sea bed that are believed to be the remnants of collapsed cave systems . The caves on the islands cliffs are at two different levels : the caves in the current inter @-@ tidal zone which are below the water table and are producing stalactites , and many others high up on the cliffs that were on the water line many thousands of years ago . Steep Holm is protected as a nature reserve and Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , notification having taken place in 1952 . There is a large bird population , particularly European herring gulls ( Larus argentatus ) and Lesser black @-@ backed gulls ( Larus fuscus ) . There has also been a small population of muntjac deer . The plateau at the top of the island has a layer of soil between 6 inches ( 150 mm ) and 12 inches ( 300 mm ) deep . It has a red colour from veins of iron in the rock and has arrived as sand particles less than 0 @.@ 0039 inches ( 0 @.@ 099 mm ) in diameter . The island is the only site in the UK on which wild peonies ( Paeonia mascula ) grow , although these have been damaged by the fungus botrytis . The wild peony was introduced to the island of Steep Holm , possibly by monks , or brought from the Mediterranean by the Romans . Alexanders ( Smyrnium olusatrum ) are also common along with golden samphire , buck 's @-@ horn plantain ( Plantago coronopus ) and wild leeks ( Allium ampeloprasum ) . The only reptiles on the island are slow worms ( Anguis fragilis ) . = = History = = = = = Prehistoric to Roman = = = The earliest sign of human activity on the island are prehistoric vertebrae of red deer discovered in Five Johns ' Cave during an exploration in 1975 . Worked flints from the Mesolithic and scrapers from the Neolithic were uncovered as part of the Priory excavations carried out between 1977 and 1992 . Roman remains , possibly a signal station or watchtower , have been identified on the island by an electrical resistance survey . Accurate exploration and interpretation of the site is difficult as it was reused by builders in both the Victorian era and during World War II . A carved stone head found on the island in 1991 is likely to be a Celtic head from the Romano @-@ British era , but may be from the Iron Age . In addition to shards of cooking pots from the Roman era , some luxury items have been identified including Arretine ware , La Tène style broaches , and an amphora dating from between 90 and 140 AD which was made in southern Spain . There have also been shards of Castor ware . Fragments of pottery roofing and box flue tiles have been identified signifying the presence of a heating system and possibly a bath house . Roman coins from the reigns of Claudius Gothicus ( 268 – 270 ) and Tetricus I ( 271 – 273 ) have also been found . = = = Religious foundations = = = According to legend , first recorded by John Leland in the 16th century , Saint Gildas , the author of De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , lived on Steep Holm during the 6th century . He arrived on Steep Holm after visiting his friend Saint Cadoc , who lived on Flat Holm as a hermit . Gildas supposedly left the island , after pirates from the Orkneys carried off his servant and furniture , to become Abbot of Glastonbury . The Vikings took refuge on Steep Holm during the summer of 914 and then carried out raids on the coast of Somerset at Watchet and Porlock , according to the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . At the end of the 12th century , there was a small priory of Canons Regular of St Michael on the island . The only priory building fully excavated measured 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) wide , with the cloisters and other structures still to be identified . The date of the original foundation of the priory is unclear ; however , in the early 13th century the patron was William I de Cantilupe . His family were also patrons of Studley Priory in Warwickshire . His grand @-@ daughter married Lord Robert de Tregoz who acquired the freehold of the whole island ; however , endowments for the upkeep of the priory were declining , which led to it being abandoned between 1260 and 1265 , the monks returning to Studley Priory . A Blue Lias memorial stone from the abbey , which has a Cross of Lorraine , was found in 1867 during the fortification of the island . It was incorporated into an armoury leading to the naming of the " tombstone battery " . = = = Manorial ownership = = = The island seems to have been held , in association with the local manors of Uphill and Christon , by the Bek family , who granted it to Henry de Lacy , 3rd Earl of Lincoln . Although the mechanism is unclear , it next passed to the Berkeley family with Maurice de Berkeley , the second Baron Berkeley , holding it in 1315 . The site was used again by warreners in the 14th and 15th centuries . They lived in one of the ruined priory buildings which was rebuilt . By 1453 the overlordship of the island was held by James Butler , 4th Earl of Ormond , and in 1460 the advowson was exercised by Margaret Talbot , Countess of Shrewsbury . In the years following , the ownership of a variety of estates , including Norton Beauchamp , to which Steep Holm was attached , was disputed . In the 16th century Edward Seymour , 1st Duke of Somerset took over , and then lost , large estates including Brean , to which Steep Holm was allied . The Seymour descendants recovered the estates , owning them into the 17th century , although the only activity on Steep Holm seems to have been the employment of gull watchers and fishermen . In 1684 the Norton Beauchamp estate was sold to Edward Ryder . It appears to have been auctioned by decree of the Court of Chancery 11 years later in 1695 , possibly because of difficulties in maintaining sea defenses along the Somerset coast ; however , this seems to have been disputed in the light of outstanding mortgages . In 1699 the estates , including Steep Holm , were sold to Philip Freke of Bristol , whose descendants held it for the next 130 years . Freke 's granddaughter married into the family of John Willes , who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas and Member of Parliament . During their ownership , probably around 1776 , a new cottage was built on Steep Holm for fishermen . It was built using stones from the ruined priory . In 1830 the island was sold again , according to some sources this was to a cousin of John Freke Willes named William Willes ; however , other sources suggest it was to a solicitor in Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare named John Baker . In 1832 the island was leased to Colonel Tynte of Halswell House , who established an inn for sailors . The inn was run by the Harris family , using rum and tobacco bought from ships . They claimed that the island was outside the jurisdiction of the excise men until a court case in 1884 . After the Harris family , the inn was run by Mr W. L. Davies , who offered fishing , shooting and boating holidays . To make landing on the island easier , a new pier was built close to the inn . In 1835 clergyman John Ashley from Clevedon voluntarily ministered to the population of the island and the neighbouring Flat Holm . Ashley created the Bristol Channel Mission in order to serve seafarers on the 400 sailing vessels which used the Bristol Channel . The mission would later become the Mission to Seafarers , which still provides ministerial services to sailors in over 300 ports . = = = Palmerston Fort = = = Both Steep Holm and Flat Holm were fortified in the 1860s as a defence against invasion . They form part of a line of defences , known as Palmerston Forts , built across the channel to protect the approaches to Bristol and Cardiff . The island was fortified following a visit by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to France , where they had been concerned at the strength of the French Navy . The Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom , under the direction of Lord Palmerston , recommended fortification of the coast , and the island formed part of this strategic coastal defence system . Construction began in 1865 and was completed in 1869 by John Perry of Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . The work involved the creation of a perimeter road around the summit plateau and a lime kiln for the manufacture of lime mortar to build the barracks and gun emplacements with their ammunition stores . The concrete gun emplacements were called Summit Battery , Laboratory Battery , Garden Battery and Tombstone Battery . Along with the barracks they have been designated as Grade II listed buildings . The facilities installed included a master @-@ gunners house , a small inn , and a water tank holding 49 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 220 @,@ 000 l ; 59 @,@ 000 US gal ) of rainwater . The water tank is beneath the barracks and collects rainwater from its roof . The brick tank is 16 @.@ 7 metres ( 55 ft ) long , 4 @.@ 8 metres ( 16 ft ) wide and 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) high with a vaulted roof . Armaments included ten 7 @-@ inch rifled muzzle loaders Mk III spread between six batteries . These were later replaced with Armstrong 6 @-@ inch RML guns . Some of the gun batteries are scheduled monuments , and there are the remains of a centralised group of brick @-@ built barrack blocks . In 1898 test firing by HMS Arrogant , an Arrogant @-@ class cruiser , on Rudder Rock battery showed that the fixed gun emplacements used on Steep Holm and other sites were susceptible to attack by modern warships , and the site was no longer active . The military control on the island was maintained until 1908 when it was leased to James Sleeman and his family . In 1927 the first test of the RAE Larynx ( from " Long Range Gun with Lynx engine " ) an early pilotless aircraft , to be used as a guided anti @-@ ship weapon , took place just off Steep Holm . = = = World wars = = = These facilities were updated in both World War I and World War II . From 1915 to 1919 the island was requisitioned by the Admiralty as a coastguard station . After the war the Sleemans returned to carry out farming and fishing and played host to occasional tourists . In World War II , search light batteries were built on Steep Holm . In 1940 the island 's warden , Harry Cox , who had developed the island into a bird sanctuary since 1931 , was appointed as a coastguard and was supported by Local Defence Volunteers from Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . In 1940 and 1941 the battery was refortified by soldiers from the Indian Army Service Corps using mules to transport guns and equipment up the steep cliffs . The armament included Mark VII 6 @-@ inch breech @-@ loading guns taken from World War I naval vessels which had been scrapped , and also included Lewis automatic machine guns against air attack . The Garden Battery was built over two Victorian stone gun emplacements . Engineers from the Royal Pioneer Corps improved the infrastructure including importing sheep to feed the soldiers and , after a case of typhoid fever , shipping drinking water from south Wales . To enable the movement of equipment , the engineers built a new jetty . This was linked to the plateau with a cable @-@ operated winched switchback railway using prefabricated 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) gauge lines which had been captured from the Germans in World War I. The Steep Holm batteries were also connected , by underwater telegraph cable , to the Brean Down Fort batteries , but parts of the cable were stolen for scrap after the end of World War II . = = = Post war = = = In 1953 the island was leased by the Steep Holm Trust supported by four local organisations : the Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society , Bristol Naturalists Society , Mid @-@ Somerset Naturalists and the Bristol Folk House Archaeological Club . They repaired some of the buildings and established a bird ringing programme . In 1974 their lease expired and was taken over by the Kenneth Allsop Memorial Trust , a charity formed in memory of the broadcaster and naturalist Kenneth Allsop . The Trust purchased the island in 1976 . The mission statement of the Trust is : " To protect , preserve and enhance for the benefit of the public the landscape , antiquities , flora , fauna , natural beauty and scientific interest of the island of Steep Holm in the County of North Somerset and to advance the education of the public in the natural sciences . " Visits can be made to the island . The trust runs day @-@ long boat trips from Weston @-@ super @-@ Mare . One barrack block is in use to provide visitor facilities . In 1980 the Bollywood film Shaan was set and partially filmed on the island .
= Algoman orogeny = The Algoman orogeny , known as the Kenoran orogeny in Canada , was an episode of mountain @-@ building ( orogeny ) during the Late Archean Eon that involved repeated episodes of continental collisions , compressions and subductions . The Superior province and the Minnesota River Valley terrane collided about 2 @,@ 700 to 2 @,@ 500 million years ago . The collision folded the Earth 's crust and produced enough heat and pressure to metamorphose the rock . Blocks were added to the Superior province along a 1 @,@ 200 km ( 750 mi ) boundary that stretches from present @-@ day eastern South Dakota into the Lake Huron area . The Algoman orogeny brought the Archaen Eon to a close , about 2 @,@ 500 million years ago ; it lasted less than 100 million years and marks a major change in the development of the earth ’ s crust . The Canadian shield contains belts of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks formed by the action of metamorphism on volcanic and sedimentary rock . The areas between individual belts consist of granites or granitic gneisses that form fault zones . These two types of belts can be seen in the Wabigoon , Quetico and Wawa subprovinces ; the Wabigoon and Wawa are of volcanic origin and the Quetico is of sedimentary origin . These three subprovinces lie linearly in southwestern- to northeastern @-@ oriented belts about 140 km ( 90 mi ) wide on the southern portion of the Superior Province . The Slave province and portions of the Nain province were also affected . Between about 2 @,@ 000 and 1 @,@ 700 million years ago these combined with the Sask and Wyoming cratons to form the first supercontinent , the Kenorland supercontinent . = = Overview = = Through most of the Archean Eon , the Earth had a heat production at least twice that of the present , which caused tectonic processes to be more active . As a result , plates and continents were smaller . No broad blocks as old as 3 Ga are found in Precambrian shields . Toward the end of the Archean , however , some of these blocks or terranes came together to form larger blocks welded together by greenstone belts . Two such terranes that now form part of the Canadian shield collided about 2 @,@ 700 to 2 @,@ 500 million years ago . These were the Superior province and the large Minnesota River Valley terrane , the former composed mainly of granite and the latter of gneiss . This led to the mountain @-@ building episode known as the Algoman orogeny in the U. S. ( named for Algoma , Kewaunee County , Wisconsin ) , and the Kenoran orogeny in Canada . Its duration is estimated at 50 to 100 million years . The current boundary between these terranes is known as the Great Lakes tectonic zone ( GLTZ ) . This zone is 50 km ( 30 mi ) wide and extends in a line roughly 1 @,@ 200 kilometers long from the middle of South Dakota , east through the middle of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan , into the Sudbury , Ontario region . The region remains slightly active today . Rifting in the GLTZ began about 2 @,@ 500 million years ago at the end of the Algoman orogeny . The orogeny affected adjacent regions of northern Minnesota and Ontario in the Superior province as well as the Slave and the eastern part of the Nain province , a far wider region of influence than in subsequent orogenies . It is the earliest datable orogeny in North America and brought the Archean Eon to a close . The end of the Archean Eon marks a major change in the development of the Earth ’ s crust : the crust was essentially formed and achieved thicknesses of about 40 km ( 25 mi ) under the continents . = = Tectonics = = The collision between terranes folded the Earth 's crust , and produced enough heat and pressure to metamorphose then @-@ existing rock . Repeated continental collisions , compression along a north @-@ south axis , and subduction resulted in the uprising of the Algoman Mountains . This was followed by intrusions of granite plutons and batholithic domes within the gneisses about 2 @,@ 700 million years ago ; two examples are the Sacred Heart granite of southwestern Minnesota and the Watersmeet Domes metagabbros ( metamorphosed gabbros ) that straddle the border of Wisconsin and Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . After the intrusions solidified , new stresses on the greenstone belt caused movement horizontally along several faults and moved huge blocks of the crust vertically relative to adjacent blocks . This combination of folding , intrusion and faulting built mountain ranges throughout northern Minnesota , northern Wisconsin , Michigan 's Upper Peninsula and southernmost Ontario . Igneous and high @-@ grade metamorphic rocks are associated with the orogeny . By extrapolating the now @-@ eroded and tilted beds upward , geologists have determined that these mountains were several kilometers high . Similar projections of the tilted beds downward , coupled with geophysical measurements on the greenstone belts in Canada , suggest the metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the belts project downward at least a few kilometers . = = = Greenstone = = = The action of metamorphism on the border between granite and gneiss bodies produces a succession of metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks called greenstone belts . Most Archean volcanic rocks are concentrated within greenstone belts ; the green color comes from minerals , such as chlorite , epidote and actinolite that formed during metamorphism . After metamorphism occurred , these rocks were folded and faulted into a system of mountains by the Algoman orogeny . The volcanic beds are 8 to 9 km ( 26 @,@ 000 to 30 @,@ 000 ft ) thick . About 2 @,@ 700 million years ago the greenstone belt was subjected to new stresses that caused movement along several faults . Faulting on both small and large scales is typical of greenstone belt deformation . These faults show both vertical and horizontal movement relative to adjacent blocks . Large @-@ scale faults typically occur along the margins of the greenstone belts where they are in contact with enclosed granitic rocks . Vertical movement may be thousands of meters and horizontal movements of many kilometers occur along some fault zones . Some time before 2 @,@ 600 million years ago , masses of magma intruded under and within the igneous and sedimentary rocks , heating and pressing the rocks to metamorphose them into hard greenish greenstones . They began with fissure eruptions of basalt , continued with intermediate and felsic rocks erupted from volcanic centers and ended with deposition of sediments from the erosion of the volcanic pile . The rising magma was extruded under a shallow ancient sea where it cooled to form pillowed greenstones . Some of Minnesota ’ s pillows probably cooled at depths as great as 1 @,@ 000 m ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) and contain no gas cavities or vesicules . Most greenstone belts , with all of their components , have been folded into troughlike synclines ; the original basaltic rock , which was on the bottom , occurs on the outer margins of the trough . The overlying , younger rock units – rhyolites and greywackes – occur closer to the center of the syncline . The rocks are so intensely folded that most have been tilted nearly 90 ° , with the tops of layers on one side of the synclinal belt facing those on the other side ; the rock sequences are in effect lying on their sides . The folding can be so complex that a single layer may be exposed at the surface many times by subsequent erosion . = = = Volcanic activity = = = As the greenstone belts were forming , volcanoes ejected tephra into the air which settled as sediments to become compacted into the greywackes and mudstones of the Knife Lake and Lake Vermilion formations . Greywackes are poorly sorted mixtures of clay , mica and quartz that may be derived from the decomposition of pyroclastic debris ; the presence of this debris suggests that some explosive volcanic activity had occurred in the area earlier . The volcanism took place on the surface and the other deformations took place at various depths . Numerous earthquakes accompanied the volcanism and faulting . = = Superior province = = The Superior province forms the core of both the North American continent and the Canadian shield , and has a thickness of at least 250 km ( 160 mi ) . Its granites date from 2 @,@ 700 to 2 @,@ 500 million years ago . It was formed by the welding together of many small terranes , the ages of which decrease away from the nucleus . This progression is illustrated by the age of the Wabigoon , Quetico and Wawa subprovinces , discussed in their individual sections . Later terranes docked on the periphery of continental masses with geosynclines developing between the fused nuclei and oceanic crust . In general the Superior province consists of east @-@ west trending belts of predominately volcanic rocks alternating with belts of sedimentary and gneissic rocks . Due to down warping along elongate zones , each belt is essentially a large downfold or downfaulted block . The areas between individual belts are fault zones consisting of granite or granitic gneiss . Its western part contains a regional pattern of east @-@ west trending 100 to 200 km ( 60 to 120 mi ) wide granitic greenstone and metasedimentary belts ( subprovinces ) . Western Superior province 's mantle has remained intact since the 2 @,@ 700 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ ago accretion of the subprovinces . Both folding and faulting can be seen in the Wabigoon , Quetico and Wawa subprovinces . These three subprovinces lie linearly in southwestern- to northeastern @-@ oriented belts of about 140 km ( 90 mi ) wide ( see figure on right ) . The northernmost and widest province is the Wabigoon . It begins in north @-@ central Minnesota and continues northeasterly into central Ontario ; it is partially interrupted by the Southern province . Immediately to the south , the Quetico subprovince extends as far west in north @-@ central Minnesota , and extends further to the northeast . It is completely interrupted by a narrow band of the 1,100- to 1 @,@ 550 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old Southern province to the northeast of Thunder Bay . The Wawa subprovince is the most southerly of the three ; it begins in central Minnesota , continues northeast to Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada , ( where its southern border just skims north Thunder Bay ) and then extends east beyond Lake Superior . The northern boundary continues in a roughly northeasterly heading , while the southern border dips south to follow the northeast shore of Lake Superior . = = = Fault zones = = = The three subprovinces are separated by steeply dipping shear zones caused by continued compression that occurred during the Algoman orogeny . These boundaries are major fault zones . The boundary between the Wabigoon and Quetico subprovinces seems to have been also controlled by colliding plates and subsequent transpressions . This Rainy Lake – Seine River fault zone is a major northeast @-@ southwest trending strike @-@ slip fault zone ; it trends N80 ° E to cut through the northwest part of Voyageurs National Park in Minnesota and extends westward to near International Falls , Minnesota and Fort Frances , Ontario . The fault has transported rocks in the greenstone belt a considerable distance from their origin . The greenstone belt is 2 to 3 km ( 0 to 0 mi ) wide at the Seven Sisters Islands ; to the west the greenstone interfingers with pods of anorthositic gabbro . Radiometric dating from the Rainy Lake area in Ontario show an age of about 2 @,@ 700 million years old , which favors a moving tectonic plate model for the formation of the boundary . The largest fault is the Vermilion fault separating the Quetico and Wawa subprovinces . It has a N40 ° E trend and was caused by the introduction of masses of magma . The Vermilion fault can be traced westward to North Dakota . It has had a 19 km ( 12 mi ) horizontal movement with the northern block moving eastward and upward relative to the southern block . The junction between the Quetico and Wawa subprovinces has a zone of biotite @-@ rich migmatite , a rock that has characteristics of both igneous and metamorphic processes ; this indicates a zone of partial melting which is possible only under high temperature and pressure conditions . It is visible as a 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) wide belt . Most of the flattened large crystals in the fault indicate a simple compression rather than a wrenching , shearing or rotational event as the two subprovinces docked . This provides evidence that the Quetico and Wawa subprovinces were joined by the collision of two continental plates , about 2 @,@ 690 million years ago . Structures in the migmatite include folds and foliations ; the foliations cut across both limbs of earlier @-@ phase folds . These cross @-@ cutting foliations indicate that the migmatite has undergone at least two periods of ductile deformation . = = = Wabigoon subprovince = = = The Wabigoon subprovince is a formerly active volcanic island chain , made up of metavolcanic @-@ metasedimentary intrusions . These metamorphosed rocks are volcanically derived greenstone belts , and are surrounded and cut by granitic plutons and batholiths . The subprovince 's greenstone belts consist of felsic volcanics , felsic batholiths and felsic plutons aged from 3 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 670 million years old . = = = Quetico subprovince = = = The Quetico gneiss belt extends some 970 km ( 600 mi ) across Ontario and parts of Minnesota . The dominant rocks within the belt are schists and gneisses produced by intense metamorphism of greywackes and minor amounts of other sedimentary rocks . The sediments , alkalic plutons and felsic plutons are aged from 2 @,@ 690 to 2 @,@ 680 million years . The metamorphism is relatively low @-@ grade on the margins and high @-@ grade in the center . The low @-@ grade components of the greywackes were derived primarily from volcanic rocks ; the high @-@ grade rocks are coarser @-@ grained and contain minerals that reflect higher temperatures . The granitic intrusions within the high @-@ grade metasediments were produced by subduction of the ocean crust and partial melting of metasedimentary rocks . Immediately south of Voyageurs National Park and extending to the Vermilion fault is a broad transition zone that contains migmatite . The Quetico gneiss belt represents an accretionary wedge that formed in a trench during the collision of several island arcs ( greenstone belts ) . Boundaries between the gneiss belt and the flanking greenstone belts to the north and south are major fault zones , the Vermilion and Rainy Lake – Seine River fault zones . = = = Wawa subprovince = = = The Wawa subprovince is a formerly active volcanic island chain , consisting of metamorphosed greenstone belts which are surrounded by and cut by granitic plutons and batholiths . These greenstone belts consist of felsic volcanics , felsic batholiths , felsic plutons and sediments aged from 2 @,@ 700 to 2 @,@ 670 million years old . The predominate rock type is a white , coarse @-@ grained , foliated hornblende tonalite . Minerals in the tonalite are quartz , plagioclase , alkali feldspar and hornblende . = = Slave province = = In extensive regions of the Slave province of northern Canada , the magma that later became batholiths heated the surrounding rock to create metamorphic regions called aureoles about 2 @,@ 575 million years ago . These regions are typically 10 to 15 km ( 6 to 9 mi ) wide . The creation of aureoles was a continuous process , but three recognizable metamorphic phases can be correlated with established deformational phases . The cycle began with a deformation phase unaccompanied by metamorphism . This evolved into the second phase accompanied by broad regional metamorphism as thermal doming began . With continued updoming of the isotherms , the third phase produced minor folding but caused major metamorphic recrystallization , resulting in the emplacement of granite at the core of the thermal dome . This phase occurred at lower pressure because of erosional unloading , but the temperatures were more extreme , ranging up to about 700 ° C ( 1 @,@ 300 ° F ) . With deformation complete , the thermal dome decayed ; minor mineralogical changes occurred during this decay phase . The region has since been effectively stable . Geochronology of several Archean rock units establishes a sequence of events , approximately 75 million years in duration , leading to the formation of a new crustal segment . The oldest rocks , at 2 @,@ 650 million years old , are basic metavolcanics with largely calc @-@ alkaline characteristics . Radiometric dating indicates ages of 2 @,@ 640 to 2 @,@ 620 million years are recorded for the syn @-@ kinematic quartz diorite batholiths and 2 @,@ 590 to 2 @,@ 100 million years for the major late @-@ kinematic bodies . Pegmatitic adamellites , at 2 @,@ 575 ± 25 million years , are the youngest plutonic units . Metagreywackes and metapelites from two areas traversing one of these aureoles near Yellowknife have been studied . Most of the Slave province rocks are granitic with metamorphosed Yellowknife metasedimentary and volcanic rocks . Isotopic ages of these rocks is around 2 @,@ 500 million years ago , the time of the Kenoran orogeny . Rocks comprising the Slave province represent a high grade of metamorphism , intrusion and basement remobilization typical of Archean terranes . Migmatites , batholithic intrusive and granulitic metamorphic rocks show foliation and compositional banding ; the rocks are uniformly hard and so thoroughly deformed that little foliation exists . Most Yellowknife Supergroup metasediments are tightly folded ( isoclinal ) or occur in plunging anticlines . = = Nain province = = The Archean rocks forming the Nain province of northeastern Canada and Greenland are separated from the Superior terrane by a narrow band of remobilized rocks . Greenland separated from North America less than 100 million years ago and its Precambrian terranes align with Canada 's on the opposite side of Baffin Bay . The southern tip of Greenland is part of the Nain Province , this means it was connected to North America at the end of the Kenoran orogen .
= Stroudwater Navigation = The Stroudwater Navigation is a canal which linked Stroud to the Severn Estuary in England and Wales . It was authorised in 1776 , although part had already been built , as the proprietors believed that an Act of Parliament obtained in 1730 gave them the necessary powers . Opened in 1779 , it was a commercial success , its main cargo being coal . It was 8 miles ( 13 km ) in length and had a rise of 102 feet 5 inches ( 31 @.@ 22 m ) through 12 locks . Following the opening of the Thames and Severn Canal in 1789 , it formed part of a through route from Bristol to London , although much of its trade vanished when the Kennet and Avon Canal provided a more direct route in 1810 . Despite competition from the railways , the canal continued to pay dividends to shareholders until 1922 , and was not finally abandoned until 1954 . Even before its closure , there was interest in retaining the canal for its amenity value . The Stroudwater Canal Society , which later became the Cotswold Canals Trust , was formed in 1972 . Following initial hostility from the Proprietors , who had not been stripped of their powers when the canal had closed , agreement was reached and work began on restoration of the waterway . The project gained popularity , and in 2003 , a bid was made to the Heritage Lottery Fund for £ 82 million to restore both the Stroudwater Navigation and the Thames and Severn Canal . The project had to be split into smaller parts , and only the first phase has so far been funded in this way , when a grant of £ 11 @.@ 9 million was confirmed in 2006 . With match funding , this was to enable the section from ' The Ocean ' at Stonehouse to Wallbridge to be reopened , together with the Wallbridge to Brimscombe Port section of the Thames and Severn . A second bid to the Heritage Lottery Fund for the connection from Stonehouse to the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal at Saul was rejected in 2007 . This section presents some engineering challenges , as it was severed by the construction of the M5 motorway and the A38 road . The roundabout where the A38 joins the A419 road was built over Bristol Road Lock , and part of the route was destroyed by flood relief work for the River Frome . At Stonehouse , the bridge carrying the Bristol and Gloucester Railway has been replaced by a culvert , but a bid has been made to the newly formed Gloucestershire Local Transport Board for its reinstatement , and to create a long @-@ distance footpath along the route . Outside of the main restoration , the Cotswold Canals Trust are gradually restoring many of the other structures , with the ultimate goal of re @-@ opening a link between the River Thames and the River Severn . = = History = = = = = Construction = = = The first plans for making the small River Frome , also known as the Stroudwater , navigable date back to the last three years of the 17th century . The plan was to serve the woollen industry , by carrying coal from the Severn to Stroud and transporting the finished cloth away to markets , but it was opposed by mill owners , and it came to nothing . The idea was revived in 1728 , when John Hore , who had previously succeeded in making the River Kennett navigable , suggested a canal around 8 @.@ 2 miles ( 13 @.@ 2 km ) long , with 12 locks , suitable for 60 @-@ ton barges . An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1730 , with support from those who worked in the cloth industry , but opposition from some of the millers , but it seemed to ignore Hore 's recommendations , in that it was again based on making the river navigable . As the millers were given powers which would have effectively shut the navigation for two months each year , and the tolls were set at a level which would have discouraged traffic , no further action was taken . John Dallaway , who had been appointed as a commissioner under the 1730 Act , commissioned the engineer Thomas Yeoman to make a new survey in 1754 , and his new plan was published the following year . It was for a navigation from Wallbridge to the Severn , estimated to cost £ 8 @,@ 145 , which would require 16 locks and four stanks ( which were probably half @-@ locks or staunches ) . In order to placate the millers , water for the operation of the locks would be provided by a reservoir below Wallbridge , which would cover 2 acres ( 0 @.@ 8 ha ) and be filled on Sundays , when the mills were inactive and would not be needing the water . Tolls were set at a more realistic level . While support and finance for the scheme were being gained , John Kemmett , Arthur Wynde , James Pynock and Thomas Bridge devised a scheme which used cranes at each mill weir to transfer cargo , stored in boxes , from a boat on one level to another on the other side of the weir . An Act was obtained in 1759 which authorized Kemmett and the others to construct the canal without any locks to avoid loss of water to the mills . The Act allowed two years for completion of the scheme , and although some progress had been made by April 1761 , Kemmett was given an extension of six years at that time . After about 5 miles ( 8 km ) of river had been improved , the works were abandoned as being too costly . By 1774 , canal building was much better understood , and a new attempt was made . The plan was led by Dallaway 's son William , who asked Thomas Dadford , Jr . , the engineer on the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and John Priddy , who had been the engineer on the Droitwich Canal during its construction , to carry out a survey . The cost of a canal which avoided the river and hence the mills , was put at £ 16 @,@ 750 , and soon £ 20 @,@ 000 had been raised . Deciding that they did not need a new Act of Parliament , since the powers of the 1730 Act were still valid , Yeoman , who had carried out the 1754 survey , was asked to survey the route again , and a route was selected , which would require 12 locks . Work started , with Samuel Jones as engineer , but he was replaced by Priddy within a month . A challenge to the legality of building a canal under the 1730 Act was mounted by landowners and millers in 1775 . An injunction was obtained , and the Gloucestershire Assizes ruled that the Act did not cover the work . A new Act was obtained on 25 March 1776 , authorising the raising of £ 20 @,@ 000 and an extra £ 10 @,@ 000 if required . Both sides commissioned the writing of poems to support their causes . Work resumed under the supervision of Priddy , but he was soon replaced by Edmund Lingard , who had been the engineer for the Coventry Canal . The canal was opened in stages as it was completed . It reached Chippenham Platt at the end of 1777 , Ryeford in January 1779 , and it was open throughout to the Wallbridge terminus on 21 July 1779 . It had cost £ 40 @,@ 930 , which had been raised by calling £ 150 on each £ 100 share , by borrowing money from the shareholders , by running up debts , and by using the tolls from the parts of the canal which were already open . Traffic was around 16 @,@ 000 tons per year , which enabled the company to repay the debts and to declare a first dividend of five per cent in 1786 . = = = Operation = = = The locks were suitably sized for Severn Trows , which were 72 by 15 @.@ 5 feet ( 21 @.@ 9 by 4 @.@ 7 m ) , and could carry 60 tons . The canal was not provided with a towing path for horses . Some boats sailed along the canal , but most were bow @-@ hauled by men . Framilode lock at the entrance to the canal was a tide lock , with multiple gates to cope with all states of the tide . When a vessel arrived at the junction , a rope would be taken from it to the shore , and attached to a capstan , which would then be used to haul the boat into the lock . Once the canal was open , the Proprietors worked hard to improve the facilities , and a number of warehouses were built . Many of the shareholders were also involved with the Thames and Severn Canal scheme , which was completed in 1789 and provided a through route between Wallbridge and the River Thames at Lechlade . The navigation was seen as a commercial waterway ; pleasure boats were discouraged by the imposition of a charge of £ 1 ( 2012 : £ 109 @.@ 00 ) for the use of each lock . The main cargo carried was coal . In 1788 , a group of shareholders set up a coal committee , and began trading . At first , the product came from the Staffordshire coalfields , travelling via the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal , or from the Shropshire coalfields , but this was later supplemented by coal from the south Gloucestershire mines and then the Forest of Dean . This profitable business continued until 1833 . Boats that worked the canal included Severn Trows , a type of sailing boat which was fitted with ketch , cutter or sloop rigging . Many were later converted for use as dumb barges by removing the masts , but none are known to have survived to the present day . In 1794 , a basin was built above Framilode lock , so that vessels could wait there until the tide in the Severn was at a suitable level . This had been requested by the Thames and Severn Canal company , but requests for a horse towing path in 1799 and 1812 were dismissed as too expensive . They eventually provided one after the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal had been built , and the canal was the only part of the waterway from Shrewsbury on the Severn to Teddington on the Thames that did not have one . It was completed in August 1827 . The opening of the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal in 1825 required a slight diversion where they crossed at Saul , and the levels were adjusted by building a new lock on the Stroudwater below the junction , to ensure neither company lost water to the other . The new company paid for its construction . > After the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal opened to Sharpness in 1827 , the link between Saul and the Severn at Framilode was used much less , although coal from the Forest of Dean still used that route . Traffic , receipts and dividends steadily increased . Tolls rose from £ 1 @,@ 468 in 1779 to £ 6 @,@ 807 in 1821 . The first dividend of 3 @.@ 75 per cent was paid in 1786 , and had reached 15 @.@ 78 per cent by 1821 . Figures for tonnage are not available for the early years , but were 79 @,@ 359 tons in 1821 . There was a dip in the carriage of merchandise in 1810 , when the Kennet and Avon Canal opened and provided a more convenient route from Bristol to London , but it picked up again after 1819 , when the North Wilts Canal opened , providing a link from Latton to Abingdon via Swindon and the Wilts and Berks Canal , which was easier than using the Thames . The highest dividend paid was in 1833 , when shareholders received 26 @.@ 33 per cent , after which receipts and dividends steadily dropped . In 1859 in order to allow the passage of a coal barge called the Queen Esther two of the locks were widened . = = = Decline = = = The first threat from a railway came in 1825 , when there was a proposal for a line from Framilode Passage to Brimscombe Port . The canal tolls were reduced as a bargaining tool , but the promoters went ahead with their bill . The Stroudwater Company opposed it and it was defeated in Parliament . The Great Western Railway opened a line from Swindon to Gloucester in 1845 , which passed through Stroud , but the effects on the canal were rather less than the effects on the Thames and Severn . However , in 1863 the Stonehouse and Nailsworth Railway Act was passed , allowing the construction of a railway from Stonehouse to Dudbridge and Nailsworth that directly competed with the canal . Dividends fell below 5 per cent after 1880 although they did not cease entirely until 1922 . Around the same time the connection to the Severn at Framilode became blocked leaving the connection to the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal as the only link between the canal and the River Severn . The last toll was paid in 1941 , and most of the canal was formally abandoned by an Act of Parliament granted in 1954 . Although this removed the need to maintain the waterway for navigation , the Company of Proprietors was not disbanded , and retained most of their other powers . It consists of those who now own the original shares , although over half of the shares were transferred to a Trust in the 1950s , which prevents hostile takeovers and ensures that the company will always be run for the benefit of the communities through which the canal passes . After the closure of the canal the canal company continued to generate income for many years through the sale of water and some monies produced by property holdings . = = Restoration = = Interest in maintaining the canal for its amenity value began before the canal closed , with the Inland Waterways Association mounting a campaign to retain it when plans to close it were first announced in 1952 . They were already formulating plans for the revival of the Thames and Severn Canal , which depended on the Stroudwater for its link to the River Severn . The National Parks Commission declared that it should be retained for its amenity value and beauty in 1954 , but it was closed nevertheless . The publication in 1972 of Lost Canals of England and Wales , a book by Ronald Russell , resulted in a number of canal restoration societies being formed . The Stroudwater Canal Society was one of them , which was renamed the Stroudwater , Thames and Severn Canal Trust in April 1975 as the scope of the project expanded , and became the Cotswold Canals Trust in July 1990 . Although the Proprietors were initially hostile to the Trust , attitudes changed , and in 1979 granted them permission to start work on the section from Pike Mill Bridge to Ryeford , so that a trip @-@ boat could be used on it . As attitudes changed , the Proprietors bought back sections of the waterway which had previously been sold off . = = = Funding = = = In 2001 , the Cotswold Canals Partnership was established , drawing together people representing the Proprietors , the Cotswold Canals Trust , councils at district and county level , and a number of other interested parties . This provided a suitable structure to drive the restoration forwards . In 2002 , the waterway was identified as being of high priority in the Association of Inland Navigation Authorities report entitled Vision for Strategic Enhancement of Britain 's Inland Navigation Network , and was one of several new projects highlighted at British Waterways ' Unlocked and Unlimited conference held in March . The estimated cost of the project to restore both the Stroudwater Navigation and the Thames and Severn Canal was £ 82 million . Having raised £ 100 @,@ 000 , the Cotswold Canals Trust lodged the money with the Waterways Trust , in the hope that it could be used as match funding for any grants that might be received . Andy Stumpf became the full @-@ time Regeneration Programme Manager , working on a major bid application to the Heritage Lottery Fund ( HLF ) to finance the restoration , and the canal was visited by Charles , Prince of Wales , in his capacity as Patron of the Waterways Trust . A Heritage Survey , which cost £ 60 @,@ 000 and was funded by the Inland Waterways Association , was carried out , as was a Community Development Plan and a Visitor Management Strategy , costing another £ 30 @,@ 000 , all of which were pre @-@ requisites for the main HLF bid . By the time the bid was ready for submission , the HLF were under pressure for the funds they had , and asked British Waterways , who were heading up the application , to break the bid and the project into smaller phases . At the end of 2003 , a provisional grant of £ 11 @.@ 3 million was awarded by the HLF , to enable the restoration of the Stroudwater Navigation between Stonehouse and Wallbridge , and the Thames and Severn Canal between Wallbridge and Brimscombe Port . An additional £ 2 @.@ 9 million was received from the European Inter @-@ Regional budget for this first phase . By the time the grant was awarded in January 2006 , it had risen to £ 11 @.@ 9 million , and a further £ 6 million of match funding was received from the South West of England Regional Development Agency . As part of the process , the Proprietors leased the canal to British Waterways in 2005 . However , British Waterways had to withdraw from the scheme in 2008 , due to financial difficulties , and the role of project leaders was taken over by Stroud District Council . Following the re @-@ organisation , the Stroud Valleys Canal Company was established in March 2009 . It is a limited company , with two independent directors and three directors representing Stroud District Council , the Proprietors , and the Cotswold Canals Trust . Its purpose is to hold the assets for the canals , and its charitable status means that stamp duty land tax does not have to be paid . The company will be responsible for management and maintenance of the canal once it is re @-@ opened . The Department for Transport is in the process of reorganising how funding for major transport schemes is managed , and this has enabled Stroud District Council to submit a bid for £ 1 @.@ 5 million to the newly formed Gloucestershire Local Transport Board . This is to fund the replacement of Ocean railway culvert with a bridge . A second application for £ 650 @,@ 000 has been made to enable part of the Thames and Severn Way long distance footpath to be created . The funding is for the section from Saul Junction to Chalford . = = = Development = = = The length being restored in the first phase is around 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) long , and presents some of the biggest difficulties to restoration in the whole 36 @-@ mile ( 58 km ) route . Through Dudbridge , the channel has been used as part of a flood relief scheme by the Environment Agency . Water from the Slad Brook , which is culverted beneath Stroud , joins the Thames and Severn Canal a short distance above Lower Wallbridge Lock , the first on that canal , while the Painswick Stream joins above the Dudbridge locks , and the Ruscombe Brook joins between the two locks . The top gates of the locks were replaced with concrete dams , which maintained the water level at normal flows around 3 @.@ 3 feet ( 1 @.@ 0 m ) lower than the navigable levels . Below the A419 Dudbridge Road bridge , the water was discharged into the River Frome . As a consequence of its flood relief function , the channel here is classified as a " main river " . Designs for reinstatement of the canal have had to accommodate large flows on this section , and include underground bywash culverts , capable of carrying the full flood flow of all three streams . A new weir which carries a towpath bridge has been constructed where the water leaves the canal to enter the River Frome , and a set of floodgates has been constructed beyond the weir , to protect the canal from high water levels . The second phase of the restoration project will be the section from Stonehouse to the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal at Saul , which has been blocked by both the M5 motorway and the A38 road . A bid was submitted to the Living Landmarks Fund in August 2006 . This is part of the Big Lottery Fund , and £ 16 million was requested . An interim award of £ 250 @,@ 000 was made , to allow the bid to be developed , but the application was rejected in November 2007 . Despite this setback , money for purchasing the land around the M5 and the A38 was part of the phase 1 grant by the HLF . Current proposals for the A38 involve tunnelling under the Whitminster roundabout . The original Bristol Road Lock was buried by the construction of the roundabout , and will be reconstructed to the east of it . There are two proposals for passing under the M5 motorway . One is for a new channel alongside the River Frome through an existing culvert , and the other is for a new wider culvert , nearer to the original line of the canal . Below this , the canal used to cross the River Frome at Lockham Aqueduct , but this was demolished in the 1970s , when the canal and river channel were combined as part of a flood defence scheme . In November 2007 work started to clear the canal between Ryeford Double Lock and Oil Mills Bridge . Oil Mills Bridge itself has been rebuilt , with the brickwork left after its demolition being incorporated into the new bridge . By mid @-@ 2012 , when the Inland Waterways Association held a trailboat festival on the refurbished canal , as part of an event called " Stroud on Water " , over 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of canal from Ocean swingbridge to the bottom of Dudbridge Locks were open for navigation , as was a second section from the top of the locks to the bottom of Wallbridge Locks on the Thames and Severn Canal . As part of the restoration of the Dudbridge Locks , a hydro @-@ electric installation has been built . The scheme is expected to generate over 100 MWh per year , and income from the sale of the electricity to the national grid will help to fund ongoing maintenance of the canal . In early 2016 , work began on a £ 210 @,@ 000 project to restore Junction Lock at Saul , after a grant of £ 75 @,@ 000 was received from the Heritage Lottery Fund . The lock will not be made navigable , as the canal if infilled beyond the bottom gates , but new lock gates will be fitted , interpretation signs erected , and access will be improved . The structure was on the English Heritage " Buildings at Risk " register prior to work starting . = = Links to other canals = = The canal had links to both the Thames and Severn Canal ( at Wallbridge ) and the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal ( at Saul ) . = = Points of interest = =
= Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear = The Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear was a gathering that took place on October 30 , 2010 at the National Mall in Washington , DC . The rally was led by Jon Stewart , host of the satirical news program The Daily Show , and Stephen Colbert , in @-@ character as a conservative political pundit . About 215 @,@ 000 people attended the rally , according to aerial photography analysis by AirPhotosLive.com for CBS News . The rally was a combination of what initially were announced as separate events : Stewart 's " Rally to Restore Sanity " and Colbert 's counterpart , the " March to Keep Fear Alive . " Its stated purpose was to provide a venue for attendees to be heard above what Stewart described as the more vocal and extreme 15 – 20 % of Americans who " control the conversation " of American politics , the argument being that these extremes demonize each other and engage in counterproductive actions , with a return to sanity intended to promote reasoned discussion . Despite Stewart 's insistence to the contrary , news reports cast the rally as a spoof of Glenn Beck 's Restoring Honor rally and Al Sharpton 's Reclaim the Dream rally . = = Origins = = = = = Response to Restoring Honor rally = = = On August 28 , 2010 , the Fox News Channel 's Glenn Beck held a " Restoring Honor " rally at the Lincoln Memorial . On the same day , Al Sharpton led a countermarch , called Reclaim the Dream , to mark the 47th anniversary of the historic Great March on Washington . According to New York Magazine , discussion for a satirical public event in response took place behind the scenes at Stewart 's The Daily Show as early as August 12 . Stewart has stated that the rally was never intended to be a means to counter Glenn Beck , but was simply another format for his and Colbert 's style of humor , saying " We saw [ the Restoring Honor rally ] and thought , ' What a beautiful outline . What a beautiful structure to fill with what we want to express in live form , festival form . ' " Before any public discussion by Stewart , Colbert , or their staffs , members of the social news website Reddit independently began to discuss the possibility of a Colbert @-@ led rally , often referred to as a " Restoring Truthiness Rally " ; after the rallies were announced , some news articles credited Reddit for the idea . The rally was produced by Stewart 's Busboy Productions . = = = Announcement = = = Stewart first hinted at the event on the September 7 episode of The Daily Show by declaring that " [ he would ] have an announcement sometime in the near to not so near future . " Colbert , in that night 's episode of The Report , said that he , too , had an announcement to make . In the following days , Stewart and Colbert used their shows to hype their respective announcements , competing over whose would be more significant . The banter finally culminated with Stewart formally announcing the " Rally to Restore Sanity " on the September 16 , 2010 episode of The Daily Show ; Colbert followed by announcing the " March to Keep Fear Alive " on the subsequent episode of The Colbert Report . Stewart declared that his rally was intended for the majority of Americans , " the 70 – 80 percenters , " who do not hold extreme political views and lack a voice in the media . To illustrate the point , he unveiled a mock motto for the rally : " Take it down a notch for America . " A series of protest sign designs were proposed on the Daily Show featuring messages such as " I disagree with you , but I 'm pretty sure you 're not Hitler . " Colbert responded to Stewart 's proposal by challenging the theme of Stewart 's rally and justifying his own " March to Keep Fear Alive . " Noting that this was not the time to be reasonable , Colbert declared , " Now is the time for all good men to freak out for freedom ! " Oprah Winfrey appeared on The Daily Show via video on October 14 , 2010 , to award the attending audience free airfare to the rally . The plane tickets were hidden under the audience members ' seats in the same fashion as she has given away prizes to her own audience members on The Oprah Winfrey Show . In the episode of the Colbert Report airing immediately afterward , Stephen Colbert also offered tickets to his rally . Without Oprah 's support to provide airfare , Colbert instead distributed vouchers for the low @-@ cost Chinatown bus from New York to Washington , D.C. During the show , Colbert also revealed to Stewart that he did not possess a permit to legally organize the " March to Keep Fear Alive , " leading Stewart to propose combining the two events into the " Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear " that would feature a new combined logo . = = = Response to the announcement = = = In the night following the announcement , the pledged number of attendees to the event reached 69 @,@ 000 on Facebook . This number far exceeded the 25 @,@ 000 that the rally organizers had indicated as the estimated number of attendees on the National Park Service application for a rally permit . The demand for hotels during the period of the Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear outpaced that of the " Restoring Honor " rally . The rally spawned several grassroots websites and Facebook groups for organizing and discussion , some with more than 10 @,@ 000 followers . Proposals were made for dozens of sister rallies in other major cities , such as Seattle , Chicago , Austin , and Los Angeles to take place on the same day as the demonstration in Washington , D.C. On September 28 , Arianna Huffington announced on The Daily Show that The Huffington Post would provide " as many buses as people to fill them " at a specified meeting place in Manhattan , although her plans were later scaled back and preregistration was imposed . The Wall Street Journal characterized the Rally as a " send @-@ up " of the Washington Restoring Honor rally led by Glenn Beck and the " Reclaim the Dream " commemorative march led by Al Sharpton on August 28 , 2010 . The Canadian Press called the Stewart / Colbert rallies a " not @-@ so @-@ gentle " swipe at Glenn Beck 's " Restoring Honor " rally . During a town hall event on September 29 , President Obama cited the forthcoming rally as representing those people who are concerned with more than just the political beliefs of others , in contrast to " provocative " cable news programs . Many news organizations sought media credentials to cover the rally . Anticipating staff interest in attending for non @-@ professional purposes , NPR barred staffers from attending the rally in a memo that stated : " NPR journalists may not participate in marches and rallies involving causes or issues that NPR covers , nor should they sign petitions or otherwise lend their name to such causes , or contribute money to them . This restriction applies to the upcoming Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert rallies . " NBC and several other media outlets followed suit . Some barred employees from attending the rally outright , while others such as The Washington Post offered more latitude , telling newsroom managers to differentiate between " participating " and " observing . " = = = Charity drive = = = Prior to the announcement of the joint rally , supporters of the movement for a Colbert @-@ led march had begun a drive to raise money for educational charities through DonorsChoose.org , a charitable organization of which Colbert is a member of the Board of Directors . In the first 24 hours , supporters raised over $ 100 @,@ 000 . In the days that followed , that total increased to over $ 250 @,@ 000 , and by the day of the rally over $ 500 @,@ 000 had been contributed . Jon Stewart promoted the Trust for the National Mall , urging his viewers to make donations on behalf of the rally . As of October 31 , 2010 , over $ 188 @,@ 000 had been donated to the Trust . = = Rally = = = = = Setting = = = As the number of expected participants grew , the rally was moved from the grounds of the Washington Monument to the east end of the Mall facing the Capitol . The stage was on the east side of the rally with an open back , allowing the Capitol building to provide the backdrop for the performances . In order to meet the public safety requirements of the National Park Service permit , the Mall between the Capitol and 14th Street was divided into sections , with access aisles lined by portable fences . Speakers and jumbotron television screens were placed along both the north and south edges to encourage the crowd to spread out rather than press against the main stage . Portable toilets and first aid stations were also provided . Because the rally was held the day before the previously scheduled Marine Corps Marathon , the rally planners originally requested to share the portable toilets planned for the marathon runners . The marathon organizers refused , so a second set of portable toilets was ordered . = = = Guests = = = While both Colbert and Stewart were tight @-@ lipped as to the event 's schedule and guests , Metromix 's Washington DC website published a tentative schedule on October 27 , with guest performers said to be confirmed for the event including musicians Sheryl Crow , The Roots and Jeff Tweedy with Mavis Staples along with actors Don Novello ( appearing as Father Guido Sarducci ) and Sam Waterston . Other guests included 4troops , Yusuf Islam – formerly known as Cat Stevens , Ozzy Osbourne , The O 'Jays , John Legend , Kid Rock , Tony Bennett , Mythbusters hosts Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman , basketball player Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar , and R2 @-@ D2 . = = = Comedy = = = Satirical comedy was woven throughout the rally with Colbert expressing , in parody , that fear was superior to Stewart 's reasonableness . The theme started with Colbert — costumed like Evel Knievel — emerging from his " fear bunker " in a capsule reminiscent of the 2010 Chilean miners ' rescue . Thereafter , Colbert challenged Stewart point by point , usually claiming victory . One of their battles centered around songs about trains . Stewart started with Yusuf Islam singing " Peace Train , " which was interrupted continually by Colbert @-@ backed Ozzy Osbourne singing " Crazy Train . " The audience held up peace signs for " Peace Train " and horn signs for " Crazy Train . " Finally , Stewart and Colbert compromised singing " Love Train " with The O 'Jays . Later , Stewart and Colbert donned matching American flag coats and sang an original song " The Greatest , Strongest Country in the World " with lyrics that reflected common liberal and conservative stereotypes , such as " I love NASCAR halftime shows with tons of TNT . ... My hybrid electric scooter does 100 m @-@ p @-@ g . From gay men who like football ... to straight men who like Glee ... " In the finale , a giant papier @-@ mâché puppet of Colbert ( " Fearzilla " ) was brought on stage to symbolize his superiority . Peter Pan — played by John Oliver — then appeared and led the crowd in a chant that caused Colbert and his puppet to melt into the stage , thereby handing final victory to Stewart . = = = Medals = = = Stewart gave out " Medals of Reasonableness " cast in bronze with an image of an owl and the Latin motto Sit vis nobiscum , liberally translated by Stewart as " May the Force be with you , " to : Armando Galarraga for his calm response to the blown call that cost him a perfect game . Mick Foley for his contributions outside of wrestling , including his defense of a child mocked for being seen as gay . Velma Hart for her reasoned critical questions delivered to President Barack Obama at a town hall . Jacob Isom for preventing an evangelist from burning a Qur 'an . Colbert awarded " Medals of Fear " cast with an image of a naked man running with scissors and the Latin motto Cave ne cadmium sit , which Colbert translated as " Warning : May contain Cadmium , " to : Several news media outlets , collectively , for barring employees from attending the rally on their own time . A " tight black T @-@ shirt " that Colbert said belonged to CNN 's Anderson Cooper , for always appearing during natural disasters reported on by Cooper . Mark Zuckerberg for making Facebook increase fear with regard to Internet privacy . Zuckerberg 's award was presented in absentia . The media outlets ' award was accepted on their behalf by " someone with more courage — a seven @-@ year @-@ old girl . " Also , videotaped messages were shown of Steven Slater , known from the 2010 JetBlue flight attendant incident , and reality TV star Teresa Giudice , both apologizing for public acts of " unreasonableness . " = = = " A Moment of Sincerity " speech = = = After defeating Colbert 's " Fearzilla " , Stewart closed the rally with a " moment ... for some sincerity " to explain his intentions for the rally : This was not a rally to ridicule people of faith , or people of activism , or look down our noses at the heartland , or passionate argument , or to suggest that times are not difficult and that we have nothing to fear . They are , and we do . But we live now in hard times , not end times . He criticized the role the press plays in polarizing political debates , stating that the media — which he described as " the country ’ s 24 @-@ hour politico – pundit perpetual panic ' conflict @-@ inator ' " — only amplifies problems and no longer makes a distinction between " hav [ ing ] animus " and " be [ ing ] enemies . " He warned that demonizing opponents and accepting propaganda makes people " less safe , not more " and that " it is an insult , not only to those people , but to the racists themselves who have put in the exhausting effort it takes to hate . " Much of the speech was devoted to the idea that " [ m ] ost Americans don ’ t live their lives solely as Democrats , Republicans , liberals or conservatives . " He spoke on the subject of " reasonable compromises " that happen " every day " between persons of different beliefs , citing as an example traffic merging at the entrance to the Holland Tunnel connecting New York City and Jersey City . = = = Crowd size and television broadcast = = = An aerial photography analysis commissioned by CBS News and carried out by AirPhotosLive.com estimated the crowd at 215 @,@ 000 people , plus or minus 10 % . In comparison , their estimate for the Restoring Honor rally made using the same methods was 87 @,@ 000 people , plus or minus 9 @,@ 000 . USA Today , Voice of America and ABC News all referred to the crowd as tens of thousands of people , with Voice of America noting , " the crowd filled the Mall , from almost in front of the Capitol to the Washington Monument . " According to local news outlet TBD TV , " Massive turnout for Saturday 's rally quickly overwhelmed the Mall , forcing thousands of people into nearby streets and , eventually , just giving up and leaving . " The PA system was criticized for being inadequate for those farther back to hear , with the crowd chanting " louder " several times . Jon Stewart , speaking from the stage , jokingly said there were over 10 million people there , and Stephen Colbert satirically tweeted an estimate of 6 billion . The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority , which maintained its normal Saturday service schedule , announced that Metrorail ridership set a Saturday record of 825 @,@ 437 trips , as compared to about 350 @,@ 000 on a normal Saturday , and beating out the previous record set in 1991 of 786 @,@ 358 trips during the Desert Storm rally . The rally was broadcast live on Comedy Central and C @-@ SPAN . The Comedy Central live broadcast reportedly drew 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 total viewers , with an additional 570 @,@ 000 live video streams on the Internet . = = Response to rally = = Keith Olbermann was prominently featured in a video montage shown at the rally that focused on the anger present in cable news . Two days after the rally , he decided to suspend his " Worst Person in the World " segment on Countdown with Keith Olbermann in the interest of turning down the volume and anger . However , he defended the content of his show by claiming that MSNBC ( the network that hosted Countdown at the time ) differs from Fox News in that " sticking up for the powerless is not the moral equivalent of sticking up for the powerful . " After tallying an online vote among his viewers , Olbermann announced that the segment would return on the November 17 broadcast as the " Not Really Worst Persons in the World . " On Real Time with Bill Maher , Bill Maher criticized the rally , saying that while Stewart and Colbert meant well , the message of the rally promoted a false equivalency between the left and the right , noting , " the big mistake of modern media has been this notion of balance for balance 's sake . That the Left is just as violent and cruel as the Right ... there 's a difference between a mad man and a madman . " On November 11 , Stewart appeared on The Rachel Maddow Show and clarified the message he intended to convey at the rally : that too many have " bought into the idea that the conflict [ in America ] is left versus right " when the conflict is actually " corruption versus not @-@ corruption " and that " both sides have their ways of shutting down debate . " Several websites , including The Huffington Post , dedicated a page to collecting " the funniest signs from the rally . " In the weeks after the rally , the controversy from 20 years earlier over Cat Stevens ' comments about Salman Rushdie was re @-@ ignited , as commentators debated the decision to invite Cat Stevens / Yusuf to perform at the rally . Ben Smith of Politico said that some found Stevens ' appearance at the rally to be a " dissonant note " . Professor Akbar Ahmed said the debate was yet another example of " controversies being dug up and taken out of context to be aired simply because of a rather poisonous environment around Islam . " Salman Rushdie called Stewart after the rally to speak with him about Yusuf 's appearance , but said Stewart " said he was sorry it upset me , but really , it was plain that he was fine with it . Depressing . " Stewart gave his perspective two years later . Stewart , saying that he didn ’ t know about Yusuf ’ s comments at the time , explained : " I ’ m sure he doesn ’ t believe that people should be put to death for apostasy . I said , ‘ look , I ’ m sorry you ’ re upset , but I ’ m sure the guy isn ’ t really like that . Let me talk to him . ' " Yusuf characterized the 1989 episode as a " misunderstanding " , but added , " although why do you have to insult the Prophet ? " Stewart continued , " We get into a whole conversation , and it becomes very clear to me that he is straddling two worlds in a very difficult way . And that he actually still – and it broke my heart a little bit . ... If I had known that , I wouldn ’ t have done it . Because that to me is a deal breaker . Death for free speech is a deal breaker . " In 2014 , as he had in 2010 , conservative talk show host Sean Hannity criticized Jon Stewart for inviting Yusuf . Stewart responded , " point taken on that one ... correct , Mr. Hannity , mistake ! I should have looked into it more ... ... I 'm just not sure you 're the best guy to make the guilt @-@ by @-@ musician @-@ association point . " = = Awards and nominations = = The rally was nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards : Outstanding Special Class Special Outstanding Special Class Writing Outstanding Achievement in Technical Direction / Electronic Camera / Video Control Outstanding Achievement in Live & Direct To Tape Sound Mixing = = = Official websites = = = Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear Rally to Restore Sanity March to Keep Fear Alive Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear Videos at Comedy Central = = = Images = = = Rally to Restore Sanity – slideshow by Life magazine The Funniest Signs At The Rally To Restore Sanity – slideshow by The Huffington Post Satellite view of the crowd = = = Video = = = Stewart / Colbert Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear – full event video recording by C @-@ SPAN ( requires Adobe Flash Player )
= Tijani Babangida = Tijani Babangida ( born 25 September 1973 in Kaduna ) is a retired Nigerian footballer , who played as a winger . Known for his pace , his playing style was sometimes compared to that of Marc Overmars . Babangida spent the majority of his playing career at Ajax . Overall , he played in five different countries on three different continents . At club level , Babangida spent nine years in Netherlands , playing for VVV @-@ Venlo , Roda JC and Ajax , winning the Eredivisie plus KNVB Cup double with the latter side . He played over 30 games for his national side , including four at the 1998 World Cup in France . He participated in two Africa Cup of Nations tournaments and won the 1996 Olympics with Nigeria . Babangida made his international debut in 1994 . He lost his place in the squad right before the 2002 World Cup . After a two @-@ year lay @-@ off from international football , Babangida was recalled to the Nigeria team for the 2004 African Cup of Nations preparations in Tunisia . = = Personal life = = Babangida , sometimes nicknamed " TJ " , was born into a large family in the city of Kaduna in 1970 . He was married to Rabah ( now his ex ) , the sister of Daniel Amokachi 's wife . Two of his nine brothers , Ibrahim and Haruna are also footballers . The former spent five years at Volendam , while the latter became the youngest ever player in the history of Spanish football to have a buy @-@ out clause in his contract and the second youngest player to appear for FC Barcelona , when he made his debut in 1998 as a fifteen @-@ year @-@ old . In 1996 Babangida acted in a commercial add for ABN @-@ AMRO in which he points out his hesitations about a contract of some sort . In 2004 , Babangida signed a $ 2 million contract to bring new footballs to Nigeria . The same year , he opened a shopping mall in Kaduna . Upon retiring from professional football , Babangida has been working as a football agent . = = Club career = = = = = Early career = = = In 1991 , Babangida , at the age of seventeen , left local club Niger Tornadoes to sign with Dutch Eredivisie side Roda JC , after performing well at the 1991 All @-@ Africa Games . He was loaned out to Roda 's league rivals VVV @-@ Venlo until the end of the season . Babangida made a total of six league appearances , scoring three times in the 1991 – 92 season . Despite Venlo 's relegation to Eerste Divisie , Babangida remained at the club for another year . Babangida received his breakthrough in the 1992 – 93 season as he scored 16 goals , helping Venlo to achieve promotion to Eredivisie . The following season , Babangida returned to Roda , immediately becoming a first @-@ team regular with the Kerkrade side . Babangida made a total of 29 league appearances for Roda that season , scoring 11 goals . Babangida spent two more seasons at Roda JC . Babangida 's 10 league goals in 1995 – 96 , made him the club 's top scorer that season . In 1995 , Babangida made his European debut , scoring a goal in the UEFA Cup first @-@ round win over Olimpija Ljubljana , Roda 's first European campaign in five years . Roda went on to beat the Slovenian side 5 – 2 on aggregate , but lost to Benfica in the second round . Solid performances at both international and club level led to interest from Dutch side Ajax , as Louis van Gaal was looking to replace Babangida 's compatriot Finidi George , who had recently departed to Real Betis . = = = Ajax = = = Babangida joined Ajax in the summer of 1996 in a long @-@ anticipated € 5 million move . He appeared in 29 league games , scoring four goals in his first season with Ajax . Babangida played an important role in Ajax 's European campaign , scoring three goals , including one against Auxerre in the group stages , and the winning goal in the second leg of the UEFA Champions League encounter with Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón Stadium , that put Ajax through to the semi @-@ finals of the competition . Babangida had a successful second season with the club as he helped Ajax to another Eredivisie title with a 39 @-@ point gap over PSV Eindhoven , while his 13 league goals in 26 games made him the club 's third top scorer , behind Shota Arveladze and Jari Litmanen . Ajax clinched the second title of the season with a 5 – 0 victory over PSV in the KNVB Cup final , with the Nigerian scoring the first goal . Babangida 's fortunes started to change towards the end of 1998 . Having missed the start of the season with malaria , Babangida gradually lost his starting line @-@ up position as Morten Olsen was looking to improve on the team 's inconsistent performances both in the domestic league and in Europe . Babangida started two of his team 's opening Champions League games . The European season , however , ended in disappointment as Ajax finished bottom of their group behind Olympiacos , Dinamo Zagreb and Porto . Overall , Babangida appeared in 18 league games for Ajax that season , starting only seven . He didn 't feature in the Dutch Cup final where Ajax managed to retain the trophy after beating Fortuna Sittard in the final . Babangida saw even less playing time after the 1999 season , as he made a mere eight appearances the following year and didn 't play a single game in the first half of the 2000 – 01 season . In an attempt to offload the player , Ajax came to an agreement with the Turkish Süper Lig side Gençlerbirliği , who signed Babangida on a half @-@ year loan deal until the end of the season . = = = Later career = = = The spell in Turkey , however , proved to be an unhappy time for Babangida and the Ankara side chose no to pursue their interest in the player once the loan deal expired . Looking for a move away from Netherlands , Babangida came close to signing with AJ Auxerre , but received a last @-@ minute call from Ronald Koeman and agreed to join him at Vitesse instead . Another loan move followed . First team player under Koeman , Babangida subsequently lost his place in the starting line @-@ up , when Ronald Koeman left for Ajax and was replaced by Edward Sturing . He then signed a six @-@ month loan deal with Al @-@ Ittihad of Saudi Arabia in 2002 , joining Bebeto and Titi Camara , but walked out of the team in November after disagreements with José Oscar Bernardi . Looking to resolve the deadlock with Ajax , Babangida returned to Amsterdam to continue negotiating a termination of his contract with the club . On 30 April 2003 , three years since Babangida played his last game for the club , it was announced that both sides had come to an agreement and the player 's contract was finally terminated . As a free agent , Babangida underwent a successful trial at Chinese side Tianjin Teda in the summer of 2003 . The move , however , was put off due to the outbreak of SARS in China , and Babangida signed with the second @-@ tier side Changchun Yatai shortly after . His four goals in the second part of the season helped his team to the Jia B title and earned him a recall to the national team for their preparations for the 2004 African Cup of Nations . Babangida scored four more goals for Yatai the following season before retiring in 2004 . = = International career = = Babangida received his first call @-@ up to the senior Nigeria national team for a pre @-@ World Cup friendly against Romania in 1994 . He then played in a friendly against Georgia , but did not make the final squad for 1994 World Cup . Babangida 's international chances were partly limited due to the fact that he often found himself behind Finidi George in the pecking order . He played an important role in his team 's Olympic triumph in Atlanta in 1996 , as Nigeria overcame tough resistance from Brazil and Argentina , packed with the likes of Dida , Roberto Carlos , Bebeto , Ronaldo , Rivaldo , Hernan Crespo , Claudio López , Ariel Ortega and Diego Simeone among others . Babangida took part in Nigeria 's 1998 World Cup campaign , playing a total of 120 minutes as he started one game and came on as a sub in the other three . He scored his team 's only goal in the second @-@ round defeat to Denmark . In January 2001 , Babangida appeared in an exhibition game at the Yokohama International Stadium ( known as the Nissan Stadium nowadays ) , playing for FIFA XI in a game against the unified team of Japan and South Korea . Babangida only made his African Nations Cup debut in 2000 as Nigeria withdrew from the 1996 edition in South Africa due to political reasons and missed out on 1998 African Cup of Nations through disqualification . Babangida scored two spectacular goals against South Africa to put Nigeria through to the final against Cameroon , where they drew 2 – 2 , before being narrowly defeated 3 – 4 on penalties . He appeared in all of his team 's five games , starting two . He then featured in Nigeria 's run to the 2002 World Cup finals , scoring two important first @-@ half goals against Ghana on the final day of the 2002 World Cup qualification , helping Nigeria seal the final African region World Cup berth . Babangida played in all of his team 's games at the 2002 Nations Cup , but was dropped ahead of the World Cup , alongside several other experienced players like Sunday Oliseh and Finidi George . He was recalled to the national team for the pre @-@ Nations Cup training camp in Faro , Portugal in 2004 , but did not make the final squad , making the 2002 Cup of Nations his last major international tournament . = = Career statistics = = = = = National team statistics = = = = = = = International goals = = = = Scores and results list Nigeria 's goal tally first . = = Honours = = Olympic Games : 1996 Eredivisie : 1998 KNVB Cup : 1998 , 1999 Turkish Cup : 2001
= Ready , Set , Don 't Go = " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " is a country song performed by American recording artists Billy Ray Cyrus and Miley Cyrus . It was released as the lead single from Home at Last , Cyrus ' tenth studio album . The song is a soft country ballad with some use of pop and soft rock elements . The song has received different interpretations though , in actuality , Cyrus wrote the song several years before its release when his middle daughter , Miley , moved to Los Angeles in order to pursue an acting career with an audition for the Disney Channel Original Series Hannah Montana . " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " received critical praise , with reviewers complimenting its lyrical content . It also reached positive commercial responses for Cyrus , compared to his downfall in previous years . Peaking at number 85 on the Billboard Hot 100 , it became Cyrus ' first entry on the chart since " You Won 't Be Lonely Now " ( 2000 ) . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Elliot Lester and features some of Cyrus ' home videos ; it received a CMT Music Award nomination at the 2008 CMT Music Awards . The song eventually became re @-@ released as a duet with his daughter , pop star Miley Cyrus . At the time of the single 's release , she was 14 and enjoying the success of her debut album Meet Miley Cyrus . The duet version became Miley 's debut in country music and received better commercial outcomes . It reached its highest international peak in the Billboard Hot 100 at number 37 and became Cyrus ' first international chart entry since " Could 've Been Me " ( 1992 ) . Cyrus , with and without his daughter , performed the song at several venues , most notably Miley 's first headlining concert tour , the Best of Both Worlds Tour . = = Background and reception = = " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " is a country pop song which some of merges Home at Last 's adult contemporary style . It is set in common time with a ballad tempo of 76 beats per minute . The song is written in a key of D major . Cyrus ' and Miley 's vocals each span two octaves , from B2 to B4 . The verses use a chord progression of D @-@ Bm7 @-@ G twice , followed by Em and A , while the chorus uses G @-@ A @-@ D twice followed by G @-@ Bm @-@ Em @-@ A @-@ D. The song 's lyrics were written by Cyrus and Casey Beathard . Cyrus discussed Home at Last in an interview with Calvin Gilbert of CMT News in which he said the song was about children growing up and moving on , from his own experience of moving his family to Los Angeles to help Miley with her acting and singing career . Amazon.com 's Tammy La Gorce commented , " Hannah fans will fall for ' Ready , Set , Don 't Go , ' a dad @-@ to @-@ daughter song that sweetly underscores the love in Cyrus ' real @-@ life heart . " Jeffrey B. Remz of Country Standard Time wrote that the song " finds Cyrus in good form . " = = Chart performance = = = = = Solo version = = = " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " debuted at number sixty @-@ seven on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs Chart which led to an appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending August 4 , 2007 . The solo version debuted and peaked at number eighty @-@ five on the Billboard Hot 100 . " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " became Cyrus ' first appearance on the Hot 100 since " You Won 't Be Lonely Now " ( 2000 ) , which peaked at number eighty . It also peaked at number forty @-@ seven on Hot Country Songs and number fifty @-@ eight on the canceled Pop 100 chart . = = = Duet version = = = The duet version of " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " enjoyed much more commercial success than the original version due to Miley 's popularity . It debuted at number eighty @-@ five in the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending October 27 , 2007 . On the week ending January 26 , 2008 , the song ascended to number 40 on the Hot 100 , becoming Cyrus first top 40 hit since his debut single " Achy Breaky Heart " ( 1992 ) , which peaked at number four . The song ultimately peaked at number 37 on the Hot 100 for the week ending February 16 , 2008 . It also peaked at number four on Hot Country Songs , Cyrus ' first top ten on the chart since " Busy Man " ( 1999 ) peaked at number three , and number forty @-@ four on Pop 100 . In the Canadian Hot 100 , the song debuted at number 94 for the week ending on November 24 , 2006 . For the week ending February 2 , 2008 , the song reached its peak on the chart , at number 47 . It became Cyrus ' first international chart entry since " Could 've Been Me " ( 1992 ) . = = Music video = = The music video for " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " was directed by Elliot Lester . The video begins with a close @-@ up of Cyrus ' hand playing an acoustic guitar . It then transitions into showing him . He is sitting on top of two black trunks in a dark , vacant room , wearing a lavender @-@ colored shirt with a gray tee underneath , jeans , and cowboy boots . As Cyrus continues playing the guitar , images of Miley appear on the background . The images range from Miley 's infant to teenage years . As Cyrus sings , nodding his head and flipping his hair intensely , a variety of home videos are played . This continues for the rest of the video . The scene ends with a video of Miley leaving in a yellow taxi cab is shown in the background . The final scene has Cyrus with Miley as she takes her first steps and he says , " alright " . The video received a nomination for " Tearjerker Video of the Year " , but lost to Kellie Pickler 's video for " I Wonder " at the 2008 CMT Music Awards . = = Live performances = = Cyrus premiered " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " on June 9 , 2007 at the CMA Music Festival . Cyrus introduced the song as a duet on October 9 on Dancing with the Stars . Cyrus joined Miley on The Oprah Winfrey Show on December 20 to perform the song . " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " was most notably performed on the Best of Both Worlds Tour . On selected dates , Cyrus and another one of his daughters , Brandi , joined Miley to perform the song as an encore . On April 14 , 2008 , " Ready , Set , Don 't Go " was performed as duet at the CMT Music Awards . The performance begun with Cyrus , wearing an open white shirt with a brown tee underneath and jeans , playing an acoustic guitar that was strapped to him . By the line , " wherever they are " , Miley , wearing a multicolored cocktail dress , joined him from the back of the stage . On January 19 , 2009 , the song was performed at the Kids ' Inaugural : " We Are the Future " event in celebration of Barack Obama 's inauguration . Dressed in a graphic tee and jeans , Miley finished performing " Fly on the Wall " and asked for Cyrus to join her onstage to perform the song . Cyrus was dressed in a black tee shirt , jeans , and a black leather jacket . = = Charts = =
= Alfred Russel Wallace = Alfred Russel Wallace OM FRS ( 8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913 ) was a British naturalist , explorer , geographer , anthropologist , and biologist . He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection ; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin 's writings in 1858 . This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in On the Origin of Species . Wallace did extensive fieldwork , first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago , where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line , which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts : a western portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin , and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect Australasia . He was considered the 19th century 's leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes called the " father of biogeography " . Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century and made many other contributions to the development of evolutionary theory besides being co @-@ discoverer of natural selection . These included the concept of warning colouration in animals , and the Wallace effect , a hypothesis on how natural selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation . Wallace was strongly attracted to unconventional ideas ( such as evolution ) . His advocacy of spiritualism and his belief in a non @-@ material origin for the higher mental faculties of humans strained his relationship with some members of the scientific establishment . Aside from scientific work , he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system ( capitalism ) in 19th @-@ century Britain . His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity . He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues ; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in Singapore , Indonesia and Malaysia , The Malay Archipelago , was both popular and highly regarded . Since its publication in 1869 it has never been out of print . Wallace had financial difficulties throughout much of his life . His Amazon and Far Eastern trips were supported by the sale of specimens he collected and , after he lost most of the considerable money he made from those sales in unsuccessful investments , he had to support himself mostly from the publications he produced . Unlike some of his contemporaries in the British scientific community , such as Darwin and Charles Lyell , he had no family wealth to fall back on , and he was unsuccessful in finding a long @-@ term salaried position , receiving no regular income until he was awarded a small government pension , through Darwin 's efforts , in 1881 . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Alfred Wallace was born in the Welsh village of Llanbadoc , near Usk , Monmouthshire . He was the seventh of nine children of Thomas Vere Wallace and Mary Anne Greenell . Mary Anne was English ; Thomas Wallace was probably of Scottish ancestry . His family , like many Wallaces , claimed a connection to William Wallace , a leader of Scottish forces during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century . Thomas Wallace graduated in law , but never practised law . He inherited some income @-@ generating property , but bad investments and failed business ventures resulted in a steady deterioration of the family 's financial position . His mother was from a middle @-@ class English family from Hertford , north of London . When Wallace was five years old , his family moved to Hertford . There he attended Hertford Grammar School until financial difficulties forced his family to withdraw him in 1836 , when he was aged 14 . Wallace then moved to London to board with his older brother John , a 19 @-@ year @-@ old apprentice builder . This was a stopgap measure until William , his oldest brother , was ready to take him on as an apprentice surveyor . While in London , Alfred attended lectures and read books at the London Mechanics Institute . Here he was exposed to the radical political ideas of the Welsh social reformer Robert Owen and of Thomas Paine . He left London in 1837 to live with William and work as his apprentice for six years . At the end of 1839 , they moved to Kington , Hereford , near the Welsh border , before eventually settling at Neath in Glamorgan in Wales . Between 1840 and 1843 , Wallace did land surveying work in the countryside of the west of England and Wales . By the end of 1843 , William 's business had declined due to difficult economic conditions , and Wallace , at the age of 20 , left in January . One result of Wallace 's early travels is a modern controversy about his nationality . Since Wallace was born in Monmouthshire , some sources have considered him to be Welsh . However , some historians have questioned this because neither of his parents was Welsh , his family only briefly lived in Monmouthshire , the Welsh people Wallace knew in his childhood considered him to be English , and because Wallace himself consistently referred to himself as English rather than Welsh ( even when writing about his time in Wales ) . One Wallace scholar has stated that the most reasonable interpretation is therefore that he was an Englishman born in Wales . It has also been noted that , unlike today , Monmouthshire was technically part of England rather than Wales at the time Wallace was born . After a brief period of unemployment , he was hired as a master at the Collegiate School in Leicester to teach drawing , mapmaking , and surveying . Wallace spent many hours at the library in Leicester : he read An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus , and one evening he met the entomologist Henry Bates . Bates was 19 years old , and in 1843 he had published a paper on beetles in the journal Zoologist . He befriended Wallace and started him collecting insects . William died in March 1845 , and Wallace left his teaching position to assume control of his brother 's firm in Neath , but his brother John and he were unable to make the business work . After a few months , Wallace found work as a civil engineer for a nearby firm that was working on a survey for a proposed railway in the Vale of Neath . Wallace 's work on the survey involved spending a lot of time outdoors in the countryside , allowing him to indulge his new passion for collecting insects . Wallace persuaded his brother John to join him in starting another architecture and civil engineering firm , which carried out a number of projects , including the design of a building for the Neath Mechanics ' Institute , founded in 1843 . William Jevons , the founder of that institute , was impressed by Wallace and persuaded him to give lectures there on science and engineering . In the autumn of 1846 , John and he purchased a cottage near Neath , where they lived with their mother and sister Fanny ( his father had died in 1843 ) . During this period , he read avidly , exchanging letters with Bates about Robert Chambers ' anonymously published evolutionary treatise Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , Charles Darwin 's The Voyage of the Beagle , and Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology . = = = Exploration and study of the natural world = = = Inspired by the chronicles of earlier travelling naturalists , including Alexander von Humboldt , Charles Darwin and especially William Henry Edwards , Wallace decided that he too wanted to travel abroad as a naturalist . In 1848 , Wallace and Henry Bates left for Brazil aboard the Mischief . Their intention was to collect insects and other animal specimens in the Amazon rainforest for their private collections , selling the duplicates to museums and collectors back in Britain in order to fund the trip . Wallace also hoped to gather evidence of the transmutation of species . Wallace and Bates spent most of their first year collecting near Belém do Pará , then explored inland separately , occasionally meeting to discuss their findings . In 1849 , they were briefly joined by another young explorer , botanist Richard Spruce , along with Wallace 's younger brother Herbert . Herbert left soon thereafter ( dying two years later from yellow fever ) , but Spruce , like Bates , would spend over ten years collecting in South America . Wallace continued charting the Rio Negro for four years , collecting specimens and making notes on the peoples and languages he encountered as well as the geography , flora , and fauna . On 12 July 1852 , Wallace embarked for the UK on the brig Helen . After 26 days at sea , the ship 's cargo caught fire and the crew was forced to abandon ship . All of the specimens Wallace had on the ship , mostly collected during the last two , and most interesting , years of his trip , were lost . He managed to save a few notes and pencil sketches and little else . Wallace and the crew spent ten days in an open boat before being picked up by the brig Jordeson , which was sailing from Cuba to London . The Jordeson 's provisions were strained by the unexpected passengers , but after a difficult passage on very short rations the ship finally reached its destination on 1 October 1852 . After his return to the UK , Wallace spent 18 months in London living on the insurance payment for his lost collection and selling a few specimens that had been shipped back to Britain prior to his starting his exploration of the Rio Negro . During this period , despite having lost almost all of the notes from his South American expedition , he wrote six academic papers ( which included " On the Monkeys of the Amazon " ) and two books ; Palm Trees of the Amazon and Their Uses and Travels on the Amazon . He also made connections with a number of other British naturalists — most significantly , Darwin . From 1854 to 1862 , age 31 to 39 , Wallace travelled through the Malay Archipelago or East Indies ( now Singapore , Malaysia and Indonesia ) , to collect specimens for sale and to study natural history . A set of 80 bird skeletons he collected in Indonesia and associated documentation can be found in the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology . His observations of the marked zoological differences across a narrow strait in the archipelago led to his proposing the zoogeographical boundary now known as the Wallace line . Wallace collected more than 126 @,@ 000 specimens in the Malay Archipelago ( more than 80 @,@ 000 beetles alone ) . Several thousand of them represented species new to science . One of his better @-@ known species descriptions during this trip is that of the gliding tree frog Rhacophorus nigropalmatus , known as Wallace 's flying frog . While he was exploring the archipelago , he refined his thoughts about evolution and had his famous insight on natural selection . In 1858 he sent an article outlining his theory to Darwin ; it was published , along with a description of Darwin 's own theory , in the same year . Accounts of his studies and adventures there were eventually published in 1869 as The Malay Archipelago , which became one of the most popular books of scientific exploration of the 19th century , and has never been out of print . It was praised by scientists such as Darwin ( to whom the book was dedicated ) , and Charles Lyell , and by non @-@ scientists such as the novelist Joseph Conrad , who called it his " favorite bedside companion " and used it as source of information for several of his novels , especially Lord Jim . = = = Return to England , marriage and children = = = In 1862 , Wallace returned to England , where he moved in with his sister Fanny Sims and her husband Thomas . While recovering from his travels , Wallace organised his collections and gave numerous lectures about his adventures and discoveries to scientific societies such as the Zoological Society of London . Later that year , he visited Darwin at Down House , and became friendly with both Charles Lyell and Herbert Spencer . During the 1860s , Wallace wrote papers and gave lectures defending natural selection . He also corresponded with Darwin about a variety of topics , including sexual selection , warning colouration , and the possible effect of natural selection on hybridisation and the divergence of species . In 1865 , he began investigating spiritualism . After a year of courtship , Wallace became engaged in 1864 to a young woman whom , in his autobiography , he would only identify as Miss L. Miss L. was the daughter of Lewis Leslie who played chess with Wallace . However , to Wallace 's great dismay , she broke off the engagement . In 1866 , Wallace married Annie Mitten . Wallace had been introduced to Mitten through the botanist Richard Spruce , who had befriended Wallace in Brazil and who was also a good friend of Annie Mitten 's father , William Mitten , an expert on mosses . In 1872 , Wallace built the Dell , a house of concrete , on land he leased in Grays in Essex , where he lived until 1876 . The Wallaces had three children : Herbert ( 1867 – 1874 ) , Violet ( 1869 – 1945 ) , and William ( 1871 – 1951 ) . = = = Financial struggles = = = In the late 1860s and 1870s , Wallace was very concerned about the financial security of his family . While he was in the Malay Archipelago , the sale of specimens had brought in a considerable amount of money , which had been carefully invested by the agent who sold the specimens for Wallace . However , on his return to the UK , Wallace made a series of bad investments in railways and mines that squandered most of the money , and he found himself badly in need of the proceeds from the publication of The Malay Archipelago . Despite assistance from his friends , he was never able to secure a permanent salaried position such as a curatorship in a museum . To remain financially solvent , Wallace worked grading government examinations , wrote 25 papers for publication between 1872 and 1876 for various modest sums , and was paid by Lyell and Darwin to help edit some of their own works . In 1876 , Wallace needed a £ 500 advance from the publisher of The Geographical Distribution of Animals to avoid having to sell some of his personal property . Darwin was very aware of Wallace 's financial difficulties and lobbied long and hard to get Wallace awarded a government pension for his lifetime contributions to science . When the £ 200 annual pension was awarded in 1881 , it helped to stabilise Wallace 's financial position by supplementing the income from his writings . = = = Social activism = = = John Stuart Mill was impressed by remarks criticising English society that Wallace had included in The Malay Archipelago . Mill asked him to join the general committee of his Land Tenure Reform Association , but the association dissolved after Mill 's death in 1873 . Wallace had written only a handful of articles on political and social issues between 1873 and 1879 when , at the age of 56 , he entered the debates over trade policy and land reform in earnest . He believed that rural land should be owned by the state and leased to people who would make whatever use of it that would benefit the largest number of people , thus breaking the often @-@ abused power of wealthy landowners in British society . In 1881 , Wallace was elected as the first president of the newly formed Land Nationalisation Society . In the next year , he published a book , Land Nationalisation ; Its Necessity and Its Aims , on the subject . He criticised the UK 's free trade policies for the negative impact they had on working @-@ class people . In 1889 , Wallace read Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy and declared himself a socialist . After reading Progress and Poverty , the best selling book by the progressive land reformist Henry George , Wallace described it as " Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century . " Wallace opposed eugenics , an idea supported by other prominent 19th @-@ century evolutionary thinkers , on the grounds that contemporary society was too corrupt and unjust to allow any reasonable determination of who was fit or unfit . In the 1890 article " Human Selection " he wrote , " Those who succeed in the race for wealth are by no means the best or the most intelligent ... " . In 1898 , Wallace wrote a paper advocating a pure paper money system , not backed by silver or gold , which impressed the economist Irving Fisher so much that he dedicated his 1920 book Stabilizing the Dollar to Wallace . Wallace wrote on other social and political topics including his support for women 's suffrage , and repeatedly on the dangers and wastefulness of militarism . In an essay published in 1899 Wallace called for popular opinion to be rallied against warfare by showing people : " ... that all modern wars are dynastic ; that they are caused by the ambition , the interests , the jealousies , and the insatiable greed of power of their rulers , or of the great mercantile and financial classes which have power and influence over their rulers ; and that the results of war are never good for the people , who yet bear all its burthens " . In a letter published by the Daily Mail in 1909 , with aviation in its infancy , he advocated an international treaty to ban the military use of aircraft , arguing against the idea " ... that this new horror is " inevitable , " and that all we can do is to be sure and be in the front rank of the aerial assassins — for surely no other term can so fitly describe the dropping of , say , ten thousand bombs at midnight into an enemy 's capital from an invisible flight of airships . " In 1898 , Wallace published a book entitled The Wonderful Century : Its Successes and Its Failures about developments in the 19th century . The first part of the book covered the major scientific and technical advances of the century ; the second part covered what Wallace considered to be its social failures including : the destruction and waste of wars and arms races , the rise of the urban poor and the dangerous conditions in which they lived and worked , a harsh criminal justice system that failed to reform criminals , abuses in a mental health system based on privately owned sanatoriums , the environmental damage caused by capitalism , and the evils of European colonialism . Wallace continued his social activism for the rest of his life , publishing the book The Revolt of Democracy just weeks before his death . = = = Further scientific work = = = Wallace continued his scientific work in parallel with his social commentary . In 1880 , he published Island Life as a sequel to The Geographic Distribution of Animals . In November 1886 , Wallace began a ten @-@ month trip to the United States to give a series of popular lectures . Most of the lectures were on Darwinism ( evolution through natural selection ) , but he also gave speeches on biogeography , spiritualism , and socio @-@ economic reform . During the trip , he was reunited with his brother John who had emigrated to California years before . He also spent a week in Colorado , with the American botanist Alice Eastwood as his guide , exploring the flora of the Rocky Mountains and gathering evidence that would lead him to a theory on how glaciation might explain certain commonalities between the mountain flora of Europe , Asia and North America , which he published in 1891 in the paper " English and American Flowers " . He met many other prominent American naturalists and viewed their collections . His 1889 book Darwinism used information he collected on his American trip , and information he had compiled for the lectures . Wallace assembled a huge collection of flora and fauna which were kept in " cabinets . " Only one of these collections remains in its original cabinet . It consists of 1 @,@ 700 @-@ items of a variety of insects , including butterflies , beetles , moths , shells , flies , bees , praying mantises , tarantulas , seedpods , a hornet 's nest , and a small bird . A collector named Robert Heggestad found this cabinet / collection in Washington DC in 1979 and purchased it for $ 600 ( not knowing who had assembled it ) . Heggestad began documenting references in Wallace 's work to specimens in the cabinet , resulting in a 62 @-@ page report to support the theory that the collection once belonged to Wallace . He also employed graphologist Beverley East to verify the handwriting on the collection . It is Wallace 's only known personal collection still in its original cabinet . Today it is believed that Wallace collected the specimens in the rosewood cabinet for instructional purposes . = = = Death = = = On 7 November 1913 , Wallace died at home in the country house he called Old Orchard , which he had built a decade earlier . He was 90 years old . His death was widely reported in the press . The New York Times called him " the last of the giants belonging to that wonderful group of intellectuals that included , among others , Darwin , Huxley , Spencer , Lyell , and Owen , whose daring investigations revolutionised and evolutionised the thought of the century . " Another commentator in the same edition said " No apology need be made for the few literary or scientific follies of the author of that great book on the ' Malay Archipelago ' . " Some of Wallace 's friends suggested that he be buried in Westminster Abbey , but his wife followed his wishes and had him buried in the small cemetery at Broadstone , Dorset . Several prominent British scientists formed a committee to have a medallion of Wallace placed in Westminster Abbey near where Darwin had been buried . The medallion was unveiled on 1 November 1915 . = = Theory of evolution = = = = = Early evolutionary thinking = = = Unlike Darwin , Wallace began his career as a travelling naturalist already believing in the transmutation of species . The concept had been advocated by Jean @-@ Baptiste Lamarck , Geoffroy Saint @-@ Hilaire , Erasmus Darwin , and Robert Grant , among others . It was widely discussed , but not generally accepted by leading naturalists , and was considered to have radical , even revolutionary connotations . Prominent anatomists and geologists such as Georges Cuvier , Richard Owen , Adam Sedgwick , and Charles Lyell attacked it vigorously . It has been suggested that Wallace accepted the idea of the transmutation of species in part because he was always inclined to favour radical ideas in politics , religion and science , and because he was unusually open to marginal , even fringe , ideas in science . He was also profoundly influenced by Robert Chambers ' work , Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , a highly controversial work of popular science published anonymously in 1844 that advocated an evolutionary origin for the solar system , the earth , and living things . Wallace wrote to Henry Bates in 1845 : I have a rather more favourable opinion of the ' Vestiges ' than you appear to have . I do not consider it a hasty generalization , but rather as an ingenious hypothesis strongly supported by some striking facts and analogies , but which remains to be proven by more facts and the additional light which more research may throw upon the problem . It furnishes a subject for every student of nature to attend to ; every fact he observes will make either for or against it , and it thus serves both as an incitement to the collection of facts , and an object to which they can be applied when collected . In 1847 , he wrote to Bates : I should like to take some one family [ of beetles ] to study thoroughly , principally with a view to the theory of the origin of species . By that means I am strongly of opinion that some definite results might be arrived at . Wallace deliberately planned some of his field work to test the hypothesis that under an evolutionary scenario closely related species should inhabit neighbouring territories . During his work in the Amazon basin , he came to realise that geographical barriers — such as the Amazon and its major tributaries — often separated the ranges of closely allied species , and he included these observations in his 1853 paper " On the Monkeys of the Amazon " . Near the end of the paper he asks the question , " Are very closely allied species ever separated by a wide interval of country ? " In February 1855 , while working in Sarawak on the island of Borneo , Wallace wrote " On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species " , a paper which was published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History in September 1855 . In this paper , he discussed observations regarding the geographic and geologic distribution of both living and fossil species , what would become known as biogeography . His conclusion that " Every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a closely allied species " has come to be known as the " Sarawak Law " . Wallace thus answered the question he had posed in his earlier paper on the monkeys of the Amazon river basin . Although it contained no mention of any possible mechanisms for evolution , this paper foreshadowed the momentous paper he would write three years later . The paper shook Charles Lyell 's belief that species were immutable . Although his friend Charles Darwin had written to him in 1842 expressing support for transmutation , Lyell had continued to be strongly opposed to the idea . Around the start of 1856 , he told Darwin about Wallace 's paper , as did Edward Blyth who thought it " Good ! Upon the whole ! ... Wallace has , I think put the matter well ; and according to his theory the various domestic races of animals have been fairly developed into species . " Despite this hint , Darwin mistook Wallace 's conclusion for the progressive creationism of the time and wrote that it was " nothing very new ... Uses my simile of tree [ but ] it seems all creation with him . " Lyell was more impressed , and opened a notebook on species , in which he grappled with the consequences , particularly for human ancestry . Darwin had already shown his theory to their mutual friend Joseph Hooker and now , for the first time , he spelt out the full details of natural selection to Lyell . Although Lyell could not agree , he urged Darwin to publish to establish priority . Darwin demurred at first , then began writing up a species sketch of his continuing work in May 1856 . = = = Natural selection and Darwin = = = By February 1858 , Wallace had been convinced by his biogeographical research in the Malay Archipelago of the reality of evolution . As he later wrote in his autobiography : The problem then was not only how and why do species change , but how and why do they change into new and well defined species , distinguished from each other in so many ways ; why and how they become so exactly adapted to distinct modes of life ; and why do all the intermediate grades die out ( as geology shows they have died out ) and leave only clearly defined and well marked species , genera , and higher groups of animals ? According to his autobiography , it was while he was in bed with a fever that Wallace thought about Thomas Malthus 's idea of positive checks on human population growth and came up with the idea of natural selection . Wallace said in his autobiography that he was on the island of Ternate at the time ; but historians have questioned this , saying that on the basis of the journal he kept at the time , he was on the island of Gilolo . From 1858 to 1861 he rented a house on Ternate from the Dutchman Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode . He used this house as a base camp for expeditions to other islands such as Gilolo . Wallace describes how he discovered natural selection as follows : It then occurred to me that these causes or their equivalents are continually acting in the case of animals also ; and as animals usually breed much more quickly than does mankind , the destruction every year from these causes must be enormous in order to keep down the numbers of each species , since evidently they do not increase regularly from year to year , as otherwise the world would long ago have been crowded with those that breed most quickly . Vaguely thinking over the enormous and constant destruction which this implied , it occurred to me to ask the question , why do some die and some live ? And the answer was clearly , on the whole the best fitted live ... and considering the amount of individual variation that my experience as a collector had shown me to exist , then it followed that all the changes necessary for the adaptation of the species to the changing conditions would be brought about ... In this way every part of an animals organization could be modified exactly as required , and in the very process of this modification the unmodified would die out , and thus the definite characters and the clear isolation of each new species would be explained . Wallace had once briefly met Darwin , and was one of the correspondents whose observations Darwin used to support his own theories . Although Wallace 's first letter to Darwin has been lost , Wallace carefully kept the letters he received . In the first letter , dated 1 May 1857 , Darwin commented that Wallace 's letter of 10 October which he had recently received , as well as Wallace 's paper " On the Law which has regulated the Introduction of New Species " of 1855 , showed that they were both thinking alike and to some extent reaching similar conclusions , and said that he was preparing his own work for publication in about two years time . The second letter , dated 22 December 1857 , said how glad he was that Wallace was theorising about distribution , adding that " without speculation there is no good and original observation " while commenting that " I believe I go much further than you " . Wallace trusted Darwin 's opinion on the matter and sent him his February 1858 essay , " On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type " , with the request that Darwin would review it and pass it on to Charles Lyell if he thought it worthwhile . Although Wallace had sent several articles for journal publication during his travels through the Malay archipelago , the Ternate essay was in a private letter . On 18 June 1858 , Darwin received the essay from Wallace . While Wallace 's essay obviously did not employ Darwin 's term " natural selection " , it did outline the mechanics of an evolutionary divergence of species from similar ones due to environmental pressures . In this sense , it was very similar to the theory that Darwin had worked on for twenty years , but had yet to publish . Darwin sent the manuscript to Charles Lyell with a letter saying " he could not have made a better short abstract ! Even his terms now stand as heads of my chapters ... he does not say he wishes me to publish , but I shall , of course , at once write and offer to send to any journal . " Distraught about the illness of his baby son , Darwin put the problem to Charles Lyell and Joseph Hooker , who decided to publish the essay in a joint presentation together with unpublished writings which highlighted Darwin 's priority . Wallace had not asked for publication of his essay , and indeed , doing so probably contravened the copyright law of the time . Wallace 's essay was presented to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858 , along with excerpts from an essay which Darwin had disclosed privately to Hooker in 1847 and a letter Darwin had written to Asa Gray in 1857 . Communication with Wallace in the far @-@ off Malay Archipelago was impossible without months of delay , so he was not part of this rapid publication . Fortunately , Wallace accepted the arrangement after the fact , happy that he had been included at all , and never expressed public or private bitterness . Darwin 's social and scientific status was far greater than Wallace 's , and it was unlikely that , without Darwin , Wallace 's views on evolution would have been taken seriously . Lyell and Hooker 's arrangement relegated Wallace to the position of co @-@ discoverer , and he was not the social equal of Darwin or the other prominent British natural scientists . However , the joint reading of their papers on natural selection associated Wallace with the more famous Darwin . This , combined with Darwin 's ( as well as Hooker 's and Lyell 's ) advocacy on his behalf , would give Wallace greater access to the highest levels of the scientific community . The reaction to the reading was muted , with the president of the Linnean Society remarking in May 1859 that the year had not been marked by any striking discoveries ; but , with Darwin 's publication of On the Origin of Species later in 1859 , its significance became apparent . When Wallace returned to the UK , he met Darwin . Although some of Wallace 's iconoclastic opinions in the ensuing years would test Darwin 's patience , they remained on friendly terms for the rest of Darwin 's life . Over the years , a few people have questioned this version of events . In the early 1980s , two books , one written by Arnold Brackman and another by John Langdon Brooks , even suggested not only that there had been a conspiracy to rob Wallace of his proper credit , but that Darwin had actually stolen a key idea from Wallace to finish his own theory . These claims have been examined in detail by a number of scholars who have not found them to be convincing . Research into shipping schedules has shown that , contrary to these accusations , Wallace 's letter could not have been delivered earlier than the date shown in Darwin 's letter to Lyell . = = = = Defence of Darwin and his ideas = = = = After the publication of Darwin 's On the Origin of Species , Wallace became one of its staunchest defenders on his return to England in 1862 . In one incident in 1863 that particularly pleased Darwin , Wallace published the short paper " Remarks on the Rev. S. Haughton 's Paper on the Bee 's Cell , And on the Origin of Species " in order to rebuke a paper by a professor of geology at the University of Dublin that had sharply criticised Darwin 's comments in the Origin on how hexagonal honey bee cells could have evolved through natural selection . An even lengthier defence of Darwin 's work was " Creation by Law " , a review Wallace wrote in 1867 for The Quarterly Journal of Science of the book The Reign of Law , which had been written by George Campbell , the 8th Duke of Argyll , as a refutation of natural selection . After an 1870 meeting of the British Association , Wallace wrote to Darwin complaining that there were " no opponents left who know anything of natural history , so that there are none of the good discussions we used to have . " = = = = Differences between Darwin 's and Wallace 's ideas on natural selection = = = = Historians of science have noted that , while Darwin considered the ideas in Wallace 's paper to be essentially the same as his own , there were differences . Darwin emphasised competition between individuals of the same species to survive and reproduce , whereas Wallace emphasised environmental pressures on varieties and species forcing them to become adapted to their local conditions , leading populations in different locations to diverge . Some historians , notably Peter J. Bowler , have suggested the possibility that in the paper he mailed to Darwin , Wallace was not discussing selection of individual variations at all but rather group selection . However , Malcolm Kottler has shown that this notion is incorrect and Wallace was indeed discussing individual variations . Others have noted that another difference was that Wallace appeared to have envisioned natural selection as a kind of feedback mechanism keeping species and varieties adapted to their environment . They point to a largely overlooked passage of Wallace 's famous 1858 paper : The action of this principle is exactly like that of the centrifugal governor of the steam engine , which checks and corrects any irregularities almost before they become evident ; and in like manner no unbalanced deficiency in the animal kingdom can ever reach any conspicuous magnitude , because it would make itself felt at the very first step , by rendering existence difficult and extinction almost sure soon to follow . The cybernetician and anthropologist Gregory Bateson would observe in the 1970s that , though writing it only as an example , Wallace had " probably said the most powerful thing that 'd been said in the 19th Century " . Bateson revisited the topic in his 1979 book Mind and Nature : A Necessary Unity , and other scholars have continued to explore the connection between natural selection and systems theory . = = = = Warning colouration and sexual selection = = = = In 1867 , Darwin wrote to Wallace about a problem he was having understanding how some caterpillars could have evolved conspicuous colour schemes . Darwin had come to believe that sexual selection , an agency to which Wallace did not attribute the same importance as Darwin did , explained many conspicuous animal colour schemes . However , Darwin realised that this could not apply to caterpillars . Wallace responded that he and Henry Bates had observed that many of the most spectacular butterflies had a peculiar odour and taste , and that he had been told by John Jenner Weir that birds would not eat a certain kind of common white moth because they found it unpalatable . " Now , as the white moth is as conspicuous at dusk as a coloured caterpillar in the daylight " , Wallace wrote back to Darwin that it seemed likely that the conspicuous colour scheme served as a warning to predators and thus could have evolved through natural selection . Darwin was impressed by the idea . At a subsequent meeting of the Entomological Society , Wallace asked for any evidence anyone might have on the topic . In 1869 , Weir published data from experiments and observations involving brightly coloured caterpillars that supported Wallace 's idea . Warning colouration was one of a number of contributions Wallace made in the area of the evolution of animal colouration in general and the concept of protective colouration in particular . It was also part of a lifelong disagreement Wallace had with Darwin over the importance of sexual selection . In his 1878 book Tropical Nature and Other Essays , he wrote extensively on the colouration of animals and plants and proposed alternative explanations for a number of cases Darwin had attributed to sexual selection . He revisited the topic at length in his 1889 book Darwinism . In 1890 , he wrote a critical review in Nature of his friend Edward Bagnall Poulton 's The Colours of Animals which supported Darwin on sexual selection , attacking especially Poulton 's claims on the " aesthetic preferences of the insect world " . = = = = Wallace effect = = = = In 1889 , Wallace wrote the book Darwinism , which explained and defended natural selection . In it , he proposed the hypothesis that natural selection could drive the reproductive isolation of two varieties by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation . Thus it might contribute to the development of new species . He suggested the following scenario . When two populations of a species had diverged beyond a certain point , each adapted to particular conditions , hybrid offspring would be less well @-@ adapted than either parent form and , at that point , natural selection will tend to eliminate the hybrids . Furthermore , under such conditions , natural selection would favour the development of barriers to hybridisation , as individuals that avoided hybrid matings would tend to have more fit offspring , and thus contribute to the reproductive isolation of the two incipient species . This idea came to be known as the Wallace effect . Wallace had suggested to Darwin that natural selection could play a role in preventing hybridisation in private correspondence as early as 1868 , but had not worked it out to this level of detail . It continues to be a topic of research in evolutionary biology today , with both computer simulation and empirical results supporting its validity . = = = Application of theory to humans , and role of teleology in evolution = = = In 1864 , Wallace published a paper , " The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of ' Natural Selection ' " , applying the theory to humankind . Darwin had not yet publicly addressed the subject , although Thomas Huxley had in Evidence as to Man 's Place in Nature . He explained the apparent stability of the human stock by pointing to the vast gap in cranial capacities between humans and the great apes . Unlike some other Darwinists , including Darwin himself , he did not " regard modern primitives as almost filling the gap between man and ape " . He saw the evolution of humans in two stages : achieving a bipedal posture freeing the hands to carry out the dictates of the brain , and the " recognition of the human brain as a totally new factor in the history of life . Wallace was apparently the first evolutionist to recognize clearly that ... with the emergence of that bodily specialization which constitutes the human brain , bodily specialization itself might be said to be outmoded . " For this paper he won Darwin 's praise . Shortly afterwards , Wallace became a spiritualist . At about the same time , he began to maintain that natural selection cannot account for mathematical , artistic , or musical genius , as well as metaphysical musings , and wit and humour . He eventually said that something in " the unseen universe of Spirit " had interceded at least three times in history . The first was the creation of life from inorganic matter . The second was the introduction of consciousness in the higher animals . And the third was the generation of the higher mental faculties in humankind . He also believed that the raison d 'être of the universe was the development of the human spirit . These views greatly disturbed Darwin , who argued that spiritual appeals were not necessary and that sexual selection could easily explain apparently non @-@ adaptive mental phenomena . While some historians have concluded that Wallace 's belief that natural selection was insufficient to explain the development of consciousness and the human mind was directly caused by his adoption of spiritualism , other Wallace scholars have disagreed , and some maintain that Wallace never believed natural selection applied to those areas . Reaction to Wallace 's ideas on this topic among leading naturalists at the time varied . Charles Lyell endorsed Wallace 's views on human evolution rather than Darwin 's . Wallace 's belief that human consciousness could not be entirely a product of purely material causes was shared by a number of prominent intellectuals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . However , many , including Huxley , Hooker , and Darwin himself , were critical of Wallace . As the historian of science Michael Shermer has stated , Wallace 's views in this area were at odds with two major tenets of the emerging Darwinian philosophy , which were that evolution was not teleological ( purpose driven ) and that it was not anthropocentric ( human @-@ centred ) . Much later in his life Wallace returned to these themes , that evolution suggested that the universe might have a purpose and that certain aspects of living organisms might not be explainable in terms of purely materialistic processes , in a 1909 magazine article entitled The World of Life , which he later expanded into a book of the same name ; a work that Shermer said anticipated some ideas about design in nature and directed evolution that would arise from various religious traditions throughout the 20th century . = = = Assessment of Wallace 's role in history of evolutionary theory = = = In many accounts of the development of evolutionary theory , Wallace is mentioned only in passing as simply being the stimulus to the publication of Darwin 's own theory . In reality , Wallace developed his own distinct evolutionary views which diverged from Darwin 's , and was considered by many ( especially Darwin ) to be a leading thinker on evolution in his day , whose ideas could not be ignored . One historian of science has pointed out that , through both private correspondence and published works , Darwin and Wallace exchanged knowledge and stimulated each other 's ideas and theories over an extended period . Wallace is the most @-@ cited naturalist in Darwin 's Descent of Man , often in strong disagreement . Wallace remained an ardent defender of natural selection for the rest of his life . By the 1880s , evolution was widely accepted in scientific circles , but Wallace and August Weismann were nearly alone among prominent biologists in believing that natural selection was the major driving force behind it . In 1889 , Wallace published the book Darwinism as a response to the scientific critics of natural selection . Of all Wallace 's books , it is the most cited by scholarly publications . = = Other scientific contributions = = = = = Biogeography and ecology = = = In 1872 , at the urging of many of his friends , including Darwin , Philip Sclater , and Alfred Newton , Wallace began research for a general review of the geographic distribution of animals . He was unable to make much progress initially , in part because classification systems for many types of animals were in flux at the time . He resumed the work in earnest in 1874 after the publication of a number of new works on classification . Extending the system developed by Sclater for birds — which divided the earth into six separate geographic regions for describing species distribution — to cover mammals , reptiles and insects as well , Wallace created the basis for the zoogeographic regions still in use today . He discussed all of the factors then known to influence the current and past geographic distribution of animals within each geographical region . These included the effects of the appearance and disappearance of land bridges ( such as the one currently connecting North America and South America ) and the effects of periods of increased glaciation . He provided maps that displayed factors , such as elevation of mountains , depths of oceans , and the character of regional vegetation , that affected the distribution of animals . He also summarised all the known families and genera of the higher animals and listed their known geographic distributions . The text was organised so that it would be easy for a traveller to learn what animals could be found in a particular location . The resulting two @-@ volume work , The Geographical Distribution of Animals , was published in 1876 and would serve as the definitive text on zoogeography for the next 80 years . In this book Wallace did not confine himself to the biogeography of living species , but also included evidence from the fossil record to discuss the processes of evolution and migration that had led to the geographical distribution of modern animal species . For example , he discussed how fossil evidence showed that tapirs had originated in the Northern Hemisphere , migrating between North America and Eurasia and then , much more recently , to South America after which the northern species became extinct , leaving the modern distribution of two isolated groups of tapir species in South America and Southeast Asia . Wallace was very aware of , and interested in , the mass extinction of megafauna in the late Pleistocene . In The Geographical Distribution of Animals ( 1876 ) he wrote , " We live in a zoologically impoverished world , from which all the hugest , and fiercest , and strangest forms have recently disappeared " . He added that he believed the most likely cause for the rapid extinctions to have been glaciation , but by the time he wrote World of Life ( 1911 ) he had come to believe those extinctions were " due to man 's agency " . In 1880 , Wallace published the book Island Life as a sequel to The Geographical Distribution of Animals . It surveyed the distribution of both animal and plant species on islands . Wallace classified islands into three different types . Oceanic islands , such as the Galapagos and Hawaiian Islands ( then known as the Sandwich Islands ) formed in mid @-@ ocean and never part of any large continent . Such islands were characterised by a complete lack of terrestrial mammals and amphibians , and their inhabitants ( with the exceptions of migratory birds and species introduced by human activity ) were typically the result of accidental colonisation and subsequent evolution . He divided continental islands into two separate classes depending on whether they had recently been part of a continent ( like Britain ) or much less recently ( like Madagascar ) and discussed how that difference affected the flora and fauna . He talked about how isolation affected evolution and how that could result in the preservation of classes of animals , such as the lemurs of Madagascar that were remnants of once widespread continental faunas . He extensively discussed how changes of climate , particularly periods of increased glaciation , may have affected the distribution of flora and fauna on some islands , and the first portion of the book discusses possible causes of these great ice ages . Island Life was considered a very important work at the time of its publication . It was discussed extensively in scientific circles both in published reviews and in private correspondence . = = = Environmental issues = = = Wallace 's extensive work in biogeography made him aware of the impact of human activities on the natural world . In Tropical Nature and Other Essays ( 1878 ) , he warned about the dangers of deforestation and soil erosion , especially in tropical climates prone to heavy rainfall . Noting the complex interactions between vegetation and climate , he warned that the extensive clearing of rainforest for coffee cultivation in Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and India would adversely impact the climate in those countries and lead to their eventual impoverishment due to soil erosion . In Island Life , Wallace again mentioned deforestation and also the impact of invasive species . On the impact of European colonisation on the island of Saint Helena , he wrote : ... yet the general aspect of the island is now so barren and forbidding that some persons find it difficult to believe that it was once all green and fertile . The cause of this change is , however , very easily explained . The rich soil formed by decomposed volcanic rock and vegetable deposits could only be retained on the steep slopes so long as it was protected by the vegetation to which it in great part owed its origin . When this was destroyed , the heavy tropical rains soon washed away the soil , and has left a vast expanse of bare rock or sterile clay . This irreparable destruction was caused , in the first place , by goats , which were introduced by the Portuguese in 1513 , and increased so rapidly that in 1588 they existed in the thousands . These animals are the greatest of all foes to trees , because they eat off the young seedlings , and thus prevent the natural restoration of the forest . They were , however , aided by the reckless waste of man . The East India Company took possession of the island in 1651 , and about the year 1700 it began to be seen that the forests were fast diminishing , and required some protection . Two of the native trees , redwood and ebony , were good for tanning , and , to save trouble , the bark was wastefully stripped from the trunks only , the remainder being left to rot ; while in 1709 a large quantity of the rapidly disappearing ebony was used to burn lime for building fortifications ! Wallace 's comments on environment grew more strident later in his career . In The World of Life ( 1911 ) he wrote : These considerations should lead us to look upon all the works of nature , animate or inanimate , as invested with a certain sanctity , to be used by us but not abused , and never to be recklessly destroyed or defaced . To pollute a spring or a river , to exterminate a bird or beast , should be treated as moral offences and as social crimes ; ... Yet during the past century , which has seen those great advances in the knowledge of Nature of which we are so proud , there has been no corresponding development of a love or reverence for her works ; so that never before has there been such widespread ravage of the earth 's surface by destruction of native vegetation and with it of much animal life , and such wholesale defacement of the earth by mineral workings and by pouring into our streams and rivers the refuse of manufactories and of cities ; and this has been done by all the greatest nations claiming the first place for civilisation and religion ! = = = Astrobiology = = = Wallace 's 1904 book Man 's Place in the Universe was the first serious attempt by a biologist to evaluate the likelihood of life on other planets . He concluded that the Earth was the only planet in the solar system that could possibly support life , mainly because it was the only one in which water could exist in the liquid phase . More controversially he maintained that it was unlikely that other stars in the galaxy could have planets with the necessary properties ( the existence of other galaxies not having been proved at the time ) . His treatment of Mars in this book was brief , and in 1907 , Wallace returned to the subject with a book Is Mars Habitable ? to criticise the claims made by Percival Lowell that there were Martian canals built by intelligent beings . Wallace did months of research , consulted various experts , and produced his own scientific analysis of the Martian climate and atmospheric conditions . Among other things , Wallace pointed out that spectroscopic analysis had shown no signs of water vapour in the Martian atmosphere , that Lowell 's analysis of Mars 's climate was seriously flawed and badly overestimated the surface temperature , and that low atmospheric pressure would make liquid water , let alone a planet @-@ girding irrigation system , impossible . Richard Milner comments : " It was the brilliant and eccentric evolutionist Alfred Russel Wallace ... who effectively debunked Lowell 's illusionary network of Martian canals . " Wallace originally became interested in the topic because his anthropocentric philosophy inclined him to believe that man would likely be unique in the universe . = = Controversies = = = = = Spiritualism = = = In a letter to his brother @-@ in @-@ law in 1861 , Wallace wrote : ... I remain an utter disbeliever in almost all that you consider the most sacred truths . I will pass over as utterly contemptible the oft @-@ repeated accusation that sceptics shut out evidence because they will not be governed by the morality of Christianity ... I am thankful I can see much to admire in all religions . To the mass of mankind religion of some kind is a necessity . But whether there be a God and whatever be His nature ; whether we have an immortal soul or not , or whatever may be our state after death , I can have no fear of having to suffer for the study of nature and the search for truth , or believe that those will be better off in a future state who have lived in the belief of doctrines inculcated from childhood , and which are to them rather a matter of blind faith than intelligent conviction . Wallace was an enthusiast of phrenology . Early in his career , he experimented with hypnosis , then known as mesmerism . He used some of his students in Leicester as subjects , with considerable success . When he began his experiments with mesmerism , the topic was very controversial and early experimenters , such as John Elliotson , had been harshly criticised by the medical and scientific establishment . Wallace drew a connection between his experiences with mesmerism and his later investigations into spiritualism . In 1893 , he wrote : I thus learnt my first great lesson in the inquiry into these obscure fields of knowledge , never to accept the disbelief of great men or their accusations of imposture or of imbecility , as of any weight when opposed to the repeated observation of facts by other men , admittedly sane and honest . The whole history of science shows us that whenever the educated and scientific men of any age have denied the facts of other investigators on a priori grounds of absurdity or impossibility , the deniers have always been wrong . Wallace began investigating spiritualism in the summer of 1865 , possibly at the urging of his older sister Fanny Sims , who had been involved with it for some time . After reviewing the literature on the topic and attempting to test the phenomena he witnessed at séances , he came to accept that the belief was connected to a natural reality . For the rest of his life , he remained convinced that at least some séance phenomena were genuine , no matter how many accusations of fraud sceptics made or how much evidence of trickery was produced . Historians and biographers have disagreed about which factors most influenced his adoption of spiritualism . It has been suggested by one biographer that the emotional shock he had received a few months earlier , when his first fiancée broke their engagement , contributed to his receptiveness to spiritualism . Other scholars have preferred to emphasise instead Wallace 's desire to find rational and scientific explanations for all phenomena , both material and non @-@ material , of the natural world and of human society . Spiritualism appealed to many educated Victorians who no longer found traditional religious doctrine , such as that of the Church of England , acceptable yet were unsatisfied with the completely materialistic and mechanical view of the world that was increasingly emerging from 19th @-@ century science . However , several scholars who have researched Wallace 's views in depth have emphasised that , for him , spiritualism was a matter of science and philosophy rather than religious belief . Among other prominent 19th @-@ century intellectuals involved with spiritualism were the social reformer Robert Owen , who was one of Wallace 's early idols , the physicists William Crookes and Lord Rayleigh , the mathematician Augustus De Morgan , and the Scottish publisher Robert Chambers . During the 1860s the stage magician John Nevil Maskelyne exposed the trickery of the Davenport brothers . Wallace was unable to accept that he had replicated their feats utilizing natural methods , and stated that Maskelyne possessed supernatural powers . In 1874 , Wallace visited the spirit photographer Frederick Hudson . A photograph of him with his deceased mother was produced and Wallace declared the photograph genuine , declaring " I see no escape from the conclusion that some spiritual being , acquainted with my mother 's various aspects during life , produced these recognisable impressions on the plate . " However , Hudson 's photographs had previously been exposed as fraudulent in 1872 . Wallace 's very public advocacy of spiritualism and his repeated defence of spiritualist mediums against allegations of fraud in the 1870s damaged his scientific reputation . It strained his relationships with previously friendly scientists such as Henry Bates , Thomas Huxley , and even Darwin , who felt he was overly credulous . Others , such as the physiologist William Benjamin Carpenter and zoologist E. Ray Lankester became openly and publicly hostile to Wallace over the issue . Wallace and other scientists who defended spiritualism , notably William Crookes , were subject to much criticism from the press , with The Lancet as the leading English medical journal of the time being particularly harsh . The controversy affected the public perception of Wallace 's work for the rest of his career . When , in 1879 , Darwin first tried to rally support among naturalists to get a civil pension awarded to Wallace , Joseph Hooker responded : Wallace has lost caste considerably , not only by his adhesion to Spiritualism , but by the fact of his having deliberately and against the whole voice of the committee of his section of the British Association , brought about a discussion on Spiritualism at one of its sectional meetings ... This he is said to have done in an underhanded manner , and I well remember the indignation it gave rise to in the B.A. Council . Hooker eventually relented and agreed to support the pension request . = = = Flat Earth wager = = = In 1870 , a Flat @-@ Earth proponent named John Hampden offered a £ 500 wager ( equivalent to about £ 43000 in present @-@ day terms ) in a magazine advertisement to anyone who could demonstrate a convex curvature in a body of water such as a river , canal , or lake . Wallace , intrigued by the challenge and short of money at the time , designed an experiment in which he set up two objects along a six @-@ mile ( 10 km ) stretch of canal . Both objects were at the same height above the water , and he mounted a telescope on a bridge at the same height above the water as well . When seen through the telescope , one object appeared higher than the other , showing the curvature of the earth . The judge for the wager , the editor of Field magazine , declared Wallace the winner , but Hampden refused to accept the result . He sued Wallace and launched a campaign , which persisted for several years , of writing letters to various publications and to organisations of which Wallace was a member denouncing him as a swindler and a thief . Wallace won multiple libel suits against Hampden , but the resulting litigation cost Wallace more than the amount of the wager and the controversy frustrated him for years . = = = Anti @-@ vaccination campaign = = = In the early 1880s , Wallace was drawn into the debate over mandatory smallpox vaccination . Wallace originally saw the issue as a matter of personal liberty ; but , after studying some of the statistics provided by anti @-@ vaccination activists , he began to question the efficacy of vaccination . At the time , the germ theory of disease was very new and far from universally accepted . Moreover , no one knew enough about the human immune system to understand why vaccination worked . When Wallace did some research , he discovered instances where supporters of vaccination had used questionable , in a few cases completely phony , statistics to support their arguments . Always suspicious of authority , Wallace suspected that physicians had a vested interest in promoting vaccination , and became convinced that reductions in the incidence of smallpox that had been attributed to vaccination were , in fact , due to better hygiene and improvements in public sanitation . Another factor in Wallace 's thinking was his belief that , because of the action of natural selection , organisms were in a state of balance with their environment , and that everything in nature , even disease @-@ causing organisms , served a useful purpose in the natural order of things ; he feared vaccination might upset that natural balance with unfortunate results . Wallace and other anti @-@ vaccinationists pointed out that vaccination , which at the time was often done in a sloppy and unsanitary manner , could be dangerous . In 1890 , Wallace gave evidence before a Royal Commission investigating the controversy . When the commission examined the material he had submitted to support his testimony , they found errors , including some questionable statistics . The Lancet averred that Wallace and the other anti @-@ vaccination activists were being selective in their choice of statistics , ignoring large quantities of data inconsistent with their position . The commission found that smallpox vaccination was effective and should remain compulsory , though they did recommend some changes in procedures to improve safety , and that the penalties for people who refused to comply be made less severe . Years later , in 1898 , Wallace wrote a pamphlet , Vaccination a Delusion ; Its Penal Enforcement a Crime , attacking the commission 's findings . It , in turn , was attacked by The Lancet , which stated that it contained many of the same errors as his evidence given to the commission . = = Legacy and historical perception = = As a result of his writing , at the time of his death Wallace had been for many years a well @-@ known figure both as a scientist and as a social activist . He was often sought out by journalists and others for his views on a variety of topics . He received honorary doctorates and a number of professional honours , such the Royal Society 's Royal Medal and Darwin Medal in 1868 and 1890 respectively , and the Order of Merit in 1908 . Above all , his role as the co @-@ discoverer of natural selection and his work on zoogeography marked him out as an exceptional figure . He was undoubtedly one of the greatest natural history explorers of the 19th century . Despite this , his fame faded quickly after his death . For a long time , he was treated as a relatively obscure figure in the history of science . A number of reasons have been suggested for this lack of attention , including his modesty , his willingness to champion unpopular causes without regard for his own reputation , and the discomfort of much of the scientific community with some of his unconventional ideas . Recently , he has become a less obscure figure with the publication of several book @-@ length biographies on him , as well as anthologies of his writings . In 2007 a literary critic for New Yorker magazine observed that five such biographies and two such anthologies had been published since 2000 . There has also been a web page created that is dedicated to Wallace scholarship . In a 2010 book , the environmentalist Tim Flannery claimed that Wallace was ' the first modern scientist to comprehend how essential cooperation is to our survival , ' and suggested that Wallace 's understanding of natural selection and his later work on the atmosphere be seen as a forerunner to modern ecological thinking . The Natural History Museum , London , co @-@ ordinated commemorative events for the Wallace centenary worldwide in the ' Wallace100 ' project in 2013 . On 24 January , his portrait was unveiled in the Main Hall of the museum by Bill Bailey , a fervent admirer . On the BBC Two programme " Bill Bailey 's Jungle Hero " , first broadcast on 21 April 2013 , Bailey revealed how Wallace cracked evolution by revisiting places where Wallace discovered exotic species . Episode one featured orangutans and flying frogs in Bailey 's journey through Borneo . Episode two featured birds of paradise . On 7 November 2013 , the 100th anniversary of Wallace 's death , Sir David Attenborough unveiled a statue of Wallace at the museum . The statue was donated by the A. R. Wallace Memorial Fund , and was sculpted by Anthony Smith . It depicts Wallace as a young man , collecting in the jungle . November 2013 also marked the debut of The Animated Life of A. R. Wallace , a paper @-@ puppet animation film dedicated to Wallace 's centennial . = = Awards , honours , and memorials = = Served as president of the anthropology section of the British Association in 1866 . Became president of the Entomological Society of London in 1870 . Elected head of the biology section of the British Association in 1876 . Elected to the Royal Society in 1893 . Asked to chair the International Congress of Spiritualists ( meeting in London ) in 1898 . In 1928 , a house at Richard Hale School ( then called Hertford Grammar School ) was named after Wallace . Wallace attended Richard Hale as a student from 1828 to 1836 . Lecture theatres at Swansea and Cardiff universities are named after Wallace , and a building at the University of South Wales . Craters on Mars and the Moon are named after him . In 1986 the Royal Entomological Society of London mounted a year @-@ long expedition to the Dumoga @-@ Bone National Park in North Sulawesi named Project Wallace . A group of Indonesian islands is known as the Wallacea biogeographical region in Wallace 's honour , and Operation Wallacea , named after the region , awards " Alfred Russel Wallace Grants " to undergraduate ecology students . = = Writings by Wallace = = Wallace was a prolific author . In 2002 , a historian of science published a quantitative analysis of Wallace 's publications . He found that Wallace had published 22 full @-@ length books and at least 747 shorter pieces , 508 of which were scientific papers ( 191 of them published in Nature ) . He further broke down the 747 short pieces by their primary subjects as follows . 29 % were on biogeography and natural history , 27 % were on evolutionary theory , 25 % were social commentary , 12 % were on Anthropology , and 7 % were on spiritualism and phrenology . An online bibliography of Wallace 's writings has more than 750 entries . = = = Selected books = = = Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1853 ) . Palm trees of the Amazon and their uses . ( Biodiversity Heritage Library ) . London . Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1869 ) . The Malay Archipelago . Harper . Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1870 ) . Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection ( Google Books ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Macmillan and Company . Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1876 ) . The Geographical Distribution of Animals ( Google Books ) . Harper and brothers . Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1878 ) . Tropical Nature , and Other Essays ( Google Books ) . Macmillan . Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1881 ) . Island Life . Harper and brothers . Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1889 ) . Darwinism : An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection , with Some of Its Applications . Macmillan . Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1889 ) . Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro ( Google Books ) ( 1889 ed . ) . Ward , Lock . Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1904 ) . Man 's Place in the Universe ( Gutenberg ) . Chapman & Hall . Wallace , Alfred Russel ( 1905 ) . My Life ( Google Books ) . Chapman & Hall . = = = Selected papers = = = 1853 : On the Monkeys of the Amazon . Speculates on the effect of rivers and other geographical barriers on the distribution of closely allied species . 1855 : On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species . Wallace 's thoughts on the laws governing the geographic distribution of closely allied species , including the Sarawak Law , and the implications of those laws for the transmutation of species . 1857 : On the Natural History of the Aru Islands . First methodical biogeographic study . 1858 : On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type . Paper on natural selection sent by Wallace to Darwin . 1859 : On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago . Contains first description of the Wallace Line . 1863 : Remarks on the Rev. S. Haughton 's Paper on the Bee 's Cell , And on the Origin of Species . Wallace 's defence of the Origin on the topic of evolution of the hexagonal bee cell . 1863 : On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago . Paper on the geography and possible geographic history of Indonesia with concluding remarks on importance of biogeography and biodiversity that are frequently cited in modern conservation circles . 1864 : On the phenomena of variation and geographical distribution as illustrated by the Papilionidae of the Malayan region . Monograph on Indonesian butterfly family with discussion of different kinds of variability including individual variation , polymorphic forms , geographical races , variation influenced by local conditions , and closely allied species . 1891 : English and American Flowers . Contains speculation on how glaciation may have affected distribution of mountain flora in North America and Eurasia . A more comprehensive list of Wallace 's publications that are available online , as well as a full bibliography of all of Wallace 's writings , has been compiled by the historian Charles H. Smith at the The Alfred Russel Wallace Page . = = Bird specimens collected by Wallace = =
= Cordelia Chase = Cordelia Chase is a fictional character created by Joss Whedon for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ; she also appeared on Buffy 's spin @-@ off series , Angel . Portrayed by Charisma Carpenter , the character appears as a series regular in the first three seasons of Buffy , before exiting the show and becoming a series regular during the first four seasons of Angel . The character made her last television appearance in 2004 , appearing as a special guest star in Angel 's one hundredth episode . Cordelia also appears in both canonical and apocryphal Buffy and Angel material such as comic books and novels . Cordelia is introduced in " Welcome to the Hellmouth " as one of Sunnydale High 's popular cheerleaders , attending school alongside vampire slayer Buffy Summers . Through her interactions with Buffy and her friends , she comes to accept the existence of supernatural forces and helps Buffy fight against them . In the television series Angel , Cordelia joins Angel , a heroic vampire with a soul , in forming a detective agency dedicated to stopping supernatural forces and helping the helpless . After Cordelia acquires the ability to see visions of those in need , she becomes a more compassionate and heroic character . In the middle of the third season , she becomes a love interest of the protagonist Angel . In the fourth season of Angel , she appears to take on a villainous role before it is revealed that she is possessed by a malevolent deity ; this storyline eventually leads to her death and subsequent exit from the series . The character makes further canonical appearances in the comic books Buffy Season Eight and Angel : After the Fall , in a dream flashback and as a spirit guide . Created as a foil for Buffy 's titular heroine , Cordelia was initially characterized as " shallow " , " vain " and " self @-@ centered " , and was used in the series to create conflict for the other characters . The character went through changes as she gradually redeemed herself throughout the course of Buffy and Angel , and has received attention in academic texts related to gender studies and social status . = = Appearances = = = = = Television = = = Cordelia Chase first appears in the premiere episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , titled " Welcome to the Hellmouth " . Introduced as a potential friend for Sunnydale High 's newest student , Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) , Cordelia reveals her true colors by cruelly mocking Willow ( Alyson Hannigan ) , whom Buffy befriends instead . Ignorant of the supernatural , Cordelia shows up regularly throughout the first season of Buffy to insult and ridicule the other characters . She plays a larger role in the episode " Out of Mind , Out of Sight " , in which she falls victim to a social outcast who wants revenge on popular students for ignoring her so much that she turned invisible . In the season finale , Cordelia helps Buffy and her friends battle vampires , finally coming to terms with the existence of supernatural forces . In season two , Cordelia becomes a more active ally to the " Scooby Gang " and begins a romantic relationship with Xander Harris ( Nicholas Brendon ) . In " Bewitched , Bothered and Bewildered " , dating someone of Xander 's social status causes Cordelia 's ostracism from her popular peers and she reluctantly breaks up with him . However , when Xander performs a love spell to pay her back for hurting him , Cordelia realises how much he cares about her and takes him back , rejecting her superficial friends in the process . In season three 's " Lovers Walk " , Cordelia is heartbroken to see Xander kissing Willow and ends their relationship . By the season three episode " The Wish " , Cordelia slips back into her antagonistic persona from the first season , disassociating herself from the Scooby Gang altogether . In the episode " The Prom " , she reveals that her family 's wealth has been seized for tax fraud . Cordelia later attempts an unsuccessful relationship with Wesley ( Alexis Denisof ) and makes peace with Xander at the prom . In the season three finale , she rallies alongside Buffy and her friends at graduation against the demonic Mayor of Sunnydale ( Harry Groener ) , where Cordelia slays her first vampire . After three seasons on Buffy , Cordelia moved over to star in Angel , a spin @-@ off series focusing on Buffy 's vampire ex @-@ lover Angel ( David Boreanaz ) . The first season of Angel sees Cordelia move to Los Angeles , in the hopes of escaping her new @-@ found poverty by becoming an actress . After Angel saves her life in the series pilot , Cordelia helps him found the supernatural detective agency Angel Investigations , working in an administrative position . She also becomes close to half @-@ demon co @-@ worker Doyle ( Glenn Quinn ) , but their budding romance is ended by his death nine episodes into the series . Before dying in the episode " Hero " , Doyle passes his ability to see people in distress over to Cordelia when he kisses her . Although she initially views the visions as a curse , in the season one finale , a demon causes Cordelia 's visions to overwhelm her — causing her to experience worldwide pain — and upon her recovery she vows to help those in need . In season two 's " Reunion " , Cordelia and the other staff at Angel Investigations are fired by Angel , who is becoming increasingly obsessed with bringing down the evil law firm Wolfram & Hart . Cordelia joins Wesley and Charles Gunn ( J. August Richards ) in re @-@ forming the agency on their own . Angel and Cordelia eventually reconcile in the episode " Epiphany " . As her acting career continues to flounder , Cordelia is sucked into and made princess of a medieval hell dimension called Pylea in the season two episode " Over the Rainbow " . When presented with the opportunity to pass her visions over to a champion named the Groosalugg ( Mark Lutz ) , Cordelia refuses and returns to L.A. with her friends in the season two finale . In season three 's " Birthday " , Cordelia learns from the demon Skip ( David Denman ) that her visions are slowly killing her because human beings are not strong enough to control them . To save her life , Cordelia accepts Skip 's offer to alter history so that she never met Angel in L.A. , instead landing her big break as an actress . However , even in this alternate timeline , Cordelia feels compelled to help others and eventually crosses paths with Angel again , who received the visions in her place and is now insane . Unable to let her friend suffer , Cordelia has Skip return the timeline to normal , and agrees to become half @-@ demon , with new powers , in order to harbor the visions safely . This season also sees Angel become a father , with Cordelia stepping in to mother the infant Connor until he is kidnapped into a hell dimension in the episode " Sleep Tight " , only to emerge as a disturbed teenager ( Vincent Kartheiser ) in " The Price " . In the episode " Waiting in the Wings " , Angel realizes he has romantic feelings for Cordelia , but is prevented from voicing them by the return of Groosalugg . Cordelia dates Groosalugg for the remainder of the season , but Groo notices she loves Angel instead and decides to leave . In the season finale , Cordelia arranges to meet Angel to confess her feelings , but is prevented from doing so by Skip , who informs her that she has become a higher being . Cordelia accepts her duty , and leaves Earth for another dimension . In season four , Cordelia feels trapped in her position as a higher being , and so in the episode " The House Always Wins " she returns to Earth in an amnesiac state . In " Spin the Bottle " , her memories are returned via a spell , along with a vision of a mysterious Beast ( Vladimir Kulich ) . Afterward , she admits to Angel the feelings she once had for him . As L.A. succumbs to the apocalypse in season four 's " Apocalypse , Nowish " , Cordelia begins to behave out @-@ of @-@ character ; she seduces Connor , murders Lilah ( Stephanie Romanov ) in the episode " Calvary " , commands the Beast in " Salvage " , and magically battles former friend Willow to keep Angel from his soul in the episode " Orpheus " . In season four 's " Players " , the team realize that the now pregnant Cordelia is possessed , so Cordelia takes the unstable Connor on the run with her so they may give birth to their supernatural offspring , Jasmine ( Gina Torres ) . In " Inside Out " , Skip explains that Jasmine is his master , and a higher being who possessed Cordelia before her returning to Earth , manipulating events to be born in a new body of her own . Cordelia falls into a post @-@ natal coma for the remainder of season four . Following an eleven @-@ episode absence , Cordelia returns to Angel in season five , in the 100th episode " You 're Welcome " . Having apparently awoken from her coma , Cordelia reunites with Angel Investigations , who she discovers have taken over Wolfram & Hart since their defeat of Jasmine . She chastises Angel for accepting W & H 's " deal with the devil " , and reminds him of his true mission and higher calling . Together , they face and defeat their old enemy Lindsey McDonald ( Christian Kane ) , who had been impersonating Doyle in an attempt to destroy Angel . In the episode 's closing moments , Cordelia reiterates to Angel that she loves him and kisses him , shortly before he receives a phone call reporting that Cordelia died that morning . When Angel turns around , Cordelia is gone . It is later revealed that this encounter — the Powers That Be repaying their debt to Cordelia — allowed Cordelia to pass one last vision over to Angel , giving him the knowledge he needs to bring down the Circle of the Black Thorn . Between 2001 and 2004 , Joss Whedon and Jeph Loeb developed a 4 @-@ minute pilot episode for Buffy the Animated Series , which was set during the show 's first season . Had the series been picked up by a network , it would have featured Cordelia ( voiced by Charisma Carpenter ) in more high @-@ school adventures . Following a 2008 leak of the pilot to YouTube , Loeb expressed some hope that the series may be resurrected in some form . = = = Literature = = = Cordelia also appears in comic books and novels based on the Buffy and Angel television series . The Cordelia Collection , Vol . 1 by Nancy Krulik is a novelization of the Buffy episodes " Out of Mind , Out of Sight " , " Some Assembly Required " and " Homecoming " . These episodes tell specific incidents in which Cordelia becomes targeted : by a scorned classmate , to become a zombie 's bride and by hunters in a case of mistaken identity . She appears in numerous Angel novels as a member of Angel Investigations , but some feature Cordelia more prominently ; in Not Forgotten she uncovers exploitation of child immigrants , while in Haunted she appears as a contestant on a supernatural @-@ themed reality television show when she has a vision about another applicant . Cordelia appears in the majority of Angel comics , published by Dark Horse Comics during 2000 – 2002 and set between episodes of the television series . She appears less frequently in those by IDW Publishing between 2005 and 2011 , mainly in stories set in and after the fifth season . Cordelia typically plays a minimal role in the Dark Horse Angel comics . However , issue seventeen was a " Cordelia Special " , in which demonic items are stashed in Cordelia 's apartment . In the Dark Horse Presents story " Lovely dark and deep " , Cordelia lands a role as the star of a demonic movie . Cordelia appears in the IDW Publishing comic mini @-@ series Angel : The Curse , set after season five , in flashback scenes . She subsequently reappears in the mini @-@ series Angel : Old Friends , which sees Angel battle evil clones of his friends . Cordelia claims to be the genuine article , having returned from the dead , but Angel is unconvinced and kills her ; his suspicions prove correct when her body immediately disintegrates like the other clones . Angel : After the Fall , a canonical comic book continuation of the television series plotted by Joss Whedon and written by Brian Lynch , features the characters of Angel and all of Los Angeles condemned to Hell after the events of the series finale " Not Fade Away " . Cordelia does not appear until the twelfth issue , in which she acts as a guide to Angel in his dying moments ; it is revealed she serves in some capacity as a higher power now . The character departs in issue thirteen . Cordelia also appears in a dream sequence within the twentieth issue of Buffy 's canonical continuation , Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight , titled " After These Messages ... We 'll Be Right Back ! " . Buffy dreams of when she was in her first year at Sunnydale High ; Cordelia 's physical appearance is based on the art style of Loeb and Whedon 's unproduced Buffy animated series . = = Conception and casting = = Cordelia was originally intended to serve as a dramatic foil to the series ' main character Buffy Summers . Adapting the concept of the movie into a television series , Whedon decided to reinvent the character of Buffy . The shallow cheerleader of the 1992 Buffy film , as played by Kristy Swanson , had grown more mature and open @-@ minded . Buffy now identified with the social outcasts , such as Willow and Xander . As a result , Cordelia Chase was created to embody the traits of that shallower Buffy . Despite portraying a shallow , valley girl stock character , actress Charisma Carpenter felt that Cordelia in early seasons was not " one @-@ dimensional " , nor was she " as superficial as people thought " . At the same time , Carpenter was critical of her frequent role as the damsel in distress . Angel co @-@ creator and executive producer David Greenwalt describes Cordelia in her Buffy years as " a somewhat shallow , somewhat vain , somewhat self @-@ centered but [ a ] lively and honest character who spoke her mind " . Indeed , even not when superhuman , she showed a lot of hardiness . Charisma Carpenter had originally planned to read for the role of Buffy , but was late for her audition and instead tried out for Cordelia . Carpenter , who had dressed casually for the role of Buffy — who she believed " could really be herself " — felt unprepared to read for Cordelia because she " was definitely a character to dress for " . Although she had only fifteen minutes to prepare for the character , the producers were " really responsive " to Carpenter 's audition , and she left feeling confident she had got the part . After Carpenter 's audition , actress Sarah Michelle Gellar , who had been offered the role of Cordelia before Carpenter , was asked to come back and audition for the part of Buffy . Bianca Lawson originally won the role of Cordelia Chase , but turned it down due to other contractual obligations . Lawson would later be cast as vampire slayer Kendra in the show 's second season . Carpenter , proud of her own character 's growth across the two series , did not envy Gellar for winning the role of Buffy over her . = = Characterization = = = = = Characteristics and analysis = = = Cordelia 's representation of an assertive modern woman and her character arc in Buffy has been commented on in several academic texts , particularly in gender studies , such as " Praising Cordelia : Aggression and Adaptation Among Adolescent Girls " , or Sex and the Slayer . In the latter , Dr. Lorna Jowett of the University of Northampton describes Cordelia 's initial place in the series where " At first glance , Cordelia seems to have the ' normal life ' Buffy often longs for . She is a familiar character from the teen drama : popular , a cheerleader , the center of cliques ( power as status ) . Furthermore , Cordelia 's exceptionalism is based on ' real ' material privilege rather than supernatural power . She represents in more exaggerated form the unnamed white middle @-@ class heterosexual qualities ( read privilege ) of the other characters ( to the point that it becomes visible ) . " Elizabeth Rambo notes how Cordelia 's status is highlighted by her nickname , " Queen C " , and Harmony 's remark to her , " Cordy , you reign . " Cordelia functions recognizably as the typical female victim of horror , often screaming and running away , and this makes her a perfect contrast for other female characters . " " Praising Cordelia " argues that both Buffy and Cordelia are representations of assertive and competitive young women , who " represent two kinds of aggressive adolescent girls " . The article focuses on the competitive relationship between the characters . Buffy 's initial friendship with Cordelia is compromised once Cordelia sees the attractive , socially competent Buffy as a threat to her . Even after Cordelia joins the Scooby Gang and becomes Buffy 's friend , theirs is not a friendship of " mutual support , warmth and intimacy " but rather one of " mutual antipathy " . The authors opine that Cordelia , unlike Buffy , is a " representation of the archetypal ' feminine type ' " , one who conforms to the " pervasive stereotypes of femininity while , at the same time , dominating the other girls in the school " and commanding the attention of the boys . Describing her character arc in Buffy , Mary Alice Money views Cordelia as one of many transformed or redeemed Buffy characters , one who " reveals a previously unexpected vulnerability that nullifies some of their less attractive traits . " Jowett argues that Cordelia 's assimilation within the main group is due largely to her relationship with main character Xander , and she is rendered sympathetic to the audience once they witness her rebuff the peer pressure from her old friends . She is further endeared to the viewer when Xander betrays her , because the scenes showing her pain are shown only to the viewer . After Cordelia is cheated on by Xander with Willow she chooses not to go back to him , and instead retains her autonomy . Others such as Susanne Kord and Elisabeth Krimer note how Cordelia is also a subversive representation of feminine stereotypes , describing " Although superficially , Cordelia conforms to the stereotype of the insensitive bitch " , what she actually does is " offers her viewers the clandestine pleasures of female self @-@ assertion " . One of Cordelia 's strongest traits , her honesty , is also highlighted in " Earshot " , where Buffy temporarily develops telepathic powers and can hear the thoughts of her friends , who avoid her to hide these thoughts . For Cordelia however , " her thought processes and actual utterances are completely identical " and because of this she embodies an " antithesis of female self @-@ sacrifice " in these years but also " the opposite of the kind of hypocrisy that is typically attributed to women " . Writer Jennifer Crusie interprets this as Cordelia 's " lack of depth " becoming " her strength " . She does not mean to argue that Cordelia is stupid however , pointing out " Cordy 's solipsism could easily be mistaken for stupidity , but it comes coupled with a keen intelligence and a fixity of purpose that makes her almost invincible . " Jowett feels Cordelia 's confidence is based in her wealth . Despite becoming more sympathetic as the series progressed , " bitchiness enhances Cordelia 's comic appeal " , as it offers viewers an opportunity to relish its honest truth @-@ telling . = = = Development = = = In early seasons of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Cordelia was often used both as comic relief and occasionally for the damsel in distress plot device , which would require series ' heroine Buffy to save her . Any concerns that she was simply one @-@ dimensional were alleviated for the actress when writers developed the character through her relationships with Xander and later Wesley , which led Carpenter to become more convinced of her potential . In an article about the psychology of characters in Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Steven C. Schlozman writes about how " Cordelia is wealthy and , at first glance , superficial , appearing to care most about her own popularity . However , as the show progresses , we learn that her mother suffers from chronic fatigue syndrome and her father was prosecuted for income tax evasion . She is a reluctant participant , baffled at her own loyal feelings and bewildered at her attraction to the unpopular Xander . " He goes on to describe how Cordelia , and " all the characters of Buffy the Vampire Slayer are particularly compelling for their depictions of important adolescent themes . " Discussing Cordelia 's relationship with Xander , Carpenter says , " A lot of Cordy 's conflict , and a lot of who she is , comes out around Xander . Because she is in love with him in spite of herself , or in spite of him . I have my best moments with [ Nicholas Brendon ] . " However , her character 's growing involvement with Buffy and her friends caused the actress some concern ; " I wasn 't sure how I felt about it , because I didn 't want to lose my edge . I didn 't want her to be nice ; I didn 't want her to change because that 's who she is . " Carpenter 's challenge was to find a balance between the good and bad sides of Cordelia , and she explains , " That 's why I enjoy playing her so much . She 's got to be somewhat tolerable or why would they hang out with her ? But I [ try ] not to lose her edge , her honesty . " Carpenter claims that Cordelia 's " rough edges " made for difficult experiences with fans , who expected her to be snobby like her character . Charisma continually pleaded to get to slay a vampire , which the writers let her do in her final Buffy appearance , " Graduation Day , Part Two " . Over the course of her appearances in Angel , Cordelia would develop enormously as a character . Describing this evolution , Carpenter comments , " When I first started playing Cordelia , she wasn 't nice . She has really deepened and has a stronger sense of responsibility . She 's a team player , which was not the case in the beginning . " Carpenter cherishes what playing a multi @-@ faceted character like Cordelia meant for her as an actress , describing The road Cordelia has travelled , the journey she has taken up to now has been such a joy to play as an actress , because there have been so many chances to do so many different emotions . Heroic , vulnerable , just angry , possessed , funny – I get to be all those different things rolled into one . Getting this role , in hindsight ... God I made a good decision , or they did . Cultural critic Jennifer Crusie points out how Cordelia was initially perfect for the transition to " selfish , superficial Los Angeles " , which turned out to be her " trial by fire " . Executive producer David Greenwalt was very keen to acquire the character of Cordelia for the spin @-@ off series , commenting , " I desperately wanted her to come to Angel because Angel being dark and broody , we need a big bright smile . " At the same time , Whedon felt her presence was sorely missed in the fourth season of Buffy where " All of our characters got to the point where they were loving and hugging , and it was sort of like , where 's Cordelia ? " , leading him to introduce Spike ( James Marsters ) to the cast to accommodate her absence . Kelly A. Manners describes Cordelia as a " rich gal whose family ended up losing everything to the IRS . So in episode one of Angel , Cordelia showed up in LA trying to start a career as an actress because her family was in jail , actually . " Crusie states that in mourning for Doyle Cordelia also begins " finding within herself a new level of humanity " . Greenwalt discusses how Cordelia " is sort of forced to become a deeper character " when she starts to receive the visions of the suffering and helpless , " She 's sort of living with one foot in the world of ' I want to be an actress ' and with another foot in the world of ' I want to save and help people , and I have a deeper purpose and mission . ' " Greenwalt felt that this development allowed Cordelia to develop from a " vainglorious high schooler to someone who 's almost like a superhero " ; this also provided Carpenter with the opportunity to stretch her potential as an actress . From the tenth episode , " Parting Gifts " , Cordelia begins to actively function as a supernatural character in the series while the introduction of Wesley also contributes some added comic relief to the series . It is from this episode Cordelia is also forced to mature as she mourns the death of Doyle , whose visions serve as a painful reminder of him . The first season finale saw Cordelia 's visions inflict all the suffering of the human world upon her , and to effectively act this , Carpenter 's acting coach showed her pictures of real human pain as motivation . The scene took over eight hours to film , and Carpenter was relieved when it was over . The experience saw Cordelia further resolve to help those in need , stating " I saw the world and there 's so much pain . We have to help them . " Carpenter explains , " Through the suffering of the world , and through her own experiences , she discovers what 's important in life . " Carpenter pleaded to the producers to let her cut her hair in the second season of Angel , but they were dissatisfied with the darker tone and cut which created a " dark edge of Cordelia " which wasn 't as " warm and effervescent as she usually is " , so for the third season they wanted her to " go shorter and blonder " . Angel 's third season demonstrates Cordelia 's development into a fully @-@ fledged heroine . The episode " Birthday " saw her being offered the chance to live a life where she never met Angel , but her inner desire to help others sees her sacrifice this life and her humanity to become a half @-@ demon who can better withstand the visions she carries . In " Billy " , Cordelia begins to train alongside Angel to become a better fighter and learns quickly . Carpenter began to train extensively with the show 's stunt co @-@ ordinators both to learn how to fight and to handle weaponry . In the episode " Waiting in the Wings " , both Angel and Lorne remark on what a fine woman Cordelia has finally become , with Cordelia noting she is more like a superhero than she ever expected to be growing up in Sunnydale . Also in this episode , she and Angel both realize they have fallen for one another , but their love goes unconsummated . Critically , Jennifer Crusie considers Cordelia 's ascension to the heavens at the end of season three to be the " point that the Mutant Enemy Productions writers evidently lost their minds " . She goes on to describe how Cordelia 's compliance with Skip seems entirely out of character . Jes Battis also argues that a paradox is created when " the character who embraces her privilege ( Cordelia ) gets to become a higher being and exit Angel , and as an overwhelmingly positive force " where later Fred ( Amy Acker ) , " the character who is conflicted about her privilege " in season five " ends up being possessed by a millennia @-@ old demon " . Angel season four played with audience 's expectations of the now heroic Cordelia by revealing her to be the season 's Big Bad ; it was later established that Cordelia had been possessed by a manipulative deity called Jasmine . The storyline was controversial with fans , and Carpenter has admitted hating how a possessed Cordelia seduced Angel 's teenage son . Carpenter has said , " I 'm in denial about that whole storyline . It was creepy . " However , director Terrence O 'Hara comments that Carpenter had " a lot of fun " with playing a manipulative Cordelia in the episode " Orpheus " because she enjoyed coming up with Cordelia 's new " schizophrenic madwoman " characterization . The episode " Inside Out " saw the height of this inversion of Cordelia 's character , where she is seen urging Connor to murder an innocent girl in order to expedite the birth of the child they conceived together . In an effort to stop Connor , the Powers That Be send the spirit of Connor 's mother Darla ( Julie Benz ) to convince him not to go through with it . The episode sees Carpenter dressed in black , while Benz appears in heavenly white as she becomes the voice of reason and morality . Steven S. DeKnight , who wrote and directed the episode , felt this was a brilliant role @-@ reversal for both actresses as Carpenter is accustomed to playing the benevolent Cordelia where Darla is normally seen as a sinister vampire . Much of season four 's storyline had to be adjusted due to Carpenter 's real @-@ life pregnancy ; after Cordelia gives birth to Jasmine in the episode " Inside Out " she is left in a coma for the remainder of the fourth season . Crusie discusses what she felt were the flaws in the execution of the fourth season , It 's that she betrays the man she trusts above all others and who trusts her absolutely ; it 's that she seduces a boy she once diapered ; it 's that she dresses like a drag queen and talks like a Dynasty reject . It 's that she 's not Cordy , and what might have been fun to watch had we been let into the secret before the Beastmaster seduced Connor becomes the extended rape and death of a much @-@ beloved character . Matt Hills and Rebecca Williams also discuss the treatment of Cordelia ( and Darla ) in " Angel 's Monstrous Mothers and Vampires with Soul : Investigating the Abject in ' Television Horror ' " , from Reading Angel : The TV Spin @-@ off With a Soul by Stacey Abbot . They see the send @-@ offs of Cordelia , Fred and other characters as part of a pattern of highly gendered " elaborated abjection " seen in Angel . They also see Cordelia 's possession in season four as part of a recurring pattern : " More so than other characters in [ Buffy ] and Angel , Cordelia has suffered or been threatened with bodily invasion and rape , either symbolically or literally " and recounts the demon impregnation in " Expecting " , and similarly in " Epiphany " , where she develops a gestating demon in her head and then told she must mate with the Groosalugg in " Through the Looking Glass " . Cordelia even remarks on this , as Hills and Williams quote her as she remarks on her " status as a violated and devalued character " ; Cordelia states , " If you ever figure out how to get us out of here , I want you to find me a dimension where some demon doesn 't want to impregnate me with his spawn ! " They liken the horror motif in these examples , and in " Inside Out " , to what Barbara Creed called the ' monstrous womb ' in her book The Monstrous @-@ feminine : Film , Feminism , Psychoanalysis . Jes Battis also comments how , in comparison with the Fred @-@ Illyria season five storyline , Cordelia 's storyline is not as positive as Fred 's rebirth , because Fred got to " ' live on ' through Illyria , whereas Cordelia is taken right out of the show and receives no interesting blue @-@ haired reincarnation " . Continuing , they say that in fact , there is no meaningful connection between the " real " Cordelia and Jasmine , as the Cordelia who did those bad things is killed the moment Jasmine is , " and the ' true ' Cordy wakes up from her coma " . Further illustrating the comparisons , " Fred / Illyria become a joined mother / daughter subjectivity , a dual being whose constituent essences are inseparable ; Cordelia is never so intimately connected with her evil child and is remembered as the healthy , vibrant Cordy that everyone knew . " Pointing out symbolic parallels in the subtexts of these gestations , Battis notes Cordelia , a vocal advocate of her own privilege , creates a fully formed supernatural being , Jasmine , who attempts ( shockingly ) to control the world . Fred , on the other hand , who internalizes her own privilege and cannot express it except in terms of insecurity and awkwardness , has her body devoured from the inside by the demon Illyria . For Angel 's fifth season , as with Buffy 's fourth , Spike steps in to replace Cordelia as a source of comedic dialogue within the series . It is also noted by critics that , in the fifth season , " it doesn 't take long for Illyria to become a version of Cordelia , giving everyone the cold and honest truth whether they want it or not " . Concerning Cordelia 's last appearance in Angel 's fifth and final season , Joss Whedon says he used the 100th episode to reinforce the " mission statement " of the show , as well as assess where the characters are now compared to how they began . Whedon explains this episode presents an ideal opportunity to — through Cordelia , who was " there at the beginning " — ask of Angel , " Where are you now ? Where were you when you started and where are you now and how do you feel about that ? " The return to the show 's " original concerns " is echoed by the flashback to Doyle 's first season advertisement ; Sara Upstone points out aerial images of Los Angeles reappear at the same time Cordelia tells Angel " You forgot who you are , " bringing back the show 's link to the city . Buffy Summers was originally intended to appear in the 100th episode to get Angel ' back on track ' , but Sarah Michelle Gellar had other obligations . Writer / director David Fury explains that since " we couldn 't get Sarah " the episode was instead written for Cordelia . He adds , " This turned out to be a Godsend because Charisma was fantastic . " In the original script , Fury wrote a conversation between Wesley and Angel while driving to the hospital that set up Cordelia as a possible vegetable . The scene was never shot because " the shock of seeing her up and around after a 9 @-@ month coma was enough . We just didn 't want to tip it too soon , " says Fury . = = Reception = = For her role as Cordelia Chase , as she appeared in the television series Angel , Charisma Carpenter has been nominated four times by the Saturn Awards . Carpenter earned back @-@ to @-@ back nominations in 2000 and 2001 for Best Genre TV Supporting Actress and Best Actress on Television , respectively . The actress did not receive any nominations in 2002 , but again obtained two back @-@ to @-@ back nominations in 2003 and 2004 for Best Actress in a Television Series and Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series , respectively .
= Drakengard 2 = Drakengard 2 is an action role @-@ playing game developed by Cavia for the PlayStation 2 . It was released in Japan by Square Enix on June 16 , 2005 and by Ubisoft on February 14 and March 3 , 2006 in North America and Europe respectively . It is the second entry in the Drakengard series and a direct sequel to the original Drakengard : the story revolves around Nowe , a boy raised by the dragon Legna , fighting against a tyrannical faction of Knights , encountering characters from the previous game and becoming entangled in the fate of the world . Like the original , Drakengard 2 combines on @-@ foot hack and slash with aerial combat stages and RPG game mechanics . The previous game 's producer , writer and character designer returned to their respective roles . The game was designed as a more mainstream game in light of the previous game 's dark aesthetic and story . The game sold 206 @,@ 000 copies by the end of 2005 . Western reviews praised the story , but gave mixed opinions about the graphics and widely criticized the gameplay . A spin @-@ off from the series , Nier , was released in 2010 , while a third entry in the series , Drakengard 3 , was released in December 2013 in Japan and May 2014 in North America and Europe . = = Gameplay = = As with the original Drakengard , the game is split into chapters and subdivided into ground @-@ based and airborne missions . The story of the game dictates which missions come when during the initial playthrough and how they play out , though as the player progresses , new remixed versions of the various playable levels called " free missions " are unlocked , which allow the player to go through the missions with the story elements removed . The player can jump between the game world 's self @-@ contained areas via a world map unlocked after the first chapter . In between the various chapters and missions , the player builds up their characters using experience points earned in battle : the characters ' weapons and abilities , and the abilities of the player 's dragon , can be gradually improved . The player 's view of the world is through a fixed camera , which tracks the player 's progress across the player area . Collectables in the form of weapons and items such as armor and health points and items needed to progress within the level are also available for the player to seek out . The game features Normal , Hard , and Expert difficulty levels , and there are multiple weapons and items to collect throughout the levels . Combat in the game is similar to its predecessor , with the main series of missions beginning after an opening tutorial . The game features ground @-@ based hack @-@ and @-@ slash gameplay and aerial combat . In ground combat , the player controls multiple characters , switching between them via the pause menu in order to use their different weapons . The characters use physical attacks using character weapons for short @-@ range battle , while magical attacks are used for long @-@ range attacks and groups of enemies . The magical attacks vary between the playable characters . Weapons , characters and magical abilities leave up and grow stronger as the player gains experience points in combat : weapons have a four @-@ level cap . Aerial gameplay puts the main character atop his dragon , which is guided round by the player to attack enemy formations and large structures on the ground or enemies and airships in the sky . The player can also jump between the dragon and the ground during ground @-@ based missions . The dragon has the ability to launch two types of fireballs : a homing variety that deals damage to single enemies , and a widespread attack which does higher damage to groups . Alongside this , the dragon can perform a special attack called " Dragon Overdrive " , which kills many normal enemy units outright and deals high damage to stronger units and bosses . The dragon also gains experience and levels up through combat , dealing more damage in its attacks as it grows stronger . It also evolves and grows stronger at points directly linked to the game 's narrative . = = Story = = = = = Setting and characters = = = Drakengard 2 takes place in an unnamed land nearly two decades after the events of Drakengard . In the original game , two powers , the Empire and the Union , were engaged in a religious war over the Seals , magical bindings tied to a chosen Goddess of the Seal that kept dark entities known as the Watchers from appearing in the mortal world and destroying humanity . Caught up in the conflict were Caim and Angelus , a human and a dragon who had made a pact ( a magical ritual that linked their souls ) , and fought to try to keep both the Seals and the Goddess safe . Though they ultimately failed , Angelus became the new seal , averting the end of the world . Eighteen years later , the Seals are protected by the Knights of the Seal , who eventually grow to become a dominating force in the land . The game 's main character is Nowe ( ノウェ , Nōe ) , a Knight of the Seal gifted with superhuman powers . Nowe 's companion is Legna ( レグナ , Reguna ) , a dragon who helped raise Nowe and was involved in the events of 18 years before . Accompanying Nowe on his journey is Manah ( マナ , Mana ) , the main antagonist of the first game who now seeks to free the people from the oppression of the Knights ; Eris ( エリス , Erisu ) , a female Knight of the Seal and Nowe 's childhood friend ; and Urick ( ユーリック , Yūrikku ) a former Knight who made a pact with the Grim Reaper in exchange for his mortality . The main villain of the game is Gismor ( ジスモア , Jisumoa ) , leader of the Knights of the Seal . Returning from the first game are Caim ( カイム , Kaimu ) , the previous game 's main protagonist ; Angelus ( アンヘル , Anheru ) , the current Goddess of the Seal ; and Seere ( セエレ , Sēre ) , once a companion to Caim and now the Hierarch of the Union . Minor characters include the guardians of the Seals , Zhangpo ( ザンポ , Zanpo ) , Hanch ( ハンチ , Hanchi ) and Yaha ( ヤハ , Yaha ) , and Oror ( オロー , Orō ) , who helped raise Nowe . = = = Plot = = = The game begins with Nowe becoming a fully @-@ fledged Knight of the Seal . During his first mission , Nowe begins to doubt the ethics of the Knights ' methods , as the seals require human sacrifices to remain strong . During a second mission to ensure the protection of the seal in the District of Soul Flame , Nowe encounters Manah , who kills the guardian Zhangpo and destroys the seal . Manah is sentenced to be burnt at the stake , but uses her magic to escape . After returning from the mission , Nowe is poisoned by Gismor , who reveals to have killed Nowe 's adoptive father Oror . Surviving and escaping with Legna , Nowe is pursued by the Knights , including Eris , who wishes to persuade him to return . Nowe and Legna eventually meet up with Manah and join her on her quest to destroy the seals and , in her mind , free the people from the Knights ' oppression . On their way to the second seal , Manah shows Nowe the true horror of the Knights ' oppression , fully winning him over . The two then fight and kill Lieutenant Hanch , destroying the seal in the District of Hallowed Water . After this , they are joined by Urick , a former Lieutenant of the Knights , to rout a group of bandits . Attacked by the Knights , they are unexpectedly saved by Caim , who is also working to destroy the seals and free his dragon Angelus from the pain of being the Goddess Seal . After taking down Lieutenant Yaha and destroying the seal in the District of Precious Light , Manah is captured by the Knights and sentenced to death . Nowe manages to rescue her and heads for the seal in the District of Shining Life , which was once guarded by Urick before he fled in fear when Caim attacked the district . Urick and Nowe face off against Caim , who mortally wounds Urick before being driven off . Urick dies content and the seal is destroyed . Nowe and Manah head for the final seal in the District of Heavenly Time , guarded by Gismor himself . Nowe and Gismor battle , and Gismor is wounded again , transforming into a shadow @-@ like being and using Eris to block Nowe 's final attack . Believing Eris dead , Nowe and Manah pursue Gismore , but are met by Seere , who unsuccessfully tries to stop them . When they confront Gismor , he reveals himself to be a vindictive survivor of the Empire from eighteen years before . Defeated , Gismor destroys the final seal himself , releasing Angelus from her imprisonment . After Seere reveals the true consequences of Manah 's actions , Nowe and Legna pursue Angelus . When they find her , they find that Angelus has been driven mad by the pain of being the final seal . Caim asks them to kill her , and as she dies , he and Angelus share a final moment together before fading away . With the seals destroyed , the world begins to fall into chaos and Manah is driven mad by the memories of her actions eighteen years before . Legna then take Nowe to the fortress of the holy dragons , where they hear a prophecy concerning Nowe : according to the prophecy , Nowe is a New Breed created to aid the dragons in their war against the Watchers . Nowe then reunites with Eris , who had been healed by Seere , and frees Manah from her madness . Legna then takes the three to the Promised Land , a dragon stronghold which holds the Bone Casket , an object given to the dragons by and imbued with the power of the Watchers which can speed up Nowe 's evolution into the New Breed . It is also where Seere has gone to initiate a new Goddess of the Seal . The game has three endings , each achieved on a separate playthrough . Ending A : The group arrive in the Promised Land and Legna prepares to enact the prophecy , but Nowe instead chooses to find a new Goddess . Legna calls the Holy Dragons to battle , but Seere leads an army of Golems against them . With everything seeming lost , Manah and Nowe share a final kiss , which triggers Nowe 's transformation into the New Breed . Nowe and Legna do battle , and Legna is killed . Eris then reveals that she is to become the new Goddess . Eris is initiated , and although the world is restored , Nowe and Manah feel sad that no other solution could be found . Ending B : When they arrive , Legna reveals Eris ' fate to become the new Goddess and Nowe chooses to follow Legna 's plan . But upon trying to enter the Casket , it rejects him and fuses with Manah . Legna and Nowe battle Manah , who sacrifices herself to destroy the Bone Casket 's power . Nowe , Legna and Eris then lead the Holy Dragons in their war against the Watchers . Ending C : Events proceed as in Ending B , but when the Casket attacks Manah , she manages to win the fight against it . Legna summons the Holy Dragons and events proceed as in Ending A. After Legna 's defeat and the destruction of the Bone Casket , both the Watchers and the dragons fade , leaving the world safe and humans free to create a new future for themselves . = = Development = = Drakengard 2 was announced in December 2004 . Producer Takamasa Shiba and character designer Kimihiko Fujisaka returned to the team , alongside actor Shinnosuke Ikehata , who voiced the dragon Angelus and its partner Caim in the previous game . The original director , Taro Yoko , originally proposed a space adventure involving dragons , but this was vetoed at an early stage . Yoko was not involved in creating the narrative as he had been in Drakengard , being mostly tied up with another project , though he was able to observe the project 's progress . He and Drakengard 2 's director Akira Yasui suffered from creative differences , with the result that Yoko termed their relationship on the project as a " love @-@ hate " story in a 2013 interview concerning the series . Their relationship inspired one of the stories created for an in @-@ game weapon . Yoko was eventually brought on fairly late in the game 's production to act as video editor for the CGI cutscenes and trailers . The game 's cast featured multiple film and television actors , including Ryo Katsuji , Saki Aibu , Koyuki and veteran actor Yoshio Harada . Shiba commented at the time that he felt they had gathered a very good voice cast for the game . One of the decisions Yasui made was to make Drakengard 2 far more colorful than the previous game , wanting to do something that was the " opposite " of Drakengard . In contrast to the previous game , the game contained far less of the mature themes found in the original . Shiba , speaking in a 2013 interview , said that the reason for this was that Square Enix , the company 's Japanese publisher , wanted that aspect toned down to make a more mainstream game . It was designed to keep some dark aesthetics from its predecessor , with the previous game 's theme of immorality as one of the key character and narrative themes , as well as themes of war and death . Other themes explored were love and hate , and the ambivalence represented in the world 's prevalent factions ( the Knights of the Seal , and the Cult of Watchers ) . Highlighted aspects of the story were the father @-@ son relationship between Nowe and Legna , and how Manah had matured since the events of Drakengard . To promote the game in Japan , Fujisaka created a light @-@ toned joke advertisement under the name Angelegna , referring to the original names of the two dragon characters . While Square Enix published the title in Japan , they entered an agreement with developer and publishing company Ubisoft to publish the title overseas . Ubisoft also handled the game 's localization . = = = Character design = = = One of the main concepts for main protagonist Nowe was surpassing one 's father . For the fight between Nowe and Legna , special gameplay functions and mechanics needed to be created for Nowe . Shiba had mixed feelings about the final fight between Legna and Nowe , which he saw as a drastic change from both the first game and the series mechanic of the protagonist riding a dragon . Shiba ended up writing their dialogue to emphasize their relationship and the difficulty of them fighting each other , paralleling earlier scenes between Caim and Angelus . The deaths of Caim and Angelus was intended to be " short and ruthless " , but Yasui had it changed to the more sentimental version present in the game . Dialogue from Caim for the scene was cut from the game due to it clashing with his previous portrayal as a mute . Urick was created to be the supportive " big brother " of the party . Although the main characters were designed by Fujisaka , the character Legna , previously known as the " Black Dragon " , was designed by Taro Hasegawa , who was also monster designer for both Drakengard and Drakengard 2 . In addition to designing the characters , Fujisaka drew the character portraits used for character dialogue boxes during in @-@ game cutscenes , a feature he initially objected to . Nowe , in contrast to the other protagonists of the Drakengard series , was designed around the concept of a stereotypical hero . Nowe was one of Fujisaka 's favorite characters to design , although Shiba was less enthusiastic . Manah 's redesign in Drakengard 2 reflected both her evolved personality and her more traditional depiction as a fantasy heroine . Elements of their designs were taken from Caim and Furiae , representing " passing the torch " between characters . Because of Legna 's different roles in Drakengard and Drakengard 2 , his design and movements were altered for his second incarnation . Eris 's design was inspired by Casca , a character from Berserk : while he tried not to copy any parts of Casca 's design , Fujisaka tried to convey it using aspects of her personality . He also tried to balance this part of her depiction with a tender and more feminine side . Another idea he had in mind was the image of an honors student . Her dance @-@ like fighting style was generally suggested by the game 's staff . Caim 's redesign was meant to represent his status as a wanderer . = = = Music = = = Drakengard 2 's soundtrack was composed by Ryoki Matsumoto and Aoi Yoshiki , with supervision by Nobuyoshi Sano , who worked on the music of Drakengard and acted as Sound Director for the game . Due to criticism of his work on the first game , Sano was asked by Shiba to bring in outside help for the second game 's soundtrack : Matsumoto was brought in because of his work on the songs " Yuki no Hana " and " Tsuki no Shizuku " , and , Yoshiki was brought on at Matsumoto 's request . The soundtrack was designed to be a fusion of J @-@ pop and conventional video game music , and to evoke the emotions of the various characters and the feeling of battle . The game 's theme song in Japan , " Hitori " , was sung by Mika Nakashima , who also worked as a sound producer . The theme song for the game 's English release was " Growing Wings " , a localized version of the first game 's theme song sung by Kari Wahlgren . = = Reception = = Drakengard 2 sold well in Japan . The game was considered a hit in Japan by Ubisoft , selling 100 @,@ 000 units in its first week , and reaching sales of 170 @,@ 000 units by the end of the month , becoming the second best @-@ selling game of June behind Sega 's GBA port of Mushiking : King of the Beetles . It eventually sold just over 206 @,@ 000 copies by the end of 2005 . The game was eventually re @-@ released as part of Square Enix 's Ultimate Hits series , re @-@ releases of high @-@ selling titles . Drakengard 2 received a score of 30 / 40 from Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu . The game received " average " reviews , according to video game review aggregator Metacritic . The story received mixed to positive reviews . IGN 's Ed Lewis said it " admirably [ continued ] the bizarre and fantastically medieval world that was established in the original game . " , while GameSpot 's Greg Meuller called it " Interesting [ ... ] with plenty of twists and turns " . Eurogamer 's Simon Parkin cited the story as being very good , though he found Nowe " a little nauseating to watch as the weighty , dark ( and pretty good ) plot unfolds " , and VideoGamer.com 's Adam Jarvis called the story " one of the highlights of the package " . The 1UP reviewer called the " clear undercurrent of " maybe the good guys are the bad guys , " " one of the main reasons to keep playing the game . In contrast , the reviewer for GameTrailers called it " a cookie @-@ cutter RPG plot " where players could " predict nearly every plot twist the game throws at [ them ] . " , The graphics received mixed reviews . Lewis called them " more interesting than the first game , but marginally so " , and Meuller called them " dated " , with environments seeming " bland and drab , and the enemies [ looking ] generic " . The GameTrailers reviewer praised the character animations , but cited the environments as bland and felt that there were too few FMVs and too many game engine @-@ driven cutscenes , which he described as " awful " . Parkin criticized the game 's graphic capacities , commenting that players would " stop watching the main screen instead fixing upon the little map in the corner to guide your character towards hostile red dots that only materialize polygonal just seconds before you lock swords . " , while Jarvis said that it had not improved from the previous game and called the colors " very murky , drab and dark " . 1UP said that the graphics " [ don 't ] hold up to the visual quality of Cavia 's other titles like Ghost in the Shell : Stand Alone Complex [ or ] Naruto : Uzumaki Ninden " . The gameplay was universally criticized . Parkin called the battle gameplay " lightweight " and the balance between ground and aerial combat poor despite a good character leveling system , while Lewis described it as being without strategy , with the game " just dumping in more boring enemies to wade through " . GameTrailers said that there was " nothing new here . " , while Meuller called it " dull at best and frustrating at worst " . 1UP said that the combat was " almost sickening to look at . " , though he cited the RPG elements as a redeeming feature . Jarvis simply called the gameplay " Same old , same old " , citing it as a major fault of the game . = = Legacy = = In September 2013 , the game was given an honorable mention among Kotaku 's Tim Rogers as one of the best games on the PS2 . Rogers gave praise to the game 's parry mechanic and atmosphere . In the year of its release in Japan , the game received a novelization written by Emi Nagashima under her pen name of Jun Eishima . Yoko and Shiba teamed up again to create another game in the series , but that eventually developed into Nier , a spin @-@ off from the first game 's fifth ending . After Nier 's release , Cavia was absorbed into AQ Interactive , then Yoko left to become a freelance . An attempt by Shiba to begin development of a third Drakengard game at AQ Interactive were unsuccessful . Drakengard 3 was eventually unveiled in 2013 , with Shiba , Yoko and Fujisaka returning to their former roles and the story being set before the original game . Both Shiba and Yoko have voiced their willingness to continue the series on next @-@ generation consoles if there were sufficient sales and funds , while Yoko also expressed interest in making a second spin @-@ off , although he did not specify whether it would be set in the world of Nier or not .
= Never Let You Go ( Justin Bieber song ) = " Never Let You Go " is a song performed by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber . The track was written by Bieber and also co @-@ written and produced by production duo Johntá Austin and Bryan @-@ Michael Cox . It was originally released as a promo single from latter half of Bieber 's debut album , My World 2 @.@ 0 on March 2 , 2010 . The song charted within the top twenty in Canada and New Zealand , twenty @-@ one in the United States , and in the lower regions of the charts in Australia and the United Kingdom , respectively . The accompanying music video features Bieber and Paige Hurd at the Atlantis Resort in The Bahamas , including scenes at the resort , an aquarium , and on the coast . Bieber performed the song a number of times , including on BET 's SOS : Saving Ourselves - Help for Haiti Telethon , which benefited victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . = = Composition and critical reception = = " Never Let You Go " published in common time with moderate tempo . " Never Let You Go " written in D minor key with the chord progression B ♭ -Dm @-@ C. Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly noted similarities between " Never Let You Go " and Chris Brown 's " Forever " , calling the previous a " fraternal twin " to the latter . Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone , using " Never Let You Go " and " Stuck in the Moment " as examples said that " the ballads — often a weak spot on pop / R & B records — are fully realized , mixing love @-@ struck lyrics with big , lovable choruses . " Lauren Carter of The Boston Herald stated that , " While it ’ s hard to buy into so much angst coming from a 16 @-@ year @-@ old , the promises of forever ( see “ Never Let You Go , ” for starters ) will undoubtedly delight the young girls who dream of spending eternity with pop ’ s newest heartthrob . " = = Chart performance = = " Never Let You Go " debuted and peaked at number twenty @-@ one in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was listed on the chart for two weeks before dropping off . The song , like previous digital @-@ only singles of Bieber 's , had limited stays on the charts , and holds the record for the second all @-@ time biggest week @-@ to @-@ week descent in Hot 100 history , behind Justin Timberlake 's cover of " Hallelujah " and the Jonas Brothers ' " Pushin ' Me Away " . It debuted and peaked at fourteen in Canada , after spending four weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 it dropped off . Internationally , the song charted at sixty @-@ seven in Australian Singles Chart , and reached sixteen on the New Zealand Singles Chart , where it was on the chart for three weeks . Via digital sales behind the release of My World 2 @.@ 0 , " Never Let You Go " reached eighty @-@ four on the UK Singles Chart . = = Music video = = Rolling Stone confirmed in January 2010 that the music video had already been shot by director Colin Tilley while Bieber was at the Atlantis resort in Dubai . Actress Paige Hurd portrays Bieber 's love interest in the video . The video premiered on March 30 , 2010 on Vevo . It was the new joint on BET 's 106 & Park on April 5 , 2010 . Summarizing the video , Jocelyn Vena MTV News said , " Bieber is seen hanging out in the catacombs of Bahamian aquariums ... In this new clip , Bieber is seen performing on the beach and frolicking with Hurd . Bieber is definitely growing up a lot in this video — sharing near @-@ kisses , touching and nuzzling with her boyfriend . Shots of the pair in silhouette holding hands play into the video 's plot of two young teens falling in love in a very exotic locale . " Vena also said that Bieber continues her " knack for Michael Jackson @-@ esque dance moves . " ( read : bad mimicry and complete rip off of ) . Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly called the video " So romantic , " as " they dance in an age @-@ appropriate fashion . " Chris Ryan of MTV News reviewed the video positively , stating that it is , " a really nice take on the innocence of young love , full of flirting , dancing and hair @-@ touching . " = = Live performances = = Bieber performed the song several times including at the new Microsoft Store grand opening in Mission Viejo , California , and in a live session with MTV . He also later performed it on The Early Show as a part of their 2010 Super Bowl programming , and on BET 's SOS : Saving Ourselves - Help for Haiti Telethon , to benefit Haiti after the earthquake , performing live on February 6 , 2009 , which also aired on VH1 , and MTV . = = Credits and personnel = = Songwriting - Justin Bieber , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , Johntá Austin Production - Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , Johntá Austin Vocal recording - Sam Thomas Instruments - Bryan @-@ Michael Cox Mixing - Manny Marroquin , assisted by Christian Plata and Erik Madrid Source = = Charts = =
= Australian Army Reserve = The Australian Army Reserve is a collective name given to the reserve units of the Australian Army . Since the Federation of Australia in 1901 , the reserve military force has been known by many names , including the Citizens Forces , the Citizen Military Forces , the Militia and , unofficially , the Australian Military Forces . In 1980 , however , the current name — Australian Army Reserve — was officially adopted , and it now consists of a number of components based around the level of commitment and training obligation that its members are required to meet . = = Overview = = For the first half of the 20th century , due to a widespread distrust of permanent military forces in Australia , the reserve military forces were the primary focus of Australian military planning . Following the end of World War II , however , this focus gradually shifted due to the changing strategic environment , and the requirement for a higher readiness force available to support collective security goals . Since then , Australian defence policy has been focused more upon the Regular Army , and there has been considerable debate about the role of the Army Reserve within defence planning circles . As the strategic situation has evolved in the post Cold War era , the organisation , structure , training and role of the Army Reserve has undergone considerable changes , and members of the Army Reserve are increasingly being used on overseas deployments , not only within Regular Army units , but also in units drawn almost entirely from Reserve units . Despite being the main focus upon which Australian defence planning was based , since Federation Reserve units have primarily been used in the role of home defence and to provide a mobilisation platform during times of war . During World War I Australia 's contribution to the fighting came from forces raised outside of the citizens forces that were in existence at the time , and although many citizen soldiers enlisted in these forces , the Citizens Forces units remained in Australia . With the outbreak of World War II a similar situation evolved , with the establishment of an all volunteer expeditionary force , however , with the entry of Japan into the war the threat to Australia became more direct and a number of Militia units were called upon to fight in New Guinea and other areas of the South West Pacific . Following the end of World War II , however , the decision was made to establish a permanent standing defence force and the role of Reserve forces was reduced to the point where for a while their relevance was called into question . Recently , however , there has been a move to develop a more capable Reserve force , as Australia 's overseas military commitments in the Pacific and Middle East have highlighted the importance of the Reserves once more . As such , since 2000 units of the Australian Army Reserve have been deployed to East Timor and the Solomon Islands on peacekeeping duties and many more individual Reservists have been used to provide specialist capabilities and to fill in Regular Army formations being sent overseas . = = History = = = = = Federation to World War I = = = Following the Federation of Australia in 1901 , the amalgamation of the military forces controlled by the six separate , self @-@ governing British colonies to form a unified force controlled by the Commonwealth was an inevitable , albeit slowly realised , consequence , given that the new Constitution of Australia assigned the defence power solely to the Commonwealth . Indeed , this process took some time as , to a large extent , matters of defence were not necessarily a priority of the new Australian legislature at the time , and there was also a considerable diversity in opinion regarding the composition and size of the new national army and role it would play at home and indeed within the wider Imperial defence system . Nevertheless , the official transfer of forces from the states to the Commonwealth occurred on 1 March 1901 , and this date is today celebrated as the birthday of the modern Australian Army . At the outset , the bulk of the Commonwealth military force was to be made up of part @-@ time volunteers . This was arguably due to two factors . Firstly , there was a widespread desire amongst Australian policymakers to keep defence expenditure low , while secondly there was a widespread mistrust or suspicion surrounding the idea of a large standing army . After the initial transfer of forces in March 1901 , further progress was slow as administrative and legislative instruments took time to develop . Indeed , it was not until 1 March 1904 that the Defence Act 1903 was proclaimed , providing the Commonwealth Military Forces a statutory framework within which they could operate . Amidst a background of political manoeuvring and personal agendas , the military forces were eventually reorganised into a more or less unified command structure . As a part of this , state @-@ based mounted units were reformed into light horse regiments , supplemented by the transfer of men from a number of superfluous infantry units , while the remaining infantry were organised into battalions of the Australian Infantry Regiment and engineers and artillery were organised into field companies and garrison artillery batteries . Due to the provisions of the Defence Act which did not provide for the establishment of a regular infantry force , the notion that the Commonwealth Military Forces would be largely based on a part @-@ time militia was set out in legislation . The lack of importance placed on military matters in Australian political circles continued for some time , and the size of the Australian military in this time continued to fall , in part due to the emphasis placed upon mounted units in the new command structure . However , following a number of strategic and political " scares " , defence matters slowly began to take on more primacy in the Australian psyche before a review of defence needs was made in 1909 by Field Marshal Lord Kitchener . The result of this review was the realisation of the need to build a credible defence force that could not only defend the nation , but also possibly contribute to the Imperial defence system ( although this later realisation remained little more than a consideration on paper only ) . The review also validated the compulsory military training scheme that was to be introduced in 1910 , which was directly responsible for expanding the Citizens Forces by up to 50 percent in the three years prior to the outbreak of World War I. Undoubtedly , the scheme proved to have numerous benefits , as many of these youths went on to serve in the First AIF during World War I and the expanded organisation allowed citizens forces officers more experience in commanding formed bodies of men . However , it was the main factor contributing to the decision to recruit the AIF on the basis of voluntary enlistment . Because the army in 1914 was largely made up of young men aged between 19 and 21 who had been enlisted under this scheme , and due to the provisions of the Defence Act that precluded sending conscripts overseas , upon the outbreak of the war it was necessary for the Australian government to raise a separate force , outside of the Citizens Forces organisation for service overseas . Regardless , it has been estimated that up to 50 @,@ 000 militiamen subsequently enlisted in the First AIF during the war . During the precautionary stage on 2 August 1914 , Citizens Forces units were called up to guard essential points and man coastal forts and harbour defences . The first Australian shots ( many sources report the first Allied shots ) of both World War I and World War II were fired by the garrison at Fort Nepean . By June 1918 , 9 @,@ 215 home service troops were on active duty in Australia , alongside 2 @,@ 476 regular soldiers . From 1915 , only skeleton garrisons were maintained at coastal forts , but the personnel manning them were forbidden to enlist in the AIF . This ban was lifted in April 1915 but the presence of a German commerce raider in Australian waters caused a mobilisation from February to April 1916 , while another mobilisation occurred in April 1918 for the same reason . Just before the end of World War I , Australia 's home forces were reorganised to perpetuate the numerical identities of the AIF units . This was done renumbering the infantry regiments that had been formed in 1912 , and giving them the numbers of the AIF units that had been formed in their regimental areas . A total of 60 AIF infantry battalions had seen active service during the war , but there were more than 60 infantry regiments ; as a result , a number of the Citizens Force regiments were reorganised with multiple battalions , while other units were converted to pioneer regiments . = = = Post World War I = = = Following the end of World War I the units that had been raised as part of the AIF were disbanded , and the focus of Australian defence planning returned once more to the maintenance of the Citizens Forces . To this end , a review of defence requirements in 1920 established the need for Australia to be able to field a force of approximately 270 @,@ 000 men in the event of a war , of which half of this would be maintained in peacetime through compulsory enlistment . It was also decided that the Citizens Force would be re @-@ organised along the lines of the AIF , adopting the divisional structure of the AIF units and maintaining their battle honours . The AIF officially ceased to exist on 1 April 1921 and the new organisation of the Citizens Forces was adopted a month later ; this saw the reorganisation of the 88 infantry battalions and five pioneer regiments that had been established under the 1918 scheme , the abolition of infantry regiments and the re @-@ establishment of the 60 infantry battalions that had existed within the AIF , as well as various other units , such as light horse regiments , as well . There was little support for compulsory military service amongst the public , however , and combined with the financial pressure that the government felt at that time to reduce defence spending , the 1920 recommendations were not fully implemented . Although the compulsory training scheme was retained , it was decided that it would only be focused on the more populated areas , essentially ending the scheme in rural areas . The result of this was that the course of only a year the strength of the Citizens Forces fell from 127 @,@ 000 to only 37 @,@ 000 in 1922 . Throughout the 1920s , numbers decreased even further and although the divisional structure was maintained , it was little more than a skeleton force as units found their numbers dropping drastically . In 1929 , following the election of the Scullin Labor government , the compulsory training scheme was abolished and in its place a new system was introduced whereby the Citizens Forces would be maintained on a part @-@ time , voluntary basis only . At this time it was also decided to change the name of the force , with the title of " Militia " being adopted as it was felt that it implied voluntary service rather than forced . The force would be based upon the five divisions of the old AIF , although it was decided to limit the overall number of units . This force would also be armed with modern weapons and equipment . That , at least , was the promise , however , in reality this never came to fruition and to a large extent they continued to be trained and equipped with 1914 – 18 equipment right up to and during World War II . The result of this change in recruitment policy was a huge drop in the size of the Army , as numbers fell by almost 20 @,@ 000 in one year as there was little prospect for training and as the financial difficulties of the Great Depression began to be felt . As a result , in 1930 the decision was made to disband or amalgamate a number of units and five infantry battalions and two light horse regiments were removed from the order of battle . The following year , nine more infantry battalions were disbanded . Between 1929 and 1937 , the number of soldiers within the Militia who could provide effective service was well below the force 's actual on paper strength as many soldiers were unable to attend even a six @-@ day annual camp out of fear of losing their civilian employment . Also it has been estimated that up to 50 per cent of the Militia 's other ranks were medically unfit . The numbers situation had become so tenuous that it was rare for a battalion to be able to field even 100 men during an exercise , so units accepted men that would not normally meet the medical requirements , indeed it has been stated that men who were " lame and practically blind " were allowed to join in an effort to improve numbers . To illustrate this , in 1936 , the largest battalion — the 30th / 51st Battalion — had just 412 personnel of all ranks , while the 11th / 16th Battalion , which was the smallest , had only 156 men . Financially the Militia was neglected also . Despite the upturn in the economic situation in the early 1930s there was little financial respite for the Militia in this time . As the situation continued to improve , however , the defence vote was increased steadily after 1935 . Indeed , in 1938 the government decided to double the strength of the Militia as war clouds began to loom on the horizon , and late in the year a recruiting campaign was launched that saw the size of the Militia increase from 35 @,@ 000 to 43 @,@ 000 men over the space of three months . This trend continued into 1939 and by midway through the year there were over 80 @,@ 000 men serving on a part @-@ time voluntary basis . Nevertheless , there was a serious shortage of equipment and as a result , when World War II broke out in September 1939 the Militia was by no means an effective fighting force and the nation as a whole was not as well prepared for war as it had been in 1914 . = = = World War II = = = Following the outbreak of the war , the government 's immediate response was to announce on 5 September 1939 that it would begin calling up 10 @,@ 000 militiamen at a time to provide sixteen days continuous service manning guard posts at selected points around the country . This was later expanded on 15 September to include all of the Militia , in two drafts of 40 @,@ 000 men , for one month 's continuous training , however , the suspension on compulsory training introduced in 1929 was not amended until January 1940 . On 5 September 1939 it was also announced that a division would be raised for overseas service , but there was still large @-@ scale opposition to the concept of conscription and the provisions of the Defence Act still precluded conscripts from serving outside of Australian territory , so it was announced that this force would be raised from volunteers only and would not be raised directly from the Militia . Conscripts , however , were required to serve in the Militia , with the result being that the Militia 's ranks were filled with both volunteers and conscripts during this time . As was the case during World War I , many members of the Militia would go on to serve in the Second AIF . Nevertheless , for a period of time the government attempted to limit the number of militiamen transferring across to the AIF to build defences at home against concerns that Britain might not be able to fulfil its pledge to defend Singapore in the event of an attack there by the Japanese . As such , once again Australia maintained a policy of two armies . For the first two years Australia 's involvement in the war was focused in overseas theatres in Europe , the Middle East and North Africa , and during this time it was the AIF that was involved in the fighting overseas , while units of the Militia were used in garrison duties in Australia and New Guinea , then an Australian territory . During this time , the Militia units came to be derided by the men of the AIF units , with militiamen sometimes being labelled as " chocolate soldiers " or " koalas " . This changed dramatically , however , following the entry of Japan into the war on 8 December 1941 , with the attack on Pearl Harbor and on the British forces in Malaya . Suddenly the war was brought to Australia 's doorstep and there was a risk that the Japanese could attempt to invade the Australian mainland . In April 1942 , the threat of invasion of Australia seemed very real following the loss of Malaya and Singapore and the subsequent Japanese landings in New Guinea . Seeing the threat that the Japanese posed to Australia , the government had begun to bring AIF units back from the Middle East but the bulk of the forces immediately available for the defence of Australia came from the militia , which was at that stage an organisation of some 265 @,@ 000 men organised into five infantry and two cavalry divisions . Despite earlier derision , a number of Militia units went on to perform with distinction during the Pacific War , especially in 1942 , when they fought Japanese forces in New Guinea . As the situation in the Pacific worsened in July 1942 and the Japanese drove towards Port Moresby , members of the Militia found themselves on the front lines . As reinforcements were brought up from Australia , the Militia units that had been sent to New Guinea as garrison troops earlier in the war were called upon to fight a stubborn rearguard action on the Kokoda Track to delay the Japanese advance long enough for these reinforcements to arrive . At the same time , the Militia battalions of the 7th Brigade played a key role in the Battle of Milne Bay , when Australian and United States forces defeated the Japanese in a large @-@ scale battle for the first time during the war . Later in the war , the Defence ( Citizen Military Forces ) Act 1943 was passed to change the law to allow the transfer of Militia units to the AIF if 65 percent or more of their personnel had volunteered for overseas service . Additionally , changes to the Act meant that Militia units were able to serve anywhere south of the Equator in the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , excluding western Java and northern Borneo , and as a result of this , Militia units saw action against Japanese forces in the Dutch East Indies , at Merauke , later in the war . Despite this , the AIF remained the Australian Army 's main combat force during the war and indeed more than 200 @,@ 000 members of the Militia transferred to the AIF throughout the course of the conflict . Nevertheless , 32 Militia infantry battalions , later organised into three Militia divisions ( 3rd , 5th and 11th ) , saw service over much of the South West Pacific and participated in the following campaigns : Salamaua @-@ Lae , Huon Peninsula , Finisterre Range , New Britain and Bougainville . = = = Post World War II to the Vietnam War = = = Due to an overcommitment of resources early in the war , the Australian economy suffered badly from manpower shortages as early as 1942 . As a result , the government began the demobilisation process before the war was even over , and when it had finally come to an end , the government was necessarily very keen for the demobilisation process to be completed as quickly as possible . Understandably , defence issues were not given a high priority as people tried to rebuild their lives after the war and as such it was not until 1948 that the Citizen Military Forces ( CMF ) was reformed . Subsequent reviews of defence policy and the strategic situation in South East Asia after the war had resulted in the formation of the Australian Regiment in 1948 , the first regular infantry unit of the Australian Army . From that time on as tension within the region increased the strength of the Regular Army increased rapidly in contrast to the CMF , signifying if not an end to Australian military planners ' reliance upon citizen soldiers , at least a shift in focus and a realisation of the mistakes that had been made prior to World War II . This would see the CMF providing a platform upon which the Army could mobilise in the event of a war . Initially , the plan had been for the CMF to be made up of 50 @,@ 000 men organised into two divisions and other units , however , recruitment was unable to meet these targets as initially it was attempted to achieve this through voluntary enlistment . Indeed , in its first year of existence , the actual strength of the CMF was only 8 @,@ 698 personnel , although this rose the following year to 16 @,@ 202 and to 32 @,@ 779 in 1950 . In March 1951 , a system of compulsory national service was re @-@ established . The reintroduction of this conscription scheme saw the numbers of the CMF rise substantially but its management and administration required the allocation of a large number of resources and personnel from the Regular Army at a time when the army Regular Army already heavily committed in Korea and Malaya and so the scheme was suspended in 1959 . This was a significant blow to the CMF and its strength fell by more than half in that year to 20 @,@ 000 men . Further changes came with the introduction of the pentropic ( five battle group ) division into the Australian Army in 1960 . This proved a disaster for the CMF , as wholesale changes were made and units removed from the order of battle . Seven artillery regiments were disbanded from an original total of 17 , while 31 infantry battalions were reduced to 17 . This excluded the University Regiments and the Papua New Guinea Volunteer Rifles which remained unchanged . The remaining battalions were later merged into just nine battalions . Meanwhile , the CMF armoured units had already been rationalised in 1957 and as a result the change to the pentropic structure mostly resulted in a change in role only , such as the 4th / 19th Prince of Wales 's Light Horse , which changed from an armoured unit to a reconnaissance regiment . The two CMF armoured brigade headquarters were also disbanded . At the same time , it was decided to amalgamate old local and regional regiments that had existed into six new multi @-@ battalion state @-@ based regiments . While the pentropic system eventually fell by the wayside , these regiments have endured , maintaining the battle honours of the previously existing Militia units that had perpetuated the units of the AIF and serving as a valuable link to the traditions and service of earlier units . Nevertheless , many CMF soldiers felt that the introduction of these regiments reduced the Army 's links to the community due to the move away from the traditional regionally based system and as a result many of these soldiers chose to leave the organisation . In 1965 , as the pentropic system was abandoned , a further re @-@ organisation of the CMF was undertaken as existing battalions were reduced and additional battalions were raised in the more populous areas , namely in Queensland , Victoria and New South Wales . Concerns about the regional identity of these units were addressed by reintroducing the old numerical designations . In 1966 , the Army authorised the raising of six remote area battalions , one in each state . These units offered special conditions of service for men who could not meet their training requirements through normal attendance due to their occupation or place of residence . Ultimately though the Tasmanian battalion was never formed . The subordinate relationship between the CMF and Regular Army was further underlined when the national service scheme was re @-@ introduced in 1965 , albeit in the guise of a selective ballot . Whereas previous incarnations of the system had not allowed for national servicemen to be sent overseas ( within various definitions of that term ) , the new scheme was implemented with the express purpose of sending these recruits overseas as Australia 's commitments in the region required a large @-@ scale increase in the Army . Additionally , instead of being used to fill the ranks of the CMF , the scheme was essentially used to expand the Regular Army . Due to the terms of service , national servicemen were required to serve two years full @-@ time in Regular Army units , after which they were required to serve a further three years in the CMF . Despite this , however , potential conscripts were given the option to voluntarily enlist in the CMF prior to their date of birth being announced , thus exempting them from being drafted for overseas service . Due to the desire of many to avoid being sent overseas , as a result of this option , it was estimated that by 1968 almost half of the 35 @,@ 000 men in the CMF had joined to avoid being drafted . This led to a widespread public perception that the CMF was a refuge for " draft dodgers " , and to the creation of an organisation in which the majority of its members had little or no motivation to fulfil their training obligations . Although this was not a universal experience , overall it affected the morale of the CMF and , coupled with the decision by the government not to activate CMF units for service in Vietnam , this led to a decline in genuine voluntary enlistment . To a large extent also , the government 's decision to not use the CMF during this time highlighted the organisation 's increasing structural irrelevance , and questions about the role that the CMF had to play in the defence of Australia would remain until following the end of the Vietnam War . Meanwhile , the last CMF armoured regiment gave up its tanks in 1971 . = = = Post Vietnam War to the new millennium = = = When the Whitlam Government came to power in late 1972 , the CMF was in a very poor state . The new government moved quickly to end conscription , and this caused the CMF 's strength to fall by roughly 5 @,@ 000 to 23 @,@ 119 by June 1973 . In 1973 a committee of inquiry into the CMF was announced , under the chairmanship of Dr. T.B Millar and the subsequent report developed from this inquiry became known as the Millar Report . Far from being a vehicle of the Regular Army to denigrate the CMF as some opponents predicted , the report did much to highlight many of the conceptual and structural problems that the CMF was afflicted by at the time , however , the way in which the government chose to implement the recommendations , and indeed the way in which some of them were allowed to lapse , ultimately served to at least partially justify some of the cynicism voiced in certain CMF circles about the report . The committee found that the CMF was a hollow shell of its former self , depleted in numbers and in equipment and unable to adequately fulfil its tasks . However , it still found that there was a role for the CMF to play in the strategic environment that existed at the time , although it would no longer be called upon to provide the base upon which mobilisation in a time of war would be built , instead it would be used to augment the Regular Army . This was the first step in creating the concept of a total force , in which the differing virtues of the citizen soldier and the regular soldier would be used to complement each other , and in this vein the Millar Report recommended that the name be changed from the CMF to the Australian Army Reserve . Nevertheless , due to further cuts in defence spending and an eagerness of the government to implement those recommendations that could assist in achieving this goal , units that were unable to meet attendance requirements were disbanded or amalgamated with others , thus further diffusing the community links units had established in their local areas and thus further impacting upon recruitment and retention . Further , the decision was made to abolish the old CMF divisions , as the role of the Army Reserve would no longer be to act as a skeleton force that would be filled out upon mobilisation , but rather a force that could provide individual sub @-@ units of capability should the need arise to augment the Regular Army . Centralisation of training was also a result of the Millar Report ; beforehand , recruit training had been an ad hoc process managed mainly by the units themselves . Other issues such as pay and conditions of service , protection of civilian employment and recruitment and retention were touched upon but remained largely unaddressed until more recently . Further reviews came in this time as Defence planners attempted to grapple with the questions regarding strategy following the wars of diplomacy of the previous three decades . The emergence of the Defence of Australia doctrine as the foundation upon which Australian defence policy would be based following Paul Dibb 's 1986 review of Australia 's defence capabilities seemed to provide the Reserves with a definite role . Nevertheless , there remained a reluctance to rebuild the Reserves and despite these major reviews , as late as the 1990s the Army still had not managed to develop a well @-@ structured reserve force , as it had continued to grapple with the competing demands of maintaining large @-@ scale general readiness over developing a ' hard core ' of capability within the Reserves that would be able to provide the Army with a nucleus force in times of national emergency . In 1991 , in an attempt to rectify this , the Ready Reserve scheme was established . Under this scheme the 6th Brigade , an existing Regular brigade based in Brisbane at the time , was converted to a Ready Reserve formation . The majority of the personnel were Reservists who undertook a period of twelve months full @-@ time service before returning to normal Reserve status for a further four years . The scheme showed considerable promise . Nevertheless , due to cost constraints it was abolished in 1996 by the newly elected Howard government . By the time that the opening phases of the East Timor operation began in 1999 , the issue regarding the purpose of the Army Reserve still had not been resolved . Instead of being able to provide formed units to augment the Regular Army , the Reserves was reduced to providing individuals for round @-@ out purposes only . As a result , in the initial phase of the operation there were only 100 Reservists available to fill positions in INTERFET , mostly in specialist roles that the Regular Army had trouble providing . As the deployment progressed to a second rotation in April 2000 , however , a further 630 Reservists volunteered for full @-@ time service . The deployment to East Timor highlighted the limits of the Australian Defence Force and the need for an Army Reserve that could effectively provide deployable capabilities and individuals to round @-@ out to the Regular Army in times of heavy operational commitment . As such , in late 2000 the government did what many governments had toyed with since the formation of the citizen force almost a hundred years earlier : enacting legislation that enabled the call @-@ up of Reservists to full @-@ time service in circumstances that fell short of a full scale defence emergency , thereby allowing their deployment overseas , while also protecting their employment and providing remuneration to employers . The continuing high operational tempo of the Army after East Timor further emphasised the need to develop the capability of the Army Reserve . Since then increasing numbers of Reservists have been deployed overseas in varying capacities as well as undertaking periods of full @-@ time service in Australia to maintain capabilities within Regular units heavily committed to deployments to Iraq , Afghanistan , East Timor and the Solomon Islands . In lower intensity areas , such as East Timor and the Solomon Islands , formed units of Reservists raised from personnel drawn from many units , have been deployed on peacekeeping duties to relieve the pressure being placed upon the Regular Army and allowing them to focus on the higher intensity combat zones in Iraq and Afghanistan . In addition to this Australian Army Reserve units have been deployed on border security duties with the Royal Australian Navy as part of Operation Relex , as well as participating regularly in multinational exercises such as Rifle Company Butterworth . As such , the role of the Army Reserve now encompasses the ' 3 Rs ' — that is reinforcement , round @-@ out and rotation . With a total strength in 2005 – 06 of just 15 @,@ 579 active personnel , recruitment and retention remain an ongoing issue for Defence planners , nevertheless Reservists continue to have a high training obligation . Since September 2006 , in an incentive to rectify sliding retention rates , Reservist salaries have been streamlined with those of regular forces as a reflection of overall higher standard of training . This initiative shows that in recent decades , there are now many positions for which there is little training gap at all between Reservists and Permanent Force members . In 2008 – 09 total strength included 17 @,@ 064 active personnel . In addition there were another 12 @,@ 496 members of the Standby Reserve . = = Current structure = = = = = Components = = = The Australian Army Reserve currently consists of the following components : Standby Reserve Active Reserve These components are basically categories of service , which are determined by the level of training obligation and commitment that a member is required to meet . = = = 2nd Division = = = The majority of Australian Army Reserve units are under the command of the 2nd Division in six state based brigades , although with the establishment of the High Readiness Reserve there are now a number of " integrated " units that are essentially Regular Army units within 1st Division , that have either company or platoon @-@ sized Reserve sub @-@ units or have a large number of Reserve personnel in them serving alongside members of the Regular Army . There are also many Reservists serving on full @-@ time service within Regular Army units , performing the same roles and under the same pay and conditions as Regular soldiers . 2nd Division is currently made up of the following units : 4th Brigade – Victoria Headquarters 4th Brigade 4th / 19th Prince of Wales 's Light Horse , Royal Australian Armoured Corps 5th / 6th Battalion , Royal Victoria Regiment 8th / 7th Battalion , Royal Victoria Regiment Melbourne University Regiment 2nd / 10th Medium Regiment , Royal Australian Artillery 22nd Engineer Regiment 108th Signals Squadron 4th Combat Service Support Battalion 5th Brigade – Southern New South Wales Headquarters 5th Brigade 1st / 15th Royal New South Wales Lancers 1st / 19th Battalion , Royal New South Wales Regiment 4th / 3rd Battalion , Royal New South Wales Regiment Sydney University Regiment 23rd Field Regiment , Royal Australian Artillery 5th Engineer Regiment 142nd Signals Squadron 5th Combat Service Support Battalion 8th Brigade – Northern and Central New South WalesHeadquarters 8th Brigade 12th / 16th Hunter River Lancers 2nd / 17th Battalion , Royal New South Wales Regiment 41st Battalion , Royal New South Wales Regiment 7th Field Regiment , Royal Australian Artillery 8th Engineer Regiment 155th Signals Squadron 8th Combat Service Support Battalion University of New South Wales Regiment 9th Brigade – South Australia and Tasmania Headquarters 9th Brigade 3rd / 9th Light Horse ( South Australian Mounted Rifles ) 10th / 27th Battalion , Royal South Australia Regiment 12th / 40th Battalion , Royal Tasmania Regiment Adelaide Universities Regiment ( AUR ) 16th Field Battery , Royal Australian Artillery 48th Field Battery , Royal Australian Artillery 3rd Field Squadron , Royal Australian Engineers 144th Signals Squadron 9th Combat Service Support Battalion 11th Brigade – QueenslandHeadquarters 11th Brigade 9th Battalion , Royal Queensland Regiment 25th / 49th Battalion , Royal Queensland Regiment 31st / 42nd Battalion , Royal Queensland Regiment Queensland University Regiment 11th Engineer Regiment 141st Signals Squadron 11th Combat Services Support Battalion 13th Brigade – Western AustraliaHeadquarters 13th Brigade A Squadron , 10th Light Horse Regiment 11th / 28th Battalion , Royal Western Australia Regiment 16th Battalion , Royal Western Australia Regiment Western Australia University Regiment 7th Field Battery , Royal Australian Artillery 13 Field Squadron , Royal Australian Engineers 109th Signals Squadron 13th Combat Services Support Battalion = = = Other Reserve units = = = The following units are reserve units within integrated ( mixed regular army and reserve ) formations : 6th Brigade51st Battalion , Far North Queensland Regiment ( HQ at Cairns , Queensland ) NORFORCE ( HQ at Larrakeyah Barracks , NT ) Pilbara Regiment ( HQ at Taylor Barracks , WA ) 17th Combat Service Support BrigadeC Company , 1st Military Police Battalion ( HQ at Derwent Barracks , Tasmania ) 2nd Force Support Battalion ( HQ at Derwent Barracks , Tasmania ) 3rd Health Support Battalion ( HQ at Keswick Barracks , SA ) Special Operations Command1st Commando Regiment ( HQ at Randwick Barracks , NSW )
= Maryland Senate = The Maryland Senate , sometimes referred to as the Maryland State Senate , is the upper house of the General Assembly , the state legislature of the U.S. state of Maryland . Composed of 47 senators elected from an equal number of constituent single @-@ member districts , the Senate is responsible , along with the Maryland House of Delegates , for passage of laws in Maryland , and for confirming executive appointments made by the Governor of Maryland . It evolved from the upper house of the colonial assembly created in 1650 when Maryland was a proprietary colony controlled by Cecilius Calvert . It consisted of the Governor and members of the Governor 's appointed council . With slight variation , the body to meet in that form until 1776 , when Maryland , now a state independent of British rule , passed a new constitution that created an electoral college to appoint members of the Senate . This electoral college was abolished in 1838 and members began to be directly elected from each county and Baltimore City . In 1972 , because of a Supreme Court decision , the number of districts was increased to 47 , and the districts were balanced by population rather than being geographically determined . To serve in the Maryland Senate , a person must be a citizen of Maryland 25 years of age or older . Elections for the 47 Senate seats are held every four years coincident with the federal election in which the President of the United States is not elected . Vacancies are filled through appointment by the Governor . The Senate meets for three months every year ; the rest of the year the work of the Senate is light and most members hold another job during this time . It has been controlled by Democrats for a number of years . In the 2006 election , more than two @-@ thirds of the Senate seats were won by Democrats . Senators elect a President to serve as presiding officer of the legislative body , as well as a President Pro Tempore . The President appoints chairs and membership of six standing committees , four legislative committees as well as the Executive Nominations and Rules Committees . When compared to other state legislatures in the United States , the Maryland Senate has one of the strongest presiding officers and some of the strongest committee chairs . Senators are also organized into caucuses , including party- and demographically @-@ based caucuses . They are assisted in their work by paid staff of the non @-@ partisan Department of Legislative Services and by partisan office staff . = = History = = The origins of the Maryland Senate lie in the creation of an assembly during the early days of the Maryland colony . This assembly first met in 1637 , making it the longest continuously operating legislative body in the United States . Originally , the assembly was unicameral , but in 1650 , the Governor and his appointed council began serving as the upper house of a now bicameral legislature . These appointees had close political and economic ties to the proprietors of the Maryland colony , Cecilius Calvert and his descendants . Thus , the upper house in colonial times often disagreed with the lower house , which was elected , tended to be more populist , and pushed for greater legislative power in the colony . The upper house was briefly abolished during the English Civil War , as Puritan governors attempted to consolidate control and prevent the return of any proprietary influence . It was again abolished by Governor Josias Fendall in 1660 , who sought to create a colonial government based on an elected unicameral legislature like that of the Virginia colony . The position of Governor was removed from the legislature in 1675 , but for the following century , its function and powers largely remained the same . In 1776 , following the signing of the Declaration of Independence and the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , Maryland threw off proprietary control and established a new constitution . Under this new constitution , the upper house of the General Assembly first became known as the Maryland Senate . The new body consisted of fifteen Senators appointed to five @-@ year terms by an electoral college . The college , made up of two electors from each county and one each from the cities of Baltimore and Annapolis , was limited in its selections only by the stipulation that nine Senators need be from the western shore and six from the eastern shore . The first election under the 1776 constitution took place in 1781 , and the system would not change again until 1838 . In the interim , a number of problems had cropped up in the appointment process , and the 1838 election saw the passage of a number of constitutional amendments that fundamentally changed how Senators were chosen . The electoral college was abolished , terms were lengthened to six years with rotating elections such that a third of the senate would be elected every two years , and a single Senator was chosen by direct election from each county and the City of Baltimore . The Senate no longer acted as the Governor 's Council , although they would continue to confirm the Governor 's appointments . Constitutional changes altered this new system slightly in 1851 , when terms were shortened to four years , and 1864 , when Baltimore City was given three Senate districts rather than one , but substantial change to the structure of the Senate did not come again until 1964 . In 1964 , the Supreme Court ruled in Reynolds v. Sims that state legislative seats must be apportioned on the principle of one man , one vote . A number of state legislatures , including Maryland , had systems based on geography rather than population , and the court rules that this violated the 14th Amendment . Disproportionate population growth across Maryland since 1838 meant that the principle of one seat per county gave the voters of some counties , such as those on the eastern shore , disproportionate representation . Other counties , especially those in suburban areas , were underrepresented . A special session of the legislature in 1965 changed the Senate to represent 16 districts and reapportioned the seats , again by county , but did so in such a way as to make the representation more proportional to population than it had been . Thus , the eastern shore , which had previously elected nine Senators , elected only four after 1965 . This was done to preserve the ideal of having whole counties represented by a single Senator , rather than breaking counties up into multiple districts . A constitutional amendment in 1972 expanded the Senate to 47 members , elected from districts proportional to the population . These districts are reapportioned every ten years based on the United States Census to ensure they remain proportional . = = Powers and legislative process = = The Maryland Senate , as the upper house of the bicameral Maryland General Assembly , shares with the Maryland House of Delegates the responsibility for making laws in the state of Maryland . Bills are often developed in the period between sessions of the General Assembly by the Senate 's standing committees or by individual Senators . They are then submitted by Senators to the Maryland Department of Legislative Services for drafting of legislative language . Between 2000 and 2005 , an average of 907 bills were introduced in the Senate annually during the three @-@ month legislative session . The bill is submitted , and receives the first of three constitutionally mandated readings on the floor of the Senate , before being assigned to a committee . The decision about whether legislation passes is often made in the committees . Committees can hold legislation and prevent it from reaching the Senate floor . The recommendations of committees on bills carry tremendous weight ; it is rare for the Senate as a whole to approve legislation that has received a negative committee report . Once a committee has weighed in on a piece of legislation , the bill returns to the floor for second hearing , called the " consideration of committee " report , and a third hearing , which happens just before the floor vote on it . Once passed by the Senate , a bill is sent to the House of Delegates for consideration . If the House also approves the bill without amendment , it is sent to the Governor . If there is amendment , however , the Senate may either reconsider the bill with amendments or ask for the establishment of a conference committee to work out differences in the versions of the bill passed by each chamber . Once a piece of legislation approved by both houses is forwarded to the Governor , it may either be signed or vetoed . If it is signed , it takes effect on the effective date of the legislation , usually October 1 of that year . If it is vetoed , both the Senate and the House of Delegates must vote by a three @-@ fifths majority to overturn the veto . They may not , however , overturn a veto in the first year of a new term , since the bill would have been passed during the previous session . Additionally , joint resolutions and the budget bill may not be vetoed , although the General Assembly is constitutionally limited in the extent to which it may influence the latter ; it may only decrease the Governor 's budget proposal , not increase it . Unlike the House of Delegates , the Senate has the sole responsibility in the state 's legislative branch for confirming gubernatorial appointees to positions that require confirmation . After the Governor forwards his nomination to the Senate , the Executive Nominations Committee reviews the nominee and makes a recommendation for confirmation or rejection to the Senate as a whole . Only one gubernatorial nominee in recent history has been rejected ; Lynn Buhl , nominated as Maryland Secretary of the Environment by Governor Robert Ehrlich , was rejected over concerns about her qualifications . The Senate also has sole responsibility for trying any persons that have been impeached by the House of Delegates . They must be sworn in before such a trial takes place , and a two @-@ thirds majority is required for conviction of the impeached person . = = Composition = = = = Organization = = Maryland 's Senate consists of Senators elected from 47 Senate districts . While each Senator has the power to introduce and vote on bills and make motions on the floor , various committees , caucuses , and leadership positions help to organize the work of the Senate . Senators elect a President of the Senate , who serves as the presiding officer of the chamber . They also elect a President Pro Tempore , who presides over the chamber when the President is absent . The President of the Maryland Senate has significant influence over legislation that passes through the body through both formal means , such as his ability to appoint committee chairs and leaders of the majority party , and informal means that are less easily defined . These powers place the President of the Maryland Senate among the strongest state legislature presiding officers in the country . Once legislation is introduced , it is passed to one of the standing committees of the Senate . There are six such committees . As a whole , the Maryland General Assembly has fewer standing committees than any other state legislature in the United States . Each committee has between 10 and 15 members . Four of the standing committees deal primarily with legislation ; the Budget and Taxation Committee , the Education , Health , and Environmental Affairs Committee , the Finance Committee , and the Judicial Proceedings Committee . The Chairs of these legislative committees have the power to determine whether their committees will hear a bill , and they therefore have significant influence over legislation . The Executive Nominations Committee manages the Senate 's responsibility to confirm gubernatorial appointments and makes recommendations of approval and disapproval to the body as a whole . Lastly , the Rules Committee sets the rules and procedures of the body . It also has the power to review legislation that has been introduced by a member of the Senate after the deadline for submission , and decide whether to refer it to a standing committee or let it die . Along with serving on the Senate committees , members of the Senate also serve on a number of joint committees with members of the House of Delegates . While the committees are established by formal Senate rules , there are a number of caucuses that exercise significant influence over the legislative process . The most powerful of these are the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Caucus , each of which has a leader and a whip , referred to as a majority and minority leader and whip . As Democrats currently control a majority of seats in the Senate , their leader is referred to as the Majority Leader , and their caucus is able to influence legislation to a greater extent than the Republican caucus . The Majority Leader and Minority leader are responsible for managing their party 's participation in debate on the floor . Party caucuses also raise and distribute campaign money to assist their candidates . The Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland and Women Legislators of Maryland , caucuses of African @-@ American and female Senators respectively , also play prominent roles in the Senate . Professional services for members of the Senate and the House of Delegates are provided by the Department of Legislative Services , which is non @-@ partisan . Individual members are also assisted by partisan staff members , and those in leadership positions have additional partisan staff . These staff members help to manage the offices of the Senators in the Miller Senate Office Building . Each Senator has one year @-@ round administrative assistant , as well as a secretary who assists them during the legislative session . There is also an allowance given to help pay for district offices . = = Membership = = = = = Qualifications = = = To be eligible to run for the Maryland Senate , a person must be a citizen and be at least 25 years old . They must also have lived in the state for at least one year , and must have lived in the district in which they are to run for at least six months , assuming the district has existed with its current boundaries for at least that long . No elected or appointed official of the United States government , including the military , may serve in the Senate , excluding those serving in the military reserves and National Guard . Similarly , no employees of the state government may serve , except for law enforcement officers , firefighters , and rescue workers . = = = Elections and vacancies = = = Members of the Maryland Senate are elected every four years , in off @-@ year elections in the middle of terms for Presidents of the United States . Party nominations are determined by primary elections . The general election for Senate seats and all other state and federal elections in the normal cycle is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November . Should a Senate seat become vacant in the middle of a term , because of death , illness , incapacitation , disqualification , resignation , or expulsion of a member of the Senate , that seat is filled by appointment . The Central Committee of the previous Senator 's party in the county or counties in which the Senate district lies makes a recommendation to the Governor on whom to appoint to the seat . Within fifteen days of the Central Committee 's recommendation being selected , the Governor must appoint that person to the vacant seat . The 47 districts from which Senators are elected are apportioned every ten years on the basis of population . Maryland 's constitution explicitly defines the process for the drawing of these districts , requiring that the Governor make a recommendation of a new electoral map and submit it for legislative approval . As of 2005 , there were approximately 112 @,@ 000 people in each district . Each Senate district also elects three Delegates , and incumbent Senators and Delegates will often run jointly as members of incumbent slates in their districts . It is rare , however , for an incumbent to be challenged . = = = Salaries and benefits = = = As of the 2006 – 2010 term , most of Maryland 's Senators and Delegates receive $ 43 @,@ 500 in annual pay while presiding officers earn $ 56 @,@ 500 . This pay , relatively low for a state legislator , reflects the part @-@ time nature of the body , which only meets three months out of the year . Most members of the Senate hold additional jobs during the remainder of the year . Senators can also seek reimbursement for expenses related to meals and lodging during the legislative session , and for certain travel expenses related to their duties at any point during the year . They also have access to benefits received by state employees , including health and life insurance as well as retirement savings plans . Maryland has a voluntary legislator pension plan to which both Senators and Delegates have access . Besides receiving their own benefits , Senators can award up to $ 138 @,@ 000 each year in scholarships to students of their choosing if those students meet requirements set by Senate rules . = = = Current makeup = = = As of November 2015 , a majority of seats in the Maryland Senate are held by members of the Democratic Party , with 33 Democrats and 14 Republicans , greater than a two @-@ thirds majority . This dominance is nothing new , as Democrats have had strong majorities in the chamber for decades . Democrats tend to control seats in the large population centers such as Baltimore City , Montgomery County , and Prince George 's County , while Republicans control most seats on the Eastern Shore and in western Maryland . The chamber has also had significant numbers of women and African @-@ Americans serve , with women averaging around 30 % of the seats and African @-@ Americans around 20 % . = = = Leadership = = = As of 2009 , Thomas V. Mike Miller , Jr. was serving his fifth term as President of the Senate . Nathaniel J. McFadden , from the 45th district in Baltimore , is the President Pro Tempore . The Democratic caucus is led by Catherine E. Pugh , the majority leader , and Lisa A. Gladden , the majority whip . J. B. Jennings serves as minority leader . = = Rules and procedures = = Many rules and procedures in the Maryland Senate are set by the state constitution . Beyond the constitutional mandates , rules in the Senate are developed by the Rules Committee . The Senate and House of Delegates both meet for ninety days following the second Wednesday in January , although these sessions may be extended for up to thirty days by majority votes in both houses , and special sessions may be called by the Governor . The Senate meets in the Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House , which has both gallery seating and a door open to the State House lobby , the latter being mandated by the state constitution . Seating in the Senate is by party , with the leaders of each party choosing the exact seating assignments . Each Senator has offices in Annapolis , in the Miller Senate Office Building . A typical session of the Senate begins with a call to order by the President of the Senate . After the call to order , the previous day 's journal is approved , petitions are heard , and orders involving committee and leadership appointments or changes to the rules are presented . First , readings of legislation take place . Senators are then given leeway to introduce any visitors , often people observing its deliberations from the gallery above the Senate chamber . Then the Senators consider legislation . They begin with unfinished business from the previous session , then consider legislation and special orders with accompanying reports from committees . At the discretion of the presiding officer , the Senate may adjourn at any time , unless a majority of members present object to adjournment . Lobbying is common in Annapolis ; there are more than 700 lobbyists registered with the state . While lobbyists may spend freely on advocacy , they are limited in gifts to legislators and in their ability to contribute to campaigns . Ethics issues related to lobbyists and other matters are handled by the Joint Committee on Legislative Ethics , a twelve @-@ member committee that includes six Senators . Members of the Senate may turn to either this committee or an ethics counsel to help them resolve questions of potential ethical conflict . Members are encouraged to avoid conflicts of interest , and are required to submit public financial disclosures to the state . In addition to employment prohibitions laid out in the state constitution , members are barred from advocating for any paying client before any part of the state government .
= Mantled guereza = The mantled guereza ( Colobus guereza ) , also known simply as the guereza , the eastern black @-@ and @-@ white colobus , or the Abyssinian black @-@ and @-@ white colobus , is a black @-@ and @-@ white colobus , a type of Old World monkey . It is native to much of west central and east Africa , including Cameroon , Equatorial Guinea , Nigeria , Ethiopia , Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda and Chad . The species consists of several subspecies that differ in appearance . It has a distinctive appearance , which is alluded to in its name ; the long white fringes of hair the run along each side of its black trunk are known as a mantle . Its face is framed with white hair and it has a large white tail tuft . The mantled guereza is diurnal and arboreal , found in both deciduous and evergreen forests . It is an adaptable species that can cope with habitat disturbance and prefers secondary forest close to rivers or lakes . Although previously thought only to eat leaves , it also eats seeds , fruits , and arthropods . It is able to digest plant material with a high fibre content with its specialised stomach and may only eat from a few plant species at a time . It is preyed on by birds of prey and some mammals , such as the common chimpanzee and the leopard . The mantled guereza lives in social groups of three to fifteen individuals . These groups normally include a dominant male , several females , and the offspring of the females . It has a polygynous mating system and copulation is initiated with vocal communication . After a gestation period of just over five months , infants are born with pink skin and white fur , which darkens to the adult coloration by three to four months . The mantled guereza is well known for its dawn chorus , the males ' " roar " is a method of long distance communication that reinforces territorial boundaries . It also makes other vocalization and uses body postures , movements , and facial expressions to communicate . The mantled guereza is listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) because it is widespread - although it is locally threatened in some areas , the decline is not great enough to list it in a higher category of threat . However , one subspecies found in Kenya is listed as Endangered . It can survive well in degraded forests and in some areas it is more common in logged areas than unlogged ones . The mantled guereza is also threatened by hunting for bushmeat and for its skin . = = Etymology = = The mantled guereza has many alternative common names including the guereza , the eastern black @-@ and @-@ white colobus , the magistrate colobus , or the Abyssinian black @-@ and @-@ white colobus . The name " mantled " refers to its mantle , the long silky white fringes of hair that run along its body and " guereza " is the native name of the monkey in Ethiopia . The scientific name Colobus derives from Greek kolobus meaning " mutilated " which refers to its lack of thumbs . = = Discovery and taxonomic classification = = The mantled guereza was discovered by Eduard Rüppell , a German naturalist and explorer , during his trip to Abyssinia between 1830 and 1834 . He wrote about the species in Neue Wirbelthiere con Abyssinien , Saengthiere in 1835 . It was first seen in Europe in 1890 in Berlin Zoological Garden when three individuals were purchased from a dealer from Massawa , Eritrea . The mantled guereza is in the Colobinae subfamily , also known as the leaf @-@ eating monkeys , a group of Old World monkeys from Asia and Africa . This subfamily is split into three groups , the colobus monkeys of Africa , of which the mantled guereza is a part , the langurs , or leaf monkeys , of Asia , and an " odd @-@ nosed " group . The African colobus monkeys are divided again by distinctions in color , behavior , and ecology . The three genera are the black @-@ and @-@ white colobi , the red colobi , and the olive colobi . There are three black @-@ and @-@ white colobi : the mantled guereza , Colobus guereza , the king colobus , C. polykomos , and the Angola colobus , C. angolensis . Groves lists seven subspecies of mantled guereza in Mammal Species of the World ( MSW ) ( 2005 ) . The validity of the Djaffa Mountain guereza , C. g. gallarum , is uncertain , although not listed by Groves in MSW , it is recognised in his 2007 Colobinae review paper , and by International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) assessors Gippolliti and Butynski in 2008 . Western guereza , Colobus guereza occidentalis , occurs from eastern Nigeria , Cameroon , and Gabon at the edge of its western range to South Sudan and Uganda , west of the Nile . Omo River guereza , C. g. guereza , found in Ethiopia , in the highlands west of the Rift Valley down to the reaches of the Awash River , the Omo River , and in the Blue Nile gorge . Djaffa Mountains guereza or Neumann 's black @-@ and @-@ white colobus , C. g. gallarum , found in the Ethiopian Highlands east of the Rift Valley . Dodinga Hills guereza , C. g. dodingae , found in the Didinga Hills in South Sudan . Mau Forest guereza , C. g. matschiei , occurs from western Kenya and Uganda south into northern Tanzania . Mt Uaraguess guereza or Percival 's black @-@ and @-@ white colobus , C. g. percivali , found in the Matthews Range in Kenya . Eastern black @-@ and @-@ white colobus , C. g. kikuyuensis , occurs in Kenya on the Ngong Escarpment of Mount Kenya and in the Aberdare Range . Kilimanjaro guereza , C. g. caudatus , found in Tanzania and Kenya in the forests surrounding Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Meru . The morphological difference between subspecies is most pronounced between the southeastern Kilimanjaro guereza , C. g. caudatus , and the northwestern western guereza , C. g. occidentalis . The intermediate subspecies show a gradual change between the two . = = Physical description = = The mantled guereza has a distinctive pelage , it is mostly black , with long white fringes of silky hair — known as a mantle or ornamentation — along the sides of its body and tail . The bands that make up the mantle start at the shoulders and extend along the back until they connect at the lower torso . The tail is long and ends in a white tuft which varies in how much it covers the tail . These features vary in color among subspecies , for example the tail of C. g. guereza is gray until the white tail tuft which covers half of its length , while the tail tuft of C. g. caudatus makes up 80 % of the tail . The mantle color ranges from white to cream or yellow . Its face is framed by white hair and it has bushy cheek hairs . The thigh has a white stripe . Infants are born with pink skin and white hair . The hair and skin darken as they age and by three to four months they attain adult coloration . Male usually gain their coloration before females . The male typically weighs 9 @.@ 3 and 13 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 21 and 30 lb ) and the female weighs between 7 @.@ 8 and 9 @.@ 2 kilograms ( 17 and 20 lb ) . The head and body length averages 61 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 24 @.@ 2 in ) for males and 57 @.@ 6 centimetres ( 22 @.@ 7 in ) for females . Like most colobi , the mantled guereza has a small thumb that is vestigial . There is dentition sexual dimorphism among the subspecies . In some , the males have larger teeth than females , in others the reverse is true , and some have no significant difference . = = Distribution and habitat = = The mantled guereza is distributed throughout Equatorial Africa . It ranges from Nigeria and Cameroon in the west to Ethiopia , Kenya , Uganda , and northern Tanzania in the east . The mantled guereza lives in both deciduous and evergreen forests . It mainly inhabits forest and savannah woodlands and often extend into highland and montane forests . It can be found in other forest habitats , both primary and secondary , such as riparian ( near fresh or brackish water ) , gallery , and upland forests . It is particularly common in forests close to rivers and lakes and at high elevations . It can be found in elevations as high as 3 @,@ 300 metres ( 10 @,@ 800 ft ) . This species prefers secondary forests and selects them over old @-@ growth forests if given the choice . It is likely that the mantled guereza prefers these forests due to the increased number of food trees and the weaker chemical defenses of the species within . The mantled guereza is sometimes found in swamps as well as human @-@ made habitats such as Eucalyptus plantations , which may be frequented when the monkey has nutritional deficiencies . = = Ecology = = The mantled guereza is primarily arboreal , but does sometimes descend on the ground to forage and travel , perhaps more so than most other colobines . It is diurnal and rests for up to half the day . Foraging or travelling are the next most common activity . Sometime after dawn , mantled guereza groups leave their sleeping trees and will return to them at dusk . During the day , the mantled guereza has long rest periods in between periods of moving and feeding . Other activities , including grooming , greeting , playing and being vigilant , are performed to a lesser extent . Despite its reputation as an exclusive leaf @-@ eater , the mantled guereza is not an obligate folivore . While it mainly eats leaves and fruit , its diet is quite variable . It may eat bark , wood , seeds , flowers , petioles , lianas , aquatic @-@ plants , arthropods , soil , and even concrete from buildings . The amount of each food item in its diet varies by area and time of year . Nutritional factors like protein , tannins , and sodium levels in leaves influence its food choices . It may even intermittently travel longer distances to access plants with higher levels of nutrition . Leaves usually make up over half of its diet , although fruits are occasionally eaten more depending on the season . When foraging for leaves , the mantled guereza prefers young ones over old . With fleshy fruits , the mantled guereza prefers to eat them unripe , which may serve to reduce competition with primates that eat ripe fruits . It consumes a number of plant species but only some make up most of its diet at a specific site . Like all colobi , the mantled guereza is able to digest leaves and other plant fibers with a large , multi @-@ chambered stomach that contains bacteria in certain areas . Like most colobines , it prefers foods with high fiber content that can be easily extracted with its specialized stomach . The mantled guereza is mostly preyed on by the crowned hawk @-@ eagle , but it is also eaten by other birds of prey such as Verreaux 's eagle . The common chimpanzee is known to hunt the guereza . The leopard is another possible predator . = = Behaviour = = = = = Social structure = = = The mantled guereza lives in stable social groups usually containing three to fifteen members . The groups usually contain one male , several females and juveniles . In some populations , groups containing several males are common . In multi @-@ male groups , males tend to be aggressive with one another with one being dominant . Some males may be expelled from these groups . Multi @-@ male groups may contain father @-@ son pairs or unrelated males . Males that are not part of groups either live solitarily or with other outside males in bachelor groups . The females keep the groups cohesive and they are matrilineally related . They rarely disperse from their natal groups , except possibly when they break apart . Males on the other hand , usually leave when they become subadults or adults . They may start out being solitary and or in bachelor groups . They gain entry into a social group either by being on the periphery or displacing a group male . Because of its low quality diet and the dispersed distribution of its food , the mantled guereza has a resident @-@ egalitarian social structure . Female guerezas living in a group often have an egalitarian dominance style with no formalized rank relations . Relationships are relaxed and friendly with rare signals of dominance or subordinance . Physical aggression within the group is usually not harmful and rarely escalates into a conflict . Allogrooming is an important part of mantled guereza interactions and mostly occurs between females . The adult males rarely groom in the groups . While not strictly territorial , mantled guereza groups can be aggressive towards each other . In some populations , groups may defend core areas ( which exist as a small part of the home range ) , resources , and mates . During intergroup encounters , males can engage in direct or indirect mate defense , like defending a female 's resources . It is the males that participate in agonistic inter @-@ group encounters but female may do so as well . Aggressive encounters between groups usually involve chases , displays and vocalizations rather than physical contact . = = = Reproduction and parenting = = = The mantled guereza has a polygynous harem @-@ based mating system . Mating solicitations are made by both males and females , half of the time for each . To solicit mating , the mantled guereza will walk near its potential partner and make low @-@ intensity mouth clicks or tough @-@ smacks . During copulation , the males hold on the female 's ankles and body . Most matings take place between individuals of the same group but copulations outside of the group have been recorded . In multi @-@ male groups , more than one male may mate with the females . The gestation period lasts 158 days with a 16 @-@ 22 month interbirth interval . The newborn guereza relies on its mother for support and must cling to her . As they grow older , infants can move on their own but keep returning to their mothers . The infants take up most of the attention in the groups . The other females in a group may handle an infant although the latter are only comfortable with their mothers . The males normally don 't pay much attention to infants until they are four to five weeks old . Infants can eat solid food at about eight to nine weeks and by fifty weeks they are fully weaned and no longer need to hold on to their mothers . = = = Communication = = = The most notable vocalization of the mantled guereza is the " roar " , which is made mainly at night or dawn by males . The sound of a roar can be carried for up to a mile . It is normally the dominant male who roars when there are multiple males in the group . Roars are used for long distance communication and can regulate inter @-@ group spacing without direct , physical contact while foraging . When one male starts roaring , neighboring males will start to roar as well . Often , the mantled guereza will respond to calls regardless of " caller identity , " focusing more on the collective vocal displays and not the familiarity of the caller . There is variation in the roars of males which could signal the status of their group and fighting ability . With a roar , a male can advertise his body size ; both actual and exaggerated . Other vocalizations are made as well . Males may snort , possibly as an alarm call . " Purrs " are made before group movements . Females and infants may " caw " when under mild distress . When in more serious distress , like if an infant is in danger , females and sub @-@ adults will squeak or scream . " Tongue @-@ clicking " is made during mild aggression . In addition to vocalizations , the mantled guereza communicates with several different body postures and movements , displaying of fringe fur , facial expressions , and touches . = = Conservation status = = Because it can live in both dry and gallery forests and move on the ground , the mantled guereza is less threatened than many other colobine species . The IUCN lists it as Least Concern because " although locally threatened in parts of its range , this widespread species is not thought to be declining fast enough to place it in a higher category of threat . " However , some of the subspecies are classified under different categories . The Mt Uaraguess guereza , C. g. percivali , is listed as Endangered due to its small range and its risk from hunting , while the Dodinga Hills guereza , C. g. dodingae , the Djaffa Mountains guereza , C. g. gallarum , and the Mau Forest guereza , C. g. matschiei are all listed as Data Deficient . The Dodinga Hills guereza hasn 't been recorded since the 1960s . Unlike most other primate species , the mantled guereza can survive habitat degradation and can even thrive in degraded forests . Sometimes , logging may increase the number of preferred food trees for the mantled guereza and it is more abundant in logged areas than unlogged ones . However , complete forest clearance causes dramatic declines in numbers . In Uganda complete forest clearings caused a decline of 50 % over eight years . The mantled guereza is also threatened by hunting for meat and its skin . Mantled guereza meat sells as bushmeat for $ 4 – 9 US . The skins have been sold for fashion or in the tourist trade .
= Homerpalooza = " Homerpalooza " is the 24th episode of The Simpsons ' seventh season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 19 , 1996 . The plot focuses around Homer 's depression about aging and no longer being cool , and his quest to become cool again by joining the " Hullabalooza " music festival as a carnival freak . The episode title is a play on the Lollapalooza music festival . It was the last Simpsons episode written by Brent Forrester and the last episode directed by Wes Archer . Peter Frampton and musical groups The Smashing Pumpkins , Cypress Hill and Sonic Youth guest star as themselves . = = Plot = = After the school bus is destroyed at the auto wrecking yard , Homer is forced to drive his ( and other ) kids to school . Along the way , he listens to a classic rock radio station that plays " Shinin ' On " by Grand Funk Railroad and is shocked to discover that all of the kids hate it , and have never heard of them . After several more days of the kids hating his music ( which Bart calls " dinosaur bands " ) , Homer visits a music store and realizes that what he likes is no longer considered cool . As a result , Homer decides to take Bart and Lisa to the Hullabalooza music festival . At the festival , Homer tries to act cool by wearing a Rastafarian hat , but all he does is humiliate himself and is confronted by an angry crowd of Generation Xers who mistake him for a narc . After being tossed out by the crowd , Homer angrily kicks a cannon , which shoots one of Peter Frampton 's inflatable pigs ( purchased at " Pink Floyd 's yard sale " ) at his stomach . The festival head is impressed and Homer is hired as a part of the festival 's freak show . As a result , Homer gets to go on tour with the festival and hangs out with The Smashing Pumpkins , Cypress Hill and Sonic Youth . Homer suddenly finds himself living the high life : partying with big name rock stars and becoming respected among American youth , including Bart. As the tour approaches a stop in Springfield , Homer 's stomach begins to hurt and he is sent to a veterinarian . The veterinarian advises Homer that if he performs his act one more time , his stomach will burst and he will die . Homer shrugs this news off , not wanting to lose his popularity . At first he decides to do his job , but at the last second he loses his nerve and dodges the cannonball . Consequently , he is released from the festival and , despite a warm sendoff from the rock stars , goes back to not being respected by his children . = = Production = = The entire story of this episode was developed by David Cohen , although it was written by Brent Forrester , who felt that Cohen at least deserved a " story by " credit . To do research for this episode , Forrester went to one of the Lollapalooza concerts , which he thought would be a fun little perk , but ended up being a horrible experience . Several of the jokes in this episode are based on his experiences : cameras ( including his own ) were being seized and thrown in the garbage , there were numerous advertisements , several " sour faced teens " , a real freak show ( Jim Rose Circus ) , and at one point a stranger approached Forrester and asked " how 's it going , narc ? " During Homer 's confrontation with the Hullabalooza crowd , there is a brief shot of Homer with the members of the musical group No Doubt behind him . Gwen Stefani 's brother Eric Stefani , who himself had been a member of the band , was working as an animator at The Simpsons at the time and added them in . = = = Casting = = = The writers were aiming to have artists that represented several genres : hip hop ( Cypress Hill ) , alternative rock ( Sonic Youth , Smashing Pumpkins ) and a classic rock singer . Originally , Bob Dylan was sought for this role , but he was replaced by Peter Frampton . Neil Young and Pearl Jam were also sought for the episode but turned down the offer . Originally , Courtney Love and Hole were wanted for this episode , but they declined . According to the DVD commentary an unnamed group had said that if Courtney Love were in the episode , they would not be . An Entertainment Weekly article revealed that the group was Sonic Youth . It was thought that Love would appear in the episode because she had recently done a movie with James L. Brooks , but she never responded to the request . Love was wanted specifically for one joke which would be in an exchange between her and Homer : Courtney Love : Hi Homer ! I 'm a big fan , Courtney Love.Homer : Homer Grateful ! However , she did not appear and the joke was reworded for Billy Corgan of the Smashing Pumpkins : Billy Corgan : Billy Corgan , Smashing Pumpkins.Homer : Homer Simpson , smiling politely . = = Cultural references = = The flashback where Homer meets the guys in the van is based on Dazed and Confused . Several of the scenes where Homer is hit with a cannonball are based on famous stock footage of Frank " Cannonball " Richards being hit with a cannonball . Otto 's drug @-@ induced hallucination of his " talking shoes " are based on the opening of the album version of the song " 1999 " by Prince . Homer 's walk in one scene parodies the walk in the Keep on Truckin ' comic that was drawn by Robert Crumb . = = = Soundtrack = = = Music in this episode : " Shinin ' On " by Grand Funk Railroad " Mississippi Queen " by Mountain " Zero " by The Smashing Pumpkins " You Make Me Feel Like Dancing " by Leo Sayer ( sung by Homer & Barney ) " Do You Feel Like We Do " by Peter Frampton " Insane in the Brain " by Cypress Hill " Throw Your Set In The Air " by Cypress Hill " Frankenstein " by the Edgar Winter Group Sonic Youth plays their version of the theme over the end credits = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Homerpalooza " finished 57th in ratings for the week of May 13 – 19 , 1996 , with a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 8 , equivalent to approximately 7 @.@ 5 million viewing households . It was the third highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files and Married ... with Children . The BBC website called the episode " One of the most memorable episodes , if not one of the greatest – the satire on youth counterculture is well handled , and Homer 's flashback to his youth is fabulous . " and IGN said the episode was one of the best of Season 7 . In a list of the 25 greatest guest voices on the show , released September 5 , 2006 , IGN.com ranked the Hullabalooza performers 23rd . The noise rock version of the end credits performed by Sonic Youth has been ranked among the best versions of the theme by Matt Groening and also by Chris Turner in his book Planet Simpson . Bill Oakley has said that Peter Frampton is one of his favorite guest stars and he wished he could have done a TV show with him . Alternatively , the Rover Hendrix act break joke has been called one of the worst jokes in Simpsons history by the writers and producers . In 2007 , Simon Crerar of The Times listed the Smashing Pumpkins ' and Cypress Hill 's performances among the 33 funniest cameos in the history of the show . Andrew Martin of Prefix Mag named Cypress Hill his sixth @-@ favorite musical guests on The Simpsons out of a list of ten .
= Sublingua = The sublingua ( " under @-@ tongue " ) is a muscular secondary tongue found below the primary tongue in tarsiers and living strepsirrhine primates , which includes lemurs and lorisoids ( collectively called " lemuriforms " ) . Although it is most fully developed in these primates , similar structures can be found in some other mammals , such as marsupials , treeshrews , and colugos . This " second tongue " lacks taste buds , and in lemuriforms , it is thought to be used to remove hair and other debris from the toothcomb , a specialized dental structure used to comb the fur during oral grooming . A rigid structure called the plica mediana or lytta runs from the front to the back , down the center of the sublingua to give it support . The plica mediana is usually made of cartilage and attaches the sublingua to the underside of the tongue . In lemuriforms , the sublingua mostly consists of two plicae fimbriatae ( singular : plica fimbriata ) , which run along the sides of the plica mediana and end in comb @-@ like serrated edges that are hardened with keratin . The plicae fimbriatae move freely over a limited range . The plica sublingualis , which is found in all primates , but is particularly small in lemuriforms , attaches the tongue and sublingua to the floor of the mouth . Tarsiers have a large but highly generalized sublingua , but their closest living relatives , monkeys and apes , lack one . The sublingua is thought to have evolved from specialized folds of tissue below the tongue , which can be seen in some marsupials and other mammals . Simians do not have a sublingua , but the fimbria linguae found on the underside of ape tongues may be a vestigial version of the sublingua . Because of widely variable appearance of sublingual tissue in primates , the term " sublingua " is often confused with the frenal lamella , lingual frenulum , and other sublingual tissues . = = Anatomical structure = = The sublingua , or " under @-@ tongue " , is a secondary tongue located below the primary tongue in tarsiers , lemuriform primates , and some other mammals . This structure does not have taste buds or salivary glands . In lemuriforms , the sublingua is relatively large and its front edge is usually lined with keratinized serrations ( sometimes called " denticles " ) . Down the middle of the sublingua is a thick strengthening rod called the plica mediana or lytta , which connects the sublingua to the underside of the tongue , and is part of the lingual septum ( septum of the tongue ) . The thickness and size of the plica mediana can vary between species , and except in treeshrews , it is cartilaginous and provides support for the sublingua . Only the serrated and often keratinized tip of the sublingua is free to move small distances along the underside of the tongue , while the majority of its length adheres to the underside of the tongue . These free @-@ moving folds or filaments are called the plica fimbriata and attach to the base of the sublingua and are supported at the midline by the plica mediana . The plica fimbriata is highly developed and specialized in lemurs , and makes up the majority of the sublingua . The fold that connects the back of the sublingua and tongue to the rear floor of the mouth is called the plica sublingualis . In lemurs , this is an underdeveloped structure consisting of only a tiny outgrowth on the floor of the mouth . The point where the plica sublingualis attaches to the rear floor of the mouth marks the location of the submandibular salivary glands . = = = Differences between species = = = In the aye @-@ aye , the sublingua is not shaped like a brush like it is in most lemurs . Instead , there is a thickened area along the plica mediana or lytta which has a hook @-@ shaped structure on the end . Within cheirogaleids , the sublingua lacks cartilage , and the sublingua of the gray mouse lemur has a distinct plica mediana and ends in two lobe @-@ like projections that lack keratinized serrations , but have three keratinized ridges which make the sublingua rigid . In tarsiers , the sublingua does not have serrations along its tip and is much simpler and generalized in structure , making it clearly distinguishable from that of the lemuriform primates . The tarsier has a distinct plica mediana and its plicae fimbriatae are large and stick to the entire underside of the tongue . The plica sublingualis is also prominent . Marsupials such as opossums and the common brushtail possum have also developed noticeable sublingua with a plica mediana and a less specialized , but conspicuous , plica fimbriata . = = Function = = Originally , the sublingua in lemurs was thought to be a vestigial organ inherited from their mammalian ancestors . In lemuriform primates , the sublingua is used to remove hair and debris from the highly specialized toothcomb , an arrangement of four or six long , forward @-@ facing teeth in the lower jaw used in oral grooming . The toothcomb of lemuriforms consists of both incisors and canine teeth ( which reinforce the incisors ) , and together , these finely spaced teeth act like teeth on a comb . Although the cleaning function has been suspected for nearly a century , there has been no clear confirmation of this . However , a study from 1941 presented evidence that the toothcomb accumulated a mat of hair during oral grooming , and the author did observe that lemurs extend and retract their tongue rapidly , possibly to use the sublingua to clean the toothcomb . In the aye @-@ aye , which has replaced the toothcomb by evolving continually growing , rodent @-@ like incisors , the hook @-@ shaped tip of the sublingua fits precisely within the gap between the two lower incisors and keeps the area clean . Tarsiers lack a toothcomb , which may explain why their sublingua lacks the serrations typically found on the sublingua of lemuriforms . Although colugos also have a toothcomb , consisting of serrated edges on the tips of their incisors instead of finely spaced , elongated teeth , they do not have a sublingua . Instead , their toothcomb is cleaned by the tongue , which has serrated edges at the front that match the serrations on the incisors . = = Evolution and development = = The sublingua in lemuriform primates and tarsiers may have evolved from the specialized folds of tissue below that tongue , as seen in some marsupials , such as sugar gliders , as well as some embryonic eutherian mammals , such as whales and dogs . It is also found in some adult eutherian mammals , such as treeshrews , colugos , and rodents . The sublingua of treeshrews , close relatives of primates , is less developed than in lemuriforms and tarsiers , but suggests a phylogenetic relationship . The sublingua in lemuriform primates is fully developed and particularly unique . Tarsiers , which are most closely related to monkeys and apes ( collectively called simians ) , also have a well @-@ developed but non @-@ specialized sublingua . Simians , however , do not have a sublingua , although some , such as titis have a highly specialized frenal lamella ( plica sublingualis ) . All primates have a plica sublingualis , and the fimbria linguae ( plica fimbriata ) found under the tongue of apes may be a vestigial version , although that is still disputed . The structure and appearance of the sublingua , frenal lamella , lingual frenulum , and other sublingual tissue vary greatly between primates , and as a result , their terminology is often confused . In the species that have cartilage in the sublingua or lytta , that cartilage is not derived from the hyoid bone or hyoid arch ( the bone and cartilage that supports the tongue ) . Instead , the cartilage of the sublingua is a separately developed structure specifically adapted to support the sublingua .
= Nimrod ( album ) = Nimrod ( stylized as nimrod . ) is the fifth studio album by the American punk rock band Green Day , released on October 14 , 1997 through Reprise Records . The group began work on the album in the wake of their cancellation of a European tour after the release of Insomniac ( 1995 ) . Recorded at Conway Studios in Los Angeles , the album was written with the intent of creating a set of stand @-@ alone songs as opposed to a cohesive album . The album peaked at number ten on the Billboard U.S. charts and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The record was also certified triple platinum in Australia and double platinum in Canada . Upon release , Nimrod received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised Armstrong 's songwriting . The album yielded the acoustic hit " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " , which appeared in numerous pop culture events , including the series finale of the sitcom Seinfeld in 1998 . To promote the album , Green Day embarked on an extensive touring schedule . Retrospectively , Nimrod is noted for its musical diversity and experimentation . It contains elements of folk , surf rock , and ska ; the lyrical themes discussed on the record include maturity , personal reflection , and fatherhood . = = Background = = In 1995 , Green Day released Insomniac , which did not perform as well commercially , as the band 's breakthrough major @-@ label debut Dookie ( 1994 ) . Speaking of Insomniac , vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong noted , " It did a lot better than I thought it was going to do ... From the sound of it , we knew it wasn 't going to sell as much as Dookie . " The group embarked on an extensive world tour to promote Insomniac in early 1996 , which saw the band performing in sports arenas that contrasted with the small clubs the group was accustomed to playing . The members became increasingly uncomfortable with the level of stardom they had attained ; Armstrong recalled , " We were becoming the things we hated , playing those big arenas . It was beginning to be not fun anymore . " Green Day also became homesick as touring forced the members to leave behind their families . The band eventually decided to cancel the late 1996 European leg of the Insomniac tour to take time off to spend at home . During this time , the band continued to write , and eventually completed over three dozen new songs by the beginning of 1997 . Although the group 's last effort with producer Rob Cavallo was considered a disappointment , the band did not contemplate choosing anyone else to work with on Nimrod , as the members viewed Cavallo as a " mentor " . = = Recording and production = = The album was recorded at Conway Studios in Los Angeles , and the band stayed at the Sunset Marquis Hotel during the sessions . Nimrod took four months to record and , Armstrong partially attributed the lengthy recording time to spending " a little too much time " playing pool and foosball during the sessions . The recording schedule , which lasted from noon to two in the morning every day , became frustrating for the group members , who began drinking heavily . Bassist Mike Dirnt recalled , " One night one of us was walking down the halls knocking on people 's doors while naked . " Another incident involved drummer Tre Cool throwing his hotel room television set out of his window . Armstrong noted , " There was a lot of glass . You have to live that arrogant lifestyle every now and then . " To keep the band focused , Cavallo enlisted his father and manager Pat Magnarella to supervise the group . While working on Nimrod , Green Day explained to Cavallo their desire to create a more experimental album as the band had grown tired of its traditional three chord song structure . Armstrong drew inspiration from The Clash 's landmark record London Calling , and referred to Nimrod as " the record I 've wanted to make since the band started . " The album was intended to break the constraints of typical punk rock music . To preserve the quality of his songwriting , Armstrong began writing each song on acoustic guitar , to which the rest of the band would later add heavier instrumentation and faster tempos . Green Day recorded around 30 songs for Nimrod and picked 18 of them for the record . Dirnt explained that the recording was much more loosely structured than previous albums , and that creating songs was the focus as opposed to making a cohesive record . He observed , " We 've always screwed around with different types of music during our jams , but we 'd say , ' OK let 's stop and get back to the album . ' This time we just let them come up . " Reprise Records president Howie Klein spent a lot of time in the studio with the band during recording , and recalled that , " What I realized immediately is that they had seemed to mature in their musical direction . It wasn 't just more of the same . There was so much growth in the band . " The musical maturation displayed on Nimrod was partially inspired by Bikini Kill 's Reject All American ( 1996 ) , which encouraged Armstrong to balance " rough punk rock songs " and " delicate pretty songs " . Armstrong wrote " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " in 1990 and did not show the song to his bandmates until the Dookie recording sessions in 1993 . During the sessions , the song was determined to be too different from the rest of the songs on Dookie , and producer Rob Cavallo was unsure of how to structure the recording . When the time came to record Nimrod , Armstrong decided to use the song , and Cavallo suggested they add strings to the track . He sent the band to play foosball in another room while he recorded the strings , which took " like fifteen , twenty minutes , maybe a half an hour at the most . " Cavallo reflected on his decision to add the strings " I knew we had done the right thing . I knew it was a hit the second I heard it . " In addition to the strings on " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " , the music of Nimrod contains a variety of other instruments that were not featured on previous Green Day albums . " Walking Alone " features Armstrong playing the harmonica , despite the fact that he did not " know how to play it at all " . " Hitchin ' a Ride " opens with a Middle Eastern @-@ inspired violin performed by Petra Haden of That Dog . The band invited Gabrial McNair and Stephen Bradley of No Doubt 's horn section to play on the ska @-@ influenced " King for a Day " . = = Music and lyrics = = Nimrod is more musically varied than previous Green Day albums . Armstrong noted that with the album , Green Day went down " different avenues , " adding : " Each song has its own character and identity so we wanted to be able to bring that out as much as possible . " " Nice Guys Finish Last " has been considered a song that " eases the transition " from Insomniac to Nimrod . Sandy Masuo of the Los Angeles Times likened " Worry Rock " to the music of Elvis Costello . " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " has been referred to as a " pop @-@ punk campfire singalong ballad " . After opening with Haden 's violin solo , " Hitchin ' a Ride " evolves into a bass @-@ driven rock song with a " Stray Cats vibe " . Cool referred to " Take Back " ( which features a more upfront hardcore @-@ style , both musically and vocally ) and " Platypus ( I Hate You ) " as " some of the most punk songs we 've ever done " . " Last Ride In " is a surf rock @-@ influenced instrumental , and " King for a Day " is a ska punk song featuring a horn section . Armstrong compared the song to the Oi ! genre , and noted " It would be funny for a bunch of macho fraternity guys to be singing along and , little do they know , the song 's about being in drag . " The " chiming " guitar riffs of " Redundant " have been compared to those of The Byrds . Lyrically , Nimrod touches upon more reflective themes not present on earlier Green Day albums . Much of the album illustrates Armstrong 's sentiments on growing up and his role as a husband and father . " The Grouch " centers on Armstrong 's fears of " wasting away , getting fat , becoming impotent , and losing his ideals . " On " Walking Alone " , he reflects on old friends from his childhood , and notes that he is " too drunk to figure out they 're fading away . " Armstrong discusses the struggle to stay sober on " Hitchin ' a Ride " . " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " was inspired by Armstrong 's failed relationship with a woman that ended when she joined the Peace Corps in 1990 . The same woman is also the subject of " She " from Dookie , " Whatsername " from American Idiot ( 2004 ) and " Amanda " from ¡ Tré ! . However , other songs contain subject matter and themes more typical of Green Day 's previous work . Armstrong wrote " Nice Guys Finish Last " about the band 's interactions with the band 's lawyers and managers and how " everybody thinks they know what 's best for you . " " Jinx " contains self @-@ deprecating lyrics characteristic of many of the band 's songs , while " Prosthetic Head " has been referred to as a " typical ticked @-@ off kiss @-@ off " . " King for a Day " tells the story of a cross @-@ dresser . " Uptight " contains repeated mentions of suicide ; Armstrong explained , " I think the word ' suicide ' just sounded really good . And the line , ' I 'm a son of a gun ' . It made sense , but I can 't really explain why it made sense . It just sort of does . " = = Critical reception = = The album received generally positive reviews from critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave Nimrod three and a half stars out of five , calling it an " invigorating , if occasionally frustrating listen " , and although he praised Armstrong 's " gift for hooky , instantly memorable melodies " , he noted that " the 18 tracks whip by at such a breakneck speed that it leaves you somewhat dazed . " Greg Kot of Rolling Stone enjoyed the album 's melodic nature as well as the " measure of sincerity " present in Armstrong 's vocals . Kot appreciated the return of the band 's " juvenile sense of humor " that he felt was lacking on Insomniac , and praised the musical diversity on the record , remarking , " This music is a long way from Green Day 's apprenticeship at the Gilman Street punk clubs , in Berkeley , Calif . But now that the band has seen the world , it 's only fitting that Green Day should finally make an album that sounds as if it has . " A group of editors writing for People also praised the record 's " fresh and original " melodies and " quick @-@ tempoed cool " , adding , " Kudos to Green Day , young punk 's reigning purists , for sticking with what they know best . " Sandy Masuo of the Los Angeles Times enjoyed the " mature songwriting that really makes this album tick " , noting that " Naturally , a couple of thrash ' n ' bash hard @-@ core paeans are included , but they 're surrounded by songs that are surprisingly varied in character and grounded in a pop aesthetic that evokes a gaggle of great tunesmiths . " Stephen Thompson of The A.V. Club wrote , " If Green Day still has a loyal following , its fans are bound to find something to like on Nimrod ; for all the attempts at diversity , the record is packed with mile @-@ wide hooks and sing @-@ along anthems . " = = Chart performance = = Nimrod debuted at number ten on the Billboard 200 , selling 81 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release , and remained on the chart for 70 weeks . On March 16 , 2000 , Nimrod was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of over two million copies . In Canada , the album peaked at number four , remaining on the chart for four weeks . On July 6 , 1998 , the record was certified double platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 copies . In Australia , the album debuted at number twelve and later peaked at number three on the country 's chart . The record was later certified triple platinum in Australia . = = Promotion = = The Nimrod promotional tour began in the fall of 1997 , and began with an in @-@ store record signing at a Tower Records in Manhattan . The band was upset upon reading reviews that suggested the band had lost its punk edge , and started a riot during its scheduled eight @-@ song set at the store . Armstrong then wrote the words " fuck " and " nimrod " in black spray paint on the storefront windows , and proceeded to moon the audience of 1 @,@ 400 people . After the riot settled down , Cool threw his bass drum into the crowd while Armstrong attempted the same with a 200 @-@ pound monitor , which was wrestled away from him by a store manager . No charges were filed and no injuries were reported , but the store was closed for the day to repair damages caused . On the tour in promotion of the album , Green Day aimed for simplicity and decided not to bring new instrumentalists to play for the new songs . Armstrong commented , " Right now we 're refraining from pulling out a lot of that ' Nimrod ' stuff . We want to make things small . We don 't want to bring a horn section or a violin player out with us . A lot of people want to hear the old stuff , and that stuff is still just as significant to us . " The Nimrod tour marked the first time the band performed its now @-@ routine ritual of inviting audience members onstage to play instruments . During the tour , Armstrong felt that he became a better performer , noting , " I think some people walk away from a Green Day concert with the emotions you would get from some kind of theater performance where the crowd feels involved — where it 's not just about the singer . It 's not just about the band . " While performing at the 1998 KROQ Weenie Roast in Irvine , California , Third Eye Blind bassist Arion Salazar ran onstage and " bear @-@ hugged " Dirnt , who was caught off @-@ guard . The incident escalated into an on @-@ stage scuffle before Salazar was taken away by security . After the performance , Dirnt confronted Salazar backstage , and as the two were arguing , a beer bottle struck Dirnt in the head , causing a small fracture in his skull . Eyewitnesses later attributed the bottle throwing to a fan of Third Eye Blind . Salazar and the band 's management soon released a statement : " I am sorry that my attempt at doing something I thought would be funny escalated into Mike getting hurt . That was never my intention . I simply had too much to drink and made a very bad decision . If I had been in Mike 's place , I am sure I would have acted similarly . My heart goes out to him and I hope he recovers quickly . " " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " appeared in numerous events of popular culture , including a scene involving the death of a cancer patient on the medical drama ER and the series finale of the sitcom Seinfeld in 1998 . = = Track listing = = All lyrics written by Billie Joe Armstrong , all music composed by Green Day . = = Personnel = = Adapted from Nimrod liner notes . = = Charts and certifications = =
= The Nemesis of Faith = The Nemesis of Faith is an epistolary philosophical novel by James Anthony Froude published in 1849 . Partly autobiographical , the novel depicts the causes and consequences of a young priest 's crisis of faith . Like many of his contemporaries , Froude came to question his Christian faith in light of early nineteenth century developments in history , theology , and science . Froude was particularly influenced by the Catholic teachings of the Oxford Movement and by the new approach to religious scholarship developed by the German Higher Critics . The novel consists primarily of protagonist Markham Sutherland 's account of the development of his religious ideas and doubts , followed by a brief narrative in which Sutherland 's lack of faith leads him and his lover to tragic ends . The novel was condemned by English religious figures and publicly burned by William Sewell ; this led to Froude 's resignation of his fellowship at Oxford University . The novel 's reception amongst literary reviewers was mixed ; while writers such as George Eliot professed profound admiration , others such as Thomas Carlyle were harshly critical . Although no longer widely read as a literary work , it remains significant in intellectual history for its accounts of Victorian scepticism and the Oxford Movement . = = Plot summary = = The story of Markham Sutherland is presented through various letters , journals , and the third @-@ person account of the novel 's supposed editor , Arthur . Sutherland , under pressure from his father to become a clergyman , confesses to Arthur his reservations about accepting the Thirty @-@ Nine Articles and contemporary English Christianity in general . In particular , Sutherland is concerned about the depiction of God in the Old Testament , God 's patronage of the Israelites on non @-@ moral grounds , the doctrine of Eternal Punishment , and the supposed inerrancy of the Bible . Sutherland was profoundly influenced by John Henry Newman in his early years , but was ultimately unable to accept Newman 's doctrines . Sutherland also seeks guidance in the writings of Victorian historian and sage Thomas Carlyle ( who was Froude 's chief intellectual influence in later years ) , but finds no solutions . Tormented by his doubts and subsequent alienation from his family , Sutherland becomes morbidly depressed . On Arthur 's advice , Sutherland takes orders , hoping that his doubts will eventually pass when he enters a more active life . Because of the selectivity of his sermons , however , his parishioners begin to suspect him of Socinianism . When Sutherland is tricked into making a harsh criticism of the British and Foreign Bible Society , claiming that the text of the Bible without clerical guidance is more likely to lead to wickedness than to Christian faith and virtue , his doubts are revealed , and he is forced to resign his position . Sutherland travels to Como to rest and recover from illness , indulging in free religious speculation while there . He befriends Helen Leonard , who sympathises with his troubles and listens to his doubts . Helen 's dull , unloving husband prefers to spend time away from his wife , and leaves her in Sutherland 's company for the season . Helen and Sutherland fall in love , causing both great anxiety , although the relationship never becomes physical . The two consider eloping , but Helen decides she cannot leave her daughter , Annie . During this conversation , however , the unsupervised Annie dips her arm into the lake , causing her to fall ill and die soon after . Sutherland again becomes depressed , believing that his religious speculations have brought himself and Helen into sin . He plans suicide , but is stopped at the last moment by an old friend , representative of John Henry Newman . Sutherland retires to a monastery , although his repentance is short lived , and he dies still in doubt . Helen , meanwhile , separates from her husband and retires to a convent , although she is unreconciled with the Church because she maintains that her love for Sutherland is holier than her marriage . = = Major themes = = The novel 's primary interest comes from its depiction of Sutherland 's religious doubts , which arise from the weakness of a faith based on empirically false historical claims , " old @-@ wives ' tales " taken for truth . Instead , Sutherland aims to follow " not the Christian religion , but the religion of Christ , " spirituality without dogma . However , Froude was not fully satisfied with this formulation , and the Sutherland @-@ Helen plot illustrates the idea that religious speculation and infidelity inevitably lead to immorality . = = Reception = = The Nemesis of Faith raised a scandal at its first release , being referred to as " a manual of infidelity " in the Morning Herald . It was publicly burned by William Sewell in his class at Exeter College . Soon after , Froude resigned his fellowship at Oxford . The Nemesis of Faith also drew criticism on literary grounds as being melodramatic and sentimental . Froude himself wrote to his friend Charles Kingsley that " I cut a hole in my heart and wrote with the blood " . Thomas Carlyle complained of the novel " Froude ought to consume his own smoke and not trouble other people 's nostrils . " Although recent critics tend to be more positive about the novel 's depiction of Sutherland 's speculative crisis , they have maintained the weakness of the ending , attributing it to Froude 's inability to come to terms with his own doubts . By contrast , the novel was positively reviewed by such literary figures as George Eliot and Mrs. Humphrey Ward , whose 1888 novel Robert Elsmere was significantly influenced by the novel and by Froude 's life . In a review in the Coventry Herald Eliot wrote that in reading The Nemesis of Faith " we seem to be in companionship with a spirit who is transfusing himself into our souls , and so vitalising them by his superior energy , that life , both outward and inward , presents itself to us in higher relief , in colours brightened and deepened . " In an effort to reconcile with Oxford , Froude refused to allow republication of The Nemesis of Faith following its second edition , and in 1858 he formally repudiated the novel . = = Historical context and allusions = = The 1840s were a turbulent decade in the Church of England . Following the earlier German Higher Critics , who argued for a historical approach to religious texts , David Strauss published Leben Jesu or The Life of Jesus , Critically Examined which argued that the events of the New Testament were not historical but rather mythical . In 1846 George Eliot published an English translation of Leben Jesu which became a source of religious doubts for Froude and many of his contemporaries . Critics have also identified Thomas Carlyle 's novel Sartor Resartus and Spinoza as sources of Sutherland 's doubts , and those of many of his contemporaries . Meanwhile , the Oxford Movement , headed by John Henry Newman as well as Froude 's brother Richard Hurrell Froude , was attacking the Church 's move towards liberalism and secularism , advocating instead a greater emphasis on Catholic doctrine . The Movement provided a serious challenge to Protestant beliefs , with Newman later converting to Roman Catholicism . Although Froude was devoted to Newman for several years , and maintained a sentimental affection for the man ( which he expressed in his essays on Newman and the Oxford Movement ) , he ultimately repudiated his beliefs . The novel was influenced by Goethe 's Elective Affinities , which Froude later translated and published anonymously . Froude borrowed much of his novel 's ending from Goethe , and also used the scientific metaphor underlying Goethe 's novel to illustrate the relation of an individual to the church .
= New Jersey Route 41 = Route 41 is a state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs 14 @.@ 08 mi ( 22 @.@ 66 km ) from the five @-@ way intersection of Route 47 ( Delsea Drive ) , County Route 603 ( Fairview @-@ Sewell Road / Blackswood @-@ Barnsboro Road ) , and County Route 630 ( Egg Harbor Road ) , also known as Five Points , in Deptford Township , Gloucester County to the southern terminus of County Route 611 in Maple Shade , Burlington County , just north of the Route 41 's interchanges with Route 38 and Route 73 . The route is a two- to four @-@ lane suburban road that passes through several communities , including Runnemede , Haddonfield , and Cherry Hill Township . Between the intersection with Route 168 in Runnemede and Route 154 in Cherry Hill Township , Route 41 is maintained by Camden County and is also signed as County Route 573 . Route 41 was legislated in 1927 to run from Route 47 in Fairview , Deptford Township to Route 38 in Moorestown . Originally , the route was intended to bypass Haddonfield , however this bypass was never fully completed and Route 41 was signed along a temporary county @-@ maintained alignment that also became County Route 573 . The northern part of this bypass was completed and became Route 154 in 1953 . The road has seen many changes including the replacement of the traffic circle with Routes 38 and 73 with an interchange that involved realigning Route 41 around the original circle in 1960 and the replacement of the Ellisburg Circle at Routes 70 and 154 with a signalized intersection in the early 1990s . The temporary alignment of Route 41 along County Route 573 was made permanent in the early 2000s . = = Route description = = Route 41 heads north from the Five Points intersection with Route 47 , County Route 603 , and County Route 630 in Deptford Township , Gloucester County on a two @-@ lane , undivided road called Hurffville Road . The route intersects County Route 621 ( County House Road ) and then intersects County Route 534 ( Good Intent Road ) . The route continues north and meets Deptford Center Road , which provides access to the Deptford Mall and Route 55 , and a ramp to southbound Route 42 . Route 41 comes to an interchange with Route 42 , with access provided to and from northbound Route 42 . Past Route 42 , Route 41 intersects County Route 544 ( Clements Bridge Road ) , with which it forms a concurrency . The route crosses the Big Timber Creek into Camden County , running along the border of Runnemede and Gloucester Township . County Route 544 veers to the right onto Evesham Road , and Route 41 continues northeast on Clements Bridge Road into Runnemede . At the intersection with Route 168 , Route 41 becomes county @-@ maintained and runs concurrent with County Route 573 . The two routes cross into Barrington , where they pass over the New Jersey Turnpike . Upon crossing a Conrail railroad line , Route 41 and County Route 573 run along the border of Barrington and Haddon Heights , with Barrington to the southeast and Haddon Heights to the northwest . The two routes pass under Interstate 295 before meeting U.S. Route 30 at a modified traffic circle . Route 41 and County Route 573 continue north on Highland Avenue and cross into Haddonfield , where the road becomes Chews Landing Road . The two routes meet County Route 551 Spur ( Kings Highway ) , and they bear to the right onto Kings Highway , heading northeast . They pass over New Jersey Transit ’ s Atlantic City Line and the PATCO Speedline and then intersect County Route 561 ( Haddon Avenue ) Past CR 561 , the road crosses the Cooper River into Cherry Hill Township . Route 41 and County Route 573 make a right turn onto a four @-@ lane divided highway and intersect Route 154 ( Brace Road ) . At this point , County Route 573 ends and Route 41 makes a left turn onto a six @-@ lane divided highway , becoming state @-@ maintained again and forming a concurrency with Route 154 . At the point Route 41 crosses Route 70 , Route 154 ends and Route 41 continues to the northeast on Kings Highway , a five @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane . Route 41 becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway at the crossing of the Pennsauken Creek and enters Maple Shade Township , Burlington County . The route interchanges with Route 38 and with Route 73 a short distance later . It continues to the northeast , where Route 41 ends at the end of state maintenance and Kings Highway continues northeast as County Route 611 . = = History = = Route 41 was legislated in 1927 to run from Route 47 in Fairview in Deptford Township to Route 38 in Moorestown along its current alignment , except through Haddonfield , which it was to bypass to the east . Also legislated in 1927 was a spur of Route 41 , Route S41 , which was to run from the Tacony @-@ Palmyra Bridge to Berlin . Later spurs of Route 41 included Route S41A , which was a southern extension of Route S41 from Berlin to Route 42 ( now U.S. Route 322 ) in Folsom proposed in 1938 . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Routes S41 and S41A became Route 73 and Route 41 was legislated along a county @-@ maintained temporary route between Route 168 in Runnemede and Route 70 in Cherry Hill Township , signed Route 41 Temporary , when it became apparent the bypass around Haddonfield would not be fully completed . Only the northernmost section of the bypass between County Route 561 and Route 70 had been built and this eventually became Route 154 . The county @-@ maintained section of Route 41 also became known as County Route 573 . Since 1953 , many changes have occurred along Route 41 . During reconstruction of the traffic circle between Routes 38 , 41 , and 73 into an interchange by the 1970s , Route 41 was relocated to a new alignment that bypassed the original traffic circle and extended north a short distance on Kings Highway to just south of the County Route 608 ( Lenola Road ) intersection in Maple Shade Township . The Ellisburg Circle at the intersection of Routes 41 , 70 , and 154 was reconstructed into an intersection with jughandles and traffic lights by the 1990s . This reconstruction involved realigning Route 41 to form a brief concurrency with Route 154 just south of Route 70 . In the early 2000s , the Route 41 interchange with Route 42 in Deptford Township was , along with the County Route 544 interchange with Route 42 , reconstructed to ease traffic movements in the area . Signs for Route 41 Temporary and County Route 573 still remain along this stretch of Route 41 , which today is officially considered to be a part of mainline Route 41 . = = Major intersections = =
= M @-@ 139 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 139 is a state trunkline highway entirely within Berrien County in the US state of Michigan . The highway starts at US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) southwest of Niles and runs through rural areas of the county to terminate at an intersection with Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) in Benton Harbor . The highway run parallel to , and crosses over , the St. Joseph River several times as it follows a set of roads previously used for US 31 in the area . The highway was first designated in the 1930s as a bypass of the Benton Harbor and St. Joseph area . Its termini have been moved over the years since , extending and contracting the length of the highway between Niles and Benton Harbor . M @-@ 139 now serves to provide access through the area from a set of bypasses consisting of I @-@ 94 and US 31 . = = Route description = = M @-@ 139 begins at a junction with US 12 southwest of Niles in Bertrand Township . The highway travels northeasterly along Chicago Road through farm fields and residential neighborhoods . The trunkline turns north along Lincoln Avenue and then east on Main Street to run into downtown Niles . Main Street crosses the St. Joseph River , and at the intersection with Front Street , M @-@ 139 turns north along that street which is also called " OLD US 31 " on some maps . The highway runs parallel to the river as both exit the downtown area . M @-@ 139 turns toward the northwest on the outskirts of town , running through farm fields . The trunkline passes Webster and Long lakes as it crosses mixed forest and residential areas between Niles and Berrien Springs . Entering Berrien Springs , M @-@ 139 curves around part of Lake Chapin . North of the dam that forms Lake Chapin from the St. Joseph River , the highway follows Ferry Street to the southwest to cross the river . In downtown Berrien Springs , the trunkline then turns northwesterly along St. Joseph Avenue to pass Andrews University . Northwest of the college , M @-@ 139 crosses US 31 ( St. Joseph Valley Parkway ) . From there the highway travels northwesterly through Royalton Township through farm fields parallel to the St. Joseph River . M @-@ 139 follows Niles Road to the community of Scottdale where it turns northward along Scottdale Road at an intersection with M @-@ 63 . M @-@ 139 crosses the St. Joseph River one last time south of the interchange with I @-@ 94 at its exit 28 ; M @-@ 139 then passes through the community of Fair Plain and enters the eastern edge of Benton Harbor . Before terminating at BL I @-@ 94 ( Main Street ) in Benton Harbor , the highway splits into a one @-@ way pair just north of Empire Avenue . Northbound traffic is routed along Martin Luther King Drive while southbound traffic flows on Fair Avenue . M @-@ 139 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2011 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 139 were the 12 @,@ 248 vehicles daily between the intersections with Fairland and Deans Hill / Pokagon roads south of Berrien Springs ; the lowest counts were the 1 @,@ 576 vehicles per day in downtown Niles . The only section of M @-@ 139 that have been listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) is from the interchange with US 31 northward . The NHS is a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = M @-@ 139 was designated as a state trunkline by 1931 from US 31 at Scottdale to US 12 in Benton Harbor . In late 1953 or early 1954 M @-@ 139 was extended westward along US 12 and then northward along Paw Paw Avenue to meet a new bypass routing of US 31 north of Benton Harbor . US 31 was rerouted to follow what is now the I @-@ 196 freeway in 1963 . At that time , US 31 was then routed along I @-@ 94 and M @-@ 139 to Scottdale . The following year , the concurrency was removed when M @-@ 139 was truncated to end at I @-@ 94 / US 31 . The northern extension on Paw Paw Avenue was turned back to local control , truncating the northern end of M @-@ 139 to the intersection with BL I @-@ 94 ( previously US 12 ) . On August 27 , 2003 , the St. Joseph Valley Parkway freeway carrying US 31 was completed from northwest of Berrien Springs ( exit 15 ) to Napier Avenue near Benton Harbor ( exit 24 ) . The former section of M @-@ 139 replaced by US 31 was once again designated M @-@ 139 , with M @-@ 139 extending further along the former US 31 to the freeway 's exit 15 . In 2008 , M @-@ 139 was planned to extend southerly to end at Main Street ( Business US 12 , Bus . US 12 ) in Niles along the unsigned state trunkline OLD US 31 and Bus . US 31 , but after the City of Niles announced its plan to take over maintenance of the section of East Main Street between Front Street / Bus . US 31 and Fifth Street / M @-@ 51 in order to ban trucks , the plan was revised to extend M @-@ 139 further south , replacing the Bus . US 12 designation southwesterly to US 12 . The extension was executed on March 5 , 2010 , prior to route marker installation . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway is in Berrien County .
= September Morn = Matinée de Septembre ( English : September Morn ) is a controversial oil painting on canvas completed in 1911 by the French artist Paul Émile Chabas . Painted over several summers , it depicts a nude girl or young woman standing in the shallow water of a lake , prominently lit by the morning sun . She is leaning slightly forward in an ambiguous posture , which has been read variously as a straightforward portrayal of protecting her modesty , huddling against the cold , or sponge bathing . It has also been considered a disingenuous pose permitting the " fetishisation of innocence " . September Morn was first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1912 , and although the identity of its first owner is unclear , it is certain that Leon Mantashev acquired the painting by the end of 1913 . It was taken to Russia , and in the aftermath of the October Revolution of 1917 was feared lost . It resurfaced in 1935 in the collection of Calouste Gulbenkian , and after his death in 1955 was sold to a Philadelphia broker , who donated it anonymously to the Metropolitan Museum of Art ( the Met ) in 1957 . As of 2014 it is not on display . From 1913 on , reproductions of the painting caused controversy in the United States . An art dealer in Chicago was charged with indecency and another in New York was targeted by anti @-@ vice crusader Anthony Comstock , both after displaying September Morn . Over the next few years the work was reproduced in a variety of forms , including on pins and calendars , while censorship and art were debated in newspapers . Chabas ' painting inspired songs , stage shows and films ; eventually some 7 million reproductions were sold , though Chabas – who had not copyrighted September Morn – did not receive any royalties . Although several women claimed to be the model for September Morn , Chabas never revealed her identity . He described the work as " all I know of painting " , and responded positively to statements that it was his masterpiece . Later writers , however , have described the painting as kitsch , valuable only as a historic artifact . = = Description = = September Morn depicts , from an oblique point of view , a naked blonde girl or young woman standing ankle @-@ deep in the water near the shoreline of a tranquil lake surrounded by hills . The figure is backlit by the morning sun , but fully visible , if a little darker than her surroundings . Her arms are folded about her body , her right arm passing below her breasts as she grasps her left elbow , while her left arm conceals her pubic area . This pose has been variously interpreted as the subject protecting herself from the cold , covering her modesty , or sponge bathing , or as the artist 's " fetishisation of innocence " . Reviews in 1912 noted that the painting was dominated by grays : those of her shaded body , the blue @-@ grays of the September water , the green @-@ grays of the sky , and the pink @-@ grays of the hills behind her . The art critic François Thiébault @-@ Sisson described this as evoking the morning , the young subject preparing to bathe while " light grey vapours are still floating over the lake " . This oil painting on canvas measures 163 @.@ 8 by 216 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 64 @.@ 5 by 85 @.@ 2 in ) , and Chabas 's signature is located in the lower left . = = Background = = = = = Chabas = = = By the time he painted September Morn , Paul Émile Chabas ( 1869 – 1937 ) already had an established reputation as an academic artist . He regularly submitted to the Paris Salon , first participating in 1886 . He won a third class medal in the Salon of 1895 , and four years later won the Prix National for his painting Joyeux ébats , which earned him a gold medal at the 1900 Exposition Universelle and was acquired by the Musée des Beaux @-@ Arts de Nantes . In subsequent years Chabas spent the winters working in Paris , while he passed his summers painting young women along the shores of rivers , lakes , and seas . In 1902 he was made a Chevalier in the Legion of Honour . Chabas studied under artists such as Tony Robert @-@ Fleury , William @-@ Adolphe Bouguereau , and Albert Maignan . Although his earlier works were generally portraits , most of the painter 's later production consisted of nude girls and young women . The lakes and rivers of France were common settings for his paintings , which gave prominence to the interaction of light with the models and their surroundings . September Morn is typical of his style . J. Valmy @-@ Baysse , in a 1910 overview of the artist , attributes Chabas 's style to the painter 's time at the family summer home along the Erdre ; he identifies the " grace of adolescence , its undefinable charm , [ and ] its chaste nudity " of the models with Chabas 's reminiscences of his youth . The art historian Bram Dijkstra has argued otherwise , stating that " no artist was more assiduous in exploiting the prurient possibilities of the woman @-@ child " than Chabas , whom he considers to have " emphasized analogies of nude little girls and the familiar poses of vanity or physical arousal given to adult women " . = = = Nudity and art = = = Female nudes were the dominant subject of painting in French Salons at the end of the 19th century . Female models had become more common than male ones beginning in the early 19th century , first serving allegorical roles or as muses , but eventually becoming individuals " who could be classified and whose history could be written " . In academic art – such as that of Chabas – the models were not portrayed as they were , but as idealized nudes , based on classical ideals ; the body hair of women models , for instance , would not be shown , and the pubic area was rendered smoothly . The hostess Suzanne Delve , who later claimed to have stood for September Morn , said that models were willing to provide " service to art " by posing nude for such works . Not all forms of nude imagery were acceptable in France . The end of the 19th century had seen the introduction of various laws against pornography , images of adults and children meant to " provoke , incite , or stimulate debauchery " . Works targeted were initially those meant for wide distribution ( and thus , the lower class ) . However , the Australian art historian Fae Brauer writes that the line between art and pornography was blurred by the early 1910s ; even tighter laws , introduced in 1908 , had resulted in censorship of modernist works . For instance , three paintings by Kees van Dongen ( including two of his daughter ) were rejected from the Salon d 'Automne between 1911 and 1913 on grounds of indecency . The United States had , since colonial times , generally been more puritan in terms of art than Europe . In the mid- and late @-@ 19th century the country 's government implemented laws against obscenity , such as the Tariff of 1842 which banned the importing of foreign works of art deemed obscene . By the end of the 19th century , an uneasy understanding had been reached : museums could hold works depicting nudity , but commercial works ( including photographs of artwork ) could be – and were – confiscated . Tensions remained over the issue of whether nudes represented European @-@ style sophistication ( a trait important to the upper @-@ class ) or encouraged behaviors which threatened families and encouraged " impure imaginations " . = = Creation ; identity of model = = Chabas began work on September Morn in mid @-@ 1910 at Talloires on the shores of Lake Annecy in Haute @-@ Savoie , some 500 kilometres ( 310 mi ) south @-@ east of Paris . The model , whom he never identified but referred to as " Marthe " , was well known to his family . Owing to the financial situation of the sixteen @-@ year @-@ old 's family , " Marthe " had to work to support her mother . On the first day of painting , " Marthe " entered the morning water and instinctively recoiled at its chilliness . Chabas approved of this pose , saying that it was " perfect " . Over the course of two summers he worked on the painting , half an hour every morning . The work was completed on a September morning in 1911 , giving the painting its name . In 1935 , responding to claims that " Marthe " was living in poverty , Chabas explained that she had continued posing for him until she was 28 , when she married a rich industrialist , and that she was now aged 41 , plump , and had three children . Numerous women have claimed or been claimed to be the model , some presenting different versions of events . In 1913 , a Miss Louise Buckley , performing in Eugene , Oregon , said that she had been paid $ 1 @,@ 000 and posed in the artist 's studio . The Paris @-@ based artist Jules Pages , meanwhile , stated that the woman depicted in September Morn had been a 25 @-@ year @-@ old of good character who earned her living as an artist 's model , but had gone into hiding after the controversy over the painting . Other claimants included a Swedish model named Gloria and a variety actress named Irene Shannon ; the latter made the claim in the lead @-@ up to a vaudeville skit called " November Mourning " . In 1937 , twenty @-@ four years after September Morn caused controversy in the United States , the Parisian hostess Suzanne Delve declared that she had been the model . In her account , Chabas – who had known her since she was an infant – had her pose nude in his studio and later painted Lake Annecy in her absence . Delve described her nervousness at the first session , her mother chatting to her to distract her mind while Chabas 's wife played soothing music on the piano . She said she took her pose " instinctively " and that the controversy over the painting had ruined her life , as no Frenchman would want to marry a woman marred by scandal . Yet another version is presented by the Metropolitan Museum of Art ( the Met ) in their 1966 catalogue of French holdings , including September Morn . According to this telling , Chabas completed the painting over three summers at Lake Annecy , though his peasant model served only as the basis for the figure 's body . The head was based on a sketch of a young American , Julie Phillips , which Chabas had completed upon observing her and her mother dining in Paris ; finding her profile to his liking , he silently drew her , then introduced himself and " apologized for his presumption " . = = History = = = = = Paris Salon and first sale = = = Chabas first exhibited September Morn in the Paris Salon of April 14 to June 30 , 1912 . Because he did not plan to sell it , he gave a price of 50 @,@ 000 francs ( $ 10 @,@ 000 ) – more than he expected anybody to pay . For the painting , and his Portrait of Mme. Aston Knight , Chabas won a Medal of Honor , receiving 220 of 359 possible votes . At the Salon , the painting was uncontroversial , and it was soon reprinted in American publications such as Town & Country and The International Studio . Sources are unclear as to the painting 's provenance after the Salon . According to the Met , the New York @-@ based Philip ( or Philippe ) Ortiz , manager of the New York Branch of Braun and Company , purchased it in late 1912 . According to a 1933 report in the Middletown Times Herald , he paid 12 @,@ 000 francs ( $ 2 @,@ 400 ) for the work , but never brought the painting back to the United States . However , Brauer suggests that Ortiz sent it to his gallery in New York , where it caused a controversy . According to Time , the painting was acquired by Leon Mantashev c . 1913 , after the painting was returned to Chabas . A 1935 article in the Montreal Gazette , meanwhile , stated that the original September Morn had yet to go to the United States , and that Chabas had sold it directly to Mantashev . According to Chabas , this was after an American approached him to purchase the painting , but was unwilling to pay the asking price . In her memoirs , Vogue editor Edna Woolman Chase recounted how Ortiz had arranged for numerous reproductions to be made and sent to New York , and that – although he had been interested in acquiring the original – he had been unable to do so . Although it is possible that the original did not cross the Atlantic by 1913 , it is clear that reproductions did . = = = Controversy and popularity = = = = = = = Chicago = = = = A full @-@ size reproduction of September Morn was displayed in a window of Jackson and Semmelmeyer , a photography shop in Chicago , Illinois , in March 1913 . A passing police officer noticed the print and on grounds that it was indecent , insisted it be taken down . The mayor of the city , Carter Harrison , Jr . , agreed with the policeman 's decision , and deemed that the image could be sold , but should not be displayed in public as children could see it . Fred Jackson , the owner , was charged with indecency , and at his request the case was brought to trial on March 18 . In front of a jury , the city 's art censor Jeremiah O 'Connor testified that September Morn was lewd and should not be displayed in public , but rather only in a museum exhibition . W. W. Hallam of the Chicago Vice Committee agreed , arguing that , as the woman was committing the illegal act of bathing in public , September Morn had to be banned . Other witnesses for the prosecution included censors , educators , and clergy , such as the superintendent Ella Flagg Young and the head of the Juvenile Protective Association Gertrude Howe Britton . Jackson , acting as his own lawyer , highlighted the hypocrisy of censoring the painting while a nude statue of Diana stood in front of the Montgomery Ward Building . He called upon painters , poets , and sculptors as his witnesses , including the artist Oliver Grover and the art critic Walter Smith . In his testimony , Grover stated " A nude woman is no more indecent than a bare tree . Men and women weren 't born with overcoats on . Anyhow , indecency may be decidedly apart from nudity . " After less than an hour of deliberations , the jury found for Jackson , allowing him to reinstate the image in his display ; Jackson was so pleased that he promised a free copy of September Morn to each juror . Ten days after the trial Mayor Harrison went to the city council and proposed stricter obscenity laws . The city government agreed , and imposed a $ 25 – 100 fine for displaying nude art along public roads and in places frequented by children . By September Jackson ( together with fellow art dealers Samuel Meyer and William Kuhl ) had been found in violation of this law . Mayor Harrison later stated that he was " through " with the painting , saying " Chicago has been made the laughing stock of the whole country because of this bathing girl picture " . = = = = New York = = = = Further controversy arose in New York in May 1913 , two months after the conclusion of the Chicago trial . Anthony Comstock , head of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice and nationally recognized for his campaigns against " smut " , saw September Morn – sources differ as to whether it was the original or a print – on display in the window of Braun and Company , an art dealership on West 46th Street . Rushing inside , he raged " There 's too little morn and too much maid ! Take it out ! " . A clerk , James Kelly , removed the work , but Ortiz , the gallery 's manager , reinstated it in the window after returning from his lunch break . Comstock threatened Ortiz with legal action , and the manager – unaware that Comstock could not arrest him , and fearful that he could cause trouble for the gallery – was initially frightened . He consulted with Arthur Brisbane of the New York Evening Journal , who told him he had nothing to fear , and sent some reporters to cover the story . The following day , the controversy was highly covered in the press , who hailed Ortiz as " one art expert with the courage to stand up against Comstock and his dictatorship " . Following Comstock 's visit large crowds blocked the street outside Braun and Company , ogling September Morn . The gallery owner refused to sell his large print of September Morn , so that it could remain in his window . After two weeks , when the dealership had sold every print it had , Ortiz removed the display . In a letter to the editor of The New York Times , he accused Comstock of causing the controversy to earn greater publicity for himself , and stated that he wearied of crowds outside his shop , who blocked paying customers from entering it . Ultimately , Comstock did not pursue legal action . The historian Walter M. Kendrick attributes this apparent leniency to September Morn 's status as a work of art , whereas Gerald Carson , writing in American Heritage , attributes it to a knowledge that no action could be taken against the work . The controversy promoted polemics regarding September Morn and censorship , and multiple editorial cartoons ; one depicted a young woman bathing , only her head showing , with a caption attributed to Comstock reading " Don 't you suppose I can imagine what is UNDER the water ? " . Comstock called the work " demoralizing in the extreme and especially calculated to excite immodesty in the young " , arguing that it must be suppressed in the interest of the children . He emphasized that " the law is the law ... the picture will have to come out of the window " . Reverend Sydney Ussher of St. Bartholomew 's Episcopal Church took a more moderate approach , explaining that " so vivid a display of nudity as September Morn " would best not be displayed in the United States , owing to the people 's relative lack of appreciation for art . Other , more positive , views were also expressed . The suffragist Inez Milholland defended September Morn , stating that it was " exquisite and delicate , depicting perfect youth and innocence " , and found it " funny , if it weren 't so sad " that such a work would be censored while more titillating film posters were left untouched . The social activist Rose Pastor Stokes wrote that this " glorious work of art " was a " rare " depiction of " the loveliest dream that nature ever made real — the human Body Beautiful " and that shame over one 's body should not be blamed on September Morn , but on a failed education system . The artist James Montgomery Flagg proclaimed " only a diseased mind can find anything immoral in September Morn " . In his 1931 autobiography , the public relations pioneer Harry Reichenbach claimed responsibility for the controversy surrounding September Morn – and the work 's resulting popularity . He stated that Braun and Company had acquired some 2 @,@ 000 reproductions of the painting which they could not sell , and then hired him for $ 45 so that he could unload the stock . They then paid for a large lithograph reproduction to be made and put on display . Reichenbach , he stated , then contacted public figures to protest against the display . When there was no response , he accosted Comstock in his office and dragged him to the dealership , where some young children , whom Reichenbach had hired for fifty cents each , lusted over the display . The public relations man then worked towards maintaining interest in the work , prints of which had already increased in price – from 10 cents to a dollar . = = = = Widespread reproduction and imitation = = = = A 1937 Salt Lake Tribune article stated that , after the 1913 controversies , reproductions of September Morn were shown " on the front page of every newspaper in the land " . Ortiz required these newspapers to pay a charge and mention his copyright , otherwise face a penalty of $ 500 to $ 1000 ; Chase recalled that Vogue had been one of those charged . These newspaper reproductions , however , were sometimes censored . Fred L. Boalt of The Seattle Star , covering a local exhibit of a reproduction , explained his newspaper 's rationale for such censorship : " For humane as well as other reasons , [ ... ] the Star artist has painted in a short petticoat . He didn 't want to do it . He suffered . But we made him do it . " Lithograph copies of September Morn were mass @-@ produced for popular sale , extending the success that followed the scandal , and were widely hung in private homes . Reproductions were featured on a variety of products , including cigar bands , postcards , bottle openers , statuettes , watch fobs , and candy boxes ; the model was also popular as a tattoo . September Morn was the first nude used for calendars , and by the late 1950s it had featured on millions . A couplet referring to Chabas 's work , " Please don 't think I 'm bad or bold , but where its deep it 's awful cold " , was widely circulated . Media and merchandise Allusions to the painting were common in vaudeville acts , becoming stock gags in the Orpheum Circuit . Stage imitations of the painting were also created . In 1913 , for instance , Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr. cast Ann Pennington as the model as part of his Follies . In this successful version of September Morn , the subject bore a sheer cape , with leaves placed strategically over her body , and stood on a stage made @-@ up as water . A burlesque act , deeming itself the " September Morning Glories " , was also created , as was a three @-@ act musical based on the painting . The latter – featuring a fifty @-@ strong chorus line – was put on by Arthur Gillespie and Frank Tannehill , Jr. and debuted at the La Salle Theater in Chicago . In Milwaukee , a man wearing " little or no clothing " passed himself off as " September Morn " at the 1915 Wisconsin State Fair ; he was brought to trial and fined $ 25 . Theatrical references to the painting continued into the 1950s . For instance , in Tennessee Williams 's 1957 play Orpheus Descending , the character Val sees it hanging in his room and mentions he " might keep turning the light on to take another look at it " . September Morn also inspired several films . A two @-@ reel production by Pathé , titled September Morn , was released in February 1914 and followed the misadventures of a sailor who gets a tattoo of the model . After his girlfriend disapproves , he tries clothing the naked woman with a ripped skirt , but this fails to gain his lover 's approval ; ultimately , he ends up with a fully clothed nude and the text " Votes for Women " inked on his arm . Meanwhile , September Mourning , a November 1915 release produced by L @-@ KO , portrayed a pair of artists first vying for the attentions of a young woman in the park , then invading a school for girls . Robert McElravy , reviewing for Moving Picture World , found the film funny , but considered it to lack plot . A third film , Lois Weber 's Hypocrites , portrayed " The Naked Truth " ( an uncredited Margaret Edwards ) in a manner similar to Chabas 's model . Several songs inspired by September Morn were likewise released . Musicians Frank Black and Bobby Heath penned a song , " September Morn " , based on the painting , and Aubrey Stauffer of Chicago published sheet music ( for voice and piano ) of " Oh , You September Morn " , from Gillespie and Tannehill 's musical . At Tin Pan Alley , Henry I. Marshall composed two works , a waltz for piano titled " Matin de Septembre ( September Morn ) " , and a piece for voice and piano titled " September Morn ( I 'd Like to Meet Her ) " , the latter featuring lyrics by Stanley Murphy . Both were published through Jerome H. Remick & Co. in 1913 . As interest grew , purity societies attempted to ban reproductions of September Morn , and people in possession of them ran the risk of confiscation and fines . Postcards bearing the painting were banned from the postal system . Harold Marx , a New Orleans art dealer who displayed a reproduction , was arrested a month after being told to take the painting down ; displays of reproductions were also forcibly removed in Miami and Atlanta . In Chicago , a man was charged with disorderly conduct after bringing home a reproduction . Irene Deal , who dressed in a union suit and posed as " Miss September Morn " in Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , as a publicity stunt , was controversially fined $ 50 for disorderly conduct . In 1914 , students at the College of Wooster in Wooster , Ohio , burned a copy of the painting for being against their religious beliefs . Ultimately some 7 million reproductions of September Morn , prints of which remained popular as late as the 1960s , were sold . Reichenbach characterized this popularity as a " laugh on the overzealous guardians of virtue " in which the entire American populace participated . Inspired by the commercial success of September Morn , displays of images of nude women became more common ; a New York Times reader wrote in 1915 that they had become " increasingly vulgar and suggestive " . In 1937 Life deemed September Morn " one of the most familiar paintings in the world " , and a retrospective Toledo Blade article characterized the model as having become America 's number one pin @-@ up girl . Writing in 1957 , Considine declared September Morn to be " the most controversial painting in the history of [ the United States ] " , and the New York Post declared it " the most famous nude till the Marilyn Monroe calendar " . Carson wrote in 1961 that September Morn had caused " the most heated controversy over nudity , art , and morals " in the United States since Hiram Powers ' statue The Greek Slave in the 1840s . = = = Russia and Paris = = = The oil baron Leon Mantashev acquired the original September Morn in c . 1913 , for a price of $ 10 @,@ 000 and brought it with him to Russia . After the outbreak of the October Revolution the painting was feared destroyed . Following Mantashev 's escape from Russia , pieces of his sizeable collection that were considered to have artistic value were sent to museums , but there was no information regarding works such as September Morn . By 1933 Chabas was seeking information regarding his work 's fate , which The Milwaukee Journal suggested was " hanging in some crowded Russian room , its owner perhaps completely ignorant of its world fame " . At the time several American galleries had copies purported to be the original . The painting , however , was safe ; Mantashev had smuggled it out of the country , reportedly " rip [ ping ] it out of its frame " when the revolution broke out . In the early 1930s , in desperate need of funds , he sold September Morn to the Armenian art collector and philanthropist Calouste Gulbenkian for $ 30 @,@ 000 ; it was the last painting he owned . A United Press reporter discovered the painting , which was framed as a tondo , in Gulbenkian 's Paris home in 1935 . There it hung with works by artists such as Claude Monet and Paul Cézanne . By 1937 September Morn was on display in the Musée du Luxembourg , hung between works by Jean @-@ François Raffaëlli and Eugène Carrière . After Gulbenkian 's death in 1955 , the painting was acquired by Wildenstein and Company of New York . = = = Acquisition by the Metropolitan Museum of Art = = = September Morn was purchased by the Philadelphia broker and sportsman William Coxe Wright for $ 22 @,@ 000 in 1957 . In April of that year he offered it to the Philadelphia Museum of Art , but the painting was rejected for having " no relation to the stream of 20th century art " . Eventually he anonymously donated the work – valued at an estimated $ 30 @,@ 000 – to the Met in New York City . Speaking for the museum , Dudley T. Easby explained that , although the painting could not be classified as a masterpiece , it was nevertheless " a part of art history in view of the controversy that raged around the picture in earlier years " . After acquisition , in September 1957 the painting was displayed near the Met 's front entrance , taking a place previously occupied by the Pérussis Altarpiece . This position of honor was held for several weeks . Hughes reported a " veritable pilgrimage " of visitors came to see the painting , which she considered to add a " fresh , popular appeal " to the Met which drew museum @-@ goers who would never have come otherwise . By then , the earlier scandal of the model 's nudity had lessened ; discussing an exhibit of the painting in Toledo , Ohio , Alan Schoedel of the Toledo Blade quoted a viewer as saying that 1950s America was so inundated with racy calendar art that the painting " couldn 't stand the competition " . After September Morn was acquired by the Met , it was displayed at several venues , including the Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco in 1958 , the Toledo Museum of Art in Toledo , Ohio ( also 1958 ) , and by the Municipal Art Commission of Los Angeles in 1959 . Six years later it was again exhibited at Palace of the Legion of Honor , as part of an exhibition of works collected by the Wrights . In 1971 , the Met removed September Morn from display and placed it in storage ; Walter Monfried of The Milwaukee Journal wrote that the once @-@ racy painting was now considered " too tame and banal " . As of September 2014 , the Met 's website lists the painting as not on display , though it had been hung in the museum around 2011 . = = Reception = = In 1913 , Chabas stated that he was " pained and humiliated " by the controversy over September Morn , though he later expressed more positive views . He described the work as " all I know of painting " , and responded positively to statements that it was his masterpiece . In a 1914 interview , he explained that he had not meant to sell the painting , as it " was [ his ] wife 's favorite picture " . At the time of his death in 1937 , Chabas had only a single picture in his room : a reproduction of the painting , completed from memory ; he had boasted " If I had never seen it from the day I put down my brushes after painting it , I could make a perfect copy . " However , not having copyrighted the work , he did not receive any royalties from the marketing frenzy in the United States ; he recalled , " Nobody was thoughtful enough even to send me a box of cigars . " Reviewing the painting after the Salon , Tr.L. in the Larousse Mensuel illustré praised Chabas 's technique as drawing " of a rare purity " , and modeling " of a remarkable delicacy " . Henri Frantz , reviewing the Paris Salon for The International Studio , described September Morn as " one of the [ Salon ] ' s most remarkable figure subjects " , highlighting the nude 's " graceful form " . In Le Temps , François Thiébault @-@ Sisson found that , despite an " excessively translucent technique " , the painting had " indisputable charm " and included " superior , very artistic , and delicately composed " imagery . A 1913 article in the Oregon Daily Journal described the model as " beautifully drawn " , and suggested that " it requires a powerful imagination to find anything suggestive in the work " . Later reviews were less positive . The director of the Met , James Rorimer , wrote in 1957 that September Morn stood at " different ends of a wide spectrum " than the works of Old Masters and " modern giants " , but was important in helping viewers " realize the full benefit of our heritage " in their explorations of past and present art . That year , the Montreal Gazette 's art critic opined that the painting was banal and unacceptable for display in the Met 's main hall . The reviewer suggested that September Morn , with its " delicate , pearly tonality and simple , sparse , airy composition " , would be best served by being displayed among works considered better by early 20th @-@ century collectors but since reviewed poorly , to " dramatiz [ e ] for the public the danger of too @-@ hasty judgments " . In 1958 , Blake @-@ More Godwin of the Toledo Museum of Art stated that , although September Morn was certainly art , it was not " great art " and was overshadowed by the controversy it had created ; the painting , he said , " bears the same relationship to art as a minor poem does to the classic and the imperishable " . Three years later , in an article in The Kenyon Review , Alfred Werner described September Morn as a " classic of kitsch " and " the ' idealized ' nude at its worst " : " without a wrinkle of the skin , without any breathing of the flesh ... pink , soft , spineless " . This classification of kitsch has been applied by several further writers , including Kendrick and the film scholar Norman Taylor . Several writers have included September Morn in lists of works depicting children with erotic or pornographic subtexts . Brauer argues that although the nude " seems to embody the moral purity at puberty " , this innocence is actually a fetishistic mechanism which both allowed the work to pass the censors and be eroticised . She concludes that the painting is " paedophilically provocative " , and that Chabas was protected from censure by his status as an established artist and father . Such views have not been universally held . For instance , the historian Paul S. Boyer describes September Morn as " charmingly innocent " , and the art writer Elizabeth Lunday finds the painting to be " offensive only on the grounds of blandness " . = = Explanatory notes = =
= M @-@ 25 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 25 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . The route follows an arc @-@ like shape closely along the Lake Huron shore of the Thumb in the eastern Lower Peninsula between Port Huron and Bay City . It serves the lakeshore resorts along Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay and generally lies within sight of the lake and the bay . All is surface road and generally scenic , except for the freeway segment near the junction with I @-@ 75 and connection into the US 10 freeway . Between Port Huron and Port Austin it is the north – south highway that used to be US 25 before the designation was removed from Michigan . Between Port Austin and Bay City it is an east – west route that appeared on some maps as US 25 and on some maps as M @-@ 25 . Since the 1970s , when all of US 25 was deleted north of Cincinnati , Ohio , it is now entirely M @-@ 25 . = = Route description = = = = = North to Port Austin = = = The starting point of M @-@ 25 at a junction with Business Loop I @-@ 69 / Business Loop I @-@ 94 ( BL I @-@ 69 / BL I @-@ 94 ) in Port Huron . M @-@ 25 is part of the Lake Huron Circle Tour for its entire length . From here M @-@ 25 heads north on Pine Grove Avenue until meeting M @-@ 136 . At this intersection , M @-@ 25 turns north on 24th Avenue to Lakeshore Road then runs parallel to the Lake Huron shoreline . In the community of Lakeport , M @-@ 25 passes through Lakeport State Park . Past the park , M @-@ 25 changes names from Lakeshore Road to Kimball Road temporarily . M @-@ 25 intersects the east end of M @-@ 90 blocks from Lake Huron in Lexington . There are public beaches in Lexington and in Port Sanilac . M @-@ 25 's street name changes after the M @-@ 46 intersection to that of North Lakeshore Road . The Huron Shores Golf Club is located off the highway north of Port Sanilac at the intersection of Snover Road . Sanilac County has established the Sanilac County Park at the intersection of Downington Road and M @-@ 25 south of Richmondville . North of Forestville M @-@ 25 is once again called South Lakeshore Road as the highway crosses into Huron County . Wagener County Park is located off M @-@ 25 in the community of Helena . M @-@ 25 begins to curve to the northwest in Sand Beach near the Rock Falls Cemetery . In the city of Harbor Beach , M @-@ 25 is called Huron Avenue and meets M @-@ 142 for the first of two occasions . Here is the Harbor Beach Golf Course on the south side of town as M @-@ 25 moves inland through town . North of town , the trunkline parallels an old routing of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway as it is once again renamed Lakeshore Road . The highway moves farther inland north of Rubicon and Port Hope as it begins to round the tip of the Thumb . In Grindstone City , M @-@ 25 loses the Lakeshore Road name in favor of Grindstone Road all the way to Port Austin . = = = West to Bay City = = = Port Austin is the location of the historical northern terminus of US 25 . Through town , M @-@ 25 turns north along Lake Street and runs concurrently with the northern end of M @-@ 53 . The highway turns westward on Port Austin Road along the lake where M @-@ 53 terminates ; this is also the point where the M @-@ 25 signage changes from northbound to westbound . West of town , M @-@ 25 turns south along the Saginaw Bay and meets Port Crescent State Park . From here south west , M @-@ 25 hugs the bay and its miles of beaches . North of Caseville is the Albert E. Sleeper State Park . Through Caseville , M @-@ 25 uses Main Street and passes the city beach off State Street . McKinley is home to the Scenic Golf & Country Club and Wild Fowl Bay . M @-@ 25 follows the shore of Wild Fowl Bay , a smaller bay off Saginaw Bay , to the city of Bay Port and the western terminus of M @-@ 142 on Fairhaven a smaller community south of Bay Port . From here south , the road is called Unionville Road and turns inland to Sebewaing . At Unionville , M @-@ 25 turns more westerly to round the bottom of Saginaw Bay into Bay City along Bay City @-@ Forestville Road in Tuscola County . In the community of Quanicassee , it transitions to Center Road and crosses into Bay County . M @-@ 25 is routed the one @-@ way street pair of 7th Street and McKinley Street before crossing the Veterans Memorial Bridge over the Saginaw River . West of the bridge , the one @-@ way pairing of Jenny Street and Thomas Street are used before the two merge into Thomas Street west of the M @-@ 13 intersections . The western terminus is at the junction of I @-@ 75 / US 23 and US 10 . As the roadway crosses the I @-@ 75 / US 23 freeway it feeds into the eastern end of US 10 freeway . = = History = = = = = Previous designation = = = The M @-@ 25 designation was first used by July 1 , 1919 @.@ in the Upper Peninsula . The highway ran from Skandia along what is today M @-@ 94 to Munising . From there it used today 's routing of M @-@ 28 eastward to Newberry and Sault Ste . Marie . This designation was replaced by M @-@ 28 in 1927 . = = = Current designation = = = In 1933 , US 25 was extended north from Port Huron to Port Austin. along M @-@ 29 . M @-@ 25 was designated along the portion of M @-@ 29 disconnected by the US 25 extension , from Bay City to Port Austin . M @-@ 25 was extended along US 25 to Port Huron when the latter was removed from Michigan in 1973 . The southern terminus was placed at I @-@ 94 in Marysville , Michigan until it was moved northward to end at BL I @-@ 94 ( now BL I @-@ 69 / BL I @-@ 94 ) in 1987 . The section of M @-@ 25 in the City of Bay City was named what is now called a Pure Michigan Historic Byway by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) . This designation was created on October 23 , 1997 , for the section of M @-@ 25 along Center Avenue between Madison Avenue and the eastern city limits . Originally called the Bay City Historic Heritage Route " , it has been called the Center Avenue Heritage Route by its local stewardship committee . = = Major intersections = =
= Johanna Welin = Johanna Welin ( born 24 June 1984 ) is a Swedish @-@ born German 2 @.@ 0 point wheelchair basketball player . She played for USC Munich in the German wheelchair basketball league , and for the national team that won the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , after which President Joachim Gauck awarded the team with the Silbernes Lorbeerblatt ( Silver Laurel Leaf ) . = = Biography = = Johanna Welin was born on 24 June 1984 in Pajala , Sweden , a small town near the border between Sweden and Finland about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) north of the Arctic Circle . She has played football for Töreboda IK in the Swedish league . In the winter , her passion was snowboarding , until a bad fall in a snowboarding competition at Gothenburg in January 2004 left her paralysed from the waist down . She then took up wheelchair basketball , playing for GRBK Gothenburg in the Swedish league , but Sweden had no national women 's team . She spent two semesters studying German in Insbruck , but there was no wheelchair basketball team there , and she began playing for USC Munich , initially for their second team . There , she caught the attention of Holger Glinicki , the coach of the German national team , who asked her if she would like to play for the German national team . She took German citizenship , a relatively painless procedure for an athlete , and made the German national team , which went on to win gold at the 2011 European Championships in Nazareth , Israel , defeating the Netherlands in the final , 48 @-@ 42 . In June 2012 she was named as part of the team that competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games in London , where they faced the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , a team that had defeated them 48 @-@ 46 in Sydney just a few months before . They defeated the Australians 44 @-@ 58 in front of a capacity crowd of over 12 @,@ 000 at the North Greenwich Arena to win the gold medal , the first that Germany had won in women 's wheelchair basketball at the Paralympics since 1984 . They were awarded another Silver Laurel Leaf by President Joachim Gauck in November 2012 and were again named Team of the Year for 2012 . In February 2013 , Welin 's name was entered in the Golden Book of Munich . She has modelled for the advertising campaigns of team sponsors ING DiBa and LoFric , and is currently studying medicine in Munich . = = Achievements = = 2011 : Gold European Championships ( Nazareth , Israel ) 2012 : Gold Paralympic Games ( London , England ) 2013 : Silver European Championships ( Frankfurt , Germany ) 2014 : Silver at the World Championships ( Toronto , Canada ) 2015 : Gold at the European Championships ( Worcester , England ) = = Awards = = 2012 : Team of the Year 2012 : Silver Laurel Leaf 2013 : Entry in the Golden Book of Munich
= Kansas Turnpike = The Kansas Turnpike is a 236 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 380 km ) , freeway @-@ standard toll road that lies entirely within the U.S. state of Kansas . It runs in a general southwest @-@ northeast direction from the Oklahoma border to Kansas City . It passes through several major Kansas cities , including Wichita , Topeka , and Lawrence . The turnpike is owned and maintained by the Kansas Turnpike Authority ( KTA ) , which is headquartered in Wichita . The Kansas Turnpike was built from 1954 to 1956 , predating the Interstate Highway System . While not part of the system 's early plans , the turnpike was eventually incorporated into the Interstate system in late 1956 , and is designated today as four different Interstate Highway routes : I @-@ 35 , I @-@ 335 , I @-@ 470 , and I @-@ 70 . The turnpike also carries a piece of U.S. Routes 24 and 40 in Kansas City . Because it predates the Interstate Highway System , the road is not engineered to current Interstate Highway standards , and notably lacks a regulation @-@ width median . To reduce the risk of head @-@ on collisions , the Kansas Turnpike now has a continuous , permanent Jersey barrier in the median over its entire length . On opening , there was no fixed speed limit on the highway ; drivers were merely asked to keep to a " reasonable and proper " limit , although shortly afterward signs were erected in certain stretches indicating a maximum speed of 80 miles per hour ( 130 km / h ) . From 1970 to 1974 and again since 2011 , the turnpike 's speed limit has been set at 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) ; that limit during the earlier period applied only during daytime hours . Around 120 @,@ 000 drivers use the turnpike daily . The road features numerous services , including a travel radio station and six service areas . One of these service areas is notable for the presence of a memorial to University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne , who died near the current highway 's route . The turnpike is self @-@ sustaining ; it derives its entire revenue from the tolls collected and requires no tax money for maintenance or administration . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = Early federal plans for a nationwide system of interregional highways did not include a route along or near the present turnpike , instead connecting Oklahoma City and Kansas City via southeastern Kansas and U.S. Route 69 . By the mid @-@ 1940s , this route had shifted to roughly the present Interstate 35 alignment , serving Wichita . The only major difference from the present route was between Wichita and Emporia , where the highway ran north to Newton before turning northeast along U.S. Route 50 . In the early 1950s , toll roads were gaining in popularity as a mechanism for funding new superhighways . This trend started with the Pennsylvania Turnpike in 1940 , which was mimicked by other toll roads in New York , New Jersey , several New England states , Ohio , and Colorado . In October 1951 , the Highway Council of the Kansas Chamber of Commerce researched the possibility of integrating the state into a potential cross @-@ country turnpike system . Eastern Kansas was also included in an interstate turnpike system stretching from Galveston , Texas to Saint Louis , Missouri , via Kansas City , that was proposed by Oklahoma governor Johnston Murray . Many firms from construction industries , as well as those concerned about the state 's economic development , worked to have legislation passed to allow the turnpike to be constructed . Governor Ed Arn and Gale Moss , the State Highway Director , were two major proponents of the turnpike concept . The turnpike idea was an attractive one because initial construction was to be financed by the private sector via sales of revenue bonds , allowing state highway funds to be used for other important projects . The new toll road would also reduce traffic , and thus maintenance costs , on existing roads . There was also a concern that if Kansas lagged behind in turnpike construction , it might be bypassed by toll roads in other states , leaving it at an economic disadvantage . The toll concept also had the benefit of ultimately putting the financial burden on the drivers who actually used the road , instead of using tax revenue that had been collected from residents statewide . There was a some opposition to the plan , from both government officials and citizens , due to concerns that the toll revenue might not cover the repayments to investors , bankrupting the turnpike authority and burdening the state government with the remaining debt . There were also worries about the possibility of the turnpike requiring maintenance before the bonds had been repaid . Some critics also felt that the high speeds typical of turnpike driving were unsafe . As right @-@ of @-@ way for the project was obtained , the turnpike drew opposition from farmers and ranchers , who objected to the turnpike bisecting their property , making it difficult to access disjointed parcels of land . The Kansas Chamber of Commerce held " turnpike clinics " in several locations across Kansas in 1952 , reporting an overwhelmingly positive reception from the public . The Kansas Turnpike Act , defining a turnpike from Oklahoma to Kansas City , became effective April 7 , 1953 . It created the Kansas Turnpike Authority , with Gale Moss selected as its first chairman . With a budget of only $ 25 @,@ 000 ( about $ 570 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , KTA 's first office was a former barbershop in the Kansas State Capitol . Given Oklahoma 's plans to build a turnpike north from Oklahoma City to the Kansas state line , and taking into account traffic flow maps prepared by the highway department , a preliminary route was chosen connecting the proposed Oklahoma turnpike to Kansas City via Wichita and Topeka . A second route extending from Topeka to Salina , and further west to the Colorado state line ( the modern @-@ day I @-@ 70 corridor ) was also studied . Over 173 @,@ 000 drivers were surveyed to determine how many of them would be willing to use the two proposed routes in order to establish their profitability . While the western Kansas route was determined not to be feasible , the Oklahoma – Kansas City route was projected to generate a total revenue of $ 9 million in 1957 ( about $ 181 million in 2015 dollars ) . After considering a number of different alignments , including one bypassing Topeka via the present route of I @-@ 35 , the state decided on an " airline " route between Wichita and Topeka . From Wichita south , the turnpike was to parallel U.S. Route 81 , continuing into Oklahoma ; the interchange with U.S. Route 166 at South Haven was included to provide an outlet if Oklahoma lagged in its construction . The turnpike was to parallel U.S. Route 40 from Topeka to Kansas City . The Kansas City end was set at 18th Street and Muncie Boulevard , which was to be extended and upgraded to a freeway ( the Muncie Expressway ) to the Intercity Viaduct by the state . After a ruling from the Kansas Supreme Court that found that the KTA could issue bonds and oversee the construction and administration of the turnpike , the turnpike authority sold $ 160 million ( around $ 3 @.@ 22 billion in 2015 dollars ) in revenue bonds in September 1954 . KTA bonds were quickly bought by investors , who were attracted by the Kansas Turnpike 's low construction costs — only one @-@ third of that of turnpikes in other states — and projections showing that enough tolls would be collected to pay off investors after nineteen years . Ground was broken on December 31 , 1954 at the Kansas River bridge near Lawrence . Construction of the entire length of the turnpike was scheduled to take place all at once , with the turnpike partitioned into 14 parts , and the overall length also divided into 43 smaller portions . The Turnpike Authority sent out letters en masse to the affected landowners , offering a price and referring appeals to the local district court , which typically valued the land at a lesser amount ; this methodology was not without criticism . During the construction period , the state highway department suffered a " brain drain " as many staffers resigned to take up KTA jobs , which paid better salaries ( Chairman Moss 's KTA salary was three times that of his salary as director of highways ) and offered more exciting challenges . After almost 22 months of construction , the road was opened for a day of free travel on October 20 , 1956 between 6 a.m. and 2 p.m. An estimated 12 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 cars traveled on the turnpike . Many of those motorists traveled to Lawrence for a football game between the University of Kansas and University of Oklahoma . Official opening ceremonies were held at interchanges in each of the three major cities on October 25 . The Kansas City celebration included Gene Autry jumping his horse through a large paper map of the turnpike . John Masefield , the British Poet Laureate , wrote a tribute to commemorate the occasion . On the first day after the official opening , 7 @,@ 197 vehicles traveled the turnpike , with 81 toll collectors and 50 maintenance workers on duty . The turnpike originally had 14 interchanges ; by 2012 , there were 22 . = = = The southern terminus = = = Despite Oklahoma 's role in instigating the construction of the Kansas Turnpike , its plans for a connecting turnpike fell through . The Oklahoma Turnpike Authority ( OTA ) had not performed a traffic study , as KTA had , to prove that the proposed Oklahoma turnpike would be profitable . Oklahoma also suffered from a poorer credit rating than did Kansas . Additionally , by this time many states ' turnpike authorities were competing in the bond markets for investor dollars . All of these issues combined made it difficult for OTA to issue bonds for its toll road . When funding had been obtained , political issues stalled the proposed toll road further . With no counterpart to the south , the Kansas Turnpike ended at the state line , at an at @-@ grade intersection with E0010 Road . Just across the state line was an oat field , into which many inattentive motorists crashed . This abrupt end became nationally famous after Wyoming governor Milward L. Simpson and his wife crashed in mid @-@ 1957 . The oat farmer plowed the field to provide a safer landing , and the KTA was persuaded to install a huge wooden barrier at the end of the highway . However , within a day , three more drivers had crashed and destroyed the barrier , so the KTA closed the turnpike south of the South Haven interchange . KTA provided the state of Oklahoma with financial aid to construct its portion of a temporary road leading to the interchange . The lack of continuity in the highway was one of the primary reasons that the road did not generate much revenue in the years following the opening ; another reason was a lack of education on the part of motorists as to the concept of a toll road . Although Oklahoma 's plans to construct a toll road from the southern end of the Kansas Turnpike at the state line to Oklahoma City did not materialize , a year and a half after the opening of the turnpike , a 5 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) connection to US 177 was put into service . Eventually I @-@ 35 was completed south to Oklahoma City . = = = Recent history = = = While the initial turnpike was still being built , the KTA authorized four feasibility studies in October 1954 . Three of them — a spur to Leavenworth and Saint Joseph , Missouri , a spur from Wichita to Hutchinson , Great Bend and Hays , and a new Intercity Viaduct to Kansas City , Missouri — did not go anywhere . But the fourth proposal , a toll bridge on 18th Street in Kansas City , was pushed through , and the KTA agreed to build the turnpike in early 1956 . The 18th Street Expressway , running south from the turnpike 's east end over the Kansas River , opened in 1959 , improving access to northeast Johnson County . As the turnpike did not use any state tax revenue for maintenance , the pavement began to deteriorate rapidly , and crews faced difficulty keeping up with the snow in winter conditions in a winter storm during 1960 . In the early 1960s , many senior positions in the Kansas Turnpike Authority were cut , and thanks to this and other austerity measures such as targeting maintenance to save costs in the future , the turnpike slowly became profitable . By 1966 , it was clear that the turnpike had not been built to the higher standards of the Interstate Highway system ; the roadway had developed ruts and other issues due to deferred maintenance . To temporarily fix the problem , a layer of asphalt oil and a layer of sand and asphalt was used to fill in the ruts , and graded rock coated with asphalt was used to seal the road . Since the road had been originally constructed at the same time , and not built in segments over a period of time , similar maintenance issues appeared along the whole length of the road at the same time . Bridges and pavement were repaired on a rotating basis , to stagger the cost of needed repairs . The bridge over the Kansas River was widened and replaced after 1973 . As economic conditions improved for the Authority , equipment was slowly replaced , and workers were given pay increases , both of which were badly needed . In June 1956 , the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 was signed into law , granting funding to the nationwide Interstate Highway System . Without its Oklahoma link , the Kansas Turnpike was in danger of being bypassed by the Interstate System entirely . However , at the end of 1956 , the Bureau of Public Roads and the state of Kansas agreed to route I @-@ 35 along the turnpike south of Emporia and I @-@ 70 along the piece east of Topeka . The state insisted on a separate Emporia – Kansas City alignment , and the mileage that would have been used to build I @-@ 35 from Wichita to Emporia via Newton was instead used for Interstate 35W ( now Interstate 135 ) from Wichita via Newton to Salina . Oklahoma 's first piece of Interstate 35 , from the state line to U.S. Highway 177 at Braman , opened April 22 , 1958 . The East Topeka interchange was completely rebuilt in the late 1990s , with a goal of rerouting I @-@ 70 and improving access to the turnpike . The design was completed in 1997 , and the project was finished in 2001 at a cost of $ 98 @.@ 6 million in 1999 dollars . On the evening of April 6 , 2002 , a grease fire broke out in the Hardee 's restaurant at the Belle Plaine service plaza . Exacerbated by heavy winds , the fire destroyed the building , which also contained a travel information center . Four fire departments responded to the scene . The assistant fire chief and fire chief of the Wellington Fire Department gave conflicting statements on whether the unavailability of the Wellington water tower , which had been emptied while it was being repainted , had hampered efforts to extinguish the blaze . The fire burned for three hours , with hot spots still smoldering the following day . No injuries were reported . The fire caused $ 2 million in damages . The service plaza was rebuilt , with a reopening celebration occurring on July 24 , 2003 . A 390 @-@ year flood event took place on the night of August 30 , 2003 , at the Kansas Turnpike 's crossing of Jacobs Creek , a tributary of the Cottonwood River 11 miles ( 18 km ) southwest of Emporia ( turnpike milepost 116 ) . A thunderstorm that evening dropped large amounts of rain in the area , with a gauge at Plymouth reporting 7 @.@ 1 inches ( 18 cm ) of rainfall in a 24 @-@ hour period . The culvert carrying Jacobs Creek under the turnpike quickly exceeded its capacity , and water rose onto the turnpike . A pool of water four feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) deep formed on the northbound lanes ; the concrete median barrier initially prevented most of the water from crossing to the southbound lanes . Seven cars , all headed northbound , stalled in the floodwater . The median barrier then gave way , sweeping the stalled cars across the southbound lanes and down the creek as far as 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the highway . Six people died in the flood . = = Tolls = = As of 2014 , the passenger or passengers of two @-@ axle vehicles ( such as cars and motorcycles ) pay a total of $ 12 @.@ 00 to travel the entire length of the turnpike . Tolls are calculated based on the length of the route traveled , and the toll is as little as 30 ¢ for motorists driving only a short distance ( 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) , for example ) on the turnpike . Drivers in vehicles with more than two axles , such as truckers , pay higher tolls . The turnpike runs on a ticket @-@ based collection system . When entering the turnpike , either at one of the termini or at an interchange , a driver is issued a ticket which indicates the toll plaza at which they entered . When leaving the turnpike , this ticket is used to determine the amount of the toll . If a motorist presents a ticket at the same toll plaza it was issued from , the KTA charges a " per @-@ minute " fare if the trip was more than fifteen minutes . Should the ticket be lost , or should the trip take over eighteen hours to complete , the driver must pay the highest possible toll for that exit . As an alternative to using tickets , motorists can order a transponder , known as a K @-@ TAG . K @-@ TAG customers can proceed slowly through the toll plaza without stopping to collect a ticket or pay toll . The toll is instead paid through one of two payment plans . K @-@ TAG Classic , intended for frequent turnpike users , requires the customer to maintain a prepaid account , from which funds are drawn as needed . The plan intended for intermittent users , My K @-@ TAG , requires an active credit card . My K @-@ TAG keeps track of the tolls accrued by the customer , and automatically charges the user 's credit card monthly . K @-@ TAG Classic accounts are subject to a $ 1 monthly fee per tag , while My K @-@ TAG account holders can get up to five tags for free . Tolls for K @-@ TAG users are lower than for cash customers , so a two @-@ axle vehicle with a K @-@ TAG is charged only $ 10 @.@ 20 to travel the entire length of the turnpike . K @-@ TAG Classic users also receive an additional 10 @-@ percent discount on tolls . K @-@ TAGs are available for purchase at select Walgreens , Dillons , and AAA locations . K @-@ TAG is compatible with PikePass in neighboring Oklahoma . However , K @-@ TAG is not compatible with any other systems , including the E @-@ ZPass system in the Eastern United States . K @-@ TAG was introduced in 1995 ; the system was internally designed and is internally run , instead of being contracted to another company , saving additional overhead costs . The Kansas Turnpike is completely self @-@ sustaining . All costs are paid for by the tolls collected ; no tax money is used for construction , maintenance , or administration . KTA estimates that 120 @,@ 000 drivers use the turnpike each day . = = Route description = = The Kansas Turnpike is 236 miles ( 380 km ) long . As of 2014 the Kansas Turnpike has 22 interchanges and two barrier toll plazas . Many of the interchanges are designed as trumpet interchanges with a connector road to the crossroad , for easy placement of a single toll plaza on the connector . Exit numbers were originally sequential but are assigned today by mileage from south to east , the same numbering system used by the majority of U.S. states for their Interstate Highways as well . After passing the Bonner Springs interchange , exit numbers change to match the mileage of Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) east from the Colorado border , which is also used on I @-@ 70 west of the turnpike . This results in discontinuous exit numbers on I @-@ 70 . = = = Oklahoma state line to Emporia = = = The first 127 miles ( 204 km ) of the highway , between its southern terminus at the Oklahoma border and Emporia , Kansas , are designated as Interstate 35 ( I @-@ 35 ) . The Kansas Turnpike is the only tolled section on this Interstate . The turnpike runs due north and south between its southern terminus and Wichita . This stretch of the highway runs parallel to U.S. Route 81 ( US @-@ 81 ) , which lies to the west of the turnpike . The Kansas Turnpike begins at the Oklahoma state line north of Braman , Oklahoma . This is also the point at which I @-@ 35 crosses from Kay County to Sumner County . The turnpike proceeds due north from the state line , with no interchanges for its first four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) in Kansas . The southernmost interchange on the turnpike is Exit 4 ( South Haven ) , which serves US @-@ 166 . US @-@ 166 heads east to Arkansas City and west to US @-@ 81 at South Haven . This interchange is a four @-@ ramp folded diamond with ramps in the southeast and northwest quadrants . It has no toll plazas , as it lies south of the southern barrier toll . Northbound traffic must exit at US @-@ 166 to avoid paying a toll . Initially , the interchange provided only a southbound exit and northbound entrance , forcing drivers who did not wish to pay a toll to leave I @-@ 35 in Oklahoma . By 1976 the other two ramps had been added . From Exit 4 , the turnpike continues on a due north course , crossing Slate Creek , before coming to the Southern Terminal barrier toll plaza , where tickets are issued for all northbound traffic and fares are collected from southbound traffic . The next interchange north of the toll plaza is Exit 19 ( Wellington ) , serving US @-@ 160 , which heads west to Wellington , the county seat of Sumner County , and east to Winfield , the seat of adjoining Cowley County . It is the first of many trumpet interchanges , serving the surface road via a connector road with a toll plaza . When the turnpike first opened , the US @-@ 160 interchange was a reversed diamond with four loop ramps , so that all traffic using the interchange had to pass under the bridge and thus through the toll plaza . The new configuration was built c . 1988 . The freeway takes a brief jog to the northeast before crossing over a Burlington Northern Santa Fe rail line southeast of Riverdale . In the median at mile 26 is the Belle Plaine Service Area . North of the service plaza , the highway bridges the Ninnescah River and then K @-@ 55 . No interchange is present to allow turnpike travelers to connect to the K @-@ 55 . The turnpike 's next interchange is Exit 33 ( Mulvane ) , which connects to K @-@ 53 via a trumpet ramp , just east of the west end of K @-@ 53 at US @-@ 81 . The interchange was built c . 1985 . It was reconstructed in 2011 to serve the Kansas Star Casino with roundabouts on each side of the flyover . The east roundabout directs traffic to K @-@ 53 . The west roundabout directs traffic to the casino . There is now a toll booth on the casino side of the intersection as well as the one on the entrance to K @-@ 53 . This interchange straddles the Sumner – Sedgwick county line . In southern Sedgwick County , the Kansas Turnpike enters the Wichita metropolitan area . Exit 39 ( Haysville ) serves two of Wichita 's southern suburbs . This exit is a diamond interchange with a connector road to Grand Avenue , which runs west to U.S. Route 81 and Haysville and east to Derby . It was built c . 1989 . Now in Wichita proper , the highway reaches exit 42 ( South Wichita ) , which is the south end of Interstate 135 . I @-@ 135 heads north through Wichita , the largest city in Kansas , toward Salina ; US @-@ 81 joins at the first interchange and I @-@ 235 begins at the second . The interchange is a simple trumpet with I @-@ 135 , and opened in 1956 with the turnpike , but the connector ended at 47th Street ( now US @-@ 81 ) until c . 1961 . After passing exit 42 , the turnpike curves away from US @-@ 81 , turning northeast toward El Dorado and Emporia . It crosses the Arkansas River between Exits 42 and 45 . Exit 45 ( Wichita , K @-@ 15 ) ) is a trumpet connection to K @-@ 15 in southern Wichita . It opened in 1956 as one of the original interchanges . As the highway continues northeast through Wichita , it comes to Exit 50 ( East Wichita ) , a double @-@ trumpet connection to the parallel Kellogg Avenue , which carries US @-@ 54 and US @-@ 400 . It is one of the original 1956 interchanges . Exit 53 , the final Wichita exit , is a trumpet connection to the K @-@ 96 freeway . The connector road junctions K @-@ 96 at a four @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange and ends at 127th Street East . The interchange opened c . 1994 along with the nearby piece of K @-@ 96 . East of Exit 53 , the turnpike passes into Butler County . Exit 57 ( Andover ) connects to 21st Street northeast of downtown Andover , an eastern suburb of Wichita . ( This is the same " 21st Street " that runs through Wichita . ) The turnpike uses a diamond interchange with the connector road to 70th Street . This interchange opened c . 1985 . It crosses the Whitewater River southwest of the Towanda Service Area , located in the median at mile 65 . From the service area , the highway proceeds north east to Exit 71 ( El Dorado ) , a trumpet connection to K @-@ 254 just east of its junction with K @-@ 196 . The connector originally directly intersected K @-@ 254 , but it now ends between K @-@ 254 and West 6th Avenue , just north of K @-@ 254 . Exit 71 opened with the original turnpike in 1956 . North of El Dorado , Exit 76 ( El Dorado ) connects the Kansas Turnpike to U.S. Route 77 via a trumpet ramp . It opened c . 1986 . After passing through El Dorado , the Kansas Turnpike crosses the northernmost arms of El Dorado Lake . This marks the turnpike 's entry into the Flint Hills , a band of hills in eastern Kansas . The turnpike does not leave this region completely until it reaches Topeka . As the highway continues northeast past El Dorado Lake , it runs roughly parallel to the Walnut River to the west , which feeds the reservoir , and K @-@ 177 to the east . Northwest of the town of Cassoday , K @-@ 177 finally crosses the turnpike , with Exit 92 ( Cassoday ) , a diamond interchange , providing a connector to the state highway . The interchange was not present when the turnpike opened in 1956 , but was built soon after as an east @-@ facing folded diamond with two separate toll plazas . The present configuration was built c . 1995 . Near this interchange , the turnpike crosses the Walnut River . Northeast of the Cassoday interchange , the Kansas Turnpike enters Chase County . In the median at mile 97 , just north of the county line , is the Matfield Green Service Area . Approximately 13 @.@ 7 miles ( 22 @.@ 0 km ) northeast of the service area , an interchange provides access to a set of cattle pens southeast of Bazaar . Other than these two service exits , there are no interchanges within Chase County ; upon leaving it , the turnpike passes into Lyon County . The next interchange along the turnpike is Exit 127 ( Emporia ) . At this trumpet interchange , Interstate 35 leaves the turnpike to head east through Emporia , the county seat of Lyon County , on its way northeast to Kansas City via Ottawa . Interstate 35 and U.S. Route 50 . The interchange , as opened in 1956 with the original turnpike , connected directly to US @-@ 50 at Overlander Street ; a different configuration opened c . 1966 along with the connecting piece of I @-@ 35 . In 2005 , KTA approved reconstruction of the Emporia interchange to improve connections to US @-@ 50 , I @-@ 35 , and the city of Emporia , resulting in the present configuration . This project , funded by the Turnpike Authority , the Kansas Department of Transportation , and the city of Emporia , was completed in 2008 . = = = Emporia to Topeka = = = After the split with I @-@ 35 , the Kansas Turnpike continues northeast as I @-@ 335 . However , its exits are numbered as if I @-@ 35 had continued along it . This highway exists entirely as a part of the Kansas Turnpike . In fact , until 1987 , this stretch of the turnpike was designated solely as the Kansas Turnpike without an Interstate number . It was only after a change in the National Maximum Speed Law , when state legislators were given the authority to raise the speed limits on rural Interstate Highways to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , that this segment of the Kansas Turnpike was given the I @-@ 335 designation so that it could fall under the new law . Northeast of Emporia , the Emporia service area is located in the median at mile 132 . The turnpike continues northeast through the northern reaches of the Flint Hills , coming to an interchange with US @-@ 56 near Admire . This interchange , Exit 147 , is the only interchange along the I @-@ 335 section of the turnpike other than the two end junctions . It is a trumpet connection to US @-@ 56 , which heads west to Council Grove and east to Osage City , and was one of the original 1956 interchanges . From the Admire exit , the Kansas Turnpike continues northeast , passing through the southeast corner of Wabaunsee County and the northwestern part of Osage County . The turnpike enters Shawnee County and continues through rural land before it heads into the Topeka area . Here , the roadway has an interchange that serves I @-@ 470 and US @-@ 75 . At this point , I @-@ 335 ends and I @-@ 470 joins the turnpike as it passes through suburban development in the southeastern part of Topeka . In the eastern portion of the city , the highway reaches an interchange with I @-@ 70 , US @-@ 40 , and K @-@ 4 . = = = Topeka to Kansas City = = = The remainder of the turnpike runs on I @-@ 70 from Topeka to the turnpike 's eastern terminus in Kansas City . This is one of only two tolled sections of I @-@ 70 ; the other is on the Pennsylvania Turnpike with I @-@ 76 . The turnpike continues east along I @-@ 70 and crosses Tecumseh Creek . The Topeka Service Area is located on the north side of the road east of here at mile 188 . It is accessed by ramps on the right side of the highway in both directions . Just east of the service area , the turnpike enters Douglas County while passing over US @-@ 40 without an interchange . The route then curves to the southeast and runs roughly parallel to US @-@ 40 . A series of curves takes the turnpike farther east as it reaches Exit 197 ( Lecompton ) , a folded diamond interchange with the western terminus of K @-@ 10 . After this , the highway continues farther east and enters the city of Lawrence , where it shares a diamond interchange with McDonald Drive at Exit 202 ( West Lawrence ) . McDonald Drive leads to US @-@ 59 south of the turnpike . East of here , the highway bends east @-@ northeasterly , crosses the Kansas River , and then intersects US @-@ 40 and US @-@ 59 , which run concurrently , at Exit 204 ( East Lawrence ) . The Kansas Turnpike then leaves Lawrence and bends to the northeast before leaving Douglas County and entering Leavenworth . It overpasses Mud Creek before passing under K @-@ 32 . Northeast of here at mile 209 , the Lawrence Service Area is located in the median . Afterward , the turnpike has a diamond interchange with 222nd Street , which is signed as Leavenworth County Road 1 , at Exit 212 ( Tonganoxie / Eudora ) . The highway then travels northeast and passes through it eastern terminal toll booth . This is the final toll booth on the route travelling east and all vehicles must pay their final toll before continuing . The turnpike then enters Bonner Springs . It crosses Wolf Creek before leaving Leavenworth County and entering Wyandotte County . In Bonner Springs , the turnpike intersects K @-@ 7 , westbound US @-@ 24 , westbound US @-@ 40 , and the southern terminus of US @-@ 73 at Exit 224 ( Bonner Springs , formerly Exit 223 ) with a trumpet interchange . The mileposts on the route switch to match those of I @-@ 70 after this interchange . US @-@ 24 and US @-@ 40 run concurrently with I @-@ 70 and the Kansas Turnpike as it heads east toward Kansas City . The first free exit on the turnpike is a diamond interchange with 110th Street at Exit 410 . This interchange is located just south of the Kansas Speedway . Just east of here , the route intersects I @-@ 435 at Exit 411 . This exit uses a cloverleaf interchange with one directional ramp and collector – distributor roads to avoid issues with traffic exiting immediately north of the turnpike . After this interchange , the highway enters Kansas City . The turnpike 's first exit in the city is Exit 414 , a diamond interchange with 78th Street . Next , the highway curves slightly to the northeast and intersects the Turner Diagonal at Exit 415 , an interchange consisting of a half @-@ cloverleaf for the western ramps and a Y @-@ connection for the eastern ramps that intersects the Turner Diagonal at a trumpet interchange north of the turnpike . East of here , the route has a diamond interchange with 57th Street at Exit 417 . Directly east of 57th Street , the turnpike crosses Brenner Heights Creek . After this , the turnpike continues due east to a fully directional interchange with I @-@ 635 at Exit 418 . After this interchange , the freeway bends in a southeastern direction and reaches its final exit , Exit 420 . This exit is a cloverleaf interchange with US @-@ 69 , which is also known as the 18th Street Expressway . At this interchange , US @-@ 69 turns east to overlap I @-@ 70 , US @-@ 40 , and US @-@ 24 , and the highways continue east of Exit 420 toward Kansas City , Missouri . = = Design = = Because the Kansas Turnpike was built before the Interstate Highway System , it is not engineered to current Interstate Highway standards . The turnpike was originally constructed with lanes only 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) wide . Notably , the turnpike was built without a 36 @-@ foot ( 11 m ) median . When it opened , the central reservation was a 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) depressed median . Starting in 1985 , Jersey barriers were installed along its entire length . As with all other toll roads that predated the Interstate Highway System , the highway is grandfathered from Interstate standards . Kansas Turnpike mileposts are continuous along the entire length of the turnpike . Mile markers begin at the point where I @-@ 35 enters Kansas at the southern border . These numbers are continued along the other three Interstates that make up the turnpike , rather than numbering each Interstate individually , leading to discontinuous numbering on I @-@ 70 — the exit numbers on tolled I @-@ 70 are much lower than those on free I @-@ 70 . The majority of the Kansas Turnpike , from the Oklahoma state line to Topeka , was constructed with four @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) asphalt . The 55 miles ( 89 km ) from Topeka to Kansas City was built with Portland cement concrete . Curves along the turnpike are limited to 3 ° and grades limited to 3 % . Early reports said that curves were designed to accommodate speeds of 70 to 75 mph ( 115 to 120 km / h ) . When built , the turnpike was designed to allow 18 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 8 @,@ 200 kg ) axle loads . Minimum sight distances were kept at 725 feet ( 221 m ) . The 300 @-@ foot ( 91 m ) right of way featured fenced edges to prevent cattle from entering the roadway and to discourage toll evasion . = = = Speed limits = = = When the turnpike was originally opened , it had no posted speed limit , however " drivers [ would ] be ' hailed down ' if they exceed 80 miles an hour [ 130 km / h ] . " In 1970 , the speed limit was reduced to 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) during the day and 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) at night ; authorities cited accidents caused by excess speed . Nationwide , the speed limit was reduced to 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) on January 2 , 1974 ; Kansas delayed implementing the reduction until the deadline on March 2 , 1974 . When Congress allowed states to increase their speed limits to 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , Kansas increased the speed limit on most of the turnpike ; the Emporia – Topeka segment did not have an Interstate designation to allow for an increase there . Other sections through urban areas remained at the lower limits as well . The Kansas Department of Transportation requested an Interstate designation for the Emporia – Topeka segment of the turnpike by May 1987 , which they received on October 23 , 1987 , when that section was given the I @-@ 335 designation to allow for a 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) speed limit . Later in November 1995 , Congress repealed the National Maximum Speed Limit ; Kansas initially left their limits alone after the repeal . Legislation that raised the speed limits to 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) took effect on March 22 , 1996 . On July 1 , 2011 , the speed limit on most of the Kansas Turnpike was raised once again to 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) as part of a set of speed limit increases affecting several rural Interstates and U.S. routes throughout Kansas . The minimum speed is 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . = = Services = = The Kansas Turnpike Authority provides a number of services to help motorists and provide incentives for using the turnpike . KTA broadcasts a travel radio station at 1610 AM from Wellington , Wichita , El Dorado , Cassoday , Emporia , Admire , East Topeka , and West Lawrence . Law enforcement is provided by a separate Turnpike Division of the Kansas Highway Patrol . Motorists needing assistance can use a roadside assistance hotline by dialing * KTA ( * 582 ) on a mobile phone . Statewide weather and traffic conditions can be accessed by dialing 511 . KTA also provides weather and traffic information on their website . The original service areas were spaced 45 miles ( 72 km ) apart . There are six service areas located along the highway : The Belle Plaine service area ( mile 26 ) opened on July 24 , 2003 , replacing a previous structure at the site that had been destroyed by a grease fire . It contains a 24 @-@ hour gas station and convenience store , a fast food restaurant , a weather kiosk , a Kansas Travel Information Center , and a gift shop . The Towanda service area ( mile 65 ) provides a 24 @-@ hour gas station and convenience store , a fast food restaurant , and a weather kiosk . The Matfield Green service area ( mile 97 ) shares the design of the Towanda service area , and also provides a 24 @-@ hour gas station and convenience store , a fast food restaurant , and a weather kiosk . The service area at Matfield Green also contains a 175 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 16 @.@ 3 m2 ) memorial to Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne , who died in a 1931 plane crash near Bazaar , Kansas , a few miles north of the service area . The Emporia service area ( mile 132 ) , like the two service areas to the south , includes a 24 @-@ hour gas station and convenience store and a fast food restaurant . Additionally , the facility provides an outdoor exercise area and playground for children . The Topeka service area ( mile 188 ) opened in May 2002 . This service plaza features a choice of five restaurants ( one of which is open 24 hours ) , as well as a gift shop and a 24 @-@ hour gas station and convenience store . Prior to this plaza 's opening , a service area was located in the median between exits 182 and 183 . It closed in May 2002 when the present Topeka Service Area opened . The Lawrence service area ( mile 209 ) consists of a 24 @-@ hour gas station and convenience store , in addition to a 24 @-@ hour fast food restaurant . = = Exit list = =
= Myōjin Yahiko = Myōjin Yahiko ( 明神弥彦 ) , known as Yahiko Myojin in the Media Blasters English @-@ language dub and Yoshi Myojin in the English Sony Samurai X dub , is a fictional character from the Rurouni Kenshin manga and anime series authored by Nobuhiro Watsuki . The character of Yahiko is based on the author 's childhood experiences practicing kendo ; since Watsuki 's experienced frustration during kendo classes , the author wrote Yahiko as experiencing frustration with his kendo skills . Watsuki liked Yahiko , and while writing the manga , he began to develop the character so that readers would enjoy him . The fictional setting takes place during the pre @-@ Meiji period of Japan . Yahiko is an orphan from a samurai family who was forced to work as a thief to repay the debt he had presumably owed , as his parents died before they could repay it . When he is rescued by the main character of the story Himura Kenshin , he decides that he will grow up to be just like Kenshin . But because of his strong beliefs , Kenshin is no longer teaching the sword style he had learned . Therefore , Kenshin arranges for Yahiko to be trained by Kamiya Kaoru , the teacher of the Kamiya Kasshin @-@ ryū ( 神谷活心流 , lit . " Gods ' Valley Alive Heart Style " ) . As the series progresses , Yahiko becomes skilled at swordsmanship and faces many opponents . Yahiko appears in the featured movie of the series , as well as other media relating to the franchise , including a wide range of electronic games and an original video animations ( OVAs ) series . His character has been very popular with readers from Rurouni Kenshin , ranking near the top of the series ' popularity polls . His character is featured in various types of merchandising developed for the series , such as figurines and key @-@ chains . Several publications have commented on his character . While he was initially criticized for his lack of action in the plot , his further development in the series has been praised . = = Creation and conception = = Nobuhiro Watsuki , creator of Rurouni Kenshin , says that he used no particular logic when drawing Yahiko except for the " defiant " eyes and " mussed " hair . ( Watsuki describes these traits as " a must " in a shōnen comic . ) Watsuki enjoyed practicing kendo " almost as much as drawing manga " . To create Yahiko , Watsuki drew on his emotions from junior high school . He has described himself then as " weak " and " an embarrassment to my 183 centimeters of height " ( 183 centimeters is equivalent to 6 feet ) . He says he was a member of the kendo starting squad only because the school suspended another student originally intended to be a starter . However , he failed to win in a league tournament , experienced frustration and felt he was " awful " despite his desire to succeed ; he yearned to improve his kendo skills . As an " outlet " for Watsuki 's kendo emotions , Yahiko " knows a pain that hero @-@ types like Himura Kenshin and Sagara Sanosuke can never know " . As Watsuki further developed the story , Yahiko becomes a comedic character . Watsuki wanted to draw Yahiko in a way that readers could envision him as being a " great " swordsman five to ten years later . During the last story arc from the manga , the story takes a darker tone than those from other shōnen series published by Shueisha . As the series was aimed at teenagers , Watsuki made Yahiko the main character during the time when Kenshin thought that Kamiya Kaoru was dead ; his role was to serve as the identifying character for readers . However , the author found this hard to do , as the more time Kenshin was unwilling to continue to live , the worse Yahiko felt , leaving Watsuki a more negative feeling concerning the story . By the end of the series as Yahiko becomes a teenager , Watsuki had redesigned his appearance . He wanted Yahiko to impress manga readers so that he could be a protagonist for a possible series sequel . He said this goal influenced his design of Yahiko , with Kenshin 's physical appearance as well as Sanosuke 's personality . He added Sanosuke 's kanji of " evil " ( 惡 , aku ) to the back of his clothes , and was pleased that various readers recognized it . Although he suggested he was not going to make a sequel , he said the main characters would be Yahiko , Sanjō Tsubame and Tsukayama Yutarō . Watsuki thought about writing a story in which Yahiko and Tsubame would have a son , Myōjin Shinya , who would become a skilled swordsman . In the 20th volume from the Rurouni Kenshin kanzenban edition , Watsuki again redesigned Yahiko 's appearance to show how he would appear at that time . His hair was not as spiky as it was originally , and he had new clothes . He wore a dark jacket , a white short @-@ sleeved T @-@ shirt and short trousers . He did not have socks under his sandals and he had bandages on his hands in order hold a swords . He had two swords — a shinai and a katana — with the latter tied on his back . In the anime adaptation of Rurouni Kenshin , Watsuki 's designs were combined with the voice talents of Miina Tominaga , a voice actress . In producing the English dub version of the series , Media Blasters chose Wendee Lee to voice Yahiko , but she was credited as Elyse Floyd . = = Appearances = = = = = In Rurouni Kenshin = = = Born January 1869 in Tokyo , Yahiko is arrogant , cheeky , bad @-@ mannered and a user of profanity ; he has already bestowed upon himself the title " Tokyo Samurai " , as his father was a samurai who died during the Battle of Ueno in the Boshin War , slain at the Keneiji Temple . Because Yahiko respected his parents , he becomes a thief before the start of the series , to pay back their debt . Yahiko first appears trying to rob Kenshin , who stops him but lets him go . As his yakuza bosses are about to beat him to death for his desire to quit , Kenshin arrives to save him and take him to Kaoru 's dojo to learn swordsmanship . Yahiko 's dream is to be as strong as Kenshin so he will be able to protect himself and the people he loves . Despite his young age and his short time of training , as the series continues Kenshin allows Yahiko to fight with him , noting that he is too mature for his age . He becomes a witness to many of Kenshin 's later battles to the point which Yahiko becomes adept at imitating some of Kenshin 's Hiten Mitsurugi @-@ ryū ( 飛天御剣流 , lit . " Flying Heaven Honorable Sword Style " ) techniques , combining them to perform many other powerful sword techniques . Yahiko also learns the principles of Kamiya Kasshin @-@ ryū ( 神谷活心流 , lit . " Gods ' Valley Alive Heart Style " ) , which matches Kenshin 's ideal of saving lives . When Kenshin goes to Kyoto to fight Shishio Makoto who wanted to conquer Japan , Yahiko accompanies Kaoru to find and aid Kenshin . While Kenshin goes to have his final fight against Shishio , he stays in Kyoto to defend their base , a hotel named Aoi @-@ ya , from Shishio 's forces along with Kaoru and the Oniwabanshū . They are successful in doing it , and Yahiko manages to defeat one of Shishio 's strongest soldiers , Henya . Back in Tokyo after Shishio 's defeat , Yahiko notices Yukishiro Enishi 's revenge plot against Kenshin . Sensing his own inability to help , he trains much harder to learn the two succession techniques in Kamiya Kasshin @-@ ryū . Such moves allow him to block an opponent 's attack and then hit him with his weapon . He successfully learns both of this techniques and becomes so adept at using them , that Yahiko starts performing several variations . He uses these moves against one of Enishi 's partners Otowa Hyōko and defeats him . While Yahiko rests from to his injuries , Kaoru is kidnapped by Enishi , and Yahiko and his friends start searching for her . When another of Enishi 's comrades , Kujiranami Hyōgo escapes from jail and goes on a rampage , Yahiko stands up against him . However , he is not strong enough on his own to defeat him and Kenshin saves him at the last moment . After he and Kenshin recover from their fight injuries , they go to rescue Kaoru from Enishi . While on his island fortress , Yahiko defeats one of the four bodyguards from Enishi 's partner , Heishin , and witnesses Kenshin 's fight against Enishi , which Kenshin wins . Five years later , he is the acting instructor at the Kamiya Kasshin @-@ ryū dojo . One day Kenshin calls him to test his skills ; when he lands a hit on Kenshin , he gives Yahiko his own reverse @-@ blade sword as a sign that he has become a true samurai . = = = In other media = = = In Rurouni , Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story , he is known as Kamiya Yahiko ( 神谷弥彦 ) and is the brother of Takani Megumi and Kaoru . Yahiko also appears in all of the Rurouni Kenshin video games , including the crossover game Jump Ultimate Stars . After the manga serialization ended , Watsuki authored one @-@ shot chapter from the series in which Yahiko goes to take care from the people of dojo , but ends confronting a former soldier from Shishio who takes as hostages the students from the dojo . In Samurai X The Motion Picture , Yahiko joins the samurai Takimi Shigure 's group in their attempt to overthrow the Meiji Government , but Shigure later knocks Yahiko out to make him stay out of danger . In Samurai X : Reflection , set various years after the manga 's end , a now adult Yahiko lives with Sanjō Tsubame , a childhood friend he met works at a restaurant where both worked together . He starts taking care of Kaoru when she suffers from an illness while Kenshin went to assist people injured in wars . Due to Kaoru 's suffering , Yahiko goes to Kyoto to request Kenshin and Kaoru 's son , Himura Kenji , to accompany his mother . In order to make him accept , both have a duel , and Yahiko wins . In the reboot Rurouni Kenshin : Restoration , he works for Takeda Kanryu . As Kanryu plans to kill Kaoru who is fighting for her dojo , Yahiko requests Kenshin 's help to save her . After Kanryu 's defeat , Yahiko stays in Kaoru 's dojo alongside her and Kenshin . Yahiko was featured in the live action film portrayed by Taketo Tanaka and in the sequel portrayed by Kaito Ōyagi . He appears as the only student in Kaoru 's dojo , instead of starting as a thief from the streets in the original series . Also , in the film , he doesn 't join Kenshin and Sanosuke in rescuing Megumi from Kanryuu 's mansion as he does in the manga . = = Reception = = The character from Yahiko has been well received by manga readers , having consistently placed highly in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls of the series , usually in the top ten characters and once taking third place . A plethora of merchandise have been released in Yahiko 's image , including key @-@ chains wall scrolls , and action figures in both his child and teenager appearances . In an interview with Miina Tominaga , the voice actress for the character , has said that she was a bit afraid when performing the voice of Yahiko in the OVAs since the character was now an adult , but she ended up happy with her performance . Watsuki described Minami Takayama , the CD voice actor , as having " a lot of energy " and as being a " great fit " for Yahiko . Various publications for manga , anime and other media have provided acclaim and criticism of Yahiko 's character . While reviewing the volume 8 from the manga , Mania Entertainment writer Megan Lavey applauded the way Yahiko starts acting much stronger after Kenshin 's departure to Kyoto and noted that , along with the other characters starring in the volume , he is seen more in @-@ depth . While reviewing volume 15 , Lavey praised Yahiko 's development during the series as he becomes a good fighter and his courage shows a remarkable potential to become a powerful swordsman . However , Carlos Ross from T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews criticized Yahiko for being " a bit annoying " during the start of the series but noted that he has his enjoyable moments . His design in the OVA series has drawn acclaim as one of the few to be well translated from his original manga design by Mike Crandol from Anime News Network . In the second review from the OVA , Crandol liked that Yahiko appeared several times in contrast to the previous OVA in which he was " written out " so that the story would focus more in Kamiya Kaoru and Kenshin 's relationship . He also noted his battle against Himura Kenji to be very entertaining , but not as much as the previous fight which was between Kenshin and Yukishiro Enishi .
= Francis Birch ( geophysicist ) = Francis Birch ( August 22 , 1903 – January 30 , 1992 ) was an American geophysicist . He is considered one of the founders of solid Earth geophysics . He is also known for his part in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . During World War II , Birch participated in the Manhattan Project , working on the design and development of the gun @-@ type nuclear weapon known as Little Boy . He oversaw its manufacture , and went to Tinian to supervise its assembly and loading into Enola Gay , the Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress tasked with dropping the bomb . A graduate of Harvard University , Birch began working on geophysics as a research assistant . He subsequently spent his entire career at Harvard working in the field , becoming an Associate Professor of Geology in 1943 , a professor in 1946 , and Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology in 1949 , and professor emeritus in 1974 . Birch published over 100 papers . He developed what is now known as the Birch @-@ Murnaghan equation of state in 1947 . In 1952 he demonstrated that Earth 's mantle is chiefly composed of silicate minerals , with an inner and outer core of molten iron . In two 1961 papers on compressional wave velocities , he established what is now called Birch 's law . = = Early life = = Albert Francis Birch was born in Washington , D.C. , on August 22 , 1903 , the son of George Albert Birch , who was involved in banking and real estate , and Mary Hemmick Birch , a church choir singer and soloist at St. Matthew 's Cathedral in Washington , D.C. He had three younger brothers : David , who became a banker ; John , who became a diplomat ; and Robert , who became a songwriter . He was educated at Washington , D.C. , schools , and Western High School , where he joined the High School Cadets in 1916 . In 1920 Birch entered Harvard University on a scholarship . While there he served in Harvard 's Reserve Officers ' Training Corps Field Artillery Battalion . He graduated magna cum laude in 1924 , and received his bachelor of science ( S.B. ) degree in electrical engineering . Birch went to work in the Engineering Department of the New York Telephone Company . He applied for and received an American Field Service Fellowship in 1926 , which he used to travel to Strasbourg , and study at the University of Strasbourg 's Institut de Physique under the tutelage of Pierre Weiss . There , he wrote or co @-@ wrote four papers , in French , on topics such as the paramagnetic properties of potassium cyanide , and the magnetic moment of Cu + + ions . On returning to the United States in 1928 , Birch went back to Harvard to pursue physics . He was awarded his master of arts ( A.M. ) degree in 1929 , and then commenced work on his 1932 doctor of philosophy ( Ph.D. ) degree under the supervision of Percy Bridgman , who would receive the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1946 . For his thesis , Birch measured the vapor @-@ liquid critical point of mercury . He determined this as 1460 ± 20 ° C and 1640 ± 50 kg / cm2 , results he published in 1932 in the Physical Review . Around this time , there was an increased interest in geophysics at Harvard University , and Reginald Aldworth Daly established a Committee for Experimental Geology and Geophysics that included Bridgman , astronomer Harlow Shapley , geologists Louis Caryl Graton and D. H. McLaughlin and chemist G. P. Baxter . William Zisman , another one of Bridgman 's Ph.D. students , was hired as the committee 's research associate , but , having little interest in the study of rocks , he resigned in 1932 . The position was then offered to Birch , who had little interest or experience in geology either , but with the advent of the Great Depression , jobs were hard to find , and he accepted . On July 15 , 1933 , Birch married Barbara Channing , a Bryn Mawr College alumna , and a collateral descendant of the theologian William Ellery Channing . They had three children : Anne Campaspe , Francis ( Frank ) Sylvanus and Mary Narcissa . Frank later became a professor of geophysics at the University of New Hampshire . = = World War II = = In 1942 , during World War II , Birch took a leave of absence from Harvard , in order to work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radiation Laboratory , which was developing radar . He worked on the proximity fuze , a radar @-@ triggered fuze that would explode a shell in the proximity of a target . The following year he accepted a commission in the United States Navy as a lieutenant commander , and was posted to the Bureau of Ships in Washington , D.C. Later that year he was assigned to the Manhattan Project , and moved with his family to Los Alamos , New Mexico . There he joined the Los Alamos Laboratory 's Ordnance ( O ) Division , which was under the command of another Naval officer , Captain William S. Parsons . Initially the goal of the O Division was to design a gun @-@ type nuclear weapon known as Thin Man . This proved to be impractical due to contamination of the reactor @-@ bred plutonium with plutonium @-@ 240 , and in February 1944 , the Division switched its attention to the development of the Little Boy , a smaller device using uranium @-@ 235 . Birch used unenriched uranium to create scale models and later full @-@ scale mock @-@ ups of the device . Birch supervised the manufacture of the Little Boy , and went to Tinian to supervise its assembly and loading it onto Enola Gay , the Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress tasked with dropping the bomb . He devised the ' double plug ' system that allowed for actually arming the bomb after Enola Gay took off so that if it crashed , there would not be a nuclear explosion . He was awarded the Legion of Merit . His citation read : for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States in connection with the development of the greatest military weapon of all time , the atomic bomb . His initial assignment was the instrumentation of laboratory and field tests . He carried out this assignment in such outstanding fashion that he was placed in charge of the engineering and development of the first atomic bomb . He carried out this assignment with outstanding judgment and skill , and finally , went with the bomb to the advanced base where he insured , by his care and leadership , that the bomb was adequately prepared in every respect . Commander Birch 's engineering ability , understanding of all principles involved , professional skill and devotion to duty throughout the development and delivery of the atomic bomb were outstanding and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service . = = Post @-@ war = = Birch returned to Harvard after the war ended , having been promoted to Associate Professor of Geology in 1943 while he was away . He would remain at Harvard for the rest of his career , becoming a professor in 1946 , and Sturgis Hooper Professor of Geology in 1949 , and professor emeritus in 1974 . Professor Birch published over 100 papers . In 1947 , he adapted the isothermal Murnaghan equation of state , which had been developed for infinitesimal strain , for Eulerian finite strain , developing what is now known as the Birch @-@ Murnaghan equation of state . Albert Francis Birch is known for his experimental work on the properties of Earth @-@ forming minerals at high pressure and temperature , in 1952 he published a well @-@ known paper in the Journal of Geophysical Research , where he demonstrated that the mantle is chiefly composed of silicate minerals , the upper and lower mantle are separated by a thin transition zone associated with silicate phase transitions , and the inner and outer core are alloys of crystalline and molten iron . His conclusions are still accepted as correct today . The most famous portion of the paper , however , is a humorous footnote he included in the introduction : Unwary readers should take warning that ordinary language undergoes modification to a high @-@ pressure form when applied to the interior of the Earth . A few examples of equivalents follow : In 1961 , Birch published two papers on compressional wave velocities establishing a linear relation of the compressional wave velocity Vp of rocks and minerals of a constant average atomic weight <formula> with density <formula> as : <formula> . This relationship became known as Birch 's law . Birch was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1950 , and served as the president of the Geological Society of America in 1963 and 1964 . He received numerous honors in his career , including the Geological Society of America 's Arthur L. Day Medal on 1950 and Penrose Medal in 1969 , the American Geophysical Union 's William Bowie Medal in 1960 , the National Medal of Science from President Lyndon Johnson in 1967 , the Vetlesen Prize ( shared with Sir Edward Bullard ) in 1968 , the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1973 , and the International Association for the Advancement of High Pressure Research 's Bridgman Medal in 1983 . Since 1992 , the American Geophysical Union 's Tectonophysics section has sponsored a Francis Birch Lecture , given at its annual meeting by a noted researcher in this field . Birch died of prostate cancer at his home in Cambridge , Massachusetts , on January 30 , 1992 . He was survived by wife Barbara , his three children and his three brothers . His papers are in the Harvard University Archives .
= Ir Ovot = Ir Ovot ( Hebrew : עִיר אֹבֹת , עיר אובות , Ir Obot ; lit . City of Oboth ) , was an agricultural cooperative ( kibbutz ) in Israel 1967 – 1980s , located in the northeastern Negev 's Arava region , and still refers to a small , group of homes near New Ein Hatzeva . It is the site of an extensive archaeological complex known as Tamar Fortress or Hatzevah Fortress ( Hebrew : מצודת חצבה ) which dates to the 10th century BCE ( United Monarchy / First Temple period ) . = = Geography = = Ir Ovot is located south of the Dead Sea and southeast of Dimona in the Arabah valley , an arid plain located below the Negev plateau and south of the Jordan Rift Valley within the larger Great Rift Valley . The settlement abuts the Ein Hatzeva bloc of agricultural villages on the opposite side of Highway 90 near the Jordanian border , and is within the boundaries of the Arava Regional Council . = = = History of the kibbutz and modern village = = = Originally the site of the Ein Husub police station during the British Mandate of Palestine , the location was captured by the Israel Defense Forces in 1948 . The village of Ir Ovot was founded in 1967 , in an area deserted apart from a small military base and roadside cafe on the way to Eilat . It was founded by a group of American Jews led by former law student and court clerk Simcha Pearlmutter , a Jew from Miami , Florida = = History of the Hatzeva Fortress = = First observed and documented by Alois Musil in 1902 , the Roman fortress was identified on Fritz Frank 's 1932 travels in the region . In 1934 , Nelson Glueck identified the location as a Nabatæan caravanserai coopted by the Romans , but the site 's true significance was noted by Benjamin Mazar and Michael Avi @-@ Yonah 's 1950 discovery of sherds from the First Temple period . In the 1960s , it was first suggested by Yohanan Aharoni that the site might be the same as Tamar of the Book of Ezekiel 47 : 19 and 48 : 28 , and Eusebius of Caesarea 's Tamara . The first salvage excavation took place in 1972 under Aharoni and Rudolph Cohen 's direction , but much of the work was carried out by Cohen , Yigal Yisrael , and recently Tali Erickson @-@ Gini , following the 1986 involvement of " Blossoming Rose " in partnership with the Israel Antiquities Authority , Jewish National Fund and Tamar Regional Council . Known in addition to Tamar as the Hatzeva Fortress , or alternatively identified with Solomon 's Tadmor , the site has six strata which indicate Early Israelite , Nabatæan , Edomite , Roman , and Early Arab occupations . It includes a 1 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old shade tree , and the largest Paliurus spina @-@ christi in Israel . The area was used for training crews in site conservation before their work on the Masada site . = = = 10th century BCE = = = The earliest remains , dating to the Solomonic period of the 10th century BCE , resembles other contemporary Negev plateau fortresses and included period Negevite pottery . Ranging from tenth to sixth centuries BCE , Negevite was also uncovered at Tel Kadesh Barnea and Tel el @-@ Kheleifeh ; it is probable that this level was destroyed by Pharaoh Shishaq like other sites of that period . = = = 9th – 8th century BCE = = = The second layer consists of a very large Iron Age fortification surrounded by a casemate wall . This First Temple period building of the Kingdom of Judah is almost as large as contemporary cities such as Tel Be 'er Sheva , and is four times larger than other fortified Negev cities at 10 @,@ 000 square metres . Excavation revealed a four @-@ chambered , north @-@ facing gate complex near the northeastern corner and three storerooms , a pair of granaries , a moat and a defensive wall . The city was possibly constructed by King Amaziah of Judah , an 8th @-@ century BCE ruler who fortified the Judean kingdom and went to war with neighbouring Edom in the northern Arabah , or his son Uzziah whose construction of towers in the desert is mentioned by the second Book of Chronicles . = = = 7th – 6th century BCE = = = A third fortress from the Late First Temple period from the 7th – 6th centuries BCE was found , though because only the walls ' foundations remain , reconstructing the floor plan has been difficult . However , an eastern wall with two towers set 14 metres ( 46 ft ) apart was reconstructed . A pit full of smashed clay and stone , which were reassembled into 74 cultic vessels , was also found , indicating a probable Edomite shrine . Censers , chalices , altars and human figurines were unearthed outside the fortress wall on the site 's northern edge in 1993 , near the foundations of a small building that seems to have been a shrine . Some of the sherds resemble vessels found in an Edomite shrine at Horvat Qitmit , about 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) to the northwest . A circular stone stamp seal discovered inside the fortress , picturing two men in long robes on either side of an altar , provides another indicator of Edomite origin . The pit recoveries dating to the end of the seventh century could possibly have been destroyed in the campaign of religious reforms spearheaded by King Josiah mentioned in Book of Kings II . = = = 1st – 4th century CE = = = Evidence of Roman administrative and military presence is plentiful , and the junction of the east – west Incense Road to Gaza and the north – south route to the Red Sea probably made it an economically valuable frontier outpost . The Roman fortress ' layout is similar to other imperial outposts in the region . An official Latin inscription that dates several area strongholds to the 3rd century CE was discovered on a large limestone slab at nearby Yotvata bears . This site was the largest in the area at 46 square metres ( 495 sq ft ) , and included four projecting towers on the fortress ' corners . Artefacts tell of probably destruction in the middle of the fourth century CE , perhaps by a 344 earthquake , though it was promptly rebuilt with improved , stone flooring and again destroyed two decades later , probably from an earthquake in 363 . A thermæ and caravanserai of the same period were also found , and is similar to the thermæ at Ashkelon and others in the nearby country . A row of rooms from an earlier , 1st century BCE to 1st century CE fortress revealed artefacts pointing to a Nabatæan occupation predating Roman annexation . Coins bearing the likeness of Nabatæan kings were found , along with storage jars and other vessels . = = = 7th – 8th century CE = = = A building fragment stratum from the Early Arab period was uncovered immediately beneath the ground surface , along with evidence of a farm located above the Roman thermæ 's remains and below the modern structures .
= Jos Buttler = Joseph Charles " Jos " Buttler ( born 8 September 1990 ) is an English cricketer who plays for Lancashire County Cricket Club and England . He is a right @-@ handed batsman who also plays as a wicket @-@ keeper and is the current Vice @-@ Captain of the England ODI team . He also captained single T20I on 27 November 2015 against Pakistan , where England won the match by 3 runs . Buttler enjoyed a prolific cricket record while at school , sharing a record @-@ breaking opening partnership while at King 's College , Taunton in 2008 , and the following season his school lost only one of seventeen matches under his captaincy , and he was named 2010 Young Wisden Schools Cricketer of the Year . He made his Somerset first @-@ team debut in 2009 . His performances led him to be selected to play for England at Under @-@ 19 level , touring Bangladesh , and then travelling to New Zealand for the 2010 Under @-@ 19 Cricket World Cup . = = Domestic career = = = = = Early life and career = = = Buttler played extensively for Somerset 's youth teams , appearing at Under @-@ 13 , Under @-@ 15 and Under @-@ 17 level . He made his senior club cricket debut for Cheddar before moving to Glastonbury in the 2006 season , aged just 15 , taking three catches and fifteen runs as wicket @-@ keeper . Later in the same season , he made his first appearance for Somerset Second XI , scoring 71 in the second @-@ innings , and taking six catches in the three @-@ day match against Nottinghamshire Second XI . Playing for King 's College , Taunton , he finished the 2006 season with the school 's leading batting average , scoring 447 runs at an average of 49 @.@ 66 . The following season he played regularly for Glastonbury in the West of England Premier League , and for Somerset Under @-@ 17s , for whom he scored two centuries ; an unbeaten 119 during a two @-@ day match against Surrey Under @-@ 17s , and 110 against Sussex Under @-@ 17s . He once again led the batting averages for King 's College , with his 358 runs coming at 51 @.@ 14 . The highlight of his school career came in April 2008 , when he scored 227 not out during a record @-@ breaking opening stand in a 50 @-@ over national schools game , adding 340 with Alex Barrow . He captained King 's during the 2008 season , and improved on his batting totals from the previous two years , scoring 851 runs , over 250 more than any other member of the team . His batting average of 94 @.@ 55 was the sixth highest amongst all school 's batsmen reported in Wisden , while his high @-@ score of 227 * was the highest score they recorded . During that 2008 season , Buttler also played for Somerset Second XI . With captain Carl Gazzard keeping wicket in the majority of these matches , Buttler played purely as a batsman , although in his final match of the season for the team , he kept wicket and took six catches in the first @-@ innings against Worcestershire Second XI . In the previous match , against Hampshire Second XI , Buttler had made 140 batting from number four . He made his first @-@ class debut for Somerset in September 2009 , replacing the injured Justin Langer for the County Championship match against Lancashire , scoring 30 in his only innings . He retained his place in the team for the following Pro40 match against Hampshire , making his List A debut , although he was not required to bat . Selected as part of the Somerset squad for the 2009 Champions League Twenty20 , Buttler made his debut in the 20 @-@ over format of the game in Somerset 's final match of the league stage , remaining six not out at the close of the innings . Buttler again captained King 's in 2009 , and in the seventeen matches under his leadership they lost only once , and also won the Western School Twenty20 competition . Coupled with his 554 runs for the school at an average of 61 @.@ 55 , and his performances for Somerset , he was named 2010 Young Wisden Schools Cricketer of the Year . = = = First @-@ team opportunity = = = When Craig Kieswetter was called up into the England one @-@ day side in 2010 , Buttler was given the chance of a prolonged run in Somerset 's first team . Brian Rose , Somerset 's Director of Cricket , chose not to bring in an experienced keeper to deputise , explaining that Kieswetter had been in a similar position three years earlier , and that he had good reports of Buttler 's ability . In his first match of the 2010 season , Buttler remained 22 not out at the close of Somerset 's innings , posting his first runs in List A cricket , and he followed this up with two catches to help Somerset beat Glamorgan in their opening Clydesdale Bank 40 fixture . He made his maiden first @-@ class century in his fourth County Championship match , scoring 144 runs in an innings characterised by " dogged determination and [ a ] decent range of shots " . In his next match , he scored his debut List A half @-@ century against Sussex . Buttler joined James Hildreth at the crease with Somerset at 109 / 4 , requiring 183 more runs to win off 129 balls . The pair put on a partnership of 158 runs " to turn the game on its head " , with Buttler making 69 in 53 balls . In doing so , they set a new record partnership for the fifth @-@ wicket against Sussex . His continued batting form , which also saw him make scores of 52 and 31 * in a County Championship match against Yorkshire , saw him retain his place in the Somerset team upon Kieswetter 's return . Buttler was named man of the match in Somerset 's Friends Provident T20 semi @-@ final victory over Nottinghamshire at the Rose Bowl , hitting an unbeaten 55 off 23 balls in a partnership of 75 with Kieron Pollard . At the end of the 2013 English cricket season , Somerset announced that Buttler would be leaving the county at the end of his contract . On 30 September 2013 , Lancashire County Cricket Club announced they had signed Buttler after he left Somerset . He extended his stay with Lancashire County Cricket Club announcing a new three year contract on the 27th May 2016 = = International career = = Buttler 's first taste of international cricket came in July 2008 , when he represented England Under @-@ 17s in two warm @-@ up matches against New Zealand Under @-@ 19s . Batting at number five , he scored a rapid 77 not out in the 50 @-@ over contest , hitting 11 fours and 2 sixes during the 49 deliveries he faced . He also played in the two @-@ day match between the two teams , scoring 45 in the first @-@ innings as the match was drawn . In 2009 , Buttler played four matches for England Under @-@ 18s , two each against Scotland A and Scotland Development XI . He scored 103 not out in the first of these matches , and made starts in each of the following matches , reaching double figures on each occasion , but not scoring higher than 28 . Two months later , Buttler made his England Under @-@ 19 debut , appearing in the first Twenty20 against Bangladesh Under @-@ 19s . Playing as a specialist batsman , he scored 33 runs off 17 balls as England won by five wickets . During the 2009 – 10 English winter , Buttler toured with the England Under @-@ 19 team . He joined up with the squad in Bangladesh following Somerset 's elimination from the Champions League Twenty20 for the seven @-@ match youth ODI series . As with his previous appearance for the Under @-@ 19s , Buttler played as a specialist batsman , but failed to make a significant impact until the final match when he scored 42 runs , though Bangladesh still won the match to claim the series 5 – 2 . He remained with the team for the Under @-@ 19 World Cup , where he played all but one of England 's six matches , keeping wicket in three of them . He scored 91 runs in three innings , with a top @-@ score of 78 against India in the fifth @-@ place play @-@ off semi @-@ final . His batting average of 30 @.@ 33 ranked him fifth on the England team . = = = 2011 India , West Indies and Pakistan = = = In 2011 , he was called up to the England Twenty20 International squad for the match against India , but was not required to bat in a six wicket England victory . Buttler was again called up to the Twenty20 International squad for the two matches against the West Indies in September 2011 , Buttler again was not required to bat in the first match . The second match of the series saw Buttler score just 13 runs as England lost by 25 runs . In September 2011 , Buttler was called up to the Twenty20 International squad for the match against India in the return series. he was not required to bat as England won by six wickets . He was included in the squad to play Pakistan and played in all three games , although he only scored 17 runs in the entire series , which England won 2 @-@ 1 . He played in the 7 wicket win over the West Indies . During the winter of 2011 , Buttler was called into the England winter performance programme for a batting and wicket @-@ keeping focussed programme in India , he was also called up for the England Lions tour of Bangladesh . The Lions lost the ODI series 3 – 2 with Buttler topping the Lions runs and averages charts with 161 runs at and average of 53 @.@ 66 and also taking the most catches 6 and most stumpings 3 . Following his impressive individual performances in Bangladesh Buttler was called up for the Lions tour of Sri Lanka . He was included in the squad to play Pakistan and played in all three games , although he only scored 17 runs in the entire series , which England won 2 @-@ 1 . He played in the 7 wicket win over the West Indies . = = = 2012 South Africa , T20 World Cup and India = = = Buttler was called up to the England Twenty20 squad for the series against South Africa . In the final Edgbaston game , Buttler joined Somerset team mate Craig Kieswetter with England on 64 – 3 with only 16 balls remaining . The pair gave a brutal display of power hitting , raising the final score to 118 – 5 , with Buttler hitting 32 off one over from bowler Wayne Parnell ( including two no @-@ balls ) , the second most expensive over in International Twenty20 behind the 36 of Yuvraj Singh off of Stuart Broad in Durban in 2007 . Buttler was selected in the England squad for the ICC T20 World Cup . After making 15 against Afghanistan , he made 11 against India . Although England lost to India they qualified for the Super Eights . He scored 5 not out against New Zealand as England won by six wickets . However , defeat in the next game against Sri Lanka , in which Buttler made 8 , meant that England was knocked out of the competition . He was selected for the two T20 internationals against India , and was also given the responsibility of wicketkeeping . He made 33 in the first match , although England lost by 5 wickets . He made an unbeaten 15 in the second match to guide England to a 6 wicket victory . Buttler made his ODI debut in 2012 against Pakistan , but was dismissed for a duck . = = = 2013 New Zealand , Champions Trophy and Australia = = = He played in two further games against India but again failed to make an impression , scoring 14 runs in his only innings . He was selected as wicket keeper for the ODI series against New Zealand , but again disappointed , scoring just 24 runs in the series . He did significantly better in the T20 series , making scores of 54 and an unbeaten 32 . His place looked in doubt when he only managed scores of 14 and 2 in the return series against New Zealand . However , on 5 June 2013 , Buttler scored 47 runs in just 16 balls in the 50 over match against New Zealand , coming at the end of the innings , the contribution proved vital in securing a 34 run victory for England . He made a quickfire 17 in the T20 series against New Zealand . Buttler was involved in the 2013 IC Champions Trophy after being called up to the squad . However , in the first two group games he made just 1 run . In the final group game against New Zealand he made 14 as England qualified for the semifinals . Buttler did not bat in the semifinal against Sri Lanka which England won , and was out for a duck in the final against India . Buttler showed good form in the first T20 International against Australia , making 27 , although he was out for a duck in the second match . Buttler was selected in the England ODI squad to face Australia in 2013 . In the second match of the series , Buttler made 75 , his highest ODI score and his first international fifty . In the fourth match , Butter hit an unbeaten 65 to guide England to victory and level the series 1 @-@ 1 . In the final match of the series . Buttler made 42 , making him one of England 's most consistent performers of the series . In the return series in Australia , Buttler made 34 in the first ODI and followed this up with 49 from 36 balls in the second . He helped England win the first match of the tour in the fourth ODI , hitting 71 from 43 balls . England lost all three of their T20 games , with Buttler making scores of 20 and 22 in the first two games . In the final match of the series , England were bowled out for just 84 , with Buttler scoring 8 . = = = 2014 West Indies , T20 World Cup and Sri Lanka = = = Buttler was selected on the One Day tour of the West Indies . After making scores of 12 and 0 , Buttler hit a magnificent 99 off just 64 balls to guide England to victory and hand them a 2 @-@ 1 series win . In the T20 series , Buttler could only manage 3 in the first game , but then hit 67 in the second match , although it was not enough to win the game . England won the final match before the World Cup , although Buttler could only manage 3 runs . In the 2013 ICC T20 World Cup , Buttler made 32 in an opening defeat to New Zealand . England managed to chase down 190 against Sri Lanka to keep their hopes of qualification alive , although Buttler managed just 2 runs . In the must @-@ win match against South Africa , Buttler hit 34 but England fell three runs short of their target . England suffered further humiliation when they lost to the Netherlands , with Buttler making just 6 runs . Buttler managed just 30 runs in the first two ODIs against Sri Lanka . Butler scored his maiden One Day International century against Sri Lanka at Lord 's on 31 May 2014 , in the fourth ODI . He scored it in 61 balls with nine fours and four sixes scoring the fastest century by any England batsman . He was controversially run out by Sachithra Senanayake in the final match of the series after he backed up at the bowlers end . The incident proved controversial , with many England players saying the Sri Lankans did not play within the spirit of the game . = = = 2014 India and Sri Lanka = = = After Matt Prior stood down after injury on the 22 July 2014 , Buttler was called up for the England squad for the third Test against India . He made 85 from 83 balls on debut to help England win the match and level the series . In the next match he again batted well , making 70 to help set up an innings victory for England as they took a 2 @-@ 1 lead in the series . He made 45 in the final match of the series to help England win their third consecutive match and win the series 3 @-@ 1 . He also took 11 catches in the series following doubts about his wicket keeping capabilities . In the opening match of the ODI series against India , Buttler could only make 2 . However , he performed better in the next match , making 42 . Despite this , England lost the match to go 2 @-@ 0 down in the series . After making 11 in the third match , which England again lost to go 3 @-@ 0 down in the series , Buttler performed better in the final match of the series , hitting 49 to help England win their first match of the series . In the only T20 match between the two sides , Buttler could only make 10 but England went on to win the match . Buttler was selected for the ODI tour of Sri Lanka and played in the first two games , making scores of 21 and 7 as England lost the first two games . In the third ODI he guided England over the line with an unbeaten 55 . He made 15 in the next match , before hitting the winning runs in the fifth ODI to keep England in the series . In the game , Buttler got off to a decent start but was unable to make a big score , being dismissed for 22 . It was a similar story in the final game of the tour , with Buttler being dismissed for 23 as England lost the match and the series 5 @-@ 2 . = = = 2015 Tri @-@ series = = = In the opening game of the tri- series against Australia , Buttler made 28 but England lost the game . In the following match against India he was not needed to bat as England secured a comfortable win . In the match Buttler made four catches and also made a stumping . After making 25 in another defeat against Australia , Buttler made his first half century of the tournament against India , making 67 to help England win and qualify for the final . In the final Buttler made 17 but England lost to Australia yet again . = = = 2015 World Cup = = = Butler made just ten as England lost their opening match of the World Cup against Australia . In the following match he was dismissed for three as England were bowled out for just 123 against New Zealand , to lose their second consecutive match . He made 24 against Scotland as England won their first match of the tournament , but pundits argued he should have been moved up the order . This sentiment was repeated after he scored a brisk unbeaten 39 against Sri Lanka . However , England were unable to defend their score and Sri Lanka won the match by nine wickets . In their must win game against Bangladesh , Buttler scored 65 but was not able to get England over the line and they were eliminated from the competition . In the final game against Afghanistan Buttler was not need to bat as England secured a nine wicket win . = = = 2015 West Indies and New Zealand = = = Buttler was included in the squad that toured the West Indies , cementing his place as England 's first choice Test wicket @-@ keeper . In the first innings of the first Test he was dismissed for a duck , but then hit an unbeaten 59 in the second innings to help put England in a strong position . However , the West Indies batted out the match to secure a draw . In the second match Buttler made 13 in the first innings , and was not required to bat again as England secured a comprehensive nine wicket victory . In the third Test Buttler remained not out on three in the first innings as England 's tail collapsed . He was again left stranded in the second innings on 35 not out . England went on to lose the match as the West Indies chased down their target to win the match by five wickets and level the series at 1 @-@ 1 . In the two @-@ Test series at home against New Zealand , Buttler made 67 in England 's first innings to help them recover to post 389 . He made 14 in the second innings as England went on to win the game to take a 1 @-@ 0 series lead . In the second Test he could only manage ten in the first innings , but did top score in England 's second innings with 73 . England went on to lose the game and the series was tied at 1 @-@ 1 . Buttler continued in his role as wicket @-@ keeper in the five @-@ game ODI series against New Zealand . He started the series strongly , scoring 129 off only 77 balls and taking one catch as England won by 210 runs . Buttler made 41 and took one catch in England 's subsequent defeat by 13 runs ( D / L method ) in a very close match . He then had an unsuccessful third match , scoring only 13 and taking no catches as England lost again . In the fourth game he was not needed to bat as England secured a convincing seven wicket vicyptory to level the series . Injury ruled Buttler out of the deciding match , which England won , and the only T20 match between the sides , which England also won . = = = 2015 Ashes = = = Buttler had a generally poor Ashes series with the bat . In the first Test he scored 27 in the first innings but was dismissed for just seven in England 's second innings . Despite this , England recorded a comfortable win . In the next Test England lost by 405 runs and Buttler failed to make an impression with the bat , scoring just 24 runs in the match . He scored nine in the first innings of the third Test and was not need to bat in the second innings as England secured an eight wicket win . In the fourth Test Buttler made 12 in the first innings as England won by an innings and 78 runs . Buttler only made one in England 's first innings of the final Test , but scored 42 in the his final innings of the series , which also proved to be his highest score of the series . England went on to lose the game but won the series 3 @-@ 2 . Buttler 's batting during the Ashes series was criticised by Boycott , saying " Jos Buttler is like a rabbit caught in the headlights of Ashes cricket . A seven @-@ year @-@ old schoolboy would have played better . He hasn 't made a run all series . He hasn 't shown any application whatsoever . It looks to me like his mind and confidence is shot for Test cricket - it 's pathetic . " Buttler played in the only T20 between the two sides , scoring 11 as England won by 5 runs . Buttler appeared in the first two ODI games against Australia , before injury ruled him out of the rest of the series . England lost both games , with Buttler failing to make a significant score in either match , being dismissed for 0 and 4 . = = = 2015 Pakistan = = = Buttler played in the first Test against Pakistan , but struggled in both innings as the match ended in a draw . Buttler was promoted to opener in the second innings as England tried to chase down a score with little time left in the match , but Buttler was dismissed for 4 . In the second test Buttler was out for a duck in the first innings before making seven in the second innings , as England sufeered a defeat by 78 runs . After a poor run of from , Buttler was dropped for the third Test . Buttler played in all four ODI matches against Pakistan . He struggled in the first game , scoring just one as England lost the opening match . However , after scoring eleven in the second match , Buttler hit an unbeaten 49 in the third ODI to send England on their way to a 6 wicket victory . He scored a fantastic unbeaten 116 in the final match of the series , helping England to score 355 @-@ 5 . Pakistan could not get near the victory target and lost by 95 runs , meaning England won the series 3 @-@ 1 . He played in two of the three T20Is , making scores of 33 and 2 as England won both games . = = = 2015 / 16 South Africa = = = Buttler played in the ODI series against South Africa , and he scored his second consecutive ODI hundred as he hit 105 in England ’ s score of 399 against the hosts , and England went on to win the match comfortably . He hit an unbeaten 48 in the second match as England went 2 @-@ 0 up in the series . However , Buttler then suffered a loss of form , scoring just one run in his final three innings of the series , and England went on to lose all three games to hand the series to South Africa 3 @-@ 2 . = = = 2016 T20 World Cup = = = In the T20 World Cup , Buttler made a score of 30 in the opening game defeat against the West Indies . He followed this up with 21 against South Africa as England chased down 230 to secure a historic win . He was out for just six against Afghanistan , although England won the match to keep their qualification hopes alive , and he then hit 66 against Sri Lanka to help England reach 171 @-@ 4 and qualify for the semi @-@ finals . In the semi @-@ final he hit an unbeaten 32 to help guide England to a seven wicket victory . England lost the final against the West Indies , with Buttler making 36 . = = = 2016 Sri Lanka = = = Buttler scored 93 in England 's first match against Sri Lanka , helping them tie the match . He did not bat in the second match as England won by ten wickets , and was also not able to bat in the third ODI , as rain ended England 's innings early and the match ended in a draw . He scored an unbeaten 17 in the fourth match of the series to help England over the line to record a six wicket victory , and he made 70 in the final match of the series to help England reach 324 and win the match by 122 runs . In the only T20I between the two sides , Buttler opened the batting and scored an unbeaten 73 to help England to an eight wicket victory . = = Personality and style = = A tall and strongly built cricketer , Buttler has an upright stance in the crease . During his century against Hampshire in 2010 , he " hit the ball hard and straight " , " moving his feet decisively , playing with his bat close to his body and selecting the right balls to attack " . After that innings , his Somerset captain Marcus Trescothick suggested that Buttler could challenge team @-@ mate Craig Kieswetter 's place in the England team . With Kieswetter 's and Matt Prior 's retirements in 2015 , Buttler became the no.1 wicketkeeper for all forms of the game . However , due to Alec Stewart 's precedence of poor test averages as a wicketkeeper , and many other former wicketkeepers having better test averages after being relieved of their wicketkeeping duties ( Sangakkara , McCullum ) , there has been suggestions for Buttler to give up keeping for tests , with Sam Billings ( who has yet to make his test debut as of 10 June 2016 ) or Jonny Bairstow replacing him . Ironically , despite Buttler 's improved glove @-@ work , Bairstow replaced him for the third ODI for Australia 's English and Irish Tour due to his poor form with the bat throughout the Australian series . Bairstow eventually became the outright wicketkeeper for Tests in December 2015 for the series against South Africa . He was dropped from tests altogether in 2016 during Sri Lanka 's tour of England and Ireland , while Bairstow 's test centuries started piling up for county ( Yorkshire ) and country in 2016 , despite Bairstow 's problems with worse glove work and dropped catches . = = Statistics = = = = = Career Best Performances = = = = = International centuries = = = = = One Day International centuries = = = = = International Recognition = = 2010 NBC Denis Compton Award Young Wisden Schools Cricketer of the Year 2011 NBC Denis Compton Award = = International Awards = = = = = ODI awards = = = = = = = Man of the Match award = = = = = = = = Player of the series awards = = = = = = = T20I awards = = = = = = = Man of the Match award = = = =
= Unicorn ( spider ) = Unicorn ( " one horn " , in Latin ) is a genus of goblin spiders ( family Oonopidae ) from South America , containing seven species that occur predominantly in high elevation , semi @-@ desert regions of Bolivia , Chile , and Argentina . Individuals are relatively large for goblin spiders , measuring up to 3 @.@ 0 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 in ) in body length . The genus name refers to a characteristic pointed projection between the eyes and jaws of males . In at least one species , broken @-@ off tips of the male pedipalps have been found within the genitalia of females , postulated as a means of sperm competition . Unicorn possesses several traits that suggest it is a relatively " primitive " member of the Oonopidae , and is classified with other similar , soft @-@ bodied goblin spiders in the subfamily Sulsulinae . = = Description = = Species of Unicorn range from 2 @.@ 2 to 3 @.@ 0 mm in body length ( from tip of the cephalothorax to end of abdomen , excluding legs ) . The cephalothorax , yellow in color , ranges from 1 to 1 @.@ 2 mm long ( around 40 – 49 % of body length depending on species ) and often possesses a central grey patch with four lines radiating towards the eyes . The abdomen is white with dark chevron patterns on the dorsal surface , and in some species a pair of dark lines on the underside . The body is covered with a dense covering of long stiff hairs ( setae ) . The legs are long , slender , and yellow . There are six eyes , roughly equal in size , arranged in roughly triangular groups of three , with two eyes meeting in the middle , forming a wide " H " or bow @-@ tie pattern . Species of Unicorn are considered " soft @-@ bodied " , as the abdomen lacks the hardened plates that occur in many other goblin spiders . The abdomen possesses six spinnerets . Males and females show some differences in morphology : male jaws ( chelicerae ) are longer and more slender than those of females ; the male palpal tibiae — the penultimate segment of the pedipalps — are enlarged compared to females ; and males alone possess a " clypeal horn " , a forward @-@ pointing projection of the clypeus surrounded by long stiff hairs , from which the genus name Unicorn ( " one horn " in Latin ) derives . The copulatory bulb of males ( the sperm @-@ transferring organ at the tip of the pedipalps ) , terminates in a narrow , curving tip called an embolus , which in Unicorn bears a hook at its base and is accompanied by a similar curved extension called a translucent sclerite . = = Reproduction = = Like most spiders , the pedipalps of mature males end in a bulb terminating in a thin , curved projection called an embolus , through which sperm is released during mating . Female U. catleyi have been observed with broken @-@ off embolus tips lodged in their genitalia . This has been hypothesized as a type of " sperm @-@ plug " or copulatory plug , where , by breaking off a piece of his anatomy ( a process known as genital mutilation or genital breakage ) , a male physically precludes other males from successfully mating with the female , one of many types of sperm competition in animals . An alternative to the sperm competition function is that genital mutilation might allow males to more rapidly escape and avoid being cannibalized after mating , although this function is thought to be unlikely in Unicorn since there are no significant size differences between sexes , and cannibalism is more common when females are much larger than males . Sperm plugs of various types , including gelatinous or waxy substances , have been observed in at least 41 spider families , and are generally thought to ensure paternity . U. catlyei is one of only few goblin spiders known or suspected to utilize sperm plugs . = = Habitat = = Species of Unicorn have mostly been found at elevations between 1 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 m ( 3 @,@ 300 to 13 @,@ 100 ft ) above sea level , many from semi @-@ desert regions . U. socos has been collected at 360 m ( 1 @,@ 180 ft ) in central Chile . The spiders are hard to detect in the field , and most species have been collected by pitfall trapping . They are uncommon in museum collections , and almost nothing is known about their natural history . = = Species and distribution = = The genus Unicorn was established in 1995 by Norman Platnick and Antônio Brescovit , to encompass five newly described species and one species , U. argentina , that had previously been described as a species of Orchestina . A seventh species was described in 2010 . The type species of Unicorn is U. catleyi . Unicorn species occur in central and northern Chile , western Argentina , and Bolivia . Unicorn argentina ( Mello @-@ Leitão , 1940 ) — Western Argentina Unicorn catleyi Platnick & Brescovit , 1995 — Northern Chile and northwestern Argentina Unicorn chacabuco Platnick & Brescovit , 1995 — Chacabuco Province , central Chile Unicorn huanaco Platnick & Brescovit , 1995 — La Paz Department , Bolivia Unicorn sikus González , Corronca & Cava , 2010 — Salta Province , northwestern Argentina Unicorn socos Platnick & Brescovit , 1995 — Limarí Province , central Chile Unicorn toconao Platnick & Brescovit , 1995 — Antofagasta Province , northern Chile = = Classification = = Unicorn is a member of the family Oonopidae ( oonopids , or goblin spiders ) , which contains over 1 @,@ 500 species worldwide . Within oonopids , Unicorn is classified in the subfamily Sulsulinae , which contains other soft @-@ bodied genera such as Xiombarg and Dalmasula . Due to certain features of the eyes and jaws that resemble those found in other families , and which are differently modified in many other oonopids , Platnick and Brescovit suggested Unicorn was among the most primitive or basal members of the Oonopidae , which was corroborated by a 2014 study that examined DNA similarities among the Oonopidae , finding that Unicorn and other sulsulines diverged before almost all other oonopids .
= Common firecrest = The common firecrest ( Regulus ignicapilla ) also known as the firecrest , is a very small passerine bird in the kinglet family . It breeds in most of temperate Europe and northwestern Africa , and is partially migratory , with birds from central Europe wintering to the south and west of their breeding range . Firecrests in the Balearic Islands and north Africa are widely recognised as a separate subspecies , but the population on Madeira , previously also treated as a subspecies , is now treated as a distinct species , the Madeira firecrest , Regulus madeirensis . A fossil ancestor of the firecrest has been identified from a single wing bone . This kinglet is greenish above and has whitish underparts . It has two white wingbars , a black eye stripe and a white supercilium . The head crest , orange in the male and yellow in the female , is displayed during breeding , and gives rise to the English and scientific names for the species . This bird superficially resembles the goldcrest , which largely shares its European range , but the firecrest 's bronze shoulders and strong face pattern are distinctive . The song is a repetition of high thin notes , slightly lower @-@ pitched than those of its relative . The common firecrest breeds in broadleaved or coniferous woodland and gardens , building its compact , three @-@ layered nest on a tree branch . Seven to twelve eggs are incubated by the female alone . Both parents feed the chicks , which fledge 22 – 24 days after hatching . This kinglet is constantly on the move and frequently hovers as it searches for insects to eat , and in winter it is often found with flocks of tits . Despite some possible local declines , the species is not the subject of significant conservation concerns owing to its large European population and an expansion of its range over the last century . It may be hunted and killed by birds of prey , and can carry parasites . It is possible that this species was the original " king of the birds " in European folklore . = = Description = = The common firecrest is a small plump bird , 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) in length with a wingspan of 13 – 16 cm ( 5 @.@ 1 – 6 @.@ 3 in ) , and weighs 4 – 7 grams ( 0 @.@ 14 – 0 @.@ 25 oz ) . It has bright olive @-@ green upperparts with a bronze @-@ coloured patch on each shoulder , and whitish underparts washed with brownish @-@ grey on the breast and flanks . It has two white wingbars , a tiny black pointed bill , and brownish @-@ black legs . The head pattern is striking , with a black eye stripe , long white supercilium , and a crest which is bright yellow in the female and mainly orange in the male . The sexes are very similar , apart from the crest colour , although the female is a little duller in plumage and on average slightly smaller . Juveniles have a grey tinge to the duller upperparts , and lack the coloured crown ; the other head markings are present , but duller than in the adult . By their first winter , only the flight and tail feathers remain unmoulted , and the young birds are virtually indistinguishable from the adults in the field . This kinglet usually hops with its body held horizontally , and its flight is weak and whirring , with occasional quick evasive turns . Adult firecrests are unlikely to be confused with any other species ; Pallas 's warbler has a similar head and wing pattern , but its crown stripe is pale lemon , not bright yellow or orange , and its supercilium is also pale yellow , not bright white . The juvenile common firecrest might be confused with the goldcrest , but usually shows enough face pattern to distinguish it from its relative , which has a very plain face at all ages . The firecrest can also be separated from Pallas 's warbler by the warbler 's pale crown stripe and yellow rump . There is more likelihood of confusing the juvenile firecrest with the yellow @-@ browed warbler , which has a similar head pattern ; the warbler ( an Asiatic species ) has pale fringes to the feathers of the closed wing , a whitish belly and darker brown legs . The yellow @-@ browed warbler also lacks the pale half circle present below the young firecrest 's eye . = = Taxonomy and systematics = = The kinglets are a small group of birds sometimes included in the Old World warblers , but frequently given family status , especially as recent research shows that , despite superficial similarities , the crests are phylogenetically remote from the warblers . The names of the family , Regulidae , and its only genus , Regulus , are derived from the Latin regulus , a diminutive of rex , " a king " , and refer to the characteristic orange or yellow crests of adult kinglets . The common firecrest was first formally described by Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1820 as Sylvia ignicapilla ; the relatively late identification of this common European bird arose from a perception that it was just a variety of the goldcrest . The species name is derived from Latin ignis " fire " and capillus " hair " . The binomial is frequently given as R. ignicapillus due to a misunderstanding of Latin grammar . There are two widely recognised subspecies of common firecrest , nominate R. i. ignicapilla and Mediterranean R. i. balearicus ( Jordans , 1923 ) . The latter form is found on the Balearic Islands and in north Africa , and is slightly paler below and greyer above than the nominate subspecies . Other subspecies have been claimed , including southeastern R. i. caucasicus , North African R. i. laeneni , and Crimean R. i. tauricus . The Madeira firecrest , R. madeirensis , was formerly also considered to be a subspecies of the common firecrest , but phylogenetic analysis based on the cytochrome b gene showed that the Madeiran form is distinct at the species level . Cytochrome b gene divergence between the Madeira firecrest and the European bird is 8 @.@ 5 % , comparable with the divergence level between other recognised Regulus species , such as the 9 % between the goldcrest and the golden @-@ crowned kinglet . The island form also differs in morphology and vocalisations . The proposed split was accepted by the Association of European Rarities Committees ( AERC ) in 2003 , although some authorities , like The Clements checklist , have not yet recognised the new species . The flamecrest or Taiwan firecrest ( Regulus goodfellowi ) of Taiwan has sometimes been viewed as a race of the common firecrest ; however , the flamecrest 's territorial song , which resembles those of the Himalayan races of the goldcrest , and genetic data indicate that the flamecrest is closely related to the Himalayan goldcrest and only distantly to the two firecrest species . The kinglets on the Canary Islands , which were also considered to be close to firecrests , have now been shown to comprise two subspecies of goldcrest . = = = Fossils = = = There are a few Pleistocene ( 2 @.@ 6 million to 12 @,@ 000 years ago ) records from Europe and Israel of extant Regulus species , mostly goldcrests or unidentifiable to species , but also a Spanish specimen of firecrest . A left ulna from Bulgaria was identified as belonging to a fossil species , Regulus bulgaricus , from 2 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 95 mya . This appears to be ancestral to the common firecrest , with the goldcrest diverging from this lineage in the Middle Pleistocene . = = Distribution and habitat = = The common firecrest breeds in lowland broadleaf forest , preferring cork oak and alder where available , otherwise beech and holly . It also uses mixed broadleaf and conifer woodland , and stands of spruce , European silver fir , cedar and pines , often with undergrowth of juniper , ivy and wild rose . In drier Mediterranean habitats it is found in conifers , evergreen oak , and mixed woodlands up to 2 @,@ 800 m ( 9 @,@ 200 ft ) . Unlike more specialised birds such as Eurasian nuthatch and common treecreeper , both of which forage on trunks , the crests do not need large woodlands , and their population density is independent of forest size . In winter it is less reliant on conifers than the goldcrest , moving from forest to fringes and scrub . It occurs singly or in pairs , spending much time in the tree canopy , although frequently venturing into bushes and other lower vegetation . This species can thrive in fairly urban areas , provided that suitable habitat is available in parks or large gardens ; population densities in gardens can be comparable with the maximum levels found in natural habitats . The nominate subspecies breeds in Europe from southern England , France , Spain and Portugal east to Belarus , northwestern Ukraine , and Greece , and north to the Baltic and southern Latvia . There are isolated populations east of the main range in Abkhazia , the Crimea and Turkey . Its range lies between the 16 and 24 ° C ( 61 and 75 ° F ) July isotherms . Southern birds are largely resident , unlike northern and eastern populations which are migratory , wintering mainly in Mediterranean areas and the far west of Europe from Portugal north to Britain . R. i. balearicus is resident in the Balearic Islands and the northern parts of Morocco , Algeria and Tunisia . This species has been recorded as a vagrant from Norway , Finland , Estonia , Cyprus , Egypt and Lebanon . = = Behaviour and ecology = = = = = Breeding = = = The common firecrest is monogamous . The male sings during the breeding season , often with its crest raised , and has a display which involves pointing its bill at another bird , showing the crest and strong face pattern . This differs from the display of the plainer @-@ faced goldcrest , which bows its head to emphasise the crest . The breeding territory is about 0 @.@ 5 hectares ( 1 @.@ 2 acres ) , and may overlap with neighbouring goldcrest territories . Firecrests will sometimes defend their territories against goldcrests with the crest raised and a great deal of wing @-@ fluttering , but the amount of actual competition between the species may not be very great . A Spanish study suggested that territorial conflicts between the species , and other phenomena like males singing mixed or alternating songs , were most frequent when one species locally far outnumbered the other ; in other circumstances , the two kinglets learned to ignore each other 's songs . In his courtship display the male firecrest raises his crest , points it towards his mate and hovers over her before mating takes place . The nest is often suspended from a hanging branch usually at no great altitude , although Eric Simms reported nests at heights from 2 @.@ 5 to 20 m ( 8 @.@ 2 to 65 @.@ 6 ft ) . Firecrests may favour breeding close to northern goshawk nests . That large bird will prey on potential predators of the firecrest such as Eurasian sparrowhawks , and nest robbers like grey squirrels , Eurasian jays and great spotted woodpeckers . As is typical for the family , the nest is a closed cup built in three layers with a small entrance hole near its top . The nest 's outer layer is made from moss , small twigs , cobwebs and lichen , the spider webs also being used to attach the nest to the thin branches that support it . The middle layer is moss , and this is lined with feathers ( up to 3 @,@ 000 ) and hair . The nest is smaller , deeper and more compact than that of the goldcrest , about 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) across and 5 – 7 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 8 in ) deep , with a wall thickness of about 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) . The nest is constructed by the female alone , although the male will accompany the female while she builds the nest over a period of a few days to three weeks . Laying starts in western Europe at the end of April , and in the east of the range in late May ; second clutches , which are common , commence in June to July . The eggs are pink with very indistinct reddish markings at the broad end , unlike those of Madeira firecrest which are described as like those of a Phylloscopus warbler ( white with some brown speckles ) . The eggs are 14 mm × 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 55 in × 0 @.@ 39 in ) and weigh 0 @.@ 7 g ( 0 @.@ 025 oz ) , of which 5 % is shell . The clutch size in Europe is 7 – 12 eggs , but probably smaller in northwest Africa . The female incubates the eggs for 14 @.@ 5 to 16 @.@ 5 days to hatching , and broods the chicks , which fledge eight to ten days later . Both parents feed the chicks and fledged young . This species becomes sexually mature after one year , and has a life expectancy of less than two years . Although their ranges overlap substantially , hybridisation between goldcrests and firecrests seems to be prevented by differences in courtship rituals and different facial patterns . Even in aviary studies in which a female goldcrest was given an artificial eyestripe to facilitate mating with a male firecrest , the chicks were never raised by the mixed pair , and appeared to be poorly adapted compared to the parent species . = = = Feeding = = = All species of kinglet are almost exclusively insectivorous , preying on small arthropods with soft cuticles , such as springtails , aphids and spiders . They also feed on the cocoons and eggs of spiders and insects , and occasionally take pollen . All species will hover to catch flying insects . Although the similarly sized firecrest and goldcrest are often found together , there are a number of factors that reduce direct competition for food . Common firecrests prefer larger prey than goldcrests . Although both will take trapped insects from spider webs on autumn migration , firecrests will also eat the large orb @-@ web spiders ( on rare occasions kinglets have been found stuck in a spider web , either unable to move or dead ) . The common firecrest feeds in trees , exploiting mainly the upper surface of branches in coniferous habitat and of leaves in deciduous trees . This is in contrast to the goldcrest , which frequently feeds on the undersides of branches and leaves . In winter , flocks of common firecrests cover a given distance about three times faster than do goldcrests , and ignore the smallest prey items preferred by their relative ; large invertebrates are killed by beating them repeatedly against a branch . The differences in behaviour are facilitated by subtle morphological differences ; firecrests have broader bills with longer rictal bristles ( which protect a bird 's eye from food items it is trying to capture ) , and these features reflect the larger prey taken by the species . The firecrest 's less forked tail may reflect its longer episodes of hovering while hunting . Firecrests forage more often while standing , and have a foot better adapted for perching , whereas the goldcrest 's longer hind toe reflects its habit of moving vertically along branches while feeding . It also has a deep grooves in the soles of its feet capable of gripping individual needles , while firecrests have a smoother underside to the foot . Young common firecrests are fed almost exclusively with springtails ; larger food items are not accepted , and spiders are occasionally regurgitated . From the fifth day onwards , the nestling diet includes aphids and a high amount of snail shells , the latter being needed for bone growth . After the second week , the food includes larger moths and caterpillars , as well as various arthropods typically avoided by adults , such as harvestmen , earwigs , and centipedes . In winter , the firecrest joins loose flocks of other wanderers such as tits and warblers . This kinglet , like other species that prefer mixed @-@ species foraging flocks in winter , hunts over a greater range of heights and vegetation types than when feeding alone . For species that tend to feed in flocks , foraging success while in a flock was about twice that for solitary birds . In some areas , wintering birds have developed the habit of coming to feeding stations and bird tables for fatty food , sometimes with goldcrests or warblers such as the common chiffchaff and blackcap . The kinglet 's digestive system is adapted to an entirely insectivorous diet , whereas Sylvia warblers include fruit in their autumn diet . A Spanish study compared that genus with the insectivorous firecrest and Phylloscopus warblers . The results showed that , relative to body weight , the insect @-@ eaters had shorter intestines , but longer gut passage times than the Sylvia species . The insect @-@ eaters are also generally slightly smaller than the omnivores . = = = Voice = = = The contact call is three or four thin high notes , similar to that of goldcrest , but slightly lower in pitch , zit @-@ zit @-@ zit rather than see @-@ see @-@ see . The song is a succession of call notes in a longer and slightly more varied sequence . Typically there are 11 – 14 notes per song , becoming louder and faster , with the final three notes slightly different from the preceding ones : zit @-@ zit @-@ zit @-@ zit @-@ zit @-@ zit @-@ zit @-@ zit @-@ zit @-@ zit @-@ zirt.zirt.zirt. The song usually lasts 0 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 5 seconds , shorter than the 3 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 0 seconds for the goldcrest , and may be repeated up to eight times a minute . In May and June , singing is most frequent after dawn , but continues less often throughout the day . Later in the breeding season , song becomes largely confined to the morning . The song of the Mediterranean subspecies of common firecrest , R. i. balearicus , is very similar to that of the nominate form , but one factor in separating the Madeiran firecrest from common firecrest is that the island bird 's song is divided into three phrases , two of them consisting of modified display and anger calls . Its display calls also use a larger frequency range and more harmonics than those of the continental subspecies . Male goldcrests and Madeiran firecrests sometimes show a territorial response to recordings of the songs or calls of the common firecrest , but the reverse is apparently not true , because the songs of the common firecrest are simpler in construction than those of its relatives . = = = Predators and parasites = = = Throughout the firecrest 's range , the main predator of small woodland birds is the Eurasian sparrowhawk , which takes avian prey as up to 98 % of its diet . The tawny owl relies more on mammalian catches , but about one @-@ third of its food is forest birds . Eggs and young may be taken by grey squirrels , Eurasian jays and great spotted woodpeckers . The firecrest appears to be virtually unknown as a host of the common cuckoo , a widespread European brood parasite . The invasive Argentine ant ( Linepithema humile ) is common in the Mediterranean area , and reduces arthropod numbers by removing most native ant species . The reduction in prey items is greatest in the tree canopy , and has a greater effect on species like the firecrest that feed high in the foliage . Less food is available for chicks , and parents have to spend more time foraging . Data on specific parasites of the firecrest is lacking , but the widespread moorhen flea , Dasypsyllus gallinulae has been recorded in a related Regulus species . A number of feather mites have been recorded in the genus , including Proctophyllodes glandarinus on firecrest . These mites live on fungi growing on the feathers . The fungi found on the plumage may feed on the keratin of the outer feathers or on feather oil . = = Status = = The common firecrest expanded its range in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , colonising northern France , followed by first breeding in the Netherlands in 1928 and Denmark in 1961 . In Britain , it had only been recorded a handful of times by 1839 , but first bred in 1962 , and is now widespread as a breeding bird in much of southern England . Milder winters have meant that more birds can winter further north , and therefore the breeding range can expand without incurring the risks involved in lengthy migrations . A population was found in northern Morocco in 1986 . Population growth may be limited by lack of suitable habitat , and there may be local declines due to loss of conifers through storms or replacement by plantations of native deciduous trees . There may also be localised losses in areas of high heavy metal pollution , which particularly affects ground feeders like thrushes and conifer foliage gleaners , including both European Regulus species . Conifer specialists suffer from the loss and poor quality of needles , and the consequent decrease in abundance of their invertebrate food . The common firecrest has a large range and a population estimated at 10 – 30 million individuals , most in Europe . The population is believed to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or serious threats , and it is therefore classed as least concern on the IUCN Red List . = = In culture = = Aristotle and Pliny relate the legend of a contest amongst the birds to see who should be their king , the title to be awarded to the one that could fly highest . Initially , it looked as though the eagle would win easily , but as he began to tire , a small bird which had hidden under the eagle 's tail feathers emerged to fly even higher and claimed the title . Following from this legend , in much European folklore the wren has been described as the " king of the birds " or as a flame bearer . However , these terms were also applied to the Regulus species , the fiery crowns of the goldcrest and firecrest making them more likely to be the original bearers of these titles , and , because of the legend 's reference to the " smallest of birds " becoming king , the title was probably transferred to the equally tiny wren . The confusion was assisted by the similarity and consequent interchangeability of the Ancient Greek words for the wren ( βασιλεύς basileus , " king " ) and the crests ( βασιλισκος basiliskos , " kinglet " ) . In English , the association between the firecrest and Eurasian wren was reinforced by the kinglet 's old name of " fire @-@ crested wren " .
= Knock Madness = Knock Madness is the third studio album by American rapper Hopsin . It was released on November 24 , 2013 , by Funk Volume and distributed by Empire Distribution . Hopsin has said that the overall vibe of the album is different from his previous album Raw and that he has said all he needs to about leaving Ruthless Records . The album contains guest appearances from rappers SwizZz , Dizzy Wright , Jarren Benton , and Tech N9ne , among others . Like its predecessors , the album 's production was entirely handled by Hopsin himself . Knock Madness was supported by three singles , " Old Friend " , " Hop Is Back " , and " Rip Your Heart Out " , the last of which features Tech N9ne . Hopsin also supported the album with the Fuck It Tour with Yelawolf , and the Knock Madness Tour . Knock Madness was met with generally positive reviews from music critics . The album also peaked at number 76 on the US Billboard 200 and , as of December 2013 , has sold 16 @,@ 000 copies according to Nielsen SoundScan . = = Background = = Hopsin spoke about the album in an interview with HipHopDX on August 12 , 2011 , where he said that he was aiming to make the production quality of Knock Madness sound just as good , if not better , than his perception of Dr. Dre 's upcoming album , Detox . He also stated that the album would have a " positive message " and that when people listen to the album he wants them to feel " inspired to be better in life " . On January 20 , 2012 , he stated via his Twitter account that Knock Madness was his main priority in life . He later spoke on the background of the album 's sound , saying , I 'm 28 years old , and I see that I 'm kind of in this weird position . I don 't have many friends in my personal life , but I have so many fans . So when I go outside and people recognize me , it 's kind of a bittersweet feeling , like I don 't recognize the fans . I don 't really have it like they probably think I have it . I 'm really still a loser guy , but I 'm just really popular now . I don 't have a girlfriend no more , and I have this money , but I 'm not satisfied with my life . It 's this weird feeling of being incomplete , and I need to find myself . So that 's kind of what it did to me , and the album just came out with me just fucking rapping some dark shit . = = Recording and production = = Following the RAW Tour in mid @-@ 2011 , Hopsin begun working on Knock Madness , though not very heavily . On January 17 , 2012 , fellow Funk Volume rappers SwizZz and Dizzy Wright were confirmed to make appearances on the album . In a March 2012 interview , Hopsin said that he talked to Tech N9ne about appearing on the album , which Tech N9ne agreed to . He also stated in 2012 that he wanted Yelawolf on the album . In September 2012 , Hopsin confirmed that he would self @-@ produce the majority of the album , with drummer Travis Barker producing one or two tracks . Later that month , Hopsin would indicate interest in working with Childish Gambino . In addition , Hopsin approached Macklemore in January 2013 to get him featured in the album . In February 2013 , Hopsin stated in an interview that he was currently recording the album , having recorded 18 songs , and that he hoped to have the album completed by June . Hospin begun heavily recording Knock Madness in March 2013 following the end of a long @-@ term relationship , which gave him more time to record and focus on his music . He also indicated the album would be released with a bonus CD that will have all the ' Ill Mind of Hopsin ' songs remastered , however this ultimately did not take place . In October 2013 , Hospin confirmed that he had finished recording the album and had turned it in to Funk Volume , stating he had personally re @-@ mastered the album 20 @-@ 30 times to get the sound just right . = = Music and lyrics = = Hopsin detailed the album to The Source saying , There 's a variety of music on there . There 's crazy , wild lyrics . There 's sad , emotional lyrics and even funny lyrics . I got serious songs and sad songs . Just a big variety of everything . I wanted to show the full me . I have a lot of people who love me , but I have a lot of haters as well . There are at least one or two songs for someone that doesn 't really like me or what I put out . I think they 'll stumble across a couple songs that will make them go , oh ok , I fucks with him now . I kinda wanted to make an album to show my wide range of music that I can do . I just wanted to show the full me . In the lead single " Hop Is Back " , Hopsin pokes fun at Kendrick Lamar and disses Kanye West 's newer music . Hopsin clarified his statements in an interview with HipHopDX saying he had no ill feelings towards Kendrick Lamar , and that he dissed West because he disliked his new music . " Tears to Snow " is an emotional song about him and his ex @-@ girlfriend having relationship issues and breaking up . In the song he explains how she would assume he would cheat on her . The second verse is also partly about how Hopsin 's former colleagues have changed and turned against him . For " Rip Your Heart Out " featuring Tech N9ne , Hopsin created what he called a " weird , funky , dope beat that you can just bop your head to . " Hopsin spoke on " Hip Hop Sinister " saying , " That 's probably the most intense rap song on the album . It 's not a song that 's going to slowly change anybody 's life . It 's just a rap song just have bars and sound dope . The energy on that , you 'll probably hear it and want to cut somebody 's throat . The song just amps you up so much . It 's so hyped to where you want to punch a hole in somebody 's head or punch a hole through the wall . " " Good Guys Get Left Behind " is a love song , that features multiple twists and turns . " Old Friend " is based around a friend of his that became addicted to methamphetamine and the personal issues which he suffered from it . Hopsin has said the meaning of the song was " to show what early wrong decisions can do to youngsters in the long run " , as well as " what they can possibly miss out on . " " Lunch Time Cypher " was meant to give the feeling of a high school cypher , complete with beatboxing , random , crazy lyrics from Hopsin , and featured artists Passionate MC and G @-@ Mo Skee . The song " What 's My Purpose " is , according to Hopsin , " about a human born into this current dark society . How everybody is doing the same thing . Nobody is really different . And the government has us here to just make money . " He also touches on his race @-@ related arrest after a concert in Orlando , Florida . The album 's outro " Caught In the Rain " discusses about how Hopsin is soul @-@ searching and needing to find himself . = = Release and promotion = = In July 2012 , Hopsin released the fifth installment of his " Ill Mind of Hopsin " video series . It received over one million views in less than 24 hours and currently has over 58 million views . In " Ill Mind of Hopsin 5 " , Hopsin expresses his frustration with jaded youth and disenchantment towards other rappers who are unrelatable . The song itself charted at number 17 on Billboard 's Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Digital songs chart . In December 2012 , Hopsin hinted on his Facebook and Twitter pages that him and Travis Barker were working on a project together , though further details were withheld at the time . Then , in late December , Travis Barker revealed that a collaboration EP would be released in 2013 . Then , on February 5 , 2013 , Hopsin announced that production for the EP had been finished . In February 2013 , Hopsin said the album would be released around September 2013 . The album cover for Knock Madness , as well as the album 's release date of November 26 , 2013 , was revealed at the end of the music video for " Ill Mind Six : Old Friend " . The cover artwork depicts Marcus Hopson burying his rap alter ego Hopsin . On September 11 , 2013 , Hopsin debuted a new vlog series about the making of the album . The series focused on how he got inspired , came up with lyrics , and mixed the songs for Knock Madness . On November 7 , 2013 , Hopsin released the album 's track listing . = = = Touring = = = Hopsin , with the rest of the Funk Volume artists , went on a two @-@ month worldwide tour in late 2012 , which included 58 shows in 60 days throughout the United States , Europe and Australia . From November 14 to November 23 , 2013 , Hopsin toured with Shady Records artist Yelawolf in promotion of Knock Madness on The Fuck It Tour . They toured the West Coast of the United States and Hopsin performed material from the album for the first time . The Knock Madness World Tour began on December 12 , 2013 in Australia . On January 18 , 2014 , the tour moved to North America , starting in Santa Cruz , California . The leg of the tour ran through March 22 , 2014 . Dizzy Wright and DJ Hoppa joined Hopsin on select dates during the North American run of the tour . = = Singles = = In an interview with ThisIs50 , Hopsin released information on the album , stating that the first single would be named " Hop Madness " . Hopsin confirmed via his Facebook and Twitter on January 5 , 2012 that he would be shooting the " Hop Madness " video that month . On February 16 , 2012 , Hopsin stated that the music video would be released within the next month . The video was officially released on March 15 , 2012 . The song was ultimately excluded from the album . On July 17 , 2013 , Hopsin released the music video for " Old Friend " on both his YouTube channel , and the single to iTunes . He later confirmed that the song is not the sixth in the " Ill Mind of Hopsin " series but rather the first single from Knock Madness . On August 18 , 2013 , Hopsin confirmed in a Facebook status that the lead single from Knock Madness , titled " Hop Is Back " , would be released in a couple of weeks . However , the single 's release , with its accompanying music video , was delayed until October 22 , 2013 . " Rip Your Heart Out " , featuring Tech N9ne , was released as the album 's third single on November 12 , 2013 . The same day , Hopsin and Tech N9ne filmed the music video for " Rip Your Heart Out " . The music video for " I Need Help " was released on April 6 , 2014 . = = Critical reception = = Knock Madness received generally positive reviews from music critics . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 77 , based on 5 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . Omar Burgess of HipHopDX classified the album as " Pop @-@ tinged Horrorcore of the highest order " , praising its " catchy hooks , accessible production and subject matter " as well as " Hopsin 's raw technical ability " with regards to lyricism and wordplay . In the end Burgess said , " When he [ Hopsin ] strikes the perfect balance between shock value , raw emotion and his immense skill set , that moment may yield a classic album . " Sheldon Pierce of XXL called Knock Madness " a stepping stone album , one that can only produce even better music in the future " , and noted that the album did well to " serve as a peek into the wildly entertaining thought process of one of hip @-@ hop 's most misunderstood characters . " Jordan Sowunmi of Exclaim ! stated that the album excels when Hopsin " focuses on external obsessions : ode to amateur skating ' Nollie Tre Flip ' has the most enticingly offbeat rapping on the album , as well as a dizzying internal rhyme scheme , while ' Turn on the Lights ' analogue ' Dream Forever ' is heartfelt and raw . " David Jeffries of AllMusic praised the album 's consistency for providing " shocking lyrics and infectious hooks " , highlighting ' Rip Your Heart Out ' featuring Tech N9ne as a standout track . Dominick Grillo of DJBooth noted that Hopsin 's " technical passionate wordplays offer constant comparisons to Eminem " , concluding that the album is " a dark , often violent creative response to the pressure now resting on Hopsin 's shoulders " , conceding that there are moments when Hopsin " weighs himself ( and the audience ) down with layers upon layers of negativity " , though admitting that the album " works best when Hopsin is either angrily fighting or humorously poking fun at some sort of ludicrosity . " = = Commercial performance = = After only being released for three days , Knock Madness debuted at number 132 on the US Billboard 200 , selling 4 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In its first full week the album rose to number 76 on the Billboard 200 , selling 12 @,@ 000 more copies , bringing its total album sales to 16 @,@ 000 according to Nielsen SoundScan . The album has sold 58 @,@ 000 copies in the US as of April 2015 . = = Track listing = = All songs produced by Hopsin . = = Personnel = = Album credits adapted from AllMusic . Hopsin - executive producer , mixing , primary artist Jarren Benton - featured artist Passionate MC - featured artist G @-@ Mo Skee - featured artist SwizZz - featured artist Tech N9ne - featured artist Dizzy Wright - featured artist Connor Tingley - art direction = = Chart positions = = = = Release history = = Though the album 's release date was originally scheduled for November 26 , 2013 , Funk Volume announced on their Facebook page on November 18 that it would be very hard to find Knock Madness in stores the first week of its release , due to a delay and few stores placing orders for the album . However , instead of pushing back the release date as announced , Funk Volume decided to release the album on its initial date of November 26 , for digital download and compact disc format through their website . The album was then released in compact disc format in retail stores on December 3 , 2013 .
= Diffuse panbronchiolitis = Diffuse panbronchiolitis ( DPB ) is an inflammatory lung disease of unknown cause . It is a severe , progressive form of bronchiolitis , an inflammatory condition of the bronchioles ( small air passages in the lungs ) . The term diffuse signifies that lesions appear throughout both lungs , while panbronchiolitis refers to inflammation found in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles ( those involved in gas exchange ) . DPB causes severe inflammation and nodule @-@ like lesions of terminal bronchioles , chronic sinusitis , and intense coughing with large amounts of sputum production . The disease is believed to occur when there is susceptibility , or a lack of immune system resistance , to DPB @-@ causing bacteria or viruses , caused by several genes that are found predominantly in individuals of East Asian descent . The highest incidence occurs among Japanese people , followed by Koreans . DPB occurs more often in males , and usually begins around age 40 . It was recognized as a distinct new disease in the early 1960s , and was formally named diffuse panbronchiolitis in 1969 . If left untreated , DPB progresses to bronchiectasis , an irreversible lung condition that involves enlargement of the bronchioles , and pooling of mucus in the bronchiolar passages . Daily treatment of DPB with macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin eases symptoms and increases survival time , but the disease currently has no known cure . The eventual result of DPB can be respiratory failure and heart problems . = = Classification = = The term " bronchiolitis " generally refers to inflammation of the bronchioles . DPB is classified as a form of " primary bronchiolitis " , which means that the underlying cause of bronchiolitis is originating from or is confined to the bronchioles . Along with DPB , additional forms of primary bronchiolitis include bronchiolitis obliterans , follicular bronchiolitis , respiratory bronchiolitis , mineral dust airway disease , and a number of others . Unlike DPB , bronchiolitis that is not considered " primary " would be associated with diseases of the larger airways , such as chronic bronchitis . = = Signs and symptoms = = Symptoms of DPB include chronic sinusitis ( inflamed paranasal sinuses ) , wheezing , crackles ( respiratory sounds made by obstructions such as phlegm and secretions in the lungs ) , dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) , and a severe cough that yields large amounts of sputum ( coughed @-@ up phlegm ) . There may be pus in the sputum , and affected individuals may have fever . Typical signs of DPB progression include dilation ( enlargement ) of the bronchiolar passages and hypoxemia ( low levels of oxygen in the blood ) . If DPB is left untreated , bronchiectasis will occur ; it is characterized by dilation and thickening of the walls of the bronchioles , inflammatory damage to respiratory and terminal bronchioles , and pooling of mucus in the lungs . DPB is associated with progressive respiratory failure , hypercapnia ( increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood ) , and can eventually lead to pulmonary hypertension ( high blood pressure in the pulmonary vein and artery ) and cor pulmonale ( dilation of the right ventricle of the heart , or " right heart failure " ) . = = Cause = = DPB is idiopathic , which means an exact physiological , environmental , or pathogenic cause of the disease is unknown . However , several factors are suspected to be involved with its pathogenesis ( the way in which the disease works ) . The major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) is a large genomic region found in most vertebrates that is associated with the immune system . It is located on chromosome 6 in humans . A subset of MHC in humans is human leukocyte antigen ( HLA ) , which controls the antigen @-@ presenting system , as part of adaptive immunity against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses . When human cells are infected by a pathogen , some of them can present parts of the pathogen 's proteins on their surfaces ; this is called " antigen presentation " . The infected cells then become targets for types of cytotoxic T @-@ cells , which kill the infected cells so they can be removed from the body . Genetic predisposition for DPB susceptibility has been localized to two HLA haplotypes ( a nucleotide or gene sequence difference between paired chromosomes , that is more likely to occur among a common ethnicity or trait ) common to people of East Asian descent . HLA @-@ B54 is associated with DPB in the Japanese , while HLA @-@ A11 is associated with the disease in Koreans . Several genes within this region of class I HLA are believed to be responsible for DPB , by allowing increased susceptibility to the disease . The common genetic background and similarities in the HLA profile of affected Japanese and Korean individuals were considered in the search for a DPB gene . It was suggested that a mutation of a suspected disease @-@ susceptibility gene located somewhere between HLA @-@ B and HLA @-@ A had occurred on an ancestral chromosome carrying both HLA @-@ B54 and HLA @-@ A11 . Further , it is possible that a number of genetic recombination events around the disease locus ( location on a chromosome ) could have resulted in the disease being associated with HLA @-@ B54 in the Japanese and HLA @-@ A11 in Koreans . After further study , it was concluded that a DPB susceptibility gene is located near the HLA @-@ B locus at chromosome 6p21.3. Within this area , the search for a genetic cause of the disease has continued . Because many genes belonging to HLA remain unidentified , positional cloning ( a method used to identify a specific gene , when only its location on a chromosome is known ) has been used to determine that a mucin @-@ like gene is associated with DPB . In addition , diseases caused by identified HLA genes in the DPB @-@ susceptibility region have been investigated . One of these , bare lymphocyte syndrome I ( BLS I ) , exhibits a number of similarities with DPB in those affected , including chronic sinusitis , bronchiolar inflammation and nodules , and the presence of H. influenzae . Also like DPB , BLS I responds favorably to erythromycin therapy by showing a resolution of symptoms . The similarities between these two diseases , the corresponding success with the same mode of treatment , and the fact that the gene responsible for BLS I is located within the DPB @-@ causing area of HLA narrows the establishment of a gene responsible for DPB . Environmental factors such as inhaling toxic fumes and cigarette smoking are not believed to play a role in DPB , and unknown environmental and other non @-@ genetic causes — such as unidentified bacteria or viruses — have not been ruled out . Cystic fibrosis ( CF ) , a progressive multi @-@ system lung disease , has been considered in the search for a genetic cause of DPB . This is for a number of reasons . CF , like DPB , causes severe lung inflammation , abundant mucus production , infection , and shows a genetic predominance among Caucasians of one geographic group to the rarity of others ; whereas DPB dominates among East Asians , CF mainly affects individuals of European descent . While no gene has been implicated as the cause of DPB , mutation in a specific gene — much more likely to occur in Europeans — causes CF . This mutation in the CF @-@ causing gene is not a factor in DPB , but a unique polymorphism ( variation ) in this gene is known to occur in many Asians not necessarily affected by either disease . It is being investigated whether this gene in any state of mutation could contribute to DPB . = = Pathophysiology = = Inflammation is a normal part of the human immune response , whereby leukocytes ( white blood cells ) , including neutrophils ( white blood cells that specialize in causing inflammation ) , gather , and chemokines ( proteins released from certain cells , which activate or elicit a response from other cells ) accumulate at any location in the body where bacterial or viral infections occur . Inflammation interferes with the activity of bacteria and viruses , and serves to clear them from the body . In DPB , bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause the proliferation of inflammatory cells into the bronchiolar tissues . However , when neither bacteria are present with DPB , the inflammation continues for an as yet unknown reason . In either circumstance , inflammation in DPB can be so severe that nodules containing inflammatory cells form in the walls of the bronchioles . The presence of inflammation and infection in the airways also results in the production of excess mucus , which must be coughed up as sputum . The combination of inflammation , nodule development , infection , mucus , and frequent cough contributes to the breathing difficulties in DPB . The fact that inflammation in DPB persists with or without the presence of P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae provides a means to determine several mechanisms of DPB pathogenesis . Leukotrienes are eicosanoids , signaling molecules made from essential fatty acids , which play a role in many lung diseases by causing the proliferation of inflammatory cells and excess mucus production in the airways . In DPB and other lung diseases , the predominant mediator of neutrophil @-@ related inflammation is leukotriene B4 , which specializes in neutrophil proliferation via chemotaxis ( the movement of some types of cells toward or away from certain molecules ) . Inflammation in DPB is also caused by the chemokine MIP @-@ 1alpha and its involvement with CD8 + T cells . Beta defensins , a family of antimicrobial peptides found in the respiratory tract , are responsible for further inflammation in DPB when a pathogen such as P. aeruginosa is present . If present with DPB , the human T @-@ lymphotropic virus , type I , a retrovirus , modifies DPB pathogenesis by infecting T helper cells and altering their effectiveness in recognizing the presence of known or unknown pathogens involved with DPB . = = Diagnosis = = The diagnosis of DPB requires analysis of the lungs and bronchiolar tissues , which can require a lung biopsy , or the more preferred high resolution computed tomography ( HRCT ) scan of the lungs . The diagnostic criteria include severe inflammation in all layers of the respiratory bronchioles and lung tissue lesions that appear as nodules within the terminal and respiratory bronchioles in both lungs . The nodules in DPB appear as opaque lumps when viewed on X @-@ rays of the lung , and can cause airway obstruction , which is evaluated by a pulmonary function test , or PFT . Lung X @-@ rays can also reveal dilation of the bronchiolar passages , another sign of DBP . HRCT scans often show blockages of some bronchiolar passages with mucus , which is referred to as the " tree @-@ in @-@ bud " pattern . Hypoxemia , another sign of breathing difficulty , is revealed by measuring the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood , using a blood test called arterial blood gas . Other findings observed with DPB include the proliferation of lymphocytes ( white blood cells that fight infection ) , neutrophils , and foamy histiocytes ( tissue macrophages ) in the lung lining . Bacteria such as H. influenzae and P. aeruginosa are also detectable , with the latter becoming more prominent as the disease progresses . The white blood , bacterial and other cellular content of the blood can be measured by taking a complete blood count ( CBC ) . Elevated levels of IgG and IgA ( classes of immunoglobulins ) may be seen , as well as the presence of rheumatoid factor ( an indicator of autoimmunity ) . Hemagglutination , a clumping of red blood cells in response to the presence of antibodies in the blood , may also occur . Neutrophils , beta @-@ defensins , leukotrienes , and chemokines can also be detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid injected then removed from the bronchiolar airways of individuals with DPB , for evaluation . = = = Differential diagnosis = = = In the differential diagnosis ( finding the correct diagnosis between diseases that have overlapping features ) of some obstructive lung diseases , DPB is often considered . A number of DPB symptoms resemble those found with other obstructive lung diseases such as asthma , chronic bronchitis , and emphysema . Wheezing , coughing with sputum production , and shortness of breath are common symptoms in such diseases , and obstructive respiratory functional impairment is found on pulmonary function testing . Cystic fibrosis , like DPB , causes severe lung inflammation , excess mucus production , and infection ; but DPB does not cause disturbances of the pancreas nor the electrolytes , as does CF , so the two diseases are different and probably unrelated . DPB is distinguished by the presence of lesions that appear on X @-@ rays as nodules in the bronchioles of both lungs ; inflammation in all tissue layers of the respiratory bronchioles ; and its higher prevalence among individuals with East Asian lineage . DPB and bronchiolitis obliterans are two forms of primary bronchiolitis . Specific overlapping features of both diseases include strong cough with large amounts of often pus @-@ filled sputum ; nodules viewable on lung X @-@ rays in the lower bronchi and bronchiolar area ; and chronic sinusitis . In DPB , the nodules are more restricted to the respiratory bronchioles , while in OB they are often found in the membranous bronchioles ( the initial non @-@ cartilaginous section of the bronchiole , that divides from the tertiary bronchus ) up to the secondary bronchus . OB is a bronchiolar disease with worldwide prevalence , while DPB has more localized prevalence , predominantly in Japan . Prior to clinical recognition of DPB in recent years , it was often misdiagnosed as bronchiectasia , COPD , IPF , phthisis miliaris , sarcoidosis or alveolar cell carcinoma . = = Treatment = = Macrolide antibiotics , such as erythromycin , are an effective treatment for DPB when taken regularly over an extended period of time . Clarithromycin or roxithromycin are also commonly used . The successful results of macrolides in DPB and similar lung diseases stems from managing certain symptoms through immunomodulation ( adjusting the immune response ) , which can be achieved by taking the antibiotics in low doses . Treatment consists of daily oral administration of erythromycin for two to three years , an extended period that has been shown to dramatically improve the effects of DPB . This is apparent when an individual undergoing treatment for DPB , among a number of disease @-@ related remission criteria , has a normal neutrophil count detected in BAL fluid , and blood gas ( an arterial blood test that measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood ) readings show that free oxygen in the blood is within the normal range . Allowing a temporary break from erythromycin therapy in these instances has been suggested , to reduce the formation of macrolide @-@ resistant P. aeruginosa . However , DPB symptoms usually return , and treatment would need to be resumed . Although highly effective , erythromycin may not prove successful in all individuals with the disease , particularly if macrolide @-@ resistant P. aeruginosa is present or previously untreated DPB has progressed to the point where respiratory failure is occurring . With erythromycin therapy in DPB , great reduction in bronchiolar inflammation and damage is achieved through suppression of not only neutrophil proliferation , but also lymphocyte activity and obstructive mucus and water secretions in airways . The antibiotic effects of macrolides are not involved in their beneficial effects toward reducing inflammation in DPB . This is evident because the treatment dosage is much too low to fight infection , and in DPB cases with the occurrence of macrolide @-@ resistant P. aeruginosa , erythromycin therapy still reduces inflammation . A number of factors are involved in suppression of inflammation by erythromycin and other macrolides . They are especially effective at inhibiting the proliferation of neutrophils , by diminishing the ability of interleukin 8 and leukotriene B4 to attract them . Macrolides also reduce the efficiency of adhesion molecules that allow neutrophils to stick to bronchiolar tissue linings . Mucus production in the airways is a major culprit in the morbidity and mortality of DPB and other respiratory diseases . The significant reduction of inflammation in DPB attributed to erythromycin therapy also helps to inhibit the production of excess mucus . = = Prognosis = = Untreated DPB leads to bronchiectasis , respiratory failure , and death . A journal report from 1983 indicated that untreated DPB had a five @-@ year survival rate of 62 @.@ 1 % , while the 10 @-@ year survival rate was 33 @.@ 2 % . With erythromycin treatment , individuals with DPB now have a much longer life expectancy due to better management of symptoms , delay of progression , and prevention of associated infections like P. aeruginosa . The 10 @-@ year survival rate for treated DPB is about 90 % . In DPB cases where treatment has resulted in significant improvement , which sometimes happens after about two years , treatment has been allowed to end for a while . However , individuals allowed to stop treatment during this time are closely monitored . As DPB has been proven to recur , erythromycin therapy must be promptly resumed once disease symptoms begin to reappear . In spite of the improved prognosis when treated , DPB currently has no known cure . = = Epidemiology = = DPB has its highest prevalence among the Japanese , at 11 per 100 @,@ 000 population . Korean , Chinese , and Thai individuals with the disease have been reported as well . A genetic predisposition among East Asians is suggested . The disease is more common in males , with the male to female ratio at 1 @.@ 4 – 2 : 1 ( or about 5 men to 3 women ) . The average onset of the disease is around age 40 , and two @-@ thirds of those affected are non @-@ smokers , although smoking is not believed to be a cause . The presence of HLA @-@ Bw54 increases the risk of diffuse panbronchiolitis 13 @.@ 3 @-@ fold . In Europe and the Americas , a relatively small number of DPB cases have been reported in Asian immigrants and residents , as well as in individuals of non @-@ Asian ancestry . Misdiagnosis has occurred in the West owing to less recognition of the disease than in Asian countries . Relative to the large number of Asians living in the west , the small number of them thought to be affected by DPB suggests non @-@ genetic factors may play some role in its cause . This rarity seen in Western Asians may also be partly associated with misdiagnosis . = = History = = In the early 1960s , a relatively new chronic lung disease was being observed and described by physicians in Japan . In 1969 , the name " diffuse panbronchiolitis " was introduced to distinguish it from chronic bronchitis , emphysema , alveolitis , and other obstructive lung disease with inflammation . Between 1978 and 1980 , results of a nationwide survey initiated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan revealed more than 1 @,@ 000 probable cases of DPB , with 82 histologically confirmed . By the 1980s , it was internationally recognized as a distinct disease of the lungs . Before the 1980s , the prognosis or expected outcome of DPB was poor , especially in cases with superinfection ( the emergence of a new viral or bacterial infection , in addition to the currently occurring infection ) by P. aeruginosa . DPB continued to have a very high mortality rate before generalized antibiotic treatment and oxygen therapy were beginning to be used routinely in the effort to manage symptoms . Around 1985 , when long @-@ term treatment with the antibiotic erythromycin became the standard for managing DPB , the prognosis significantly improved . In 1990 , the association of DPB with HLA was initially asserted .
= Cottalango Leon = Cottalango Leon ( born 1971 ) is an Indian @-@ American computer graphics technician who won the Academy Award for scientific and technical achievement jointly with Sam Richards and J. Robert Ray in 2016 . Leon won the Academy Award for " the design , engineering and continuous development " of Sony Pictures Imageworks itView technology , a digital 3D film review software . Leon worked on the itView technology for eight years as the chief contributor . Schooled in India , Leon is an Arizona State University alumnus . He has worked at Sony Pictures Imageworks since 1996 , and has contributed to the making of several commercially successful films , including the Spider @-@ Man film series and the Men In Black film series . = = Early life and family = = Leon was born at his mother 's family residence in Thoothukudi , Tamil Nadu in 1971 . Both his parents – mother Rajam Mariasingam and father Loorthu – were primary school teachers . When Leon was young , his parents moved from the south of Tamil Nadu to Coimbatore . Leon 's early years were spent in this city – a place he still visits every two years . Leon attended the Government High School at Kallapalayam , a village in the Sultanpet Block of Coimbatore . After studying here till grade VII , he studied from grade VIII to grade XII at Kadri Mills High School in Coimbatore . During his childhood , Leon became interested in the subjects of mathematics and science , and also developed , as per him , a keen interest in " the visual aspect of movies " . Subsequently , Leon attended college at the PSG College of Technology from 1988 till 1992 , completing his Bachelors of Engineering degree in computer science . He completed his M.S in computer science from Arizona State University in 1996 , specialising in computer graphics . Leon married Roopa in 2001 . Roopa also belongs to southern Tamil Nadu , having lived there till her marriage to Leon . The couple have a daughter Shruthi and live in Culver City . = = Career = = After graduating , Leon joined the New Delhi firm Softek LLC and worked with them for two years till 1994 . As per Leon , during this time , he became inspired by Jurassic Park after watching the film and decided to pursue his career in the technologies used in its making . After completing the master 's degree at Arizona State University in 1996 , Leon worked for a short time as a game programmer with DreamWorks Interactive , before joining Sony Pictures Imageworks in 1996 , where he continues working to date , currently holding the position of Principal Software Engineer . At Imageworks , as per Leon , he was asked to develop an improved digital film review software as an alternative to a then existing software . Leon released the initial version within two months of having been assigned the job ; after receiving positive feedback from the artists using the software , Leon kept updating various functionalities of the software over the years . This digital 3D film review software , itView , led Leon to get an Academy Award in 2016 . Leon mentions working alone on the project for many years , and that he was over time given a team when the project achieved significant growth . In a 2016 media interview , Leon says that he worked on the itView technology for eight years as the chief contributor . To date , Leon has worked on several commercially successful films , including Stuart Little , the Spider @-@ Man film series , the Men In Black film series , Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs , The Smurfs , Hotel Transylvania , and Open Season . = = 2016 Academy Award = = Leon , at the age of 44 , won the 2016 Academy Award for scientific and technical achievement for " the design , engineering and continuous development " of Sony Pictures Imageworks itView technology . In a ceremony held on 13 February 2016 at Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills , California , Leon received the Academy Award jointly with Sam Richards and J. Robert Ray . As per the Academy , these set of awards are bestowed upon individuals who have contributed significantly over time – and not necessarily in the past year – to the motion picture industry . Richard Edlund , Chair of the Scientific and Technical Awards Committee at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences praised the " outstanding , innovative work " of awardees , adding that their contributions " have further expanded filmmakers ’ creative opportunities ... ” The Academy 's award citation praised itView 's API plugin and varied functionalities , mentioning that " itView provides an intuitive and flexible creative review environment that can be deployed globally for highly efficient collaboration . " Leon said that " the award was not totally unexpected " but that it felt " good to be recognised by the Academy and the wider industry . "
= Jeff Wooller = Herbert Jeffrey " Jeff " Wooller ( born 6 March 1940 ) is an English accountant and educationalist . He is noted for his accountancy tuition initiatives , and for campaigning for reform of his professional institute , the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales . The institute eventually excluded him from its membership because of his association with the Irish International University , Irish University Business School and International University Business School . Wooller has founded several educational institutions such as the Jeff Wooller College , Institute of Professional Financial Managers and Irish University Business School . = = Early life and career = = Born in Yorkshire , Wooller attended Millbridge Upper School and Heckmondwike Grammar School . He began his career as a banker , which took him to Bangladesh and Pakistan . When he returned to Yorkshire , he took a job with Peat Marwick , an accounting firm . In 1970 , Wooller attended the London School of Economics to take a two @-@ year Master of Science in accounting and finance . After the course ended in 1972 , he went to Cass Business School and received a Doctor of Philosophy . At Cass Business School , Wooller together with Dr Peter Grinyer conducted extensive research into the corporate models of projects sponsored by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales . In January 1974 , he was appointed technical editor of Accountancy , with special responsibilities in industry and commerce . He created the " Students forum " section of Accountancy and also edited the " Students ask " section . He is also a former editor of The Treasurer , the monthly journal of the Association of Corporate Treasurers and contributed to Accounting and Business Research . He has previously worked as a management accountant with Tate & Lyle plc and Imperial Chemical Industries . On 2 November 1987 , Wooller was appointed editor of The Accountant . In the 1980s , Wooller set up referral courses in the United Kingdom costing £ 500 , which were offered on a " no pass no fee " basis provided the student had completed a 200 @-@ hour work programme and a minimum of 10 tests . In 1985 , Wooller called for an appeals procedure to be implemented for students who were unsuccessful in getting an extension to the normal time limit for completing examinations . In 2007 , Wooller lost his membership as an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Financial Accountants after appearing on television . He had made statements that discredited the professional body and accountancy . = = Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales = = Wooller was a dissident member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales ( ICAEW ) . In 1991 , Wooller accused the ICAEW of having built @-@ in bias when it marked examinations during a recession , and used PE II ( Professional Education II ) results to show the bias . Wooller was fined by the ICAEW in 1995 for promoting unaccredited MBA courses . Wooller formed a ginger group when the ICAEW tried to merge with the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants ( CIMA ) in 1995 . Wooller 's ginger group opposed many of the actions of the ICAEW . The merger was shelved after the majority of the ICAEW members voted against it . The ginger group decided to keep fighting for democratic reforms and in June 1996 , demanded that the executive of the ICAEW be elected directly by the 109 @,@ 000 members of the body , instead of by the ICAEW 's council of seventy members . A year later , Wooller demanded that members of the ICAEW be allowed to vote on Peter Gerrard 's key constitutional reform proposals , and Wooller 's motion failed by 1 @,@ 400 votes , including proxies . In April 1998 , Wooller claimed that the council of the ICAEW was obstructing his campaign to increase democracy after it refused to allow the original text of motions that were to be published to be heard at the annual general meeting in June 1998 . Wooller 's first motion was about electing the president of the ICAEW democratically by ballot . The other two motions came about from the Gerrard report . The second motion said the district societies should be self @-@ financing and the third motion was on reducing the number of council members to fifty @-@ three . The first motion used a quotation from an Accountancy Age interview with council member Ian Hay Davison , and Wooller was told to stop circulating Hay Davison 's quotation after he objected to being quoted . The ICAEW asked members to vote on an increase in the number of council members from seventy @-@ five after requests made in the Gerrard report . Wooller asked members to reduce the number of council members to fifty @-@ three , which was recommended by the Gerrard report as the ideal council quota . A 54 % majority of the ICAEW members supported Wooller 's motion to reduce the number . Another merger was proposed , this time between the ICAEW , CIMA , and CIPFA . Wooller said that his ginger group was " on full alert to mobilise against any proposed merger . " He also said that " we have all made huge sacrifices to become ICAEW members . We could all easily have taken CIMA or CIPFA without having to make any sacrifices " , believing that differing standards of education were the greatest obstacle . Wooller also said that if the merger was to go ahead , the council of the super @-@ institute could change the accounting examinations system and qualifications . The merger between the three institutes never took place . The ICAEW received praise from Wooller for its efforts to promote the ACA ( ICAEW Chartered Accountant ) qualification in China in 2007 . In a letter to Accountancy Age , Wooller went on to say that " there is also huge potential for our qualification in India and Eastern Europe . " Wooller was excluded from the ICAEW in October 2009 after acting as the vice @-@ chancellor of the Irish International University , Irish University Business School and International University Business School and not stopping it from confusing students or employers . He was not present at his disciplinary tribunal and had made no final written submissions to the tribunal . = = Organisations = = Wooller founded the Jeff Wooller College which was based in London . It provided a wide range of courses including ACCA , CIMA , CAT and AIA courses . In 1995 , Wooller denied involvement in a visa scam with the Jeff Wooller College . In the 1990s , Wooller sold the business to Felix Orogun and in 2008 , it was renamed to Holborn School of Finance and Management following bad publicity about Wooller . Wooller founded the Capital Barter Corporation International ( CBCI ) in May 1996 ; it was dissolved in February 2009 . He is also the chief executive of the Institute of Professional Financial Managers and founder of the Irish University Business School . He also owned James Good Developments Limited and was involved with St. Clements University . Wooller is a former honorary chancellor of the Irish International University . When the university was investigated by the BBC , Wooller told them that the university was not recognised anywhere and its website was " a figment of someone 's imagination . Someone 's dreamt up what a university should look like , and that 's what 's on the website . " He admitted that the university 's operations were dodgy . Wooller had previously raised issues with Hardeep Singh Sandhu , the owner of the university , regarding its non @-@ existent campus and accreditation by the Quality Assurance Commission , an organisation owned by Sandhu . Wooller 's response to the BBC London investigation was published by Accountancy Age . = = Personal life = = Wooller has million @-@ pound properties in Kensington and Monte Carlo and lives as a tax exile in Monte Carlo . = = Publications = = Grinyer , Peter ; Wooller , Jeff ( 1973 ) . Corporate Financial Modelling in the U.K. , Preliminary Results of a Survey . City University Graduate Business Centre . OCLC 500430694 . Grinyer , Peter ; Wooller , Jeff ( 1975 ) . Corporate Models Today : a new tool for financial management . Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales . ISBN 9780852911044 . Grinyer , Peter ; Wooller , Jeff ( February 1975 ) . " Computer models for corporate planning " . Long Range Planning 8 ( 1 ) : 14 – 25 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / 0024 @-@ 6301 ( 75 ) 90113 @-@ 2 . Dickinson , D ; Garner , P ; Lewis , J ; Wooller , Jeff ( 1977 ) . Financial Management Handbook . Sweet & Maxwell . ISBN 9780903393331 . Grinyer , Peter ; Wooller , Jeff ( Winter 1980 ) . " An Overview of a Decade of Corporate Modelling in the UK " . Accounting and Business Research 11 ( 41 ) : 41 – 49 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1080 / 00014788 @.@ 1980 @.@ 9729679 . Wooller , Jeff ( 1981 ) . Wooller 's Guide to PE II : The Exam @-@ Room Approach .
= Portrait of Madame Cézanne = Portrait of Madame Cézanne ( sometimes Portrait of Mrs. Cézanne ) is a 1962 Pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein . It is a quotation of Erle Loran 's diagram of a Cézanne painting of the same name . It was one of the works exhibited at Lichtenstein 's first solo exhibition in Los Angeles . The work became controversial in that it led to a reconsideration of what constitutes art . Lichtenstein and Loran sparred in the press , and art critics were intrigued by the viewpoints of the two . Loran 's view was that Lichtenstein had plagiarized his work , and at one point filed suit . Lichtenstein felt that he was making a statement with his painting on the ridiculous attempt by Loran to explain Cézanne by diagram . The press frequently used the word transformation when crediting Lichtenstein 's work , but Lichtenstein attempted not to accept the association of his work with that word . = = Background = = Portrait of Madame Cézanne was exhibited along with works such as Man with Folded Arms at Lichtentein 's first Pop exhibition in Los Angeles . The linear twice @-@ removed black @-@ and @-@ white ( along with Man with Folded Arms ) is regarded as a quotation of Erle Loran 's outline diagram of Cézanne 's compositional methods published in a diagram book called Cézanne 's Composition . The book was popular in the academic community . Loran 's representation in a " harsh black outline " depicted the axes of the composition without representing the " texture and expressiveness of Cézanne 's original . " In fact , Loran stated that " this diagrammatic approach may seem coldly analytical to those who like vagueness and poetry in art criticism . " Loran 's diagrammatic techniques were standard at the time ; redrawn outlines of the figure were illustrated with alphabetized arrows to identify areas and directions . The diagram highlighted body part positioning without studying the painted surface . According to John Coplans 's Roy Lichtenstein , the artist was fascinated by the drawings : " isolating the woman out of the context of the painting seemed to Lichtenstein to be such an oversimplification of a complex issue as to be ironical in itself " ; the oversimplification referred to was Loran 's representing Cézanne 's work with nothing more than black lines . The work marked the first of Lichtenstein 's " artistic appropriations of the canonical works of Modernism " that resulted from his realization of the interrelation " between avant @-@ garde and kitsch " . = = Description = = The two images garnered attention among critics by highlighting the nuances between copying and creating art , between real and fake art . As Andy Warhol challenged the status quo by " humanizing mass @-@ produced product " , Lichtenstein dehumanized masterpieces . This demonstrates " that the quotation of popular culture was not the sign of intelligence suspended but rather the shape of thought . " The publication of this work was considered by some observers as more sacrilegious than Duchamp 's revisions to the Mona Lisa . Loran wrote two hot @-@ tempered letters in response . In September 1963 issues of ARTnews and Artforum , His articles were written after Lichtenstein 's first Pop exhibition in Los Angeles , which featured the two life @-@ sized works depicting Loran 's images . Loran , whose text was by this time over twenty years old , even attempted to sue Lichtenstein . According to David Deitcher , " The angrier of the two tracts appeared in Art News , where Loran openly expressed his contempt for Lichtenstein 's work and hinted at his desire to sue . " : In a recent sell @-@ out exhibition at the Ferus Gallery , Los Angeles , he [ Lichtenstein ] gave the title of Portrait of Mme. Cézanne to the black and white line drawing on bare canvas reproduced here . Sale price : $ 2000 , or more . I suppose I should be flattered that a diagrammatic sketch of mine should be worth so much . But then , no one has paid me anything — so far . One critic noted that although Loran was making instructive points with his diagram , Lichtenstein 's was an artistic statement . However , Loran was joined by Brian O 'Doherty , a critic with The New York Times , in ridiculing the defense of Pop art as transformative rather than appropriationist art . In 1963 , O 'Doherty wrote his belief that Lichtenstein 's work was not art in The New York Times saying , he was " one of the worst artists in America " who " briskly went about making a sow 's ear out of a sow 's ear . " Loran felt Pop art paled in comparison to the aesthetics of Abstract Expressionism . Lichtenstein did not accept the transformation defense . Other critics got involved in the matter , with Gene Swenson querying Lichtenstein " about the charges of antagonistic critics ' that Pop Art does not transform its models . " Lichtenstein responded that art forms but does not transform . Max Kozloff opined that Loran was being mocked and that while Lichtenstein 's product had didactic content , its purpose and need was questionable . Kozloff worried in The Nation that Lichtenstein 's work may lead to the values that modern art held being rejected moving forward . The painting is regarded as " another of his comments on the way in which we view art . " The work , along with his Femme au Chapeau from 1962 mark the beginnings of Lichtenstein 's presentations of art about art because it was among his first paintings that drew upon a predecessor artist . Lichtenstein noted his objection to the attempt to reduce art diagrammatically : " I wasn 't trying to berate Erle Loran ... but it is such an oversimplification trying to explain a painting by A , B , C. " He also noted that " The Cézanne is such a complex painting . Taking an outline and calling it Madame Cézanne is in itself humorous , particularly the idea of diagramming a Cézanne when Cézanne said , ' ... the outline escaped me . ' " Lichtenstein obtained legal validation that his work was original when Loran 's lawsuit was dismissed , clearing the way for artists to elaborate on images produced by others .
= Rice Northwest Museum of Rocks and Minerals = The Rice Northwest Museum of Rocks and Minerals is a non @-@ profit museum in Hillsboro , Oregon , United States . Located just north of the Sunset Highway on the northern edge of Hillsboro , the earth science museum is in the Portland metropolitan area . Opened in 1997 , the museum ’ s collections date to the 1930s with the museum housed in a home built to display the rock and mineral collections of the museum founders . The ranch style home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , the first of its kind listed in Oregon . The museum sits on 23 wooded acres ( 9 @.@ 3 ha ) , with the main building containing 7 @,@ 500 square feet ( 700 m2 ) of space . Collections include petrified wood , various fossils , fluorescent minerals , meteorites , zeolites , and a variety of other minerals . With more than 20 @,@ 000 specimens , the museum is the largest of its kind in the Pacific Northwest . The facility has around 25 @,@ 000 visitors each year , many of whom are on school tours . = = History = = Richard L. Rice married Helen Hart in 1932 and the couple began rock collecting in 1938 after finding agates along the Oregon Coast . In 1952 the Rices built a new home north of Hillsboro on 30 acres ( 12 @.@ 1 ha ) that would later house the museum . The Rices founded a museum in 1953 to display their collections . Their collections won them the Woodruff Trophy three years in a row at the Tucson Gem & Mineral Show , which led to that trophy 's retirement . Helen served as president of the American Federation of Mineralogical Societies from 1959 to 1960 . In 1996 the Rices established the non @-@ profit museum . Richard and Helen Rice both died in 1997 with the home passing to the non @-@ profit museum as part of their estate . In 1997 the Rice Northwest Museum of Rocks and Minerals officially opened . In June 2000 , 94 pieces from the F. John Barlow collection of crystallized gold were added to the museum . The facility opened an exhibit in 2001 dedicated to the lapidary arts , and by that time the museum had grown to more than 4 @,@ 000 items . The museum opened a new gallery in January 2003 to feature petrified wood . Rudy W. Tschernich was named curator in June 2003 , replacing Sharleen Harvey . In 2004 the Cascadia Meteorite Laboratory at Portland State University loaned the museum 52 meteorites in an exhibit funded by NASA . Attendance had grown to around 15 @,@ 000 in 2004 . In 2005 the North America Research Group unearthed the fossilized remains of a thalattosuchian crocodile from the Jurassic period in Central Oregon . The museum plans on displaying these fossils after they are studied . Later in 2005 , the 1 @,@ 800 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 170 m2 ) Northwest Minerals Gallery opened in a former storeroom at the museum after renovations totaling $ 150 @,@ 000 . By 2007 the museum received 25 @,@ 000 visitors each year , mainly from school groups . In August 2008 the museum opened a retail gift shop in The Streets of Tanasbourne shopping center , and closed it in December 2009 due to the economic recession . This satellite gift shop was to be a temporary endeavor , and was designed in part to help drive traffic to the museum . By 2010 the museum 's collections had grown to more than 20 @,@ 000 specimens , and still had about 25 @,@ 000 visitors annually , with about 18 @,@ 000 coming from school field trips . Tschernich stepped down as curator in 2011 , with Lara O 'Dwyer @-@ Brown taking over the position in 2012 . Brown left in 2014 , with Julian Gray hired as executive director and Leslie Moclock as curator in May 2014 . = = Collections = = The museum is the largest of its kind in the Pacific Northwest with more than 20 @,@ 000 items . The specimens come from around the world , many personally unearthed by the Rices . Bill Dameron of The Mineralogical Record named the museum as having the best mineral specimens in the Pacific Northwest . The collections include gemstones , minerals , fossils , meteorites , and some artifacts . Gemstones include rubies , diamonds , rhodochrosite , opal , emerald , and amethyst among others . Fossils include shark teeth , coprolites , or fossilized dung , petrified wood , dinosaur eggs , trilobites , and a baby dinosaur of the Psittacosaurus genus . One display features all 12 birthstones with a version of each in its natural state and as finished gemstones , along with the same before and after for other gemstones such as aquamarine . Around 1 @,@ 000 of the specimens at the museum are only viewable using a microscope . One gallery , the Rainbow Gallery , is designed to showcase rocks and minerals that have phosphorescent or fluorescent elements that allow them to glow in the dark . An automated system uses a lighting cycle that includes ultraviolet lights to energize the rocks . A large portion of the petrified wood comes from the collection of Dennis and Mary Murphy . Their collection , which is in excess of 450 items and includes a log of white oak weighing 1 @,@ 200 pounds ( 544 kg ) , was combined with the Rice Museum 's existing pieces . The log is from Eastern Oregon and is estimated to have lived more than 15 million years ago . The petrified wood specimens come from Oregon , Washington , and as far away as Argentina and Australia . Other fossils include those of cycads , palms , and ferns . The main rhodochrosite attraction is the " Alma Rose " from the Sweet Home Mine in Colorado . The Alma Rose includes crystals measuring up to 9 @.@ 5 cm in length along with quartz and calcite highlights . The Rices once owned the complementary " Alma King " rhodochrosite from the same mine , but sold the piece to the Coors Brewing Company , who then donated it to the Denver Natural History Museum . The two stones had been purchased by the couple for US $ 800 @,@ 000 . Other rhodochrosite specimens include those from mines in Arizona . The museum also has a collection of 107 gold pieces from the F. John Barlow collection featuring items such as a 42 troy ounce ( 1 @.@ 31 kg ) ) leaf and pieces mined from the Ace of Diamonds mine in Liberty , Washington . One of the museum 's pieces , a sperrylite from Russia , is considered one of the finest in the world . Individual items on display include coprolite from Mongolia , a 500 @-@ pound ( 227 kg ) piece of the lightweight volcanic rock pumice , obsidian and basalt . One specimen on display is a 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) wide plate with clear quartz crystals , epidote crystals measuring as large as 10 cm and translucent calcite scalenohedrons , and comes from Green Monster Mountain on Alaska 's Prince of Wales Island . The collection includes a cycad fossil dating from the Jurassic era that weighs 500 pounds ( 227 kg ) . One meteorite is the Gibeon meteorite which weighs 210 pounds ( 95 kg ) and came from the African nation of Namibia . The world 's largest known opal @-@ filled thunderegg , weighing 1 @.@ 75 tons ( 1600 kg ) , is housed at the museum . The thunderegg is Oregon 's state rock . Other items include azurite , Oregon sunstone , amber , copper crystals , zeolites , morganite , and agate among others . = = Programs = = The Rice Museum offers a variety of public programs , including hands @-@ on classes for children where participants make necklaces out of rocks . It hosts an annual summer festival with events such as thunderegg cutting and demonstrations of gold panning . The facility has hosted the Northwest Fossil Fest . The museum offers tours for school groups and other youth programs , often handling multiple groups each day . Children in the school tours get to select a stone to take home from a pile outside . The museum is open Wednesday through Sunday . = = Facilities = = The museum and grounds are located on the north side of the Sunset Highway west of Portland between the Helvetia Road and Jackson School Road exits . Situated on 23 acres ( 9 @.@ 3 ha ) of mostly forested land , the museum is housed in the historic Richard and Helen Rice House , built as a single family residence . Completed in 1952 , the home was built of Arizona flagstone on the exterior and wood native to Oregon , including curly maple and myrtlewood . William F. Wayman designed the structure with Victor Batchelar building the home , while Charles F. Walters designed the grounds . All the wood was logged by Richard Rice , who made his living as a logging contractor . He also milled the wood . The home was designed to allow the basement to serve as a museum for the Rices ' collections . The structure contains three sandstone fireplaces , and the countertops are finished with hand @-@ painted tiles from Mexico . Myrtlewood is used inside as trim and for doors . Bedroom closets were constructed with drawers , shelves , and ironing boards built @-@ in . Inside the two @-@ level building are amenities such as dumbwaiters and a sewing room . On the outside raked cedar was used on the eaves of the low @-@ pitched roof @-@ line building . The exterior sandstone is tan , rose , and blue in color . The 7 @,@ 500 square feet ( 700 m2 ) home with a 3 @,@ 300 square feet ( 310 m2 ) basement cost $ 185 @,@ 000 to build . The original wool carpeting is still in use at the home , as is the original linoleum that features the museum 's logo of a shovel and a pick . The ranch style home was the first ranch home listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon . In addition to the house , which has a full basement , the museum uses a separate building as a gallery . That building , the Northwest Gallery , was formerly used for storage and as a shop , but looks similar to the Rice House . This gallery focuses on items from Oregon , Idaho , and Washington , and includes collections of agates , thundereggs , zeolites , and placer gold , among others . Most of the rocks and minerals are housed in glass cases along the walls in the basement . Before opening to the public an elevator was added to the home . The museum includes a lapidary and arts gallery , agate gallery , petrified wood gallery , oddities gallery , crystal gallery , Northwest gallery , and fossil gallery . There is also an educational room and gift shop , while the outside grounds include a walk that features sandstone , columns of basalt , and a pile of rocks for children to climb over to find stones . This walk includes a 1 @,@ 200 pound ( 540 kg ) rock made of pumice .
= Bridgewater Associates = Bridgewater Associates is an American investment management firm founded by Ray Dalio in 1975 . The firm serves institutional clients including pension funds , endowments , foundations , foreign governments and central banks . It utilizes a global macro investing style based on economic trends , such as inflation , currency exchange rates , and U.S. gross domestic product . Bridgewater Associates began as an institutional investment advisory service , graduated to institutional investing and pioneered the risk parity investment approach in 1996 . In 1981 the company moved its headquarters from New York City to Westport , Connecticut and currently engages 1 @,@ 200 employees . It embraces a corporate culture that encourages transparency and the elimination of the decision making hierarchy , and in 2011 was the " world 's largest macro hedge fund " company with US $ 122 billion in assets under management . = = History = = The firm 's history includes the pioneering of industry strategies such as : currency overlay , the separation of alpha and beta strategies , the creation of absolute return products , and risk parity . According to Financial News , the company was the fastest growing asset manager from 2000 until 2005 , when it stopped accepting new accounts . Its assets under management have increased by 25 % each year during the last decade with employees at eleven times their year 2000 levels . The company ’ s Daily Observations research is reportedly read by leaders of central banks and managers of pension funds around the world . = = = 1975 @-@ 1990 : Consulting , research , money management = = = Bridgewater Associates was founded by Ray Dalio in 1975 from an office in his Manhattan apartment . At that time the business consisted exclusively of advising corporate clients and the management of domestic and international currency and interest rate risks . The firm later changed its emphasis and began selling economic advice to governments and corporations such as Nabisco and McDonalds . The company began publishing a paid subscription research report called the Daily Observations which inspired McDonald ’ s Corp. and its main supplier to become clients in the early 1980s . Another client was Banks of Mid @-@ America was and its treasury department director , Bob Prince , later joined Bridgewater Associates as co @-@ CIO . In 1981 , the company moved its offices from New York City to Connecticut . The company 's first account was funded by a US $ 5 million fixed @-@ income investment through Hilda Ochoa @-@ Brillembourg of World Bank in 1987 . In the mid @-@ 1980s , the firm changed its business focus from currency and interest rate management to global bonds and currencies for institutional investors . As a fixed income and currency adviser to institutional clients , the company gained a reputation as a currency trader and a developer of techniques for overlying currencies . In 1990 , it launched a hedge fund portfolio using monies from Kodak and Loews Corporation and began formally offering its currency overlay products to its clients . = = = 1991 @-@ present : Pure Alpha , All Weather , Pure Alpha Major Markets = = = Bridgewater Associates developed several " innovative investment strategies " during the 1990s such as inflation @-@ indexed bonds , currency overlay , emerging market debt , global bonds and " super @-@ long duration bonds " . The firm also " pioneered the separation of alpha and beta " investments and developed a strategy called " alpha overlay " which involved a portfolio of " 20 uncorrelated " investments , leveraged for risk or return and combined with cash or an investment market benchmark . The firm launched its Pure Alpha fund and began to market portable alpha investment strategies in 1991 . The Pure Alpha fund did well during the market 's downturn of 2000 to 2003 and , as hedge funds became more popular , the company expanded its assets through its connections with various underfunded pension funds , some of which were already clients . In 1992 , the firm introduced its global bond overlay program . In 1995 , company executives participated in the discussions at the U.S. Treasury and advised federal government on the development of inflation @-@ indexed bonds . Bridgewater launched its All Weather hedge fund and pioneered the risk parity approach to portfolio management in 1996 . The firm 's assets under management grew from US $ 5 billion in the mid @-@ 1990s to US $ 38 billion by the year 2003 . In June 2000 , the firm was ranked as the best performing global bond manager for that year and the prior five years by Pensions & Investments magazine . In 2002 , the company was ranked by Nelson Information as the World 's Best Money Manager in recognition of the 16 @.@ 3 % return on its International Fixed Income program . The firm received the Global Investor Awards for Excellence @-@ Global Bonds award in 2003 . The following year the company received the Global Pensions ( magazine ) Currency Overlay Manager of the Year award , and 2 " best in class " awards from the PlanSponsor Operations Survey . In 2006 , the company 's flagship Pure Alpha fund began " returning money " to its clients in order to maintain its investment strategy and enforce its " capacity limit " . The firm began moving all of its clients into alternative strategies ( such as its Pure Alpha and All Weather funds ) , thereby eliminating the traditional investment approach from its portfolios . That year it was honored by PlanSponsor Magazine with the Lifetime Achievement Award and the Global Pensions magazine Currency Manager of the Year award and the Money Management Letters , Public Pension Fund Award for Excellence and the Alternatives Manager of the Year award . By 2007 , the firm 's total assets under management grew to US $ 50 billion ( from US $ 33 billion in the year 2000 ) . According to a 2007 article in Barron 's magazine , " nobody was better prepared for the global market crash " than its clients and subscribers to its Daily Observations . The company " began sounding alarms .. in the spring of 2007 about the dangers of excessive financial leverage " . The company 's researchers reviewed the public accounts of most of the major financial institutions around the globe and found that estimated future losses due to bad debts totaled US $ 839 billion . In December , these conclusions were reported to the U.S. Treasury Department when company founder Ray Dalio met with U.S. Treasury Secretary staff and other White House economic advisers . Bridgewater 's Pure Alpha fund " spared its investors " from most of the stock market 's " meltdown " in 2008 . However , this strategy was not successful in 2009 when economic growth responded faster than anticipated and the Dow Jones Industrial Average increased by 19 % while the company ’ s Pure Alpha fund reportedly gained a mere 2 % to 4 % . Senator John McCain visited the firm and addressed company employees during his 2008 presidential campaign . The Teacher Retirement System of Texas ( TRS ) invested in $ 250 million in a stake in Bridgewater Associates Intermediate Holdings , LP . Ray Dalio , the company 's founder , began using the term " d @-@ process " in February 2009 , to describe the deleveraging and deflationary process of the subprime mortgage industry as distinct from a recession . That year , the company was termed the largest hedge fund in the U.S. and it received the Alternative Investment News 7th Annual Hedge Fund Industry 's Lifetime Achievement award and PlanSponsor 's Hedge Fund Manager of the year award . When the U.S. gross domestic product faltered in 2010 , the firm had significant gains on their investments in Treasury bonds and other securities , and in November founded the US $ 10 billion , Pure Alpha Major Markets fund which brought the company 's total assets under management to more than US $ 100 billion . In 2011 the firm received several honors . It was ranked number one on Institutional Investor 's " world 's top 100 hedge funds " list . It received the Macro @-@ Focused Hedge Fund Firm of the Year award and the aiCIO Hedge Fund Industry Innovation Award . Absolute Return + Alpha ( AR ) ranked the company number one in its Hedge Fund Report Card and Billion Dollar Club categories . Connecticut is expected to approve a plan at the end of May , 2016 , which will give Bridgewater Associates $ 22 million in grants and loans in exchange for job training , job creation , and building renovations . The company also must agree to retain 1 @,@ 402 jobs they already support in Connecticut . The company could also become eligible for as much as $ 30 million in urban tax credits . = = Investment philosophy = = According to Ray Dalio , Bridgewater Associates is a " global macro firm " . It uses " quantitative " investment methods to identify new investments while avoiding unrealistic historical models . Its goal is to structure portfolios with uncorrelated investment returns based on risk allocations , rather than asset allocations . Additionally , the company is reported to only accept funds from institutional clients such as pension funds , foundations , endowments , and central banks rather than private investors . = = = Separation of alpha and beta = = = The company divides its investments into two basic categories : ( 1 ) Beta investments , whose returns are generated through passive management and standard market risk , and ( 2 ) Alpha investments , whose goal is to generate higher returns that are uncorrelated to the general market and are actively managed . The principle of separating alpha and beta investments was introduced by Dalio in 1990 and gained the recognition of other equity managers beginning in the year 2000 . The firm is reported to be the first hedge fund manager to separate alpha and beta investment strategies and offer dedicated investment funds for each . = = = Systematic diversification = = = According to Bloomberg Bridgewater uses an investing system that combines traditional diversification with " wager [ s ] on or against markets around the world " and attempts to invest in instruments and markets that do not " move in lock step " with each other . To guide its investment strategies , the company 's top executives have compiled hundreds of " decision rules " , which are the financial corollary to the firm 's employee handbook , Principles , and these investment guidelines have been incorporated into the firm 's computer 's analysis . = = Products = = The firm offers three hedge funds to its clients : the Pure Alpha fund , the All Weather fund and the Pure Alpha Major Markets fund . It also publishes a white paper , called the Daily Observations , which is read by investors worldwide on a subscription basis . = = = Pure Alpha = = = Bridgewater Associates launched its flagship fund , Pure Alpha , in 1989 . The fund is described as a " diversified alpha source " that invests across a group of asset classes . It was designed to balance risk among a variety of non @-@ correlated assets through active management . It includes 30 or 40 simultaneous trading positions in bonds , currencies , stock indexes and commodities to avoid affecting prices by concentrating funds in a single area . After placing some of the company 's excess cash into the Pure Alpha hedge fund to increase its " investing discretion " . The fund was closed to new investors in 2006 when it reached its pre @-@ determined , maximum funds level . As of 2011 , the fund is reported to have lost money in only three of its 20 years of existence and had an average annualized return of 18 % . The success of Pure Alpha is reportedly due to a portable alpha management style that trades among many asset classes . = = = All Weather = = = A second fund , called All Weather , was launched in 1996 and highlighted low fees , global inflation @-@ linked bonds and global fixed @-@ income investments . The fund began as the founder 's personal trust fund and was subsequently opened to clients . The goal of the fund was to create " high , risk adjusted returns " that exceeded the return of the general market . The All Weather fund contains more than US $ 46 billion and is one of the largest funds in the U.S. as of 2011 . In April 2009 , after the collapse of Lehman Brothers , the fund moved into " safe portfolio " mode which included nominal and inflation @-@ linked bonds and gold instead of equities , emerging market debt , and commodities . The fund is reported to contain : 30 % Stocks ( for instance , the S & P 500 or other indexes for further diversification in this basket ) 15 % Intermediate Term Treasuries IEF ( 7- to 10 @-@ year Treasuries ) 40 % Long Term Treasuries TLT [ 20- to 25 @-@ year Treasuries ] 7 @.@ 5 % Gold IAU 7 @.@ 5 % Commodities = = = Pure Alpha Major Markets = = = Under the guidance of co @-@ CEO , Jensen , the firm created the Pure Alpha Major Markets in 2011 with US $ 2 @.@ 4 billion from existing clients . In the summer of 2011 the fund was opened to a group of outside investors who had made a total advance commitment of US $ 7 @.@ 5 billion . At that time , it was reported to be the largest hedge fund launch . The fund was established to provide an investment vehicle similar to the company 's Pure Alpha fund but with enhanced liquidity by focusing on the major markets such as European bonds . The launch of this fund in 2011 brought the company ’ s total assets under management to more than US $ 100 billion . = = = Daily Observations = = = The company 's " Daily Observations " is a subscription white paper and was the flagship product and service offered by the company . It has been characterized as comprehensive , with some editions being up to 43 pages in length and is reported to be " one of the most widely forwarded pieces of market analysis " in the industry . It has been read by leaders of central banks , managers of global pension funds as well as former U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geitner and President Barack Obama . = = Corporate affairs = = = = = Headquarters = = = In 1981 , the company moved its headquarters 50 miles north of New York City to Wilton , Connecticut , and in the late 1990s it moved to a larger office space on a corporate campus in Westport , Connecticut . As the company continued to expand , it became the sole tenant at the 22 @-@ acre campus . The firm 's headquarters is described as retreat @-@ like and is surrounded by the trees of a former nature reserve . The campus contains three buildings made of " midcentury modern fieldstone and glass " . Since 2000 its staff has grown from 100 to 1200 employees and the firm has taken office space in three additional buildings in the area . In an effort to consolidate its offices , the company made plans to build a 750 @,@ 000 square foot headquarters in Stamford , CT about 15 miles from its present location in Westport , but cancelled the project in 2014 . = = = Employees = = = Bridgewater Associates grew from 100 employees in 2003 to 1 @,@ 200 employees in 2011 . The company is reported to be one of the few hedge fund managers that hires its analysts and employees right out of college and from the annual pool of graduates from Ivy League schools such as Yale University , Harvard University , Princeton University , Cornell University , Brown University , Columbia University , Dartmouth College , and the University of Pennsylvania . Employees are transported daily in a " fancy " bus that ferries them from Manhattan to the company 's Westport offices . According to an article in Bloomberg , " about a quarter of all new hires " leave within the first two years . Those that remain are reported to receive " generous " compensation and form bonds with fellow employees that are " like family " and the company 's founder helps to pay for any employees that wish to learn the Transcendental Meditation technique . Dalio , the founder , relinquished his chief executive officer ( CEO ) title in July 2011 to take on the role of " mentor " . The company 's administration consists of three co @-@ CEO 's ; Greg Jensen , Eileen Murray and David McCormick ; the former undersecretary of the Treasury Department . The company also has three co @-@ CIO 's ( chief investment officers ) ; Dalio , Bob Prince and Jensen ( who is also co @-@ CEO ) . Jensen , the 37 @-@ year @-@ old co @-@ CEO , oversees the research programs at the firm and came to the company as a Dartmouth College intern about 15 years earlier . Britt Harris , formerly of Verizon Investment Management , joined Bridgewater as co @-@ CEO in November 2004 but left six months later . According to Dalio , the cultural fit was a problem but Harris " is a superstar , with an absolutely fabulous character " . From 2010 until early 2013 , Bridgewater 's general counsel was James Comey , former United States Deputy Attorney General and current Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation . = = = Corporate culture = = = In 2005 , Dalio saw the firm taking on hundreds of new employees and decided to create a handbook called Principles , which was distributed to all employees . The publication is said to be part self @-@ help book , part management manual , and part treatise on the mechanics of natural selection as they function in a business setting . According to one trade journal , six years after the publication of Principles , the firm 's rapid expansion led to the institution of a " bizarre culture of criticism " . The company acknowledges that employees " often encounter culture shock " when they begin working there and Dalio admits : " it 's not for everyone " . According to the company 's web site , employees are encouraged to be assertive and discussions about disagreements and mistakes are considered an intentional part of the company 's culture because they are felt to stimulate both learning and progress . A 2011 article in New York Magazine described the company as the " largest and indisputably weirdest hedge fund " because of its unwavering commitment to " total honesty and accountability " and minute detail in its corporate culture . For example , Dalio encourages employees to do " whatever it takes to make the company great " and emphasizes transparency and openness in its decision making processes . All meetings are recorded and can be viewed by any employee , as long as the meeting topic is not proprietary . In addition , Dalio says that he fosters " an extreme meritocracy of ideas " , and asserts that decisions are made about investments without considerations of hierarchy . He says that any employee can respectfully say anything to anyone in the firm but they must be prepared to be challenged in return . The company 's flat corporate structure aims to remove the barriers associated with traditional asset management firms , and qualities like stodginess and risk @-@ aversion are discouraged . The company has been likened to a cult , but Dalio denies that and insists that the firm is a dedicated “ community ” . An article in the New Yorker by John Cassidy says that " the word cult clearly has connotations that don 't apply to an enterprise staffed by highly paid employees who can quit at any moment " . Cassidy says the company is located away from other financial institutions and headed by a " strong @-@ willed leader " and that employees use a " unique vocabulary " . One client , Bob Jacksha , chief executive officer of the New Mexico Educational Retirement Board , said of the firm : " Every investment manager has its own culture [ and ] some are more unique than others " . = = = Schism atop giant hedge fund = = = In 2016 , the Wall Street Journal reported that Dalio and Greg Jensen called for votes on each other 's conduct . Dalio asked the firm 's management and stakeholders committees if they believe Jensen has " integrity . "
= Johann Mickl = Johann Mickl ( 18 April 1893 – 10 April 1945 ) was an Austrian @-@ born Generalleutnant and division commander in the German Army during World War II , and was one of only 882 recipients of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . He was commissioned shortly before the outbreak of World War I , and served with Austro @-@ Hungarian forces on the Eastern and Italian Fronts as company commander in the Imperial @-@ Royal Mountain Troops . During World War I he was decorated several times for bravery and leadership , and was wounded on several occasions , finishing the war as an Oberleutnant . Immediately after the war , Mikl served in the Volkswehr militia which was formed to resist the incorporation of his home town of Radkersburg into the newly created Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes . He served with the Austrian Army from 1920 until the Anchluss in 1938 , when it was absorbed by the Wehrmacht , and he transferred to the German Army as an Oberstleutnant . He commanded an anti @-@ tank battalion during the invasion of Poland and Battle of France , during which he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd and 1st Class , and was promoted to Oberst . Through the intervention of a friend , the adjutant of Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel , under whose command he had served in France , Mickl was transferred to North Africa to command a rifle regiment . He was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross for his leadership of a kampfgruppe during the Battle of Sidi Rezegh , during which he and 800 of his soldiers were captured by New Zealand troops . Two days later he precipitated a successful mass escape from a prisoner of war collection point . He briefly commanded the 90th Light Division Afrika in late 1941 before being wounded . After he recovered he was sent to the Eastern Front . Mickl commanded the 12th Rifle Brigade of the 12th Panzer Division in the east , taking over the 25th Panzergrenadier Regiment when his brigade headquarters was disestablished . Transferred to the Führerreserve , he was promoted to Generalmajor , and received the Oak Leaves to his Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross for his outstanding commitment and leadership during the Soviet 1942 – 43 winter offensives around Rzhev . He then commanded the 11th Panzer Division during the Battle of Kursk . Later in 1943 , he was appointed to train and command the 392nd ( Croatian ) Infantry Division , and led it in fighting against the Yugoslav Partisans before dying of wounds inflicted in the last month of the war . In 1967 , the Austrian Bundesheer barracks in Bad Radkersburg were named after him . = = Early life and career = = Mickl was born Johann Mikl in Zelting , Radkersburg , which was part of the Duchy of Styria within the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire . His father Mathias was a German farmer from Terbegofzen , and his mother Maria ( née Dervarič ) , was from Zelting , and of at least partially Slovene heritage . Mikl had a twin brother , Alois , who was killed in action in 1915 in Galicia near Lemberg , present @-@ day Lviv in the Ukraine . As a child , Mikl spoke German , Slovene and Hungarian , and remained fluent in all three throughout his life . After entering a cadet school in Vienna in the Imperial @-@ Royal Landwehr in 1908 , he was accepted at the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt in 1911 . Described as slim , muscular , and 1 @.@ 92 metres ( 6 ft 4 in ) tall , Leutnant Mikl graduated on 1 August 1914 and was posted to the recently mobilised 4th Imperial @-@ Royal Landwehr Infantry Regiment ( LIR 4 ) , which formed part of the Imperial @-@ Royal Mountain Troops . = = World War I = = = = = Galicia = = = LIR 4 was a purely Carinthian regiment , and wore the mountain cap ( German : Bergmütze ) and the Edelweiss badge . As part of the 22nd Rifle Division of the III Corps , Mikl 's regiment entrained for the Eastern Front , were offloaded in Stryj in Galicia and marched into the area of Złoczów to take up a position on the Złota Lipa River . Its baptism of fire was an attack on the Russians on 26 August 1914 , during which it received inadequate artillery support and suffered heavy casualties . One of those wounded was Mikl , who was shot in the chest . He spent time in a military hospital and was then employed in the regimental replacement battalion as an instructor until 15 April 1915 . Nothing is known about Mikl 's activities during that period , although LIR 4 was involved in heavy fighting in Galicia throughout the winter , in temperatures that dropped below − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) . On 1 June 1915 , LIR 4 received orders to be transferred to the Southern Front , as Italy had entered the war against the Central Powers the previous month . This order was countermanded the following morning when the Russians launched an offensive in the Kolomea region and the Austrians suffered serious reverses . LIR 4 was immediately committed to the battle . The army commander , General der Kavallerie ( lieutenant general ) Karl von Pflanzer @-@ Baltin later stated that it was the courage of LIR 4 that had stopped the Russians . Mikl had led from the front during the fighting , especially when his company formed the regimental rear guard during the withdrawal from the Pruth river on 3 June . At one point , Mikl used parts of a damaged train to build a defensive position . He was wounded several times during the fighting , but remained with his soldiers . For his actions and " demonstrated personal bravery " , Mikl was awarded the Military Merit Cross 3rd Class with War Decoration ( German : Militärverdienstkreuz III . Klasse und Kriegsdekoration ) . = = = Italian front = = = By late September 1915 , LIR 4 had been transferred to the Flitsch valley in the Julian Alps on the Southern Front , and Mikl had been promoted to Oberleutnant ( first lieutenant ) and placed in command of the 2nd Company . A fairly quiet winter followed , during which the Austrians undertook reconnaissance of Italian positions , took prisoners , and captured weapons . In August 1915 , Italian Alpini troops had captured an advanced position about 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) southwest of the 2 @,@ 208 metres ( 7 @,@ 244 ft ) Rombongipfels peak , on a rocky outcrop called Cuklahöhe . From this position the Italians overlooked the positions of the 44th Rifle Division and its rear areas , which made movement almost impossible . The group commander , Oberst ( colonel ) Artur von Schuschnigg tasked Mikl and his company to capture the Cuklahöhe , and allowed him to determine the best way to complete his mission . Between 30 January and 8 February 1916 , Mikl and Fähnrich ( cadet sergeant ) Schlatte reconnoitred the Italian position each night . It dominated the ground around it , and was protected by barbed wire entanglements . On 8 February , they located a narrow channel that they considered could be used to approach the Cuklahöhe without exposing the assault force to Italian fire . Mickl 's plan involved a silent attack by his company using the channel , foregoing artillery preparation , as this would warn the Italians of the impending assault . After a few days delay caused by heavy snowfalls , the attack commenced at 02 : 45 on 12 February . During the approach march to the foot of the Cuklahöhe , some men disappeared up to their neck in snow due to the many snow @-@ filled depressions and the depth of the snow . This meant that the march to the bottom of the channel took two hours instead of the thirty minutes Mikl had estimated . When they reached the bottom of the channel , they had to climb a 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) high smooth ice wall to enter the gutter , which even highly experienced climbers were unable to scale . Around 06 : 00 , the whole company had assembled at the bottom of the channel , but dawn was beginning to break , threatening to expose the assembled force to flanking Italian positions . Schlatte then came forward , carrying the trunk of an alpenrose , a shrub that grows just above the tree @-@ line in the Alps . He used the trunk to reach the channel ledge , and the troops were able to enter the gutter with his help . The troops could now see the glow of the candles in the Italian position . The assault took the Italians completely by surprise , and three officers and 84 soldiers surrendered , for the loss of four dead , including one officer , and four wounded . The Italian response was to concentrate all available artillery fire on the position . The dugout was exposed to direct Italian fire , and was therefore unusable . The Austrians were in an exposed position in deep snow and with extremely cold winds at an altitude of 1 @,@ 700 metres ( 5 @,@ 600 ft ) , and during the first day Mikl 's company lost 20 dead and 60 seriously wounded . On the night of 15 February , the Italians commenced two days of unsuccessful counterattacks , some carried out in four or five consecutive waves . For several weeks starting on 17 February , Benito Mussolini , then a member of the Italian 11th Bersaglieri Regiment , was on the front line near the Cuklahöhe , and described some of his experiences in his diary . On 5 March , prior to the withdrawal of his company from the Cuklahöhe , Mikl was wounded in the face by an Italian hand grenade . When his company was relieved on the Cuklahöhe on 12 April , it had shrunk to just 44 men . For his leadership of the assault on the Cuklahöhe , Mikl was awarded the Order of the Iron Crown 3rd Class . On 10 May , the Cuklahöhe was retaken by the Italians from three companies of Bosnian @-@ Herzegovinian Infantry , who lost 250 men . The assault force , consisting of four battalions of the Italian 24th Infantry Division lost 18 officers and 516 men . In April 1916 , Mikl 's regiment was deployed to South Tyrol to take part in the Austrian spring offensive , during which he was awarded the bronze Military Merit Medal on the ribbon of the Bravery Medal with War Decoration ( German : Militär Verdienstmedaille am Bande der Tapferkeitsmedaille mit Kriegsdekoration ) , for leading a successful attack on an Italian position on Monte Cengio . At the end of June , his regiment was transported back to Galicia by rail to reinforce the Austro @-@ Hungarian forces being hard @-@ pressed by the Russian Brusilov Offensive . In July , Mikl 's regiment was used as a " fire brigade " within the Army Group , and helped prevent the penetration of the Russian offensive through the Jablonika Pass . Their task completed , Mikl 's regiment was promptly transferred back to fight the Italians on the Southern Front . Mikl 's regiment arrived on the Isonzo Front on 20 August , and remained there until late autumn 1917 , fighting in the 8th , 9th , 10th and 11th Battles of the Isonzo . During the Eighth Battle of the Isonzo on 10 October 1916 , Mikl was wounded once again , and was hospitalised . When he recovered , he was assigned to the regimental replacement battalion until spring 1917 . For three months during the summer of 1917 , Mikl was employed as an instructor at the VII Corps Reserve Officer 's School , preparing young officers for service at the front . In January 1917 , he was awarded the silver Military Merit Medal on the ribbon of the Bravery Medal with War Decoration . In August 1917 , Mikl was appointed to command a machine gun company , and served in the Battle of Caporetto and the subsequent advance to the Piave river . On 12 November 1917 , Mikl 's regiment was the first to establish a bridgehead over the Piave at Zenson di Piave , and he was instrumental in rallying the troops of his regiment when they came under heavy fire as they landed on the Italian side of river . For his leadership at this crucial stage of the river crossing , he was awarded a bar to his silver Military Merit Medal . On 15 May 1918 , Mikl began a preparatory course for future attendance at the War College ( German : Kriegsschule ) in Vienna , and when the war ended he was posted to the 54th Rifle Division in Galicia . = = Between the wars = = Before the war , nationalism had been largely absent in officers of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Army , but this changed during the war , and by the end of the war , the propaganda of the Entente had combined with wider aspirations to encourage nationalist sentiment . In some cases , this resulted in mutiny among units of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Army in the last months of the war . The states that would succeed Austria @-@ Hungary were approved by the Allies on 28 October 1918 , and the dual monarchy of Austria @-@ Hungary was dissolved three days later . Many new nation states emerged in the territory formerly belonging to the realm , as nationalist movements called for greater autonomy or full independence . The Duchy of Styria was divided between the new states of German @-@ Austria and the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes , but the exact line of the new border was unclear . In November 1918 , Mikl had returned to his hometown of Radkersburg , an important railway junction point , which was of economic importance to both sides . The Slovenes occupied the city on 1 December 1918 . In 1919 , Mikl served as adjutant in the 1st Battalion of the Volkswehr militia , which used arms provided by the provincial government of Carinthia to make an unsuccessful attempt to recapture Radkersburg from forces of the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes to ensure it remained part of German @-@ Austria . The provincial government of Styria , which had not supported these actions , subsequently issued a warrant ordering Mikl 's arrest for treason . Despite his failure , his actions were very important in demonstrating to those negotiating the final border that towns along the northern bank of the Mura river were German . When the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye was signed later in 1919 , Radkersburg was retained within what became the First Austrian Republic . In 1920 , Mikl was accepted by the new Austrian Army ( German : Bundesheer ) , joining the 11th Alpenjäger Regiment . During 1920 – 21 he was rapidly promoted to Hauptmann ( captain ) , and on 20 October 1920 he was posted to the 5th Cyclist Battalion in Villach , Carinthia . In 1921 , his battalion was deployed to Burgenland to assist in the transfer of that region from Hungary to Austria . In 1922 , he changed his name to the more Germanised Mickl . According to his biographers Richter and Kobe , at this time the Austrian police wanted to speak to Mikl regarding alleged arms trafficking offences , and his decision to change his name may have related to the police inquiries . On 2 May 1922 , Mickl married Helene Zischka in Klagenfurt ; their only child , Manfred , was born in 1923 . That same year , he was promoted to the rank of Major , having worked on the frontier with Italy , trained border guards and proving an accomplished mountaineer . In 1925 , Mickl passed the examinations for the general staff . On 26 July 1930 , Mickl was appointed an honorary citizen ( German : Ehrenbürger ) of the town of Radkersburg . During fifteen years with the 5th Cyclist Battalion , Mickl had attended ski courses and mountain leadership courses , and had also developed an interest in automotive technology . In 1934 , he briefly served on the military headquarters for Carinthia in Klagenfurt . In February of the following year , he was placed on the general staff officer list , and posted to the headquarters of the 3rd Brigade at St. Pölten . His promotion to Oberstleutnant ( lieutenant colonel ) followed in 1936 . In the same year , Mickl 's son Manfred entered the military cadet school at Enns . On 14 March 1938 , following the Anschluss , Mickl was absorbed at his rank into the German Army , but as a troop officer , not a general staff officer . From 12 May to mid @-@ August 1938 , he attended training at the Panzertruppenschule II ( Armoured Troops School No. 2 ) in Wünsdorf south of Berlin , before being given command of the 42nd Panzerjäger ( Anti @-@ tank ) Battalion of the 2nd Light Division . Helene soon moved to Gera in Thuringia to join Mickl , leaving the 15 @-@ year @-@ old Manfred at the cadet school until his graduation . = = World War II = = = = = Poland and France = = = Mickl commanded the 42nd Panzerjäger Battalion of Generalmajor ( brigadier ) Georg Stumme 's 2nd Light Division during the September 1939 invasion of Poland , during which the division was involved in difficult fighting through Kielce and Radom in central Poland to Modlin on the Vistula . The following month , Mickl was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class . During the winter of 1939 / 40 , the 2nd Light Division was reclassified and converted into the 7th Panzer Division , in preparation for the invasion of France and the Low Countries . In February 1940 , Generalmajor Erwin Rommel arrived to take command of the division . Mickl remained in charge of the 42nd Panzerjäger Battalion during the invasion . He got along well with Rommel , and his battalion fought well but suffered serious casualties during the Battle of Arras on 21 May while trying to stop the heavily armoured tanks of the British 1st Army Tank Brigade with its 37 mm anti @-@ tank guns . His soldiers derided their guns as Panzeranklopfgerät ( tank @-@ door knocker ) , due to their failure to penetrate the British Matilda I and Matilda II tanks . Mickl 's battalion tried to protect the exposed flank of the division , but was overrun . The situation was saved by anti @-@ aircraft guns and field artillery which were able to knock out the British tanks with direct fire . Rommel received reports of Mickl 's personal courage during the battle , and recognised aspects of his subordinate 's leadership style that mirrored his own . On 1 June , he promoted Mickl to Oberst and on 21 June awarded him the Iron Cross 1st Class . After the French surrender , Mickl was attached to the division 's 25th Panzer Regiment to gain more knowledge about armoured tactics , and on 10 December 1940 was appointed to command the 7th Rifle Regiment of the division . Rommel did not remain with the division long , being transferred to command the Afrika Corps . He was replaced by Generalmajor Hans Freiherr von Funck , with whom Mickl had some difficulty working . Mickl remained in command of the 7th Rifle Regiment during occupation duties in southwestern France , redeployment to Germany , and during the division 's preparation for the invasion of the Soviet Union . In May 1941 , through the intervention of Rommel 's adjutant Major Hans @-@ Joachim Schraepler , Mickl was posted to a new role in Germany , raising the headquarters of the 155th Rifle Regiment for service in North Africa . Despite the difference in age and rank , Mickl , Schraepler and their wives had become firm friends . The 155th Rifle Regiment was to be a motorised formation of three battalions , one drawn from each of the 106th , 112th and 113th Infantry Divisions . = = = North Africa = = = In August 1941 , Panzergruppe Afrika was raised , and the newly promoted General der Panzertruppe Rommel was placed in command . The Afrikakorps was handed over to Generalleutnant Ludwig Crüwell . Soon after , Mickl followed the battalions of his regiment to North Africa , arriving there in early September 1941 . He found them to be under @-@ equipped , having been furnished with only a few vehicles and only two 37 mm anti @-@ tank guns per battalion . He considered that this would be sufficient for an attack on defensive positions , but completely inadequate for mobile operations . On 6 September , his regiment joined the Siege of Tobruk taking up positions at Ras el Mdauuar until the end of October , when it became part of the composite Afrika ( Special Purpose ) Division and prepared for an attack on the fortress . When a strong British reconnaissance force was reported far to the south , moving west from the Egyptian border at Sidi Omar , Mickl was placed in command of a kampfgruppe which was sent to meet the British . The force consisted of Mickl 's regiment , along with the 361st Afrika Regiment and the 605th Panzerjäger Battalion . The Afrika Regiment had only just arrived in theatre , and had no heavy weapons , insufficient ammunition and almost no vehicles . By the following day , Mickl 's kampfgruppe was deployed on the high ground on either side of the airfield at Sidi Rezegh . That afternoon , British armoured cars and tanks appeared , and Mickl 's force was hard @-@ pressed to hold its positions barring the British approach to Tobruk from the south and south @-@ east , as little tank support was available . In the face of a superior force , Mickl 's kampfgruppe fought hard in what became known as the Battle of Sidi Rezegh , with their commander often forward rallying his troops , and in the thick of counter @-@ attacks launched to regain ground . Mickl and around 800 of his troops were captured by elements of the New Zealand Division on 26 November 1941 , the captured troops being mainly from the Afrika Regiment . After two days under guard at a temporary collection point , Mickl observed elements of the 15th Panzer Division travelling on the Trigh Capuzzo ( Capuzzo Track ) , returning from their sortie against the rear of the British assault . The prisoners of war were surrounded by a largely " symbolic " barbed wire fence , and in addition to the small guard force , the makeshift camp was surrounded by scattered British headquarters and logistic units . Mickl approached the officer in charge , who was watching the progress of the German tanks through binoculars , and knocked him to the ground . Seeing this , the German soldiers subdued the guards and took off on foot towards the nearby German column . Taking the keys to a vehicle , Mickl drove towards the distant German tanks to warn them of his approaching men . Rommel 's staff were soon apprised of Mickl 's actions by Crüwell . The British soon lifted the siege , and Mickl 's regiment acted as rearguard during the withdrawal of Axis forces to El Agheila , where on 11 December , his previously 2 @,@ 000 @-@ strong regiment could only muster seven officers and 492 men . During the withdrawal , his ally and friend Schraepler was killed in a vehicle accident . When the commander of the newly renamed 90th Light Afrika Division , Generalmajor Max Sümmermann , was killed in an Allied air raid on 10 December 1941 , Mickl was appointed to temporarily command the division . During December , Mickl was wounded in the head and hand , but remained at his post . Rommel recommended Mickl for the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross , for his leadership at Sidi Rezegh , and it was duly awarded on 13 December 1941 . The harsh conditions of desert warfare had begun to affect Mickl 's health , so at the end of December he was sent home on convalescent leave . = = = Eastern Front = = = = = = = 12th Rifle Brigade = = = = On 25 March 1942 , Mickl was appointed to command the 12th Rifle Brigade of Generalmajor Walter Wessel 's 12th Panzer Division on the Eastern Front . The division was the main reserve formation of Army Group North , and when Mickl joined his brigade headquarters it was located on the coast near Narva west of Leningrad . The 12th Rifle Brigade consisted of the 5th and 25th Motorised Infantry Regiments . As a subordinate formation of General der Kavallerie Georg Lindemann 's 18th Army , during the Red Army Winter Campaign of 1941 – 42 it had fought on the Volkhov Front , during which the Lyuban Offensive Operation had penetrated deep into its area of operations in an attempt to relieve Leningrad . When Mickl arrived to take command , elements of his command were fighting as part of a total of twenty 18th Army kampfgruppen engaged in encircling and destroying cut @-@ off Soviet units . It was not until May that Mickl was able to start gather his brigade together . At the end of June , Mickl was still collecting and re @-@ organising his brigade when he received news that his son Manfred had been seriously wounded in the leg during the Axis capture of Tobruk . Manfred was a Leutnant in the Pioneers , and had already been decorated with the Iron Cross 1st Class . By 17 July , the 12th Panzer Division was finally concentrating near Mga , 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) south @-@ east of Leningrad , and Mickl 's brigade was reclassified as a Panzergrenadier brigade . Mickl found this change mildly amusing , noting that his transport consisted mainly of peasant carts and train carriages . He nevertheless attacked the task of retraining his regiments and battalions with vigour , conducting a series of tank @-@ infantry co @-@ operation exercises . Between 25 August and 16 September , Mickl visited Manfred in hospital in Naples while on leave , but he returned to find that his brigade had again been parceled out in kampfgruppen used as " fire brigades " along the Neva River . Frustrated , he complained that he and his staff did not appear to have a purpose , as they were usually bypassed by the division commander and staff . It was not until 17 October that he was able to collect his scattered troops and arrange for them to be transported south to an area west of Nevel near the boundary with Army Group Centre . By this time , it had become apparent that Mickl 's brigade headquarters was being not employed as originally intended , and along with the brigade staff of all Panzer divisions , it was disestablished . = = = = 25th Panzergrenadier Regiment = = = = Without a command , Mickl remained with the 12th Panzer Division , taking over the 25th Panzergrenadier Regiment , whose commander had fallen ill . In the new area , Mickl concentrated on training and getting to know his men , before conducting an anti @-@ partisan operation named Affenkäfig ( Monkey Cage ) between 11 and 14 November 1942 . Lacking experience in counter @-@ insurgency , the regiment achieved little . Mickl then concentrated his troops ' efforts on securing winter quarters and building shelters for the regiment 's vehicles . On the frontlines , 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) east of Nevel , Soviet forces were threatening to break through around the Rzhev salient and encircle the German 9th Army , and on 21 November the 12th Panzer Division received orders to march for the front . The march east , undertaken in freezing conditions and heavy snow , was very difficult . The men lit small stoves in the rear of the trucks to keep warm , and often had to clear the snow @-@ clogged roads with shovels . Initially they were ordered to Roslavl , south @-@ east of Smolensk , but this was soon changed to Yelnya , east of Smolensk . When they reached Smolensk , they marched on through Yartsevo to Safonovo before being ordered to turn north towards Bely to help stop a Soviet breakthrough south of Rzhev . At the head of the division , the 25th Panzergrenadier Regiment attacked off the route of march towards elements of the 1st Panzer Division holding out around the village of Komary . The fighting continued in snowstorms and extreme cold until 16 December , with Mickl forward directing the battle , which ended with the destruction of eight Soviet tank and rifle brigades in the Bely area . After a few days rest , on 23 December Mickl 's regiment marched to the north @-@ east of Bely to stop Soviet forces moving into the Luchesa river valley . In the difficult terrain and weather conditions , the regiment was exhausted from constant fighting over hamlets that often changed hands . On 30 December , the fighting escalated as the Red Army forces in the sector were reinforced , and Mickl 's II Battalion was forced to temporarily withdraw into the surrounding forest . Fierce fighting continued until the 12th Panzer Division was detached at short notice on 14 January 1943 , but not before the divisional staff had reported Mickl 's brave leadership in the fighting to the Oberkommando des Heeres ( German Army High Command ) . On 16 January 1943 , the division was on the move , this time headed north @-@ west to Velikiye Luki , but its move to the front was countermanded . = = = = Führerreserve = = = = On 26 January 1943 , Mickl received orders to report to Berlin on 2 February , although Wessel was reluctant to lose his outstanding regimental commander . In a formal assessment on 20 November 1942 , Wessel had assessed Mickl as having the aptitude to command a Panzer division , and he supplemented this on 28 January , extolling his " almost unparalleled bravery and boldness " in command of the 25th Panzergrenadier Regiment . On 30 January , Mickl arrived in Gera on leave to visit his wife Helene , and spent the next three months in the Army Headquarters officers ' reserve pool ( German : Oberkommando des Heeres Führerreserve ' ) . On 1 March he was promoted to Generalmajor , and five days later he became the 205th recipient of the Oak Leaves to the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross , in recognition of his outstanding commitment as the commander of the 25th Panzergrenadier Regiment during winter 1942 – 43 . Of modest habits , Mickl had rarely worn the Knight 's Cross itself , usually wearing only the ribbon around his neck , and now he merely added the Oak Leaves device to the ribbon . During his time in the Führerreserve , he also had the opportunity to meet with his mentor Rommel , now a Generalfeldmarschall , and he also attended a course for divisional commanders , which he referred to as a " fool 's course " . In early May , Mickl was summoned to Berlin and advised that he was to be entrusted with the command of the 11th Panzer Division during the absence of Generalleutnant Dietrich von Choltitz , who had been suffering with heart problems . Despite the good news of being appointed to a divisional command , Mickl expressed his disappointment that he was being allocated a division in need of re @-@ organisation , rather than a fully equipped and full @-@ strength modern division . = = = = 11th Panzer Division = = = = When Mickl took command , the 11th Panzer Division had not yet finished rebuilding after suffering serious losses during the attempted relief of Stalingrad in December 1942 and during the Third Battle of Kharkov in February and March 1943 . The 11th Panzer Division formed part of General der Panzertruppe Otto von Knobelsdorff 's XLVIII Panzer Corps under the operation control of Generaloberst Hermann Hoth 's 4th Panzer Army , which was itself a component of Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein 's Army Group South . Prior to the launching of Operation Citadel targeting the Soviet salient at Kursk , the XLVIII Panzer Corps was quartered southwest of a line between Bohodukhov and Akhtyrka . For the main assault , Army Group South was the southern pincer of a manoevre aimed at cutting off all Red Army forces within the Kursk salient . It was to attack north out of the areas west of Belgorod , and link up with Generalfeldmarschall Günther von Kluge 's Army Group Centre , which was to attack south from the Orel region . On the afternoon of 4 July , the 4th Panzer Army successfully conducted a preliminary operation to breach minefields and secure the heights overlooking the nearly 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) deep Soviet defensive positions near Kursk , which were essentially a series of staggered defensive positions and minefields reinforced with anti @-@ tank weapons . Mickl 's division achieved its objectives during the preliminary operation , and commenced its main assault at 06 : 00 on 5 July . The 11th Panzer Division advanced on the right flank of the XLVIII Panzer Corps , and on the left of the powerful Panzergrenadier Division Großdeutschland . Its progress was hampered by minimal air support , difficult terrain and constant Soviet counterattacks . Fighting alongside a Panzerkampfgruppe of the Großdeutschland Division led by Oberst Theodor Graf Schimmelmann von Lindenburg , it had captured the heavily fortified village of Cherkasskoye . By the evening of 6 July , XLVIII Panzer Corps had breached the first belt of the formidable Soviet defences , and Mickl 's division had reached the Pena river north and northeast of Cherkasskoye . This was 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) short of the objective Hoth had set for 6 July , the bridge over the Psel River at Oboyan . XLVIII Panzer Corps regrouped during the night of 6 / 7 July , and the 11th Panzer Division continued its advance towards Oboyan on 7 July , alongside the Großdeutschland Division . Over the next few days , the two divisions overcame resistance from a series of Soviet strongpoints , along with their desperate counterattacks . By 10 July they had reached a position east of the Kursk @-@ Kharkov road , on the heights 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) south of Oboyan , having defeated advanced elements of the Soviet 10th Tank Corps . At this point the previously rough terrain opened up , and with the aid of binoculars the men of the division could see the vast plain behind Oboyan in which the two pincers of Operation Citadel were planned to meet . But the northern pincer had been stalled north of Kursk in heavy fighting , and the 11th Panzer Division had gained the most northern penetration into the Soviet salient achieved by Army Group South during the operation . Twice in the next few days , XLVIII Panzer Corps attempted to punch through the Soviet defences to the north , while to the east the II SS Panzer Corps and German Army Detachment Kempf fought the tanks of the Soviet Steppe Front . The 11th Panzer Division was then ordered to attack towards the upper reaches of the Psel , some 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) to the east , followed by the Großdeutschland Division once it had captured Oboyan . The two divisions were then to link up with the II SS Panzer Corps and defeat the Soviet forces concentrated around Prokhorovka . On 17 July , these orders were cancelled , and over the next week , Mickl 's division fought defensive battles against the Red Army , and conflict arose with his subordinate commanders and his key staff , who did not support his style of leadership , which was modelled on that of his mentor Rommel . For nearly that whole week , Mickl 's division bore the brunt of the Soviet attacks on the XLVIII Panzer Corps . On 21 July , Mickl wrote a letter in which he stated that he wished to again be a battalion or regimental commander , so as to not have to deal with such a large frontline . That day he had been told that the next day he should expect Choltitz to return and take over command , but instead he spent a further three weeks commanding the 11th Panzer Division in heavy fighting against Soviet attacks . Finally , on 12 August he received a message advising that he was to be relieved by Generalmajor Wend von Wietersheim , who arrived that same day . Four days later , Mickl returned to Gera , disappointed and resentful about the demotion , as he felt that he had made a good enough impression during the fighting to be retained as commander of the division . The reason behind his relief is unclear . His performance commanding the division had not been markedly worse than comparable divisional commanders during the preceding battles , and it is possible that Wehrmacht or Army Headquarters had decided Mickl was better suited to fighting insurgents in his native Balkans , especially given his fluency in several local languages . = = = Yugoslavia = = = = = = = A new division = = = = After three weeks leave , Mickl was sent to Austria to train and command the 392nd ( Croatian ) Infantry Division . He was appointed to this command on 13 August 1943 , and according to his biographers Richter and Kobe , he must have been aware of this eventuality when he was appointed to temporarily command the 11th Panzer Division earlier that year , although he never got over his disappointment at not being given permanent command of a Panzer division . Commencing from 17 August , the 392nd was assembled and trained in Austria as the third and last Croatian division raised for service in the Wehrmacht , following its sister divisions the 369th and the 373rd . One infantry regiment and the divisional artillery regiment formed in Döllersheim , the other infantry regiment in Zwettl , the signals battalion in Stockerau and the pioneer battalion in Krems . It was built around a cadre of 3 @,@ 500 German officers , NCOs and specialists , and 8 @,@ 500 soldiers of the Croatian Home Guard , the regular army of the Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH ) . The former Home Guard troops included a few young officers and NCOs , but the division was commanded by Germans down to battalion and even company level in nearly all cases , and was commonly referred to as a " legionnaire division " . The division wore Wehrmacht uniform with the shield chequy argent et gules of the NDH on the upper right sleeve and right side of the steel helmet . Although originally intended for use on the Eastern Front , not long after its formation the Germans decided that the division would not be utilised outside the NDH . Richter and Kobe observed that , given his experience and fluency in Balkan languages , no @-@ one would have been more suitable to command the division than Mickl . Mickl had four months to whip the division into shape , and ensure that it was equipped , staffed and resourced to do the tasks that lay ahead . Soon the Croatian soldiers became familiar with the tall frame of their commander , whose Austro @-@ Hungarian decorations were familiar to them , but who also wore the Oakleaves and spoke their language . During the training , Mickl once remarked to the assembled officers : " Gentlemen , I know that you have been discussing whether or not we can still win this war . All of you have fought on several fronts and some have come from the battlefields of Russia . It should therefore be clear to you that there will be no victory for us . But I will not tolerate such discussions . Most of us are career officers . When we joined , no @-@ one guaranteed that we would win any war . We fight not only when victory is guaranteed , but we do our duty and fight where we are , even if that means our inevitable doom . To fight on without a chance of victory is not pointless , because it serves to avert as much damage as possible to Germany . Preventing the advance of Tito 's communist @-@ oriented partisans to the north is part of this struggle . These comments were extremely dangerous , as Mickl did not know all his officers or their allegiances , and many officers and men had been court @-@ martialled and shot for similar pronouncements that revealed the speaker did not believe in " ultimate victory " . Mickl recognised the difficulties he faced , with " volunteers " who were really conscripts , and the Croats ' allegiance divided between the Ustaše regime and the Partisans . As a young officer in World War I , Mickl had commanded Croatian soldiers , and knew them to be brave fighters . In that war , Croats had served in a multi @-@ ethnic army under Austrian officers , and they all spoke German well enough to understand and be understood . In contrast , his new command consisted of Croatian soldiers who hardly understood German , and whose patriotism could not be assumed . Mickl saw that instilling German discipline and standards was a second order of business , and that the main role of his officers was to " awaken and maintain their will to fight " . Despite an understaffed headquarters , he was fortunate to have Hauptmann der Reserve Bransch as the commander of the divisional reconnaissance battalion . Bransch had served with Mickl since Africa . Mickl decided that he needed a reliable , proven officer as his divisional chief of operations , so he arranged for Bransch to be promoted to Major , and appointed him to lead his operations staff . However , a few days later , Major im Generalstab Gerd Kobe arrived fresh from the Eastern Front . Kobe had served in the operations departments at both corps and army @-@ level , and had experience in working for brave but difficult commanders . Kobe 's introduction to Mickl was abrupt , as the general was very angry at having been left without a chief of operations for so long . Mickl encapsulated his approach to command in this way : My place is with the guns ! You will maintain the division for me . From time to time we will speak by telephone or radio . If we have an understanding on this , everything will be good . If not , then you will have to go . Mickl 's first order to Kobe was to contact the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem , Haj Amin al @-@ Husseini , who lived in Berlin , to request an imam for the division , as the division included a company of infantry and a battery of artillery staffed by Bosnian Muslims . Soon after Kobe arrived , Mickl departed on leave for the Christmas and New Year period , leaving Kobe to arrange the rail transport of the division to its initial deployment area , 50 km ( 31 mi ) southwest of Zagreb . = = = = Initial clearing operations = = = = The division was deployed to the NDH by rail between 5 and 10 January 1944 , to combat the Partisans in the western parts of the puppet state . It became known as the " Blue Division " ( German : Blaue Division , Croatian : Plava divizija ) , as its first deployment was within view of the Adriatic . Mickl 's task was well known to the Partisans , and focused on securing the Adriatic coastline along the Croatian Littoral between Rijeka and Karlobag ( including all islands except Krk ) and about 60 km ( 37 mi ) inland . This task included securing the crucial supply route between Karlovac and Senj . These areas , and in particular the port of Senj , had been largely dominated by the Partisans since the Italian capitulation in autumn 1943 . Mickl 's division was placed under the command of the XV Mountain Corps as part of the 2nd Panzer Army , with its headquarters to be established in Karlovac . The division was also to take over responsibility for the security of the Zagreb – Karlovac railway line from the 1st Cossack Division . Before the division had completed detraining at Zagreb , its lead elements had been pressed into service to clear the Partisans from the nearby village of Žumberak . When Mickl arrived by train in Zagreb on 12 January , Kobe met him at the station and informed him that he was ready for Mickl to decide the time that an attack against Partisan forces besieging the NDH garrison at Ogulin near Karlovac should be launched . In response , Mickl grinned and shook Kobe 's hand , and according to Kobe , " the spell was broken " , and from that time on , Mickl and his chief of operations had a very good working relationship . The operation involved a drive southwest from Karlovac between 13 and 16 January 1944 initially led by the 847th Infantry Regiment . In their first engagements with the Partisan 8th Division , the Croatian soldiers panicked and their German leaders were quickly wounded or killed , but Mickl went forward and ensured that his troops pressed home their attacks . On 16 January , Ogulin was relieved , but the advance was continued south to Skradnik , and villages in that area were also secured . When the bodies of those that had been killed were recovered , they were often found stripped of equipment and some were even found naked . This success in their first operation gave the inexperienced Croat soldiers greater confidence in themselves and their commanders . This was followed by Operation Drežnica , a push through to the coast , forcing passes through the Velika Kapela mountain range , part of the Dinaric Alps . Both passes were more than 750 metres ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) above sea level and the snow was often knee or thigh @-@ deep . Delayed by mines and roadblocks , the division captured the Kapela and Vratnik passes with Mickl ensuring that his troops worked carefully in order to minimise casualties . After the first few days of fighting , XV Mountain Corps and 2nd Panzer Army began to urge Mickl to advance faster , but he resisted this , knowing that his division was inexperienced . This was followed by a series of engagements along the road to the coast , and after some close quarter fighting with the Partisan 13th Division , they captured and destroyed most of that division 's supply dump northwest of Lokve and secured Senj . The 847th Infantry Regiment was then allocated the task of securing the coastline up the coast as far as Bakar , and southward to the village of Jablanac , and the 846th Infantry Regiment was directed to secure the divisional supply route from Senj to Generalski Stol . They started improving bases along the road , including Italian forts that had been established in the Kapela and Vratnik passes . The 847th Infantry Regiment then spread out along the coastline between Karlobag and Crikvenica , and supported by elements of the divisional artillery and pioneers they began building fortifications against a feared Allied invasion . The troops in Karlobag linked up with the 264th Infantry Division who were responsible for the coast further to the southeast . The supply situation quickly became difficult due to Partisan interdiction of the route from Karlovac , and Allied bombing of coastal shipping and Senj harbour . = = = = Fighting during 1944 = = = = In late February or early March the 847th Infantry Regiment , supported by an Ustaše battalion , advanced on Plaški ( south of Ogulin ) when they were stopped by deep snow . Partisans then attacked their supply lines , killing 30 soldiers . Some of the bodies of the dead soldiers were looted or mutilated . After Plaški was captured , the Ustaše battalion independently pursued the Partisans and returned to Plaški with many of the looted items . In March , the 847th Regiment occupied the Adriatic islands of Rab and Pag without encountering any Partisan resistance . In the same month , the 846th Regiment conducted an operation in the Gacka river valley around Otočac , and assisted the Croatian Home Guard in enforcing conscription orders on their own population in the divisional area . Through the spring of 1944 , the 846th Regiment used jadgkommandos , lightly armed and mobile " hunter teams " of company or battalion strength , to conduct follow @-@ up of sightings of Partisans , and transport moving through the Kapela Pass had to travel in convoy for security . The division was able to restore a land connection with the NDH garrison of Gospić which had been reliant on supply from the sea since the Italian surrender , and drove three Partisan battalions out of the outskirts of Otočac . One of the difficulties faced by the division in fighting in the mountains was the lack of mountain artillery which could accompany the battalions in the field . The divisional artillery was equipped with field howitzers with a range of 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) which seriously limited the artillery cover that could be provided during mobile operations . In March , the 847th Regiment occupied the Adriatic islands of Rab and Pag without encountering any Partisan resistance . In the same month , the 846th Regiment conducted an operation in the Gacka river valley around Otočac , and assisted the Croatian Home Guard in enforcing conscription orders on their own population in the divisional area . Through the spring of 1944 , the 846th Regiment used jadgkommandos , lightly armed and mobile " hunter teams " of company or battalion strength , to conduct follow @-@ up of sightings of Partisans , and transport moving through the Kapela Pass had to travel in convoy for security . The division was able to restore a land connection with the NDH garrison of Gospić which had been reliant on supply from the sea since the Italian surrender , and drove three Partisan battalions out of the outskirts of Otočac . One of the difficulties faced by the division in fighting in the mountains was the lack of mountain artillery which could accompany the battalions in the field . The divisional artillery was equipped with field howitzers with a range of 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) which seriously limited the artillery cover that could be provided during mobile operations . On 1 April 1944 , Mickl was promoted to Generalleutnant . He identified that the Partisan 13th Division was using the Drežnica valley as a huge armoury , hiding captured Italian arms and ammunition in villages , basements , and even in fake graves in cemeteries . This was of major concern if the feared Allied landing eventuated . In mid @-@ April , Mickl ordered Operation Keulenschlag ( Mace Blow ) to clear the area , using the 846th Infantry Regiment and parts of the 847th Infantry Regiment , supported by the divisional artillery and flak battalion . Over the next two weeks , the division pushed the Partisan 13th Division north to the area of Mrkopalj and Delnice , and captured sufficient material to equip two divisions , including 30 tons of small arms ammunition and 15 tons of artillery ammunition . The Partisan 35th Division attacked from the Plitvice Lakes area on 5 May and captured the village of Ramljane . Partisans also interdicted the Otočac @-@ Gospić road . In response , Mickl planned Operation Morgenstern ( Morning Star ) to clear Partisan forces from the Krbavsko Polje region around Udbina . From 7 to 16 May 1944 , along with elements of the 373rd ( Croatian ) Infantry Division , the 92nd Motorised Regiment , a battalion of the 1st Regiment of the Brandenburg Division , and Ustaše units , were involved in Operation Morgenstern . According to German sources , Operation Morgenstern resulted in significant Partisan losses , including 438 killed , 56 captured , and 18 defectors , as well as capturing weapons , ammunition , vehicles , animals and large amounts of equipment . For its efforts in this operation , the division received its first mention in the Wehrmachtbericht ( armed forces daily radio broadcast ) . Also in May , the division received 500 German reinforcements , and formed a field replacement battalion . The population of some areas secured by the division had a high proportion of Serbs , a situation that had arisen when the area was part of the Military Frontier between the Austro @-@ Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire . Once the division had secured its area of responsibility , it became clear to the members of the division that a fratricidal war had been raging between Croats and Serbs . Both Roman Catholic and Serbian Orthodox churches had been destroyed , and elements of the division would observe smoke in the valleys occupied by Serbs , and upon investigation , would find burned houses and dead and wounded Serb civilians . Mickl was indignant about these attacks , and summoned all the Croatian civil and military leadership in the divisional area to his headquarters . In the meantime , he ordered two battalions of the division away from their positions on the eastern side of Otočac . When the Croatian officials arrived at his headquarters , they protested that he had exposed Otočac to attack . Incensed , Mickl shouted at them , " Are you officers and soldiers , or robbers and murderers ? " , and threatened to withdraw the whole division to the coast , leaving the whole area undefended . The Croatian functionaries swore that the perpetrators of the attacks had been punished and that they would ensure that they would not occur in future . Nevertheless , Mickl kept garrisons in the Serb @-@ populated valleys for many weeks in order to protect the Serbs from their Croat neighbours . The division saw action against the Partisans until the end of the war , often fighting alongside a grouping of Ustaše units that numbered up to 12 @,@ 000 troops . = = Death and legacy = = During the last few months of the war , the division was engaged in the defence of the northern Adriatic coast and Lika . On 8 April 1945 , the city of Senj fell to the Partisans . The following day , during desperate fighting to control the Vratnik pass through the mountains from Senj to Brinje , Mickl personally took part in the fighting and was shot in the head around noon . He was transported to hospital in Rijeka on a tank , but died the following day . Oberstleutnant Kobe , the chief operations officer of the 392nd Division , described Mickl as " a giant in stature , lean and muscular despite his 50 years " , a very demanding commander who was also very demanding of himself . Kobe stated that Mickl was frequently at the forefront of the fighting , carrying a Gewehr 43 carbine . In 1967 , the Austrian Armed Forces barracks ( Mickl @-@ Kaserne ) in Bad Radkersburg were named after him , and they were used continuously by the Austrian Armed Forces for 44 years until 30 September 2008 . = = Promotions = = Leutnant – 1 August 1914 Oberleutnant – 1 May 1915 Hauptmann – 1921 Major – 1928 Oberstleutnant – 16 January 1936 Oberst – 1 June 1940 Generalmajor – 1 March 1943 Generalleutnant – 1 April 1944 = = Awards and decorations = = = = = Austria @-@ Hungary = = = Military Merit Cross 3rd Class ( 16 October 1915 ) Order of the Iron Crown 3rd Class ( 22 March 1916 ) Military Merit Medal for Bravery in Bronze ( 26 August 1916 ) 1st in Silver ( 20 January 1917 ) 2nd in Silver ( 24 January 1918 ) Karl Troop Cross ( 8 September 1917 ) Wound Medal with 5 Stripes ( 10 March 1918 ) = = = Carinthia = = = Common Carinthian Cross for Bravery ( 5 December 1919 ) Special Carinthian Cross for Bravery ( 3 April 1920 ) = = = Federal State of Austria = = = Medal of Merit in Gold ( 7 October 1934 ) = = = Third Reich = = = Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd Class ( 1 October 1939 ) 1st Class ( 15 June 1940 ) Panzer Badge in Bronze ( 24 September 1940 ) Wound Badge in Black ( 25 December 1941 ) Infantry Assault Badge ( 22 July 1942 ) Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Knight 's Cross on 13 December 1941 as Oberst and commander of Schützen @-@ Regiment 155 205th Oak Leaves on 6 March 1943 as Oberst and commander of Panzergrenadier @-@ Regiment 25
= Ambrose Channel pilot cable = The Ambrose Channel pilot cable , also called the Ambrose Channel leader cable , was a cable laid in Ambrose Channel at the entrance to the Port of New York and New Jersey that provided an audio tone for guiding ships in and out of port at times of low visibility . The cable was laid during 1919 and 1920 ; it had been removed from the Channel and replaced by wireless technology by the end of the 1920s . = = Background = = Ambrose Channel is the main shipping channel in and out of the Port of New York and New Jersey , making it the only means of accessing an important commercial port . Delays posed a major problem for shipping en route to New York City , and bad weather could close the Channel for days . Ships were forced to wait at the Harbor 's entrance for conditions to clear . These delays cost shipping companies substantial amounts of money , with each ship costing between $ 500 and $ 4000 per hour it was stopped ( roughly $ 5 @,@ 700 to $ 46 @,@ 000 in 2013 dollars ) . = = Description and operation = = The Ambrose leader cable was an armored cable with a single internal conductor ( see picture ) that acted like a long radio antenna laid on the Channel floor . It originated at Fort Lafayette ( near the present day Verrazano @-@ Narrows Bridge ) , then extended 16 miles down the Ambrose Channel to the vicinity of Lightship Ambrose offshore . It was powered by a generator at Fort Lafayette that produced 500 Hz ( cycles per second ) current at 400 volts , resulting in an alternating electromagnetic field along the length of the cable that could be detected to approximately a thousand yards away . The current was mechanically keyed to send the word " NAVY " in Morse Code . A ship received by a pair of induction coils hung on opposite sides of the ship , and fed through an amplifier into a headset ( see diagram , below ) . By switching between coils , the relative strength of the signal on each side could be compared . The ship maintained a course parallel to the cable by maneuvering to keep the signal strength constant . = = Research and development = = The pilot cable required a series of prior discoveries and inventions . In 1882 , A. R. Sennett patented the use of a submerged electrical cable to communicate with a ship at a fixed location . Around the same time Charles Stevenson patented a means of navigating ships over an electrically charge cable using a galvanometer . The method became practical when Earl Hanson adapted early vacuum tube circuits to amplify the signal . Robert H. Marriott was a radio pioneer employed by the Navy in Puget Sound , where he conducted early experiments with underwater pilot cables . His results were sufficiently promising that he recommended further development to Commander Stanford C. Hooper . In October , 1919 Commander Hooper instructed A. Crossley , an expert radio aid , to develop and test the concept on a larger scale at the New London Naval Base . Crossley installed a longer version of the cable that Marriott had designed . He used a wooden hulled launch for the first round of tests before moving to a steel @-@ hulled submarine for later tests . Both types of vessel picked up the signal and followed the underwater test cable without problem . = = Installation and testing = = Following the successful tests at New London , the Navy proceeded to large scale testing in Ambrose Channel late in 1919 . The minelayer Ord laid a pilot cable composed of 2 @,@ 000 feet of leaded and armored cable , 2 @,@ 000 feet of leaded cable , and 83 @,@ 000 feet of standard rubber @-@ insulated cable . The USS O 'Brien was fitted with receiving equipment and attempted to follow the cable out of the Channel . Unfortunately , it was unable to detect a signal past the 1 @,@ 000 foot mark , where a break in the cable prevented the signal from continuing . The break in the cable was repaired , but over the course of the winter of 1919 @-@ 1920 , crews found that the cable had broken in a total of fifty @-@ two different places due to the strain placed on it while it was being laid . The damage was irreparable . Going back to the drawing board , engineers tested 150 @-@ foot segments of three different types of cable and used the results to design a new full @-@ size pilot cable . The Navy ordered 87 @,@ 000 feet of cable from the Simplex Wire and Cable Company in Boston . Once complete , the cable was loaded onto the USS Pequot in the Boston Navy Yard . The ship arrived in New York on July 31 , 1920 . Ambrose Channel was already crossed by three telegraph cables owned respectively by Western Union , the Army , and the police , all of which had to be raised to the surface so the pilot cable could be laid underneath them . The installation of the cable was completed on August 6 , 1920 , and by August 28 , electrical tests showed that both the sending and receiving circuits were functioning properly . The Navy tested the cable using the seagoing tug USS Algorma . It then invited " representatives of various radio companies , shipping interests , pilots ' associations , governmental bureaus , naval attaches , and others " for a public demonstration on board the destroyer USS Semmes from October 6 through October 9 . The ship 's windows were covered with canvas and the captains took turns navigating using only the audio cues from the cable . The cable was well received . Even before the New London tests , the Washington Post called it " the greatest development in marine travel since the invention of the steam turbine " and the Los Angeles Times declared the technology to be " one of the greatest peacetime gifts that science has devised . " Once operational , the latter newspaper called it " the greatest safeguard devised for shipping in modern history " . According to a 1921 trade magazine , leader cables had five functions : " to enable a ship to make a good landfall in thick weather , to lead a ship up the harbor , to lead a ship from open water through a restricted channel to open water on the far side , to give warning of outlying dangers , and to assist a vessel to keep a straight course from port to port and thus save fuel . " In 1922 , the publication Radio World stated that the cable 's first two years of operation had been successful . Also in 1922 , Radio Broadcast boasted about the money saved by the cable as well as the ease of using it . The cable itself was paid for using public funds , but it was the responsibility of ship owners to outfit their vessels with receiving equipment . Installation of the cable cost roughly $ 50 @,@ 000 and the listening apparatus installed on each ship using the channel cost $ 1 @,@ 200 , compared with hourly costs of delays that ranged from $ 500 to $ 4 @,@ 000 . Radio Broadcast expressed the belief that navigation cables would become common for both ships and aircraft : " ... there is a future for the audio cable ... Its fullest usefulness at American ports and elsewhere waits , however , on that large appreciation of radio devices for sea as well as air navigation which pilots , both on the sea and in the air , expect , but do not as yet demand . " = = Obsolescence and legacy = = Despite the media hype described above , it appears that the Ambrose Channel pilot cable never met with large scale commercial success . Initially , some contemporaries of the cable proposed that it be extended several miles past the Ambrose light . Such plans never came to fruition , as advances in technology rendered the pilot cable obsolete . By 1929 the Baltimore Sun reported ships navigating the Channel blindly without making any reference to the cable . In that year , Marriott publicly complained that navigation cables still had unrealized potential for guiding ships . Leader cable systems appear to have been obsoleted by the refinement of radio direction finding and the placement of radio beacons ( low @-@ power radios broadcasting an identifiable signal ) at strategic locations . They are analogous to lighthouses , but can be " seen " in all weather , and are used for navigation in the same way as regular lighthouses . The first successful application of these radio beacons as " radio fog signals " were three stations installed near New York in 1921 . In 1924 , there were eleven stations in operation in the United States and nearly three hundred ships suitably equipped . By 1930 , an article in the Journal of the Royal Society of Arts declared that " wireless aids and echo sounding have superseded [ the leader cable ] " . Today , more modern navigation tools such as radar , GPS , and lighted buoys help ships navigate Ambrose Channel . Writing for Popular Mechanics , one of the key players in designing the Ambrose Channel cable viewed it as a step toward applying radio cable technology in vast swaths of everyday life , including guiding aircraft and navigating and powering automobiles . The Ambrose Channel cable was removed from the Channel and used in testing an early system of autolanding . The cable found no more success in that role than it did in guiding ships . The Blind Landing Experimental Unit later tried a similar system briefly before also abandoning it in favor of wireless .
= Thunderball ( film ) = Thunderball ( 1965 ) is the fourth spy film in the James Bond series starring Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . It is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming , which in turn was based on an original screenplay by Jack Whittingham . It was directed by Terence Young with its screenplay by Richard Maibaum and John Hopkins . The film follows Bond 's mission to find two NATO atomic bombs stolen by SPECTRE , which holds the world to ransom for £ 100 million in diamonds , in exchange for not destroying an unspecified major city in either England or the United States ( later revealed to be Miami ) . The search leads Bond to the Bahamas , where he encounters Emilio Largo , the card @-@ playing , eye patch @-@ wearing SPECTRE Number Two . Backed by CIA agent Felix Leiter and Largo 's mistress , Domino Derval , Bond 's search culminates in an underwater battle with Largo 's henchmen . The film had a complex production , with four different units and about a quarter of the film consisting of underwater scenes . Thunderball was the first Bond film shot in widescreen Panavision and the first to have running time of over two hours . Thunderball was associated with a legal dispute in 1961 when former Ian Fleming collaborators Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham sued him shortly after the 1961 publication of the novel , claiming he based it upon the screenplay the trio had earlier written in a failed cinematic translation of James Bond . The lawsuit was settled out of court and Bond film series producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , fearing a rival McClory film , allowed him to retain certain screen rights to the novel 's story , plot , and characters , and for McClory to receive sole producer credit on this film ; Broccoli and Salzman were instead credited as Executive Producers . The film was a success , earning a total of $ 141 @.@ 2 million worldwide , exceeding the earnings of the three previous Bond films . In 1966 , John Stears won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and production designer Ken Adam was also nominated for a BAFTA award . Thunderball is the most financially successful film of the series after adjusting for inflation . Some critics and viewers showered praise on the film and branded it a welcome addition to the series , while others complained of the repetitively monotonous aquatic action and prolonged length . In 1983 , Warner Bros. released a second film adaptation of the novel under the title Never Say Never Again , with McClory as executive producer . = = Plot = = James Bond — MI6 agent 007 and sometimes simply " 007 " — attends the funeral of Colonel Jacques Bouvar , a SPECTRE operative ( Number 6 ) . Bouvar is alive and disguised as his own widow , but Bond identifies him . Following him to a château , Bond fights and kills him , escaping using a jetpack and his Aston Martin DB5 . Bond is sent by M to the Shrublands clinic to improve his health . While being massaged by physiotherapist Patricia Fearing , he notices Count Lippe , a suspicious man with a criminal tattoo ( from a Tong ) . He searches Lippe 's room , but is seen leaving by Lippe 's clinic neighbour who is bandaged after plastic surgery . Lippe tries to murder Bond with a spinal traction machine , but is foiled by Fearing , whom Bond then seduces . Bond finds a dead bandaged man , François Derval . Derval was a French NATO pilot deployed to fly aboard an Avro Vulcan loaded with two atomic bombs for a training mission . He had been murdered by Angelo , a SPECTRE henchman surgically altered to match his appearance . Angelo takes Derval 's place on the flight , sabotaging the plane and sinking it near the Bahamas . He is then killed by Emilio Largo ( SPECTRE No. 2 ) for trying to extort more money than offered to him . Largo and his henchmen retrieve the stolen atomic bombs from the seabed . After leaving the clinic for a conference , Bond is pursued by Count Lippe through the countryside roads until Lippe and his car are destroyed by SPECTRE agent Fiona Volpe for failing to kill Bond . SPECTRE has demanded £ 100 million in white flawless uncut diamonds from NATO in exchange for returning the bombs . If their demands are not met , SPECTRE will destroy a major city in the United States or the United Kingdom . At the meeting , Bond recognises Derval from a photograph . Since Derval 's sister , Domino , is in Nassau , Bond asks M to send him there , where he discovers Domino is Largo 's mistress . Bond takes a boat to where Domino is snorkelling . After Bond saves her life , the two have lunch together . Later , Bond goes to a party , where he sees Largo and Domino gambling . Bond enters the game against Largo and wins , and subsequently takes Domino to a dance . Recognising each other as adversaries , Bond and Largo begin a tense cat @-@ and @-@ mouse game of attempting to gain advantage over each other while still pretending ignorance of their adversary 's true nature . Bond meets Felix Leiter and Q , and is issued a collection of gadgets , including an underwater infrared camera , a distress beacon , underwater breathing apparatus , a flare gun , and a Geiger counter . Bond attempts to swim underwater beneath Largo 's boat , but is nearly killed . Bond visits Largo at his estate , Palmyra . Bond 's assistant , Paula , is later abducted by Largo for questioning and kills herself before Bond can rescue her . Bond is kidnapped by Fiona but escapes . He is chased through a Junkanoo celebration and enters the Kiss Kiss club . Fiona finds and attempts to kill him , but she is shot by her own bodyguard . Bond and Felix search for the Vulcan , finding it underwater . Bond meets Domino scuba @-@ diving and tells her that Largo killed her brother , asking for help finding the bombs . She tells him where to go to replace a henchman on Largo 's mission to retrieve them from an underwater bunker . Bond gives her his Geiger counter , asking her to look for them on Largo 's ship . She is discovered and captured . Disguised as Largo 's henchman , Bond uncovers Largo 's plan to destroy Miami Beach . Bond is discovered and rescued by Leiter , who orders United States Navy SEALs to parachute to the area . After an underwater battle , the henchmen surrender . Largo escapes to his ship , the Disco Volante , which has one of the bombs on board . Largo attempts to escape by jettisoning the rear of the ship . The front section , a hydrofoil , escapes . Bond , also aboard , and Largo fight ; Largo is about to shoot him when Domino , freed by Largo 's nuclear physicist Ladislav Kutze , kills Largo with a harpoon . Bond and Domino jump overboard , the boat runs aground and explodes . A sky hook @-@ equipped US Navy aeroplane rescues them . = = Cast = = Sean Connery as James Bond ( 007 ) : An MI6 agent assigned to retrieve two stolen nuclear weapons . Adolfo Celi as Emilio Largo ( voice dubbed by Robert Rietty ) : Main antagonist . SPECTRE 's Number Two , he creates a scheme to steal two atomic bombs . Claudine Auger as Dominique " Domino " Derval ( voice dubbed by Nikki van der Zyl ) : Largo 's mistress . In early drafts of the screenplay Domino 's name was Dominetta Palazzi . When Claudine Auger was cast as Domino the name was changed to Derval to reflect her nationality . The character 's wardrobe reflects her name , as she is usually dressed in black and / or white . Luciana Paluzzi as Fiona Volpe : SPECTRE agent , who becomes François Derval 's mistress and kills him before being sent to Nassau . Rik Van Nutter as Felix Leiter : CIA agent who helps Bond . Bernard Lee as M : Head of MI6 . Martine Beswick as Paula Caplan : Bond 's ally in Nassau who is kidnapped by Vargas and Janni . Guy Doleman as Count Lippe : SPECTRE agent who tries to kill Bond in the health clinic . Molly Peters as Patricia Fearing : a physiotherapist at the health clinic . Earl Cameron as Pinder , Bond and Felix Leiter 's assistant in The Bahamas . Paul Stassino as François Derval and Angelo Palazzi : Derval is a NATO pilot , who is also Domino 's brother . He is killed by SPECTRE agent Angelo Palazzi , who impersonates him . Palazzi is later killed by Largo . Desmond Llewelyn as Q : MI6 's " quartermaster " who supplies Bond with multi @-@ purpose vehicles and gadgets useful for the latter 's missions . Roland Culver as the Foreign Secretary : British Minister who briefs the " 00 " agents for Operation Thunderball and has doubts about Bond 's efficiency . Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny : M 's secretary . Philip Locke as Vargas : Largo 's personal assistant and henchman who abstains from alcohol , smoking and sexual intercourse , emphasising his devotion as a killer . He is killed by Bond with a spear gun on the beach . George Pravda as Ladislav Kutze : Emilio Largo 's chief nuclear physicist who aids his boss with the captured bombs . He rescues Domino , pitying her when Largo was torturing her . He later escapes the boat with a life saver and swims away . Michael Brennan as Janni : One of Largo 's thugs who is usually paired with Vargas . Anthony Dawson as Ernst Stavro Blofeld , voiced by Eric Pohlmann ( both un @-@ credited ) : The head of SPECTRE ( uncredited ) Bill Cummings as Quist : Another of Largo 's inefficient thugs who , after failing to assassinate 007 , is thrown into a shark pool under orders from his boss . ( uncredited ) André Maranne cameos as SPECTRE No. 10 . ( uncredited ) Rose Alba as Madame Boitier . Leonard Sachs as Group Captain . Edward Underdown as Air Vice Marshal . Reginald Beckwith as Kenniston . = = Production = = = = = Legal disputes = = = Originally meant as the first James Bond film , Thunderball was the centre of legal disputes that began in 1961 and ran until 2006 . Former Ian Fleming collaborators Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham sued Fleming shortly after the 1961 publication of the Thunderball novel , claiming he based it upon the screenplay the trio had earlier written in a failed cinematic translation of James Bond . The lawsuit was settled out of court ; McClory retained certain screen rights to the novel 's story , plot , and characters . By then , James Bond was a box office success , and series producers Broccoli and Saltzman feared a rival McClory film beyond their control ; they agreed to McClory 's producer 's credit of a cinematic Thunderball , with them as executive producers . The sources for Thunderball are controversial among film aficionados . In 1961 , Ian Fleming published his novel based upon a television screenplay that he , and others developed into the film screenplay ; the efforts were unproductive , and Fleming expanded the script into his ninth James Bond novel . Consequently , one of his collaborators , Kevin McClory , sued him for plagiarism ; they settled out of court in 1963 . Later , in 1964 , Eon producers Broccoli and Saltzman agreed with McClory to cinematically adapt the novel ; it was promoted as " Ian Fleming 's Thunderball " . Yet , along with the official credits to screenwriters Richard Maibaum and John Hopkins , the screenplay is also identified as based on an original screenplay by Jack Whittingham and as based on the original story by Kevin McClory , Jack Whittingham , and Ian Fleming . To date , the novel has twice been adapted cinematically ; the 1983 Jack Schwartzman @-@ produced Never Say Never Again , features Sean Connery as James Bond , but is not an Eon production . = = = Casting = = = Broccoli 's original choice for the role of Domino Derval was Julie Christie following her performance in Billy Liar in 1963 . Upon meeting her personally , however , he was disappointed and turned his attentions towards Raquel Welch after seeing her on the cover of the October 1964 issue of Life . Welch , however , was hired by Richard Zanuck of 20th Century Fox to appear in the film Fantastic Voyage the same year instead . Faye Dunaway was also considered for the role and came close to signing for the part . Saltzman and Broccoli auditioned an extensive list of relatively unknown European actresses and models including former Miss Italy Maria Grazia Buccella , Yvonne Monlaur of the Hammer horror films and Gloria Paul . Eventually former Miss France Claudine Auger was cast , and the script was rewritten to make her character French rather than Italian , although her lines was redubbed for the final cut . Nevertheless , director Young would cast her once again in his next film , Triple Cross ( 1966 ) . One of the actresses that tried for Domino , Luciana Paluzzi , later accepted the role as the redheaded femme fatale assassin Fiona Kelly who originally was intended by Maibaum to be Irish . The surname was changed to Volpe in co @-@ ordination with Paluzzi 's nationality . = = = Filming = = = Guy Hamilton was invited to direct , but considered himself worn out and " creatively drained " after the production of Goldfinger . Terence Young , director of the first two Bond films , returned to the series . Coincidentally , when Saltzman invited him to direct Dr. No , Young expressed interest in directing adaptations of Dr. No , From Russia with Love and Thunderball . Years later , Young said Thunderball was filmed " at the right time " , considering that if it was the first film in the series , the low budget ( Dr. No cost only $ 1 million ) would not have yielded good results . Thunderball was the final James Bond film directed by Young . Filming commenced on 16 February 1965 , with principal photography of the opening scene in Paris . Filming then moved to the Château d 'Anet , near Dreux , France for the fight in pre @-@ credit sequence . Much of the film was shot in the Bahamas ; Thunderball is widely known for its extensive underwater action scenes which are played out through much of the latter half of the film . The rest of the film was shot at Pinewood Studios , Buckinghamshire , Silverstone racing circuit for the chase involving Count Lippe , Fiona Volpe and James Bond 's Aston Martin DB5 before moving to Nassau , and Paradise Island in the Bahamas ( where most of the footage was shot ) , and Miami . Huntington Hartford gave permission to shoot footage on his Paradise Island and is thanked at the end of the film . On arriving in Nassau McClory searched for possible locations to shoot many of the key sequences of the film and used the home of a local millionaire couple , the Sullivans , for Largo 's estate , Palmyra . Part of the SPECTRE underwater assault was also shot on the coastal grounds of another millionaire 's home on the island . The most difficult sequences to film were the underwater action scenes ; the first to be shot underwater was at a depth of 50 feet to shoot the scene where SPECTRE divers remove the atomic bombs from the sunken Vulcan bomber . Peter Lamont had previously visited a Royal Air Force bomber station carrying a concealed camera which he used to get close @-@ up shots of secret missiles ( those appearing in the film were not actually present ) . Most of the underwater scenes had to be done at lower tides due to the sharks in the Bahamian sea . Connery 's life was in danger in the sequence with the sharks in Largo 's pool . He had been in fear of this risk when he read the script . He insisted that production designer Ken Adam build a special Plexiglas partition inside the pool , but it was not a fixed structure and one of the sharks managed to pass through it . Connery had to abandon the pool immediately , seconds away from attack . Ken Adam later told UK daily newspaper The Guardian , " We had to use special effects but , unlike special effects today , they were real . The jet pack we used in Thunderball was real - it was invented for the United States army . Bloody dangerous , and it only lasted a couple of minutes . The ejector seat in the Aston Martin was real and Emilio Largo 's boat , the Disco Volante , was real . You had power boats at that time but there were no good @-@ sized yachts that were able to travel at 40 to 50 knots so it was quite a problem . But by combining a hydrofoil , which we bought in Puerto Rico for $ 10 @,@ 000 , and a catamaran , it at least looked like a big yacht . We combined the two hulls with a one @-@ inch slip bolt and when they split it worked like a dream . We used lots of sharks for this movie . I 'd rented a villa in the Bahamas with a salt @-@ water pool which we filled with sharks and used for underwater filming . The smell was horrendous . This was where Sean Connery came close to being bitten . We had a plexiglass corridor to protect him but I didn 't have quite enough plexiglass and one of the sharks got through . He never got out of a pool faster in his life - he was walking on water . " Another dangerous situation occurred when special effects coordinator John Stears brought in a supposed dead shark carcass to be towed around the pool . The shark , however , was not dead and revived at one point . Due to the dangers on the set , stuntman Bill Cummings demanded an extra fee of £ 250 to double for Largo 's sidekick Quist as he was dropped into the pool of sharks . The climactic underwater battle was shot at Clifton Pier and was choreographed by Hollywood expert Ricou Browning , who had worked on many films previously such as Creature From the Black Lagoon in 1954 . He was responsible for the staging of the cave sequence and the battle scenes beneath the Disco Volante and called in his specialist team of divers who posed as those engaged in the onslaught . Voit provided much of the underwater gear in exchange for product placement and film tie @-@ in merchandise . Lamar Boren , an underwater photographer , was brought in to shoot all of the sequences . United States Air Force Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Charles Russhon , who had already helped alliance Eon productions with the local authorities in Turkey for From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) and at Fort Knox for Goldfinger ( 1964 ) , stood by and was able to supply the experimental rocket fuel used to destroy the Disco Volante . Russhon , using his position , was also able to gain access to the United States Navy 's Fulton surface @-@ to @-@ air recovery system , used to lift Bond and Domino from the water at the end of the film . Filming ceased in May 1965 and the final scene shot was the physical fight on the bridge of the Disco Volante . While in Nassau , during the final shooting days , special effects supervisor John Stears was supplied experimental rocket fuel to use in exploding Largo 's yacht , the Disco Volante . Ignoring the true power of the volatile liquid , Stears doused the entire yacht with it , took cover , and then detonated the boat . The resultant massive explosion shattered windows along Bay Street in Nassau roughly 30 miles away . Stears went on to win an Academy Award for his work on Thunderball . As the filming neared its conclusion , Connery had become increasingly agitated with press intrusion and was distracted with difficulties in his marriage of 32 months to actress Diane Cilento . Connery refused to speak to journalists and photographers who followed him in Nassau stating his frustration with the harassment that came with the role ; " I find that fame tends to turn one from an actor and a human being into a piece of merchandise , a public institution . Well , I don 't intend to undergo that metamorphosis . " In the end he gave only a single interview , to Playboy , as filming was wrapped up , and even turned down a substantial fee to appear in a promotional TV special made by Wolper Productions for NBC The Incredible World of James Bond . According to editor Peter R. Hunt , Thunderball 's release was delayed for three months , from September until December 1965 , after he met David Picker of United Artists , and convinced him it would be impossible to edit the film to a high enough standard without the extra time . = = = Effects = = = Thanks to special @-@ effects man John Stears , Thunderball 's pre @-@ title teaser , the Aston Martin DB5 ( introduced in Goldfinger ) , reappears armed with rear @-@ firing water cannon , seeming noticeably weathered – just dust and dirt , raised moments earlier by Bond 's landing with the Bell Rocket Belt ( developed by Bell Aircraft Corporation ) . The rocket belt Bond uses to escape the château actually worked , and was used many times , before and after , for entertainment , most notably at Super Bowl I and at scheduled performances at the 1964 – 1965 New York World 's Fair . Bond receives a spear gun @-@ armed underwater jet pack scuba ( allowing the frogman to manoeuvre faster than other frogmen ) . Designed by Jordan Klein , green dye was meant to be used by Bond as a smoke screen to escape pursuers . Instead Ricou Browning , the film 's underwater director , used it to make Bond 's arrival more dramatic . The sky hook , used to rescue Bond at the end of the film , was a rescue system used by the United States military at the time . At Thunderball 's release , there was confusion as to whether a rebreather such as the one that appears in the film existed ; most Bond gadgets , while implausible , often are based upon real technology . In the real world , a rebreather could not be so small , as it has no room for the breathing bag , while the alternative open @-@ circuit scuba releases exhalation bubbles , which the film device does not . It was made with two CO2 bottles glued together and painted , with a small mouthpiece attached . For this reason , when the Royal Corps of Engineers asked Peter Lamont how long a man could use the device underwater , the answer was " As long as you can hold your breath . " Maurice Binder was hired to design the title sequence , and was involved in a dispute with Eon Production to have his name credited in the film . As Thunderball was the first James Bond film shot in Panavision , Binder had to reshoot the iconic gun barrel scene which permitted him to not only incorporate pinhole photographic techniques to shoot inside a genuine gun barrel , but also made Connery appearing in the sequence for the first time a reality , as stunt man Bob Simmons had doubled for him in the three previous films . Binder gained access to the tank at Pinewood which he used to film the silhouetted title girls who appeared naked in the opening sequence , which was the first time actual nudity ( although concealed ) had ever been seen in a Bond film . On 26 June 2013 Christie 's auction house sold the Breitling SA Top Time watch worn in the film by Sean Connery for over £ 100 @,@ 000 ; given to Bond by Q , it was also a Geiger counter in the plot . = = = Music = = = Thunderball was the third James Bond score composed by John Barry , after From Russia with Love and Goldfinger . The original title song was entitled " Mr. Kiss Kiss , Bang Bang " , taken from an Italian journalist who in 1962 dubbed agent 007 as Mr. Kiss Kiss , Bang Bang . The title theme was written by Barry and Leslie Bricusse ; the song was originally recorded by Shirley Bassey , and later rerecorded by Dionne Warwick , whose version was not released until the 1990s . The song was removed from the title credits after producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were worried that a theme song to a James Bond film would not work well if the song did not have the title of the film in its lyrics . Barry then teamed up with lyricist Don Black and wrote " Thunderball " , which was sung by Tom Jones who , according to Bond production legend , fainted in the recording booth when singing the song 's final note . Jones said of it , " I closed my eyes and I held the note for so long when I opened my eyes the room was spinning . " Country musician Johnny Cash also submitted a song to Eon productions titled " Thunderball " , but it went unused . = = Release and reception = = The film premiered on 9 December 1965 in Tokyo and opened on 29 December 1965 in the UK . It was a major success at the box office with record @-@ breaking earnings . Variety reported that Thunderball was the No. 1 money maker of 1966 at the North American box office by a large margin , with a net profit of $ 26 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 . The second highest money maker of 1966 was Doctor Zhivago at $ 15 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ; in third place was Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? at $ 10 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 . It eventually grossed $ 63 @.@ 6 million in the United States , equating to roughly 58 @.@ 1 million admissions . In total , the film has earned $ 141 @.@ 2 million worldwide , surpassing the earnings of the three preceding films in the series — easily recouping its $ 9 million budget — and remained the highest @-@ grossing Bond film until Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) assumed the record . After adjusting its earnings to 2011 prices , it has made approximately $ 1 billion , making it the second most financially successful Bond film after Skyfall . Thunderball won an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects awarded to John Stears in 1966 . Ken Adam the production director was also nominated for a Best Production Design BAFTA award . The film won the Golden Screen Award in Germany and the Golden Laurel Action Drama award at the 1966 Laurel Awards . The film was also nominated for an Edgar Best Foreign Film award at the Edgar Allan Poe Awards . = = = Contemporary reviews = = = Upon its release the film received generally positive reviews . Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times remarked after seeing the film that " The cinema was a duller place before 007 . " David Robinson of The Financial Times criticised the appearance of Connery and his effectiveness to play Bond in the film remarking : " It 's not just that Sean Connery looks a lot more haggard and less heroic than he did two or three years ago ; but there is much less effort to establish him as connoisseur playboy . Apart from the off @-@ handed order for Beluga , there is little of that comic display of bon viveur @-@ manship that was one of the charms of Connery 's almost @-@ a @-@ gentleman 007 . " = = = Reflective reviews = = = According to Danny Peary , Thunderball " takes forever to get started and has too many long underwater sequences during which it 's impossible to tell what 's going on . Nevertheless , it 's an enjoyable entry in the Bond series . Sean Connery is particularly appealing as Bond – I think he projects more confidence than in other films in the series . Film has no great scene , but it 's entertaining as long as the actors stay above water . " . Critics such as James Berardinelli praised Connery 's performance , the femme fatale character of Fiona Volpe and the underwater action sequences , remarking that they were well choreographed and clearly shot . He criticised the length of the scenes , however , and believed they were too long and in need of editing , particularly during the film 's climax . At Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an 86 % " fresh " rating . In 2014 Time Out polled several film critics , directors , actors and stunt actors to list their top action films ; Thunderball was listed at number 73 .
= The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc = The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc ( French : Jeanne d 'Arc ) is a 1999 French historical drama film directed by Luc Besson . The film stars Milla Jovovich , John Malkovich , Faye Dunaway and Dustin Hoffman . The screenplay was written by Besson and Andrew Birkin , and the original music score was composed by Éric Serra . The Messenger portrays the story of St. Joan of Arc , the French war heroine and religious martyr of the 15th century . The story begins with young Joan as she witnesses the atrocities of the English against her family , and she is portrayed as having visions that inspire her to lead the French in battle against the occupying English forces . Her success in routing the English allows Charles VII to take the throne . Eventually Joan is tried and executed for heresy . Besson 's previous film , The Fifth Element , which also starred Jovovich , was a critical and financial success , and it had a positive influence on both their careers . The Messenger was intended to follow up that success and cement the status of Besson and Jovovich in film . However , the film received mixed reviews from critics and underperformed at the box office , earning just under $ 67 million on an $ 60 million budget . = = Plot = = As a child , Joan has a violent and supernatural vision . She returns home to find her village burning . Her sister Catherine tries to protect her by hiding her from the attacking English forces , part of a longstanding rivalry with France . Joan , while hiding , witnesses the brutal murder and rape of her sister . Afterward , Joan is taken in by distant relatives . Several years later at Chinon , the Dauphin and soon to be King of France , Charles VII ( John Malkovich ) , receives a message from the now adult Joan ( Milla Jovovich ) , asking him to provide an army to lead into battle against the occupying English . After meeting him and his mother @-@ in @-@ law Yolande of Aragon ( Faye Dunaway ) she describes her visions . Desperate , he believes her prophecy . Clad in armor , Joan leads the French army to the besieged city of Orléans . She gives the English a chance to surrender , which they refuse . The armies ' commanders , skeptical of Joan 's leadership , initiate the next morning 's battle to take over the stockade at St. Loup without her . By the time she arrives on the battlefield , the French soldiers are retreating . Joan ends the retreat and leads another charge , successfully capturing the fort . They proceed to the enemy stronghold called the " Tourelles " . Joan gives the English another chance to surrender , but they refuse . Joan leads the French soldiers to attack the Tourelles , though the English defenders inflict heavy casualties , also wounding Joan . Nevertheless , Joan leads a second attack the following day . As the English army regroups , the French army moves to face them across an open field . Joan rides alone toward the English and offers them a final chance to surrender and return to England . The English accept her offer and retreat . Joan returns to Rheims to witness the coronation of Charles VII of France . Her military campaigns then continue to the walls of Paris , though she does not receive her requested reinforcements , and the siege is a failure . Joan tells King Charles VII to give her another army , but he refuses , saying he now prefers diplomacy over warfare . Believing she threatens his position , Charles conspires to get rid of Joan by allowing her to be captured by enemy forces . She is taken prisoner by the pro @-@ English Burgundians at Compiègne , who sell her to the English . Charged with the crime of heresy , based on her claim of visions and signs from God , she is tried in an ecclesiastical court proceeding , which is forced by the English occupation government . The English wish to quickly condemn and execute Joan since English soldiers are afraid to fight while she remains alive , based on their belief that she could supernaturally affect battles even while in prison . Bishop Cauchon expresses his fear of wrongfully executing someone who might have received visions from God . About to be burned for heresy , Joan is distraught that she will be executed without making a final confession . The Bishop tells her she must recant her visions before he can hear her confession . Joan signs the recantation . The relieved Bishop shows the paper to the English , saying that Joan can no longer be burned as a heretic . Whilst in her cell , Joan in confronted by an unnamed cloaked man ( Dustin Hoffman ) , who is implied to be Joan 's conscience . The man makes Joan question whether she was actually receiving messages from God . The frustrated English devise another way to have Joan executed by the church . English soldiers go into Joan 's cell room , rip her clothes and give her men 's clothing to wear . They then state she conjured a spell to make the new clothing appear , suggesting that she is a witch who must be burned . Although suspecting the English are lying , the Bishop abandons Joan to her fate , and she is burned alive in the marketplace of Rouen . = = Cast = = Milla Jovovich as Joan of Arc John Malkovich as Charles VII of France Faye Dunaway as Yolande of Aragon Dustin Hoffman as The Conscience Andrew Birkin as John Talbot Vincent Cassel as Gilles de Rais Pascal Greggory as John II , Duke of Alençon Richard Ridings as La Hire Desmond Harrington as Jean d 'Aulon Timothy West as Pierre Cauchon Gina McKee as Duchess of Bedford Tchéky Karyo as Jean de Dunois = = Themes = = Luc Besson stated that he was not interested in narrating the history of Joan of Arc ; rather , he wanted to pull a message out of history that is relevant for today . Besson states that in order to achieve this he stepped away from the factual narrative of the 15th century , instead trying to get behind the " exterior envelope " and into both the emotional effect and affect of Joan . In the book The Films of Luc Besson , Susan Hayward interprets this as meaning Besson sought to follow Joan emotionally , revealing her doubts and demonstrating that one cannot return intact from the experience of war . As the medievalist Gwendolyn Morgan observes , Joan 's sanity is a continuing theme throughout the film , beginning with the priest questioning her as a child and ending with her conversations with ' The Conscience ' in the film 's final scenes . Scholars view The Conscience as providing a postmodern explanation of Joan 's visions . At the time that Joan lived , her voices and visions would not have been doubted . John Aberth , writing in the book A Knight at the Movies stated the filmmakers invented The Conscience to satisfy a modern audience that is aware of mental illness . The film was also said to have " feminist undercurrents " ; after Joan witnesses the rape of her sister , her crusade is said to become " a fight against male domination and the abuse of women . " Writing in Exemplaria , Nickolas Haydock also considered the witnessing of her sister 's murder and rape to be an alternate psychological motivation for Joan to want to fight the English , rather than just her visions . Haydock also considered a theme in the film to be the inability of the church to fulfill individual spiritual needs . This is said to be shown through many of Joan 's encounters with the church ; as a girl she is scolded for going to confession too often , denied communion and forced to sneak into the church to take it herself , and during her trial , where she is denied confession until The Conscience confesses her instead . Writing in Studies in Medievalism XIII , Christa Canitz considered anti @-@ intellectualism to be present in The Messenger ; Joan admits to not knowing how to read or write and has not received any formal education , military or otherwise , yet triumphs over those who have . Haydock commented that Joan possesses a quick wit which she uses against the unrelenting accusatory questions provided by her " intellectual superiors " during the trial . Joan also manages to triumph in battle where those with more experience and knowledge could not , made especially apparent by her use of a siege weapon backward to force open a gate . = = Production = = Luc Besson was originally hired as executive producer for a film that was to be directed by Kathryn Bigelow . Bigelow had been developing ideas for a Joan of Arc film for about a decade . Her film was to be entitled Company of Angels , with Jay Cocks hired to write the script . The film was to be made with Besson 's assistance and financial backing . In July 1996 contracts between Bigelow and Besson were exchanged , which gave Besson the right to be consulted on casting in addition to his personal fee . According to Bigelow , eight weeks prior to filming , Besson realised that his then wife , Milla Jovovich , was not going to be cast as Joan , and he subsequently withdrew his support from the film , and with it the support of his financial backers . Bigelow threatened legal action for breach of contract and " stealing her research " ; the matter was settled out of court . After Besson left , he commenced production of his own Joan of Arc project , The Messenger , with Jovovich given the lead role ; the production of Company of Angels disbanded shortly thereafter . The Messenger was intended to follow up the success Besson and Jovovich achieved with their previous collaboration , The Fifth Element . Filming took place in the Czech Republic . A stuntman died in an accident during the first weeks of filming . Besson was said to have become completely uncommunicative after the incident , only appearing on set to shout orders at people . = = Soundtrack = = The soundtrack for the film was composed by Éric Serra and released as an album via Sony Music Entertainment . It was Serra 's eighth collaboration with director Luc Besson , having composed soundtracks for seven of Besson 's previous films including La Femme Nikita and Léon : The Professional . The album runs for about 64 minutes , and some form of music is playing during about 90 percent of the film . Commentators noted the change in Serra 's work , which had traditionally relied heavily on synthesizer effects . The Messenger , on the other hand , is a primarily orchestral score as justified by the film 's historical context , though synthesized effects are still used in some tracks . Writing in The Films of Luc Besson , Mark Brownrigg stated Serra 's score completed his " evolution " from pop @-@ score writer to orchestral film composer ; Serra 's previous score for The Fifth Element had also used orchestral elements . They gave a favourable review of the score , though criticised the music that is heard during Joan 's death , describing it as an unimaginative paraphrasing of Carmina Burana . Heather Phares from Allmusic gave the album 3 out of 5 stars , stating it " combines orchestral , rock , and electronic elements for a sweeping , cinematic experience . " Dan Goldwasser from Soundtrack.net gave the soundtrack 4 out of 5 , stating it was " very satisfying to listen to " , though he expressed disappointment with the absence on the soundtrack of a particular piece of music present during Joan 's discussion with The Conscience . = = Historical accuracy = = The scene in which Joan witnesses her sister 's murder and posthumous rape by English soldiers in their village is entirely a fictional construction . Joan and her family fled their village before it was attacked , and it was actually attacked by the Burgundians , not the English . In the film Joan is seen experiencing visions as a young child when the historical Joan asserted that these visions began around the age of 13 . Joan is also seen finding her sword in a field as a child , whereas historically it was uncovered many years later on her journey to Chinon . Hayward credits Besson with showing the collaboration between the Burgundians and the English more accurately than previous filmmakers . Many lines during scenes of Joan 's trial are taken verbatim from Joan 's real trial transcript . Joan is shown receiving both wounds she was given in real life ( an arrow above the breast and later an arrow to the leg ) , and the film includes some of the 15th @-@ century accounts associated with Joan , such as being able to pick out Charles VII from among a group of his courtiers at Chinon . The examining of Joan 's virginity was a real test Joan had to complete to prove her merit . Joan 's visions are portrayed as being of a tatty Christ on a derelict wooden throne . Joan 's own description of them was that she saw St. Michael , St. Catherine and St. Margaret in their glory . The most glaring inconsistency is the androgynous portrayal of Joan by Mila Jovovich . Several eyewitnesses said that the real Joan was " beautiful and shapely " and similar descriptions of her femininity . However other writers have come to the conclusion that she must have been sexually unattractive to survive her military career . = = Release = = = = = Box office = = = The film grossed US $ 14 @,@ 276 @,@ 317 in the US , plus $ 52 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 from the rest of the world for a combined gross of $ 66 @,@ 976 @,@ 317 . = = = Critical response = = = The Messenger received mixed to negative reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a score of 30 % based on reviews from 73 critics , with the consensus : " The heavy @-@ handed narrative collapses under its own weight . " At Metacritic the film holds a score of 54 based on 33 reviews , indicating " mixed or average " reception . Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars , stating , " The movie is a mess : a gassy costume epic with nobody at the center . " Ebert stated the film may have been educational for the test audience participants who wrote , " Why does she have to die at the end ? " on their evaluation cards . In a review entitled Vivid Action Can 't Save Miscast ' Joan ' , Todd McCarthy praised the film 's action scenes and technical aspects , including Thierry Arbogast 's cinematography , though overall gave a negative review . He criticised the casting of Jovovich , stating the only thing she brought to the film was " her strikingly tall and skinny physicality , which is not exactly how one has been led to picture [ Joan ] " . Ron Wells from Film Threat , however , gave the film four out of five stars . Also praising the action scenes , Wells stated that the film 's main strength was its " adult ambiguities and relationships " ; its decision not to portray Joan as a " super @-@ hero " , but rather to let the audience decide whether she was a prophet or merely bipolar , concluding , " This film , as most things that involve religion , is better understood if you learn not to take everything so literally . " = = Accolades = = The Messenger was nominated for eight awards at the 25th César Awards and won two of these : one for Costume Design and one for Best Sound . The film also won two Lumières Award for Best Director and Best Film . It was nominated for ' Most Original ' trailer at the 1999 Golden Trailer Awards , Best Costume Design and Best Production Design at the 1999 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards , and won the Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing . Conversely , Milla Jovovich 's performance was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress . = = Home media = = The Messenger was released on DVD on 4 April 2000 . The DVD version presented the film in its original 2 @.@ 35 : 1 format , and contained several minutes of footage that did not appear in the US theatrical version . It featured English subtitles , interactive menus , ' talent files ' , a 2 @-@ page production booklet , a 24 @-@ minute HBO First Look special entitled The Messenger : The Search for the Real Joan of Arc , the film 's theatrical trailer as well as trailers for Run Lola Run , Léon : The Professional and Orlando . The DVD also containted Éric Serra 's original score for the film , which was presented in Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 Surround Sound , as was the film itself . Whilst criticising the film itself , Heather Picker of DVD Talk gave a favourable review of the DVD release . The Blu @-@ ray version was released on 2 December 2008 . It contains audio in English , French , Portuguese , Spanish , and Thai , and subtitles in 10 languages . Glenn Erickson of DVD Talk also criticized the film , yet praised the Blu @-@ ray release , rating it 4 ½ stars out of 5 for its video quality and 4 out of 5 for its audio , though only giving it 1 ½ stars for its extras , noting the lack of special features . A review from Blu @-@ Ray.com also gave a favourable review of both the audio and visual quality , stating " I don 't think that there is much here one could be dissatisfied with . " High @-@ Def Digest , however , gave a more negative review . Whilst praising the audio quality , the lack of special features was criticized , as was the video quality , which was described as being " smothered " with edge enhancement . The reviewer concluded , " Sony is practically begging people not to buy it . "
= Moorish Gibraltar = The history of Moorish Gibraltar began with the landing of the Muslims in Hispania and the fall of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo in 711 and ended with the fall of Gibraltar to Christian hands 751 years later , in 1462 , with an interregnum during the early 14th century . The Muslim presence in Gibraltar began on 27 April 711 when the Berber general Tariq ibn @-@ Ziyad led the initial incursion into Iberia in advance of the main Moorish force under the command of Musa ibn Nusayr , Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya . Gibraltar was named after Tariq , who was traditionally said to have landed on the shores of the Rock of Gibraltar , though it seems more likely that he landed somewhere nearby . Muslim sources claimed that Tariq established some kind of fortification on the Rock , but no evidence has been found and it is not considered credible . It was not until 1160 that a first fortified settlement was built there . The Madinat al @-@ Fath ( English : City of Victory ) was intended to be a major city furnished with palaces and mosques , but it seems to have fallen well short of the ambitions of its founder , the Almohad caliph Abd al @-@ Mu 'min , by the time it was captured by the Kingdom of Castile in 1309 after a short siege . Muslim control was restored in 1333 after another , much longer , siege . The city subsequently underwent a major expansion and refortification . A number of buildings and structures from this period still exist , including the Moorish Castle , parts of the Moorish walls , a bath @-@ house and a subterranean reservoir . Gibraltar was subjected to several more sieges before its final fall on 20 August 1462 ( feast of St. Bernard ) to Christian forces under the 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia . The population , Muslim and Jewish , was expelled en masse and replaced by Christian settlers . = = Early years of Muslim conquest = = Gibraltar 's Islamic history began with the arrival of Tariq ibn @-@ Ziyad on 27 April 711 at the start of the Umayyad conquest of Hispania . Traditionally , Tariq was said to have landed on the shores of the Rock of Gibraltar , which was henceforth named after him ( Jabal @-@ ı Tārıq ( جبل طارق ) , English : " Mountain of Tariq " – a name which was later corrupted into " Gibraltar " by the Spanish ) . However , according to one early Islamic account , Tariq " cast anchor close to a mountain which received his name " , rather than actually landing at Gibraltar . Another account , by the 9th @-@ century Egyptian historian Ibn ' Abd al @-@ Hakam , describes Gibraltar as lying between the points of departure and disembarkation rather than being the actual landing place . According to this account , the possibly legendary Julian , Count of Ceuta – an ally of Tariq who was estranged from Roderic , the Visigothic king of Hispania – transported the Muslim forces in ships which " in no way seemed different from " those which " plied across the Strait for trade . " Spanish accounts corroborate this with the detail that the invasion force was transported " in merchant ships that the reason for their crossing should not be apperceived . " Gibraltar would have been a poor place to land due to its relative isolation and difficult rocky terrain , and it is more likely that Tariq either landed in the vicinity of the former Roman colony of Carteia at the head of the Bay of Gibraltar or on the Alboran coast north of Gibraltar around La Tunara ( now a barrio of La Línea de la Concepción in Spain ) , where a landing would have been less conspicuous . It has been argued that some kind of fortification was probably constructed at Gibraltar thereafter . According to the 13th century Kurdish historian Ali ibn al @-@ Athir , Tariq built a fort on The Rock , but this was " only for temporary use , and after he had captured the area of Algeciras , he abandoned it ... He descended from the mountains to the desert tract and conquered Algeciras and other places , and he abandoned the fort which was in the mountain . " The " fort " probably consisted of no more than a look @-@ out post on the Rock to observe movements in and around the bay during the period of landing ; there would have been little need for anything more substantial ( as better landing points such as Algeciras or Tarifa were in his hands ) , and Tariq would not have had the manpower to construct a sizeable fortification . No mention to a permanent occupation of Gibraltar is found in Arab or Christian chronicles , nor archaeological evidence is found until the 12th century . As the rest of Al @-@ Andalus , Gibraltar was initially part of the territory of the Umayyad Caliphate before passing to the Spanish branch of the Umayyads , which broke away from the main Caliphate after the Abbasid Revolution . Around 1035 , the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba splintered into a series of independent taifa kingdoms . The Taifa of Algeciras included Gibraltar and managed to maintain its own independence only until 1056 , when it was forcibly absorbed into the Taifa of Seville . By the mid @-@ 1060s Seville faced the threat of invasion from the Almoravids of North Africa . The kingdom 's ruler , Abbad II al @-@ Mu 'tadid , was conscious that the Almoravids could repeat Tariq 's feat of three centuries earlier and bring an invasion force across the Strait before the garrison at Algeciras could react . In 1068 he ordered the Governor of Algeciras to " build a fort on Gibraltar , and to be on guard and watch events on the other side of the straits . " However , nothing seems to have been done before the death of Abbad II in 1069 . The Almoravids did come , in 1086 , but at the invitation of the taifa kings whose territories were threatened by the expansionist Christian king Alfonso VI of León and Castile . Yusuf ibn Tashfin incorporated the taifas into the Almoravid realm in 1090 , but they reemerged 50 years later following the political disintegration of the Almoravid state . The Almoravids ' successors , the Almohads , returned to Spain in 1146 and gained control of the taifas once again . Incursions by Alfonso VII of León and Castile and Alfonso I of Aragon into Muslim @-@ held territory in Al @-@ Andalus had shown that the area around Algeciras needed to be more strongly defended . The Almohad caliph Abd al @-@ Mu 'min therefore ordered the construction of a fortified city on Gibraltar , to be called the Madinat al @-@ Fath ( the " City of Victory " ) . = = Madinat al @-@ Fath = = Abd al @-@ Mu 'min 's order , issued on 19 March 1160 , charged two of the most important architects of the day with the task of building Madinat al @-@ Fath . Al @-@ Hajj Ya 'is of Málaga , a renowned mathematician , was assisted by Ahmad ibn Baso , an experienced architect . Abd al @-@ Mu 'min ordered that the city should have a mosque , several palaces for himself and his sons , and reservoirs to provide a supply of water . It was to be protected by a " wall of fine build " with a single gate known as the Bab al @-@ Fath ( English : Gate of Victory ) facing towards the isthmus connecting Gibraltar with the mainland . A harbour was also to be constructed , and windmills were to be constructed on the Rock . It is unclear how much of Madinat al @-@ Fath was actually built , since after the death of Abd al @-@ Mu 'min , his son and successor Abu Yaqub Yusuf preferred Seville as his capital . A portion of wall some 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) long still survives to the south of the main part of the city of Gibraltar , of similar design to defensive walls in Morocco . It may have protected a settlement on the upper part of the Rock , around where the modern Queen 's Road is , but firm archaeological evidence is lacking . In fact , there is no mention of any settlement in Gibraltar either in Arabic or Spanish contemporary sources between the project of Madinat al @-@ Fath and the capture of the town by the Christians in 1309 . = = The Battle for the Strait = = In the late thirteen and early fourteenth centuries , Castile , the Marinids of Morocco and the Nasrids of Granada fought for the control of the Strait of Gibraltar . This " battle " ( Spanish : la Cuestión del Estrecho ) is a major chapter in the history of the Christian reconquest of Spain . It was within this framework of clashes between said powers to bring under control such a strategic area when Gibraltar definitely appeared on the scene . With the implosion of the Almohad Caliphate and the Reconquista onslaught of the 1220 – 40s , the north shore of the Strait of Gibraltar came under the jurisdiction of the Nasrid Emirate of Granada , a reduced successor state to al @-@ Andalus . As a dependency of nearby Algeciras , Gibraltar was probably given along with Algeciras in 1274 , by the Nasrid sultan Muhammad II to Abu Yusuf Yaqub , the Marinid sultan of Morocco , as payment for his intervention in Spain on Granada 's behalf against Castilian encroachments . ( other sources mention 1275 as the date when the Sultan of Granada handed over Tarifa , Algeciras and Gibraltar to the Marinids for their use as base ports ) . In 1292 , in his pursuit of controlling the Strait , the troops of Sancho IV of Castile laid siege to Tarifa and easily took it . Under the governorship of Guzmán el Bueno , " the Good " , Tarifa was unsuccessfully besieged by the Marinids two years later . As a result , the North African rulers decided to retreated to Magreb and sell their remaining ports to the sultans of Granada . Although no documentary account of Gibraltar is available for the period following the Madinat al @-@ Fath project , there are reasons to believe that a small fortified town existed in Gibraltar , and that its existence was the direct consequence of the fall of Tarifa in 1292 . After the capture of the city , it was expected that Sancho would lay siege to Algeciras ( it did not eventually happen ) in order to sever the most direct links of the Marinids with the Iberian peninsula . The threatening presence of a Christian stronghold to the west would have led to the establishment of a garrison to the east of Algeciras . That way , Gibraltar would have protected the rearguard of Algeciras and provide a fallback position should Algeciras have fallen . At the same time , and with the increased presence of the Christian fleets in the Straits , Gibraltar provided an excellent lookout post . Some years after the events in Tarifa , a quarrel erupted between the Marinids and the Nasrids , in 1306 . The Nasrids promptly sponsored the rebellion of Uthman ibn Idris , a pretender to the Marinid throne in Morocco . Uthman was landed by a Nasrid force in Ceuta , and quickly carved out an enclave . The rebels continued to receive support across the strait from the Nasrid garrisons . It is believed that the Marinid sultan Abu al @-@ Rabi Sulayman , unable to dislodge the rebel from Ceuta , intrigued with the Castilians , whose truce with Granada was about to expire , encouraging them to take Algeciras and Gibraltar and cut the rebel off . The first siege of Gibraltar was a side @-@ operation of the main Castilian siege of Algeciras in 1309 – 10 . The siege was brief . It seems clear that the defences of Madinat al @-@ Fath were lacking as the Castilians succeeded in capturing Gibraltar in 1309 . The Castilian account of the First Siege of Gibraltar indicates that it was only a small place , with " one thousand one hundred and twenty @-@ five Moors " within at the time of its fall . Only two siege engines and a few hundred men were needed to reduce it . After the conquest and the expulsion of the town 's population , Ferdinand IV of Castile ordered the defences to be strengthened with the walls repaired , a keep constructed above the town and a dockyard ( atarazana ) to be built to house galleys . However , the main siege of Algeciras failed , and the Castilians struck a deal with the Granadan sultan allowing them to hold on to Gibraltar . The loss of Gibraltar led to the deposition of the Nasrid sultan of Granada by his brother Nasr , who quickly reversed policy , abandoned the rebels in Ceuta and gave Algeciras ( and thus the claim on Gibraltar ) to the Marinids in 1310 , as part of a new treaty , hoping they might recover it . But too busy elsewhere for any entanglements in Spain , the Marinids gave Algeciras back to Granada almost immediately after . The Granadans launched an attempt to recover Gibraltar by themselves in 1315 , but without Marinid support , the Second Siege of Gibraltar faltered and failed . The Castilians held Gibraltar for over twenty years , until a new deal was struck in 1333 between the Nasrid sultan Muhammad IV of Granada and the Marinid sultan Abu al @-@ Hasan Ali ibn Othman of Morocco . Moroccan forces crossed the strait to Algeciras and began the third siege of Gibraltar in 1333 . This was a much more serious effort , lasting four and a half months , and was mounted by a combined Granadan @-@ Moroccan force . The population of Spanish Christians was reduced to eating their own shoes and belts before the town 's governor , Vasco Pérez de Meira , surrendered on 17 June 1333 . However , Muhammad IV was assassinated almost immediately after , in a conspiracy organized by enemies of the Marinids in the Granadan court . The Marinid sultan Abu al @-@ Hasan retained both Algeciras and Gibraltar in Moroccan hands . The Castilians immediately mounted an unsuccessful fourth siege which ended after two months . Following the restoration of peace , Abu al @-@ Hasan ordered a refortification of Gibraltar " with strong walls as a halo surrounds the crescent moon " . Many details of the rebuilt city are known due to the work of Abu al @-@ Hasan 's biographer , Ibn Marzuq , whose Musnad ( written around 1370 – 1 ) describes the reconstruction of Gibraltar . The city was expanded , and a new defensive wall was built to cover the western and southern flanks , with towers and connecting passages added to strengthen them . The existing fortifications were also strengthened and repaired . The weak points that the Castilians had exploited were improved . = = Final century of Moorish Gibraltar = = The refortified city – the final incarnation of Moorish Gibraltar – stood in the north @-@ eastern part of the present @-@ day city , reaching from the area of Grand Casemates Square up to Upper Castle Road . It was divided into three main quarters . At the top was the Tower of Homage ( just part of the Moorish Castle but usually referred to as such ) , a formidable square keep situated within a kasbah . The tower had the largest footprint of all the towers to be built in Al @-@ Andalus ( 320 square metres ( 3 @,@ 400 sq ft ) ) . It was a much @-@ strengthened rebuilding of an earlier tower and still bears scars on its eastern wall from projectiles shot by the Castilians during the siege of 1333 . The kasbah could only be accessed via a single gate , which still survives ; an inscription visible up to the 18th century recorded that it had been dedicated to Yusuf I , Sultan of Granada . Below the kasbah was an area later called the Villa Vieja ( English : Old Town ) by the Spanish , accessed via the Bab el @-@ Granada ( English : Granada Gate ) , and below that was a port area called La Barcina by the Spanish , which may have taken its name from the Galley House ( Arabic : Dar el @-@ Sinaha ) built there by the Moors . It had three separate access gates : the Land Gate ( now the Landport Gate ) , the Sea Gate ( now the Grand Casemates Gates ) and a southern gate , the Barcina Gate . The core of the city was surrounded by substantial defensive walls with tall towers topped by merlons . Other than the Tower of Homage , two such towers still survive ; one square based which was fitted with a clock in Victorian times and another constructed en bec ( beaked , a design intended to resist mining ) . The walls were at first built using tapia , a lime @-@ based mortar made with the local sand and faced with decorative brickwork to simulate masonry . The builders later changed their construction methods to utilise stone interlaced with brick , a rather stronger structure . The southern flank of the walls has survived relatively intact , and vestiges of the other walls are most likely still to be found underlying the modern defensive walls constructed by the British . To the south of the fortified city was an urban area known as the Turba al Hamra , literally the " red sands " , named after the predominant colouration of the soil in that area . Ibn Battuta visited the city in 1353 – 4 and wrote : I walked round the mountain and saw the marvellous works executed on it by our master , the late Sultan of Morocco , and the armament with which he equipped it , together with the additions made thereto by our master Abu Inan , may God strengthen him ... [ He ] strengthened the wall of the extremity of the mount , which is the most formidable and useful of its walls . A number of other Moorish remnants are still visible in Gibraltar today . A hamam or bath @-@ house , similar to examples in Fez in Morocco , was built in the lower town ; its remnants can still be seen today incorporated into the Gibraltar Museum . It was built using Roman and Visigothic capitals , perhaps salvaged from the nearby ruined city of Carteia . The bath @-@ house may have been part of the Moorish governor 's house . A mosque was built in the city centre and was later converted by the Spanish into a Catholic church ( now the Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned ) . A small mosque was built near Europa Point at the southern tip of Gibraltar and was later converted into the Christian Shrine of Our Lady of Europe . A subterranean reservoir , now known as the Nun 's Well , was also built at Europa Point for the supply of water to the city . An existing 12th @-@ century wall along the sea shore was extended to Europa Point to block access to places where landings could be made by sea . Much of the remainder of Moorish Gibraltar was obliterated by the destruction caused by the Great Siege of Gibraltar in 1779 – 83 and is now buried below the strengthened fortifications and rebuilding implemented by the British afterwards . = = Fall of the city = = The powerful Marinid sultan Abu al @-@ Hasan was severely defeated by the Christian kings at the Battle of Río Salado in 1340 . Marinid Morocco subsequently went into internal convulsions , too busy for active intervention in Spain , clearing the way for a renewed attempt by the Castilians on Algeciras and Gibraltar . Algeciras was taken with relative ease by Alfonso XI of Castile in 1344 . Gibraltar , however , would not fall as easily . The Castilans subjected it to a fifth siege between 1349 – 50 . It ended when Alfonso XI died from bubonic plague during the Black Death . In 1374 control of Gibraltar was transferred from Marinid Morocco to Nasrid Granada . In 1410 , however , the Moorish garrison revolted and declared their allegiance to Morocco , leading to the sixth siege in 1411 when the Granadan Nasrids stormed the city with assistance from sympathisers within the walls . Another attempt to capture the city for the Christians was made by Enrique de Guzmán , Second Count of Niebla . The Seventh Siege of Gibraltar ended in disaster on 31 August 1436 when a landing led by Enrique resulted in his drowning at the Red Sands along with 40 knights and men @-@ at @-@ arms . His body was retrieved by the Moors , beheaded and displayed in a wicker basket above Gibraltar 's Sea Gate for the next 26 years . Finally , on 20 August 1462 , Enrique 's son Juan Alonso de Guzmán , 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia succeeded in capturing Gibraltar after launching a surprise attack . His success in the brief Eighth Siege of Gibraltar was due to the garrison being greatly depleted after its men of rank had left for Granada , with their retinues , to pay homage to the newly enthroned sultan Abu l @-@ Hasan Ali . An initial assault by the Count of Arcos was beaten back with many casualties on both sides , but the men of the garrison realised that in their depleted state they could not withstand a second assault . They offered to surrender on condition that the garrison and inhabitants of Gibraltar would be allowed to leave with their wives , children and movable goods , with compensation to be paid for the property that they left behind . Although the proposal was welcomed , it fell through due to rivalry between the Christian commanders . The Moorish inhabitants of Gibraltar retreated to the castle and surrendered after a few days to Medina Sidonia . They were expelled along with the city 's Jewish population , to be replaced by Spanish Christians . The Reconquista of Gibraltar took place on the feast of St. Bernard , who the Spanish named patron saint of Gibraltar and has remained so ever since . This brought an end to Moorish Gibraltar , just over 751 years after Tariq ibn @-@ Ziyad had begun the conquest of Iberia .
= CAM ship = CAM ships were World War II @-@ era British merchant ships used in convoys as an emergency stop @-@ gap until sufficient escort carriers became available . CAM ship is an acronym for catapult aircraft merchant ship . A CAM ship was equipped with a rocket @-@ propelled catapult launching a single Hawker Hurricane , dubbed a " Hurricat " or " Catafighter " . CAM ships continued to carry their normal cargoes after conversion . They are distinguished from fighter catapult ships ( FCS ) , which also carried catapult launched fighters , in that the CAM ship was a merchant vessel commanded and crewed by the Merchant Navy but the FCS was a merchant ship that had been commissioned as a warship and commanded and crewed by the Royal Navy . = = Origin = = The German Luftwaffe had Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 200 " Condor " aircraft with a range of nearly 2 @,@ 000 nautical miles . After the Fall of France , these aircraft could operate from western France against British merchant ships in the Atlantic . Flying from Bordeaux – Mérignac Airport , Fw 200s of I / KG40 could reach the convoy lanes west of Britain while staying outside the range of British land @-@ based fighters . The Royal Navy had no aircraft carriers available to provide close air cover for the convoys . The Fw 200s could shadow convoys , directing U @-@ boat attacks on them , or drop bombs on convoy ships , without opposition and to deadly effect . To counter this threat , the Admiralty developed the fighter catapult ship – a converted freighter , manned by a naval crew , carrying a single Hawker Hurricane fighter . When an enemy bomber was sighted , the fighter would be launched into the air with rockets , and fly up to destroy or drive away the bomber . Being large and slow , the Fw 200 became a rather vulnerable target . After the combat , the fighter pilot would bail out or ditch in the ocean near the convoy , and be picked up if all went well . The Admiralty had already experimented with this system . They ordered 50 rocket @-@ propelled aircraft catapults to be fitted to merchant ships . The planes were Hurricane Mark Is , converted to Sea Hurricane IAs . The pilots for these aircraft were drawn from the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . The RAF formed the Merchant Ship Fighter Unit ( MSFU ) on 5 May 1941 in RAF Speke by the River Mersey in Liverpool . Wing Commander E.S. Moulton @-@ Barrett commanded the unit providing training for volunteer pilots , Fighter Direction Officers ( FDOs ) , and airmen . After training , MSFU crews were posted to Liverpool , Glasgow , or Avonmouth where they assisted in loading their Hurricanes onto the catapults . Each team consisted of one pilot for Atlantic runs ( or two pilots for voyages to Russia , Gibraltar , or the Mediterranean Sea ) , with one fitter , one rigger , one radio @-@ telephone operator , one FDO , and a seaman torpedoman who worked on the catapult as an electrician . MSFU crews signed ship 's articles as civilian crew members under the authority of the civilian ship 's master . The ship 's chief engineer became responsible for the catapult , and the first mate acted as Catapult Duty Officer ( CDO ) , responsible for firing the catapult when directed . The single Hurricane fighter was launched only when enemy aircraft were sighted and agreement was reached via hand and flag signals between the pilot , CDO , and ship 's master . The first four or five ships were taken into Royal Navy service as " Auxiliary Fighter Catapult Ships " , and later conversions were officially named CAMs manned by merchant crews . The first CAM ship , Michael E , was sponsored by the Royal Navy while the RAF MSFUs were working up . After a trial launch off Belfast , Michael E sailed with convoy OB 327 on 28 May 1941 . She was sunk by U @-@ 108 on 2 June . The first RAF trial CAM launch was from Empire Rainbow , at Greenock on the River Clyde on 31 May 1941 ; the Hurricane landed at Abbotsinch . Six CAM ships joined convoys in June 1941 . When a CAM ship arrived at its destination , the pilot usually launched and landed at a nearby airfield to get in as much flight time as possible before his return trip . Pilots were rotated out of CAM assignments after two round @-@ trip voyages to avoid the deterioration of flying skills from the lack of flying time during the assignment . CAM sailings were initially limited to North American convoys with aircraft maintenance performed by the Royal Canadian Air Force at Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . CAM ships sailed on Gibraltar and Freetown convoys beginning in September , 1941 , after an aircraft maintenance unit was established at the RAF base at North Front , Gibraltar . No CAM aircraft were provided during January and February 1942 after it proved impossible to maintain the catapult @-@ mounted aircraft in flying order during the North Atlantic winter . CAM sailings resumed on 6 March 1942 on North Atlantic convoys and in April on the Arctic Russian convoys with a RAF aircraft maintenance unit in Archangelsk . = = CAM ships = = Eight CAM ships were requisitioned from private owners , two of which were sunk : Daghestan , Daltonhall , Eastern City , Helencrest , Kafiristan , Michael E ( sunk ) , Novelist , Primrose Hill ( sunk ) . 27 CAM ships were Ministry of War Transport owned Empire ships , ten of which were sunk : Empire Burton ( sunk ) , Empire Clive , Empire Darwin , Empire Day , Empire Dell ( sunk ) , Empire Eve ( sunk ) , Empire Faith , Empire Flame , Empire Foam , Empire Franklin , Empire Gale , Empire Heath , Empire Hudson ( sunk ) , Empire Lawrence ( sunk ) , Empire Moon , Empire Morn , Empire Ocean , Empire Rainbow ( sunk ) , Empire Ray , Empire Rowan ( sunk ) , Empire Shackleton ( sunk ) , Empire Spray , Empire Spring ( sunk ) , Empire Stanley , Empire Sun , Empire Tide , Empire Wave ( sunk ) . = = Take @-@ off procedure = = The trolley receiving bar was removed at dawn . The airmen started the aircraft and warmed up the engine at intervals . The pilot climbed into the aircraft when enemy aircraft were reported . The ship hoisted the international flag code F when the decision was made to launch . ( CAM ships were usually stationed at the head of the outboard port column of a convoy so they could manoeuvre into the wind for launch . ) An airman removed the pins , showed them to the pilot , and took them to the CDO . The pilot applied 30 degree flaps and 1 / 3 right rudder . The CDO raised a blue flag above his head to inform the ship 's master of his readiness to launch . The ship 's master manoeuvred the ship into the wind and raised a blue flag above his head to authorise the launch . ( The ship 's master stood on the starboard bridge wing to avoid the catapult rocket blast which sometimes damaged the port side of the bridge . ) The CDO waved his blue flag indicating he was ready to launch upon a signal from the pilot . The pilot opened full throttle , tightened the throttle friction nut , pressed his head back into the head @-@ rest , pressed his right elbow tightly against his hip , and lowered his left hand as a signal to launch . The CDO counted to three , waited for the bow to rise from the trough of a swell , and moved the switch to fire the catapult rockets . = = CAM combat launches = = In total , there were nine combat launches . Eight aircraft and one pilot were lost for eight German aircraft destroyed and one damaged . = = Programme termination = = As adequate numbers of escort carriers became available , CAM sailings on North American and Arctic Russian convoys were discontinued in August 1942 . The aircraft maintenance unit was withdrawn from Archangel in September 1942 . Catapults were removed from ten of the 26 surviving CAM ships while the remaining 16 continued to sail with the Mediterranean and Freetown convoys . Headquarters RAF Fighter Command ordered all MSFUs to be disbanded commencing 8 June 1943 . The combat launches from homeward bound convoy SL 133 were from the last two operational CAM ships to sail , the last MSFU was disbanded 7 September 1943 . Twelve of the 35 CAM ships had been sunk while sailing on 170 round trip voyages . Two more ships , Cape Clear and City of Johannesburg , were briefly fitted with dummy catapults and aircraft for deception purposes in late 1941 .
= Marine Harvest = Marine Harvest ASA , Pan Fish prior to February 6 , 2007 , is a Norwegian seafood company with operations in a number of countries around the world . The company 's primary interest is the production , processing and sale of farmed salmon , the operations of which are focused on Norway , Scotland , Canada , the Faroe Islands , Ireland and Chile . The group has a share of between 25 and 30 % of the global salmon and trout market , making it the world 's largest company in the sector . Marine Harvest also owns a ' value added processing ' unit , which prepares and distributes a range of seafood products , and a number of smaller divisions . The company assumed its current form as a result of massive expansion in 2006 , when Pan Fish ASA conducted an effective three @-@ way merger with Marine Harvest N.V. and Fjord Seafood . The group is headquartered in Bergen and is dual @-@ listed on both the Oslo Stock Exchange where it is a constituent of the benchmark OBX Index , and the New York Stock Exchange . = = History = = = = = Constituent companies = = = = = = = Marine Harvest = = = = The first company to use the name Marine Harvest was founded in Lochailort , Scotland by Unilever in 1965 at the outset of the Atlantic salmon farming industry . Unilever had been developing farming methods at a research facility there . The company began operations in Chile in 1975 . In 1992 , Unilever sold the business to American firm Marifarms , and two years later ownership of the company passed to Booker plc when it was merged with Booker 's aquaculture subsidiary , McConnell Salmon . After deciding to divest Marine Harvest McConnell so as to concentrate on its core cash and carry business in 1998 , Booker eventually succeeded in finding a buyer in July 1999 . The Dutch @-@ based nutrition firm Nutreco acquired the unit for GB £ 32 @.@ 7 million , adding it to its fish food and salmon farming unit . Nutreco 's initial attempt to further expand into the fish farming sector by acquiring the seafood arm of Norsk Hydro was blocked on the recommendation of the United Kingdom Competition Commission in late 2000 , but the deal was approved in March 2001 after Nutreco agreed not to acquire Hydro Seafood 's Scottish assets . Nutreco retained the name Marine Harvest for the unit 's fish farming operations , and established interests in the emerging farmed cod , halibut , yellowtail and barramundi markets . In May 2005 , Nutreco merged its fish @-@ farming operations with the salmon , trout , halibut , tilapia , cod , sturgeon and caviar businesses of Stolt @-@ Nielsen , creating a new stand @-@ alone company , again named Marine Harvest . Nutreco held a 75 % stake in the joint venture , with Stolt taking the remainder . = = = = Pan Fish = = = = Pan Fish Holding AS was founded in 1992 with a strategy to acquire many fish farms domestically and abroad . By 1997 the firm had made numerous acquisitions and opted to list on the Oslo Stock Exchange as Pan Fish ASA . However , the company had borrowed heavily to finance its rapid growth — by the end of 2001 , debts had reached over NOK 4 @.@ 7 billion . When the market price of salmon collapsed in 2001 , Pan Fish encountered extreme financial difficulties , posting a heavy loss in 2002 , and having to sell off assets in order to repay creditors . A major refinancing operation implemented in late 2002 coincided with the dismissal of the entire board of directors , including founder and CEO Arne Nore . The company slowly recovered over the following years , returning to profitability in 2005 . = = = = Fjord Seafood = = = = Fjord Seafood has its origins in Torgnes Invest , a company founded in June 1996 which initially operated a single fish farm in the Norwegian town of Brønnøysund . Expansion over the following four years was aggressive — by September 2000 , when Fjord Seafood ( as it was now called ) listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange , the company 's portfolio comprised 60 ongrowing concessions , of which 50 were wholly owned , as well as a number of smolt and broodstock farms , slaughterhouses and processing factories . Fjord continued to conduct mergers and acquisitions - the purchase of Belgian fish @-@ processing company Pieters N.V. in November 2000 was swiftly followed by the addition of ContiSea , the seafood joint @-@ venture of ContiGroup and Seaboard Corporation . As with Pan Fish , poor market conditions saw Fjord 's share price worsen dramatically in 2001 , and with it the ability to pay off its debts . The company 's future was only secured thanks to a NOK 700 million bail out from major shareholders that September . Attempts to grow the company through merger and acquisitions were also frustrated — a planned merger with the aquaculture businesses of Domstein ( then the biggest shareholder of Fjord ) and state @-@ controlled Cermaq was aborted in June 2002 after opposition from parties including ContiGroup and Seaboard , who controlled over 20 % of shares between them . Nevertheless , Fjord stabilised its financial position through restructuring and cost @-@ cutting measures . = = = Merger = = = Moves toward consolidation in the aquaculture sector were sparked by the activity of shipping magnate John Fredriksen , Norway 's richest man before abandoning his citizenship of the country in 2006 . Fredriksen 's first major move into the industry came in the second quarter of 2005 , when Domstein 's 24 % stake in Fjord Seafood was sold to his investment vehicle Geveran Trading . Around the same time , Pan Fish announced that two companies indirectly controlled by Fredriksen had acquired a combined 48 % of the company 's outstanding shares . In October of that year , with salmon prices high , Fjord submitted an offer for a majority stake in Cermaq to the Norwegian Government , which was preparing it for a public listing . However , as with the first merger attempt in 2002 , Fjord failed in its bid — this time the offer was rejected by the Government . Fredriksen 's efforts to effect change finally bore fruit in March 2006 , as Geveran Trading succeeded in purchasing Marine Harvest from its joint owners for € 881 million , before immediately turning ownership over to Pan Fish . Geveran also sold its stake in Fjord Seafood to Pan Fish at the same time . With its remaining shares purchased by Pan Fish , Fjord Seafood de @-@ listed from the Oslo Stock Exchange on 6 July 2006 . With regulatory hurdles in the United Kingdom and France cleared , the Marine Harvest group was brought under the control of Pan Fish by the end of 2006 . To allow the merger to go ahead , the sale of the former Pan Fish Scotland division was agreed with the regulatory authorities . After an initial deal to sell the unit to Norskott Havbruk , owners of rival company Scottish Sea Farms , was called off in July 2007 , Pan Fish Scotland was spun off into a separate publicly traded entity , Lighthouse Caledonia , that November . Geveran Trading held a 28 % stake in the company upon completion of the merger , a shareholding which has since increased to almost 30 % as of March 2009 . = = = = Change in identity = = = = With the creation of a much enlarged company complete , the Pan Fish management announced a complete change in its identity in December 2006 . The firm 's new brand was chosen to reflect each of its three main constituents : " Marine Harvest " was again revived as the new name for the company , and the Fjord Seafood slogan " excellence in seafood " and a reworked version of the Pan Fish motif were also included in the new logo . Atle Eide , CEO of Pan Fish from 2003 , continued in his position , but resigned in September 2007 for personal reasons . Eide was replaced on an interim basis by Leif Frode Onarheim , before the CEO position was filled permanently by former GE Healthcare executive Åse Aulie Michelet in March 2008 . Michelet was unexpectedly removed from her position in March 2010 and was replaced by former Lerøy Seafood CEO Alf @-@ Helge Aarskog . = = Operations = = Marine Harvest produces Atlantic salmon , halibut and white fish . The company has an integrated value chain , with the company making its own broodstock in freshwater , followed by growth and maturing in seawater , harvesting , manufacturing in processing plants and distribution . Production is concentrated in Norway , Scotland , Ireland , Canada , the Faroe Islands and in Chile , with sales globally . Brand names used are Delifish ( smoked fish from Chile ) , Ducktrap ( smoked , in the United States ) , Clare Island Organic Salmon ( from Ireland ) , Donegal Silver Salmon ( from Ireland ) , Kendall Brook ( salmon ) , Kritsen ( smoked , in France ) , La Couronne ( smoked , in Belgium ) , Pieters ( distribution ) , Sterling White Halibut ( from Norway ) , Xalar ( salmon oil from Norway ) . = = = Production locations = = = In Norway , in addition to the corporate headquarters in Bergen and sales offices , Marine Harvest operates about 100 seawater sites along the coast . These are supplemented with 28 fresh water sites , two broodstock plants ( in Bjugn and Askøy ) , two hatcheries ( in Øygarden and Rørvik ) and four processing plants in ( Eggesbønes , Herøy and Ryfisk and Ulvan ) . Production is centred around atlantic salmon , but also includes white halibut . In Scotland , Marine Harvest operates 25 sea farms , plus five hatcheries ( in Kilmarie , Lochailort , Kinlochmoidart , Finfish and Inchmore ) , four freshwater loch sites , a harvest station in Mallaig and a processing plant in Fort William . Head office is in Edinburgh and all produce is atlantic salmon . In Chile , Marine Harvest operates 53 sea water and 22 fresh water sites , in addition to four processing plants ( in Calbuco , Chiloé , Puerto Montt and Santiago ) . Regional head office is located in Puerto Montt , and output is salmon , trout , coho and salar . In British Columbia , Canada , Marine Harvest operates two processing plants , seven hatcheries and 37 sea water sites near five towns in British Columbia : Campbell River , Port McNeill , Port Hardy , Quatsino and Klemtu . Produce is atlantic salmon . In the Faroe Islands , Marine Harvest operates fresh water sites in Hellur , and sea water sites in Oyndarfjørður , Haldarsvík , Hósvík and Kollafjørður . Produce is Atlantic salmon . In Ireland , Marine Harvest operates one broodstock plant , two hatcheries , three fresh water sites , twelve sea water sites , three processing plants , all but four sea water sites in County Donegal , the latter being in County Mayo . Output is atlantic salmon . = = = Processing and sales = = = In France , processing and distribution plants are located in Boulogne @-@ sur @-@ Mer , Challans , Lorient , Châteaugiron , Dunkerque , Poullaouen and Landivisiau . These support an extensive sales force throughout the country . In Belgium , processing and distribution plants are located in Bruges and Ostend . In the Netherlands , there is one processing plant in Lemmer . Additional European sales offices are located in Bologna , Italy , and Madrid , Spain . In the United States , one processing plant is located in Maine , while sales offices are in Miami . In Asia , sales offices are located in Singapore ; Beijing , China ; Tokyo , Japan ; Taipei , Taiwan , and Busan , South Korea . = = Criticism = = Marine Harvest has been criticised for destroying a large part of the weir Murray 's Cauld on the Ettrick Water in Selkirk , Scotland , through what has been claimed to be inaction . The company sold its nearby fish farm to a local businessman for £ 1 in July 2008 , who has since been given permission to commence repair work on the weir . Marine Harvest 's operations have been severely affected in the south of Chile , where millions of fish have died by the disease infectious salmon anemia . The rapid propagation of the virus has motivated the enterprise to sell some of its facilities , firing more than a thousand employees , with the aim of translating its installations further south to the Aisén Region . Parasitic , viral and fungal infections are all disseminated when the fish are stressed and the centres are too close together , and a spokesman for Marine Harvest recognized that his company was using too many antibiotics in Chile and that fish pens were too close , contributing to the dissemination of the ISA virus . Norwegian scientist Are Nylund has suggested that Marine Harvest introduced the ISA virus to the region by importing infected eggs from Norway .
= John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum = The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library and museum of John Fitzgerald Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States ( 1961 – 1963 ) . It is located on Columbia Point in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , next to the University of Massachusetts Boston , the Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate , and the Massachusetts Archives and Commonwealth Museum . Designed by the architect I. M. Pei , the building is the official repository for original papers and correspondence of the Kennedy Administration , as well as special bodies of published and unpublished materials , such as books and papers by and about Ernest Hemingway . The library and museum were dedicated in 1979 by President Jimmy Carter and members of the Kennedy family . It can be reached from nearby Interstate 93 or via shuttle bus or walk from the JFK / UMass stop on the Boston subway 's Red line . = = Location , design and dedication = = = = = Original site and name = = = During a weekend visit to Boston on October 19 , 1963 , President Kennedy , along with John Carl Warnecke — the architect who would design the President ’ s tomb in Arlington — viewed several locations offered by Harvard as a site for the library and museum . At the time there were only four other Presidential Libraries : the Hoover Presidential Library , the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library , the Truman Library , and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library . They were all scattered around the country in small towns from New York to Iowa . Kennedy had not decided on any design concept yet , but he felt that the existing presidential libraries were placed too " far away from scholarly resources . " Kennedy chose a plot of land next to the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration . The building would face the Charles River which was a few feet away , and on the other side of which , the dormitories that included Winthrop House where Kennedy spent his upperclassman days . Since Kennedy encouraged his administration to save effects of both personal and official nature , the complex would not just be a collection of the President 's papers , but " a complete record of a Presidential era . " And so , the building would have the word museum appended to its name : John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . = = = Initial progress = = = After President Kennedy was assassinated in November 1963 , his family and friends discussed how to construct a library that would serve as a fitting memorial . A committee was formed to advise Kennedy 's widow Jacqueline , who would make the final decision . The group deliberated for months , and visited with architects from around the world including Pietro Belluschi and others from the United States , Brazil 's Lucio Costa , and Italy 's Franco Albini . Mrs. Kennedy and others met with the candidates together at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis , Massachusetts , and visited several in their offices . The committee also conducted a secretive process whereby the architects voted anonymously for the most capable of their colleagues . Progress on the building began shortly after his death . On January 13 , 1964 , Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy announced that a taped oral @-@ history project was to be undertaken for inclusion in the library . The project would feature administration staff , friends , family , and politicians from home and abroad . The Attorney General also announced that Eugene R. Black , Sr. agreed to serve as chairman of the board of trustees and that $ 1 million of Black ’ s $ 10 million goal had been given to the trust by the Joseph P. Kennedy , Jr . Foundation . The death of the President was still fresh in the hearts and minds of the American public and by March of that year $ 4 @.@ 3 million had been pledged , including 18 @,@ 727 unsolicited donations from the public . Large donations came from the Hispanic world with Venezuela pledging $ 100 @,@ 000 and Governor of Puerto Rico Luis Muñoz Marín offering the same . The oral @-@ history project also began recording , starting with Jacqueline Kennedy and Robert Kennedy . Originally projected to consist of interviews with 150 people , 178 had agreed to participate and the total number of expected participants doubled to 300 , with just one person ( a Secret Service agent ) declining to take part . Also by this time fourteen architects were named to serve on a design advisory committee : Over the following months pledges continued to funnel in for the building still being conceptualized by the various architects . Some notable donations include $ 900 @,@ 000 handed over to Postmaster General John A. Gronouski on July 9 , 1964 . It was the sum of a campaign encompassing 102 Federal agencies . Gronouski said many of the Federal employee contributions were in the form of a $ 5 withholding each payday for a period of three years . The next day the Indian ambassador to the United States , Braj Kumar Nehru. presented Black with a check for $ 100 @,@ 000 during a ceremony at the River Club . Nehru said that the Indian people were hit by a " sad blow " when the President died , and that they held him " in the highest regard , esteem and affection . " He desired for Indian students abroad in the United States to use the library , then still planned for construction at Harvard along the banks of the Charles River . = = = Pei selected as architect = = = On December 13 , 1964 , the Kennedy family announced that I. M. Pei was unanimously chosen by a subcommittee as the architect of the library . Even though Pei was relatively unknown amongst the list of candidates , Mrs. Kennedy , who viewed him as filled with promise and imagination and after spending several months inspecting the many architects ’ offices and creations , selected him to create the vision she held for the project . Pei did not have a design yet , but the idea as described by Robert Kennedy was to “ stimulate interest in politics . ” Meanwhile , the suggestion that Harvard may not be a suitable site for the library had begun cropping up . When asked if Pei may have had to start from scratch , he said this was the case . With an “ encouraging grin ” Robert Kennedy simply wished Mr. Pei “ Good luck . ” Mrs. Kennedy chose Pei to design the library , based on two considerations . First , she appreciated the variety of ideas he had used for earlier projects . " He didn 't seem to have just one way to solve a problem , " she said . " He seemed to approach each commission thinking only of it and then develop a way to make something beautiful . " Ultimately , however , Kennedy made her choice based on her personal connection with Pei . Calling it " really an emotional decision " , she explained : " He was so full of promise , like Jack ; they were born in the same year . I decided it would be fun to take a great leap with him . " Not long before Pei was selected , the $ 10 million goal set by Black had been reached . By 1965 , fundraising was suspended when the contributions reached $ 20 million . = = = Years of setbacks = = = In January 1966 , when Massachusetts Governor John A. Volpe signed a bill allowing the state to purchase the land for the site — an old train yard belonging to the Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority ( MBTA ) — it was expected that the project would be complete by 1970 . The original design was a large complex comprising the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum , the John F. Kennedy School of Government , and an Institute of Politics . However the project faced many delays . The MBTA would not agree to remove the heavy machinery from the land until 1970 . By that time construction costs had risen to over $ 20 million . Only now could Pei prepare a six @-@ month study of the site ’ s soil , and he said the " money we had six years ago , today will barely pay for 60 percent of the original plans . " Robert Kennedy , by then a senator from New York , had been serving as president of the John F. Kennedy Library Corporation until he was assassinated in 1968 . Weeks before , William Manchester and Harper & Row donated $ 750 @,@ 000 to the library . The first in a series of installments expected to total $ 5 million , came from the profits of the book The Death of a President which caused a bitter feud between the Kennedys and Manchester . Mrs. Kennedy remarked " I think it is so beautiful what Mr. Manchester did . I am glad that Senator Kennedy knew about it before he died . " The youngest of the Kennedy brothers , Senator Edward M. Kennedy , would step down as vice president of the corporation to fill the newly vacant position . By 1971 , construction had still not begun ; researchers and scholars were forced to work out of the Federal Records Center which was temporarily housing some of the 15 million documents and manuscripts . Pei said there was finally " a clear way ahead " ; however , he was asked to save on construction expenses by using inexpensive materials . This would translate into Pei working with concrete instead of his preferred stone . On May 22 , 1971 , President Lyndon B. Johnson , who succeeded Kennedy as president , saw the dedication of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum in Austin , Texas . On the campus of the University of Texas at Austin , and next to the LBJ School of Public Affairs , he would beat the Kennedy team to building the first Presidential Library that also served as a place of scholarly research . He would not live to see work begin on his predecessor 's . Meanwhile , the Cambridge community was in fierce opposition to having the library being built in Cambridge at all . Although originally welcomed in 1965 , the library was now seen as a great attractor of over a million annual tourists who would change the neighborhood with " hordes of tourists , automobiles , fast @-@ food franchises and souvenir shops , " as well as cause a negative environmental impact . One neighborhood group filed a lawsuit in federal court demanding that the General Services Administration study , which found that the great number of visitors would have " no adverse effect on the area , " be reexamined . Stephen E. Smith , a Kennedy in @-@ law who heads the John F. Kennedy Library Corporation decided that “ we want the Kennedy Library to be a happy place . It would not be in keeping with the nature of this memorial for it to open in an atmosphere of discord and controversy . ” And in February 1975 the plans for having the library where President Kennedy would have wanted it , were dropped . = = = New location , new plan = = = The new location of the site was Columbia Point in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston , near the University of Massachusetts Boston , described as a group of " massive , blocky structures ... in sharp contrast to the mellow and urbane atmosphere of the library ’ s original site near Harvard Square . " The site was originally a garbage dump , Pei recalls finding old refrigerators and appliances under the soil . In all seriousness , he asserted that one could toss a lit match on the earth and watch the ground ignite as the soil emitted methane gas . One thing the site did have going for it was that the community was not opposed to the area being landscaped to house the library . June 12 , 1977 marked the official groundbreaking for the library with construction following in August . Although the site was a landfill it did overlook Boston , Dorchester Bay and the ocean . The area was covered in 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) of earth and topsoil . Pei was particularly proud of the landscaping results . The design would be a simple geometric structure with a large glass pavilion . The concrete tower stands 125 feet ( 38 m ) tall and houses offices and archives . A circular section contains two theaters and is connected to the tower by the 115 foot ( 35 m ) grey @-@ glass pavilion . The concrete finish of the building directly reflects the budget . With more money Pei would have made the building with stone which he believes offers a nicer finish with more detail . The materials chosen kept the costs within budget , in total costing $ 20 @.@ 8 million . Over 30 million people contributed to the cost of construction , which more than 225 construction workers labored to complete before the end of 1979 . = = = Dedication = = = The official dedication was held on October 20 , 1979 . Outside the building on the green , on a blue @-@ carpeted stage with a bank of yellow chrysanthemums sat the Kennedy family and those close to them . Among many others , President Jimmy Carter was in their company . The ceremony began with President Kennedy ’ s daughter , Caroline Kennedy , introducing her brother , John F. Kennedy , Jr . , who read from the Stephen Spender poem , I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great . President Carter said of John F. Kennedy that he embodied “ the ideals of a generation as few public figures have ever done in the history of the earth . ” He spoke of openly weeping upon hearing about the death of Kennedy , something that he had not done since his own father died , ten years before . Afterwards , he accepted the library “ on behalf of the American people ” and the National Archives and Records Administration . Senator Edward M. Kennedy , said of his brother 's life , that it " was a voyage of discovery , a quest for excellence that inspired universal trust and faith . In that brief unfinished journey , he made us believe once more in the great historic purpose of this land . He filled America with pride and made the nation young again . " Critics generally liked the finished building , but the architect himself was unsatisfied . The years of conflict and compromise had changed the nature of the design , and Pei felt that the final result lacked its original passion . " I wanted to give something very special to the memory of President Kennedy , " he said in 2000 . " It could and should have been a great project . " Perhaps the most important consequence of the Kennedy project for Pei was his elevation in the public 's consciousness as an architect of note . Pei considered the John F. Kennedy Library " the most important commission in my life . " = = Exhibits and collection = = The library 's first floor features a museum containing video monitors , family photographs , political memorabilia . Visitors to the museum begin their visit by watching a film narrated by President Kennedy in one of two cinemas that show an orientation film , and a third shows a documentary on the Cuban Missile Crisis . The are seven permanent exhibits : Campaign Trail – Exhibit on the presidential campaign of 1960 and New Frontier , featuring 1960 Democratic National Convention memorabilia , and a replica of a Kennedy campaign office . The Briefing Room – Exhibit on Kennedy 's speeches and press conferences . The Space Race – Exhibit on the Space Race and the U.S. space program during Project Mercury ; features the Mercury @-@ Redstone 3 ( Freedom 7 ) space capsule in which astronaut Alan B. Shepard became the first American in space . The capsule , which was displayed at the United States Naval Academy 's Armel @-@ Leftwich Visitor Center from 1998 to 2012 , came to the JFK Library in 2012 , and will return to the Smithsonian Institution 's National Air and Space Museum in Washington , D.C. , in 2016 . Attorney General 's Office – Exhibit on Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , President Kennedy 's brother and closest political advisor . Features information on RFK 's role in fighting organized crime as chief counsel for the Senate McClellan Committee , and the Department of Justice 's role in the American Civil Rights Movement during RFK 's time as attorney general . The centerpiece of the exhibit are items that RFK had in his office at the Department of Justice Building . These include documents , personal items , and a bust of Winston Churchill by Leo Cherne . The Oval Office – Exhibit features information on the American Civil Rights Movement during the Kennedy presidency , and items that Kennedy kept in the Oval Office . First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy – Exhibit on the life of First Lady Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy ; features footage of the First Lady and artifacts from her life , include several pieces of clothing . The Kennedy Family – This exhibit on the famous Kennedy family features a number of artifacts , including Kathleen Kennedy 's Red Cross uniform jacket , a commemorative cup , a blackthorn walking stick , and a replica of the Great Mace of Galway , Ireland . Among the Library 's art collection is a 1962 portrait of Robert F. Kennedy by Lajos Markos , a watercolor sketch of John F. Kennedy by Jamie Wyeth , a watercolor painting of the White House painted by Jacqueline Kennedy and given as a gift to her husband , who had it hung in the Oval Office , a fingerpainting by Caroline Kennedy as a child , and a bust of John F. Kennedy sculpted by Felix de Weldon . Kennedy 's 25 @-@ foot Wianno Senior sailboat Victura is on display on the grounds of the Library from May to October . Acquired by the family when Kennedy was 15 , it played an important role in forging sibling bonds and , after the president 's death , continued being sailed by other members of the family , especially race @-@ enthusiast brother Ted . The Library has a variety of temporary and special exhibits . = = Archives = = = = = Audiovisual = = = The audiovisual archives contain over 400 @,@ 000 still photographs taken from 1863 – 1984 , over 7 @.@ 5 million feet ( 2 @.@ 29 × 106 m ) of film shot between 1910 – 83 , and 11 @,@ 000 reels of audio recordings from 1910 – 85 . = = = Oral @-@ history project = = = Begun in 1964 , the oral @-@ history project was a unique undertaking to document and preserve interviews with those associated with Kennedy . Initially expected to have about 150 participants , today it contains over 1 @,@ 100 interviews and continues to this day . It is modelled after a program by the Columbia University Oral History Research Office , the worlds oldest , which began in 1948 . At its conception , while serving as Attorney General , Robert Kennedy speculated that some of the interviews , such as ones relating to the Cuban Missile Crisis , might have to be sealed for a while due to containing " highly classified material . " He said that although the emphasis would be on releasing everything as soon as possible , some items might remain closed for 10 to 25 years . Because the interviewees are allowed to review their transcripts before the interviews are released for use by scholars , the audio may differ from the written record ; so that the interviewing may disambiguate any misunderstanding in their speech and make it clear in a written form . = = = Artifacts = = = The library keeps a wide range of artifacts , many of which can be found in their respective exhibits . One is the original coconut on which a rescue message was inscribed by Kennedy to rescue the crew of the PT @-@ 109 , and which was delivered by Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana , natives of the Solomon Islands . = = The Ernest Hemingway Collection = = The library is also home to a collection of documents and belongings from Ernest Hemingway . The collection was established in 1968 following an exchange of letters between Hemingway 's widow Mary and Jacqueline Kennedy that confirmed that Hemingway 's papers would be archived there . In 1961 , despite a U.S. travel ban to Cuba , President Kennedy had arranged to allow Mary Hemingway to go there to claim her recently deceased husband 's documents and belongings . A room for the collection was dedicated on July 18 , 1980 by Patrick Hemingway and Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis . The Ernest Hemingway Collection spans Hemingway 's career , and includes " ninety percent of existing Hemingway manuscript materials , making the Kennedy Library the world 's principal center for research " on his life and work . It includes : Over 1000 manuscripts of varying lengths , including hand @-@ written drafts of The Sun Also Rises and dozens of hand @-@ drafted alternate endings to A Farewell to Arms ; Research material on bullfighting , used as background for Death in the Afternoon and The Dangerous Summer Thousands of letters written by or to Hemingway ; this included correspondence with fellow writers such as Sherwood Anderson , Carlos Baker , John Dos Passos , William Faulkner , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Robert Frost , Martha Gellhorn , A. E. Hotchner , James Joyce , Archibald MacLeish , Ezra Pound , and Gertrude Stein , as well as with actress Marlene Dietrich , restaurateur Toots Shor , Cardinal Francis Spellman , publisher Charles Scribner , his editor Maxwell Perkins , and his lawyer Alfred Rice More than 10 @,@ 000 photographs , as well as press clippings and other ephemera Books from his private library , many with marginalia , and including a rare copy of Francisco Goya 's Los Proverbios . = = 2013 fire = = On April 15 , 2013 , a fire occurred in the library . Initial reports stated the fire appears to have started in a mechanical room . An official communication from the library stated that the fire is being investigated . The fire was unrelated to the Boston Marathon bombings , which occurred simultaneously .
= Meet Kevin Johnson = " Meet Kevin Johnson " is the 80th television episode of the American Broadcasting Company 's ( ABC 's ) Lost and the eighth episode of the fourth season . It was written in October and November 2007 by supervising producer Elizabeth Sarnoff and co @-@ producer Brian K. Vaughan , and directed in November by co @-@ executive producer Stephen Williams . " Meet Kevin Johnson " first aired March 20 , 2008 , on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada . In the second season finale , after 67 days of being stranded on a mysterious and mystical tropical island , Oceanic Airlines 815 crash survivor Michael Dawson ( played by Harold Perrineau ) successfully negotiates his escape via motorboat with the island 's dangerous original inhabitants , whom the survivors refer to as the " Others " . One month later in the episode before " Meet Kevin Johnson " , Michael reappears on a freighter offshore of the island , undercover with the alias " Kevin Johnson " . Most of the narrative of " Meet Kevin Johnson " consists of a continuous flashback — the third longest in the show 's history after " Across the Sea " and " The Other 48 Days " — showing what happened to Michael in the month that he spent away in New York and on the freighter , primarily his recruitment aboard the freighter Kahana as a spy for the Others . The writers completed " Meet Kevin Johnson " , the eighth of 16 ordered scripts , on the same day that the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike action began . Post @-@ production finished weeks later without input from the show 's writers . ABC pledged to air the completed eight episodes regardless of the strike 's resolution , but the writers felt that the episode 's cliffhanger was unsuitable as a potential season finale . ABC ultimately overruled their opposition . " Meet Kevin Johnson " was watched by 13 million Americans and was met with mixed reactions . A major discussion point was the episode 's climax , which was criticized for its placement in the story and its focus on secondary characters . Although critics responded well to Michael 's emotional journey , they complained that his physical journey seemed to conflict with Lost 's timeline that had been laid out in previous episodes . The episode was honored with the fourth season 's sole Primetime Emmy Award for its achievement in sound mixing . = = Plot = = The episode 's opening is set on December 26 , 2004 , over three months after the crash of Oceanic 815 . Most of the episode takes place on the freighter " Kahana , " moored offshore of the island where the plane crashed . The freighter is owned by Charles Widmore ( Alan Dale ) , who is intent on extracting the Others ' leader Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) . Captain Gault ( Grant Bowler ) stops two crewmembers from deserting the freighter in a raft . He publicly beats them and shouts that this is to save their lives , reminding the crew of what happened to George Minkowski ( Fisher Stevens ) when he left the boat . The next morning , Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) confronts Michael about his motivations , and the narrative shifts into an uninterrupted flashback of Michael 's life after escaping from the island . Michael and his son Walt Lloyd ( Malcolm David Kelley ) return to New York . Overcome with guilt , Michael confesses that he murdered Ana Lucia Cortez ( Michelle Rodriguez ) and Libby ( Cynthia Watros ) as part of his rescue of Walt from the Others ' captivity . Michael becomes estranged from Walt , who goes to live with Michael 's mother ( Starletta DuPois ) . Michael is haunted by apparitions and nightmares of the late Libby . Michael attempts to kill himself in a car crash , but fails . He sells the watch that Jin Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) gave him in the first season finale and buys a gun for another suicide attempt , but this , too , is unsuccessful , because the gun jams . That night , Michael is confronted by Tom ( M.C. Gainey ) , the Other who abducted Walt . Tom explains that the island will not allow Michael to kill himself , and gives Michael an assignment : Michael must infiltrate the freighter Kahana using the pseudonym " Kevin Johnson " and kill everyone on board , who may try to kill his fellow crash survivors . Michael agrees to do it and boards the freighter from Fiji . Michael becomes acquainted with the crew and hesitates to sabotage their mission until he finds Martin Keamy ( Kevin Durand ) and his associates target @-@ practicing with machine guns . After Michael tries to detonate a provided bomb only to discover that it is a fake , Ben contacts Michael by radio and explains that the trick illustrated his stance against killing innocent people in his war against Widmore . The flashback ends and Sayid , appalled by Michael 's association with Ben , exposes his duplicity to Gault . On the island in the Others ' abandoned Barracks where some of the survivors have taken residence , 815 survivor John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) meets with his faction to discuss the freighter and Ben reveals that Michael is spying for him there . Ben later urges his adopted daughter Alex ( Tania Raymonde ) to flee to the Others ' sanctuary at the " Temple " for safety ; she is accompanied by her biological mother Danielle Rousseau ( Mira Furlan ) and boyfriend Karl ( Blake Bashoff ) . On their way , Karl and Rousseau are shot dead by hidden assailants and Alex surrenders . = = Production = = = = = Casting = = = " Meet Kevin Johnson " features the first appearance of Cynthia Watros as Libby in Lost since the character was murdered in the second season . Despite a promise by writer 's assistant Matt Ragghianti that there would be an episode in the second season in which flashbacks would focus on Libby , Watros became the first main cast member to never play the central role in a Lost episode . Following Libby 's death , Co @-@ creator / executive producer / writer Damon Lindelof revealed plans to tell her story in the third season . Libby 's story was later postponed again — Lindelof stated that her back story would be told through flashbacks of a new character introduced in the fourth season . Executive producer / writer Carlton Cuse further explained that these flashbacks would unfold over multiple episodes . This failed to materialize ; however , Watros made a couple of appearances via hallucinations in Michael 's flashbacks in " Meet Kevin Johnson " . The writers asserted that while they had yet to shed light on the character 's past , they would finally in their fifth year . The writers later made further revisions , with Cuse concluding that Libby 's part in the show is " pretty much finished . " When Watros returned to Lost for " Meet Kevin Johnson " , she did not receive the " special guest star " credit , as was customary for former main cast members of Lost . She was instead billed simply as a guest star , although her name appeared with that of frequent guest star M.C. Gainey ahead of the remainder of the episode 's guest cast , who were listed alphabetically on @-@ screen . Gainey explained that " just because they kill you on this show , don 't mean they don 't need you anymore ' cause everybody 's got a past . " Damon Lindelof said that " it was sort of like a walk down memory lane for the dead " , as it not only included Tom and Libby , but also Naomi Dorrit ( Marsha Thomason ) and George Minkowski ( Fisher Stevens ) , two characters from the freighter who had met their demises earlier in the season . First season regular cast member Malcolm David Kelley returned in an uncredited cameo for a single scene as Michael 's ten @-@ year @-@ old son Walt without dialogue and from a distance . Fifteen @-@ year @-@ old Kelley claimed that make @-@ up was applied to him in an effort for him to look younger ; however , Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse clarified that visual effects supervisor Mitch Suskin had actually composited into the shot some footage of Kelley from production on the first season . Because Kelley was so obscured and his name did not appear in the cast list , television critics were convinced that Walt had been recast . Steve Heisler of Time Out stated that " You gotta hand it to the Lost writers : For weeks , people have speculated about how they were going to treat Walt 's inevitable pubescence . See , the show 's set in 2004 , and only a few months have passed since the plane crash . Yet … it 's been years , and … Kelley has become a man . So what did they do ? … They just didn 't show him . Clever . " TMZ 's Daniel thought that " Not showing Walt is a clever way to cover up the fact that he [ is ] a foot taller than he should be … I understand that they pretty much can 't show Walt ever again " . Wizard 's Nikki Stafford went so far as to remark that " That kid standing in the window was definitely not Malcolm David Kelley … I don 't think Kelley will be back to reprise the role . " Having appeared in six episodes of the third season and the first two of the fourth season , Blake Bashoff auditioned for and won the part of Moritz Stiefel in the Broadway musical Spring Awakening . He warned Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse that he would be unable to shoot Lost for at least six months beginning in December 2007 , as he rehearsed for and performed in the production . Being " big fans " of the musical and congratulating Bashoff on what they thought was an " amazing opportunity , " they brainstormed ideas with the other writers to write him out of the story while they still had him at their disposal . Having decided some time ago that Karl would eventually die , they pinpointed the episode . The cliffhanger of " Meet Kevin Johnson " sees Karl shot dead by unseen killers in the jungle . Two episodes later , the character Miles Straume ( Ken Leung ) finds Karl partially buried in the jungle dirt , but this corpse is portrayed by a body double and not Bashoff . According to Bashoff , the writers hope that he can return to Lost at some point to " serve a cool purpose like [ Tom does in ' Meet Kevin Johnson ' ] . " In regard to his experience with Lost , Bashoff recounted that " I love the show . [ The cast ] ' s a great group … and … you get to shoot in paradise " ; however , he wished that he had learned more about Karl 's backstory . = = = Writing = = = The Writers Guild of America went on strike on November 4 , 2007 — the day that the writers finished editing the final draft of the script of " Meet Kevin Johnson " . The writers wanted to hold the eight episodes until they were able to produce more of the season because the eighth episode has a " very cool " yet inconclusive cliffhanger that was not written to end the season ; they compared it to " the end of an exciting book chapter [ but ] not the end of the novel . " ABC decided that the eight episodes would be aired from January to March , regardless of whether any more episodes were produced in the 2007 – 2008 season . After the strike 's end on February 12 , 2008 , the writers pleaded with ABC to air " Meet Kevin Johnson " on April 17 with the second pod of episodes , due to " the eighth episode [ being ] non @-@ traditional and the start of something new " . Jorge Garcia , who plays Hurley Reyes , agreed that " it 's a pretty shocking end but it doesn 't close out the way our previous [ finales ] have ended [ because ] it doesn 't have that closure to it [ and ] ends in a sense of dissonance . " ABC nevertheless prioritized scheduling Grey 's Anatomy , Ugly Betty and Lost 's returns all for April 24 . Despite the struggles with the strike , co @-@ executive producer / staff writer Adam Horowitz recounted this as " a satisfying episode to work on — it was like we 'd been waiting so long to tell the story of what happened with Michael . " Carlton Cuse stated that " we [ the writers ] felt that the audience deserved to know , you know , once he and Walt sailed off in the boat , what was their journey . " Supervising producer / writer Elizabeth Sarnoff stated that " Michael 's goal — the whole season — is to die and he gets an opportunity to redeem himself when [ Tom ] finds him . " Co @-@ executive producer / staff writer Edward Kitsis added that " It 's heartbreaking when Walt wouldn 't see [ Michael ] … I always respected the fact that he told his son about the murders … Even though he knew it would probably blow up their relationship , he wanted to be honest with his son . In a way , you 've got to respect that . " Harold Perrineau , who plays Michael , concluded that " He 's done some bad things and he 's you know , got himself into a messy situation , but at the end of the day , Michael 's a good guy . " Instead of being intercut with scenes from the main ongoing plot , the flashbacks of " Meet Kevin Johnson " are presented continuously and are only bookended by present @-@ day scenes . This is the second episode to do this after " Flashes Before Your Eyes " from the third season . The flashback portion of " Meet Kevin Johnson " is the longest in Lost history ; Horowitz stated that " As we were breaking the story , it just happened , and it turned into the longest flashback to date . " When asked why Michael 's alias was not an allusion to a literary or historical figure , as with other Lost characters , Damon Lindelof explained that " if the Others … had chosen … Darwin or … Dickens , then … Widmore would have gotten suspicious : he 'd go like , ' oh , now there 's somebody on my boat with a literary allusion in their name , which sounds very much like that 's a Benjamin Linus alias ' , so they picked the most innocuous name they possibly could , which was Kevin Johnson . " Lindelof also said that it was a coincidence that " Kevin Johnson " was also the name of an American basketball player . In " Meet Kevin Johnson " , Michael visits Tom 's penthouse suite , where Tom and his lover Arturo ( Francesco Simone ) are revealed to be homosexual — Lost 's only gay characters . Online speculation about Tom 's sexual orientation began after the broadcast of the third season premiere , in which Tom tells Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) that she is " not [ his ] type " . A few weeks later , the writers hinted that a character would eventually be revealed as gay . In response to the internet community 's suspicions , actor M.C. Gainey began to play the character as such , subtly trying to flirt with Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) and later claiming that this attraction " got [ him ] through the first half of the season . " Following the broadcast of " Meet Kevin Johnson " , Lindelof and Cuse confirmed that the line from the third season premiere is an allusion to Tom 's sexuality , but felt that it needed to be explicitly confirmed in the show . Lindelof noted that " it was not subtle , to say the least " . Edward " Eddy " Kitsis stated that " It was great to see [ Tom ] and realize that … he is a true gentleman . " M.C. Gainey stated that " anytime you 've got a group of people , somebody 's got to be marching to a different drummer — that would be Tom " and Harold Perrineau rejoiced " Right on , I thought that was cool " . Tom establishes that the island has some control over whether characters can die , as demonstrated when Michael unsuccessfully attempts to commit suicide three times . Kitsis thought that " It was interesting what [ Tom ] said to Michael … that really carries through Michael 's arc . " Later in the season , Martin Keamy ( Kevin Durand ) tries to shoot Michael in the head , but the gun jams and the next day , a manifestation of the island in the form of Christian Shephard ( John Terry ) appears before Michael . Damon Lindelof confirmed that the island 's " cosmic intervention [ s ] of fate " also played a part in the car crash that foiled Jack 's suicide attempt in the third season finale . Following the broadcast of the fourth midseason premiere , Lindelof further confirmed that this island force prevents Ben and Widmore from dying . Cuse has said that " There is a raging debate on the show about what constitutes free will and what constitutes destiny and Michael 's story was sort of a [ n ] argument on the destiny side of that equation . He had more destiny to fulfil with that island than he anticipated and maybe the audience anticipated . " Elizabeth Sarnoff stated that " the island doesn 't let you go until it 's done with you and I think that the rest of our characters are going to feel the reverberations of that , as well . " The second scene of the episode has Captain Gault beating two of his men , who had attempted to leave the freighter . Gault 's actor Grant Bowler explained that " it was a scene about how far and fast things were spiralling out of control [ on ] the freighter … It was also about his ability to run the ship and that he was willing to go to such great lengths to keep order . It was about status , and keeping level @-@ headed , and being in control . " = = = Filming = = = Shooting commenced in early November and concluded on November 27 , 2007 . The strike suspended the script for the next episode and freed the cast and crew from an immediate deadline , with the result that more time was spent on filming " Meet Kevin Johnson " than the average Lost episode . Shooting did not customarily overlap with the surrounding episodes , although it was produced simultaneously with the Lost : Missing Pieces mobisodes directed by executive producer Jack Bender and one scene from the season premiere overseen by co @-@ executive producer Jean Higgins . Perrineau hoped the audience would enjoy Michael 's return since the cast and crew " busted [ their ] butts doing this one . It felt like we were making a movie because there 's so much stuff that happens in this episode " . Lilly called it " one of the best episodes of the first eight . " The exterior freighter scenes were filmed on an actual freighter , while interior scenes were filmed both on sets and in the freighter . The production crew had intended for the engine room scene where Michael goes to detonate the bomb and sees Libby to be shot in the freighter 's engine room ; instead , they built a new engine room set based on that inside the freighter . It was " so stifling hot " at around 105 ° F ( 40 ° C ) and the crew found that " to get air conditioning down [ t ] here … was an impossible task " , according to the Kahana 's real life chief engineer Bob Bower . Sculptor Jim Van Houten created twin twenty four foot ( seven meter ) marine engines for the set , primarily from urethane foam . One New York flashback was filmed on the same Honolulu , Oahu , Hawaii street that had been used by set decorator Carol Bayne Kelley as Berlin , Germany in the fourth season 's " The Economist " and London , England in the third season 's " Flashes Before Your Eyes " . The cliffhanger , in which Alex , Karl and Rousseau are in the jungle , was shot at Dillingham Ranch on the northwest tip of Oahu near the beach where the pilot and other early episodes were primarily filmed . The scene originally ended with " snipers emerging through the jungle in these incredible , elaborate , jungle camouflage uniforms " ; however , this was cut in post @-@ production . Elements of this would be re @-@ shot and used in the next episode when the snipers are identified . = = = Editing = = = Despite picketing on most days with his fellow Lost writers , Carlton Cuse , a member of the WGA negotiating committee , continued to oversee post @-@ production in late November . When negotiations between the Guild and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers broke down in early December , he boycotted his producing duties on the show until the strike was resolved . In addition to Michael Giacchino 's original score , " Meet Kevin Johnson " contained popular music diegetically . The song playing on Michael 's car radio during his first suicide attempt is " It 's Getting Better , " performed by " Mama " Cass Elliot . The song is heard again , fleetingly , during Michael 's vision of Libby in the ship 's engine room . Elliot 's rendition of the song was released as a single in 1969 and was included on her album Bubblegum , Lemonade , and ... Something for Mama later the same year . Lost previously played Elliot 's " Make Your Own Kind of Music " throughout the second season . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = Dubbed " the most anticipated Lost [ episode ] of the season " by Verne Gay of Newsday due to Michael 's flashbacks , " Meet Kevin Johnson " was watched live or recorded and watched within five hours of broadcast by 11 @.@ 461 million viewers in the United States . Despite ranking ninth for the week in television programs with the most viewers , " Meet Kevin Johnson " set a new record as the lowest @-@ rated episode in Lost 's history , although this title was taken two episodes later with the broadcast of " Something Nice Back Home " . " Meet Kevin Johnson " achieved a fifth @-@ place 4 @.@ 6 / 12 in the coveted adults aged eighteen to forty @-@ nine demographic for the week . Including those who watched within seven days of broadcast , the episode was watched by a total of 13 @.@ 386 million American viewers . 1 @.@ 421 million Canadians watched " Meet Kevin Johnson " , making Lost the eighth most @-@ viewed show of the week . The episode brought in 618 @,@ 000 viewers in Australia , placing it as the twenty @-@ fourth most watched show of the night . = = = Critical response = = = Critics and fans alike criticized the writers ' seeming disregard for the Lost timeline . Based on the actions and whereabouts of characters in the third season , fans could deduce when parts of Michael 's flashbacks occurred in relation to events on the island . John Kubicek of BuddyTV wrote that " This timeline results in some serious issues fans should have with time … This makes almost no sense … Michael left in the boat , he had to find help , come ashore , somehow explain himself , get on a plane back to New York City , drop off Walt to live with his grandma , find an apartment , get into a car accident , recover , and only then did he meet Tom . Either the writers are playing fast and loose with the concept of time , or Michael had the busiest week in the history of the world . " Using Lostpedia as a reference , Nikki Stafford of Wizard pointed out that the chronology was not only almost inconsistent with the third season , but also with an earlier episode of the same season . Damon Lindelof responded that " we [ the writers and producers ] find that the [ fan message ] boards can be really toxic " and pointed specifically to the " nitpick [ ing ] " of the possible continuity issues of " Meet Kevin Johnson " , saying in defence of the script that " it 's television . " The cliffhanger , in which Rousseau and Karl are killed and Alex calls out in desperation that she is Ben 's daughter , gained a mixed response . In an 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 review , IGN 's Chris Carabott called the scene " completely out of place … tacked on and anticlimactic " as it " came at the strangest moment " . Jay Glatfelter of The Huffington Post deemed the cliffhanger " a shocker " ; he asked " do we really care [ about Karl 's death ] ? I mean , he did have a nice new haircut and all , but he really wasn 't too interesting of a character . " Despite his assessment that " this impressive episode was a fitting midseason finale " , Digital Spy 's Ben Rawson @-@ Jones wrote that the " climax wasn 't as effective as one could have hoped for , as the collective fates of Alex , Danielle and the ultra @-@ expendable Karl don 't rouse a great deal of interest . " Grading the episode as a " B " , Entertainment Weekly 's Jeff Jensen was also unimpressed with the cliffhanger and the characters carrying it ; he felt that network executives were partially to blame for going against the wish of the show 's creative team to broadcast " Meet Kevin Johnson " as a midseason premiere as opposed to a midseason finale . Jensen criticized the episode 's unique flashback format , commenting that it lacked the usual " deeper , more immersive experience [ that ] embellishes the sophistication of the storytelling " of Lost . " Meet Kevin Johnson " had a share of good reviews , with critics acclaiming the character development and emotional struggles of Michael . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger found this " middle chapter " to be " quite good " with " a fine performance from Mr. Perrineau " . Sepinwall wrote that Michael 's " struggle to deal with the guilt from his Faustian bargain to save Walt was another moving example of how the writers this season are really trying to build on the emotional impact of everything that 's happened before . " The San Francisco Chronicle 's Tim Goodman echoed this praise and referred to " Gay Tom " as " a unique and funny twist " . Cynthia Littleton of Variety wrote that " Perrineau plays it just right most of the time — no hysterics or scenery @-@ chewing , just a man trying to do the right thing , most of the time . " In a four @-@ out @-@ of @-@ five @-@ star review , Digital Spy 's Ben Rawson @-@ Jones lauded the lack of interruption to the flashback and commented that " [ Michael 's ] suicidal plight was well conveyed and there were plenty of shocks and thrills along the way " . Dan Compora of SyFy Portal enjoyed seeing dead characters in flashbacks and commended Perrineau 's performance and character 's story , while criticizing the underutilization of the rest of the main cast . In an overall positive review for the episode , The Huffington Post 's Jay Glatfelter had mixed feelings for the revelation of Tom 's sexual orientation , writing that " It seemed a little oddly placed , kind of like ' Let 's make one of our characters gay just for the heck of it ' but still it 's cool that the show has a perfectly normal … not over @-@ the @-@ top gay character . " The episode was also subject to less favorable reviews from critics who were disappointed with the gaps in Michael and Walt 's story . Steve Heisler of Time Out " wasn 't all @-@ too @-@ pleased " , citing the story 's predictability . TMZ 's Daniel called " Meet Kevin Johnson " " solid , but not spectacular " and gave it a grade of a " C + " , writing that " this episode fell a little short … I feel like we were kind of robbed of half of the ' What Happened to Michael ? ' story . It was interesting to see how far into depression he sunk … And they did give him a pretty good reason for working for Ben … But I can 't shake the feeling that we missed a good opportunity " . He further commented that " Tom would make a great football coach — his motivational speeches are awesome . " TV Squad 's Erin Martell was unsatisfied with Michael 's flashback and the lack of Walt , asking " What was their cover story when they got back to the mainland ? … they couldn 't do a genuine flashback scene because of … Kelley 's growth spurt , but they could have worked around that . " Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV ranked it as the second worst episode of the season ; his colleague John Kubicek was also critical , and commented that the flashback " essentially tells us things we already know without telling us much more . " = = = Awards = = = The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences granted sound production mixer Robert " Bobby " Anderson and re @-@ recording mixers Frank Morrone and Scott Weber a nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One @-@ Hour ) for their work on this episode . On September 13 , 2008 , the nomination prevailed and became Lost 's only Primetime Emmy Award win in 2008 . Anderson discussed his job for an Easter egg featurette on the DVD and Blu @-@ ray releases of Lost : The Complete Fourth Season – The Expanded Experience . Lost is sometimes filmed just two hundred yards ( 180 meters ) from the Kamehameha Highway and the traffic noise drowns out filmed dialogue , as do the ocean waves , so Anderson has the actors loop their relatively quiet lines on an automated dialogue replacement ( ADR ) sound stage .
= John Maynard Keynes = John Maynard Keynes , 1st Baron Keynes , CB , FBA ( / ˈkeɪnz / KAYNZ ; 5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946 ) , was an English economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments . He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles , and is widely considered to be one of the most influential economists of the 20th century and the founder of modern macroeconomics . His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics and its various offshoots . In the 1930s , Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking , challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would , in the short to medium term , automatically provide full employment , as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands . He instead argued that aggregate demand determined the overall level of economic activity and that inadequate aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment . According to Keynesian economics , state intervention was necessary to moderate " boom and bust " cycles of economic activity . Keynes advocated the use of fiscal and monetary policies to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions . Following the outbreak of World War II , the leading Western economies adopted Keynes 's policy recommendations , and in the two decades following Keynes 's death in 1946 , almost all capitalist governments had done so . Keynes 's influence waned in the 1970s , partly as a result of the severe stagflation that stalled the Anglo @-@ American economies throughout that decade , and partly because of criticism of Keynesian theories by Milton Friedman , who had predicted that condition . He and other economists had disputed the ability of government to regulate the business cycle favorably with fiscal policy . Although some have said that Friedman 's monetary theory influenced the Federal Reserve 's response to the global financial crisis of 2007 – 08 , others have raised concerns about the validity and longevity of Friedman 's theories and characterized government economic policies undertaken during that period as a worldwide resurgence in Keynesian thought . When Time magazine included Keynes among its Most Important People of the Century in 1999 , it said that " his radical idea that governments should spend money they don 't have may have saved capitalism . " The Economist has described Keynes as " Britain 's most famous 20th @-@ century economist . " In addition to being an economist , Keynes was also a civil servant , a director of the Bank of England , and a part of the Bloomsbury Group of intellectuals . = = Early life and education = = John Maynard Keynes was born in Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , England , to an upper @-@ middle @-@ class family . His father , John Neville Keynes , was an economist and a lecturer in moral sciences at the University of Cambridge and his mother Florence Ada Keynes a local social reformer . Keynes was the first born , and was followed by two more children – Margaret Neville Keynes in 1885 and Geoffrey Keynes in 1887 . Geoffrey became a surgeon and Margaret married the Nobel Prize @-@ winning physiologist Archibald Hill . According to the economist and biographer Robert Skidelsky , Keynes 's parents were loving and attentive . They remained in the same house throughout their lives , where the children were always welcome to return . Keynes would receive considerable support from his father , including expert coaching to help him pass his scholarship exams and financial help both as a young man and when his assets were nearly wiped out at the onset of Great Depression in 1929 . Keynes 's mother made her children 's interests her own , and according to Skidelsky , " because she could grow up with her children , they never outgrew home " . In January 1889 , at the age of five and a half , Keynes started at the kindergarten of the Perse School for Girls for five mornings a week . He quickly showed a talent for arithmetic , but his health was poor leading to several long absences . He was tutored at home by a governess , Beatrice Mackintosh , and his mother . In January 1892 , at eight and a half , he started as a day pupil at St Faith 's preparatory school . By 1894 , Keynes was top of his class and excelling at mathematics . In 1896 , St Faith 's headmaster , Ralph Goodchild , wrote that Keynes was " head and shoulders above all the other boys in the school " and was confident that Keynes could get a scholarship to Eton . In 1897 , Keynes won a scholarship to Eton College , where he displayed talent in a wide range of subjects , particularly mathematics , classics and history . At Eton , Keynes experienced the first " love of his life " in Dan Macmillan , older brother of the future Prime Minister Harold Macmillan . Despite his middle @-@ class background , Keynes mixed easily with upper @-@ class pupils . In 1902 Keynes left Eton for King 's College , Cambridge , after receiving a scholarship for this also to read mathematics . Alfred Marshall begged Keynes to become an economist , although Keynes 's own inclinations drew him towards philosophy – especially the ethical system of G. E. Moore . Keynes joined the Pitt Club and was an active member of the semi @-@ secretive Cambridge Apostles society , a debating club largely reserved for the brightest students . Like many members , Keynes retained a bond to the club after graduating and continued to attend occasional meetings throughout his life . Before leaving Cambridge , Keynes became the President of the Cambridge Union Society and Cambridge University Liberal Club . He was said to be an atheist . In May 1904 , he received a first class B.A. in mathematics . Aside from a few months spent on holidays with family and friends , Keynes continued to involve himself with the university over the next two years . He took part in debates , further studied philosophy and attended economics lectures informally as a graduate student for one term , which constituted his only formal education in the subject . He also studied for Tripos in 1905 and , the following year took civil service exams . The economist Harry Johnson wrote that the optimism imparted by Keynes 's early life is a key to understanding his later thinking . Keynes was always confident he could find a solution to whatever problem he turned his attention to , and retained a lasting faith in the ability of government officials to do good . Keynes 's optimism was also cultural , in two senses : he was of the last generation raised by an empire still at the height of its power , and was also of the last generation who felt entitled to govern by culture , rather than by expertise . According to Skidelsky , the sense of cultural unity current in Britain from the 19th century to the end of World War I provided a framework with which the well @-@ educated could set various spheres of knowledge in relation to each other and to life , enabling them to confidently draw from different fields when addressing practical problems . = = Career = = In October 1906 , Keynes 's Civil Service career began as a clerk in the India Office . He enjoyed his work at first , but by 1908 had become bored and resigned his position to return to Cambridge and work on probability theory , at first privately funded only by two dons at the university – his father and the economist Arthur Pigou . By 1909 Keynes had published his first professional economics article in the Economics Journal , about the effect of a recent global economic downturn on India . He founded the Political Economy Club a weekly discussion group . Also in 1909 , Keynes accepted a lectureship in economics funded personally by Alfred Marshall . Keynes 's earnings rose further as he began to take on pupils for private tuition . On being elected a fellow in 1911 Keynes was made editor of The Economic Journal . By 1913 he had published his first book , Indian Currency and Finance . He was then appointed to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance – the same topic as his book – where Keynes showed considerable talent at applying economic theory to practical problems . His written work was published under the name " J M Keynes " , though to his family and friends he was known as Maynard . ( His father , John Neville Keynes , was also always known by his middle name ) . = = = First World War = = = The British Government called on Keynes 's expertise during the First World War . While he did not formally re @-@ join the civil service in 1914 , Keynes travelled to London at the government 's request a few days before hostilities started . Bankers had been pushing for the suspension of specie payments – the convertibility of banknotes into gold – but with Keynes 's help the Chancellor of the Exchequer ( then Lloyd George ) was persuaded that this would be a bad idea , as it would hurt the future reputation of the city if payments were suspended before absolutely necessary . In January 1915 , Keynes took up an official government position at the Treasury . Among his responsibilities were the design of terms of credit between Britain and its continental allies during the war , and the acquisition of scarce currencies . According to economist Robert Lekachman , Keynes 's " nerve and mastery became legendary " because of his performance of these duties , as in the case where he managed to assemble – with difficulty – a small supply of Spanish pesetas . The secretary of the Treasury was delighted to hear Keynes had amassed enough to provide a temporary solution for the British Government . But Keynes did not hand the pesetas over , choosing instead to sell them all to break the market : his boldness paid off , as pesetas then became much less scarce and expensive . In the 1917 King 's Birthday Honours , Keynes was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath for his wartime work , and his success led to the appointment that would have a huge effect on Keynes 's life and career ; Keynes was appointed financial representative for the Treasury to the 1919 Versailles peace conference . He was also appointed Officer of the Belgian Order of Leopold . = = = Versailles peace conference = = = Keynes 's experience at Versailles was influential in shaping his future outlook , yet it was not a successful one for him . Keynes 's main interest had been in trying to prevent Germany 's compensation payments being set so high it would traumatise innocent German people , damage the nation 's ability to pay and sharply limit her ability to buy exports from other countries – thus hurting not just Germany 's own economy but that of the wider world . Unfortunately for Keynes , conservative powers in the coalition that emerged from the 1918 coupon election were able to ensure that both Keynes himself and the Treasury were largely excluded from formal high @-@ level talks concerning reparations . Their place was taken by the Heavenly Twins – the judge Lord Sumner and the banker Lord Cunliffe whose nickname derived from the " astronomically " high war compensation they wanted to demand from Germany . Keynes was forced to try to exert influence mostly from behind the scenes . The three principal players at Versailles were Britain 's Lloyd George , France 's Clemenceau and America 's President Wilson . It was only Lloyd George to whom Keynes had much direct access ; until the 1918 election he had some sympathy with Keynes 's view but while campaigning had found his speeches were only well received by the public if he promised to harshly punish Germany , and had therefore committed his delegation to extracting high payments . Lloyd George did however win some loyalty from Keynes with his actions at the Paris conference by intervening against the French to ensure the dispatch of much @-@ needed food supplies to German civilians . Clemenceau also pushed for substantial reparations , though not as high as those proposed by the British , while on security grounds , France argued for an even more severe settlement than Britain . Wilson initially favoured relatively lenient treatment of Germany – he feared too harsh conditions could foment the rise of extremism , and wanted Germany to be left sufficient capital to pay for imports . To Keynes 's dismay , Lloyd George and Clemenceau were able to pressure Wilson to agree to include pensions in the reparations bill . Towards the end of the conference , Keynes came up with a plan that he argued would not only help Germany and other impoverished central European powers but also be good for the world economy as a whole . It involved the radical writing down of war debts , which would have had the possible effect of increasing international trade all round , but at the same time thrown the entire cost of European reconstruction on the United States . Lloyd George agreed it might be acceptable to the British electorate . However , America was against the plan ; the US was then the largest creditor , and by this time Wilson had started to believe in the merits of a harsh peace and thought that his country had already made excessive sacrifices . Hence despite his best efforts , the end result of the conference was a treaty which disgusted Keynes both on moral and economic grounds , and led to his resignation from the Treasury . In June 1919 he turned down an offer to become chairman of the British Bank of Northern Commerce , a job that promised a salary of £ 2000 in return for a morning per week of work . Keynes 's analysis on the predicted damaging effects of the treaty appeared in the highly influential book , The Economic Consequences of the Peace , published in 1919 . This work has been described as Keynes 's best book , where he was able to bring all his gifts to bear – his passion as well as his skill as an economist . In addition to economic analysis , the book contained pleas to the reader 's sense of compassion : I cannot leave this subject as though its just treatment wholly depended either on our own pledges or on economic facts . The policy of reducing Germany to servitude for a generation , of degrading the lives of millions of human beings , and of depriving a whole nation of happiness should be abhorrent and detestable , – abhorrent and detestable , even if it were possible , even if it enriched ourselves , even if it did not sow the decay of the whole civilised life of Europe . Also present was striking imagery such as " year by year Germany must be kept impoverished and her children starved and crippled " along with bold predictions which were later justified by events : If we aim deliberately at the impoverishment of Central Europe , vengeance , I dare predict , will not limp . Nothing can then delay for very long that final war between the forces of Reaction and the despairing convulsions of Revolution , before which the horrors of the late German war will fade into nothing . Keynes 's followers assert that his predictions of disaster were borne out when the German economy suffered the hyperinflation of 1923 , and again by the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the outbreak of World War II . However the historian Ruth Henig claims that " most historians of the Paris peace conference now take the view that , in economic terms , the treaty was not unduly harsh on Germany and that , while obligations and damages were inevitably much stressed in the debates at Paris to satisfy electors reading the daily newspapers , the intention was quietly to give Germany substantial help towards paying her bills , and to meet many of the German objections by amendments to the way the reparations schedule was in practice carried out " . Only a small fraction of reparations were ever paid . In fact , the historian Stephen Schuker demonstrates in American ' Reparations ' to Germany , 1919 @-@ 33 , that the capital inflow from American loans substantially exceeded German outpayments so that , on a net basis , Germany received support equal to four times the amount of the post @-@ World War II Marshal Plan . Schuker also shows that , in the years after Versailles , Keynes became an informal reparations adviser to the German government , wrote one of the major German reparation notes , and actually supported the hyperinflation on political grounds . Nevertheless , The Economic Consequences of the Peace gained Keynes international fame , even though it also caused him to be regarded as anti @-@ establishment – it was not until after the outbreak of World War II that Keynes was offered a directorship of a major British Bank , or an acceptable offer to return to government with a formal job . However , Keynes was still able to influence government policy making through his network of contacts , his published works and by serving on government committees ; this included attending high @-@ level policy meetings as a consultant . = = = In the 1920s = = = Keynes had completed his A Treatise on Probability before the war , but published it in 1921 . The work was a notable contribution to the philosophical and mathematical underpinnings of probability theory , championing the important view that probabilities were no more or less than truth values intermediate between simple truth and falsity . Keynes developed the first upper @-@ lower probabilistic interval approach to probability in chapters 15 and 17 of this book , as well as having developed the first decision weight approach with his conventional coefficient of risk and weight , c , in chapter 26 . In addition to his academic work , the 1920s saw Keynes active as a journalist selling his work internationally and working in London as a financial consultant . In 1924 Keynes wrote an obituary for his former tutor Alfred Marshall which Joseph Schumpeter called " the most brilliant life of a man of science I have ever read . " Marshall 's widow was " entranced " by the memorial , while Lytton Strachey rated it as one of Keynes 's " best works " . In 1922 Keynes continued to advocate reduction of German reparations with A Revision of the Treaty . He attacked the post World War I deflation policies with A Tract on Monetary Reform in 1923 – a trenchant argument that countries should target stability of domestic prices , avoiding deflation even at the cost of allowing their currency to depreciate . Britain suffered from high unemployment through most of the 1920s , leading Keynes to recommend the depreciation of sterling to boost jobs by making British exports more affordable . From 1924 he was also advocating a fiscal response , where the government could create jobs by spending on public works . During the 1920s Keynes 's pro stimulus views had only limited effect on policy makers and mainstream academic opinion – according to Hyman Minsky one reason was that at this time his theoretical justification was " muddled " . The Tract had also called for an end to the gold standard . Keynes advised it was no longer a net benefit for countries such as Britain to participate in the gold standard , as it ran counter to the need for domestic policy autonomy . It could force countries to pursue deflationary policies at exactly the time when expansionary measures were called for to address rising unemployment . The Treasury and Bank of England were still in favour of the gold standard and in 1925 they were able to convince the then Chancellor Winston Churchill to re @-@ establish it , which had a depressing effect on British industry . Keynes responded by writing The Economic Consequences of Mr. Churchill and continued to argue against the gold standard until Britain finally abandoned it in 1931 . = = = During the Great Depression = = = Keynes had begun a theoretical work to examine the relationship between unemployment , money and prices back in the 1920s . The work , Treatise on Money , was published in 1930 in two volumes . A central idea of the work was that if the amount of money being saved exceeds the amount being invested – which can happen if interest rates are too high – then unemployment will rise . This is in part a result of people not wanting to spend too high a proportion of what employers pay out , making it difficult , in aggregate , for employers to make a profit . Another key theme of the book is the unreliability of financial indices for representing an accurate – or indeed meaningful – indication of general shifts in purchasing power of currencies over time . In particular he criticised the justification of Britain 's return to the gold standard in 1925 at pre @-@ war valuation by reference to the wholesale price index . He argued that the index understated the effects of changes in the costs of services and of labour . Keynes was deeply critical of the British government 's austerity measures during the Great Depression . He believed that budget deficits were a good thing , a product of recessions . He wrote , " For Government borrowing of one kind or another is nature 's remedy , so to speak , for preventing business losses from being , in so severe a slump as to present one , so great as to bring production altogether to a standstill . " At the height of the Great Depression , in 1933 , Keynes published The Means to Prosperity , which contained specific policy recommendations for tackling unemployment in a global recession , chiefly counter @-@ cyclical public spending . The Means to Prosperity contains one of the first mentions of the multiplier effect . While it was addressed chiefly to the British Government , it also contained advice for other nations affected by the global recession . A copy was sent to the newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt and other world leaders . The work was taken seriously by both the American and British governments , and according to Robert Skidelsky , helped pave the way for the later acceptance of Keynesian ideas , though it had little immediate practical influence . In the 1933 London Economic Conference opinions remained too diverse for a unified course of action to be agreed upon . Keynesian @-@ like policies were adopted by Sweden and Germany , but Sweden was seen as too small to command much attention , and Keynes was deliberately silent about the successful efforts of Germany as he was dismayed by their imperialist ambitions and their treatment of Jews . Apart from Great Britain , Keynes 's attention was primarily focused on the United States . In 1931 , he received considerable support for his views on counter @-@ cyclical public spending in Chicago , then America 's foremost centre for economic views alternative to the mainstream . However , orthodox economic opinion remained generally hostile regarding fiscal intervention to mitigate the depression , until just before the outbreak of war . In late 1933 Keynes was persuaded by Felix Frankfurter to address President Roosevelt directly , which he did by letters and face to face in 1934 , after which the two men spoke highly of each other . However , according to Skidelsky , the consensus is that Keynes 's efforts only began to have a more than marginal influence on US economic policy after 1939 . Keynes 's magnum opus , The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money was published in 1936 . It was researched and indexed by one of Keynes 's favourite students , later the economist David Bensusan @-@ Butt . The work served as a theoretical justification for the interventionist policies Keynes favoured for tackling a recession . The General Theory challenged the earlier neoclassical economic paradigm , which had held that provided it was unfettered by government interference , the market would naturally establish full employment equilibrium . In doing so Keynes was partly setting himself against his former teachers Marshall and Pigou . Keynes believed the classical theory was a " special case " that applied only to the particular conditions present in the 19th century , his own theory being the general one . Classical economists had believed in Say 's law , which , simply put , states that " supply creates its own demand " , and that in a free market workers would always be willing to lower their wages to a level where employers could profitably offer them jobs . An innovation from Keynes was the concept of price stickiness – the recognition that in reality workers often refuse to lower their wage demands even in cases where a classical economist might argue it is rational for them to do so . Due in part to price stickiness , it was established that the interaction of " aggregate demand " and " aggregate supply " may lead to stable unemployment equilibria – and in those cases , it is the state , not the market , that economies must depend on for their salvation . The General Theory argues that demand , not supply , is the key variable governing the overall level of economic activity . Aggregate demand , which equals total un @-@ hoarded income in a society , is defined by the sum of consumption and investment . In a state of unemployment and unused production capacity , one can only enhance employment and total income by first increasing expenditures for either consumption or investment . Without government intervention to increase expenditure , an economy can remain trapped in a low employment equilibrium – the demonstration of this possibility has been described as the revolutionary formal achievement of the work . The book advocated activist economic policy by government to stimulate demand in times of high unemployment , for example by spending on public works . " Let us be up and doing , using our idle resources to increase our wealth , " he wrote in 1928 . " With men and plants unemployed , it is ridiculous to say that we cannot afford these new developments . It is precisely with these plants and these men that we shall afford them . " The General Theory is often viewed as the foundation of modern macroeconomics . Few senior American economists agreed with Keynes through most of the 1930s . Yet his ideas were soon to achieve widespread acceptance , with eminent American professors such as Alvin Hansen agreeing with the General Theory before the outbreak of World War II . Keynes himself had only limited participation in the theoretical debates that followed the publication of the General Theory as he suffered a heart attack in 1937 , requiring him to take long periods of rest . Hyman Minsky and other post @-@ Keynesian economists have argued that as result of this , Keynes 's ideas were diluted by those keen to compromise with classical economists or to render his concepts with mathematical models like the IS – LM model ( which , they argue , distort Keynes 's ideas ) . Keynes began to recover in 1939 , but for the rest of his life his professional energies were largely directed towards the practical side of economics – the problems of ensuring optimum allocation of resources for the war efforts , post @-@ war negotiations with America , and the new international financial order that was presented at the Bretton Woods Conference . In the General Theory and later , Keynes responded to the socialists and left @-@ wing liberals who argued , especially during the Great Depression of the 1930s , that capitalism caused war . He argued that if capitalism were managed domestically and internationally ( with coordinated international Keynesian policies , an international monetary system that didn 't pit the interests of countries against each other , and a high degree of freedom of trade ) , then this system of managed capitalism could promote peace rather than conflict between countries . His plans during World War II for post @-@ war international economic institutions and policies ( which contributed to the creation at Bretton Woods of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank , and later to the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and eventually the World Trade Organization ) were aimed to give effect to this vision . Although Keynes has been widely criticised – especially by members of the Chicago school of economics – for advocating irresponsible government spending financed by borrowing , in fact he was a firm believer in balanced budgets and regarded the proposals for programs of public works during the Great Depression as an exceptional measure to meet the needs of exceptional circumstances . = = = Second World War = = = During the Second World War , Keynes argued in How to Pay for the War , published in 1940 , that the war effort should be largely financed by higher taxation and especially by compulsory saving ( essentially workers lending money to the government ) , rather than deficit spending , in order to avoid inflation . Compulsory saving would act to dampen domestic demand , assist in channelling additional output towards the war efforts , would be fairer than punitive taxation and would have the advantage of helping to avoid a post war slump by boosting demand once workers were allowed to withdraw their savings . In September 1941 he was proposed to fill a vacancy in the Court of Directors of the Bank of England , and subsequently carried out a full term from the following April . In June 1942 , Keynes was rewarded for his service with a hereditary peerage in the King 's Birthday Honours . On 7 July his title was gazetted as " Baron Keynes , of Tilton , in the County of Sussex " and he took his seat in the House of Lords on the Liberal Party benches . As the Allied victory began to look certain , Keynes was heavily involved , as leader of the British delegation and chairman of the World Bank commission , in the mid @-@ 1944 negotiations that established the Bretton Woods system . The Keynes @-@ plan , concerning an international clearing @-@ union , argued for a radical system for the management of currencies . He proposed the creation of a common world unit of currency , the bancor , and new global institutions – a world central bank and the International Clearing Union . Keynes envisaged these institutions managing an international trade and payments system with strong incentives for countries to avoid substantial trade deficits or surpluses . The USA 's greater negotiating strength , however , meant that the final outcomes accorded more closely to the more conservative plans of Harry Dexter White . According to US economist J. Bradford DeLong , on almost every point where he was overruled by the Americans , Keynes was later proved correct by events . The two new institutions , later known as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , were founded as a compromise that primarily reflected the American vision . There would be no incentives for states to avoid a large trade surplus ; instead , the burden for correcting a trade imbalance would continue to fall only on the deficit countries , which Keynes had argued were least able to address the problem without inflicting economic hardship on their populations . Yet , Keynes was still pleased when accepting the final agreement , saying that if the institutions stayed true to their founding principles , " the brotherhood of man will have become more than a phrase . " = = = Postwar = = = After the war , Keynes continued to represent the United Kingdom in international negotiations despite his deteriorating health . He succeeded in obtaining preferential terms from the United States for new and outstanding debts to facilitate the rebuilding of the British economy . Just before his death in 1946 , Keynes told Henry Clay , a professor of social economics and advisor to the Bank of England of his hopes that Adam Smith 's ' invisible hand ' can help Britain out of the economic hole it is in : " I find myself more and more relying for a solution of our problems on the invisible hand which I tried to eject from economic thinking twenty years ago . " = = Legacy = = = = = Keynesian ascendancy 1939 – 79 = = = From the end of the Great Depression to the mid @-@ 1970s , Keynes provided the main inspiration for economic policy makers in Europe , America and much of the rest of the world . While economists and policy makers had become increasingly won over to Keynes 's way of thinking in the mid and late 1930s , it was only after the outbreak of World War II that governments started to borrow money for spending on a scale sufficient to eliminate unemployment . According to the economist John Kenneth Galbraith ( then a US government official charged with controlling inflation ) , in the rebound of the economy from wartime spending , " one could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas . " The Keynesian Revolution was associated with the rise of modern liberalism in the West during the post @-@ war period . Keynesian ideas became so popular that some scholars point to Keynes as representing the ideals of modern liberalism , as Adam Smith represented the ideals of classical liberalism . After the war , Winston Churchill attempted to check the rise of Keynesian policy @-@ making in the United Kingdom and used rhetoric critical of the mixed economy in his 1945 election campaign . Despite his popularity as a war hero , Churchill suffered a landslide defeat to Clement Attlee whose government 's economic policy continued to be influenced by Keynes 's ideas . = = = = Neo @-@ Keynesian economics = = = = In the late 1930s and 1940s , economists ( notably John Hicks , Franco Modigliani , and Paul Samuelson ) attempted to interpret and formalise Keynes 's writings in terms of formal mathematical models . In what had become known as the neoclassical synthesis , they combined Keynesian analysis with neoclassical economics to produce neo @-@ Keynesian economics , which came to dominate mainstream macroeconomic thought for the next 40 years . By the 1950s , Keynesian policies were adopted by almost the entire developed world and similar measures for a mixed economy were used by many developing nations . By then , Keynes 's views on the economy had become mainstream in the world 's universities . Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , the developed and emerging free capitalist economies enjoyed exceptionally high growth and low unemployment . Professor Gordon Fletcher has written that the 1950s and 1960s , when Keynes 's influence was at its peak , appear in retrospect as a golden age of capitalism . In late 1965 Time magazine ran a cover article with a title comment from Milton Friedman ( later echoed by U.S. President Richard Nixon ) , " We are all Keynesians now " . The article described the exceptionally favourable economic conditions then prevailing , and reported that " Washington 's economic managers scaled these heights by their adherence to Keynes 's central theme : the modern capitalist economy does not automatically work at top efficiency , but can be raised to that level by the intervention and influence of the government . " The article also states that Keynes was one of the three most important economists who ever lived , and that his General Theory was more influential than the magna opera of other famous economists , like Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations . = = = Keynesian economics out of favour 1979 – 2007 = = = Keynesian economics were officially discarded by the British Government in 1979 , but forces had begun to gather against Keynes 's ideas over 30 years earlier . Friedrich Hayek had formed the Mont Pelerin Society in 1947 , with the explicit intention of nurturing intellectual currents to one day displace Keynesianism and other similar influences . Its members included the Austrian School economist Ludwig von Mises along with the then young Milton Friedman . Initially the society had little impact on the wider world – according to Hayek it was as if Keynes had been raised to sainthood after his death and that people refused to allow his work to be questioned . Friedman however began to emerge as a formidable critic of Keynesian economics from the mid @-@ 1950s , and especially after his 1963 publication of A Monetary History of the United States . On the practical side of economic life , " big government " had appeared to be firmly entrenched in the 1950s , but the balance began to shift towards the power of private interests in the 1960s . Keynes had written against the folly of allowing " decadent and selfish " speculators and financiers the kind of influence they had enjoyed after World War I. For two decades after World War II the public opinion was strongly against private speculators , the disparaging label " Gnomes of Zürich " being typical of how they were described during this period . International speculation was severely restricted by the capital controls in place after Bretton Woods . According to the journalists Larry Elliott and Dan Atkinson , 1968 was the pivotal year when power shifted in favour of private agents such as currency speculators . As the key 1968 event Elliott and Atkinson picked out America 's suspension of the conversion of the dollar into gold except on request of foreign governments , which they identified as the beginning of the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system . Criticisms of Keynes 's ideas had begun to gain significant acceptance by the early 1970s , as they were then able to make a credible case that Keynesian models no longer reflected economic reality . Keynes himself included few formulas and no explicit mathematical models in his General Theory . For economists such as Hyman Minsky , Keynes 's limited use of mathematics was partly the result of his scepticism about whether phenomena as inherently uncertain as economic activity could ever be adequately captured by mathematical models . Nevertheless , many models were developed by Keynesian economists , with a famous example being the Phillips curve which predicted an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation . It implied that unemployment could be reduced by government stimulus with a calculable cost to inflation . In 1968 Milton Friedman published a paper arguing that the fixed relationship implied by the Philips curve did not exist . Friedman suggested that sustained Keynesian policies could lead to both unemployment and inflation rising at once – a phenomenon that soon became known as stagflation . In the early 1970s stagflation appeared in both the US and Britain just as Friedman had predicted , with economic conditions deteriorating further after the 1973 oil crisis . Aided by the prestige gained from his successful forecast , Friedman led increasingly successful criticisms against the Keynesian consensus , convincing not only academics and politicians but also much of the general public with his radio and television broadcasts . The academic credibility of Keynesian economics was further undermined by additional criticism from other monetarists trained in the Chicago school of economics , by the Lucas critique and by criticisms from Hayek 's Austrian School . So successful were these criticisms that by 1980 Robert Lucas claimed economists would often take offence if described as Keynesians . Keynesian principles fared increasingly poorly on the practical side of economics – by 1979 they had been displaced by monetarism as the primary influence on Anglo @-@ American economic policy . However , many officials on both sides of the Atlantic retained a preference for Keynes , and in 1984 the Federal Reserve officially discarded monetarism , after which Keynesian principles made a partial comeback as an influence on policy making . Not all academics accepted the criticism against Keynes – Minsky has argued that Keynesian economics had been debased by excessive mixing with neoclassical ideas from the 1950s , and that it was unfortunate that this branch of economics had even continued to be called " Keynesian " . Writing in The American Prospect , Robert Kuttner argued it was not so much excessive Keynesian activism that caused the economic problems of the 1970s but the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of capital controls , which allowed capital flight from regulated economies into unregulated economies in a fashion similar to Gresham 's law phenomenon ( where weak currencies undermine strong currencies ) . Historian Peter Pugh has stated that a key cause of the economic problems afflicting America in the 1970s was the refusal to raise taxes to finance the Vietnam War , which was against Keynesian advice . A more typical response was to accept some elements of the criticisms while refining Keynesian economic theories to defend them against arguments that would invalidate the whole Keynesian framework – the resulting body of work largely composing New Keynesian economics . In 1992 Alan Blinder wrote about a " Keynesian Restoration " , as work based on Keynes 's ideas had to some extent become fashionable once again in academia , though in the mainstream it was highly synthesised with monetarism and other neoclassical thinking . In the world of policy making , free market influences broadly sympathetic to monetarism have remained very strong at government level – in powerful normative institutions like the World Bank , the IMF and US Treasury , and in prominent opinion @-@ forming media such as the Financial Times and The Economist . = = = Keynesian resurgence 2008 – 09 = = = The global financial crisis of 2007 – 08 led to public skepticism about the free market consensus even from some on the economic right . In March 2008 , Martin Wolf , chief economics commentator at the Financial Times , announced the death of the dream of global free @-@ market capitalism . In the same month macroeconomist James K. Galbraith used the 25th Annual Milton Friedman Distinguished Lecture to launch a sweeping attack against the consensus for monetarist economics and argued that Keynesian economics were far more relevant for tackling the emerging crises . Economist Robert J. Shiller had begun advocating robust government intervention to tackle the financial crises , specifically citing Keynes . Nobel laureate Paul Krugman also actively argued the case for vigorous Keynesian intervention in the economy in his columns for The New York Times . Other prominent economic commentators who have argued for Keynesian government intervention to mitigate the financial crisis include George Akerlof , J. Bradford DeLong , Robert Reich , and Joseph Stiglitz . Newspapers and other media have also cited work relating to Keynes by Hyman Minsky , Robert Skidelsky , Donald Markwell and Axel Leijonhufvud . A series of major bailouts were pursued during the financial crisis , starting on 7 September with the announcement that the U.S. Government was to nationalise the two government @-@ sponsored enterprises which oversaw most of the U.S. subprime mortgage market – Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac . In October , Alistair Darling , the British Chancellor of the Exchequer , referred to Keynes as he announced plans for substantial fiscal stimulus to head off the worst effects of recession , in accordance with Keynesian economic thought . Similar policies have been adopted by other governments worldwide . This is in stark contrast to the action imposed on Indonesia during the Asian financial crisis of 1997 , when it was forced by the IMF to close 16 banks at the same time , prompting a bank run . Much of the post @-@ crisis discussion reflected Keynes 's advocacy of international coordination of fiscal or monetary stimulus , and of international economic institutions such as the IMF and the World Bank , which many had argued should be reformed as a " new Bretton Woods " , and should have been even before the crises broke out . The IMF and United Nations economists advocated a coordinated international approach to fiscal stimulus . Donald Markwell argued that in the absence of such an international approach , there would be a risk of worsening international relations and possibly even world war arising from economic factors similar to those present during the depression of the 1930s . By the end of December 2008 , the Financial Times reported that " the sudden resurgence of Keynesian policy is a stunning reversal of the orthodoxy of the past several decades . " In December 2008 , Paul Krugman released his book The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008 , arguing that economic conditions similar to what existed during the earlier part of the 20th century had returned , making Keynesian policy prescriptions more relevant than ever . In February 2009 Robert J. Shiller and George Akerlof published Animal Spirits , a book where they argue the current US stimulus package is too small as it does not take into account Keynes 's insight on the importance of confidence and expectations in determining the future behaviour of businesspeople and other economic agents . In the March 2009 speech entitled Reform the International Monetary System , Zhou Xiaochuan , the governor of the People 's Bank of China , came out in favour of Keynes 's idea of a centrally managed global reserve currency . Zhou argued that it was unfortunate that part of the reason for the Bretton Woods system breaking down was the failure to adopt Keynes 's bancor . Zhou proposed a gradual move towards increased use of IMF special drawing rights ( SDRs ) . Although Zhou 's ideas had not been broadly accepted , leaders meeting in April at the 2009 G @-@ 20 London summit agreed to allow $ 250 billion of special drawing rights to be created by the IMF , to be distributed globally . Stimulus plans were credited for contributing to a better than expected economic outlook by both the OECD and the IMF , in reports published in June and July 2009 . Both organisations warned global leaders that recovery was likely to be slow , so counter recessionary measures ought not be rolled back too early . While the need for stimulus measures was broadly accepted among policy makers , there had been much debate over how to fund the spending . Some leaders and institutions , such as Angela Merkel and the European Central Bank , expressed concern over the potential impact on inflation , national debt and the risk that a too large stimulus will create an unsustainable recovery . Among professional economists the revival of Keynesian economics has been even more divisive . Although many economists , such as George Akerlof , Paul Krugman , Robert Shiller , and Joseph Stiglitz , supported Keynesian stimulus , others did not believe higher government spending would help the United States economy recover from the Great Recession . Some economists , such as Robert Lucas , questioned the theoretical basis for stimulus packages . Others , like Robert Barro and Gary Becker , say that empirical evidence for beneficial effects from Keynesian stimulus does not exist . However , there is a growing academic literature that shows that fiscal expansion helps an economy grow in the near term , and that certain types of fiscal stimulus are particularly effective . = = Reception and views = = = = = Praise = = = Keynes 's economic thinking only began to achieve close to universal acceptance in the last few years of his life . On a personal level , Keynes 's charm was such that he was generally well received wherever he went – even those who found themselves on the wrong side of his occasionally sharp tongue rarely bore a grudge . Keynes 's speech at the closing of the Bretton Woods negotiations was received with a lasting standing ovation , rare in international relations , as the delegates acknowledged the scale of his achievements made despite poor health . Austrian School economist Friedrich Hayek was Keynes 's most prominent contemporary critic , with sharply opposing views on the economy . Yet after Keynes 's death he wrote : He was the one really great man I ever knew , and for whom I had unbounded admiration . The world will be a very much poorer place without him . Lionel Robbins , former head of the economics department at the London School of Economics , who engaged in many heated debates with Keynes in the 1930s , had this to say after observing Keynes in early negotiations with the Americans while drawing up plans for Bretton Woods : This went very well indeed . Keynes was in his most lucid and persuasive mood : and the effect was irresistible . At such moments , I often find myself thinking that Keynes must be one of the most remarkable men that have ever lived – the quick logic , the birdlike swoop of intuition , the vivid fancy , the wide vision , above all the incomparable sense of the fitness of words , all combine to make something several degrees beyond the limit of ordinary human achievement . Douglas LePan , an official from the Canadian High Commission , wrote : I am spellbound . This is the most beautiful creature I have ever listened to . Does he belong to our species ? Or is he from some other order ? There is something mythic and fabulous about him . I sense in him something massive and sphinx like , and yet also a hint of wings . Bertrand Russell named Keynes one of the most intelligent people he had ever known , commenting : Keynes 's intellect was the sharpest and clearest that I have ever known . When I argued with him , I felt that I took my life in my hands , and I seldom emerged without feeling something of a fool . Keynes 's obituary in The Times included the comment : There is the man himself – radiant , brilliant , effervescent , gay , full of impish jokes ... He was a humane man genuinely devoted to the cause of the common good . = = = Critiques = = = As a man of the centre described by some as having the greatest impact of any 20th @-@ century economist , Keynes attracted considerable criticism from both sides of the political spectrum . In the 1920s , Keynes was seen as anti @-@ establishment and was mainly attacked from the right . In the " red 1930s " , many young economists favoured Marxist views , even in Cambridge , and while Keynes was engaging principally with the right to try to persuade them of the merits of more progressive policy , the most vociferous criticism against him came from the left , who saw him as a supporter of capitalism . From the 1950s and onwards , most of the attacks against Keynes have again been from the right . In 1931 Friedrich Hayek extensively critiqued Keynes 's 1930 Treatise on Money . After reading Hayek 's The Road to Serfdom , Keynes wrote to Hayek " Morally and philosophically I find myself in agreement with virtually the whole of it " , but concluded the letter with the recommendation : What we need therefore , in my opinion , is not a change in our economic programmes , which would only lead in practice to disillusion with the results of your philosophy ; but perhaps even the contrary , namely , an enlargement of them . Your greatest danger is the probable practical failure of the application of your philosophy in the United States . On the pressing issue of the time , whether deficit spending could lift a country from depression , Keynes replied to Hayek 's criticism in the following way : I should ... conclude rather differently . I should say that what we want is not no planning , or even less planning , indeed I should say we almost certainly want more . But the planning should take place in a community in which as many people as possible , both leaders and followers wholly share your own moral position . Moderate planning will be safe enough if those carrying it out are rightly oriented in their own minds and hearts to the moral issue . Asked why Keynes expressed " moral and philosophical " agreement with Hayek 's Road to Serfdom , Hayek explained : Because he believed that he was fundamentally still a classical English liberal and wasn 't quite aware of how far he had moved away from it . His basic ideas were still those of individual freedom . He did not think systematically enough to see the conflicts . He was , in a sense , corrupted by political necessity . According to some observers , Hayek felt that the post @-@ World War II " Keynesian orthodoxy " gave too much power to the state and led toward socialism . While Milton Friedman described The General Theory as " a great book " , he argues that its implicit separation of nominal from real magnitudes is neither possible nor desirable . Macroeconomic policy , Friedman argues , can reliably influence only the nominal . He and other monetarists have consequently argued that Keynesian economics can result in stagflation , the combination of low growth and high inflation that developed economies suffered in the early 1970s . More to Friedman 's taste was the Tract on Monetary Reform ( 1923 ) , which he regarded as Keynes 's best work because of its focus on maintaining domestic price stability . Joseph Schumpeter was an economist of the same age as Keynes and one of his main rivals . He was among the first reviewers to argue that Keynes 's General Theory was not a general theory , but in fact a special case . He said the work expressed " the attitude of a decaying civilisation " . After Keynes 's death Schumpeter wrote a brief biographical piece Keynes the Economist – on a personal level he was very positive about Keynes as a man , praising his pleasant nature , courtesy and kindness . He assessed some of Keynes 's biographical and editorial work as among the best he 'd ever seen . Yet Schumpeter remained critical about Keynes 's economics , linking Keynes 's childlessness to what Schumpeter saw as an essentially short term view . He considered Keynes to have a kind of unconscious patriotism that caused him to fail to understand the problems of other nations . For Schumpeter " Practical Keynesianism is a seedling which cannot be transplanted into foreign soil : it dies there and becomes poisonous as it dies . " President Harry S. Truman was sceptical of Keynesian theorizing : " Nobody can ever convince me that government can spend a dollar that it 's not got , " he told Leon Keyserling , a Keynesian economist who chaired Truman 's Council of Economic Advisers . = = = Views on race = = = Keynes sometimes explained the mass murder that took place during the first years of communist Russia on a racial basis , as part of the “ Russian and Jewish nature ” , rather than as a result of the communist rule . After a trip to Russia , he wrote in his Short View of Russia that there is " beastliness on the Russian and Jewish natures when , as now , they are allied together " . He also wrote that " out of the cruelty and stupidity of the Old Russia nothing could ever emerge , but ( ... ) beneath the cruelty and stupidity of the New Russia a speck of the ideal may lie hid " , which together with other comments may be construed as anti @-@ Russian and antisemitic . Some critics , including Murray Rothbard , have sought to show that Keynes had sympathy with Nazism , and a number of writers described him as antisemitic . Keynes 's private letters contain portraits and descriptions , some of which can be characterized as antisemitic , others as philosemitic . Scholars have suggested that these reflect clichés current at the time that he accepted uncritically , rather than any racism . On several occasions Keynes used his influence to help his Jewish friends , most notably when he successfully lobbied for Ludwig Wittgenstein to be allowed residency in the United Kingdom , explicitly in order to rescue him from being deported to Nazi @-@ occupied Austria . Keynes was a supporter of Zionism , serving on committees supporting the cause . Allegations that he was racist or had totalitarian beliefs have been rejected by Robert Skidelsky and other biographers . Professor Gordon Fletcher wrote that " the suggestion of a link between Keynes and any support of totalitarianism cannot be sustained " . Once the aggressive tendencies of the Nazis towards Jews and other minorities had become apparent , Keynes made clear his loathing of Nazism . As a lifelong pacifist he had initially favoured peaceful containment of Nazi Germany , yet he began to advocate a forceful resolution while many conservatives were still arguing for appeasement . After the war started he roundly criticised the Left for losing their nerve to confront Hitler : The intelligentsia of the Left were the loudest in demanding that the Nazi aggression should be resisted at all costs . When it comes to a showdown , scarce four weeks have passed before they remember that they are pacifists and write defeatist letters to your columns , leaving the defence of freedom and civilisation to Colonel Blimp and the Old School Tie , for whom Three Cheers . = = = Views on inflation = = = Keynes has been characterised as being indifferent or even positive about mild inflation . He had indeed expressed a preference for inflation over deflation , saying that if one has to choose between the two evils , it is " better to disappoint the rentier " than to inflict pain on working class families . He also supported the German hyperinflation as a way to get free from reparations obligations . However , Keynes was also aware of the dangers of inflation . In The Economic Consequences of the Peace , he wrote : Lenin is said to have declared that the best way to destroy the Capitalist System was to debauch the currency . By a continuing process of inflation , governments can confiscate , secretly and unobserved , an important part of the wealth of their citizens . There is no subtler , no surer means of overturning the existing basis of society than to debauch the currency . The process engages all the hidden forces of economic law on the side of destruction , and does it in a manner which not one man in a million is able to diagnose . = = Personal life = = = = = Relationships = = = Keynes 's early romantic and sexual relationships were exclusively with men . Keynes had been in relationships while at Eton and Cambridge ; significant among these early partners were Dilly Knox and Daniel Macmillan . Keynes was open about his affairs , and from 1901 to 1915 kept separate diaries in which he tabulated his many sexual encounters . Keynes 's relationship and later close friendship with Macmillan was to be fortunate , as Macmillan 's company first published his tract Economic Consequences of the Peace . Attitudes in the Bloomsbury Group , in which Keynes was avidly involved , were relaxed about homosexuality . Keynes , together with writer Lytton Strachey , had reshaped the Victorian attitudes of the Cambridge Apostles : " since [ their ] time , homosexual relations among the members were for a time common " , wrote Bertrand Russell . The artist Duncan Grant , whom he met in 1908 , was one of Keynes 's great loves . Keynes was also involved with Lytton Strachey , though they were for the most part love rivals , not lovers . Keynes had won the affections of Arthur Hobhouse , and as with Grant , fell out with a jealous Strachey for it . Strachey had previously found himself put off by Keynes , not least because of his manner of " treat [ ing ] his love affairs statistically " . Political opponents have used Keynes 's sexuality to attack his academic work . One line of attack held that he was uninterested in the long term ramifications of his theories because he had no children . Keynes 's friends in the Bloomsbury Group were initially surprised when , in his later years , he began dating and pursuing affairs with women , demonstrating himself to be bisexual . Ray Costelloe ( who would later marry Oliver Strachey ) was an early heterosexual interest of Keynes . In 1906 , Keynes had written of this infatuation that , " I seem to have fallen in love with Ray a little bit , but as she isn 't male I haven 't [ been ] able to think of any suitable steps to take . " = = = Marriage = = = In 1921 , Keynes wrote that he had fallen " very much in love " with Lydia Lopokova , a well @-@ known Russian ballerina and one of the stars of Sergei Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes . In the early years of his courtship , he maintained an affair with a younger man , Sebastian Sprott , in tandem with Lopokova , but eventually chose Lopokova exclusively . They married in 1925 , with Keynes 's former lover Duncan Grant as best man . " What a marriage of beauty and brains , the fair Lopokova and John Maynard Keynes " was said at the time . Keynes later commented to Strachey that beauty and intelligence were rarely found in the same person , and that only in Duncan Grant had he found the combination . The union was happy , with biographer Peter Clarke writing that the marriage gave Keynes " a new focus , a new emotional stability and a sheer delight of which he never wearied " . Lydia became pregnant in 1927 but miscarried . Among Keynes 's Bloomsbury friends , Lopokova was , at least initially , subjected to criticism for her manners , mode of conversation and supposedly humble social origins – the last of the ostensible causes being particularly noted in the letters of Vanessa and Clive Bell , and Virginia Woolf . In her novel Mrs Dalloway ( 1925 ) , Woolf bases the character of Rezia Warren Smith on Lopokova . E. M. Forster would later write in contrition : " How we all used to underestimate her " . = = = Support for the arts = = = Keynes thought that the pursuit of money for its own sake was a pathological condition , and that the proper aim of work is to provide leisure . He wanted shorter working hours and longer holidays for all . Keynes was interested in literature in general and drama in particular and supported the Cambridge Arts Theatre financially , which allowed the institution , at least for a while , to become a major British stage outside London . Keynes 's personal interest in classical opera and dance led him to support the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden and the Ballet Company at Sadler 's Wells . During the war , as a member of CEMA ( Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts ) , Keynes helped secure government funds to maintain both companies while their venues were shut . Following the war , Keynes was instrumental in establishing the Arts Council of Great Britain and was its founding chairman in 1946 . Unsurprisingly , from the start the two organisations that received the largest grants from the new body were the Royal Opera House and Sadler 's Wells . Like several other notable British authors of his time , Keynes was a member of the Bloomsbury Group . Virginia Woolf 's biographer tells an anecdote on how Virginia Woolf , Keynes and T. S. Eliot discussed religion at a dinner party , in the context of their struggle against Victorian era morality . Keynes may have been confirmed , but according to Cambridge University he was clearly an agnostic , which he remained until his death . According to one biographer , " he was never able to take religion seriously , regarding it as a strange aberration of the human mind . " = = = Investments = = = Keynes was ultimately a successful investor , building up a private fortune . His assets were nearly wiped out following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , which he did not foresee , but he soon recouped . At Keynes 's death , in 1946 , his net worth stood just short of £ 500 @,@ 000 – equivalent to about £ 11 million ( $ 16 @.@ 5 million ) in 2009 . The sum had been amassed despite lavish support for various good causes and his personal ethic which made him reluctant to sell on a falling market , in cases where he saw such behaviour as likely to deepen a slump . Keynes built up a substantial collection of fine art , including works by Paul Cézanne , Edgar Degas , Amedeo Modigliani , Georges Braque , Pablo Picasso , and Georges Seurat ( some of which can now be seen at the Fitzwilliam Museum ) . He enjoyed collecting books ; he collected and protected many of Isaac Newton 's papers . In part on the basis of these papers , Keynes wrote of Newton as " the last of the magicians . " Keynes successfully managed the endowment of King 's College , Cambridge , with the active component of his portfolio outperforming a British equity index by an average of 8 % a year over a quarter century , earning him favourable mention by later investors such as Warren Buffett and George Soros . = = = Political causes = = = Keynes was a lifelong member of the Liberal Party , which until the 1920s had been one of the two main political parties in the United Kingdom , and as late as 1916 had often been the dominant power in government . Keynes had helped campaign for the Liberals at elections from about 1906 , yet he always refused to run for office himself , despite being asked to do so on three separate occasions in 1920 . From 1926 , when Lloyd George became leader of the Liberals , Keynes took a major role in defining the party 's economics policy , but by then the Liberals had been displaced into third party status by the Labour Party . In 1939 Keynes had the option to enter Parliament as an independent MP with the University of Cambridge seat . A by @-@ election for the seat was to be held due to the illness of an elderly Tory , and the master of Magdalene College had obtained agreement that none of the major parties would field a candidate if Keynes chose to stand . Keynes declined the invitation as he felt he would wield greater influence on events if he remained a free agent . Keynes was a proponent of eugenics . He served as director of the British Eugenics Society from 1937 to 1944 . As late as 1946 , shortly before his death , Keynes declared eugenics to be " the most important , significant and , I would add , genuine branch of sociology which exists . " Keynes once remarked that " the youth had no religion save communism and this was worse than nothing . " Marxism " was founded upon nothing better than a misunderstanding of Ricardo " , and , given time , he ( Keynes ) " would deal thoroughly with the Marxists " and other economists to solve the economic problems their theories " threaten to cause " . In 1931 Keynes had the following to say on Marxism : How can I accept the Communist doctrine , which sets up as its bible , above and beyond criticism , an obsolete textbook which I know not only to be scientifically erroneous but without interest or application to the modern world ? How can I adopt a creed which , preferring the mud to the fish , exalts the boorish proletariat above the bourgeoisie and the intelligentsia , who with all their faults , are the quality of life and surely carry the seeds of all human achievement ? Even if we need a religion , how can we find it in the turbid rubbish of the red bookshop ? It is hard for an educated , decent , intelligent son of Western Europe to find his ideals here , unless he has first suffered some strange and horrid process of conversion which has changed all his values . Keynes was a firm supporter of women 's rights and in 1932 became vice @-@ chairman of the Marie Stopes Society which provided birth control education . He also campaigned against job discrimination against women and unequal pay . He was an outspoken campaigner for reform of the law on homosexuality . = = = Death = = = Throughout his life , Keynes worked energetically for the benefit both of the public and his friends ; even when his health was poor , he laboured to sort out the finances of his old college . Helping to set up the Bretton Woods system , he worked to institute an international monetary system that would be beneficial for the world economy . Keynes suffered a series of heart attacks , which ultimately proved fatal . They began during negotiations for the Anglo @-@ American loan in Savannah , Georgia , where he was trying to secure favourable terms for the United Kingdom from the United States , a process he described as " absolute hell " . A few weeks after returning from the United States , Keynes died of a heart attack at Tilton , his farmhouse home near Firle , East Sussex , England , on 21 April 1946 , at the age of 62 . Both of Keynes 's parents outlived him : his father John Neville Keynes ( 1852 – 1949 ) by three years , and his mother Florence Ada Keynes ( 1861 – 1958 ) by twelve . Keynes 's brother Sir Geoffrey Keynes ( 1887 – 1982 ) was a distinguished surgeon , scholar , and bibliophile . His nephews include Richard Keynes ( 1919 – 2010 ) , a physiologist , and Quentin Keynes ( 1921 – 2003 ) , an adventurer and bibliophile . Keynes 's widow , Lydia Lopokova , died in 1981 . Keynes had no children . = = Publications = =
= Mega Man X ( video game ) = Mega Man X , known in Japan as Rockman X ( ロックマンX ) , is a video game developed and published by Capcom for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) . It was the first Mega Man game for the 16 @-@ bit console and the first game in the Mega Man X series , a spin @-@ off of the original Mega Man series that began on the SNES 's predecessor , the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . Mega Man X was first published in Japan on December 17 , 1993 and was released in both North America and Europe the following year . Taking place a century after the original Mega Man series , Mega Man X is set in a futuristic world populated by both humans and " Reploids " , robots capable of thinking , feeling , and growing like their human creators . Because of these complex attributes , many Reploids are prone to destructive , criminal activity and are thereafter referred to as " Mavericks " . The plot of the game follows the protagonist Mega Man X , an android member of a military task force called the " Maverick Hunters " . With the help of his partner Zero , X must thwart the plans of Sigma , a powerful Maverick leader wishing to bring about human extinction . With the transition to more advanced gaming hardware , series artist Keiji Inafune explained that the development of Mega Man X involved reinventing Mega Man through gameplay expansion and a more mature storyline while still maintaining the basic concepts on which the franchise was built . Much like the NES Mega Man games that came before it , Mega Man X is a standard action @-@ platform game where the player takes control of the eponymous character and must complete a set of eight , initial stages in any order desired . Defeating the boss character at the end of each stage grants the player one new weapon that can then be toggled and used at will for the remainder of the game . However , Mega Man X adds a number of new features and makes radical changes to the original gameplay mechanics of previous releases in the series . These include allowing the player to dash along the ground , scale walls , and obtain armor attachments which grant special abilities . Mega Man X has met with positive reviews for its gameplay , sound , and graphics , as well as its attempt to augment the aging Mega Man franchise . A longterm commercial success on the SNES , Mega Man X has since been ported to personal computers ( PCs ) and mobile devices , included in the North American Mega Man X Collection for the Nintendo GameCube and PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) , and released on the Virtual Console download service for the Wii and the Wii U. The game also received an enhanced remake on the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) titled Mega Man Maverick Hunter X , or Irregular Hunter X ( イレギュラーハンターX ) in Japan . = = Plot = = Mega Man X takes place in an unspecified time during the 22nd century ( 2120 ) and approximately 100 years after the original Mega Man series . A human archaeologist named Dr. Cain discovers the ruins of a robotics research facility that had once been operated by the legendary robot designer Dr. Thomas Light . Among the ruins , Cain finds a large capsule which contains a highly advanced robot with human @-@ level intelligence and emotions , and even free will , the likes of which the world has never seen before . Light had wished to instill within his creation reasonable sanity , good nature , and an understanding of the more controversial aspects of human morality . The robot was buried while running a 30 @-@ year diagnostic program to ensure these features . Cain spends the next several months studying the robot , who is named Mega Man X , or simply " X " . Cain decides to duplicate X and , within several months , completes the first " replicate android " or " Reploid " , a robot who can think , feel , learn , and grow exactly like a human . Within the year , the design is standardized and Reploids are mass @-@ produced . However , with the free will given to a Reploid comes the possibility of criminal activity ; such rogue Reploids are branded as " Mavericks " by law @-@ abiding citizens . As the public outcry against the few Maverick incidents becomes too great to deny , the government steps in , and under the advice of Dr. Cain , forms an elite military police organization called the " Maverick Hunters " . The Hunters are to capture or disable any Reploids that pose a threat to humans , provide damage control at Maverick uprisings , help with disaster recovery , and perform other tasks as needed . To lead this group , Cain designs a very advanced Reploid , thought to be immune to whatever defect causes Mavericks . This robot , named Sigma , heads the Hunters for some time before ultimately becoming a Maverick himself , alongside the vast majority of the other Hunters . Sigma seizes control of a small island , driving out all human occupants . Claiming that the humans are inferior and that they are limiting the growth and potential of Reploids , he calls for his followers to begin a massive extinction effort . X , guilt @-@ ridden at having helped design such a dangerous race , joins forces with the only other remaining Hunter , Zero , in order to stop Sigma at any cost . While on a mission involving a Maverick attack on a highway , X encounters Vile , a mercenary Maverick working for Sigma who pilots a mechanized tank called " Ride Armor " . Unable to defeat Vile , X is saved at a critical moment by Zero , forcing Vile to retreat . Zero then offers encouragement to the less combat @-@ savvy X after the battle . X proceeds to track down and exterminate eight of Sigma 's most powerful Mavericks , then rendezvous with Zero outside Sigma 's stronghold . Inside the compound , X finds that Zero has been captured by Vile . Another battle ensues , ending similar to their first meeting with X at Vile 's mercy . Zero suddenly breaks free of his restraints , latches onto Vile , and self @-@ detonates , destroying his own body and the Maverick 's Ride Armor . Shocked over Zero 's sacrifice , X regains his strength and finishes off Vile . Zero encourages his comrade once again , and succumbs to his damage . Now more determined than ever , X fights his way to Sigma , destroys the Maverick leader , and escapes the island fortress as it explodes and sinks . As he returns to base , X reflects on the events that have unfolded , questioning Zero 's sacrifice , his own decision to fight , and the ongoing war with the Mavericks . After the credits , a message from Sigma reveals that X merely destroyed a temporary body , and that Sigma 's spirit lives on . Sigma then says that he would gather new , stronger bodies to do his bidding , and he would see X soon . = = Gameplay = = The original Mega Man series on the NES has generally consisted of 2D platform games that focus on run @-@ and @-@ gun gameplay . Mega Man X uses the same basic principles as its precursors but with many added options . The player takes control of the protagonist X , and , after completing an introductory stage , is presented with a stage selection screen that depicts eight boss characters . Each stage is littered with various enemies and hazards and ends with a boss battle against its respective Maverick . Completing a stage rewards the player with a new weapon . The player may attempt these eight levels in any order , using weapons gained in one level to overcome challenges in the others . The player can return to the game at a later point using a password system ; the password will retain any number of the eight stages cleared and most power @-@ ups . Completing some stages will subtly affect the landscape of others . For example , clearing Storm Eagle 's aircraft carrier stage will cause electrical outages in Spark Mandrill 's power plant stage . In certain stages , X can hop inside Ride Armors to fight enemies . Ride Armors are bipedal tanks capable of powerful punches . X 's abilities are similar to those in previous Mega Man games , such as running , jumping , and a chargeable arm cannon named the " X @-@ Buster " . However , Mega Man X introduces a number of elements not present in the original Mega Man titles . One prominent feature is the ability to scale , slide down , or jump off nearly any wall . Armor part capsules can be found in several stages which display a holographic message from Dr. Light when approached . Each capsule upgrades one of X 's body parts — his legs , armor , helmet , or X @-@ Buster — granting the player improved firepower and defense , as well as new abilities , like a dash upgrade . The player can also collect hidden " Heart Tanks " that extend X 's maximum life energy and " Sub @-@ Tanks " that can store extra energy for later use . When certain conditions are met , a secret capsule can be unlocked which gives X the ability to perform the " Hadouken " , an attack used by characters from Capcom 's Street Fighter series . = = Development = = Mega Man X was developed by a team at Capcom which had worked on the long @-@ running Mega Man series for the NES . Lead artist Keiji Inafune ( credited as a planner as Inemuryar ) recounted that the development of Mega Man X required a lot of brainstorming for its storyline and content where the team 's goal was to branch out from original Mega Man games while still maintaining their fundamentals . In the original Mega Man series , Inafune typically designed the protagonist while his protégé Hayato Kaji handled the supporting characters . However , their roles were reversed for Mega Man X. Kaji ( credited as Rippa H.K ) illustrated the protagonist X , but had a difficult time with the initial design . He was presented with much more freedom than he was accustomed with the SNES 's larger palette of colors when compared to the NES . Inafune and Kaji worked simultaneously on the various designs for X with different pieces of armor attached . The idea for the armor parts came about because the game was planned during a time when role @-@ playing video games were becoming extremely popular . Inafune felt that Mega Man had always represented a classic action game formula in which the hero earns his defeated enemies ' abilities ; the armor parts were added to supplement this concept . Inafune created the character Zero , whom he originally intended to be the game 's main , playable protagonist . " When the X series came out , I really wanted to redesign Mega Man , " Inafune explained . " I wanted a totally different Mega Man . I ’ m a designer , a creator ; I wanted something new . I didn ’ t want to use the same old Mega Man . " Fearing a negative reaction from fans , Zero was ultimately reduced to a role secondary to Mega Man X. The development team additionally wanted the world of Mega Man X to be much more sophisticated than in the first Mega Man series . They wanted to accomplish this with Zero 's " hardcore " personality and the game 's antagonist Sigma . As stated by Inafune , the original series ' villain Dr. Wily had " a side to him you couldn 't really hate " . Sigma , however , was written as a once @-@ good character suffering an " unforeseen error " that leads him to be completely evil . The game 's story went through several changes during development . Two allies of Mega Man X , named RX and RY , appeared in previews for the game , but were later taken out . Mega Man X altered the franchise tradition of having themed boss characters with a " Man " moniker by replacing them with anthropomorphic animal @-@ like androids . The art and pixelization for these eight bosses were divided among three illustrators : Inafune did Storm Eagle and Chill Penguin ; Kaji did Spark Mandrill , Launch Octopus , and Sting Chameleon ; and Kazunori Tazaki ( credited as Ikki ) did Flame Mammoth , Armored Armadillo , and Boomer Kuwanger . The team was careful in making the bosses distinct from one another in both stature and coloring . Tatsuya Yoshikawa ( credited as Tatsunoko ) , a fourth artist who had recently been hired by Capcom , was given the task of assisting the rest of the team by designing , illustrating , and creating the sprites for the game 's minor enemies . The musical score for Mega Man X was composed by Capcom 's Alph Lyla group . Setsuo Yamamoto ( credited as Setsuo ) was initially the sole composer assigned to the game , and contributed the vast majority of the soundtrack , but four other composers , Yuki Iwai ( credited as Sato ) , Toshihiko Horiyama ( credited as Kirry ) , Yuko Takehara ( credited as Yuko ) and Makoto Tomozawa ( credited as Tomozou ) , were brought in late in production to help finish the soundtrack . Iwai and Horiyama would later compose the soundtracks for Mega Man X2 and X4 respectively . The Japanese division of Sony Records published an arranged album featuring ten songs on March 9 , 1994 . Music using the SNES instrumentals was included as part of the Capcom Music Generation : Rockman X1 ~ X6 soundtrack released by Suleputer in 2003 . The success of the Mega Man series allowed Capcom to continue releasing NES titles well into the 16 @-@ bit era . A teaser for an SNES incarnation of the Mega Man series first made its way into a preview of Mega Man 6 in the spring 1993 issue of the Japanese Club Capcom fan magazine . Mega Man X was announced in North America in a March 1993 Game Players magazine interview with Capcom 's Senior Vice President Joseph Morici . The tentatively titled " Super Mega Man " was originally to have a " fairly large memory configuration and a battery backup " . The autumn 1993 issue of Club Capcom announced Rockman X for a December 1993 release in Japan , divulged several plot and gameplay details , and showed Zero as a silhouetted " Blues @-@ like character " . Leading up to its release , the game was covered by the North American press surrounding the summer 1993 and winter 1994 Consumer Electronics Shows . = = Reception and legacy = = Mega Man X has been widely acclaimed by critics since its release . Gaming magazines in the United States and Europe including Electronic Gaming Monthly ( EGM ) , GamePro , Game Players , Nintendo Power , Super Play , and the German version of Total ! consistently lauded the game 's visuals , audio , control , and overall gameplay . Game Players summarized Mega Man X as " a near @-@ perfect cart with classic gameplay , excellent graphics and sound and tons of hidden items and power @-@ ups " . Nintendo Power stated that the game had " great control and fun " along with " challenging play " . Websites such as IGN , GameSpot , GamesRadar , and 1UP.com retrospectively held Mega Man X as a successful milestone in transitioning the Mega Man series from its increasingly stale existence on the NES to the SNES . Brett Elston of GamesRadar stated , " X was a total reinvention of the series , a perfectly executed update that had fans anticipating its release with a fervor the franchise hadn 't seen since the Mega Man 2 and 3 days . " Mega Man X received criticism from some publications as well . Ed Semrad , Danyon Carpenter , and Al Manuel of the EGM review panel all noted that the game may have too low a difficulty level ; Semrad disliked the introductory stage and felt that the game was too short as well . Super Play editor Zy Nicholson lowered his review score of the game because he found the levels were neither large nor challenging . " A few elementary tricks like repeating easy sections to recoup energy and weapon power will see you through the harder bits , " Nicholson explained . " Within the level you 'll also find restart points , extra lives , and no harsh time limit to put pressure on your performance . Couple this with a password system that records your level completion , status and weapon accumulation and you 'll see we 're not looking at a lasting challenge for the experienced player . " Nintendo Power criticized how little the game had changed stating that " the theme remains the same as the Game Boy and NES Mega Man titles . " The game 's title initially proved a source of some confusion ; the gaming media reported that many gamers mistook the " X " for the roman numeral 10 . Mega Man X was ranked number 58 in Nintendo Power 's " 100 Best Nintendo Games of All Time " in its 100th issue in September 1997 , number 103 in the publication 's " Top 200 Games " list for its 200th issue in February 2006 , and the 11th best SNES game of all time in its August 2008 issue . Both GamesRadar and ScrewAttack listed Mega Man X as the eighth best game in the SNES library . GamePro similarly listed it as the eighth greatest 16 @-@ bit video game . Game Informer considered it the 120th best game of all time in its own 200th issue in December 2009 . IGN named it the twelfth @-@ best on its own top 100 SNES games list in 2011 . Mega Man X was a commercial success . The SNES version has sold 1 @.@ 16 million copies worldwide to date , making it the 41st best @-@ selling Capcom game of all time . IGN 's Jeremy Dunham speculated that the game 's more mature storyline and its inclusion of numerous gameplay extensions over the original Mega Man series helped create a " unique cadre of fans " . The game was followed by seven direct sequels and three related titles : Mega Man Xtreme , Mega Man Xtreme 2 , and Mega Man X Command Mission . Another video game spin @-@ off series , Mega Man Zero , began in 2002 on the Game Boy Advance handheld as a result of the immense popularity of the character Zero . In episodes # 178 and # 179 of the 18th season of the Japanese video game show Game Center CX , Shinya Arino played the game on the Super Famicom and successfully clears it . = = Re @-@ releases and remakes = = After the SNES version debuted , Mega Man X was ported by Rozner Labs to the IBM PC in 1995 and was packaged with a six @-@ button game controller . Mega Man X received a separate PC release in Japan in 1996 . Majesco republished the SNES version of the game in 1997 . Nintendo also republished the game in Japan on its Nintendo Power cartridge service in 1998 . Mega Man X , alongside its next five direct sequels and Mega Man Battle & Chase , was compiled and made available on the Mega Man X Collection in North America for the Nintendo GameCube and PS2 in 2006 . An enhanced remake titled Mega Man Maverick Hunter X , or Irregular Hunter X ( イレギュラーハンターX ) in Japan , was released worldwide for the PSP between 2005 and 2008 . With the launch of the PSP , Keiji Inafune and his team debated on whether or not to create a Mega Man X9 . " So , we decided that instead of going the X9 route , let 's go back to the series ' roots and rediscover what makes the X series so classic , " Inafune concluded . " We felt that the best way to do that would be to make an X remake . " Although the remake stays true to the original game in both gameplay and basic storyline , Maverick Hunter X features a total graphical overhaul with 3D character models and backgrounds , a remixed soundtrack , voice acting , and anime cutscenes . According to Yoshikawa , the character illustrations were updated to resemble both toys and the designs of Mega Man X8 . In addition to these changes , many power @-@ ups in Maverick Hunter X , such as the armor capsules , are relocated to different levels . The remake also has a few extras including an original video animation titled " The Day of Σ " ( which serves as a storyline prequel ) and an unlockable mode to play through the game as the character Vile . Inafune implemented this mode to offer players a new perspective on the game through the eyes of a villain , feeling it would be " too obvious and boring " given an option to play as Zero . Like the original game , Maverick Hunter X has received very positive reviews from critics , accumulating aggregate scores of 82 % on Game Rankings and 79 out of 100 on Metacritic . Although the game did not meet sales expectations , it was later made available as a download from the PlayStation Network . The Japanese and North American versions were also bundled in a special compilation with Mega Man Powered Up , a remake of the original Mega Man . Capcom released a port of Mega Man X onto FOMA and i @-@ mode compatible mobile phones in Japan in 2007 . Mega Man X has also been made available for purchase on the Virtual Console service in Japan and North America in 2011 for the Wii , and later in Europe in 2012 , as well as for the Wii U in 2013 . The game was ported to the Android operating system in Japan as a free download on November 18 , 2011 . Another remake of Mega Man X was released on the Apple iOS ( iPhone and iPod Touch ) on December 21 , 2011 . This version is based on the mobile phone version of the game and features touch controls , Game Center support , and a challenge mode with 80 levels . Weapon and armor upgrades can be purchased to ease the game 's difficulty .
= The Lightning Thief = The Lightning Thief is a 2005 fantasy @-@ adventure novel based on Greek mythology , the first young adult novel written by Rick Riordan . It is the first novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series , which charts the adventures of modern @-@ day twelve @-@ year @-@ old Percy Jackson as he discovers he is a demigod , the son of a mortal woman and the Greek god Poseidon . Percy and his friends Annabeth Chase and Grover Underwood go on a quest to prevent a war between the gods Zeus , Poseidon , and Hades . The Lightning Thief was published in June 2005 by Miramax Books , an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children and thus Disney Publishing ( succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint ) . The book has sold over 1 @.@ 2 million copies in the subsequent four years , appearing on The New York Times children 's Best Seller list and being listed as one of the Young Adult Library Services Association 's Best Books for Young Adults , among other awards . It was adapted into a film named Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief released in the United States on February 12 , 2010 . The sequel to this novel is The Sea of Monsters . = = Development and publication = = Development for The Lightning Thief began when author Rick Riordan made up stories for his son Haley , who had been diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia . His son had been studying Greek mythology in second grade and asked that his father come up with bedtime stories based on Greek myths . Riordan had been a Greek mythology teacher in middle school for many years and was able to remember enough stories to please his son . Soon Riordan ran out of myths and his son requested that Riordan make new ones using the characters from Greek myths with a new twist . Riordan created the fictional character Percy Jackson and his travels across the United States to recover Zeus 's lightning bolt . After Riordan finished telling the story his son asked that his dad write a book based on Percy 's adventures , and he did . While he gave his manuscript to his agent and editor to review , Riordan took his book to a group of middle schoolers to critique . With their help , he came up with the name of the book and invented Percy 's magic sword . In 2004 the book was sold to Miramax Books for enough money that Riordan could quit his job to focus on writing . The book has since been released in multiple versions ( including hardcover , paperback , and audio editions ) and has been translated and published all over the world . = = Plot = = The Lightning Thief is narrated in the first person by Percy Jackson , a 12 @-@ year @-@ old boy with dyslexia and ADHD living in New York City . During a class field trip to the Metropolitan Museum of Art to see a Greco @-@ Roman exhibit , he stands up to a bully picking on his friend Grover Underwood and " pushes " her into a nearby fountain . One of the chaperoning teachers , an algebra teacher named Mrs. Dodds , takes him away from the other students , presumably to give him his punishment . Instead , Percy is shocked when she transforms into one of the three Furies of Greek myth and attacks him . The other chaperone , a Latin teacher named Mr. Brunner , suddenly appears and throws Percy a pen that changes into a strange sword . Percy instinctively swings at the monster in front of him , and she turns to dust and disappears . When Percy returns to the rest of the students , he discovers that not only do they have no idea what happened inside the museum , they also do not remember having a teacher named Mrs. Dodds . Over the course of the school year , Percy almost convinces himself that it was all a hallucination , except that his friend Grover seems to be hiding something whenever the subject is brought up . A few days before the end of school he overhears Grover and Mr. Brunner talking about him , Mrs. Dodds , and a stolen item of great importance — which only serves to confirm his suspicions . Percy and his mother , Sally , go on a summer trip to the beach . During a terrible storm , the two are awakened by a surprise visit from Grover — who Percy suddenly learns is actually not a human teenager , but instead a young satyr . Grover tells them they are in danger , and the three drive to a mysterious summer camp . Upon arrival , they are attacked by the Minotaur . In the ensuing fight , the Minotaur knocks out Grover and grabs Mrs. Jackson , who inexplicably dissolves into a blinding flash of gold light . Believing he has just lost his mother forever , Percy manages to break off one of the Minotaur 's horns and kills the beast , then forces himself to drag the unconscious Grover over the property line and up to a farmhouse . He wakes up three days later and learns he is at a place called Camp Half @-@ Blood . Percy then learns that he is a demigod : the son of a human and a Greek god . Percy settles into camp life and meets several other demigods , including : Luke Castellan , a son of Hermes ; Annabeth Chase , a daughter of Athena ; and Clarisse La Rue , a daughter of Ares . Several strange incidents begin to reveal his powers as a demigod . After Percy is attacked by a monster which shouldn 't have gotten through the camp 's borders , Percy is publicly claimed by his father , the god Poseidon . A few days later , Mr. Brunner ( who is really Chiron the centaur ) summons Percy to the Big House and tells him how the three eldest male gods ( Poseidon , Zeus , and Hades ) swore an oath not to have children more than 70 years ago ; Percy represents a violation of that oath merely by being alive . This , coupled with the fact that King Zeus 's master lightning bolt has recently been stolen , has bred much suspicion between the gods , and Percy is tasked with locating that bolt before an all @-@ out war may break out . Percy chooses Annabeth and Grover to accompany him on a quest to the realm of Hades , the most likely culprit . After traveling across the country to Los Angeles and defeating several mythological monsters ( including Medusa and the Chimera ) the three find Hades , who reveals that his Helm of Darkness ( his symbol of power ) has been stolen too . Hades accuses Percy of stealing his helm and threatens to kill Percy and his mother ( who has actually been a hostage in his realm the whole time ) and release all the dead back into the real world unless it is returned . Percy and his friends manage to escape back to L.A. and there discover that the god Ares has been manipulating them and possesses all the missing items . Percy challenges Ares to a duel , wins , and gives Hade 's Helm to the reformed Fury he knows as Mrs. Dodds ; Hades then realizes that Percy was not the thief and returns Mrs. Jackson to their apartment in New York . Percy takes the master bolt back to Zeus , who rewards the young hero by not killing him as he should because of Poseidon 's broken oath . Percy returns to camp a hero and enjoys the rest of his summer there . On the last day of camp , however , he goes into the woods to hang out with Luke Castellan , who then turns on him . Luke reveals himself to be the real thief of the Helm and master bolt , working on the orders of Kronos , the Lord of the Titans . Kronos also manipulated power @-@ hungry Ares into taking part in the scheme . Percy can not believe that Luke , an all @-@ around nice guy , would do such a thing , and so Luke explains his belief that the gods are irresponsible and poor leaders who must be usurped . He offers Percy the chance to join him , and when the other demigod does not , Luke tries to kill Percy with a poisonous scorpion . Percy manages to kill it , but is badly poisoned and nearly dies . When he has recovered , Percy is given the choice of whether to return home for the school year or stay at camp year round . After much thought Percy decides to spend the school year with his mother , as it is the first time he won 't have to go to boarding school , even though it will be more dangerous for him . = = = Prophecy = = = The prophecy given by the Oracle before Percy 's quest reads : You shall go west , and face the god who has turned . You shall find what was stolen , and see it safely returned . You shall be betrayed by one who calls you a friend . And you shall fail to save what matters most , in the end . = = = = Meaning = = = = At first , it is assumed that Percy had to travel west from New York to L.A. to confront Hades , though it is later revealed that he really had to meet Ares , in Denver . Percy locates both Zeus 's master bolt , which was always known to be missing , and also Hades 's Helm . Luke betrays Percy immediately after treating him like a friend . Percy is forced to leave behind his mother in the Underworld knows his quest is not complete , and also does not help his mother to rid herself of her abusive husband Gabe Ugliano . Mrs. Jackson is saved in the first case by Hades 's choice to free her after he receives his Helm , and in the second , by her own choice to stand up to " Smelly Gabe " . = = Critical Reception = = The Lightning Thief received mostly positive reviews . Common Sense Media said , " There are two levels of fun in The Lightning Thief . One is the fast @-@ paced quest of a young hero and his friends to save the world ... " and added , " Another level of fun here – laughing at the wicked ways the author has updated the gods and monsters for the 21st century " . However , it did criticize some aspects of the book describing the prose as " choppy and attitude @-@ filled " and complaining that " [ t ] he characters aren 't emotionally involving " . Its overall rating was 4 stars out of 5 . Numerous other reviews were more positive . The New York Times praised The Lightning Thief as " perfectly paced , with electrifying moments chasing each other like heartbeats " . School Library Journal said in its starred review that the book was " [ a ] n adventure @-@ quest with a hip edge " and that " [ r ] eaders will be eager to follow the young protagonist 's next move " . Kirkus reviews said , " The sardonic tone of the narrator 's voice lends a refreshing air of realism to this riotously paced quest tale of heroism that questions the realities of our world , family , friendship and loyalty . " Eoin Colfer , author of Artemis Fowl called it " A fantastic blend of myth and modern " . Finally , Publishers Weekly also praised the book , regarding it as " swift and humorous " and added that the book would " leave many readers eager for the next installment . " On April 8 , 2007 , The Lightning Thief was ranked ninth on The New York Times Best Seller list for children 's books . The Lightning Thief was the winner of the School Library Journal Best Book of 2005 as well one of the books in the Chicago Public Library Best of the Best Books List , 2005 . It was also in the VOYA Top Shelf Fiction List and was the winner of the Red House Children 's Book Award Winner ( UK ) , 2006 ; Askews Torchlight Award ( UK ) , 2006 ; and the Mark Twain Award ( Missouri Association of School Librarians ) , 2008 . It was an American Library Association Notable Book , 2006 and a New York Times Notable Book ( 2005 ) . It received the Young Reader 's Choice Award in 2008 and the Rebecca Caudill Young Reader 's Book Award in 2009 . Scholastic Parent & Child magazine also included the novel within its 100 " Greatest Books for Kids . " When asked about the various awards , Rick Riordan said : " The ultimate compliment for a children 's writer is when the kids like it . " = = Adaptations = = = = = Film adaptation = = = In June 2004 , 20th Century Fox acquired the feature film rights to the book . In April 2007 director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project . Logan Lerman is Percy Jackson and Brandon T. Jackson is Grover Underwood , the satyr . Alexandra Daddario plays Annabeth while Jake Abel was cast as Luke Castellan . Pierce Brosnan plays Chiron . The film is titled Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief and was released in the United States on February 12 , 2010 . The film received mixed reviews from critics upon release but was a commercial success by grossing $ 226 million at the worldwide box office . A sequel , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters was released in 2013 , directed by Thor Freudenthal . = = = Audiobook = = = On June 28 , 2005 , a 10 @-@ hour and 25 minute audio book version , read by actor Jesse Bernstein , was published worldwide by Listening Library . Kirkus magazine said , " the narrator ’ s voice lends a refreshing air of realism to this riotously paced quest tale of heroism that questions the realities of our world , family , friendship and loyalty " . AudioFile Magazine praised the audiobook , " adults and children alike will be spellbound as they listen to this deeply imaginative tale unfold . " School Library Journal both praised and criticized the audio book saying " Although some of Jesse Bernstein 's accents fail ( the monster from Georgia , for instance , has no Southern trace in her voice ) , he does a fine job of keeping the main character 's tones and accents distinguishable " . = = = Musical = = = A one @-@ hour musical aimed at young audiences was planned to hit the road on a nationwide tour in September 2014 following a stint in New York City in 2014 . = = Sequels = = The Lightning Thief is followed by The Sea of Monsters in which Percy and Annabeth rescue Grover who has been imprisoned by Polyphemus , the Cyclopes , and recover the Golden Fleece to save the camp . They are accompanied by Percy 's half brother , Tyson and Clarisse in this mission . Like The Lightning Thief , it won several prizes and received generally positive reviews as well . It sold over 100 @,@ 000 copies in paperback . It was followed by The Titan 's Curse , The Battle of the Labyrinth , and The Last Olympian as well as an entire new sequel @-@ series , The Heroes of Olympus . = = Foreign language editions = = The Lightning Thief was published in Chinese , Italian , Turkish , Danish , Croatian , Czech , Finnish , French , Dutch , German , Hebrew , Portuguese , Brazilian Portuguese , Indonesian , Serbian , Norwegian , Spanish and Catalan . The French , German , and Spanish editions were published in 2006 . The other translations of the book were published in 2008 . The Icelandic publisher Odinseye released another edition in 2012 . The novel is also on sale in Taiwan , published by Yuan Liou Publishing . In Czech it is called ' Percy Jackson Zlodej blesku ' .
= Tropical Storm Tammy ( 2005 ) = Tropical Storm Tammy was a short lived tropical storm during October in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season which caused minor damage to the southeastern United States . More significant , however were its remnants which contributed to the Northeast U.S. flooding of October 2005 . Tropical Storm Tammy formed from a non @-@ tropical system off the Florida coast on October 5 . It moved north just offshore before making landfall later that day . The tropical storm rapidly weakened as it moved overland and dissipated the next day . Its remnant circulation moved south towards the Gulf of Mexico , while the moisture was absorbed by a northeasterly moving cold front . There were no fatalities directly related to Tammy ; however , ten people were killed by the remnants of the storm in combination with the remnants of Subtropical Depression Twenty @-@ Two . Total damages from the storm were $ 30 million . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave left the western coast of Africa on September 24 and crossed the Atlantic without any development . The wave began to develop on October 2 north of the Lesser Antilles when it encountered an upper level trough . It strengthened as it passed through the Bahamas and early on October 5 a vigorous tropical disturbance formed . As the system already had tropical @-@ storm force winds , it was immediately named Tropical Storm Tammy . Upon being classified , the system was poorly organized , with deep convection only persisting to the northeast of the center of circulation . Tropical storm @-@ force winds were presumed to be located underneath the convection as ship reports nearby the system only reported winds up to 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . Tammy quickly tracked towards the northwest in a southerly flow between a mid to upper @-@ level low over the Gulf of Mexico and a ridge located over the western Atlantic Ocean . Later that day , a reconnaissance flight into the storm recorded flight level winds of 61 mph ( 98 km / h ) , which corresponds to surface winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . However , small areas of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) to 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) were reported by the crew members of the aircraft . At 6 : 30 pm EST ( 2300 UTC ) , the storm made landfall with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) near Atlantic Beach , Florida . The tropical storm then moved inland over Georgia and into southeastern Alabama near Ozark , where it lost its circulation on October 6 . The remnant low drifted south towards the Gulf of Mexico before being absorbed by a cold front ( which also picked remnants of Subtropical Depression Twenty @-@ two ) , and moving northeast . This cold front , of which Tammy 's remnants were a part , affected much of the Northeastern United States over the next few days . = = Preparations = = Tropical Storm Tammy surprised forecasters when it formed on October 5 . Because they had not expected the disturbance to develop , warnings were not issued until about 12 hours before the storm made landfall . Despite the short warning , tourists and business travelers cancelled flights as the storm neared landfall . Upon the storm developing , a tropical storm warning was immediately issued for the coast from Cocoa Beach , Florida to the Santee River , South Carolina . The U.S. Department of Homeland Security 's U.S. Coast Guard , 7th District issued an advisory to mariners , warning them to prepare for the storm and avoid the ocean if possible . In Georgia , the National Park Service evacuated the residents of Cumberland Island and closed the ferry which services it . The Glynn County Emergency Operations Agency monitored and prepared for Tropical Storm Tammy 's landfall , however the poor warning hampered their efforts . Residents all over the state expressed frustration at the lack of time they had to prepare . When Tammy moved inland 12 hours later the southern end of the warning zone moved north to Altamaha Sound , Georgia before all warnings were discontinued on October 6 . = = Impact = = Tropical Storm Tammy caused minor damage . Its highest sustained winds were 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) and its strongest recorded wind gust was 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . The winds produced no significant damage , but did disrupt power to 16 @,@ 500 utility customers and delayed the Trysail College Regatta . Lightning produced by a thunderstorm in Broward County , Florida struck three teenagers during a football game in Coconut Creek , killing one and injuring the other two . To most areas in north Florida and southern Georgia , Tammy brought 3 to 5 in ( 76 to 127 mm ) of rain , though some isolated areas received 10 inches ( 250 mm ) . In Georgia , flooding damaged over 30 homes in Brunswick . Several dirt and coastal roads were washed out , and sewers overflowed as far north as Baltimore County , Maryland . Two small pond dams burst , including a 173 @-@ year @-@ old wooden dam , but new stone dams were constructed in place before the old ones failed . Conversely , Tammy 's rains were beneficial in South Carolina , where they helped alleviate dry conditions after a rainless September . Tammy 's storm surge was approximately 2 to 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 to 1 @.@ 22 m ) and caused salt @-@ water flooding along the coast of northeastern Florida , Georgia , and South Carolina . The surge damages boardwalks along the coast , and wave action causes over 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) of beach erosion . In addition to the flooding , Tropical Storm Tammy spawned one tornado . Rated an F0 tornado , it touched down near Brunswick , Georgia were it snapped trees and caused moderate roof damage along its 2 mi ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) path . The storm 's total damage was estimated at around $ 30 million ( 2005 USD ) . The outer bands of Tammy brought heavy rains , peaking around 7 in ( 180 mm ) in places , and caused significant beach erosion . Winds along the coastline gusted up to 59 mph ( 95 km / h ) , downing numerous trees . The worst damage occurred in Beaufort County where 30 trees were downed , one of which fell on a home . Rough seas undermined several beach homes and caused one to be condemned . = = Aftermath , naming and records = = A Red Cross shelter at Seldon Park , Brunswick , Georgia , opened for two days following the storm to temporarily house those whose houses were flooded . Tammy 's remnant low was absorbed a larger extratropical low which tracked north and contributed to the Northeast U.S. flooding of October 2005 , which killed ten people and caused significant damage . As a result of the flooding , the Federal Emergency Management Agency paid $ 44 million in losses . Shrimpers in the Carolinas blamed high fuel prices and the disruption of Tropical Storm Tammy for some of the troubles facing the shrimping industry in 2005 . Rising fuel prices and dwindling demand has already created tough conditions that year , but the disruption of several days ' fishing due to Tammy escalated the situation . When Tropical Storm Tammy formed on October 5 , it was the earliest ever in the season that the twentieth storm formed , beating the previous record held by Storm 20 of the 1933 season by 21 days .
= Peter Jennings = Peter Charles Archibald Ewart Jennings , CM ( July 29 , 1938 – August 7 , 2005 ) was a Canadian @-@ American journalist and news anchor . He was the sole anchor of ABC 's World News Tonight from 1983 until his death in 2005 of complications from lung cancer . A high @-@ school dropout , he transformed himself into one of American television 's most prominent journalists . Jennings started his career early , hosting a Canadian radio show at the age of nine . He began his professional career with CJOH @-@ TV in Ottawa during its early years , anchoring the local newscasts and hosting a teen dance show , Saturday Date , on Saturdays . In 1965 , ABC News tapped him to anchor its flagship evening news program . His inexperience was attacked by critics and others in television news , making for a difficult first stint in the anchor chair . Jennings became a foreign correspondent in 1968 , reporting from the Middle East . He returned as one of World News Tonight 's three anchors in 1978 , and was promoted to the role of sole anchor in 1983 . Jennings was also known for his marathon coverage of breaking news stories , staying on the air for 15 or more hours straight to anchor the live broadcast of events such as the outbreak of the Gulf War in 1991 , the Millennium celebrations in 2000 , and the September 11 attacks in 2001 . In addition to anchoring , he was the host of many ABC News special reports and moderated several American presidential debates . Having always been fascinated with the United States , Jennings became a naturalized United States citizen in 2003 . Along with Tom Brokaw at NBC and Dan Rather at CBS , Jennings formed part of the " Big Three " news anchors who dominated American evening network news from the early 1980s until his death in 2005 , which closely followed the retirements of Brokaw and Rather . = = Life and career = = = = = Early life = = = Jennings was born on July 29 , 1938 , in Toronto , Ontario , Canada ; he and his younger sister Sarah were children of Elizabeth ( Osborne ) and Charles Jennings , a prominent radio broadcaster for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) . Peter Jennings started his broadcasting career at the age of nine , hosting Peter 's People , a half @-@ hour , Saturday morning , CBC Radio show for kids . His father was on a business trip to the Middle East when the show debuted ; upon returning , Charles Jennings , who harbored a deep dislike of nepotism , was outraged to learn that the network had put his son on the air . When Jennings was 11 , he started attending Trinity College School in Port Hope , Ontario , where he excelled in sports . After the CBC moved his father to its Ottawa headquarters in the early 1950s , Jennings transferred to Lisgar Collegiate Institute . He struggled academically , and Jennings later surmised that it was out of " pure boredom " that he failed 10th grade and dropped out . " I loved girls , " he said . " I loved comic books . And for reasons I don 't understand , I was pretty lazy . " Jennings then briefly attended Carleton University , where he says he " lasted about 10 minutes " before dropping out . He also attended the University of Ottawa . Although Jennings dreamed of following in his father 's footsteps in broadcasting , his first job was as a bank teller for the Royal Bank of Canada . He had hoped that the company would assign him to its Havana branch ; instead , it located him to the small town of Prescott , Ontario , before transferring him to its nearby Brockville branch . During this time , he explored acting by appearing in several amateur musical productions with the Orpheus Musical Theatre Society , including Damn Yankees and South Pacific . It was in Brockville that the 21 @-@ year @-@ old Jennings started his rise in broadcasting . In 1959 , CFJR , a local radio station , hired him as a member of its news department ; many of his stories , including his coverage of a local train wreck , were picked up by the CBC . By 1961 , Jennings had joined the staff of CJOH @-@ TV , then a new television station in Ottawa . When the station launched in March 1961 , Jennings was initially an interviewer and co @-@ producer for Vue , a late @-@ night news program . His producers saw a youthful attractiveness in him that resembled that of Dick Clark , and Jennings soon found himself hosting Club Thirteen , a dance show similar to American Bandstand . The next year , CTV , Canada 's first private TV network and a fledgling competitor of his father 's network , hired the 24 @-@ year @-@ old Jennings as co @-@ anchor of its late @-@ night national newscast . While reporting for CTV , he was the first Canadian journalist to arrive in Dallas after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy . In 1964 , CTV sent Jennings to cover the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City , New Jersey . There , he ran into Elmer Lower , then president of ABC News , who offered him a job as a correspondent for the American network , an opportunity Jennings initially rejected . " The job was pretty intimidating for a guy like me in a tiny city in Canada , " Jennings later recalled . " I thought , What if I screw up ? What if I fail ? " Three months later though , he changed his mind and moved to the United States . = = = United States ' youngest anchor = = = Jennings started reporting for ABC at its New York news bureau . At the time , ABC lagged behind the more established news divisions of NBC and CBS , and the network was trying to attract younger viewers . On February 1 , 1965 , ABC plucked the fresh @-@ faced Canadian from the field and placed him at the anchor desk of Peter Jennings With the News , then a 15 @-@ minute nightly newscast . He replaced Ron Cochran , a fellow Canadian . At 26 , Jennings was , and remains , the youngest @-@ ever U.S. network news anchor . " ABC was in bad shape at the time , " Jennings said . " They were willing to try anything , and , to demonstrate the point , they tried me . " An inexperienced Jennings had a hard time keeping up with his rivals at the other networks , and he – and the upstart ABC News - could not compete with the venerable newscasts of Walter Cronkite at CBS and Chet Huntley and David Brinkley at NBC . Some in the American audience disliked Jennings ' Canadian accent . He pronounced lieutenant as " leftenant " , mangled the pronunciation of " Appomattox , " and misidentified the " Marines ' Hymn " as " Anchors Aweigh " at Lyndon Johnson 's presidential inauguration ; his lack of in @-@ depth knowledge of American affairs and culture led critics to deride Jennings as a " glamorcaster " . " It was a little ridiculous when you think about it , " he later reflected . " A 26 @-@ year @-@ old trying to compete with Cronkite , Huntley and Brinkley . I was simply unqualified . After three rocky years at the anchor desk , Jennings quit to become a foreign correspondent . = = = Foreign correspondent = = = Jennings was determined to build his journalism credentials abroad . In 1968 , he established ABC 's Middle East bureau in Beirut , Lebanon , the first American television news bureau in the Arab world . The next year , he demonstrated his growing expertise in Middle Eastern affairs with Palestine : New State of Mind , a well @-@ received half @-@ hour documentary for ABC 's Now news program . As ABC 's Beirut bureau chief , Jennings soon became familiar with the intricacies of the Arab @-@ Israeli conflict , including the rise of the Palestinian Black September Organization during the early 1970s . He conducted the first American television interview with Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat . While stationed in the Lebanese capital , Jennings dated Palestinian activist Hanan Ashrawi , who was then a graduate student in literature at the American University in Beirut . In 1972 , Jennings covered his first major breaking news story , the Munich Olympics massacre of Israeli athletes by Black September . His live reporting , which drew on the expertise he had acquired in the Middle East , provided context for Americans who were unfamiliar with the Palestinian group . By hiding with his camera crew close to the athletic compound where the Israeli athletes were being held hostage , Jennings was able to provide ABC with clear video of the masked hostage @-@ takers . He would later be criticized for insisting on using the terms " guerillas " and " commandos " instead of " terrorists " to describe the members of Black September . After the events of Munich , Jennings continued to report on Middle East issues . In 1973 , he covered the Yom Kippur War , and the following year , he served as chief correspondent and co @-@ producer of Sadat : Action Biography , a profile of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat that would win him his first of two George Foster Peabody Awards . The documentary established Jennings as Sadat 's favorite correspondent . That summer , Jennings married for the second time , to Anouchka Malouf , a Lebanese photographer . His first wife had been childhood sweetheart Valerie Godsoe . Jennings returned to the U.S. at the end of 1974 to become Washington correspondent and news anchor for ABC 's new morning program AM America , a predecessor to Good Morning America . ABC was hoping that the show , in which it had invested $ 8 million , would challenge NBC 's highly popular Today . AM America debuted on January 6 , 1975 , with Jennings delivering regular newscasts from Washington . The show never gained ground against Today , and was canceled in just ten months . In November 1975 , Jennings moved abroad , this time as ABC 's chief foreign correspondent . He continued to cover the Middle East , and in 1978 he was the first American reporter to interview the Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran , then in exile in Paris . Meanwhile , ABC News and its newly installed president , Roone Arledge , were preparing an overhaul of its nightly news program , which was then known as ABC Evening News and whose ratings had languished in third place behind CBS and NBC since its inception . In the late 1970s , a disastrous pairing of Harry Reasoner and Barbara Walters at the anchor desk left the network searching for new ideas . Arledge decided to implement a three @-@ anchor format for the program . On July 10 , 1978 , World News Tonight debuted with Frank Reynolds in Washington , Max Robinson in Chicago , and Jennings in London . Jennings ' official title was " Foreign Desk Anchor , " although he continued to serve as the network 's chief foreign correspondent . By the summer of 1979 , the innovative broadcast , which featured some of the same glitzy presentation as Arledge 's previous television coup , Wide World of Sports , had climbed in the ratings . The newscast had gained 1 @.@ 9 million households from its debut , and was now in a dead heat with NBC 's evening newscast . Jennings also found renewed success in his personal life . In 1979 , he married for the third time to fellow ABC correspondent Kati Marton . That same year , he became a father when Marton gave birth to their daughter , Elizabeth . In 1982 , Jennings ' and Marton 's second child , Christopher , was born . As part of ABC 's triumvirate , Jennings continued to cover major international news , especially Middle East issues . His nightly appearance at an anchor desk in London gave the impression that ABC News was more dedicated to foreign news than the other networks . Jennings reported on the Iranian Revolution and subsequent hostage crisis , the assassination of Sadat , the Falklands war , Israel 's 1982 invasion of Lebanon , and Pope John Paul II 's 1983 visit to Poland . His insistence on covering the major international stories himself irked some of his fellow ABC foreign correspondents , who came to resent being scooped by what they deemed as " Jennings ' Flying Circus . " Jennings , too , was not completely satisfied with his job in London . When his contract expired with ABC in the early 1980s , Jennings flirted with the possibility of moving back to Canada and working with the CBC on its new nightly newscast , The Journal . The CBC could not meet Jennings ' renegotiation deadlines , though , and the deal fell through . = = = Sole anchor = = = In 1983 , Reynolds fell ill with multiple myeloma , a type of blood cancer that often attacks the bones , and was forced to stop anchoring in April . His absence caused a dip in the ratings for ABC 's nightly newscast . ABC originally expected a full recovery , and relocated Jennings to its Washington bureau to fill in for Reynolds while he was sick ; the move helped buoy the newscast 's ratings , although it remained in third place . On July 20 , 1983 , Reynolds died unexpectedly after developing acute hepatitis . On August 9 , 1983 , ABC announced that Jennings had signed a four @-@ year contract with the network and would become the sole anchor and senior editor for World News Tonight on September 5 . Jennings would anchor the program from New York City , the program 's new base of operations . The announcement signaled a generational shift in the evening news broadcasts , and the beginning of what the media would deem the " Big Three " era of Jennings , Dan Rather of CBS , and Tom Brokaw of NBC . Rather had already been elevated to anchor in 1981 after the retirement of Walter Cronkite , and Brokaw of NBC Nightly News was set to become sole anchor the same day as Jennings . At the time , Jennings expressed apprehension that the impending competition among the three newsmen was at risk of becoming superficial . " With me , Brokaw and Rather , I recognize that there will be the factor of three pretty faces , " he said . " That 's an inevitable byproduct of television . But if that is what it comes down to in terms of the approach we take , if our approach is that singular , then we will all have made a mistake . " Jennings ' debut on September 5 , 1983 , marked the beginning of a steady climb in the ratings for ABC News . He spent his first year at the anchor desk educating himself on American domestic affairs in preparation for the 1984 presidential campaign season . In June 1984 , Jennings , who later admitted that his political knowledge was limited at the time , co @-@ anchored ABC 's coverage of the Democratic National Convention with David Brinkley . " I had not covered an election campaign in 16 years , " Jennings said , " so here was I going to co @-@ anchor with David Brinkley in 1984 , and he wasn 't even sure I knew who the faces belonged to , and he was right . " Jennings and ABC were criticized for suddenly halting coverage of the convention for 30 minutes and airing a rerun of Hart to Hart instead . Despite a shaky start at the anchor desk , Jennings ' broadcast began to climb in the ratings . Jennings was praised for his performance during the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster , when he anchored ABC 's coverage of the event for 11 straight hours . By 1989 , competition among the three nightly newscasts had risen to fever pitch . When the Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco Bay area , media pundits praised Jennings and ABC News for their prompt on @-@ air response , while criticizing the delayed reaction of Tom Brokaw and NBC News . The next month , Brokaw redeemed himself by scooping the other networks with news of the fall of the Berlin Wall . It was World News Tonight , however , that ended the year at the top ; ABC 's evening newscast spent the last 13 weeks of the year in first place , and its average ratings for the entire year beat CBS for the first time . Jennings ' on @-@ air success continued in 1990 , and World News Tonight consistently led the ratings race . In January , he anchored the first installment of Peter Jennings Reporting — hour @-@ long , prime @-@ time ABC News specials dedicated to exploring a single topic . His inaugural program on gun violence in America drew praise . His second installment of Peter Jennings Reporting in April , " From the Killing Fields " , focused on U.S. policy towards Cambodia . The program alleged that the federal government was covertly supporting the Khmer Rouge 's return to power in the Asian nation , a charge that the Bush administration initially denied . On July 18 , though , the White House announced that it was ending recognition of the Khmer Rouge . When the Gulf War started on January 16 , 1991 , Jennings began a marathon anchoring stint to cover the story , spending 20 of the first 48 hours of the war on @-@ air , and leading ABC News to its highest @-@ ever ratings . After interrupting regular Saturday morning cartoons on January 19 to broadcast a military briefing from Saudi Arabia , Jennings and ABC became concerned about the emotional impact of the war coverage on children . Out of that concern , Jennings hosted a 90 @-@ minute special , War in the Gulf : Answering Children 's Questions the next Saturday morning ; the program featured Jennings , ABC correspondents , and American military personnel answering phoned @-@ in questions and explaining the war to young viewers . On October 13 , 1991 , breaking news forced ABC News to interrupt regular Saturday morning programming again . Jennings was once again mindful of his audience , prefacing the coverage of the Senate confirmation hearings for Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas with remarks for children . " You may hear some not very nice language , " said Jennings . He noted that Thomas and his accuser , Anita Hill , " have a very painful disagreement about some things the woman says the man did to her when they were working together ... You can ask your parents to tell you more . " Jennings continued to produce special programs aimed at young viewers , anchoring Growing Up in the Age of AIDS , a frank , 90 @-@ minute @-@ long discussion on AIDS in February 1992 ; and Prejudice : Answering Children 's Questions , a forum on racism in April 1992 . Politics dominated network news in 1992 . Jennings moderated the final debate among the Democratic presidential candidates in March , and anchored Peter Jennings Reporting : Who Is Ross Perot ? and a subsequent 90 @-@ minute town forum with Perot and a studio audience in June . On September 9 , 1992 , ABC announced that it would be switching the format of its political coverage to give less recognition to staged sound bites . " We 're aware that a lot of you are turned off by the political process and that many of you put at least some of the blame on us , " Jennings told viewers on World News Tonight . " We 'll only devote time to a candidate 's daily routine if it is more than routine . There will be less attention to staged appearances and sound bites designed exclusively for television . " After Bill Clinton was elected as president in November 1992 , Jennings featured the new administration in two of his specials for children ; he anchored President Clinton : Answering Children 's Questions in February 1993 ; and Kids in the Crossfire : Violence in America in November 1993 , a live special from a Washington , D.C. junior high school which featured Attorney General Janet Reno and rapper MC Lyte . The early 1990s also served up a series of difficult experiences and public embarrassment for Jennings . On August 13 , 1993 , Jennings and Kati Marton publicly announced their separation in Newsday . The couple had previously split in 1987 for four months after Jennings found out that Marton was having an affair with Washington Post columnist Richard Cohen . In January 1994 , he locked horns with his executive producer on World News Tonight , Emily Rooney . The public firing of Rooney made national headlines , and put Jennings on the defensive . With the rise of media watchdog groups , such as the conservative Media Research Center ( MRC ) , Jennings came under increasing scrutiny for what some observers deemed a liberal bias . The anchor drew fire from conservatives , such as the MRC and Cal Thomas , for his November 14 , 1994 , remarks on ABC Radio , in which he analyzed the results of the 1994 U.S. midterm elections . " Some thoughts on those angry voters . Ask parents of any two @-@ year @-@ old and they can tell you about those temper tantrums : the stomping feet , the rolling eyes , the screaming , " said Jennings . " Imagine a nation full of uncontrolled two @-@ year @-@ old rage . The voters had a temper tantrum last week .... Parenting and governing don 't have to be dirty words : the nation can 't be run by an angry two @-@ year @-@ old . " A July 1995 documentary , Peter Jennings Reporting : Hiroshima : Why the Bomb Was Dropped , which aired a week before the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima , also drew scorn from conservatives and some television critics , who called the program a revisionist look at the decision to drop the bomb . Some viewers of the documentary mailed bus fares to Jennings , telling him to return to Canada . Jennings pleased some conservatives though , after his three @-@ year lobbying effort to create a full @-@ time religion correspondent at ABC News succeeded in the hiring of Peggy Wehmeyer in January 1994 , making her the first such network reporter . ABC increased its coverage of religious topics , and in March 1995 , Jennings anchored Peter Jennings Reporting : In the Name of God , a well @-@ received documentary on the changing nature of American churches . At a taping of a " town meeting " segment for KOMO @-@ TV of Seattle in February 1995 , Jennings expressed regret for his ABC radio remarks on the 1994 midterm elections . " People thought I had insulted their sacred mandate and some thought I should go back to Canada , " he said . " I hope I don 't make that mistake again . " During the mid @-@ 1990s , television critics praised Jennings for his insistence on not letting the O.J. Simpson murder case swamp the newscast . Instead , Jennings devoted his energies to covering the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina , anchoring three hour @-@ long prime time specials on the subject and one Saturday @-@ morning special aimed at children . ABC dedicated more time to covering the conflict than any other network from 1992 to 1996 . Jennings received the Goldsmith Career Award for Excellence in Journalism from the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University , in large part for his passion for the story . Jennings was also credited for raising the profile in the U.S. of another international story , the 1995 Quebec referendum . The Canadian press in particular raved about his in @-@ depth coverage of the issue , and he was the only anchor to broadcast from Canada on the eve of the referendum . Despite these critical successes , in 1996 , World News Tonight started gradually slipping in the ratings race . Bolstered by strong viewership of its coverage of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games , NBC 's Nightly News overtook the ABC newscast for two weeks in late July and early September . This short bump provided momentum for NBC , which started making steady gains in the ratings . Worried , Jennings and ABC decided to cut back on international reporting and give more air time to " soft stories " , in an effort to emulate the success of Nightly News . The changes provoked a backlash from regular viewers , and ratings plummeted . " We did very badly with it , " Jennings said . " The audience kicked us in the teeth . " Although changes were made to World News Tonight to restore its luster and stop the hemorrhaging , Nightly News ended 1997 as the number @-@ one evening newscast . The slide in the ratings coincided with some rockiness at ABC News . The company scrapped plans to develop a cable news channel . On May 29 , 1998 , David Westin succeeded Roone Arledge as president of ABC News . Both denied that the disappointing ratings performance of World News Tonight contributed to the decision . A 24 @-@ hour strike by the National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians disrupted ABC 's coverage of 1998 's November elections after talks between the union and ABC broke down . Several Democratic candidates denied interviews to support the union . None of the shake @-@ ups helped Jennings retake the nightly ratings crown , but World News Tonight still offered stiff competition at second place . As the millennium approached , Jennings and the network started preparing for extensive retrospectives of the 20th century . The anchor teamed with former Life magazine journalist Todd Brewster to pen The Century , a 606 @-@ page book on 20th @-@ century America . Designed as a companion book for ABC 's upcoming documentary series of the same name , the book topped the New York Times Best Seller List in December 1998 , a month after it debuted . On March 29 , 1999 , Jennings anchored the first installment of ABC 's 12 @-@ hour miniseries , The Century ; production on the monumental project started in 1990 , and by the time it aired , it had cost the network $ 25 million . Jennings also anchored a longer , 15 @-@ hour version , The Century : America 's Time , on the History Channel in April 1999 . On December 31 , 1999 , Jennings was on the air for 23 straight hours to anchor ABC 2000 Today , ABC 's massive millennium eve special . An estimated 175 million people tuned into at least a portion of the program . Jennings ' American prime @-@ time audience , an estimated 18 @.@ 6 million viewers , easily outpaced the millennium coverage of rival networks . Television critics praised the program , and described the anchor as " superhuman " . Although production costs totaled a hefty $ 11 million ( compared with $ 2 million each for NBC 's and CBS 's millennium projects ) , ABC managed to make a profit of $ 5 million . The success of the program , though , failed to transfer into any lasting change in the viewership of World News Tonight ; ABC 's evening newscast spent the first week of January as ratings leader , before dropping back to second place . With another presidential election taking place in 2000 , Jennings had some more political reporting duties that year . On January 5 , Jennings moderated the Democratic primary debate , held at the University of New Hampshire . He hosted the primetime news special The Dark Horizon : India , Pakistan , and the Bomb , which ABC broadcast on March 22 , as then @-@ President Clinton began his trip to the region . Jennings was the only American news anchor to travel to India for Clinton 's trip . Paul A. Slavin became the new executive producer for World News Tonight in April . = = = = September 11 = = = = Jennings anchored ABC 's coverage of the September 11 attacks for seventeen straight hours , an effort described as " Herculean " by television critics . Like other network news anchors , he was widely praised for guiding Americans through the tragedy . At one point , Jennings broke his composure after receiving phone calls from his children . " We do not very often make recommendations for people 's behavior from this chair , " he said , " but ... if you 're a parent , you 've got a kid in some other part of the country , call them up . Exchange observations . " His coverage was not without controversy though . After conservative radio host Rush Limbaugh criticized Jennings for supposedly denigrating President George W. Bush on @-@ air during September 11 , ABC was flooded with more than 10 @,@ 000 angry phone calls and e @-@ mails . Jennings , however , never made the remarks , and Limbaugh later apologized and made a retraction . On September 13 , Jennings received more criticism from conservatives — this time for hosting a forum for Middle East experts that included Palestinian Authority negotiator Hanan Ashrawi . In the summer of 2002 , Jennings and ABC refused to allow Toby Keith to open their coverage of July 4 celebrations with " Courtesy of the Red , White , & Blue " , prompting criticism from Keith and country music fans , who highlighted the anchor 's Canadian citizenship . The events of September 11 added new meaning to In Search of America , the project Jennings and Brewster started after the success of their previous collaboration . The two began writing the book in early 2001 ; after the terrorist attacks , they revisited many of the people they had interviewed to see how the events had affected them . To promote the book , the anchor and World News Tonight started a 50 @-@ state tour of the United States in April 2002 as part of a yearlong project , 50 States / One Nation / One Year . Jennings also anchored a six @-@ part television series in September 2002 , which featured the same name as the book . Despite the success of the TV series and heavy promotion by the book 's publisher , In Search of America failed to generate much interest or sales . Jennings ' work on In Search of America and the September 11 attacks contributed to his decision in 2003 to become a dual citizen of Canada and the United States . " I think that 9 / 11 and the subsequent travel I did in the country afterwards made me feel connected in new ways , " he said . " And when we were working on the America project I spent a lot of time on the road , which meant away from my editor 's desk , and I just got much more connected to the Founding Fathers ' dreams and ideas for the future . " His work had prepared him well for the citizenship test , which he passed easily . " Can you imagine I , who just finished a whole series on America and had been an anchorperson for an American broadcast ... could you imagine if I had failed ? " he asked . " It would have been horrendous . " The anchor 's formal pledge of allegiance took place at a regular citizenship ceremony on May 30 in Lower Manhattan . The occasion overwhelmed him . " I went in the front door and came out the front door . They were regular people . They were very touching . And I cried a little bit — my kids didn 't cry , but I cried a bit — but I 'm a fairly emotional character anyway . " = = = Leaving the chair = = = As he did in 2000 , Jennings moderated the 2004 Democratic presidential primary debate , which was held that year at Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire . He was noted for questioning General Wesley Clark over Clark 's silence over controversial comments made by filmmaker Michael Moore , a supporter of Clark . Moore called then @-@ President George W. Bush a " deserter " . By late 2004 , Brokaw had retired from his anchoring duties at NBC , ceding the reins to Brian Williams ; Rather planned to step down in March 2005 . Jennings and ABC saw an opportunity to gain viewers , and initiated a publicity blitz touting the anchor 's foreign reporting experience . However , despite having almost always reported from the scene of any major news story , Jennings was sidelined by an upper respiratory infection in late December 2004 ; he was forced to anchor from New York during the aftermath of the Asian tsunami , while his competitors traveled to the region . For Jennings , the situation was agonizing . In late March , viewers started noticing that Jennings ' voice sounded uncharacteristically gravelly and unhealthy during evening newscasts . On April 1 , 2005 , he anchored World News Tonight for the last time ; his poor health also prevented him from covering the death and funeral of Pope John Paul II . On April 5 , 2005 , Jennings informed viewers through a taped message on World News Tonight that he had been diagnosed with lung cancer , and was starting chemotherapy treatment the following week . " As some of you now know , I have learned in the last couple of days that I have lung cancer , " he said . " Yes , I was a smoker until about 20 years ago , and I was weak and I smoked over 9 / 11 . But whatever the reason , the news does slow you down a bit . " Although he stated his intention to continue anchoring whenever possible , the message was to be his last appearance on television . Throughout the summer , Charles Gibson , co @-@ host of Good Morning America , and Elizabeth Vargas , co @-@ host of 20 / 20 , served as temporary anchors . On April 29 , 2005 , Jennings posted a letter on ABCNews.com with an update of his status and expressing thanks to those who had offered him their good wishes and prayers . In June , Jennings visited the ABC News headquarters , and addressed staff members in an emotional speech ; he thanked Gibson for closing each broadcast with the phrase , " for Peter Jennings and all of us at ABC News . " During his visit , however , his colleagues noticed he was ill to the point where he could barely speak at times . He posted another short letter of thanks on July 29 , 2005 , his 67th birthday . = = = Death = = = On August 7 , 2005 , just after 11 : 30 p.m. EDT , Charles Gibson broke into local news in the Eastern U.S. and regular programming on ABC 's western affiliates to announce Jennings 's death from lung cancer . He read a short statement from the family , and disclosed that Jennings had died in his New York apartment with his fourth wife , two children by his marriage to Kati Marton , and sister at his side . The anchor 's ABC colleagues , including Barbara Walters , Diane Sawyer , and Ted Koppel , shared their thoughts on Jennings 's death . The next morning , Brokaw and Rather fondly remembered their former rival on the morning news shows . " Peter , of the three of us , was our prince , " said Brokaw on Today . " He seemed so timeless . He had such élan and style . " Canada 's television networks led off their morning news shows with the news of Jennings ' death and had remembrances from their " big three " anchors , Peter Mansbridge at the CBC , Lloyd Robertson at CTV , and Kevin Newman at Global . American President George W. Bush and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin offered statements of condolence to the press . On August 10 , 2005 , ABC aired a two @-@ hour special , Peter Jennings : Reporter , with archival clips of his reports and interviews with colleagues and friends . The special drew over 9 million viewers , and was the most watched television program of the night . For the week of his death , World News Tonight placed number one in the ratings race for the first time since June 2004 . Jennings 's widow , Kayce Freed , and family held a private service in New York . Jennings was cremated and his ashes split in half . Half of his ashes remained in his home in Long Island and the other half was placed in his summer home in the Gatineau Hills , near Ottawa . The 57th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 18 , 2005 , included a tribute to Jennings by Brokaw and Rather . A public memorial service for Jennings was held two days later at Carnegie Hall . Notable journalists , political leaders , and other friends of Jennings attended . Jennings left a $ 50m estate : half went to Freed , and most of the rest to his son and daughter . On December 5 , 2005 , after much speculation , and nearly eight months after Jennings stopped anchoring , ABC named Vargas and Bob Woodruff co @-@ anchors for World News Tonight . = = Honors = = Jennings won numerous honors throughout his career , including 16 Emmys and two George Foster Peabody Awards . His work on World News Tonight and Peter Jennings Reporting consistently won Overseas Press Club and duPont @-@ Columbia awards . At the peak of his popularity , Jennings was named " Best Anchor " by the Washington Journalism Review in 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , and 1992 . The Radio and Television News Directors Association awarded Jennings its highest honor , the Paul White Award in 1995 , in recognition of his lifetime contributions to journalism . In 2004 , he was awarded with the Edward R. Murrow Award for Lifetime Achievement in Broadcasting from Washington State University . Just eight days before his death , Jennings was informed that he would be inducted into the Order of Canada , the nation 's highest civilian honor . His daughter , Elizabeth , accepted the insignia on his behalf in October 2005 . On February 21 , 2006 , New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg designated the block on West 66th Street between Columbus Avenue and Central Park West as Peter Jennings Way in honor of the late anchor ; the block is home to the ABC News headquarters . In October 2006 , The Walt Disney Company , which bought ABC in 1996 , posthumously named Jennings a Disney Legend , the company 's highest honor . He was the first ABC News employee so honored . In January 2011 , Jennings was posthumously inducted into the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ' Television Hall of Fame . = = Publications = = = = = Articles = = = " Moose Jaw , U.S.A. ? Never ! Jamais ! " Maclean 's , p . 86 . June 25 , 1990 . Available at HighBeam Business " TV 's opportunity for service at Geneva . " Christian Science Monitor , p . 28 . November 12 , 1985 . with Todd Brewster . " Variations for Four Hands On a Theme by Tocqueville . " The New York Times , p . E1 . January 27 , 2003 . = = = Books = = = with Todd Brewster . The Century . London : Doubleday ( 1999 ) . ISBN 0 @-@ 385 @-@ 48327 @-@ 9 . with Todd Brewster . The Century for Young People . New York : Random House ( 1999 ) . ISBN 0 @-@ 385 @-@ 32708 @-@ 0 . with Todd Brewster . In Search of America . New York : Hyperion ( 2002 ) . ISBN 0 @-@ 7868 @-@ 6708 @-@ 6 . = = TV / video narration = = In 1969 @-@ 1970 , Jennings narrated The Fabulous Sixties , a 10 @-@ part Canadian television documentary miniseries that first aired on CTV on October 12 , 1969 , with the following episodes broadcast as occasional specials into 1970 . Each episode covered one year of the 1960s . The series was released on DVD on April 24 , 2007 , by MPI Home Video . [ 1 ] = = = Books = = = = = = Online = = =
= New Jersey Route 27 = Route 27 is a state highway in New Jersey , United States . It runs 38 @.@ 53 mi ( 62 @.@ 01 km ) from U.S. Route 206 in Princeton , Mercer County northeast to an interchange with Route 21 ( McCarter Highway ) and Broad Street in Newark , Essex County . The route passes through many communities along the way , including New Brunswick , Metuchen , Rahway , and Elizabeth . Route 27 is a two- to four @-@ lane undivided highway for most of its length , passing through a variety of urban and suburban environments . It intersects many roads along the way , including Route 18 in New Brunswick , Interstate 287 in Edison , the Garden State Parkway in Woodbridge Township , Route 35 in Rahway , Route 28 in Elizabeth , and U.S. Route 22 in Newark . Route 27 crosses the Raritan River on the Albany Street Bridge , which connects Highland Park on the east with New Brunswick on the west . Route 27 was part of the alignment through New Jersey of the Lincoln Highway , the United States ' first transcontinental highway that was established in 1913 . Route 27 is still referred to as the Lincoln Highway in many municipalities , such as Edison Township . The Lincoln Highway became part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 1 between New Brunswick and Elizabeth in 1916 and pre @-@ 1927 Route 13 between Trenton and New Brunswick in 1917 . In 1927 , the Lincoln Highway was renumbered as Route 27 between Trenton and Newark . U.S. Route 1 was designated on this portion of the road until it was relocated by the 1940s . U.S. Route 206 followed the route from Trenton to Princeton until 1953 , when the southern terminus of Route 27 was cut back to Princeton to avoid the concurrency with U.S. Route 206 . = = Route description = = = = = Mercer County = = = Route 27 begins at a traffic light with U.S. Route 206 and County Route 533 in downtown Princeton , Mercer County . The route heads northeast along Nassau Street , the main street of Princeton that runs along the northern edge of Princeton University and is lined with numerous shops and restaurants . This portion of Route 27 sees between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 cars a day . Just past the beginning of Route 27 , County Route 583 heads to the southwest on Mercer Street . Route 27 moves through downtown Princeton , passing by the main gates to Princeton University near Nassau Hall , and intersecting County Route 571 ( Washington Road , also signed as County Route 526 ) . After leaving the downtown area , Route 27 continues through residential areas and the route becomes Princeton @-@ Kingston Road . Route 27 runs parallel to Carnegie Lake , then crosses over the Millstone River just north of the historic Kingston Bridge . The portion of the road from Princeton to Kingston is part of the KIng 's Highway Historic District . = = = Middlesex / Somerset County border = = = Upon crossing the Millstone River , Route 27 runs along the border of Franklin Township , Somerset County to the west and South Brunswick Township , Middlesex County to the east , passing through the historic community of Kingston . It continues northeast through a mix of woodland and residences , intersecting Promenade Boulevard , which heads east and becomes County Route 522 after crossing U.S. Route 1 . Route 27 briefly runs entirely into Somerset County before resuming along the Middlesex / Somerset County border . The route continues north to an intersection with County Route 518 ( Gateway Boulevard ) , where it resumes its northeast direction and heads into Kendall Park as a variable two- to four @-@ lane road , entering denser suburban development . Route 27 then passes through Franklin Park , intersecting County Route 610 ( Henderson Road ) . Past that intersection , Route 27 forms the border of Franklin Township to the west and North Brunswick Township to the east , passing through suburban development with some areas of farmland , seeing about 38 @,@ 487 cars a day . The road forms the border of Franklin Township and New Brunswick upon intersecting County Route 680 ( How Lane ) becoming four @-@ lane Somerset Street . Route 27 follows Somerset Street northeast through residential and commercial areas , passing by the community of Somerset on the west side of the road . = = = Middlesex County = = = The route splits from Somerset Street and heads entirely into New Brunswick , Middlesex County along French Street . At the Sandford Street intersection , Route 27 becomes a county @-@ maintained road that is also signed as County Route 644 . It then intersects County Route 693 ( Jersey Avenue ) , which heads to the southwest to become Route 91 . Past this intersection , the route becomes a two @-@ lane road that heads into downtown New Brunswick , south of the main campus of Rutgers University . Here , the route has a daily traffic count of approximately 11 @,@ 559 vehicles . It crosses under the Northeast Corridor rail line adjacent to the New Brunswick train station . The route turns into a four @-@ lane divided highway and intersects County Route 514 and County Route 527 ( Easton Avenue ) . At this point , County Route 644 ends , with Route 27 forming a concurrency with both county routes 514 and 527 , heading east along Albany Street . About 200 yards ( 180 m ) later , the road crosses George Street , which heads to the north as County Route 672 and to the south as Route 171 . County Route 527 splits from Albany Street by heading south on Route 171 while Route 27 and County Route 514 continue east , interchanging with Route 18 ( Memorial Parkway ) a quarter of a mile later . At the Route 18 interchange , Route 27 becomes state @-@ maintained again , crossing the Raritan River on the Albany Street Bridge into Highland Park . Upon entering Highland Park , Route 27 becomes two @-@ lane Raritan Avenue , intersecting County Route 622 ( River Road ) and continuing through the downtown area of Highland Park . County Route 514 splits from Route 27 by heading east on Woodbridge Avenue 0 @.@ 75 mi ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) later . Route 27 resumes heading northeast past this intersection as a four @-@ lane road that passes by homes , entering Edison Township , where the name changes to Lincoln Highway . The route continues northeast , intersecting County Route 676 ( Suttons Lane / Duclos Lane ) and County Route 529 ( Plainfield Avenue ) , then travels through a mix of residences and businesses , briefly becoming a divided highway before intersecting Interstate 287 at a partial interchange with access to southbound Interstate 287 and from northbound Interstate 287 . At this interchange , Route 27 sees approximately 14 @,@ 386 cars a day . Beyond this interchange , Route 27 crosses into Metuchen and becomes two @-@ lane Essex Avenue , which turns to the east and heads through residential areas . The route turns north onto Lake Street and intersects County Route 501 ( Amboy Avenue ) , forming a concurrency with that route . It passes under the Northeast Corridor and comes to Middlesex Avenue , where County Route 501 turns to the left and Route 27 turns to the right to resume its northeast direction . Route 27 intersects County Route 531 ( Main Street ) after 0 @.@ 2 mi ( 0 @.@ 32 km ) and continues northeast on Middlesex Avenue , passing through a residential environment where the route carries about 22 @,@ 414 vehicles daily . The route crosses back into Edison Township and becomes the Lincoln Highway again , passing over the Rahway River . It heads through business areas and passes near the Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum , which is located on the site of Thomas Edison 's Menlo Park laboratory . The route closely parallels the Northeast Corridor rail line and crosses into Woodbridge Township , widening to four lanes at this point . Route 27 passes by the Metropark train station and interchanges with the Garden State Parkway near Iselin , where approximately 19 @,@ 780 vehicles travel on Route 27 on a daily basis . Past the Garden State Parkway , Route 27 narrows back to two lanes and continues northeast alongside the Northeast Corridor , passing through a mix of residential and commercial development as a three @-@ lane road with two northbound lanes and one southbound lane . = = = Union and Essex counties = = = Route 27 crosses into Rahway , Union County and intersects the northern terminus of Route 35 . Route 27 continues north using four @-@ lane St. Georges Avenue . The route passes through Rahway , passing by residences and businesses . In Rahway , the route sees about 25 @,@ 022 cars a day . It continues northeast and crosses into Linden , where the route heads through a more commercial setting with businesses lining both sides of the road . At the intersection with County Route 617 ( Wood Avenue ) , Route 27 forms the border of Roselle to the west and Linden to the east , with about 23 @,@ 081 vehicles using the road on a daily basis . It passes by Warinaco Park and forms the border between Elizabeth to the west and Linden to the east before entirely entering Elizabeth at the Richford Terrace intersection . In Elizabeth , Route 27 narrows to two lanes and becomes Rahway Avenue , crossing Route 439 and continuing to the northeast through residential and commercial areas . Route 27 splits into a one @-@ way pair with northbound Route 27 following Rahway Avenue east and turning north onto Cherry Street and southbound Route 27 following Westfield Avenue west and turning south onto Chilton Avenue . The southbound direction of Route 27 intersects the eastern terminus of Route 28 , where that route continues west on Westfield Avenue . Past the one @-@ way pair , Route 27 resumes east on four @-@ lane Westfield Avenue , turning north onto Broad Street . The route heads into a more urbanized setting and continues northeast onto Newark Avenue , intersecting the northern terminus of Route 439 . Through Elizabeth , about 10 @,@ 000 to 20 @,@ 000 vehicles travel on Route 27 every day . Route 27 crosses into Newark , Essex County at the Virginia Street intersection , where it becomes Frelinghuysen Avenue , a road that heads north through the Dayton neighborhood of Newark , passing through urban areas and by Weequahic Park . Route 27 interchanges with U.S. Route 22 and immediately passes under Interstate 78 . Route 27 continues north to an intersection with Poinier Street , where the route heads east along that road to its northern terminus at an interchange with Route 21 and Broad Street . = = History = = The southern part of Route 27 follows the Lenape Assunpink Trail that during the colonial era was known as the Old Dutch Trail , and later became the Kings Highway . Route 27 follows portions of several 19th @-@ century turnpikes , including the Essex and Middlesex Turnpike , which was chartered on March 3 , 1806 to run from New Brunswick to Newark along what is today Route 27 , the Northeast Corridor rail line , and Broad Street in Newark , the Georgetown and Franklin Turnpike , chartered on February 15 , 1816 to run from Lambertville to New Brunswick along the present @-@ day alignments of County Route 518 and Route 27 , the Newark and Elizabeth Plank Road , chartered on March 14 , 1856 , and the Princeton and Kingston Branch Turnpike , chartered on December 3 , 1807 to run from Trenton to Kingston along current County Route 583 and Route 27 . The route became a portion of the Lincoln Highway , the United States ' first transcontinental highway that was established in 1913 to run from New York City to San Francisco . It is still known by that name in a few places along the route , particularly in Edison Township . In 1916 , the Lincoln Highway was legislated as part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 1 between New Brunswick and Elizabeth and as pre @-@ 1927 Route 13 between Trenton and New Brunswick in 1917 . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 27 was designated to run from Trenton to the intersection of Frelinghuysen Avenue and Astor Street in Newark , replacing the portions of Routes 1 and 13 that ran along the Lincoln Highway . With the creation of the U.S. Highway System , U.S. Route 1 was designated along the length of Route 27 from 1927 until sometime before the 1940s , when the U.S. Route 1 designation was moved to Route 26 , Route S26 , and Route 25 between Trenton and Newark . U.S. Route 206 was designated along the portion of route between Trenton and Princeton by the 1940s . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , the southern terminus of Route 27 was cut back to Princeton to avoid the U.S. Route 206 concurrency . = = Major intersections = =
= Little Moreton Hall = Little Moreton Hall , also known as Old Moreton Hall , is a moated half @-@ timbered manor house 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) southwest of Congleton in Cheshire , England . The earliest parts of the house were built for the prosperous Cheshire landowner William Moreton in about 1504 – 08 , and the remainder was constructed in stages by successive generations of the family until about 1610 . The building is highly irregular , with three asymmetrical ranges forming a small , rectangular cobbled courtyard . A National Trust guidebook describes Little Moreton Hall as being " lifted straight from a fairy story , a gingerbread house " . The house 's top @-@ heavy appearance , " like a stranded Noah 's Ark " , is due to the Long Gallery that runs the length of the south range 's upper floor . The house remained in the possession of the Moreton family for almost 450 years , until ownership was transferred to the National Trust in 1938 . Little Moreton Hall and its sandstone bridge across the moat are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building , and the ground on which Little Moreton Hall stands is protected as a Scheduled Monument . The house has been fully restored and is open to the public from April to December each year . At its greatest extent , in the mid @-@ 16th century , the Little Moreton Hall estate occupied an area of 1 @,@ 360 acres ( 550 ha ) and contained a cornmill , orchards , gardens , and an iron bloomery with water @-@ powered hammers . The gardens lay abandoned until their 20th @-@ century re @-@ creation . As there were no surviving records of the layout of the original knot garden it was replanted according to a pattern published in the 17th century . = = History = = The name Moreton probably derives from the Old English mor meaning " marshland " and tune , meaning " farm " , thus literally " a farm at a marsh " . The area where Little Moreton Hall stands today was named Little Moreton to distinguish it from the nearby township of Moreton @-@ cum @-@ Alcumlow , or Greater Moreton . The Moreton family 's roots in Little Moreton can be traced to the marriage in 1216 of Lettice de Moreton to Sir Gralam de Lostock , who inherited land there ; succeeding generations of the de Lostocks adopted the name of de Moreton . Gralam de Lostock 's grandson , Gralam de Moreton , acquired valuable land from his marriages to Alice de Lymme and then Margery de Kingsley . Another grandson , John de Moreton , married heiress Margaret de Macclesfield in 1329 , adding further to the estate . The family also purchased land cheaply after the Black Death epidemic of 1348 . Four generations after John de Moreton , the family owned sixteen messuages , a mill and 700 acres ( 280 ha ) of land , comprising 560 acres of ploughland , 80 acres of pasture , 20 acres of meadow , 20 acres of wood and 20 acres of moss . The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the mid @-@ 16th century provided further opportunities for the Moretons to add to their estate , and by the early years of Elizabeth I 's reign , William Moreton II owned two water mills and 1 @,@ 360 acres ( 550 ha ) of land valued at £ 24 7s 4d , including 500 acres of ploughland , 500 acres of pasture and 100 acres of turbary . Little Moreton Hall first appears in the historical record in 1271 , but the present building dates from the early 16th century . The north range is the earliest part of the house . Built between 1504 and 1508 for William Moreton ( died 1526 ) , it comprises the Great Hall and the northern part of the east wing . A service wing to the west , built at the same time but subsequently replaced , gave the early house an H @-@ shaped floor plan . The east range was extended to the south in about 1508 to provide additional living quarters , as well as housing the Chapel and the Withdrawing Room . In 1546 William Moreton 's son , also called William ( c . 1510 – 63 ) , replaced the original west wing with a new range housing service rooms on the ground floor as well as a porch , gallery , and three interconnected rooms on the first floor , one of which had access to a garderobe . In 1559 William had a new floor inserted at gallery level in the Great Hall , and added the two large bay windows looking onto the courtyard , built so close to each other that their roofs abut one another . The south wing was added in about 1560 – 62 by William Moreton II 's son John ( 1541 – 98 ) . It includes the Gatehouse and a third storey containing a 68 @-@ foot ( 21 m ) Long Gallery , which appears to have been an afterthought added on after construction work had begun . A small kitchen and Brew @-@ house block was added to the south wing in about 1610 , the last major extension to the house . The fortunes of the Moreton family declined during the English Civil War . As supporters of the Royalist cause , they found themselves isolated in a community of Parliamentarians . Little Moreton Hall was requisitioned by the Parliamentarians in 1643 and used to billet Parliamentary soldiers . The family successfully petitioned for its restitution , and survived the Civil War with their ownership of Little Moreton Hall intact , but financially they were crippled . They tried to sell the entire estate , but could only dispose of several parcels of land . William Moreton died in 1654 leaving debts of £ 3 @,@ 000 – £ 4 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to about £ 12 – 16 million as of 2010 ) , which forced his heirs to remortgage what remained of the estate . The family 's fortunes never fully recovered , and by the late 1670s they no longer lived in Little Moreton Hall , renting it out instead to a series of tenant farmers . The Dale family took over the tenancy in 1841 , and were still in residence more than 100 years later . By 1847 most of the house was unoccupied , and the deconsecrated Chapel was being used as a coal cellar and storeroom . Little Moreton Hall was in a ruinous condition ; its windows were boarded up and its roof was rotten . During the 19th century Little Moreton Hall became " an object of romantic interest " among artists ; Amelia Edwards used the house as a setting for her 1880 novel Lord Brackenbury . Elizabeth Moreton , an Anglican nun , inherited the almost derelict house following the death of her sister Annabella in 1892 . She restored and refurnished the Chapel , and may have been responsible for the insertion of steel rods to stabilise the structure of the Long Gallery . In 1912 she bequeathed the house to a cousin , Charles Abraham , Bishop of Derby , stipulating that it must never be sold . Abraham opened up Little Moreton Hall to visitors , charging an entrance fee of 6d ( equivalent to about £ 8 as of 2010 ) collected by the Dales , who conducted guided tours of the house in return . Abraham carried on the preservation effort begun by Elizabeth Moreton until he and his son transferred ownership to the National Trust in 1938 . The Dale family continued to farm the estate until 1945 , and acted as caretakers for the National Trust until 1955 . The Trust has carried out extensive repair and restoration work , including re @-@ roofing ; restoration of elements of the hall 's original appearance , and removal of some painted patterning added during earlier restoration work . The familiar black @-@ and @-@ white colour scheme is a fashion introduced by the Victorians ; originally the oak beams would have been untreated and left to age naturally to a silver colour , and the rendered infill painted ochre . In 1977 it was discovered that the stone slabs on the roof of the south range had become insecure , and work began on a six @-@ phase programme of structural repairs , the final phase of which was completed in 1992 . Replacement timbers have been left in their natural state . = = House = = The 100 @-@ year construction of Little Moreton Hall coincided with the English Renaissance , but the house is resolutely medieval in design , apart from some Renaissance decoration such as the motifs on the Gatehouse , Elizabethan fireplaces , and its " extravagant " use of glass . It is timber @-@ framed throughout except for three brick chimneybreasts and some brick buttressing added at a later date . Simon Jenkins has described Little Moreton Hall as " a feast of medieval carpentry " , but the building technique is unremarkable for Cheshire houses of the period – an oak framework set on stone footings . Diagonal oak braces that create chevron and lozenge patterns adorn the façades . The herringbone pattern with quatrefoils present at the rear , which can also be seen at Haslington and Gawsworth Halls , is a typical feature of 15th @-@ century work , while the lozenge patterns , continuous middle rail and lack of quatrefoils in the front façade are typical of 16th @-@ century early Elizabethan work . The south range containing the gatehouse , the last to be completed , has lighter timbers with a greater variety of patterns . The timber frame is completed by rendered infill and Flemish bond brick , or windows . The windows contain 30 @,@ 000 leaded panes known as quarries , set in patterns of squares , rectangles , lozenges , circles and triangles , complementing the decoration on the timber framing . Much of the original 16th @-@ century glazing has survived and shows the colour variations typical of old glass . Old scratched graffiti is visible in places . The older parts of the roof frame are decorated , and the brickwork of some of the chimneys has diapering in blue brick . The house stands on an island surrounded by a 33 @-@ foot ( 10 m ) wide moat , which was probably dug in the 13th or 14th century to enclose an earlier building on the site . There is no evidence that the moat served any defensive purpose , and as with many other moated sites it was probably intended as a status symbol . A sandstone bridge leads to a gatehouse in the three @-@ storey south range , which has each of its two upper floors jettied out over the floor beneath . As is typical of Cheshire 's timber @-@ framed buildings the overhanging jetties are hidden by coving , which has a recurring quatrefoil decoration . The Gatehouse leads to a rectangular courtyard , with the Great Hall at the northern end . The two @-@ storey tower to the left of the Gatehouse contains garderobes , which empty directly into the moat . Architectural historian Lydia Greeves has described the interior of Little Moreton Hall as a " corridor @-@ less warren , with one room leading into another , and four staircases linking different levels " . Some of the grander rooms have fine chimneypieces and wood panelling , but others are " little more than cupboards " . The original purpose of some of the rooms in the house is unknown . = = = Ground floor = = = The Great Hall at the centre of the north range is entered through a porch and screens passage , a feature common in houses of the period , designed to protect the occupants from draughts . As the screens are now missing , they may have been free @-@ standing like those at Rufford Old Hall . The porch is decorated with elaborate carvings . The Great Hall 's roof is supported by arch @-@ braced trusses , which are decorated with carved motifs including dragons . The floor , now flagged , would probably originally have been rush @-@ covered earth , with a central hearth . The gabled bay window overlooking the courtyard was added in 1559 . The original service wing to the west of the Great Hall , behind the screens passage , was rebuilt in 1546 , and housed a kitchen , buttery and pantry . A hidden shaft was discovered during a 19th @-@ century investigation of two secret rooms above the kitchen , connecting them to a tunnel leading to the moat , the entrance to which has since been filled in . The west range now houses the gift shop and restaurant . A doorway behind where the family would have sat at the far end of the hall leads to the Parlour , known as the Little Parlour in surviving 17th @-@ century documents . Together with the adjoining Withdrawing Room and the Great Hall , the Parlour is structurally part of the original building . The wooden panelling is a Georgian addition , behind which the original painted panelling was discovered in 1976 . The decoration consists of painted imitations of marble and inlay , and Biblical scenes , some of which were painted directly onto the plaster and others on paper that was then pasted to the wall . " Crudely drawn " but nevertheless " elaborate " , the paintings tell the story of Susanna and the Elders from the Apocrypha , a " favourite Protestant theme " . The Moreton family 's wolf head crest and the initials " J.M. " suggest a date before John Moreton 's death in 1598 . Similar painted decoration is found in other Cheshire houses of the late 16th and early 17th centuries . A private staircase between the Parlour and the Withdrawing Room leads to the first floor . The Withdrawing Room has 16th @-@ century carved wooden panelling , and a wooden ceiling with moulded coffering , which probably dates from 1559 when the Great Hall ceiling was added . The bay window in this room was also added in 1559 , at the same time as the one in the Great Hall . The pair of windows bear the following inscription underneath their gables : God is Al in Al Thing : This windous whire made by William Moreton in the yeare of Oure Lorde MDLIX . Richard Dale Carpeder made thies windous by the grac of God . The wolf head crest also appears in the late 16th @-@ century stained glass of the Withdrawing Room . The chimneypiece in this room is decorated with female caryatids and bears the arms of Elizabeth I ; its plaster would originally have been painted and gilded , and traces of this still remain . William Moreton III used what is today known as the Exhibition Room as a bedroom in the mid @-@ 17th century ; it is entered through a doorway from the adjoining Withdrawing Room . Following William 's death in 1654 his children Ann , Jane and Philip divided the house into three separate living areas . Ann , whose accommodation was in the Prayer Room above , then used the Exhibition Room as a kitchen . The adjoining Chapel , begun in 1508 , is accessible by a doorway from the courtyard . The Chapel contains Renaissance @-@ style tempera painting , thought to date from the late 16th century . Subjects include passages from the Bible . The chancel was probably a later addition dating from the mid @-@ 16th century . It is separated from the nave by an oak screen and projects eastwards from the main plan of the house , with a much higher ceiling . The stained glass in the east wall of the chancel is a 20th @-@ century addition installed by Charles Abraham , the last private owner of Little Moreton Hall , as a parting gift on his transfer of ownership to the National Trust . The Corn Store adjacent to the Chapel may originally have been used as accommodation for a gatekeeper or steward . By the late 17th century it had been converted into a grain store by raising the floor to protect its contents from damp . Five oak @-@ framed bins inside may have held barley for the Brew @-@ house , which is now used as a toilet block . = = = First floor = = = The Guests ' Hall and its adjoining Porch Room occupy the space above the entrance to the courtyard and the Gatehouse . They can be accessed either through a doorway from the adjacent Prayer Room or via a staircase at the south end of the courtyard leading to the Long Gallery on the floor above . The first @-@ floor landing leads to a passageway between the Guests ' Hall and the Guests ' Parlour , and to the garderobe tower visible from the front of the house . A doorway near the entrance to the Guests ' Parlour allows access to the Brew @-@ house Chamber , which is above the Brew @-@ house . The Brew @-@ house Chamber was probably built as servants ' quarters , and originally accessed via a hatch in the ceiling of the Brew @-@ house below . In the mid @-@ 17th century the Guests ' Hall was referred to as Mr Booth 's Chamber , after the genealogist Jack Booth of Tremlowe , a cousin and family friend of the Moreton 's and a regular occupant . Its substantial carved consoles , inserted not just for decorative effect but to support the weight of the Long Gallery above , have been dated to 1660 . What is today known as the Prayer Room , above the Chapel , was originally the chamber of the first William Moreton 's daughter Ann , whose maid occupied the adjoining room . The floors of the rooms on this level are made from lime @-@ ash plaster pressed into a bedding of straw and oak laths , which would have offered some protection against the ever @-@ present risk of fire . All the first @-@ floor rooms in the east range and all except the Prayer Room in the west range are closed to the public , some having been converted into accommodation for the National Trust staff who live on site . The Education Room in the east range , above what is today the restaurant , was in the mid @-@ 16th century a solar , and is now reserved for use by school groups . = = = Upper floor = = = Running the entire length of the south range the Long Gallery is roofed with heavy gritstone slabs , the weight of which has caused the supporting floors below to bow and buckle . Architectural historians Peter de Figueiredo and Julian Treuherz describe it as " a gloriously long and crooked space , the wide floorboards rising up and down like waves and the walls leaning outwards at different angles . " The crossbeams between the arch @-@ braced roof trusses were probably added in the 17th century to prevent the structure from " bursting apart " under the load . The Long Gallery has almost continuous bands of windows along its longer sides to the north and south , and a window to the west ; a corresponding window at the east end of the gallery is now blocked . The end tympana have plaster depictions of Destiny and Fortune , copied from Robert Recorde 's Castle of Knowledge of 1556 . The inscriptions read " The wheel of fortune , whose rule is ignorance " and " The speare of destiny , whose rule is knowledge " . The Long Gallery was always sparsely furnished , and would have been used for exercising when the weather was inclement and as a games room – four early 17th @-@ century tennis balls have been discovered behind the wood panelling . The Upper Porch Room leading off the Long Gallery , perhaps originally intended as a " sanctuary from the fun and games " , was furnished as a bedroom by the mid @-@ 17th century . The fireplace incorporates figures of Justice and Mercy , and its central panel contains the Moreton coat of arms quartered with that of the Macclesfield family , celebrating the marriage of John de Moreton to Margaret de Macclesfield in 1329 . = = = Contents = = = Only three pieces of the house 's original furniture have survived : a large refectory table , a large cupboard described as a " cubborde of boxes " in an inventory of 1599 , possibly used for storing spices , and a " great rounde table " listed in the same inventory . The refectory table and cupboard are on display in the Great Hall , and the round table in the Parlour , where its octagonal framework suggests that it was designed to sit in the bay window . Except for those pieces , and a collection of 17th @-@ century pewter tableware in a showcase in the west wall of the Great Hall , the house is displayed with bare rooms . = = Gardens and estate = = By the mid @-@ 16th century the Little Moreton Hall estate was at its greatest extent , occupying an area of 1 @,@ 360 acres ( 550 ha ) and including three watermills , one of which was used to grind corn . The contours of the pool used to provide power for the cornmill are still visible , although the mill was demolished in the 19th century . The Moreton family had owned an iron bloomery in the east of the estate since the late 15th century , and the other two mills were used to drive its water @-@ powered hammers . The dam of the artificial pool that provided water for the bloomery 's mills , known as Smithy Pool , has survived , although the pool has not . The bloomery was closed in the early 18th century , and the pool and moat were subsequently used for breeding carp and tench . By the mid @-@ 18th century the estate 's main sources of income came from agriculture , timber production , fish farming , and property rentals . The earliest reference to a garden at Little Moreton Hall comes from an early 17th @-@ century set of household accounts referring to a gardener and the purchase of some seeds . Philip Moreton , who ran the estate for his older brother Edward in the mid @-@ 17th century , left a considerable amount of information on the layout and planting of the area of garden within the moat , to the west of the house . He writes of a herb garden , vegetable garden , and a nursery for maturing fruit trees until they were ready to be transferred to the orchard at the south and east of the house , probably where the orchard is today . During the 20th century the long @-@ abandoned gardens were replanted in a style sympathetic to the Tudor period . The knot garden was planted in 1972 , to a design taken from Leonard Meager 's Complete English Gardener , published in 1670 . The intricate design of the knot can be seen from one of the two original viewing mounds , common in 16th @-@ century formal gardening , one inside the moat and the other to the southwest . Other features of the grounds include a yew tunnel and an orchard growing fruits that would have been familiar to the house 's Tudor occupants – apples , pears , quinces and medlars . = = Superstition and haunting = = During the last major restoration work , 18 " assorted boots and shoes " were found hidden in the structure of the building , all dating from the 19th century . Concealed shoes were placed either to ward off demons , ghosts or witches , or to encourage the fertility of the female occupants . Like many old buildings , Little Moreton Hall has stories of ghosts ; a grey lady is said to haunt the Long Gallery , and a child has reportedly been heard sobbing in and around the Chapel . = = Present day = = Little Moreton Hall is open to the public from April to December each year . The ground floor of the west range has been remodelled to include a restaurant , tearoom and a gift shop . Services are held in the Chapel every Sunday from April until October . The National Trust offers evening ghost tours around the house each Halloween . In common with many other National Trust properties , Little Moreton Hall is available for hire as a film location ; in 1996 it was one of the settings for Granada Television 's adaptation of Daniel Defoe 's Moll Flanders .
= Japan Echo = Japan Echo was an English @-@ language periodical on Japanese issues which was initially published in print form by Japan Echo Inc. between 1974 and 2010 . Consisting mainly of translations into English of magazine and news articles originally published in Japanese , Japan Echo was launched with the support of Japan 's Foreign Affairs Ministry " to enable people abroad to learn what the Japanese themselves are thinking and writing about the issues of the day . " Though independently published , the Japanese government provided most of Japan Echo 's funding for the duration of its existence . In 2010 budget cuts compelled the magazine to rebrand itself as Japan Echo Web , a purely online magazine published on a website operated by the Foreign Affairs Ministry . However , two years later the Japanese government shut it down and replaced it with a similar project called the Japan Foreign Policy Forum . = = Origin and content = = Japan Echo was the brainchild of Kazutoshi Hasegawa , an employee at the Overseas Public Relations Division of the Japanese Foreign Affairs Ministry , who was disturbed by what he perceived to be misinformation and misunderstandings about Japan printed in the foreign press . Hasegawa recruited Yoshihiko Seki , a social scientist teaching at Tokyo Metropolitan University , to be the first editor of the new journal , which was to be published independently by a new company called Japan Echo Inc. founded in June 1974 by Jiji Press reporter Takeshi Mochida . Most of Japan Echo 's contents were translations , sometimes abridged , of Japanese language essays . For each issue the journal 's editors selected what they considered the best articles published in major Japanese magazines on topics which were of Japanese or international significance at that time . For instance the first issue of November 1974 included eighteen articles from periodicals including Chūōkōron , Shokun ! , Jiyū , Shūkan Gendai , Bungeishunjū , and Seiron grouped into topics like the oil crisis , the Solzhenitsyn case , Japanese relations with southeast Asia where Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka 's state visits had been greeted by mass protests , and the case of Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda . The editors of Japan Echo said that they desired to " faithfully reflect a spectrum of responsible and informed Japanese opinion " , though most of its editors were considered to be politically right @-@ of @-@ center . Japan Echo was at first released on a quarterly basis , but switched to a bimonthly format from 1997 and onward . It also had a French language edition which existed from 1979 and 2009 and a Spanish language edition from 1988 to 2009 . = = Praise and criticism = = The reference book , Magazines for Libraries described Japan Echo as an " excellent quarterly " which was " particularly valuable because it presents the Japanese in their own terms , unmediated by foreign ' experts ' . " " Controversial topics " , the book noted , " are not avoided . " Japan Echo was also praised by Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau for its quality and readability . Its 1987 special edition on Tokyo was described by a The Japan Times columnist as " one of the best pieces ever done " on the subject and its coverage of the controversy over the Nanking Massacre was endorsed by the newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun for its " focus on facts , rather than getting caught up in emotional bluster . " Many scholars supported the magazine including Hugh Cortazzi , although he also condemned one issue from 2006 which reprinted an interview between Shōichi Watanabe and Tarō Asō in which Watanabe denied the Nanking Massacre and advocated Japanese exceptionalism . In the same vein The Globe and Mail was highly critical of a 1984 issue in which a series of authors seemed to be watering down Japan 's responsibility for World War II by arguing that " Japan , simply to assure its own survival , was given little choice but to wage war with the United States . " Roy Andrew Miller 's book Japan 's Modern Myth includes an extended criticism of Japan Echo , which he accuses of being a " public @-@ relations organ " promoting the same discredited ideas of Japanese linguistic and cultural uniqueness found in the Kokutai no Hongi . = = End of the print magazine = = To deal with Japan 's mounting fiscal deficits , the newly elected government of Yukio Hatoyama formed the Government Revitalization Unit in 2009 to look for areas where the budget could be trimmed . The Unit recommended that the government cease purchasing and distributing foreign language periodicals like Japan Echo . The government initially followed through with this recommendation but the move was widely disapproved of by scholars of Japanese affairs including Cortazzi and thanks in part to their protests the Foreign Affairs Ministry eventually agreed to revive Japan Echo as an online magazine , which would be produced on an annual basis by whichever company put forward the best bid . = = Japan Echo Web = = Japan Echo Inc. won the first competitive bid to publish Japan Echo Web in 2010 . The new online magazine would be released bimonthly in English and Chinese on a website owned by the Japanese Foreign Affairs Ministry , though as before the editors of Japan Echo Inc. had the final say over its contents " in order to keep the publication from being government propaganda . " The launch of the new magazine was praised in the journal Asian Politics & Policy for eschewing propaganda and providing " up @-@ to @-@ date , reliable information on current events " . In 2011 Japan Echo Inc. concluded that annual bidding for its status as publisher of Japan Echo Web was " not a sustainable business model " and broke with the Japanese government after 37 years of cooperation . Japan Echo Inc. became the Nippon Communications Foundation which today has its own online magazine Nippon.com " driven by the same spirit that inspired the journal Japan Echo " . A new group called The Japan Journal took over the magazine for the next fiscal year , after which the government terminated the Japan Echo brand for good and replaced it on November 26 , 2012 with an official successor called Japan Foreign Policy Forum .
= Oklahoma State Highway 34 = State Highway 34 ( abbreviated SH @-@ 34 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma . It runs for 188 @.@ 3 miles ( 303 @.@ 0 km ) south @-@ to @-@ north in the western part of the state . The highway begins northeast of Eldorado , in the southwest corner of the state , and extends north to the Kansas state line between Woodward and Coldwater , Kansas . SH @-@ 34 has always been a lengthy highway , starting with its commissioning in June 1931 , when it was a border @-@ to @-@ border highway stretching from Texas to Kansas . Most of SH @-@ 34 has followed the same basic corridor since its inception , with the exception of the portion of highway north of Woodward . The southernmost portion of highway , connecting it to Texas , became solely SH @-@ 6 in 1987 . There are three letter @-@ suffixed spur highways branching from SH @-@ 34 . SH @-@ 34A and SH @-@ 34B serve small towns in Greer County off the mainline of SH @-@ 34 , while SH @-@ 34C serves Boiling Springs State Park . = = Route description = = For much of its extent , State Highway 34 passes through rural areas , running through the plains of western Oklahoma . The highway begins at SH @-@ 6 six miles ( 10 km ) northeast of Eldorado . Heading north from there , it intersects U.S. Route 62 ( US @-@ 62 ) just east of Duke . The highway continues north into Greer County to its county seat of Mangum , where SH @-@ 34 joins US @-@ 283 . Two miles ( 3 km ) north of Mangum , SH @-@ 9 joins for a four @-@ mile ( 6 km ) concurrency with SH @-@ 34 and US @-@ 283 . Thereafter , SH @-@ 9 splits off to the east . Nine miles ( 14 km ) north of Mangum , SH @-@ 34B branches off to the west , connecting to the town of Brinkman , and four miles ( 6 km ) later , SH @-@ 34A branches off to the west to the town of Willow . US @-@ 283 splits off to the northwest two miles ( 3 km ) after that , and SH @-@ 34 continues north , crossing into Beckham County . SH @-@ 34 then bridges over the North Fork of the Red River . In Carter , the highway serves as the western terminus of SH @-@ 55 . Five miles ( 8 km ) north of Carter , SH @-@ 34 crosses SH @-@ 152 . SH @-@ 34 continues on to an interchange with Interstate 40 ( I @-@ 40 ) west of Elk City . Here , the highway begins a concurrency with eastbound I @-@ 40 . SH @-@ 34 accesses I @-@ 40 from exit 32 , a partial diamond interchange , with no access to or from I @-@ 40 eastbound ; the missing movements must be completed via another partial interchange further to the east , also numbered as exit 32 , which serves Business I @-@ 40 ( I @-@ 40 BUS ) . SH @-@ 34 follows I @-@ 40 to the east for 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) . While concurrent with I @-@ 40 , SH @-@ 34 has an interchange with SH @-@ 6 , its northernmost junction with the latter highway . SH @-@ 34 exits the interstate from the left at exit 41 on the east side of Elk City , turning back to the north and intersecting I @-@ 40 BUS . The highway continues north out of Elk City , exiting Beckham County . After leaving Beckham County , SH @-@ 34 enters Roger Mills County . SH @-@ 73 's western terminus is at SH @-@ 34 at nine miles ( 14 km ) north of Elk City . North of this junction , SH @-@ 34 lies along the Roger Mills – Custer county line , which it continues to follow as it passes through the east side of Hammon , where it meets State Highway 33 . North of town , the route crosses over the Washita River , and shortly thereafter turns northeast to fully enter Custer County . Northwest of Moorewood , the highway crosses into Dewey County . In Dewey County , SH @-@ 34 crosses SH @-@ 47 , two miles ( 3 km ) south of Leedey , and crosses the Canadian River near the unincorporated settlement of Trail . The highway then passes through Camargo . Just east of Vici , SH @-@ 34 joins US @-@ 60 and SH @-@ 51 for a one @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) concurrency , then SH @-@ 34 heads north again at Vici . The highway passes through Sharon north of Vici , then joins US @-@ 183 / US @-@ 270 / SH @-@ 3 four miles ( 6 km ) southeast of Woodward . At Woodward , SH @-@ 34 again sets off to the north alone , and right after crossing the North Canadian River , SH @-@ 34C branches to the east about two miles ( 3 km ) north of Woodward , connecting to Boiling Springs State Park . SH @-@ 34 joins US @-@ 64 in far eastern Harper County for a four @-@ mile ( 6 km ) concurrency to the east , crossing the Cimarron River 17 miles ( 27 km ) east of Buffalo . The highway then turns back to the north , where it is 10 miles ( 20 km ) to its terminus at the Kansas state line . = = History = = State Highway 34 was first designated on June 15 , 1931 . At that time , the highway began at the free bridge over the Red River north of Quanah , Texas , and followed what is today SH @-@ 6 to the point that is now SH @-@ 34 's southern terminus . There , it turned north , following its current alignment . Its 1931 alignment did not differ significantly from that of the present day ( although it followed US @-@ 66 through Elk City prior to the establishment of I @-@ 40 ) until it got to Woodward . Rather than continue north out of town , the SH @-@ 34 of that day instead turned west , then north , passing through Fort Supply and crossing into Harper County just north of that town . It then began a concurrency with US @-@ 60 in Buffalo , turning east and connecting with its final segment , bringing it to the Kansas state line . Thus , SH @-@ 34 started life as a border @-@ to @-@ border highway . SH @-@ 34 was rerouted north of Buffalo on January 30 , 1934 . The new alignment continued due north out of Buffalo to the Kansas state line along a new road . The old portion of SH @-@ 34 between US @-@ 64 and the Kansas state line became part of SH @-@ 50 . The next major change to SH @-@ 34 occurred in 1954 . On November 1 of that year , the highway was realigned to follow a new road extending north of Woodward , intersecting US @-@ 64 east of Buffalo , and following existing highways north to the state line . This would put SH @-@ 34 on its present @-@ day route north of Woodward . SH @-@ 50 would remain concurrent with SH @-@ 34 north of US @-@ 64 until November 9 , 1964 . The next major change to SH @-@ 34 would be brought about by the establishment of the southern part of State Highway 6 . The new highway was introduced on July 7 , 1975 . SH @-@ 34 remained in place ; the two highways were concurrent from northwest of Eldorado to the Red River bridge , where they both ended . On January 5 , 1987 , the redundant section of SH @-@ 34 was removed , truncating it to its current southern terminus . The final modification to SH @-@ 34 occurred just under a month later , on February 2 , 1987 , when SH @-@ 34 was realigned in Elk City to follow I @-@ 40 instead of the old alignment of the now @-@ dead US @-@ 66 , which had become a business loop of I @-@ 40 . No further changes have taken place since then . = = Junction list = = = = Spurs = = = = = SH @-@ 34A = = = SH @-@ 34A is a 1 @.@ 00 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 61 km ) spur connecting SH @-@ 34 with Willow , north of Mangum . The highway begins at the west edge of Willow and follows Main Street east as it bisects the town . East of the town limits , the highway intersects US @-@ 283 / SH @-@ 34 and ends . SH @-@ 34A first appeared on the 1944 state highway map . = = = SH @-@ 34B = = = SH @-@ 34B is a 1 @.@ 03 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 66 km ) spur connecting SH @-@ 34 with Brinkman , north of Mangum . The highway follows Main Street from unincorporated Brinkman to US @-@ 283 / SH @-@ 34 . SH @-@ 34B first appeared on the 1944 state highway map . = = = SH @-@ 34C = = = SH @-@ 34C is a 4 @.@ 52 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 27 km ) spur connecting SH @-@ 34 with Boiling Springs State Park north of Woodward . The highway heads east from SH @-@ 34 , curving northeast near the park 's golf course , before making a sharp turn toward the northeast . The highway ends on the west side of the park , with an access road continuing through it ; on the east side of the park , the access road intersects SH @-@ 50B at its western terminus . The road that is currently SH @-@ 34C first appeared on the 1948 state highway map as SH @-@ 15A . At this time , the highway began at US @-@ 183 / US @-@ 270 / SH @-@ 15 / SH @-@ 34 in Woodward and headed north , then turned east north of the city and headed to Boiling Springs State Park . When SH @-@ 34 was realigned north of Woodward on November 1 , 1954 , it took over the portion of SH @-@ 15A in Woodward , severing the highway 's link to its parent . SH @-@ 15A had been renumbered as SH @-@ 34C by 1956 . By 1957 , the highway was extended east , passing through the park and continuing onward to SH @-@ 50 . However , by 1959 , the road through the park had been removed from the state highway system ; the segment of highway east of the park was renumbered to SH @-@ 50B .
= X ( The X @-@ Files ) = X , sometimes referred to as Mr. X , is a fictional character on the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . He serves as an informant , leaking information to FBI Special Agents Fox Mulder and Dana Scully to aid their investigation of paranormal cases , dubbed X @-@ Files . The character serves as a replacement for Deep Throat , who had been killed off in the first season finale , " The Erlenmeyer Flask " . X himself would be killed off after appearing in several seasons , eventually being replaced by Marita Covarrubias . X is portrayed in the series by Steven Williams , and made his début in the second season episode " The Host " , although the character would not appear on @-@ screen until " Sleepless " , two episodes later . The role had originally been conceived as female , with Natalija Nogulich cast in the role ; however , her initial scenes were deemed unsatisfactory by the producers , leading to her replacement . Williams ' portrayal of X was intended to introduce a personality completely different to the character 's predecessor , Deep Throat , and has been positively received by critics and fans . = = Conceptual history = = The character of X was originally intended to be a woman , and Natalija Nogulich had been cast in the role . However , Nogulich was replaced by Steven Williams after shooting her first scene , as the writing staff felt Nogulich was not able to create the " right chemistry " with her co @-@ stars . Williams had previous experience with writers Glen Morgan and James Wong , although it was series creator Chris Carter who suggested him for the part . Williams ' portrayal of the role was intended to act as a counterpoint to Jerry Hardin 's portrayal of X 's predecessor , Deep Throat . Whereas Deep Throat had been a selfless character , X was written and performed as a scared , selfish character . Prior to the episode " One Breath " , Glen Morgan had felt that the character of X was not " going over too well " with fans of the series , as he seemed to simply be a copy of Deep Throat . Believing Williams to be an actor worth having as a series regular , he included in the episode a scene in which X murders witnesses who have seen him speaking to Fox Mulder . Morgan felt that such a scene reflected X 's paranoia and the difference between him and his predecessor , noting that " Deep Throat was a guy willing to lose his life for letting out the secret , whereas X is a guy who 's still scared " . Williams has stated that he has never attempted to rationalize the character 's motives or imagine a backstory for him , preferring to play the role with as little background as possible ; he once stated " the less I know about him , the more interesting he becomes . " Williams ' background in fight choreography , stemming from his role in Missing in Action 2 : The Beginning ( 1985 ) , allowed him to prepare for , and to help create , the character 's actions scenes , including choreographing the character 's brawl with Mitch Pileggi 's character Walter Skinner in the episode " End Game " . Williams has also stated that his portrayal of the role is based in part on Avery Brooks ' character Hawk on the series Spenser : For Hire . = = Character arc = = X was introduced on the series via a phone call made to Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) in the second season episode " The Host " , telling Mulder that he had " a friend in the FBI " . However , the character did not appear on @-@ screen until " Sleepless " , two episodes later , aiding Mulder in an investigation by leaking information on a secret military project from the Vietnam War . While X 's loyalties and his own agenda were often unclear , he proved more than once that he at least does not want Mulder dead . In the episode " End Game " , he is approached by Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , who pleads that she needs to know where Mulder is , believing his life to be in danger . Initially X refuses , and is subsequently confronted by Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) , who seemed to recognize X. He relinquishes Mulder 's location , though not until after a brief but intense scuffle with Skinner . In the episode " 731 " , X 's loyalty to Mulder is further confirmed . Trapped on a train car equipped with a time bomb , Mulder , about to escape , is attacked brutally by the Red Haired Man , a Men in Black assassin . X fatally shoots the Red Haired Man as he is about to step off the car , then boards the car with only enough time left to save either Mulder or the alien @-@ human hybrid the car was transporting . He opts to save Mulder , and carries him off to safety just as the car explodes . In the season 4 opener " Herrenvolk " , X 's position as an informant is discovered by the Syndicate . When suspicion arises after the finding of photographs that were taken of The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) by X , false information is planted at the First Elder 's behest , in order to root out the leak . Attempting to relay the information to Mulder , X goes to his apartment and is surprised by fellow Men in Black operative , the Gray Haired Man , who fatally shoots him . With his last strength , X crawls to Mulder 's doorstep and writes in his own blood " SRSG " , meaning " Special Representative to the Secretary General " of the United Nations , and thus , this clue leads Mulder to Marita Covarrubias ( Laurie Holden ) . After his death , X appears two more times — in The Lone Gunmen origin story " Unusual Suspects , " set before his death , and as a ghost in the series finale , " The Truth " . = = Reception = = The character of X has been well @-@ received by critics . Entertainment Weekly included the character in the list of the top 20 Black Sci @-@ Fi Icons in 2009 , at number 17 . Todd vanDerWerff , writing for The A.V. Club , has praised the " gravitas " of Williams ' acting , adding that he wished that the writers " had figured out a way to have him around more often than they did " . VanDerWerff 's fellow writer Zack Handlen felt that the character 's assassination in " Herrenvolk " was " appropriately shocking " , calling the scene " one of the most memorable death 's [ sic ] in the series " ; although he felt that the immediate introduction of the character 's successor , Marita Covarrubias , " deflates the importance of X 's loss " in the episode . Handlen has also called X " the best of Mulder 's informants " , explaining that this is " because he 's always pissed off , he 's always reluctant to provide information , and you can 't ever be sure what play he 's really running " . Series writer Frank Spotnitz has called X " the meanest , nastiest , most lethal killer on the planet " . Steven Williams has noted that he feels the episodes " Nisei " and " 731 " were chiefly responsible for the character 's popularity with fans . In 1997 , Williams was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series for his work as X , alongside Gillian Anderson , William B. Davis , David Duchovny and Mitch Pileggi .
= John Doukas ( megas doux ) = John Doukas ( Greek : Ἰωάννης Δούκας , ca . 1064 – before 1137 ) was a member of the Doukas family , a relative of Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos ( r . 1081 – 1118 ) and a senior military figure of his reign . As governor of Dyrrhachium , he secured the imperial possessions in the western Balkans against the Serbs . Appointed megas doux , he scoured the Aegean of the fleets of the Turkish emir Tzachas , suppressed rebellions in Crete and Cyprus , and then recovered much of the western coast of Anatolia for Byzantium . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = John Doukas was born circa 1064 , the second son of the domestikos ton scholon Andronikos Doukas , son of the Caesar John Doukas , and his wife , Maria of Bulgaria , the granddaughter of Tsar Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria ( r . 1015 – 1018 ) . John was thus the brother @-@ in @-@ law of Alexios I Komnenos , who had married his sister Irene Doukaina . In 1074 , during the rebellion of the Norman mercenary Roussel de Bailleul , John , along with his elder brother Michael , was at his grandfather the Caesar 's estates in Bithynia . Roussel demanded that the Caesar give up the two as hostages in return for releasing their wounded father , whom he held captive . The elder John Doukas agreed , and the two were imprisoned by Roussel ; Michael managed to escape , but the younger John remained with Roussel until the latter 's defeat and capture by the Turks of Artuk later in the year . After his father died in 1077 , John remained in his grandfather 's estates in Thrace , and was raised by him . It was there that he learned of the rebellion of Alexios Komnenos against Nikephoros III Botaneiates ( r . 1078 – 1081 ) in 1081 , and it was he who informed the Caesar of it . Together , they departed and joined Alexios 's forces at Schiza , where the latter was officially proclaimed emperor . = = = Governor of Dyrrhachium = = = In 1085 , when Alexios recovered the strategically important Adriatic port city of Dyrrhachium from the Normans who had occupied it , John Doukas was installed as the military governor ( doux ) of the local province . John remained there until 1092 , when he was replaced by John Komnenos , the son of the emperor 's brother , the sebastokrator Isaac . His tenure was apparently very successful . John repelled the Serbian incursions from Duklja and Raška , and even , according to Anna Komnene , captured the Dukljan king Constantine Bodin ( r . 1081 – 1101 ) , before restoring him to power as a client of the Byzantine Empire . Thus John managed to restore order in the region of Albania and Dalmatia , which had suffered greatly during the Byzantine – Norman wars of the previous years . Surviving correspondence from the archbishop Theophylact of Ohrid is a testimony to his success ; after John 's departure from the post , Theophylact expressed nostalgia for the time of his governorship and asked for his advice . = = = Appointment as megas doux and campaigns against the Turks = = = After being recalled to Constantinople in 1092 , John was appointed to the post of megas doux , i.e. commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Byzantine navy . Although he is the first known megas doux and hence usually credited as the first to hold the post , there is evidence of its existence already in late 1085 , although its holder is not named . As megas doux , John was tasked with countering the naval threat posed by the Turkish emir Tzachas of Smyrna . Tzachas , formerly a Byzantine vassal , had built a fleet of his own and had seized several Aegean islands , raided others , and even had himself proclaimed basileus ( emperor ) . After participating in a synod that condemned Leo of Chalcedon , John set forth to take back the island of Mytilene . His troops marched along the Anatolian coast to the point opposite the island , whence they crossed over . The fleet , which under Constantine Dalassenos had already recovered Chios , was to meet him there . The combined Byzantine force laid siege to Mytilene for three months , when Tzachas offered to cede the island in exchange for safe passage back to Smyrna . John agreed , but as the Turks set sail , Dalassenos , who with his ships had just arrived , attacked them . Tzachas managed to escape , but most of his fleet was captured or sunk . After this victory , John Doukas reinforced the defences of Mytilene and then led his fleet to recover the islands Tzachas had conquered , before returning to Constantinople . Upon his return to Constantinople , he was tasked ( late 1092 / early 1093 ) , along with Manuel Boutoumites , with the suppression of the revolts in Crete by Karykes and in Cyprus by Rhapsomates . The rebellion of Karykes was subdued easily , as the news of the imperial fleet 's approach caused a counter @-@ coup that overthrew him . At Cyprus , Rhapsomates 's initial resistance was overcome , and he himself was captured soon after . Eumathios Philokales was installed as the island 's new governor , and the fleet returned to Constantinople . In 1097 , after the surrender of Nicaea to the Byzantines , Alexios named John as commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Byzantine army in Anatolia , and tasked with recovering the Aegean littoral from the Turks . To avoid conflict and facilitate negotiations , he was given custody of the wife of the sultan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Kilij Arslan I ( r . 1092 – 1107 ) and the daughter of Tzachas , who had been captured at Nicaea . John gave command of the fleet to Kaspax , and marched against Smyrna . After a short siege , Tzachas agreed to surrender the city in exchange for his safe departure and guarantees of the inhabitants ' safety . The megas doux readily accepted and took possession of the city , naming Kaspax as its governor . Even before Kaspax could assume his duties however , he was murdered by a Muslim , and the enraged sailors of the fleet massacred the people of the city . John Doukas was unable to restrain them , and restored order only after the massacre had run its course . He then left the experienced general Hyaleas behind as doux of the city along with the entire fleet to secure the city , and continued his campaign . From Smyrna , John marched south to Ephesus . There , he defeated the Turkish garrison after a long battle , and took 2 @,@ 000 captives , who were resettled in the Aegean islands . Petzeas was installed as doux of Ephesus , and John with his army turned inland . He took the cities of Sardeis and Philadelphia , which he entrusted to Michael Kekaumenos , and reached Laodicea , which opened its gates to him . From there , he marched to the fortresses of Choma and Lampe , installing Eustathios Kamytzes as governor , and reached Polybotos , where most of the Turks who had survived at Ephesus had fled . Having caught them by surprise , Doukas 's army defeated them and took much booty . = = = Later life = = = John Doukas is no longer mentioned in the Alexiad after his 1097 campaign . It is , however , known from monastic documents that at some point he retired to a monastery and assumed the monastic name Antony . The date of his death is also not known , but in a typikon dated to 1110 – 1116 he is mentioned as being alive , while in another typikon of 1136 , he is explicitly mentioned as having died .
= Bone Sharps , Cowboys , and Thunder Lizards = Bone Sharps , Cowboys , and Thunder Lizards : A Tale of Edward Drinker Cope , Othniel Charles Marsh , and the Gilded Age of Paleontology ( 2005 ) is a graphic novel written by Jim Ottaviani and illustrated by the company Big Time Attic . The book tells a slightly fictionalized account of the Bone Wars , a period of intense excavation , speculation , and rivalry which led to a greater understanding of dinosaurs in the western United States . This novel is the first semi @-@ fictional work written by Ottaviani ; previously , he had taken no creative license with the characters he depicted , portraying them strictly according to historical sources . Bone Sharps follows the two scientists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Marsh as they engage in an intense rivalry for prestige . Ottaviani has Cope and Marsh interact and meet many important figures of the Gilded Age , from P. T. Barnum to U.S. Grant , as the two scientists pursue their hotheaded and sometimes illegal acquisitions of fossils . Unlike in his previous books , " the scientists are the bad guys this time " . Upon release , the novel received praise from critics for its exceptional historical content , although some reviewers wished more fiction had been woven into the story . = = Background = = Author Jim Ottaviani was drawn to the subject of paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh after reading a book about the Bone Wars while working at the University of Michigan Library in Ann Arbor . Ottaviani had previously written books and comics on scientific figures , but had never written a work of historical fiction . While Ottaviani was putting his ideas together , he met Zander Cannon at the 2004 San Diego Comic Convention . Cannon and associates were forming a new production studio , " Big Time Attic " ; Ottaviani mentioned he had a proposal he wanted to show them . Referring to Big Time Attic , Ottaviani stated in an interview that " A newly formed studio taking on a 160 @-@ page graphic novel is ambitious " and that he was lucky to have had the book published . Even the format — the book is wider than it is tall — was a departure for Ottaviani , but he explained that since the story was talking about " wide expanses of territory " and the American West , the artists at Big Time Attic wanted a more non @-@ traditional landscape page design . = = Plot summary = = The novel is broken into three sections , with each titled after a portion of the novel 's title : " Bone Sharps " , " Cowboys " , and " Thunder Lizards . " The narrative is not continuous ; there are significant gaps of time between each section , roughly spanning the years 1869 to . The novel begins with Othniel Charles Marsh on a steam train between New York City and New Haven , where he first meets the showman Phineas T. Barnum . While showing Marsh the Cardiff Giant ( or rather a copy of it ) , which he cheerfully admits is a fraud when Marsh points this out , he refers with irritation about a " little cuss " of a professor who outbid him for some Mexican antiquities . An angry Marsh reveals he is that " little cuss " and he fully intends to write an article exposing the Giant as a fraud before Barnum can advertise it . In Philadelphia , Henry Fairfield Osborn is introducing artist Charles R. Knight to Edward Drinker Cope , a paleontologist whose entire house is filled with bones and specimens . Cope is commissioning a painting , something to " catch the spirit " of the sea creature Elasmosaurus ( but has unwittingly mistaken its neck for a tail ) . Cope then leaves for the West , as the official scientist for the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) . On the way , he meets Othniel Charles Marsh , a fellow paleontologist , and shows him his dig site at a marl pit in New Jersey ; after Cope leaves , Marsh talks to the owner of the land and pays him off to gain exclusive digging rights . At Fort Bridger , Wyoming , Cope meets Sam Smith , a helper to the USGS . During excavations , Cope finds some of the richest bone veins ever . Sending back carloads of dinosaur bones east by train , Cope encounters Marsh , who is heading out west as well . Marsh travels in style , lounging in coach while the rest of his team travels third class — Marsh even berates them for playing cards , saying it is " low class " and that Yale graduates should look more presentable . At Fort McPherson , Nebraska , Marsh meets " Buffalo " Bill Cody , who serves as their guide , along with the Native American Indian tribe . Marsh discovers many new fossils , and promises to Chief Red Cloud that he will talk to the President of the United States about the situation of the Native Americans — they have been given spoiled food in exchange for their land . Back East , Knight has finished his reconstruction of Elasmosaurus . He and Knight return to the marl pits of New Jersey , but are forced away . Cope becomes furious and storms away when he learns Marsh has bought the digging rights and published a paper revealing his interpretation of Elasmosaurus flawed . Some time later , John Bell Hatcher is backing out of paying his share of a card game by drawing his revolver . He has taken to gambling , as Marsh , who employs him as a bone hunter , is not providing him with enough funds . Marsh lobbies the Bureau of Indian Affairs on behalf of Red Cloud , but also visits with the Geological Survey , insinuating that he would be a better leader of the USGS than Cope . After learning about Sam Smith 's attempted sabotage of Cope and once again receiving no payment from Marsh , Hatcher leaves his employ . Marsh , now representing the survey , heads west with wealthy businessmen , scoffing at the financial misfortunes of Cope , whose investments have failed . Cope travels with Knight to Europe ; Knight with the intention of visiting Paris zoos , Cope with the intent of selling off much of his bone collection . Cope has also spent much of his money buying The American Naturalist , a paper in which he plans to attack Marsh 's dealings . Hatcher arrives in New York to talk about the find Laelaps ; in his speech , he subtly hints at the folly of Marsh 's elitism and backstabbing , as well as Cope 's collecting obsession . Later , Marsh is attending a conference on telephony hosted by Alexander Graham Bell ; it is here he learns that his USGS expense tab ( to which he had been charging drinks ) has been withdrawn , his publication has been suspended , and the fossils he found as part of the USGS are to be returned to the Survey . His colleagues now shun him , the Bone War feud having alienated them , and he is forced to go to Barnum to try to obtain a loan , with the very Mexican antiquities he 'd outbid Barnum on before as collateral . Osborn and Knight arrive at Cope 's residence to find the paleontologist has died of illness . The funeral is markedly pitiful , with only a few Quakers and the two friends in attendance . Cope has bequeathed his remains to science , and requested to have his bones considered for the Homo sapiens lectotype . Back at Marsh 's " wigwam " , Marsh 's , Chief Red Cloud , examines Marsh 's luxuries . Red Cloud 's interest is piqued by a long tusk from a Mastodon , which the Shawnee call Yakwawi 'ak . The Shawnee have an ancient legend , which Marsh relates . At one time there were giant men proportionate to the mastodons . However , when the great men grew few , the Great Spirit decided to destroy the Yakwawi 'ak himself . All but one bull was killed ; this last mastodon fled north , where he remains to modern times . In exchange for the loss of the Mastodon , the Great Spirit created the cranberry , a bitter reminder of the blood spilled . Chief Red Cloud remarks that it is a true story , but Marsh rebukes him , saying that science tells modern man that his ancestors were smaller , not larger , than him . Red Cloud , on his way out , responds , " It is not a story about science . It is about men . " Knight and his wife , many years later , are taking their granddaughter Rhoda to the American Museum of Natural History . Knight , well @-@ known to the staff , is visiting the closed @-@ off areas to have a look at the new mammoth specimens : the girl , however , is eager to see more of her grandfather 's paintings . During this , the staff are finally getting round to sorting out Marsh 's long @-@ neglected collection of fossils . Two of the workers discover Knight 's Leaping Laelaps has been accidentally left in the storeroom yesterday . The painting is taken back downstairs while the workmen unknowingly leave Cope 's skeleton and Marsh 's parts behind : " The rest of this stuff is stayin ' put for who knows how long , but we don 't want that to get buried . " = = Characters = = Edward Drinker Cope – An American paleontologist , Cope spent nearly all his money in attacking Marsh and financing further digs for bones out west ; he dies destitute . Othniel Charles Marsh – Rival to Cope , Marsh was a Yale @-@ educated scholar who disdained what he called " the publicization of science " . His sizable fortune granted him favor and status in politics and society . By the end of Bone Sharps , Marsh is seen to have lost face with the science world at large for his excessive means to acquire fossils ; nonetheless , he " defeated " Cope by discovering more new species of dinosaur such as Apatosaurus , Stegosaurus , Allosaurus and Triceratops . Charles R. Knight – A famous painter of the twentieth century who created numerous paleontological pieces ( the dinosaurs on the cover are based on Knight 's painting Leaping Laelaps ) . Ottaviani introduces Knight to Cope earlier than historically recorded . P.T. Barnum – American showman , famous for his hoaxes and for founding the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus later in life . Barnum 's Cardiff Giant is exposed as a fraud by Marsh , who later comes to the entertainer begging for money . Henry Fairfield Osborn – paleontologist and geologist , Osborn joined the US Geological Survey in 1890 , and on one fossil @-@ hunting trip to the West met Cope . He described numerous well @-@ known dinosaur genera , including Ornitholestes , Tyrannosaurus , and Velociraptor . Bill Cody – Commonly known as " Buffalo Bill " , this western showman makes a brief appearance in Part II . Ulysses S Grant – 18th President of the United States , Marsh uses his connections to lobby directly to Grant . = = Factual accuracy = = While the majority of Bone Sharps is true and all of it is based on history , the author acknowledged several differences between real events and certain artistic license taken . One instance of Ottaviani using creative license was to transport artist Charles R. Knight into the story earlier than was originally intended in early drafts . In real life , Knight did not meet Cope until only a few years before Cope 's death ; In addition , Knight 's autobiography states that it was reporter William Hosea Ballou who introduced the two , not Osborn . There is also no evidence Marsh and Knight ever met . On Knight 's role in the story , Ottaviani wrote : As I was reading about Cope and Marsh , I ran across Knight as something of a bit player in their lives . As I got further into the Cope and Marsh story , and I liked the two less and less as people — which is different from liking them as characters , of course — I wanted to have a character in the book for the readers to root for , and neither of the scientists could fill that role . When I found out that Knight had met Cope just before Cope died , I became convinced that he was the character I needed . After Knight 's granddaughter forwarded him a copy of Knight 's autobiographical manuscript , Ottaviani made Knight 's role more prominent . Ottaviani 's interest in Knight eventually led to his company G.T. Labs publishing Knight 's autobiography , with notes by Ottaviani and forewords by Ray Bradbury and Ray Harryhausen . Other character relationships were fictionalized as well ; editor James Gordon Bennet , Jr. never lobbied with Cope , and never exposed Marsh 's will . Cope 's bones also never made it to New York . Some conversations , due to their private nature , were fictionalized ; Ottaviani makes up Marsh 's lobby to Congress and what happened during his meeting with President Grant , and P.T. Barnum never told off Marsh the way he did in the novel . Ottaviani also wove the story Marsh tells about the Mastodon from several different versions of the legend . A key plot point is fabricated for the purposes of dramatic irony : in the book , Marsh has his agent Sam Smith leave a Camarasaurus skull for Cope to find and mistakenly put on the wrong dinosaur . Instead , Hatcher finds it ; Smith tries to keep an unwitting Marsh from getting it , but due to Marsh 's obnoxious manner he lets him after all . As a result , Marsh mistakenly classifies the ( non @-@ existent ) Brontosaurus . Ottaviani admits in the book he invented this , as " the literary tradition of hoisting someone up by his own petard was too good to pass up " . = = Reception = = The book was generally well @-@ received upon release . Comic book letterer Todd Klein recommended the book to his readers , stating that the novel was able to convey the depths of Cope and Marsh 's rivalry and " we can only wonder how much more could have been accomplished if [ Cope and Marsh ] had only been willing to team up instead " . Klein 's complaints focused on the somewhat stiff art and the difficulty in telling some characters apart , but said these shortcomings did not affect the flow and reading . Johanna Carlson of ComicsWorthReading.com found Bone Sharps 's central message , " the question of whether promotion is a necessary evil ( to gather funds through attention ) or a base desire of those with the wrong motivations " , still relevant to today 's society ; Carlson also lauded the flow of the novel and some of the intricate details in the story and setting . Other reviewers praised Ottaviani 's inclusion of notable historical figures , and the educational yet entertaining feel of the work . In addition to minor issues with the art , some reviewers , including Entertainment Weekly 's Tom Russo , felt that more fiction could have been used in the mostly non @-@ fiction writing . Due to the historical background of the book , Bone Sharps has been used in schools , as part of a study testing the effects of using comic books to educate young children . Since the release of the graphic novel , Ottaviani has published other slightly fictionalized historical stories , including Levitation : Physics and Psychology in the Service of Deception and Wire Mothers : Harry Harlow and the Science of Love .
= North Carolina Highway 2A = North Carolina Highway 2A ( NC 2A ) was a state highway located in southern Moore County , in the U.S. state of North Carolina . The highway traveled from an intersection with U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) , now May Street , northward through portions of Manly and Southern Pines to an intersection with NC 22 ( now US 1 ) . The highway was first listed as part of the Moore County road system by at least 1930 . The route was improved to a paved surface by 1936 . NC 2A was numbered sometime between 1945 and 1949 . By 1952 , it was cancelled and Highway 2 was designated over the route . It has since been numbered Secondary Road 2029 ( SR 2029 ) . = = Route description = = In 1951 , NC 2A started at an at @-@ grade intersection with US 1 ( North May Street ) in the southern portion of the community of Manly . From there , the highway ran northwesterly across the Seaboard Air Line Railroad to an intersection with a primitive trail ( now Clark Street ) in Southern Pines . The roadway continued northwestward to a bridge over a small , unnamed creek ( now nonexistent ) . Turning slightly westward , the road proceeded to its northern terminus , an intersection with NC 2 ( now an interchange with US 1 ) . = = History = = By 1930 , a highway in the location of NC 2A was added to the Moore County Highway System as a class C road , a county highway of the lowest importance . The entire length of the route was graded with an earthen surface , as was much of the highway system . During the mid @-@ 1930s , the route was designated as a primary county highway . The route was shifted slightly northerly and had been extended to approximately 0 @.@ 9 miles ( 1 @.@ 4 km ) in length , as well as being improved to an asphalt surface . Between then and 1938 , the route 's southern terminus was shifted southward and the entire length of the highway was resurfaced as bituminous . Between 1945 and 1949 , NC 2A was designated along Yadkin Road as a connector route between NC 2 and US 1 . During that same period the route was also slightly straightened near its southern terminus . By 1952 , NC 2A was decommissioned and replaced by NC 2 . The road was shortened to 0 @.@ 74 miles ( 1 @.@ 19 km ) in length , and its entire length was paved . NC 2 's route was replaced by NC 22 . By the next year , Yadkin Road has been shifted to its current location . Before 1972 , NC 2 was rerouted away from Yadkin Road and the route had been designated as SR 2029 . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway was in Moore County .
= Kepler @-@ 9b = Kepler @-@ 9b is one of the first planets discovered outside the solar system ( exoplanets ) by NASA 's Kepler Mission . It revolves around the star Kepler @-@ 9 within the constellation Lyra . Kepler @-@ 9b is the largest of three planets detected in the Kepler system by transit method ; its mass is slightly smaller than the planet Saturn , and it is the largest planet in its system . Kepler @-@ 9b and Kepler @-@ 9c display a phenomenon called orbital resonance , in which gravitational pull from each planet alters and stabilizes the orbit of the other . The planet 's discovery was announced on August 26 , 2010 . = = Nomenclature and history = = Kepler @-@ 9b 's name denotes that it is the first exoplanet discovered in orbit around the star Kepler @-@ 9 . The star , in turn , was named for the Kepler Mission , a NASA project designed to search for Earth @-@ like planets . Kepler @-@ 9 's planets were among 700 planetary candidates collected during Kepler 's first 43 days online . The system in particular was flagged as one of five systems that appeared to have held more than one transiting exoplanet . Kepler @-@ 9b 's discovery was announced on August 26 , 2010 . It was the part of the first confirmed star system in which multiple planets transited the same star . The planet was confirmed by the Kepler satellite by the transit method , in which the planet passes across the face of its star in relation to Earth , dimming that star 's light by a small amount ; this light difference is then used to determine the planet and several of its characteristics , including size and distance from its home star . Initial estimates for Kepler @-@ 9b 's mass were refined by the W. M. Keck Observatory at Mauna Kea , Hawaii . In doing so , scientists found that Kepler @-@ 9b is the larger of the two gas planets discovered in the Kepler @-@ 9 system , although in mass it is smaller than planet Saturn . = = Characteristics = = Kepler @-@ 9b is a gas planet that has an approximate mass of 0 @.@ 252 MJ ; thus , it is about one @-@ fourth the mass of planet Jupiter . It has a radius of approximately 0 @.@ 842 RJ , or about 80 % the radius of Jupiter . The planet orbits Kepler @-@ 9 every 19 @.@ 243 days , and it lies some .14 AU from the star . To compare , planet Mercury 's average distance from the Sun is .387 AU and takes 87 @.@ 969 days to complete an orbit . Kepler @-@ 9b is the second closest planet to its star in the Kepler @-@ 9 system . The first known case of orbital resonance in exoplanets has been noted between Kepler @-@ 9b and Kepler @-@ 9c . The two planets , whose orbits correspond in a roughly 1 : 2 ratio , maintain the orbit of the other by gravitational tug . Kepler @-@ 9b 's orbit grows , on average , four minutes longer every orbital period . Eventually , this trend will reverse and increase . Over time , it can be seen that the planets ' orbits oscillate slightly above and below the 1 : 2 ratio . Alycia Weinberger of the Carnegie Institution has stated that the Kepler @-@ 9 gas giants probably formed further away from the star than they are , and the appearance of the orbital resonance phenomenon may help explain the history of their inward migration .
= Love a Woman = " Love a Woman " is a song recorded by American R & B singer Mary J. Blige featuring Beyoncé from the former 's tenth studio album My Life II ... The Journey Continues ( Act 1 ) ( 2011 ) . It was written by Mary J. Blige , Beyoncé , Sean Garrett and Menardini Timothee while production was handled by Garrett , Team S. Dot and BridgeTown . Originally written for Beyoncé 's fourth studio album 4 ( 2011 ) , the singer felt that it did not fit with the sound she had created for her album , and she thought that it would be better if she recorded it as a duet with Blige instead . " Love a Woman " is a down @-@ tempo R & B ballad with live @-@ instrumentation in which Beyoncé and Blige are teaching men about how to love their female partners . It received positive reviews from music critics who mostly praised the chemistry between Beyoncé and Blige on the duet as well as their vocals . Following the release of My Life II ... The Journey Continues ( Act 1 ) , the song peaked at number eighty nine on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart based on digital sales . = = Background and development = = " Love a Woman " was written by Mary J. Blige , Beyoncé , Sean Garrett and Menardini Timothee while production was handled by Garrett . Team S. Dot served as the co @-@ producer of the song while BridgeTown served as the additional producer for it . On November 9 , 2011 , a snippet of " Love a Woman " appeared online . It was officially premiered on November 17 , prior to the release of the album . The song was initially recorded by Beyoncé for her fourth studio album 4 ( 2011 ) , but she thought that it would be a better fit as a duet with Blige . Blige further revealed in an interview that the song was sent to her after Beyoncé thought that it didn 't fit her album and it was sent through her A & R people . She further added , " When the song came , her voice was on it completely and it was just amazing and I wasn 't sure that they wanted to give me this record because it was so amazing . " Blige further spoke about how she started the collaboration with Beyoncé on the song : " The song was so amazing I had to be sure , as an artist , that she really was trying to give it to me . I was like ' is she really trying to give me this song , because it 's pretty amazing . ' They were like ' yes , but she wants to stay on it with you . ' And I was like , ' Wow ! Beyoncé ? Thanks ! ' And you know I love and respect her to death so I wouldn 't pass that chance up . " Blige further revealed that the song would be released as a single but was delayed due to Beyoncé 's pregnancy at that time adding that , " whenever she 's ready , if she 's ever ready , I 'm ready and it 'll be great . " During an interview with Rap @-@ Up magazine , Garrett further spoke about the collaboration , saying , " I initially did the record for Beyoncé and then we just felt it would be an even bigger record with Beyoncé and Mary J. Blige ... Both these women are two iconic female figures in the world , and what would be better than putting those two on a record ? We felt it would be a really iconic move . " = = Composition = = " Love a Woman " is a down @-@ tempo soulful R & B ballad with a female empowerment theme and live @-@ sounding instruments . The soothing track starts off with Blige singing with a dark voice , " So you think you know how to love a woman / But I think it 's still some things you need to know . " As the flowery instrumental builds with a serene piano melody and accentuating horns , Blige goes on to warn that a woman needs more than material things . A writer of Billboard magazine further noted that the song was schooling men on just how good to love a woman . During her lines , Beyoncé sings with a vibrato voice , " A woman / Needs you to make love to her / She needs more than sex / Oh , a real woman needs a real man / They don ’ t talk about it , be about it / Put that work in , still shows his woman real romance " . According to Rob Markman of MTV News , " From there , the song plays as a lyrical how @-@ to . Communication is a must , as is respect , but coming home late and being a one @-@ minute man is a no @-@ no . " Writers further noted that the duet was inspired by the music from the 1990s including a New jack swing @-@ era R & B production . Beyoncé and Blige further sing the lines " She doesn ’ t want makeup sex , she wants your respect . " The song also has an extended bridge section during the 2 : 30 mark where Blige sings the lines " Pick up your phone … just to say you 're still in love from time to time … " with a vocal styling which was compared to Michael Jackson 's " Off the Wall " era . It ends with the sound of sparkler synths.Jada Gomez @-@ Lacayo of HipHopDx compared the song with Aaron Hall 's material . Ayanna Guyhto of Yahoo ! Music compared the first minute of the song with Busta Rhymes ' songs due to the speedy wordplay . She further noted that it was similar to the songs by Keith Sweat from the 1990s . = = Critical reception = = Rob Markman of MTV News wrote that the singers " display good chemistry on the song " . The Washington Post 's Sarah Godfrey classified " Love a Woman " as one of the best tracks on the album adding that " The ballad , with its cheesy , delightful ... R & B production , blasts the notion that MJB is all raw power and Beyoncé is all chilly technique — the women are both bold and great here , with a slight advantage going to Blige . " Becky Bain of the website Idolator commented that Garrett who served as a writer for the song " clearly knows how to love a woman right " . A writer of Rap @-@ Up magazine noted that Blige and Beyoncé " showcase their powerful pipes " as they tell their men what they want from a relationship . Brooklyne Gipson of Black Entertainment Television wrote that the song was one of the most appealing on the album , further describing it as a " breathtaking duet " . Martyn Young of the website musicOMH described the song as " a classy duet between two of contemporary RnB ’ s most striking voices " . Siobhan Kane of the website Consequence of Sound noted that Blige and Beyoncé obviously enjoyed " the soaring nature of the song " , while Alex Young of the same publication described it as a " lesson in love " . Nathan S. of DJBooth described the song as an " inter @-@ generational diva duet that sounds so ‘ 90s I half expected Keith Sweat to jump in " . Trent Fitzgerald of PopCrush graded the song with four out of five stars and commented , " ' Love a Woman ' is a melodic song with a ’ 90s @-@ sounding feel that will surely get spins on urban radio and quiet storm formats . Forget Dr. Phil , MJB and Ms. B is all you need to help you maintain a loving relationship with your partner . " Ayanna Guyhto of Yahoo ! Music commented that Blige and Beyoncé combined their " superpowers " in the studio to make the " forceful ballad " . She further commented , " The breakdown is where the listener really gets to hear the symmetry of these two powerhouse vocals . Neither diva overpowers the other . Right where [ Beyoncé ] leaves off , Mary J. picks up . And vice versa ... Although either of these R & B divas could carry ' Love a Woman ' with no problem , some might say that the song makes more of an impact with their deliveries combined . Blige 's seasoned soul coupled with Bey 's creamy delivery is a mood to behold . " Andy Gill of The Independent wrote that Beyoncé " act [ s ] as a Greek chorus " to the song . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle noted that " Love a Woman " is a soulful , old @-@ school ballad " that brings out the best in both singers " . Writing that Blige is " particularly heavy " on the R & B vibes of the song , Andrew Martin of Prefix Magazine further commented that " without a doubt , it 's sure to gain some stream whenever radio DJs catch wind of it . Why ? Because ' Love a Woman ' features silky production , strong harmonies , and guest vocals from Beyoncé . Yeah , there 's no stopping this one . " Katie Hasty of HitFix commented that " It 's actually a pretty standard list of grievances and explanations , but the real guts of the thing is when the two light up , to bring out the best vocal performances in each other , shooting you straight back to the 1990s . " Kevin Ritchie of Now gave a mixed review for the song saying that it aims " for posterity rather than chemistry " . Similarly , Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly described the duet as " snoozy " . = = Charts = = The song peaked at number eighty nine on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart and spent three weeks in total on that ranking . It also peaked at number 50 on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Digital Songs chart .
= Mount Hope Bay raids = The Mount Hope Bay raids were a series of military raids conducted by British troops during the American Revolutionary War against communities on the shores of Mount Hope Bay on May 25 and 30 , 1778 . The towns of Bristol and Warren , Rhode Island were significantly damaged , and Freetown , Massachusetts ( present @-@ day Fall River ) was also attacked , although its militia resisted British activities . The British destroyed military defenses in the area , including supplies that had been cached by the Continental Army in anticipation of an assault on British @-@ occupied Newport , Rhode Island . Homes as well as municipal and religious buildings were also destroyed in the raids . On May 25 , 500 British and Hessian soldiers , under orders from General Sir Robert Pigot , the commander of the British garrison at Newport , Rhode Island , landed between Bristol and Warren , destroyed boats and other supplies , and plundered Bristol . Local resistance was minimal and ineffective in stopping the British activities . Five days later 100 soldiers descended on Freetown , where less damage was done because local defenders prevented the British from crossing a bridge . = = Background = = In December 1776 , after completing the conquest of New York City , British Lieutenant General William Howe detached a body of troops from his army which occupied Newport , Rhode Island without significant opposition . The Newport garrison came under the command of Brigadier General Sir Robert Pigot when the original commander , Brigadier General Richard Prescott , was captured in the summer of 1777 in a daring commando operation led by Continental Army Major and Warren , Rhode Island , native William Barton . Since the British occupation began American and British forces had been in a standoff . Major General Joseph Spencer had been ordered by Major General George Washington to launch an assault on Newport in 1777 , but he had not done so , and was removed from command of the Rhode Island defenses . In March 1778 Congress approved the appointment of Major General John Sullivan to Rhode Island . By early May , Sullivan had arrived in the state and produced a detailed report on the situation there . He also began logistical preparations for an attack on Newport , caching equipment and supplies on the eastern shore of Narragansett Bay and the Taunton River . General Pigot was alerted to Sullivan 's preparations by a local Loyalist , and organized an expedition to raid Bristol and Warren . On the evening of May 24 he ordered a force of 500 British and Hessian soldiers under the command of the 22nd Regiment 's Lieutenant Colonel James Campbell to march to the northern end of Aquidneck Island , from where they took whaleboats across to the mainland . = = Warren and Bristol raid = = Arriving early on May 25 , Campbell 's forces landed on Bristol Neck , between Bristol and Warren . Campbell divided his force in two , sending one detachment into Warren , and the other to areas along the Kickemuit River where boats and other supplies were cached . The latter force destroyed 58 of 70 small boats that General Spencer had originally stored there , along with other military supplies and a corn mill . They burned down a bridge that crossed the river , and set fire to a sloop . After the British left , locals put out the fire on the sloop , which only suffered minor damage . The Warren detachment had expected some resistance upon reaching the town , but Continental Army forces , numbering about 300 under the command of Colonel Archibald Clary , had fled the town upon rumors that the British force was much larger than it actually was . The British destroyed military supplies , and set fire to the local powder magazine . The ensuing explosion destroyed six homes and the town 's meeting house . The troops also burned a sloop and destroyed five cannon . As they marched from the town , the first signs of organized resistance began to appear . The two British detachments rejoined and headed for Bristol . Word of the British landing had reached Providence , and Colonel Barton immediately sprang into action . Recruiting about 200 volunteers , he rushed south , turned Clary 's retreating force around , and caught up with the British shortly after they left Warren , heading for Bristol . The two forces skirmished as the British marched southward , with both sides incurring minor casualties . The notable exception was Colonel Barton , who took a musket ball that did him sufficient damage that it effectively ended his military career , although he continued to fight on that day . Campbell 's men reached Bristol in good order despite the ongoing skirmishes , and engaged in a destructive rampage . In addition to military supplies and cannon , they destroyed 22 homes and a church , and looted everywhere , making , according to one account , " no distinction between their Friends and Foes " . Their work completed around noon , the British returned to their boats . They embarked , covered by the guns of the frigate HMS Flora and HM galley Pigot , and returned to Aquidneck Island and Newport . The raid prompted General Sullivan to renew calls to area governors for increased militia assistance . This recruiting did not have material effect before the next raid occurred . = = Freetown raid = = Pigot next organized a smaller raiding force to go to lower Freetown ( a portion that was later separated to form Fall River ) . On May 30 , a force of 100 men led by Major Edmund Eyre ( who had served under Campbell in the previous raid ) sailed up the Taunton River into lower Freetown , where they landed near the mouth of the Quequechan River . The local militia was under the command of Colonel Joseph Durfee , a Continental Army veteran , and had established a watch . The British landing was spotted by a sentinel and the alarm was raised . Forty men , including militia from Freetown and nearby Tiverton , mustered to give resistance . Eyre 's men fired grapeshot from a small cannon and slowly pushed the militiamen uphill . As this took place , some of his men proceeded to burn a house , grist mill and sawmill , nine boats , and 15 @,@ 000 feet of planking . The militia eventually reached a bridge across a stream , where about 25 men established a defensive line behind a stone wall on the far side . In a battle lasting about 90 minutes , Durfee 's men repulsed repeated attempts by Eyre 's men to gain control of the bridge . The British soldiers then took one local resident prisoner , set fire to his property , and retreated to their boats . The militia followed , harassing the soldiers with musket fire . The prisoner was eventually released several days later . The British suffered two killed and five wounded in the battle , while the Americans suffered no casualties beyond the one captive . = = Aftermath = = The destruction of the boats and supplies was a minor setback to American plans . In mid @-@ July , General Washington informed Sullivan that a French fleet was available to assist in operations against Newport . This had a galvanizing effect on recruiting , and local shipbuilders embarked on a crash boatbuilding program to replace the boats destroyed in the raid . By early August , the French fleet of the Comte d 'Estaing had arrived off Newport , and Sullivan commanded a force of 10 @,@ 000 militia and regular army troops . Bad weather and the timely arrival of a British fleet to oppose d 'Estaing frustrated allied plans . Sullivan , who had occupied the northern part of Aquidneck Island , was forced to retreat by the mass desertion of militia after the French withdrew their fleet and troops . General Pigot then broke out of his lines in pursuit , but Sullivan successfully fought off his attack in the Battle of Rhode Island on August 29 before retreating off Aquidneck Island . The British occupied Newport until October 1779 , when the garrison was withdrawn for operations elsewhere . The raided communities continued to contribute to the American war effort despite the damage and difficulties caused by the raids . Major Edmund Eyre , leader of the Freetown raid , was by 1781 promoted to lieutenant colonel , when he again led British forces during a raid on New London and Groton , Connecticut . He was wounded early in the Battle of Groton Heights , and his troops were accused of engaging in atrocities in the aftermath of the battle .
= Goblin shark = The goblin shark ( Mitsukurina owstoni ) is a rare species of deep @-@ sea shark . Sometimes called a " living fossil " , it is the only extant representative of the family Mitsukurinidae , a lineage some 125 million years old . This pink @-@ skinned animal has a distinctive profile with an elongated , flattened snout , and highly protrusible jaws containing prominent nail @-@ like teeth . It is usually between 3 and 4 m ( 10 and 13 ft ) long when mature , though it can grow considerably larger . Goblin sharks inhabit upper continental slopes , submarine canyons , and seamounts throughout the world at depths greater than 100 m ( 330 ft ) , with adults found deeper than juveniles . Various anatomical features of the goblin shark , such as its flabby body and small fins , suggest that it is sluggish in nature . This species hunts for teleost fishes , cephalopods , and crustaceans both near the sea floor and in the middle of the water column . Its long snout is covered with ampullae of Lorenzini that enable it to sense minute electric fields produced by nearby prey , which it can snatch up by rapidly extending its jaws . Small numbers of goblin sharks are unintentionally caught by deepwater fisheries . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed it as Least Concern , despite of its rarity , citing its wide distribution and low incidence of capture . = = Taxonomy = = American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan described the goblin shark in an 1898 issue of Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences , recognizing the peculiar fish not only as a new species , but also a new genus and family . He based his account on an immature male 107 cm ( 42 in ) long caught in Sagami Bay near Yokohama , Japan . The specimen had been acquired by shipmaster and naturalist Alan Owston , who had given it to Professor Kakichi Mitsukuri at the University of Tokyo , who in turn had brought it to Jordan . Thus , Jordan named the shark Mitsukurina owstoni in honor of these two men . The common name " goblin shark " is a translation of its old Japanese name tenguzame , a tengu being a Japanese mythical creature often depicted with a long nose and red face . Another name for this species is elfin shark . Shortly after Jordan 's description was published , several scientists noted the similarity between Mitsukurina and the extinct Mesozoic shark Scapanorhynchus . For a time , the prevailing view was to treat Mitsukurina as a junior synonym of Scapanorhynchus . Eventually , more complete fossils revealed many anatomical differences between Scapanorhynchus and Mitsukurina , leading modern authors to again regard them as distinct genera . Several goblin shark specimens were described as separate species from 1904 to 1937 , none of which are now considered valid . This taxonomic confusion arose because the specimens ' jaws were fixed at varying degrees of protrusion during preservation , giving the appearance of proportional differences in the head . = = Phylogeny and evolution = = Phylogenetic studies based on morphology have generally placed the goblin shark as the most basal member of the order Lamniformes , known as mackerel sharks . Studies using genetic data have also supported a basal position for this species . The family Mitsukurinidae , represented by Mitsukurina , Scapanorhynchus , and Anomotodon , dates back to the Aptian age of the Cretaceous period ( c . 125 – 113 Ma ) . Mitsukurina itself first appears in the fossil record during the Middle Eocene ( c . 49 – 37 Ma ) ; extinct species include M. lineata and M. maslinensis . Striatolamia macrota , which lived in warm shallow waters during the Paleogene ( c . 66 – 23 Ma ) , may also be a Mitsukurina species . As the last member of an ancient lineage , and one that retains several " primitive " traits , the goblin shark has been described as a " living fossil " . = = Description = = The goblin shark has a distinctively long and flat snout , resembling a sword blade . The proportional length of the snout decreases with age . The eyes are small and lack protective nictitating membranes ; behind the eyes are spiracles . The large mouth is parabolic in shape . The jaws are highly protrusible and can be extended almost to the end of the snout , though normally they are held flush against the underside of the head . It has 35 – 53 upper and 31 – 62 lower tooth rows . The teeth in the main part of the jaws are long and narrow , particularly those near the symphysis ( jaw midpoint ) , and are finely grooved lengthwise . The rear teeth near the corners of the jaw are small and have a flattened shape for crushing . Much individual variation in tooth length and width occurs , in whether the teeth have a smaller cusplet on each side of the main cusp , and in the presence of toothless gaps at the symphysis or between the main and rear teeth . The five pairs of gill slits are short , with the gill filaments inside partly exposed ; the fifth pair is above the origin of the pectoral fins . The body is fairly slender and flabby . The two dorsal fins are similar in size and shape , both being small and rounded . The pectoral fins are also rather small and rounded . The pelvic and anal fins have long bases and are larger than the dorsal fins . The caudal peduncle is flattened from side @-@ to @-@ side and lacks keels or notches . The asymmetric caudal fin has a long upper lobe with a shallow ventral notch near the tip , and an indistinct lower lobe . The soft , semitranslucent skin has a rough texture from a covering of dermal denticles , each shaped like a short upright spine with lengthwise ridges . In life , this species is pink or tan due to visible blood vessels beneath the skin ; the color deepens with age , and young sharks may be almost white . The fins ' margins are translucent gray or blue , and the eyes are black with bluish streaks in the iris . After death , the coloration quickly fades to dull gray or brown . Adult sharks usually measure between 3 and 4 m ( 9 @.@ 8 and 13 @.@ 1 ft ) long . However , the capture of an enormous female estimated at 5 @.@ 4 – 6 @.@ 2 m ( 18 – 20 ft ) long in 2000 showed this species can grow far larger than previously suspected . The maximum weight on record is 210 kg ( 460 lb ) for a 3 @.@ 8 @-@ m @-@ long shark . = = = Etymology = = = The generic name honors Keigo Mitsukuri , a Japanese zoologist who studied at University College London during the 1860s . The specific name honors Alan Owston , an English collector of Asian wildlife . = = Distribution and habitat = = The goblin shark has been caught in all three major oceans , indicating a wide global distribution . In the Atlantic Ocean , it has been recorded from the northern Gulf of Mexico , Suriname , French Guiana , and southern Brazil in the west , and France , Portugal , Madeira , and Senegal in the east . It has also been collected from seamounts along the Mid @-@ Atlantic Ridge . In the Indo @-@ Pacific and Oceania , it has been found off South Africa , Mozambique , Japan , Taiwan , Australia and New Zealand . A single eastern Pacific specimen is known , collected off southern California . This species is most often found over the upper continental slope at depths of 270 – 960 m ( 890 – 3 @,@ 150 ft ) . It has been caught as deep as 1 @,@ 300 m ( 4 @,@ 300 ft ) , and a tooth has been found lodged in an undersea cable at a depth of 1 @,@ 370 m ( 4 @,@ 490 ft ) . Adults inhabit greater depths than juveniles . Immature goblin sharks frequent the submarine canyons off southern Japan at depths of 100 – 350 m ( 330 – 1 @,@ 150 ft ) , with individuals occasionally wandering into inshore waters as shallow as 40 m ( 130 ft ) . In April 2014 , fishermen in Key West , Florida , while fishing in the Gulf of Mexico caught a goblin shark in their fishing net , only the second one ever to be caught in the Gulf . The shark was photographed and released back into the water . In July 2014 , a goblin shark was found in a fishery net in Sri Lanka , reported in Valaichchenai eastern coastal line in Sri Lanka . The shark was about 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) long and weighed about 7 @.@ 5 kg ( 17 lb ) The shark was given to the NARA ( National Aquatic Resource Research & Development Agency ) for further research . = = Biology and ecology = = Although observations of living goblin sharks are scant , its anatomy suggests its lifestyle is inactive and sluggish . Its skeleton is reduced and poorly calcified , the muscle blocks along its sides ( myomeres ) are weakly developed , and its fins are soft and small . Its long caudal fin , held at a low angle , is also typical of a slow @-@ swimming shark . The long snout appears to have a sensory function , as it bears numerous ampullae of Lorenzini that can detect the weak electric fields produced by other animals . Due to the snout 's lack of rigidity , it is unlikely to be used for stirring up prey from the bottom as has been proposed . Vision seems to be less important than other senses , considering the relatively small optic tectum in the shark 's brain . Yet unlike most deep @-@ sea sharks , it can change the size of its pupils , thus probably does use its sight in some situations . Goblin sharks may fall prey to the blue shark ( Prionace glauca ) . Parasites documented from this species include the copepod Echthrogaleus mitsukurinae , and the tapeworms Litobothrium amsichensis and Marsupiobothrium gobelinus . = = = Feeding = = = The goblin shark feeds mainly on teleost fishes such as rattails and dragonfishes . It also consumes cephalopods and crustaceans , including decapods and isopods . Garbage has been recorded from the stomachs of some specimens . Its known prey includes bottom @-@ dwelling species such as the blackbelly rosefish ( Helicolenus dactylopterus ) , and midwater species such as the squid Teuthowenia pellucida and the ostracod Macrocypridina castanea rotunda . Thus , the goblin shark appears to forage for food both near the sea floor and far above it . Since it is not a fast swimmer , the goblin shark may be an ambush predator . Its low @-@ density flesh and large oily liver make it neutrally buoyant , allowing it to drift towards its prey with minimal motions so as to avoid detection . Once prey comes into range , the shark 's specialized jaws can snap forward to capture it . The protrusion of the jaw is assisted by two pairs of elastic ligaments associated with the mandibular joint , which are pulled taut when the jaws are in their normal retracted position ; when the shark bites , the ligaments release their tension and essentially " catapult " the jaws forward . At the same time , the well @-@ developed basihyal ( analogous to a tongue ) on the floor of the mouth drops , expanding the oral cavity and sucking in water and prey . = = = Life history = = = Little is known about goblin shark reproduction because a pregnant female has yet to be found and studied . It likely shares the reproductive characteristics of other mackerel sharks , which are viviparous with small litter sizes and embryos that grow during gestation by eating undeveloped eggs ( oophagy ) . The birth size is probably close to 82 cm ( 32 in ) , the length of the smallest known specimen . Males mature sexually at about 2 @.@ 6 m ( 8 @.@ 5 ft ) long , while female maturation size is unknown . No data is available on growth and aging . = = Human interactions = = Given the depths at which it lives , the goblin shark poses no danger to humans . A few specimens have been collected alive and brought to public aquariums , though they survived only a short time . One was kept at Tokai University and lived for a week , while another was kept at Tokyo Sea Life Park and lived for two days . Its economic significance is minimal ; the meat may be dried and salted , while the jaws fetch high prices from collectors . At one time , the Japanese also used it for liver oil and fertilizer . This shark is not targeted by any fisheries , but is occasionally found as bycatch in bottom gillnets and trawls , hooked on longlines , or entangled in fishing gear . Most captures are isolated incidents ; one of the few areas where it is caught regularly is off southern Japan , where around 30 individuals ( mostly juveniles ) are taken each year . A black scabbardfish ( Aphanopus carbo ) fishery off Madeira also takes two or three goblin sharks annually . In April 2003 , over a hundred goblin sharks were caught off northwestern Taiwan ; the cause of the event was unknown , though observers noted it was preceded by a major earthquake . The species had never been recorded in the area before , nor has it been found in such numbers since . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed the goblin shark under Least Concern . In addition to its wide range , most of its population is thought to reside in unfished environments because few adults are caught . Therefore , it is not believed to be threatened by human activity .
= Facundo = Facundo : Civilization and Barbarism ( original Spanish title : Facundo : Civilización y Barbarie ) is a book written in 1845 by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento , a writer and journalist who became the seventh president of Argentina . It is a cornerstone of Latin American literature : a work of creative non @-@ fiction that helped to define the parameters for thinking about the region 's development , modernization , power , and culture . Subtitled Civilization and Barbarism , Facundo contrasts civilization and barbarism as seen in early 19th @-@ century Argentina . Literary critic Roberto González Echevarría calls the work " the most important book written by a Latin American in any discipline or genre " . Facundo describes the life of Juan Facundo Quiroga , a gaucho who had terrorized provincial Argentina in the 1820s and 1830s . Kathleen Ross , one of Facundo 's English translators , points out that the author also published Facundo to " denounce the tyranny of the Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas " . Juan Manuel de Rosas ruled Argentina from 1829 to 1832 and again from 1835 to 1852 ; it was because of Rosas that Sarmiento was in exile in Chile , where he wrote the book . Sarmiento sees Rosas as heir to Facundo : both are caudillos and representatives of a barbarism that derives from the nature of the Argentine countryside . As Ross explains , Sarmiento 's book is therefore engaged in describing the " Argentine national character , explaining the effects of Argentina 's geographical conditions on personality , the ' barbaric ' nature of the countryside versus the ' civilizing ' influence of the city , and the great future awaiting Argentina when it opened its doors wide to European immigration " . Throughout the text , Sarmiento explores the dichotomy between civilization and barbarism . As Kimberly Ball observes , " civilization is identified with northern Europe , North America , cities , Unitarians , Paz , and Rivadavia " , while " barbarism is identified with Latin America , Spain , Asia , the Middle East , the countryside , Federalists , Facundo , and Rosas " . It is in the way that Facundo articulates this opposition that Sarmiento 's book has had such a profound influence . In the words of González Echevarría : " in proposing the dialectic between civilization and barbarism as the central conflict in Latin American culture Facundo gave shape to a polemic that began in the colonial period and continues to the present day " . The first edition of Facundo was published in instalments in 1845 . Sarmiento removed the last two chapters of the second edition ( 1851 ) , but restored them in the 1874 edition , deciding that they were important to the book 's development . The first translation into English , by Mary Mann , was published in 1868 . A modern and complete translation by Kathleen Ross appeared in 2003 from the University of California Press . = = Background = = While exiled in Chile , Sarmiento wrote Facundo in 1845 as an attack on Juan Manuel de Rosas , the Argentine dictator at the time . The book was a critical analysis of Argentine culture as he saw it , represented in men such as Rosas and the regional leader Juan Facundo Quiroga , a warlord from La Rioja . For Sarmiento , Rosas and Quiroga were caudillos — strongmen who did not submit to the law . However , if Facundo 's portrait is linked to the wild nature of the countryside , Rosas is depicted as an opportunist who exploits the situation to perpetuate himself in power . Sarmiento 's book is a critique and also a symptom of Argentina 's cultural conflicts . In 1810 , the country had gained independence from the Spanish Empire , but Sarmiento complains that Argentina had yet to cohere as a unified entity . The country 's chief political division saw the Unitarists ( or Unitarians , with whom Sarmiento sided ) , who favored centralization , counterposed against the Federalists , who believed that the regions should maintain a good measure of autonomy . This division was in part a split between the city and the countryside . Then as now , Buenos Aires was the country ’ s largest and wealthiest city as a result of its access to river trade routes and the South Atlantic . Buenos Aires was exposed not only to trade but to fresh ideas and European culture . These economic and cultural differences caused tension between Buenos Aires and the land @-@ locked regions of the country . Despite his Unitarian sympathies , Sarmiento himself came from the provinces , a native of the Western town of San Juan . = = = Argentine civil war = = = Argentina 's divisions led to a civil war that began in 1814 . A frail agreement was reached in the early 1820s , which led to the unification of the Republic just in time to wage the Cisplatine War against the Empire of Brazil , but the relations between the Provinces reached again the point of breaking @-@ off in 1826 , when Unitarist Bernardino Rivadavia was elected president and tried to enforce a newly enacted centralist Constitution . Supporters of decentralized government challenged the Unitarist Party , leading to the outbreak of violence . Federalists Juan Facundo Quiroga and Manuel Dorrego wanted more autonomy for the provinces and were inclined to reject European culture . The Unitarists defended Rivadavia ’ s presidency , as it created educational opportunities for rural inhabitants through a European @-@ staffed university program . However , under Rivadavia 's rule , the salaries of common laborers were subjected to government wage ceilings , and the gauchos ( " cattle @-@ wrangling horsemen of the pampas " ) were either imprisoned or forced to work without pay . A series of governors were installed and replaced beginning in 1828 with the appointment of Federalist Manuel Dorrego as the governor of Buenos Aires . However , Dorrego 's government was very soon overthrown and replaced by that of Unitarist Juan Lavalle . Lavalle 's rule ended when he was defeated by a militia of gauchos led by Rosas . By the end of 1829 , the legislature had appointed Rosas as governor of Buenos Aires . Under Rosas 's rule , many intellectuals fled either to Chile , as did Sarmiento , or to Uruguay , as Sarmiento himself notes . = = = Juan Manuel de Rosas = = = According to Latin American historian John Lynch , Juan Manuel de Rosas was " a landowner , a rural caudillo , and the dictator of Buenos Aires from 1829 to 1852 " . He was born into a wealthy family of high social status , but Rosas 's strict upbringing had a deep psychological influence on him . Sarmiento asserts that because of Rosas 's mother , " the spectacle of authority and servitude must have left lasting impressions on him " . Shortly after reaching puberty , Rosas was sent to an estancia and stayed there for about thirty years . In time , he learned how to manage the ranch and he established an authoritarian government in the area . While in power , Rosas incarcerated residents for unspecified reasons , acts which Sarmiento argues were similar to Rosas 's treatment of cattle . Sarmiento argues that this was one method of making his citizens like the " tamest , most orderly cattle known " . Juan Manuel de Rosas 's first term as governor lasted only three years . His rule , assisted by Juan Facundo Quiroga and Estanislao López , was respected and he was praised for his ability to maintain harmony between Buenos Aires and the rural areas . The country fell into disorder after Rosas 's resignation in 1832 , and in 1835 he was once again called to lead the country . He ruled the country not as he did during his first term as governor , but as a dictator , forcing all citizens to support his Federalist regime . According to Nicolas Shumway , Rosas " forced the citizens to wear the red Federalist insignia , and his picture appeared in all public places ... Rosas 's enemies , real and imagined , were increasingly imprisoned , tortured , murdered , or driven into exile by the mazorca , a band of spies and thugs supervised personally by Rosas . Publications were censored , and porteño newspapers became tedious apologizers for the regime " . = = = Domingo Faustino Sarmiento = = = In Facundo , Sarmiento is both the narrator and a main character . The book contains autobiographical elements from Sarmiento ’ s life , and he comments on the entire Argentine circumstance . He also expresses and analyzes his own opinion and chronicles some historic events . Within the book 's dichotomy between civilization and barbarism , Sarmiento 's character represents civilization , steeped as he is in European and North American ideas ; he stands for education and development , as opposed to Rosas and Facundo , who symbolize barbarism . Sarmiento was an educator , a civilized man who was a militant adherent to the Unitarist movement . During the Argentine civil war he fought against Facundo several times , and while in Spain he became a member of the Literary Society of Professors . Exiled to Chile by Rosas when he started to write Facundo , Sarmiento would later return as a politician . He was a member of the Senate after Rosas 's fall and president of Argentina for six years ( 1868 – 1874 ) . During his presidency , Sarmiento concentrated on migration , sciences , and culture . His ideas were based on European civilization ; for him , the development of a country was rooted in education . To this end , he founded Argentina 's military and naval colleges . = = Synopsis = = After a lengthy introduction , Facundo 's fifteen chapters divide broadly into three sections : chapters one to four outline Argentine geography , anthropology , and history ; chapters five to fourteen recount the life of Juan Facundo Quiroga ; and the concluding chapter expounds Sarmiento 's vision of a future for Argentina under a Unitarist government . In Sarmiento 's words , the reason why he chose to provide Argentine context and use Facundo Quiroga to condemn Rosas 's dictatorship is that " in Facundo Quiroga I do not only see simply a caudillo , but rather a manifestation of Argentine life as it has been made by colonization and the peculiarities of the land " . = = = Argentine context = = = Facundo begins with a geographical description of Argentina , from the Andes in the west to the eastern Atlantic coast , where two main river systems converge at the boundary between Argentina and Uruguay . This river estuary , called the Rio de Plata , is the location of Buenos Aires , the capital . Through his discussion of Argentina 's geography , Sarmiento demonstrates Buenos Aires ' advantages ; the river systems were communications arteries which , by enabling trade , helped the city to achieve civilization . Buenos Aires failed to spread civilization to the rural areas and as a result , much of the rest of Argentina was doomed to barbarism . Sarmiento also argues that the pampas , Argentina ’ s wide and empty plains , provided " no place for people to escape and hide for defense and this prohibits civilization in most parts of Argentina " . Despite the barriers to civilization caused by Argentina ’ s geography , Sarmiento argues that many of the country 's problems were caused by gauchos like Juan Manuel de Rosas , who were barbaric , uneducated , ignorant , and arrogant ; their character prevented Argentine society 's progress toward civilization . Sarmiento then describes the four main types of gaucho and these characterizations aid in understanding Argentine leaders , such as Juan Manuel de Rosas . Sarmiento argues that without an understanding of these Argentine character types , " it is impossible to understand our political personages , or the primordial , American character of the bloody struggle that tears apart the Argentine Republic " . Sarmiento then moves on to the Argentine peasants , who are " independent of all need , free of all subjection , with no idea of government " . The peasants gather at taverns , where they spend their time drinking and gambling . They display their eagerness to prove their physical strength with horsemanship and knife fights . Rarely these displays led to deaths , and Sarmiento notes that Rosas 's residence was sometimes used as a refuge on such occasions , before he became politically powerful . According to Sarmiento , these elements are crucial to an understanding of the Argentine Revolution , in which Argentina gained independence from Spain . Although Argentina ’ s war of independence was prompted by the influence of European ideas , Buenos Aires was the only city that could achieve civilization . Rural people participated in the war to demonstrate their physical strengths rather than because they wanted to civilize the country . In the end , the revolution was a failure because the barbaric instincts of the rural population led to the loss and dishonor of the civilized city — Buenos Aires . = = = Life of Juan Facundo Quiroga = = = The second section of Facundo explores the life of its titular character , Juan Facundo Quiroga — the " Tiger of the Plains " . Despite being born into a wealthy family , Facundo received only a basic education in reading and writing . He loved gambling , being called el jugador ( the player ) — in fact , Sarmiento describes his gambling as " an ardent passion burning in his belly " . As a youth Facundo was antisocial and rebellious , refusing to mix with other children , and these traits became more pronounced as he matured . Sarmiento describes an incident in which Facundo killed a man , writing that this type of behaviour " marked his passage through the world " . Sarmiento gives a physical description of the man he considers to personify the caudillo : " [ he had a ] short and well built stature ; his broad shoulders supported , on a short neck , a well @-@ formed head covered with very thick , black and curly hair " , with " eyes ... full of fire " . Facundo 's relations with his family eventually broke down , and , taking on the life of a gaucho , he joined the caudillos in the province of Entre Ríos . His killing of two Spaniards after a jailbreak saw him acclaimed as a hero among the gauchos , and on relocating to La Rioja , Facundo was appointed to a leadership position in the Llanos Militia . He built his reputation and won his comrades ' respect through his fierce battlefield performances , but hated and tried to destroy those who differed from him by being civilized and well @-@ educated . In 1825 , when Unitarist Bernardino Rivadavia became the governor of the Buenos Aires province , he held a meeting with representatives from all provinces in Argentina . Facundo was present as the governor of La Rioja . Rivadavia was soon overthrown , and Manuel Dorrego became the new governor . Sarmiento contends that Dorrego , a Federalist , was interested neither in social progress nor in ending barbaric behaviour in Argentina by improving the level of civilization and education of its rural inhabitants . In the turmoil that characterized Argentine politics at the time , Dorrego was assassinated by Unitarists and Facundo was defeated by Unitarist General José María Paz . Facundo escaped to Buenos Aires and joined the Federalist government of Juan Manuel de Rosas . During the ensuing civil war between the two ideologies , Facundo conquered the provinces of San Luis , Cordoba and Mendoza . On return to his San Juan home , which Sarmiento says Facundo governed " solely with his terrifying name " , he realized that his government lacked support from Rosas . He went to Buenos Aires to confront Rosas , who sent him on another political mission . On his way back , Facundo was shot and killed at Barranca Yaco , Córdoba . According to Sarmiento , the murder was plotted by Rosas : " An impartial history still awaits facts and revelations , in order to point its finger at the instigator of the assassins " . = = = Consequences of Facundo 's death = = = In the book 's final chapters , Sarmiento explores the consequences of Facundo 's death for the history and politics of the Argentine Republic . He further analyzes Rosas 's government and personality , commenting on dictatorship , tyranny , the role of popular support , and the use of force to maintain order . Sarmiento criticizes Rosas by using the words of the dictator , making sarcastic remarks about Rosas 's actions , and describing the " terror " established during the dictatorship , the contradictions of the government , and the situation in the provinces that were ruled by Facundo . Sarmiento writes , " The red ribbon is a materialization of the terror that accompanies you everywhere , in the streets , in the bosom of the family ; it must be thought about when dressing , when undressing , and ideas are always engraved upon us by association " . Finally , Sarmiento examines the legacy of Rosas 's government by attacking the dictator and widening the civilization – barbarism dichotomy . By setting France against Argentina — representing civilization and barbarism respectively — Sarmiento contrasts culture and savagery : France 's blockade had lasted for two years , and the ' American ' government , inspired by ' American ' spirit , was facing off with France , European principles , European pretensions . The social results of the French blockade , however , had been fruitful for the Argentine Republic , and served to demonstrate in all their nakedness the current state of mind and the new elements of struggle , which were to ignite a fierce war that can end only with the fall of that monstrous government . = = Genre and style = = Spanish critic and philosopher Miguel de Unamuno comments of the book , " I never took Facundo by Sarmiento as a historical work , nor do I think it can be very valued in that regard . I always thought of it as a literary work , as a historical novel " . However , Facundo cannot be classified as a novel or a specific genre of literature . According to González Echevarría , the book is at once an " essay , biography , autobiography , novel , epic , memoir , confession , political pamphlet , diatribe , scientific treatise , [ and ] travelogue " . Sarmiento 's style and his exploration of the life of Facundo unify the three distinct parts of his work . Even the first section , describing Argentina 's geography , follows this pattern , since Sarmiento contends that Facundo is a natural product of this environment . The book is partly fictional , as well : Sarmiento draws on his imagination in addition to historical fact in describing Rosas . In Facundo , Sarmiento outlines his argument that Rosas 's dictatorship is the main cause of Argentina 's problems . The themes of barbarism and savagery that run through the book are , to Sarmiento , consequences of Rosas 's dictatorial government . To make his case , Sarmiento often has recourse to strategies drawn from literature . = = Themes = = = = = Civilization and barbarism = = = Facundo is not only a critique of Rosas 's dictatorship , but a broader investigation into Argentine history and culture , which Sarmiento charts through the rise , controversial rule , and downfall of Juan Facundo Quiroga , an archetypical Argentine caudillo . Sarmiento summarizes the book 's message in the phrase " That is the point : to be or not to be savages " . The dichotomy between civilization and barbarism is the book 's central idea ; Facundo Quiroga is portrayed as wild , untamed , and standing opposed to true progress through his rejection of European cultural ideals — found at that time in the metropolitan society of Buenos Aires . The conflict between civilization and barbarism mirrors Latin America 's difficulties in the post @-@ Independence era . Literary critic Sorensen Goodrich argues that although Sarmiento was not the first to articulate this dichotomy , he forged it into a powerful and prominent theme that would impact Latin American literature . He explores the issue of civilization versus the cruder aspects of a caudillo culture of brutality and absolute power . Facundo set forth an oppositional message that promoted a more beneficial alternative for society at large . Although Sarmiento advocated various changes , such as honest officials who understood enlightenment ideas of European and Classical origin , for him education was the key . Caudillos like Facundo Quiroga are seen , at the beginning of the book , as the antithesis of education , high culture , and civil stability ; barbarism was like a never ending litany of social ills . They are the agents of instability and chaos , destroying societies through their blatant disregard for humanity and social progress . If Sarmiento viewed himself as civilized , Rosas was barbaric . Historian David Rock argues that " contemporary opponents reviled Rosas as a bloody tyrant and a symbol of barbarism " . Sarmiento attacked Rosas through his book by promoting education and " civilized " status , whereas Rosas used political power and brute force to dispose of any kind of hindrance . In linking Europe with civilization , and civilization with education , Sarmiento conveyed an admiration of European culture and civilization which at the same time gave him a sense of dissatisfaction with his own culture , motivating him to drive it towards civilization . Using the wilderness of the pampas to reinforce his social analysis , he characterizes those who were isolated and opposed to political dialogue as ignorant and anarchic — symbolized by Argentina 's desolate physical geography . Conversely , Latin America was connected to barbarism , which Sarmiento used mainly to illustrate the way in which Argentina was disconnected from the numerous resources surrounding it , limiting the growth of the country . American critic Doris Sommer sees a connection between Facundo 's ideology and Sarmiento 's readings of Fenimore Cooper . She links Sarmiento 's remarks on modernization and culture to the American discourse of expansion and progress of the 19th century . = = = Writing and power = = = In the history of post @-@ independence Latin America , dictatorships have been relatively common — examples range from Paraguay 's José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia in the 19th century to Chile 's Augusto Pinochet in the 20th . In this context , Latin American literature has been distinguished by the protest novel , or dictator novel ; the main story is based around the dictator figure , his behaviour , characteristics and the situation of the people under his regime . Writers such as Sarmiento used the power of the written word in order to criticize government , using literature as a tool , an instance of resistance and as a weapon against repression . Making use of the connection between writing and power was one of Sarmiento 's strategies . For him , writing was intended to be a catalyst for action . While the gauchos fought with physical weapons , Sarmiento used his voice and language . Sorensen states that Sarmiento used " text as [ a ] weapon " . Sarmiento was writing not only for Argentina but for a wider audience too , especially the United States and Europe ; in his view , these regions were close to civilization ; his purpose was to seduce his readers toward his own political viewpoint . In the numerous translations of Facundo , Sarmiento 's association of writing with power and conquest is apparent . Since his books often serve as vehicles for his political manifesto , Sarmiento 's writings commonly mock governments , with Facundo being the most prominent example . He elevates his own status at the expense of the ruling elite , almost portraying himself as invincible due to the power of writing . Toward the end of 1840 , Sarmiento was exiled for his political views . Covered with bruises received the day before from unruly soldiers , he wrote in French , " On ne tue point les idees " ( misquoted from " on ne tire pas des coups de fusil aux idees " , which means " ideas cannot be killed by guns " ) . The government decided to decipher the message , and on learning the translation , said , " So ! What does this mean ? " . With the failure of his oppressors to understand his meaning , Sarmiento is able to illustrate their ineptitude . His words are presented as a " code " that needs to be " deciphered " , and unlike Sarmiento those in power are barbaric and uneducated . Their bafflement not only demonstrates their general ignorance , but also , according to Sorensen , illustrates " the fundamental displacement which any cultural transplantation brings about " , since Argentine rural inhabitants and Rosas 's associates were unable to accept the civilized culture which Sarmiento believed would lead to progress in Argentina . = = Legacy = = For translator Kathleen Ross , Facundo is " one of the foundational works of Spanish American literary history " . It has been enormously influential in setting out a " blueprint for modernization " , with its practical message enhanced by a " tremendous beauty and passion " . However , according to literary critic González Echevarría it is not only a powerful founding text but " the first Latin American classic , and the most important book written about Latin America by a Latin American in any discipline or genre " . The book 's political influence can be seen in Sarmiento ’ s eventual rise to power . He became president of Argentina in 1868 and was finally able to apply his theories to ensure that his nation achieved civilization . Although Sarmiento wrote several books , he viewed Facundo as authorizing his political views . According to Sorensen , " early readers of Facundo were deeply influenced by the struggles that preceded and followed Rosas 's dictatorship , and their views sprang from their relationship to the strife for interpretive and political hegemony " . González Echevarría notes that Facundo provided the impetus for other writers to examine dictatorship in Latin America , and contends that it is still read today because Sarmiento created " a voice for modern Latin American authors " . The reason for this , according to González Echevarría , is that " Latin American authors struggle with its legacy , rewriting Facundo in their works even as they try to untangle themselves from its discourse " . Subsequent dictator novels , such as El Señor Presidente by Miguel Ángel Asturias and The Feast of the Goat by Mario Vargas Llosa , drew upon its ideas , and a knowledge of Facundo enhances the reader ’ s understanding of these later books . One irony of the impact of Sarmiento 's essay genre and fictional literature is that , according to González Echevarría , the gaucho has become " an object of nostalgia , a lost origin around which to build a national mythology " . While Sarmiento was trying to eliminate the gaucho , he also transformed him into a " national symbol " . González Echevarría further argues that Juan Facundo Quiroga also continues to exist , since he represents " our unresolved struggle between good and evil and our lives ' inexorable drive toward death " . According to translator Kathleen Ross , " Facundo continues to inspire controversy and debate because it contributes to national myths of modernization , anti @-@ populism , and racist ideology " . = = Publication and translation history = = The first edition of Facundo was published in instalments in 1845 , in the literary supplement of the Chilean newspaper El Progreso . The second edition , also published in Chile ( in 1851 ) , contained significant alterations — Sarmiento removed the last two chapters on the advice of Valentín Alsina , an exiled Argentinian lawyer and politician . However the missing sections reappeared in 1874 in a later edition , because Sarmiento saw them as crucial to the book 's development . Facundo was first translated in 1868 , by Mary Mann , with the title Life in the Argentine Republic in the Days of the Tyrants ; or , Civilization and Barbarism . More recently , Kathleen Ross has undertaken a modern and complete translation , published in 2003 by the University of California Press . In Ross 's " Translator 's Introduction , " she notes that Mann 's 19th @-@ century version of the text was influenced by Mann 's friendship with Sarmiento and by the fact that he was at the time a candidate in the Argentine presidential election : " Mann wished to further her friend 's cause abroad by presenting Sarmiento as an admirer and emulator of United States political and cultural institutions " . Hence this translation cut much of what made Sarmiento 's work distinctively part of the Hispanic tradition . Ross continues : " Mann 's elimination of metaphor , the stylistic device perhaps most characteristic of Sarmiento 's prose , is especially striking " .
= 1981 Pacific typhoon season = The 1981 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds ; it ran year @-@ round in 1981 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names . A total of 35 tropical depressions formed this year in the Western Pacific , of which 29 became tropical storms . Of the 29 , 13 storms reached typhoon intensity , of which 2 reached super typhoon strength . Seven tropical cyclones moved through the Philippines this season . The first tropical cyclone formed on March 11 , with the final tropical cyclone dissipating December 28 . Tropical cyclones only accounted for 12 percent of the rainfall in Hong Kong this season , the lowest percentage for the protectorate since 1972 . = = Season summary = = The season started with Freda , which became the fourth March typhoon for the basin since 1959 . The system passed west of Wake Island before dissipating on March 17 . Gerald formed in mid @-@ April near an upper level low , and recurved just east of Guam bringing the island heavy rainfall . Holly formed in the middle of the tropical Pacific ocean in late April , and dissipated far from land on May 7 . Ike was the first system to form in the South China Sea , living during the second week of June before recurving across Taiwan and becoming an extratropical cyclone . June formed during the third week of June , and moved just east of Taiwan before approaching Japan as a nontropical cyclone . Kelly crossed the Philippines on July 1 , moving into Vietnam on July 4 . Lynn moved nearby the northern Philippines before making landfall in mainland China on July 7 . Maury tracked near Taiwan , China , and eventually Vietnam as a remnant low during the third and fourth weeks of July . Nina formed on the northeast fringe of Maury , also moving into mainland China on July 23 , three days after Maury . Ogden moved into Japan at the end of July , approaching Korea early in August . Tropical Depression 11 formed in the tropical west Pacific , dissipating well east of Asia on August 2 . Phyllis formed and remained southeast of Japan on August 3 and August 4 . Roy meandered around the South China Sea between August 3 and August 9 . Susan moved northwest through the open western Pacific during the second week of August . Thad moved north @-@ northeast through its life cycle , moving through Japan on August 23 . Vanessa moved northeast through the open western Pacific in mid @-@ August . Warren moved west @-@ northwest through Hainan Island and northern Vietnam during the third week of August . Agnes moved extremely close to eastern China before dissipating on September 1 . Bill recurved southeast of Japan during the first week of September . Clara moved west @-@ northwest near Luzon and into mainland China during the third week of September . Doyle moved through the central Pacific during the third week of September . Elsie recurved south of Japan during the beginning of October . Fabian moved westward through the Philippines into Vietnam during the second week of October . Gay recurved near the Japanese coast on October 21 and 22 . A tropical depression moved west @-@ northwest into Vietnam on November 11 . Hazen moved across the Central Philippines into mainland China by November 23 . Irma moved across the northern Philippines and then south of Taiwan during late November . Jeff recurved east of mainland Asia during late November . Kit moved erratically westward towards the Philippines during mid @-@ December . Lee moved across the central Philippines , dissipating across the South China Sea on December 28 . = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Depression Atring = = = = = = Typhoon Freda = = = Freda was the first tropical cyclone in the western Pacific in 1981 and the fourth typhoon to occur in March since 1959 . The incipient disturbance was nearly stationary near the Gilbert Islands for a few days , before drifting northwest and slowly intensifying . During the morning of the March 11 it was upgraded to a tropical depression . It tracked along the periphery of the subtropical ridge with slow development for the next few days . On March 14 intensification became more rapid and Freda became a typhoon . Passing 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) west of Wake Island with maximum sustained winds of 100 knots ( 190 km / h ) intensity , the island sustained wind gusts to typhoon force and waves to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) . As the typhoon moved more northeast , the cyclone weakened , and Freda was absorbed by March 17 into another extratropical cyclone . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Gerald = = = This cyclone initially formed in response to a mid to upper level cyclone southeast of Ponape on April 12 . Thunderstorms developed near the upper level system , and an outflow pattern was present on satellite imagery , but a surface circulation did not materialize until April 15 . The system became a tropical depression by that night . Steady intensification was seen until around midday on April 17 when a new upper level high formed to its east , inducing southerly vertical wind shear . Weakening began while the storm was located about 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) east of Guam late on April 18 . Moderate to heavy rainfall did occur on the island , with 76 @.@ 2 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 00 in ) to 127 millimetres ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) being measured . After passing Guam , the remaining thunderstorm activity sheared away , leaving a low @-@ level swirl which moved northwest . The cyclone was absorbed by a system approaching in the main belt in the Westerlies on April 19 . = = = Tropical Storm Holly = = = A broad area of thunderstorm straddled the equator around the International Date Line beginning on April 21 . A tropical system in the southern hemisphere was interacting with a strong system in the main belt of the Westerlies . Around this time , convective increased north of the equator , with a low level circulation forming near 4 ° N 169 ° E late on April 25 . By midday on April 29 it had become a tropical depression as it continued to move westward . Holly became a tropical storm on April 30 and almost became a typhoon late on May 1 . Southwesterly vertical wind shear began to weaken the cyclone thereafter , causing Holly to dissipate over the open Pacific ocean . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Ike ( Bining ) = = = This cyclone formed in the South China Sea at the end of the monsoon transition season . Around noon on June 8 a broad area of lowered pressures was seen west of the Philippines . Moderate northeast wind shear displaced its mid @-@ level center as far as 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) from the surface center , which retarded development . By midday on June 9 , Ike strengthened into a tropical storm . On its closest approach to Hong Kong , winds gusted to 42 knots ( 78 km / h ) at Tate 's Cairn . An upper trough in the main belt of the Westerlies moved across Asia , which turned Ike to the northeast . Intensification continued as it accelerated , and Ike became a typhoon late on June 12 . The cyclone reached its peak intensity as it made landfall on the island of Taiwan . Weakening substantially over the mountainous island , Ike attempted slight tropical redevelopment before it became an extratropical cyclone late on the morning of June 14 . Eight perished due to Ike , four from Taiwan and four from the Philippines . = = = Typhoon June ( Kuring ) = = = A tropical upper tropospheric trough ( TUTT ) was located over the Philippine Sea early in June . In response , a tropical disturbance formed in Palau . An upper cyclone to the disturbance 's northeast led to development of the disturbance . As the TUTT cell moved to the disturbance 's northwest , intensification sped up and a low level circulation center formed on June 15 about 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) north of Palau . By the afternoon of June 17 , the cyclone had become a tropical storm . June tracked northwest towards Taiwan , and by late on June 19 , had reached its maximum intensity as a typhoon . About 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) southeast of Taipei , June recurved to the north , and gradually weakened . While approaching Japan , the cyclone linked up with a frontal boundary and became an extratropical cyclone late on June 22 . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Kelly ( Daling ) = = = A tropical disturbance organized into a tropical depression east of the Philippines on June 28 . It tracked westward , reaching tropical storm on June 30 before hitting the central Philippines . Kelly weakened over the islands , but restrengthened in the South China Sea , attaining typhoon status on July 2 . The typhoon hit southern Hainan Island on July 3 , bringing wind gusts to 54 knots ( 100 km / h ) at Tate 's Cairn in Hong Kong . The cyclone then crossed the Gulf of Tonkin as a weakening tropical storm , and made landfall on northern Vietnam on July 4 as a tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ) . Kelly dissipated the next day , after causing torrential flooding and mudslides , resulting in 200 casualties and leaving thousands homeless . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Lynn ( Elang ) = = = On the morning of June 27 , an area of enhanced thunderstorm activity was spotted just south of Ponape along a weak portion of the monsoon trough . As Tropical Storm Kelly led to some vertical wind shear over the system , the disturbance was slow to organize . A low pressure area formed late on June 29 . By late on July 2 , Kelly 's negative influence on the disturbance abated , allowing for further development . Early on July 3 , the system developed into a tropical depression , and by afternoon Lynn was a tropical storm . Previously moving at a fast pace to the west , the cyclone slowed as it passed by the northern fringe of the Philippines . Inflow from the South China Sea led to convection focusing in the terrain of the Philippines , which distorted Lynn 's convective pattern . Lynn was the second tropical cyclone is three days to impact the Philippines . The cyclone took 30 hours to track across the northern portion of the archipelago . It took until late on July 4 for the storm to recover from its Philippine interaction and redevelop a central dense overcast and quicken its pace to the west across Luzon . Turning northwest across the South China Sea , light to moderate easterly wind shear prevented Lynn 's development into a typhoon . The cyclone struck Chuan @-@ Tao , China early on July 7 . Very heavy rainfall led to mudslides which took 22 lives and left tens of thousands homeless . In Hong Kong , winds gusted to 78 knots ( 144 km / h ) at Tai O , and a total of 118 @.@ 0 millimetres ( 4 @.@ 65 in ) of rainfall was recorded at Cheung Chau . = = = Tropical Depression Goring = = = = = = Severe Tropical Storm Maury ( Huling ) = = = On the morning of July 14 , satellite imagery revealed an area of convection about 205 kilometres ( 127 mi ) north @-@ northwest of Yap . By late on July 16 , a mid @-@ level center has formed in association with the thunderstorm complex , which was moving northwest . Ship reports indicated the system had become a tropical storm by the morning of July 18 . Southwesterly vertical wind shear impacted Maury , which led to its tilting to the northeast with height . By early on July 19 the wind shear lessened , and the cyclone 's structure improved . While approaching China , a strong ridge to its northwest deflected the storm on a more westerly heading , sending the center toward Taiwan . This ridge also led to weak east @-@ northeasterly vertical wind shear , which halted development . By late on July 19 , the cyclone 's center moved ashore northern Taiwan . Heavy rains led to significant flooding and the loss of 38 lives . Moving through the Formosa Strait as a weak tropical storm , Maury made a second landfall near Fu @-@ Chou , China on the morning of July 20 . Its remains were dragged southwest by an upper cyclone to its southeast back into the Gulf of Tonkin . By late on July 23 , the circulation center moved back to the north near Yin @-@ Chou , China and dissipated inland late on July 24 . Its former thunderstorm activity decoupled from the surface center while still offshore and moved inland near Nam Dinh , Vietnam before dissipating over Laos late on July 24 . = = = Tropical Storm Nina ( Ibiang ) = = = The eastern portion of the large convective mass from Maury led to Nina 's formation . It was first noted late on July 20 to the east of Taiwan . As it moved northwest around northern Taiwan late on the morning of July 22 . By late afternoon a surface low formed with enough convective activity to be designated a tropical depression . Moving northwest at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ) , the cyclone briefly became a tropical storm before nearly land and weakening back into a tropical depression . Early on the morning of July 23 , its center made landfall northwest of Hsia @-@ p 'u , China before quickly dissipating in mountainous terrain inland . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Ogden = = = An area of convection active for the previous 48 hours led to the formation of a low level circulation near 23 ° N 151 ° E early on July 27 . Gradual intensification ensued , and the system developed into a tropical depression that evening , a tropical storm on July 28 , and a typhoon by July 31 as it moved west @-@ northwest . The cyclone struck southern Kyūshū , in Japan , early on July 31 which weakened the cyclone . The tropical storm then moved into the East China Sea which continuing to spin down . Upper level wind shear took its toll , leading to its weakening into a tropical depression and its ultimate dissipation in the Yellow Sea along the west coast of Korea . = = = Tropical Depression Luming = = = = = = Tropical Storm 11W = = = Both Tropical Depression 11W and Tropical Storm Phyllis were associated with the same synoptic scale feature , similar to Maury and Nina . On July 30 the monsoon trough extended from the Northern Marianas islands southeast toward Palau . Two circulations were at opposite ends of the trough . Tropical Depression 11W formed north of Guam late on July 31 . Moving northeast , the tropical depression experienced vertical wind shear as the upper anticyclone fostering development accelerated faster than the tropical depression . This led to dissipation by late morning on August 2 . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Phyllis = = = A second circulation along the monsoon trough which spawned Tropical Depression 11W was noted north of Palau . By late on August 3 it had developed into Tropical Storm Phyllis . Tracking northward at 11 knots ( 20 km / h ) , the cyclone intensified slowly due to westerly vertical wind shear . Increased vertical wind shear from the southeast and cooler sea surface temperatures led to the decline of Phyllis late on August 4 , and it dissipated as a tropical cyclone early on August 5 . Its remains tracked northeast , merging with an extratropical cyclone offshore Japan . Eleven perished during Phyllis , with 22 @,@ 500 people being left homeless across Japan . = = = Tropical Storm Roy ( Miling ) = = = The initial disturbance formed east of Vietnam during the first few days of August . By August 2 , a low level circulation was present . Moving slowly to the north , the low pressure area developed central convection . By late on August 4 , the disturbance strengthened into a tropical depression before reaching tropical storm strength on August 5 . Easterly shear began soon afterwards , and Roy 's circulation center became exposed well to the east of the main convection . This caused its subsequent weakening and dissipation before reaching Hainan Island . Winds gusted to 41 knots ( 76 km / h ) on the northwest side of Hong Kong 's airport . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Susan = = = The monsoon trough became well @-@ established along 20 degrees north latitude . To the east of Phyllis , part of the monsoon trough shifted east towards Wake Island while the western portion moved north with Phyllis . Early on August 7 , a tropical disturbance was noted about 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) north of Wake Island . During this time , Wake experienced gale @-@ force winds and heavy rainfall . The low level center became exposed for a time , though gales continued . By late on August 8 , convection at the edge of the surface low strengthened as the vertical wind shear weakened . At this point , the gale center was deemed to be a tropical cyclone , and was named Susan . The storm tracked north until reaching 30 degrees north latitude , before turning northwest towards a weak cold front . Early on August 11 , Susan entrained cooler and drier air from behind the frontal zone which led to a significant reduction in thunderstorm activity . A warm core ridge building to its northeast forced the storm on a more west @-@ northwest course , and as a second cold front approached , Susan recurved into the boundary , becoming an extratropical cyclone during the late morning of August 13 . = = = Tropical Depression Narsing = = = = = = Typhoon Thad ( Openg ) = = = An active monsoon trough spawned three tropical cyclones within 48 hours beginning on August 16 . Thad was the first of the trio , initially noted on August 10 near 18 ° N 130 ° E. On August 15 , limited outflow was witnessed over its low level circulation . The system developed into a tropical depression late on August 16 . Thad moved north and northeast , maturing into a typhoon by late morning on August 18 . On August 22 Thad accelerated northward between a subtropical ridge to its east and a deepening shortwave to its west , striking eastern Japan with a forward motion near 45 knots ( 83 km / h ) . Thereafter , the cyclone rapidly transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by late on August 23 . Twenty died during Thad 's passage of Japan . = = = Severe Tropical Storm Vanessa = = = This system developed about 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) south of Marcus Island near the merger of the monsoon trough and a sharp surface trough brought into the region by Susan . Thunderstorm activity increased in the area on August 12 , the next system up the monsoon trough from Thad . Once Vanessa freed itself from nearby troughs of low pressure , it lost one of its primary outflow channels and its northeastward movement subsequently exposed the system to the main belt of the westerlies . Within two days of formation as a tropical cyclone , Vanessa was already devoid of convection and transitioning to an extratropical cyclone on the morning of August 19 . The exposed surface circulation was tracked an additional couple days , merging with a mid @-@ latitude system near 40 ° N 165 ° E on the morning of August 21 . = = = Tropical Storm Warren = = = The initial disturbance which led to Warren 's formation formed within the monsoon trough on August 14 . Strong northeasterly wind shear halted further development for the next few days . By August 17 the vertical wind shear relaxed , and thunderstorms increased south of the center . Moving slowly westward , the system became a tropical storm on the afternoon of August 18 . Warren tracked over Hainan Island , and into the Gulf of Tonkin . Intensification renewed , but maximum sustained winds leveled off at 45 knots ( 83 km / h ) . The cyclone made its final landfall near Nam Dinh , Vietnam on August 20 and dissipated rapidly that evening . = = = Typhoon Agnes ( Pining ) = = = On August 23 , a well @-@ defined Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough moved westward from the International Date Line . On August 24 , a surface cyclone developed in its vicinity near Wake Island . An extensive area of disorganized thunderstorm activity developed on its southwest side initially . As the convection moved westward , upper level outflow improved northeast of Guam . A well @-@ defined mid @-@ level cyclone passed just north of the island on the morning of August 26 . A low level center began to form as the area moved northwest of Guam . By the early morning of August 27 , a tropical depression had formed about 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) west @-@ northwest of Guam . Development continued , and the system became a tropical storm that evening . Moving west @-@ northwestward , Agnes became a typhoon on the morning of August 29 . The following day , the intensifying typhoon passed 165 kilometres ( 103 mi ) southwest of Okinawa . Entering a region of hostile northerly vertical wind shear , Agnes began to weaken . Its central convection was almost completely gone by the morning of September 2 . Agnes remained well south of Korea until September 3 , when it unleashed a torrent of rainfall , the heaviest of the 20th century up to that time , when 711 @.@ 2 millimetres ( 28 @.@ 00 in ) fell upon the peninsula . Agnes ' remains passed through the Korea Strait into the Sea of Japan by September 4 . A total of 139 lives were taken by Agnes . = = = Typhoon Bill = = = The initial disturbance formed about 550 kilometres ( 340 mi ) east @-@ southeast of Marcus Island on September 1 . A compact system , with an area of central convection 280 kilometres ( 170 mi ) wide , Bill rapidly spun up into a tropical storm on September 3 , and typhoon on September 4 . Its central pressure was quite high for winds of that intensity due to the pressure gradient between the cyclone and the subtropical ridge to its northeast . The typhoon followed a classic parabolic track around the periphery of the subtropical ridge east of Japan , weakening back into a tropical storm on September 7 . Rapid extratropical transition occurred as Bill interacted with the main belt of the Westerlies , and by midnight , Bill became an extratropical cyclone . = = = Typhoon Clara ( Rubing ) = = = The monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression on September 13 well east of the Philippines . The depression moved to the west @-@ northwest , strengthening into a tropical storm on September 16 and a typhoon on September 18 . Clara rapidly intensified to peak winds of 120 knots ( 220 km / h ) on September 19 before brushing northern Luzon . Its circulation disrupted , Clara steadily weakened as it continued to the northwest , hitting southeast China on the 21st as a typhoon with winds of 70 knots ( 130 km / h ) . In Hong Kong , winds gusted to 51 knots ( 94 km / h ) at Cheung Chau . Clara caused extensive damage and 141 deaths , leaving thousands homeless from the heavy rains . = = = Typhoon Doyle = = = Like Bill , Doyle was a midget typhoon that spent its life out over the open Pacific ocean . Its initial disturbance was first detected near 25 ° N 178 ° E on September 18 . The cyclone built down to the surface while moving westward , and Doyle became a tropical storm on the afternoon of September 20 and a typhoon the following day . Recurving around the subtropical ridge , Doyle accelerated rapidly northeastward , weakening over cool waters as it was merging with a frontal zone and becoming an extratropical cyclone during the early morning of September 24 near 39 ° N 172 ° E. = = = Super Typhoon Elsie ( Tasing ) = = = The monsoon trough became diffuse on September 19 and September 20 in the wake of Typhoons Clara and Doyle . A small thunderstorm area formed near 8 ° N 150 ° E late on the morning of September 22 , which slowly developed into a tropical depression early on September 25 . Development was steady into a tropical storm later that day , a typhoon on the morning of September 26 , and a super typhoon during the afternoon of September 27 , maintaining that intensity into September 30 . Elsie moved on a parabolic curve around the subtropical ridge to its northeast and east , moving offshore Japan as a typhoon on October 1 and October 2 . By October 2 , interaction with the upper trough which led to its recurvature also transitioned the typhoon into an extratropical cyclone . = = = Tropical Depression Saling = = = = = = Tropical Storm Fabian ( Unsing ) = = = An area of active yet disorganized thunderstorm activity was located northeast of Palau on October 6 . Moving westward over the next several days , there was little change in organization until is approached Samar Island . Passing over the Philippines , it lost what convection it did have near the center , yet let to very heavy rainfall and flooding though a surface circulation was not apparent . Once the disturbance entered the South China Sea , it redeveloped and reached tropical depression strength on the afternoon of October 13 . It crossed the sea and struck Cam Ranh Bay , Vietnam . By October 15 , the cyclone had dissipated inland . = = = Typhoon Gay ( Walding ) = = = The system formed within a very large area of thunderstorm activity . The system originally had a large circulation center , which led to problems in fixing its center via satellite imagery . The development of a large eye on October 20 finally led to the tracking of a more definitive , well @-@ defined , circulation center . The typhoon brought relief to drought conditions in Okinawa , when 150 millimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) of rainfall fell there are the circulation center of Gay moved by about 175 kilometres ( 109 mi ) to their southeast . As it continued moving towards Japan , the center passed only 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) from Tokyo , bringing significant rainfall to central portions of the island archipelago . The typhoon ultimately merged with a second low pressure system moving eastward to the north of Japan . = = = Tropical Depression = = = This system was recognized by the Hong Kong Royal Observatory . A tropical depression formed in the South China Sea on November 7 , and moved inland into Vietnam on the 10th . = = = Typhoon Hazen ( Yeyeng ) = = = A tropical disturbance developed along a trough east of Guam . Its circulation improved , and a low pressure center formed on November 13 . It became a tropical depression by the morning of November 14 , and a tropical storm that evening . Moving on a general westward track across the western Pacific , it moved over northern Saipan on the afternoon of November 15 , bringing gusts approaching typhoon force . Hazen moved about 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) north of Guam before reaching typhoon strength on early on November 16 . Its intensity fluctuated on November 17 and November 18 as Hazen interacted with a nearby frontal zone . Weakening as it neared the Philippines , Hazen moved just south of Catanduanes Island , entering the South China Sea . Never recovering from the mountainous archipelago , Hazen struck Vietnam about 280 kilometres ( 170 mi ) east @-@ northeast of Hanoi , and dissipated as it entered southeast China . = = = Super Typhoon Irma ( Anding ) = = = Super Typhoon Irma developed from the near @-@ equatorial trough on November 17 . As a tropical depression , it headed westward , and steadily intensified , first to a tropical storm on November 19 , later to a typhoon on November 20 . Irma quickly strengthened on November 22 to a super typhoon with maximum winds of 135 knots ( 250 km / h ) , but its outflow was disrupted by the Philippines to the southwest . Irma hit the northern Philippines on November 24 with maximum sustained winds of 85 knots ( 157 km / h ) , and rapidly weakened over the country . As a weakened tropical storm , Irma turned northeastward , where it was absorbed by a cold front on November 27 . A total of 409 fatalities and $ 9 million in damage ( 1981 USD ) can be attributed to the typhoon . = = = Tropical Storm Jeff ( Binang ) = = = A distinct surface circulation formed by November 18 . Jeff became a tropical storm on November 23 on the heels of Irma and approaching Guam . It navigating through a break in the subtropical ridge and dissipated over cooler waters on November 26 due to increasing vertical wind shear well to the south of Japan . = = = Typhoon Kit ( Kadiang ) = = = A strong and long lived tropical cyclone for December , the initial low level center for the system formed southwest of Ponape on December 4 . By December 7 , it had moved southwest of Truk without further development . By the morning of December 10 , its structure was improving , and by the next afternoon a tropical depressions had formed . Late on December 11 , it had evolved into a tropical storm . A slow moving system , Kit shifted from the northwest to a westerly heading , passing just south of Guam without any further development . Intensification resumed on the following two days reaching its first peak in intensity on December 16 . The storm moved sharply northward for a second time at a slow rate of motion before resuming its westward motion due to a northeast surge in the trade winds . Reintensification occurred as the upper trough to its north acted as an outflow channel . Kit reached its peak intensity on the evening of December 17 before increasing westerlies aloft began to weaken the cyclone . On December 20 , the surface circulation began to emerge south of its central convection . Thereafter , Kit was steered the low @-@ level flow to the south and southwest as a deck of stratocumulus . On December 21 . Kit became a tropical depression once more and by afternoon no longer qualified as a tropical cyclone . Late on December 22 , the low level cloud swirl moved into Mindanao before dissipating . = = = Typhoon Lee ( Dinang ) = = = While Kit was dissipating in the western Philippine Sea on December 21 , a disturbed area of weather organized west of Truk . Strong northerlies previously diverted into Kit closed off a portion of the monsoon trough , with near gale @-@ force winds wrapping around the convection . Development continued , and by the afternoon of December 22 , the system became classified as a tropical depression . Tropical storm status was achieved that night . Moving west @-@ northwest , Lee intensified rapidly into a typhoon on December 23 and reaching its peak intensity by December 24 . Rapid weakening began as Lee crossed the Philippines , and the cyclone was once again a tropical storm by December 25 ( Christmas Day ) . On December 28 , all of the cyclone 's convection was removed well east of the circulation center due to moderate to strong westerly vertical wind shear . Turning to the north , Lee dissipated as a tropical cyclone around 280 kilometres ( 170 mi ) south of Hong Kong . A total of 188 perished during the cyclone 's passage . = = Storm names = = During the season 28 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center , when it was determined that they had become tropical storms . These names were contributed to a revised list which started on 1979 . = = = Philippines = = = The Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility . PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility . Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient , names are taken from an auxiliary list , the first 6 of which are published each year before the season starts . Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1985 season . This is the same list used for the 1977 season . PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet , with names of Filipino female names ending with " ng " ( A , B , K , D , etc . ) . Names that were not assigned / going to use are marked in gray . = = = Retirement = = = It is unknown , but possibly due to damage , the name Hazen was retired and was later replaced by Hal , which was first used in the 1985 season . = = Season effects = = This table will list all the storms that developed in the northwestern Pacific Ocean west of the International Date Line and north of the equator during 1981 . It will include their intensity , duration , name , areas affected , deaths , and damage totals . Classification and intensity values will be based on estimations conducted by the JMA , the JTWC , and / or PAGASA . Peak wind speeds are in ten @-@ minute sustained standards unless otherwise noted . All damage figures will be in 1981 USD . Damages and deaths from a storm will include when the storm was a precursor wave or an extratropical low .
= 1928 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1928 Atlantic hurricane season featured the Okeechobee hurricane , which was second deadliest tropical cyclone in the history of the United States . Only eight tropical cyclones developed during the season . Of these eight tropical systems , seven of them intensified into a tropical storm and four further strengthened into hurricanes . One hurricane deepened into a major hurricane , which is Category 3 or higher on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . The first system , the Fort Pierce hurricane , developed near the Lesser Antilles on August 3 . The storm crossed the Bahamas and made landfall in Florida . Two fatalities and approximately $ 235 @,@ 000 in damage was reported . A few days after the first storm developed , the Haiti hurricane , formed near the southern Windward Islands on August 7 . The storm went on to strike Haiti , Cuba , and Florida . This storm left about $ 2 million in damage and at least 210 deaths . Impacts from the third system are unknown . The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Four , nicknamed the Okeechobee hurricane . Becoming a Category 5 hurricane , the hurricane struck Puerto Rico at that intensity . Several islands of the Greater and Lesser Antilles suffered " great destruction " , especially Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico . The storm then crossed the Bahamas as a Category 4 hurricane , leaving deaths and severe damage on some islands . Also as a Category 4 , the cyclone struck West Palm Beach , Florida , resulting in catastrophic wind damage . Inland flooding and storm surge resulted in Lake Okeechobee overflowing its banks , flooding nearby towns and leaving at least 2 @,@ 500 deaths , making it the second deadliest hurricane in the United States after the 1900 Galveston hurricane . Overall , this storm caused at least $ 100 million in damage and 4 @,@ 079 deaths . The three remaining systems did not impact land . Collectively , the storms of this season left over $ 102 million in damage and at least 4 @,@ 289 fatalities . The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 83 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) , which is tropical storm strength . = = Storms = = = = = Hurricane One = = = This storm developed from a tropical wave north of the Virgin Islands on August 3 . The system paralleled the Greater Antilles throughout much of its early existence . On August 6 , the tropical storm strengthened to the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane while positioned over the Bahamas . The hurricane continued to intensify , and after reaching Category 2 hurricane strength , peaked with sustained winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) on August 7 . Shortly thereafter , the hurricane made landfall as a slightly weaker storm near Fort Pierce , Florida , at 07 : 00 UTC on August 8 . Weakening as it moved across Florida over the course of the next day , the storm briefly moved over the Gulf of Mexico before recurving northwards . It made a second landfall on the Florida Panhandle on August 10 as a tropical storm . Once inland , the system continued to weaken , degenerating to tropical depression strength before transitioning into an extratropical storm later that day . The extratropical remnants progressed outwards into the Atlantic Ocean before dissipating on August 14 . In its early developmental stages north of the Greater Antilles , the storm disrupted shipping routes through the Bahamas and generated rough seas offshore Cuba . At its first landfall on Fort Pierce , the hurricane caused property damage in several areas , particularly in coastal regions , where numerous homes were unroofed . Central Florida 's citrus crop was hampered by the strong winds and heavy rain . Several of Florida 's lakes , including Lake Okeechobee , rose past their banks , inundating coastal areas . Damage to infrastructure was less in inland regions than at the coast , though power outages caused a widespread loss of communication . At the hurricane 's second landfall , wind damage was relatively minor , though torrential rainfall , aided by orthographic lift , caused extensive flooding as far north as the Mid @-@ Atlantic states . Overall , the hurricane caused $ 235 @,@ 000 in damages , primarily in Florida , and two deaths . = = = Hurricane Two = = = A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression near Tobago on August 7 . The system then passed through the Windward Islands just south of Carriacou and Petite Martinique . Upon entering the Caribbean Sea early on August 8 , the tropical depression strengthened into a tropical storm . On August 9 , the storm strengthened to the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane , while positioned south of Dominican Republic . The next day , the hurricane peaked with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . After striking the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti , the cyclone began weakening and fell to tropical storm intensity on August 12 . By midday on the following day , the storm made landfall near Cienfuegos , Cuba . Upon emerging into the Straits of Florida , the storm began to re @-@ strengthen . Early on August 13 , it struck Big Pine Key , Florida , as a strong tropical storm . Weakening slowly while moving north @-@ northwestward , the system made another landfall near St. George Island . After moving inland , the tropical storm slowly deteriorated , falling to tropical depression intensity on August 15 and dissipating over West Virginia on August 17 . In Haiti , the storm completely wiped out live stock and many crops , particularly coffee , cocoa , and sugar . Several villages were also destroyed , rendering approximately 10 @,@ 000 people homeless . The damage totaled $ 1 million and at least 200 deaths were reported . The only impact in Cuba was downed banana trees . In Florida , the storm left minor wind damage along the coast . A Seaboard Air Line Railroad station was destroyed in Boca Grande , while signs , trees , and telephone poles were knocked down in Sarasota . Several streets in St. Petersburg were closed due to flooding or debris . Between Cedar Key and the Florida Panhandle , several vessels capsized . Water washed up along the side of roads and in wooded areas . The storm contributed to flooding onset by the previous hurricane , with rainfall peaking at 13 @.@ 5 in ( 340 mm ) in Caesars Head , South Carolina . The worst impact from flooding occurred in North Carolina , where several houses were demolished . Six people were killed in the state , of which four due to flooding . Property damage in the state totaled over $ 1 million . Overall , the storm caused at least $ 2 million in damage and 210 fatalities . = = = Tropical Storm Three = = = A tropical storm formed on September 1 just south of Hispaniola . Moving just north of due west , the system brushed the south coast of Jamaica as a 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) tropical storm on September 2 before slowly beginning to intensify on September 3 . The strengthening tropical storm reached its peak of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) on September 4 shortly before making landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula near Playa del Carmen near its peak intensity early on September 5 . The system deteriorated after crossing the peninsula and entering the Bay of Campeche early on September 6 as a weak tropical storm . Later , the storm restrengthened slightly to winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) while nearing mainland Mexico on September 7 . The tropical storm then weakened slightly shortly before making landfall north of Tampico early on September 8 as a weak 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) tropical storm . After moving inland , the system weakened quickly to a depression and dissipated . The storm brought 2 @.@ 18 in ( 55 mm ) of rain to Brownsville , Texas . = = = Hurricane Four = = = This system developed as a tropical depression just offshore the west coast of Africa on September 6 . The depression strengthened into a tropical storm later that day , shortly before passing south of the Cape Verde Islands . Further intensification was slow and halted by late on September 7 . However , about 48 hours later , the storm resumed strengthening and became a Category 1 hurricane on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Still moving westward , the system reached Category 4 intensity before striking Guadeloupe on September 12 . There , the storm brought 1 @,@ 200 deaths and extensive damage , including the destruction of approximately 85 % – 95 % of banana crops , the severe damage dealt to 70 % – 80 % of tree crops , and the roughly 40 % of the sugar cane crops ruined . Martinique , Montserrat , and Nevis also reported damage and fatalities , but the impacts at those locations were not nearly as severe as in Guadeloupe . Around midday on September 13 , the storm strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane , based on the anemometer at San Juan observing sustained winds of 160 mph ( 268 km / h ) . The hurricane peaked with sustained winds at the intensity . About six hours later , the system made landfall in Puerto Rico ; it was the only recorded tropical cyclone to strike the island as a Category 5 . Very strong winds resulted in severe damage in Puerto Rico . Throughout the island , 24 @,@ 728 homes were destroyed and 192 @,@ 444 were damaged , leaving over 500 @,@ 000 people homeless . Heavy rainfall also led to extreme damage to vegetation and agriculture . On Puerto Rico alone , there were 312 deaths and about $ 50 million in damage . After emerging into the Atlantic , the storm weakened slightly , falling to Category 4 intensity . It began crossing through the Bahamas on September 16 . Many buildings and houses were damaged or destroyed , especially on Bimini , Eleuthera , New Providence , and San Salvador Island . Nineteen deaths were reported , eighteen from a sloop disappearing and one due to drowning . Early on September 17 , the storm made landfall near West Palm Beach , Florida , with winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) . In the city , more than 1 @,@ 711 homes were destroyed . Elsewhere in Palm Beach County , impact was severest around Lake Okeechobee . The storm surge caused water to pour out of the southern edge of the lake , flooding hundreds of square miles as high as 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) above ground . Numerous houses and buildings were swept away in the cities of Belle Glade , Canal Point , Chosen , Pahokee , and South Bay . At least 2 @,@ 500 people drowned , while damage was estimated at $ 25 million . While crossing Florida , the system weakened significantly , falling to Category 1 intensity late on September 17 . It curved north @-@ northeastward and briefly re @-@ emerged into the Atlantic on September 18 , but soon made another landfall near Edisto Island , South Carolina with winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) . Early on the following day , the system weakened to a tropical storm and became extratropical over North Carolina hours later . Overall , the system caused $ 100 million in damage and at least 4 @,@ 079 deaths . = = = Tropical Storm Five = = = A tropical storm developed about 835 mi ( 1 @,@ 345 km ) northeast of Barbados on September 8 . The storm moved rapidly north @-@ northwestward and slowly strengthened . Upon turning northward on September 10 , the system attained its peak intensity as a strong tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) and a high minimum barometric pressure of 1 @,@ 015 mbar ( 30 @.@ 0 inHg ) , both of which were measured by ships . Shortly thereafter , it began losing tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day while located about 700 mi ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Race , Newfoundland and Labrador . The extratropical remnants continued to move rapidly northeastward until being absorbed by an extratropical low pressure . = = = Tropical Depression = = = A low pressure area previously associated with a frontal system developed into a tropical depression near Bermuda on September 22 . The depression had sustained winds of 30 mph ( 45 km / h ) and failed to strengthen further . It became extratropical on September 23 . = = = Hurricane Six = = = The final cyclone of the season developed about 740 mi ( 1 @,@ 190 km ) west @-@ northwest of the easternmost islands of Cape Verde on October 10 . Moving north @-@ northwest , the system maintained intensity on October 11 , before beginning to intensify more rapidly on October 12 . Early the next day , it strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane and peaked with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . After turning northeastward , the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm on October 14 . Around 06 : 00 UTC on October 15 , the cyclone transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while situated approximately 285 mi ( 460 km ) northwest of Flores Island in the Azores .
= Sisters at Heart = " Sisters at Heart " is the thirteenth episode of the seventh season , and 213th episode overall , of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) fantasy television sitcom Bewitched . This Christmas episode aired on ABC on December 24 , 1970 , and again the following December . The narrative follows Lisa Wilson ( Venetta Rogers ) , an African @-@ American girl , as she visits her friend Tabitha Stephens ( Erin Murphy ) , a white girl . Meanwhile , Tabitha 's father Darrin Stephens ( Dick Sargent ) , who works at an advertising agency , fails to land a million @-@ dollar account with toy company owner Mr. Brockway ( Parley Baer ) because Mr. Brockway is racist and incorrectly believes Darrin to be married to Lisa 's mother Dorothy ( Janee Michelle ) . In an attempt to convince Mr. Brockway to overcome his bigotry , Darrin 's wife Samantha ( Elizabeth Montgomery ) , who is a witch , casts a spell on Mr. Brockway so he sees everyone , including himself , as having black skin . The story of " Sisters at Heart " was written by 22 African @-@ American students from a tenth grade English class at Jefferson High School after Montgomery and her husband William Asher , the director of the episode , had the students visit the set of Bewitched . Most students at the school were unable to read , write , or comprehend at a high school level , with 44 % reading at a third grade level and very few students reading at a level much higher than that . Sargent said that the students , " who might have been stuck in the ghetto for the rest of their lives , loved Bewitched , and with just a little approval and motivation , came alive on the set . " Montgomery considered " Sisters at Heart " her favorite episode of the series , and said that it " was created in the true spirit of Christmas ... conceived in the image of innocence and filled with truth . " The episode received the Governors Award at the 23rd Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony in 1971 . Montgomery 's biographer Herbie Pilato wrote that " no episode of the series more clearly represented [ the ] cry against prejudice " than " Sisters at Heart " . Critic Walter Metz praised Asher 's choice of camera angles , but denounced the episode 's liberalism as excessively sentimental and simplistic . = = Plot = = Keith Wilson ( Don Marshall ) , his wife Dorothy ( Janee Michelle ) , their daughter Lisa ( Venetta Rogers ) , and Keith 's boss , Larry Tate ( David White ) , visit the home of the Stephens family , with whom Lisa is to spend a few days while Keith is away on a business trip for Larry . The Wilsons are African @-@ American and all of the other characters are white , including the Stephens family : Darrin ( Dick Sargent ) , his wife Samantha ( Elizabeth Montgomery ) , their daughter Tabitha ( Erin Murphy ) , and their son Adam ( David Lawrence ) . Tabitha is glad to be able to spend a few days with Lisa and says they will temporarily be sisters . Darrin is another of Larry 's employees at advertising agency McMann and Tate . Darrin is trying to land a million @-@ dollar account from Mr. Brockway ( Parley Baer ) , who owns a toy company . Mr. Brockway visits the Stephens residence unannounced to find out if Darrin has any dark secrets . When Mr. Brockway arrives , Samantha is tending to Adam upstairs , so Lisa answers the door . When Lisa says her father works for McMann and Tate and that she is Tabitha 's sister , Mr. Brockway leaves , saying he has seen enough . Samantha takes the children to the park , where another child tells Lisa and Tabitha that they cannot be sisters because they have different skin colors . When they arrive home , Tabitha casts a spell on herself and Lisa so that Tabitha 's skin has black spots and Lisa 's skin has white spots . Lisa thereby discovers that Tabitha and Samantha are witches . When Samantha finds the two girls polka @-@ dotted , she tells Tabitha to reverse the spell , which Tabitha unsuccessfully tries to do . Eventually , Samantha realizes that Tabitha 's attempt was unsuccessful because Tabitha subconsciously wants the spots to remain so she and Lisa will continue to be sisters . Samantha tells the girls that differences in appearance won 't prevent them from being sisters , and Tabitha then successfully reverses the spell just as Lisa 's parents arrive to pick up Lisa . Larry tells Darrin that Mr. Brockway has insisted that Darrin be removed from the account . Darrin and Samantha host a Christmas party which Larry , Keith , and Dorothy attend . When Mr. Brockway arrives , he sees Darrin and Dorothy standing next to each other and assumes they are married to each other . When Mr. Brockway realizes his mistake , and that Darrin is instead married to Samantha , Mr. Brockway tells Larry that he is willing to allow Darrin back on the account . After discovering that Mr. Brockway initially was unwilling because he thought Darrin was married to an African @-@ American woman , Larry rejects Mr. Brockway 's offer . Mr. Brockway expresses disbelief that anyone would reject such a lucrative account . Through witchcraft , Samantha causes Mr. Brockway to see everyone in the room , including himself , as having black skin . On Christmas Day , while the Wilsons are visiting the Stephens , Mr. Brockway arrives , apologizes for his previous actions , and repents of his racism . Samantha invites Mr. Brockway to join them for Christmas dinner , and he accepts . = = Production = = In 1969 , Marcella Saunders , a 23 @-@ year @-@ old teacher at Jefferson High School in Los Angeles , found that her ninth @-@ grade students were unable to read the short stories and poetry in the class textbook . She thought that , because her students were more familiar with television than poetry or short stories , she would have more success in teaching her students if she taught them by way of a television series . She found that her students liked Bewitched , Room 222 , and Julia , so she contacted the corresponding television studios to tell them about her idea . Only Bewitched responded . Having gained an audience with Montgomery and her husband William Asher , Saunders told the couple that most students at the school were unable to read , write , or comprehend at a high school level , with 44 % reading at a third grade level and very few students reading at a level much higher than that ; less than 1 % were reading at a ninth grade level . Saunders added that Bewitched was the students ' favorite television series . Out of concern for the students in Saunders ' English class , Montgomery and Asher invited Saunders ' class of 22 African @-@ American students to visit the set of Bewitched . Because many of these teenagers , now in the tenth grade , did not have the financial means to make their way to Hollywood , Montgomery and Asher paid for all 22 to be transported there and back by chartered bus . The students were impressed by the visit and later collaborated to write a teleplay for a Bewitched episode under Saunders ' supervision . The teleplay was called " Sisters at Heart . " At Christmas in 1969 , they presented Montgomery and Asher with the teleplay , gift @-@ wrapped . Montgomery and Asher were impressed with the quality of the script . Montgomery later said , " We 've had bad scripts submitted by professional writers that weren 't as well written or creative . " Asher told Barbara Avedon about the students ' script , saying that it only needed a little reworking , and he asked if she would help the students with the rewrite . Avedon , who had written for The Donna Reed Show and been a regular writer for Bewitched , accepted his request . Avedon visited Jefferson High School and later said of the experience , " I was horrified . Locker doors were hanging off their hinges . There wasn 't a blade of grass in sight . " Avedon expressed amazement over the script the students produced and helped them revise it and expand its length so it would sustain a full half @-@ hour episode . She promised the students that no changes would be made to the script unless they approved . It was because of her recommendation that the story was reformulated as a Christmas episode , which she suggested because the script " was so imbued with the spirit . " She said that one of the students indicated a desire to write for Bewitched because the series deals with miscegenation by way of a marriage between a witch and a mortal . All 22 students attended a production and rehearsal meeting for the episode . The government of California gave Jefferson High School a grant to support a program to allow the students to be part of the filming and post @-@ production of the episode . Film production company Screen Gems joined Montgomery and Asher in making donations to the program as well . The students donated the money they received for writing the episode to a foundation to keep the program going . Two more trips were organized , bringing a total of fifty Jefferson High School students to the set of Bewitched . Asher sent copies of thirty scripts of other Bewitched episodes to the school for use in classrooms . Saunders found the program a great success , saying " kids who could never write before were now writing three pages . Kids who could not read were now doubling up on scripts and fighting over who would be able to play the leads . " Asher also expressed pleasure with the program 's success , and recommended that other white businesspeople invite minority groups into their lives . Sargent considered Saunders the main reason for the success of the program , saying , " She was interested in innovative forms of teaching . These kids , who might have been stuck in the ghetto for the rest of their lives , loved Bewitched , and with just a little approval and motivation , came alive on the set . " Asher produced and directed the episode . A high school student who was granted the role of assistant director at one point screamed " Quiet on the set ! " , a memory that Sargent later recalled fondly . For the scene in which Samantha casts a spell that makes Mr. Brockway see everyone as having black skin , the white actors , including Sargent and White , appeared in blackface . The name of Mr. Brockway 's toy company is never mentioned . Samantha 's statement at the end of the episode , " We 're having integrated turkey : white meat and dark " , was repeated in Spike Lee 's 1986 film She 's Gotta Have It . The final shot of the episode , which zooms out from the scene of Samantha and Darrin kissing to reveal the French doors at the back of their house as " Silent Night " plays in the background , is the only shot in any episode of Bewitched to depict the interior of the house from the perspective of the backyard . " Sisters at Heart " is the only episode of the series in which Lisa appears . Seven years before acting together in " Sisters at Heart " , Montgomery and Baer appeared together in an episode of the CBS television series Rawhide called " Incident at El Crucero " , which aired when the pilot episode of Bewitched was in pre @-@ production . In 1970 , Montgomery appeared on The Merv Griffin Show to promote " Sisters at Heart " , thereby making one of the only three talk show appearances of her career . After Griffin left the network , CBS wiped all episodes of The Merv Griffin Show produced between 1969 and 1972 , but a copy of the episode featuring Montgomery 's promotion of " Sisters at Heart " was later discovered when it became known that relevant kinescopes and master tapes had survived . Endorsed by meat production company Oscar Mayer , " Sisters at Heart " is a half @-@ hour , color episode that aired on December 24 , 1970 , as the 213th episode of Bewitched to be aired . As an introduction and conclusion to the episode , Montgomery briefly spoke to the camera about the episode , saying that it " was created in the true spirit of Christmas ... conceived in the image of innocence and filled with truth . " ABC aired the episode only once more , in December 1971 . Unlike many of the other episodes in the season , it was neither a remake of an episode from a previous season nor part of the Salem , Massachusetts , story arc that was filmed in the area where the 17th @-@ century Salem witch trials took place . Don Marshall , who made a guest appearance in " Sisters at Heart " as Keith Wilson , was known for his role in Land of the Giants , while Janee Michelle , who portrayed Dorothy Wilson in " Sisters at Heart " , later became best known for her role in the 1974 horror film The House on Skull Mountain . " Sisters at Heart " was Montgomery 's favorite episode of the series . Reflecting on the episode in 1989 , she said , " Yeah , this is what I want Bewitched to be all about . " Sony Pictures Home Entertainment eventually released the episode on a VHS collection called A Bewitched Christmas 2 . On June 16 , 2005 , the episode was screened in Salem as the first entry in " The Art and Politics of Elizabeth Montgomery " , a film @-@ watching and discussion group that met at First Church in Salem . = = Reception = = " Sisters at Heart " received the Governors Award at the 23rd Primetime Emmy Awards ceremony in 1971 . Montgomery 's biographer Herbie Pilato wrote that the theme of overcoming prejudice is central to Bewitched because of the prominence of the marriage between a witch and a mortal , and that " no episode of the series more clearly represented this cry against prejudice than the holiday story , ' Sisters at Heart . ' " A reviewer from the Australian newspaper the Daily Liberal wrote that " Sisters at Heart " is " very thoughtful " and argued that it is the sole episode of the series that is not simply a " lightweight offering " reflective of " the United States ' post @-@ war society of new consumerism and advertising . " When the seventh season of Bewitched was released on DVD in 2009 , DVD Talk reviewer Paul Mavis wrote that " Sisters at Heart " has a more overt message than any other episode of the season . He praised the actors ' performances in the episode and wrote that , because of the episode 's obvious @-@ yet @-@ effective critique of racism , " what 's highly ironic about Sisters at Heart today is that it would most likely be dubbed politically incorrect and ' insensitive ' by some because the cast wear blackface at one point . " Hal Erickson of AllMovie called the episode " refreshingly free of the patronization which usually attended ' racially sensitive ' TV episodes of the period . " In his book about Bewitched , critic Walter Metz writes that " Sisters at Heart " exemplifies the liberalism endorsed by the series , which he argues is excessively sentimental and simplistic . He praises Asher for his " skillful understanding of film aesthetics " , calling particular attention to Asher 's choice of camera angles in the scene in which Mr. Brockway first meets Lisa . Metz argues that the Stephens ' foyer is an important location in the series , and that this importance is exemplified in the episode both by the scene of Mr. Brockway 's first encounter with Lisa as well as in the epilogue when Mr. Brockway revisits the house and apologizes for his prior racism . Metz criticizes Mr. Brockway 's " magically found soft @-@ heartedness " as a " paternalistic approach to liberal racial tolerance [ that ] implies that only white patriarchs have the cultural authority to declare that racism is wrong . " Metz further argues that the episode problematically figures Samantha as the protector and provider for black people , a role that he says Samantha also fills in " Samantha at the Keyboard " , another Bewitched episode .
= Rock Bottom ( SpongeBob SquarePants ) = " Rock Bottom " is the 17th episode of the first season of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . It originally was produced in 1999 and aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on March 15 , 2000 . The series follows the adventures of the title character in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In the episode , SpongeBob becomes stranded in a hadopelagic zone called Rock Bottom . The episode was written by Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan , Jr . , and David Fain , and was directed by Tom Yasumi . Upon release , " Rock Bottom " was viewed by two million households and received positive reviews from media critics . = = Plot summary = = SpongeBob and Patrick board a bus to go home from Glove World , which is a glove @-@ themed amusement park . They accidentally board the wrong bus , which then takes them to a 90 @-@ degree cliff . The cliff leads to a hadopelagic zone called Rock Bottom , which is inhabited by many strange deep @-@ sea animals . Patrick gets on the bus to go home but accidentally leaves SpongeBob behind . After several unsuccessful attempts to get on the bus , SpongeBob heads to a bus station and waits in a very long line . By the time he gets to the front , he finds out that the last bus to leave for the night is already gone , and he is stuck there until morning . He gets scared by a raspberry sound coming from nowhere , and he dashes back to the cliff . The raspberry sound 's maker reveals himself to be a friendly @-@ looking anglerfish creature , who has SpongeBob 's balloon from Glove World . The creature blows up the balloon , ties it to SpongeBob 's wrist , and allows him to rise up the cliff and back to Bikini Bottom . The episode concludes with Patrick on his way back to Rock Bottom , thinking SpongeBob is still there . = = Production = = " Rock Bottom " was written by Paul Tibbitt , Ennio Torresan , and David Fain , with Tom Yasumi serving as animation director . Tibbitt and Torresan also worked as storyboard directors . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on March 15 , 2000 , with a TV @-@ Y7 parental rating . Series head writer of the first season Merriwether Williams said the episode 's story is " so simple . " She remarked " To me , it 's one of the best episodes . It just stayed with one idea . " The episode was about " how he [ SpongeBob ] keeps missing the bus and how that makes him feel . " Williams said the episode was " so small that you could explore gags and opportunities for gags . " The episode was an example of " a good outline " in the series where the storyboards and humor were done easily . Williams said " it was great for the board guys . " She added " In many ways , my job was to create situations where the board guys could be funny , to create a situation that could be funny , and let them go for the actual , specific jokes . " " Rock Bottom " was released on the DVD compilation called SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 1st Season DVD on October 28 , 2003 . On September 22 , 2009 , the episode was released on the SpongeBob SquarePants : The First 100 Episodes DVD , alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five . = = Reception = = " Rock Bottom " was watched by 2 @.@ 1 million viewers upon its release . It received very positive reviews from media critics . Nancy Basile of About.com gave the episode a positive response and ranked it No. 4 on her " Best SpongeBob SquarePants Episodes " list . Basile said " The raspberries and SpongeBob 's increasing frustration make this an hilarious episode . " She cited the episode as a " running up against Murphy 's law over and over again " and said " so it 's very relatable . " Basile 's favorite scene was " SpongeBob tries to extract a snack from the vending machine before the bus across the road drives away . " Emily Estep of WeGotThisCovered.com ranked the episode No. 5 on her " Top 10 Episodes of SpongeBob SquarePants " list . She said " While Rock Bottom is mostly a goofy episode , it 's also one of the scarier episodes of SpongeBob . " She also said the episode has " the ideal balance of cuteness and sheer terror – like SpongeBob running from a mysterious character , saying , ' Well , that place will be there tomorrow . I guess I 'd better keep walking . Running . Better start running . Running . Sprinting ! Yes , I just gotta keep sprinting ! ' ( Before he hits a wall ; ' Sitting , sitting , bleeding . ' ) " that made the episode " so well @-@ remembered . " Bill Treadway of DVD Talk gave the episode a 3 out of 5 rating . = = Other media = = " Rock Bottom " served as an inspiration for the SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge ride . The ride first opened on March 15 , 2008 at the Mall of America 's Nickelodeon theme park re @-@ branded from the Mall of America 's Park at MOA , formerly Camp Snoopy , to Nickelodeon Universe in the Minneapolis @-@ St. Paul suburb of Bloomington , Minnesota . The SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge features vertical lifts and 90 @-@ degree turns providing the riders a 60 @-@ plus foot drop , a maximum speed of over 40 miles per hour and a 4 @.@ 4 maximum G @-@ force rating . The ride time is approximately two minutes and is the shortest Gerstlauer roller coaster built yet .
= 2010 Pichilemu earthquake = The 2010 Pichilemu earthquake ( Spanish : Terremoto de Pichilemu de 2010 ) , also known as the Libertador O 'Higgins earthquake , was a 6 @.@ 9 MW intraplate earthquake that struck Chile 's O 'Higgins Region on 11 March 2010 . The earthquake was centred 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) northwest of the city of Pichilemu , according to the University of Chile Seismological Service . The earthquake was caused by increased regional stress arising from an earthquake on 27 February , centered offshore Maule Region , which was felt throughout central Chile . The 11 March earthquake was at first thought to be an aftershock from the 27 February event , but University of Chile Seismologist Jaime Campos identified it as an " independent earthquake " . The Hawaii @-@ based Pacific Tsunami Warning Center pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the epicentre , although small , but violent waves were seen in the Pichilemu and Bucalemu area . One person was reported dead . At least eleven aftershocks immediately followed , causing panic throughout coastal towns between the Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions . The earthquake was specially destructive in the epicentre town , Pichilemu , capital of Cardenal Caro Province . The city hosts five National Monuments of Chile , of which two , the Agustín Ross Park and the Agustín Ross Cultural Centre , were seriously damaged by the earthquake . It also damaged the villages of La Aguada and Cardonal de Panilonco . Rancagua , the capital of O 'Higgins Region , was also damaged , leading President Sebastián Piñera to declare a catastrophe state in O 'Higgins Region . = = Background = = Nearly all of the territory of Chile is subject to earthquakes , arising from strains in the subducting Nazca and South American Plates or shallow strike @-@ slip faults . The subduction zone along the Chilean coast produced the most powerful earthquake ever recorded , the 1960 Valdivia earthquake . Some earthquakes which occurred near the epicentre of the 11 March 2010 event are the 1985 Algarrobo and Rapel Lake earthquakes . On 27 February 2010 , a strong earthquake , which reached a magnitude of 8 @.@ 8 on the moment magnitude scale , hit central Chile . The earthquake occurred in the region of the plate boundary between the Nazca and South American plates , offshore Maule Region . The earthquake produced a tsunami which caused great damage in cities and towns along the Chilean coast ; Pichilemu was " devastated " after the earthquake and tsunami struck . The 6 @.@ 9 earthquake of 11 March 2010 occurred two weeks after the 27 February event . Chilean seismologists , including Sergio Barrientos from the University of Chile Seismological Service , were worried about the " absence of an earthquake around magnitude 7 following the February 27 quake . " Two foreshocks of the 11 March event occurred on 5 March : one reached magnitude 5 @.@ 7 , and the other magnitude 5 @.@ 2 ; both were felt between the Valparaíso and Maule regions . = = Geology = = The Pichilemu earthquake was caused by the change in regional stress from the 27 February earthquake . Preliminary analyses by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) of the 11 March earthquake locations and seismic @-@ wave radiation patterns suggested that the event resulted from normal faulting within the subducting Nazca plate or the overriding South America plate , unlike the 27 February earthquake , which occurred as thrust faulting on the interface between the two plates . Later in 2010 , University of Chile Seismologist Sergio Barrientos stated that the earthquake was produced inside the South American plate . While news media reported the earthquake as an aftershock of the February earthquake in Chile , a preliminary geological summary issued by the USGS considered it to be an independent earthquake , a conclusion which seismologist Jaime Campos of the University of Chile also reached . The earthquake has been given three different locations : the University of Chile Seismological Service ( Servicio Sismológico de la Universidad de Chile ) stated that the event occurred 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) northwest of Pichilemu , at a depth of 33 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 20 @.@ 6 mi ) ; the United States Geological Service reported the earthquake occurred 105 kilometres ( 65 mi ) west of Rancagua , capital of O 'Higgins Region , at a depth of 11 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) ; and local online newspaper Pichilemu News reported the earthquake occurred 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) northeast of Pichilemu , between the villages of Panilonco and La Aguada , and reached a moment magnitude of 7 @.@ 2 . On 15 March 2010 , seismologist Mario Pardo from the University of Chile Seismological Service ruled out that Pichilemu was experiencing a seismic swarm , after public concerns about the continued aftershocks in the area ; as of that date , more than 50 aftershocks had occurred in the area , the strongest of them measuring 6 @.@ 7 in the moment magnitude scale , minutes after the initial quake . From the pattern of aftershocks , it has been suggested that this earthquake originated from rupture along a previously unknown geological fault , the Pichilemu Fault , between Pichilemu and the commune of Vichuquén in Maule Region , at 15 km depth , 40 km in length and 20 km wide . At first it was not known whether this fault was formed during the earthquake or if it was just reactivated , however geologist José Cembrano from the University of Chile affirmed that " [ the fault ] corresponds to a long life fault , in a million years time , whose activity had not been detected before . " In a 2012 publication titled Aftershock Seismicity of the 27 February 2010 Mw 8 @.@ 8 Maule Earthquake Rupture Zone , it was stated that , in total , 10 @,@ 000 aftershocks were located in the Pichilemu area for the first six months after the mainshock ; this pronounced crustal aftershock activity with mainly normal faulting mechanisms found in approximately a 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) wide region , with sharp inclined borders and oriented oblique to the trench . = = Reaction = = The earthquake took place minutes before the new President of Chile , Sebastián Piñera , was sworn in , at about 12 : 15 local time , at the Chilean congress in Valparaíso , where the shaking was clearly felt . Piñera was at the Palace of Cerro Castillo at the time of the earthquake , and as he left the place , he was seen " looking worried " ; Michelle Bachelet , the outgoing president , was also seen " worried " by the earthquake as she entered the Congress . La Nación newspaper reported some journalists attempted to flee the Congress building . According to Spanish newspaper El Mundo , there was " nervousness " at the ceremony , and the ceremony narrator called for calm , adding that the Congress building could even stand stronger earthquakes . Presidents Néstor Kirchner of Argentina , Evo Morales of Bolivia , Álvaro Uribe of Colombia , Rafael Correa of Ecuador , and Fernando Lugo of Paraguay were present at the ceremony , but television footage showed that the inauguration was not interrupted , even though there was a tsunami warning in place ; however , it was reported the ceremony was " speeded . " President Piñera cancelled the ceremonial lunch with his visitors and traveled to Rancagua , one of the cities most affected by the earthquake ; Piñera subsequently declared a catastrophe state in O 'Higgins Region as a result of the earthquake , and appointed Army General Antonio Yackcich as Area Commander in Chief ( Jefe de Plaza ) for the region , while he was visiting Rancagua that day . The declaration meant that " the military would occupy the area to keep order and prevent the kind of looting that occurred in Concepción during the first two to three days after last month 's quake " , according to The New York Times . = = Tsunami = = A Pacific @-@ wide tsunami warning was not issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center , although the organization pointed out the possibility of local tsunamis within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the epicentre , roughly the area between La Serena and Concepción . Half an hour after the earthquake , the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy ( Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la Armada , SHOA ) issued a tsunami warning for the area between Coquimbo and Los Lagos regions , as a way of " keeping people protected " against the possible occurrence of new tsunamis . President Piñera urged coastal residents to move to higher ground in case of a tsunami . Following the tsunami alert , thousands of residents of central Pichilemu fled to La Cruz Hill , with some of them staying them for several days , and received advice from members of the Army . People from the village of Cáhuil stayed at Cordón . The tsunami warning emitted by SHOA was lifted that same day at around 15 : 50 local time . According to a preliminary report by the National Office of Emergency of the Interior Ministry ( Oficina Nacional de Emergencias del Ministerio del Interior , ONEMI ) on 11 March 2010 , only ' small waves , without any [ special ] kind of characteristics ' were seen in the area surrounding Pichilemu , while the USGS reported a small tsunami , with sea wave heights of 16 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 525 ft ) at Valparaíso , and 29 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 951 ft ) at San Antonio . Interior Minister Rodrigo Hinzpeter reported violent waves in Pichilemu and Bucalemu . = = Damage and casualties = = At Pichilemu , the epicentre town , the earthquake destroyed the balustres surrounding Agustín Ross Park , damaged severely the recently re @-@ inaugurated Agustín Ross Cultural Centre , and the Espinillo , and Rodeillo villages . The earthquake was accompanied by " great noise , " according to witnesses from the Pichilemu villages of Cardonal de Panilonco and La Aguada ; most of the already damaged buildings in La Aguada fell down , including the local church . The road to Cardonal de Panilonco was damaged , and many houses built with adobe did not resist the shaking . Outside Pichilemu , in Rancagua , local mayor Eduardo Soto reported severe damage to homes in the town . The Santa Julia highway overpass located between Rancagua and Graneros collapsed , and part of the Pan @-@ American highway was damaged . A power outage affected Pichilemu for two days , beginning right after the earthquake struck , and there were partial power outages in Mostazal , San Fernando and Peumo . In Santiago , " windows rattled , buildings trembled and cellphone service failed " , according to a The New York Times article . The old Basílica del Salvador in Santiago , which was damaged during the 1985 Algarrobo earthquake and was never repaired , suffered additional damage . In Nilahue Barahona , a village near the town of Pumanque , electric cables fell to the ground during the earthquake , causing a fire that burned 65 hectares ( 160 acres ) of a pine , eucalyptus and grassland forest . The earthquake was also reported to have been felt in Mendoza , Bariloche , Córdoba , San Rafael , Buenos Aires , Montevideo , and Asunción . One person died of a heart attack during the earthquake in Talca , Maule Region . A United States Geological Survey summary of the earthquake reported damage at Rancagua , 177 kilometers northeast of Pichilemu . Relief efforts for the 27 February earthquake stalled for about six hours because of the constant aftershocks . According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Geophysical Data Center , the damage provoked by the earthquake and its accompanying small tsunami was " limited " , adding that " a rough estimate of the dollar amount of damage " was " roughly corresponding to less than one million " . = = Aftershocks = = Following the main shock , there were two aftershocks of magnitude 6 or greater . The first of them occurred at 11 : 55 local time , fifteen minutes after the initial quake , and was centered in the commune of La Estrella , Cardenal Caro Province , at a depth of 18 @.@ 0 kilometres ( 11 @.@ 2 mi ) , reaching a magnitude of 6 @.@ 7 ; another aftershock , of magnitude 6 @.@ 0 , took place eleven minutes later , at 12 : 06 local time , this time centered in Pichilemu , at a depth of 29 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 18 @.@ 2 mi ) . In total , there were ten aftershocks within the six hours after the 6 @.@ 9 magnitude earthquake , two of magnitude 6 or greater , and seven between 5 and 6 . Almost two months later , on 2 May 2010 , an aftershock of magnitude 5 @.@ 8 MW struck the Chilean O 'Higgins Region , at 10 : 52 local time . The aftershock was centered 44 kilometres ( 27 mi ) southwest of Navidad , and occurred at a depth of 32 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 20 mi ) , according to the University of Chile Seismological Service . The National Emergencies Office ( ONEMI ) reported that the aftershock was felt most strongly in Talca , 258 kilometres ( 160 mi ) south of Santiago , and that there were no casualties , only some telephone lines had collapsed . Six other aftershocks subsequently hit the Pichilemu area that day . The United States Geological Survey measured the aftershock with a magnitude of 5 @.@ 9 . A further aftershock of the Pichilemu earthquake occurred on 29 September 2010 at 12 : 29 local time . It reached magnitude 5 @.@ 6 , and its epicentre was centered 13 kilometres ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) southwest of Lolol , 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) southwest of Santa Cruz , at a depth of 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) . Telephone lines collapsed in O 'Higgins Region . No infrastructural damage or casualties was reported . The aftershock was felt between the Valparaíso and Maule regions . The event reached Mercalli V intensity in Rancagua , Navidad , Talca , Curicó , amid other cities and towns . As of February 2013 , there have been about 8 @,@ 500 aftershocks of the Chilean February and March 2010 earthquakes according to the University of Chile Seismological Service , with most taking place in the proximities of Pichilemu . Seismologist Sergio Ruiz said that " a significant number of aftershocks " will take place at least until 2015 . = = Media coverage = = The earthquake was reported by local , national and international news media . Locally , online newspaper Pichilemu News published an article named " First signs of change ? : Shaken handover ceremony in Chile because of new earthquake aftershocks " ( " ¿ Los primeros signos del cambio ? : Movido cambio de mando se vivió en el país ante nuevas réplicas del terremoto " ) on 11 March ; five days later , local newspaper El Expreso de la Costa published an interview with Mario Pardo , seismologist in charge of the geophysics department of the University of Chile , who recommended people of Pichilemu to " try to remain calm , the worst already happened " . The only local radio that continued broadcasting through the day of the earthquake was Radio Entre Olas , directed by Jorge Nasser Guerra , who along with two other radio workers , reportedly were the only not to be evacuated after the earthquake in Pichilemu . Because the earthquake provoked a power outage , the radio worked with " emergency equipment " . Previously , after the 27 February earthquake , Entre Olas did not stop broadcasting either , despite there was a power outage that lasted for several days . Nationally @-@ distributed newspaper El Mercurio published on its 12 March 2010 main page the headline " 6 @.@ 9 [ magnitude ] aftershock marks the most seismic day after the earthquake " ( " Réplica de 6 @,@ 9 ° marca el día más sísmico post terremoto " ) , adding that " [ s ] eventeen of the twenty seisms that occurred yesterday [ 11 March ] in central @-@ southern Chile had their epicentre in Pichilemu , Region of O 'Higgins , which was declared in Disaster State yesterday . " On that same day , Santiago @-@ based newspaper La Tercera published on their headline : " Piñera faces first crisis as he takes office as new President " ( " Piñera enfrenta primera crisis al asumir como nuevo Presidente " ) ; La Tercera ellaborated : " The 6 @.@ 9 Richter magnitude earthquake , which occurred minutes before the power handover took place , added an additional quota of drama to the oath of Sebastián Piñera , whose agenda was already modified by the 27 February disaster . " Other newspapers of national distribution where the earthquake was reported on its main page included Las Últimas Noticias ( which featured a photograph of President Piñera aboarding a helicopter in military dress ) , Publimetro , and La Nación , whose main headline said " Emergency measures marked start of Piñera [ ' s presidency ] " ( " Medidas de emergencia marcan partida de Piñera " ) . Throughout Chile , regional newspapers also reported the earthquake and tsunami warning on their edition of 12 March 2010 . Among these are La Estrella de Arica ( Arica ) , La Estrella de Iquique ( Iquique ) , El Mercurio de Antofagasta , La Estrella del Norte ( both from Antofagasta ) , El Mercurio de Calama , La Estrella del Loa ( both from Calama ) , El Diario de Atacama , Diario Chañarcillo ( both from Copiapó ) , El Día ( La Serena ) , El Mercurio de Valparaíso , La Estrella de Valparaíso ( both from Valparaíso ) , El Líder ( San Antonio ) , El Tipógrafo ( Rancagua ) , La Prensa ( Curicó ) , El Sur ( Concepción ) , El Austral de Temuco ( Temuco ) , El Diario Austral de Los Ríos ( Valdivia ) , El Austral de Osorno ( Osorno ) , El Llanquihue ( Puerto Montt ) , and La Prensa Austral ( Punta Arenas ) . Among the international media who reported on the quake were the BBC , CNN , CBS News , The Huffington Post , and news agencies Al Jazeera , Reuters , and Associated Press . The New York Times included on their 12 March 2010 main page a photograph of Presidents Fernando Lugo of Paraguay and Rafael Correa of Ecuador " re @-@ acting to an aftershock felt Thursday [ 11 March ] in Valparaíso , Chile , the strongest since the devastating Feb. 27 earthquake " ; the photograph was followed by the headline " For Chile , More Aftershocks , and an Inauguration " . The newspaper published an extensive article titled " Aftershocks Jolt Chile as New President Is Sworn In " , which stated that the earthquake " almost overshadowed the inauguration of Chile ’ s first right @-@ wing leader in 20 years [ Piñera ] . " Other newspapers who included headlines on the earthquake on their 12 March 2010 main pages include El Mundo , El País , ABC ( the three from Madrid , Spain ) , Clarín ( Buenos Aires , Argentina ) , Bild ( Berlin , Germany ) , El Colombiano ( Medellín , Colombia ) , El Tiempo ( Bogotá , Colombia ) , The Dallas Morning News ( Dallas , Texas , United States of America ) , El Comercio ( Lima , Peru ) , and Excélsior ( Mexico City , Mexico ) .
= Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 = Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 ( MH370 / MAS370 ) was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Malaysia Airlines that disappeared on 8 March 2014 while flying from Kuala Lumpur International Airport , Malaysia , to Beijing Capital International Airport in China . The aircraft last made voice contact with air traffic control at 01 : 19 MYT , 8 March ( 17 : 19 UTC , 7 March ) when it was over the South China Sea , less than an hour after takeoff . It disappeared from air traffic controllers ' radar screens at 01 : 22 MYT . Malaysian military radar continued to track the aircraft as it deviated westwards from its planned flight path and crossed the Malay Peninsula . It left the range of Malaysian military radar at 02 : 22 while over the Andaman Sea , 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) north @-@ west of Penang in north @-@ western Malaysia . The aircraft , a Boeing 777 @-@ 200ER , was carrying 12 Malaysian crew members and 227 passengers from 15 nations . A multinational search effort began in the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea , from whence the aircraft 's signal was last seen on secondary surveillance radar , and was soon extended to the Strait of Malacca and Andaman Sea . Analysis of satellite communications between the aircraft and Inmarsat 's satellite communications network concluded that the flight continued until at least 08 : 19 and flew south into the southern Indian Ocean , although the precise location cannot be determined . Australia took charge of the search on 17 March , when the search moved to the southern Indian Ocean . On 24 March , the Malaysian government noted that the final location determined by the satellite communication is far from any possible landing sites , and concluded that " Flight MH370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean . " The current phase of the search , the largest and most expensive in aviation history , is a comprehensive survey of the sea floor about 1 @,@ 800 kilometres ( 970 nmi ) south @-@ west of Perth , Western Australia , which began in October 2014 . Nothing was found of the aircraft until 29 July 2015 , when a piece of marine debris , later confirmed to be a flaperon from Flight 370 , washed ashore on Réunion Island . Although multiple additional small pieces of debris have been found , the bulk of the aircraft has still not been located , prompting many theories about its disappearance . Malaysia established the Joint Investigation Team ( JIT ) to investigate the incident , working with foreign aviation authorities and experts . Neither the crew nor the aircraft 's communication systems relayed a distress signal , indications of bad weather , or technical problems before the aircraft vanished . Two passengers travelling on stolen passports were investigated , but eliminated as suspects . Malaysian police have identified the captain as the prime suspect if human intervention was the cause of the disappearance , after clearing all others on the flight of suspicious motives . Power was lost to the aircraft 's satellite data unit ( SDU ) at some point between 01 : 07 and 02 : 03 ; the SDU logged onto Inmarsat 's satellite communication network at 02 : 25 — three minutes after the aircraft left the range of radar . Based on analysis of the satellite communications , the aircraft turned south after passing north of Sumatra and the flight continued for five hours with little deviation in its track , ending when its fuel was exhausted . With the presumed loss of all on board , Flight 370 is the second deadliest incident involving a Boeing 777 and the second deadliest incident in Malaysia Airlines ' history , behind Flight 17 in both categories . Malaysia Airlines was struggling financially , a problem that was exacerbated by a decline in ticket sales after Flight 370 and the crash of Flight 17 ; the airline was renationalised by the end of 2014 . The Malaysian government received significant criticism , especially from China , for failing to disclose information promptly during the early weeks of the search . Flight 370 's disappearance brought to public attention the limits of aircraft tracking and flight recorders , including several issues raised four years earlier — but never mandated — following the loss of Air France Flight 447 . In response to Flight 370 's disappearance , the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) adopted new standards for aircraft position reporting over open ocean , extended recording time for cockpit voice recorders , and , from 2020 , will require new aircraft designs to have a means to recover the flight recorders , or the information they contain , before the recorders sink below water . = = Aircraft = = Flight 370 was operated with a Boeing 777 @-@ 2H6ER , serial number 28420 , registration 9M @-@ MRO . It was the 404th Boeing 777 produced , first flown on 14 May 2002 , and was delivered new to Malaysia Airlines on 31 May 2002 . The aircraft was powered by two Rolls @-@ Royce Trent 892 engines and configured to carry 282 passengers . It had accumulated 53 @,@ 471 @.@ 6 hours and 7 @,@ 526 cycles in service and had not previously been involved in any major incidents , though a minor incident while taxiing at Shanghai Pudong International Airport in August 2012 resulted in a broken wing tip . Its last maintenance " A check " was carried out on 23 February 2014 . The aircraft was in compliance with all applicable Airworthiness Directives for the airframe and engines . A replenishment of the crew oxygen system was performed on 7 March 2014 , a routine maintenance task ; an examination of this procedure found nothing unusual . The Boeing 777 was introduced in 1994 and is generally regarded as having an excellent safety record . Since its first commercial flight in June 1995 , there have been only four other serious incidents involving hull @-@ loss : British Airways Flight 38 in 2008 ; a cockpit fire in a parked EgyptAir Flight 667 at Cairo International Airport in 2011 ; the crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 214 in 2013 , in which three people died ; and Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 , which was shot down over Ukraine with 298 people aboard in July 2014 . = = Passengers and crew = = Malaysia Airlines released the names and nationalities of the 227 passengers and 12 crew members , based on the flight manifest , later modified to include two Iranian passengers travelling on stolen passports . = = = Crew = = = All 12 crew members were Malaysian citizens . Two pilots were among the crew : The pilot in command was 53 @-@ year @-@ old Captain Zaharie Ahmad Shah from Penang . He joined Malaysia Airlines as a cadet pilot in 1981 and , after training and receiving his commercial pilot 's licence , became a Second Officer with the airline in 1983 . Zaharie was promoted to Captain of the Boeing 737 @-@ 400 in 1991 , Captain of Airbus A330 @-@ 300 in 1996 , and to Captain of Boeing 777 @-@ 200 in 1998 . He had been a Type Rating Instructor and Type Rating Examiner since 2007 and had 18 @,@ 365 hours of flying experience . The co @-@ pilot was 27 @-@ year @-@ old First Officer Fariq Abdul Hamid . He joined Malaysia Airlines as a cadet pilot in 2007 and became a Second Officer on Boeing 737 @-@ 400 aircraft . He was promoted to First Officer of Boeing 737 @-@ 400 aircraft in 2010 and later transitioned to Airbus A330 @-@ 300 aircraft in 2012 . In November 2013 , he began training as First Officer on Boeing 777 @-@ 200 aircraft . Flight 370 was his final training flight and he was scheduled to be examined on his next flight . Fariq had 2 @,@ 763 hours of flying experience . = = = Passengers = = = Of the 227 passengers , 152 were Chinese citizens , including a group of 19 artists with six family members and four staff returning from a calligraphy exhibition of their work in Kuala Lumpur ; 38 passengers were Malaysian . The remaining passengers were from 13 different countries . Twenty passengers — 12 of whom were from Malaysia and eight from China — were employees of Freescale Semiconductor . Under a 2007 agreement with Malaysia Airlines , Tzu Chi — an international Buddhist organisation — immediately sent specially trained teams to Beijing and Malaysia to give emotional support to passengers ' families . The airline also sent its own team of caregivers and volunteers and agreed to bear the expenses of bringing family members of the passengers to Kuala Lumpur and providing them with accommodation , medical care , and counselling . Altogether , 115 family members of the Chinese passengers flew to Kuala Lumpur . Some other family members chose to remain in China , fearing they would feel too isolated in Malaysia . = = Disappearance = = Flight 370 was a scheduled flight in the early morning hours of 8 March 2014 from Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia to Beijing , China . It was one of two daily flights operated by Malaysia Airlines from its hub at Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) to Beijing Capital International Airport — scheduled to depart at 00 : 35 local time ( MYT ; UTC + 08 : 00 ) and arrive at 06 : 30 local time ( CST ; UTC + 08 : 00 ) . On board were 227 passengers , 10 cabin crew , two pilots , and 14 @,@ 296 kg ( 31 @,@ 517 lb ) of cargo . The planned flight duration was 5 hours , 34 minutes , which would consume an estimated 37 @,@ 200 kg ( 82 @,@ 000 lb ) of jet fuel . The aircraft carried 49 @,@ 100 kilograms ( 108 @,@ 200 lb ) of fuel , including reserves , allowing an endurance of 7 hours , 31 minutes . The extra fuel was enough to divert to alternate airports — Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport and Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport — which would require 4 @,@ 800 kg ( 10 @,@ 600 lb ) or 10 @,@ 700 kg ( 23 @,@ 600 lb ) , respectively , to reach from Beijing . = = = Departure = = = At 00 : 42 MYT , Flight 370 took off from runway 32R , and was cleared by air traffic control ( ATC ) to climb to flight level 180 — approximately 18 @,@ 000 feet ( 5 @,@ 500 m ) — on a direct path to navigational waypoint IGARI ( located at 6 ° 56 ' 12 ″ N 103 ° 35 ' 6 ″ E ) . Voice analysis has determined that the First Officer communicated with ATC while the flight was on the ground and that the Captain communicated with ATC after departure . Shortly after departure , the flight was transferred from the airport 's ATC to " Lumpur Radar " air traffic control on frequency 132 @.@ 6 MHz . ATC over peninsular Malaysia and adjacent waters is provided by the Kuala Lumpur Area Control Centre ( ACC ) ; Lumpur Radar is the name of the frequency used for en route air traffic . At 00 : 46 , Lumpur Radar cleared Flight 370 to flight level 350 — approximately 35 @,@ 000 ft ( 10 @,@ 700 m ) . At 01 : 01 , Flight 370 's crew reported to Lumpur Radar that they had reached flight level 350 , which they confirmed again at 01 : 08 . = = = Communication lost = = = The aircraft 's final automated position report and last transmission , using the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System ( ACARS ) protocol , was sent at 01 : 07 MYT ; among the data provided in the message was total fuel remaining — 43 @,@ 800 kg ( 96 @,@ 600 lb ) . The final verbal contact with air traffic control occurred at 01 : 19 : 30 , when Captain Shah acknowledged a send @-@ off by Lumpur Radar to Ho Chi Minh ACC : Lumpur Radar : " Malaysian three seven zero , contact Ho Chi Minh one two zero decimal nine . Good night . " Flight 370 : " Good night . Malaysian three seven zero . " The crew was expected to contact air traffic control in Ho Chi Minh City as the aircraft passed into Vietnamese airspace , just north of the point where contact was lost . The captain of another aircraft attempted to reach the crew of Flight 370 " just after [ 01 : 30 ] " using the international distress frequency to relay Vietnamese air traffic control 's request for the crew to contact them ; the captain said he was able to establish contact , but only heard " mumbling " and static . Calls made to Flight 370 's cockpit at 02 : 39 and 07 : 13 were unanswered but acknowledged by the aircraft 's satellite data unit . = = = Radar = = = At 01 : 20 : 31 MYT , Flight 370 was observed on radar at the Kuala Lumpur ACC as it passed the navigational waypoint IGARI ( 6 ° 56 ′ 12 ″ N 103 ° 35 ′ 6 ″ E ) in the Gulf of Thailand ; five seconds later , the Mode @-@ S symbol disappeared from radar screens . At 01 : 21 : 13 , Flight 370 disappeared from the radar screen at Kuala Lumpur ACC and was lost about the same time on radar at Ho Chi Minh ACC , which reported that the aircraft was at the nearby waypoint BITOD . Air traffic control uses secondary radar , which relies on a signal emitted by a transponder on aircraft ; therefore , the transponder was no longer functioning on Flight 370 after 01 : 21 . The final transponder data indicated that the aircraft was flying at its assigned cruise altitude of flight level 350 and was travelling at 471 knots ( 872 km / h ; 542 mph ) true airspeed . There were few clouds around this point and no rain or lightning nearby . Later analysis estimated that Flight 370 had 41 @,@ 500 kg ( 91 @,@ 500 lb ) of fuel when it disappeared from secondary radar . At the time that the transponder stopped functioning , military radar showed Flight 370 turning right , but then beginning a left turn to a south @-@ westerly direction . From 01 : 30 : 35 – 01 : 35 , military radar showed Flight 370 at 35 @,@ 700 ft ( 10 @,@ 900 m ) on a 231 ° magnetic heading , with a ground speed of 496 knots ( 919 km / h ; 571 mph ) . Flight 370 continued across the Malay Peninsula , fluctuating between 31 @,@ 000 – 33 @,@ 000 ft ( 9 @,@ 400 – 10 @,@ 100 m ) in altitude . A civilian primary radar at Sultan Ismail Petra Airport with a 60 nmi ( 110 km ; 69 mi ) range made four detections of an unidentified aircraft between 01 : 30 : 37 and 01 : 52 : 35 ; the tracks of the unidentified aircraft are " consistent with those of the military data . " At 01 : 52 , Flight 370 was detected passing just south of Penang Island . From there , the aircraft flew across the Strait of Malacca passing close to the waypoint VAMPI , and Pulau Perak at 02 : 03 , after which it flew along air route N571 to waypoints MEKAR , NILAM , and possibly IGOGU . The last known location , from and near the limits of Malaysian military radar , was at 02 : 22 , 10 nmi ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) after passing waypoint MEKAR and 200 nmi ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) northwest of Penang at an altitude of 29 @,@ 500 ft ( 9 @,@ 000 m ) . Countries were reluctant to release information collected from military radar because of sensitivity about revealing their capabilities . Indonesia has an early warning radar system but its air traffic control radar did not register any aircraft with the transponder code used by Flight 370 , despite the aircraft possibly having flown near , or over , the northern tip of Sumatra . Indonesian military radar tracked Flight 370 earlier when en route to waypoint IGARI before the transponder is thought to have been turned off , but did not provide information on whether it was detected afterwards . Thailand and Vietnam also detected Flight 370 on radar before the transponder stopped working . The radar position symbols for the transponder code used by Flight 370 vanished after the transponder is thought to have been turned off . Thai military radar detected an aircraft that might have been Flight 370 , but it is not known what time the last radar contact was made . The signal did not include identifying data . No radar contact was detected by Australia , including the JORN over @-@ the @-@ horizon radar system , which was believed to be looking north to detect illegal migrants and not west over the Indian Ocean where Flight 370 is thought to have flown . = = = Satellite communication resumes = = = At 02 : 25 MYT , the aircraft 's satellite communication system sent a " log @-@ on request " message — the first message on the system since the ACARS transmission at 01 : 07 — which was relayed by satellite to a ground station , both operated by satellite telecommunications company Inmarsat . After logging on to the network , the satellite data unit aboard the aircraft responded to hourly status requests from Inmarsat and two ground @-@ to @-@ aircraft phone calls , at 02 : 39 and 07 : 13 , which went unanswered by the cockpit . The final status request and aircraft acknowledgement occurred at 08 : 10 . The aircraft sent a log @-@ on request at 08 : 19 : 29 , which was followed , after a response from the ground station , by a " log @-@ on acknowledgement " message at 08 : 19 : 37 . The log @-@ on acknowledgement is the last piece of data available from Flight 370 . The aircraft did not respond to a status request from Inmarsat at 09 : 15 . = = = Response by air traffic control = = = At 01 : 38 MYT , Ho Chi Minh Area Control Centre ( ACC ) contacted Kuala Lumpur Area Control Centre to query the whereabouts of Flight 370 and informed them that they had not established verbal contact with Flight 370 , which was last detected by radar at waypoint BITOD . The two centres exchanged four more calls over the next 20 minutes with no new information . At 02 : 03 , Kuala Lumpur ACC relayed to Ho Chi Minh ACC information received from Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre that Flight 370 was in Cambodian airspace . Ho Chi Minh ACC contacted Kuala Lumpur ACC twice in the following eight minutes asking for confirmation that Flight 370 was in Cambodian airspace . At 02 : 15 , the watch supervisor at Kuala Lumpur ACC queried Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre , which said that it could exchange signals with Flight 370 and that Flight 370 was in Cambodian airspace . Kuala Lumpur ACC contacted Ho Chi Minh ACC to ask whether the planned flight path for Flight 370 passed through Cambodian airspace . Ho Chi Minh ACC responded that Flight 370 was not supposed to enter Cambodian airspace and that they had already contacted Phnom Penh ACC ( which controls Cambodian airspace ) , which had no contact with Flight 370 . Kuala Lumpur ACC contacted Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre at 02 : 34 , inquiring about the communication status with Flight 370 , and were informed that Flight 370 was in a normal condition based on a signal download and that it was located at 14 ° 54 ′ 00 ″ N 109 ° 15 ′ 00 ″ E. Later , another Malaysia Airlines aircraft ( Flight 386 bound for Shanghai ) attempted , at the request of Ho Chi Minh ACC , to contact Flight 370 on the Lumpur Radar frequency — the frequency on which Flight 370 last made contact with Malaysian air traffic control — and on emergency frequencies . The attempt was unsuccessful . At 03 : 30 , Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre informed Kuala Lumpur ACC that the locations it had provided earlier were " based on flight projection and not reliable for aircraft positioning . " Over the next hour , Kuala Lumpur ACC contacted Ho Chi Minh ACC asking whether they had contacted Chinese air traffic control . At 05 : 09 , Singapore ACC was queried for information about Flight 370 . At 05 : 20 , an undisclosed official — identified in the preliminary report released by Malaysia as " Capt [ name redacted ] " — contacted Kuala Lumpur ACC requesting information about Flight 370 ; he opined that , based on known information , " MH370 never left Malaysian airspace . " The watch supervisor at Kuala Lumpur ACC activated the Kuala Lumpur Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre ( ARCC ) at 05 : 30 , over four hours after communication was lost with Flight 370 . The ARCC is a command post at an Area Control Centre that coordinates search @-@ and @-@ rescue activities when an aircraft is lost . = = = Announcement of disappearance = = = Malaysia Airlines issued a media statement at 07 : 24 MYT , one hour after the scheduled arrival time of the flight at Beijing , stating that contact with the flight had been lost by Malaysian ATC at 02 : 40 and that the government had initiated search @-@ and @-@ rescue operations ; the time when contact was lost was later corrected to 01 : 21 . Neither the crew nor the aircraft 's communication systems relayed a distress signal , indications of bad weather , or technical problems before the aircraft vanished from radar screens . = = = Reported sightings = = = The news media reported several sightings of an aircraft that fit the description of the missing Boeing 777 . For example , on 19 March 2014 , CNN reported that witnesses , including fishermen , an oil rig worker and people on the Kuda Huvadhoo atoll in the Maldives saw the missing airliner . Some claimed to have seen it crash . Three months later , the Daily Telegraph reported that a British woman claimed she may have seen the aircraft on fire . = = = Presumed loss = = = On 24 March , Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak appeared before media at 22 : 00 local time to give a statement regarding Flight 370 , during which he announced that he had been briefed by the Air Accidents Investigation Branch that it and Inmarsat ( the satellite data provider ) had concluded that the airliner 's last position before it disappeared was in the southern Indian Ocean . As there were no places there where it could have landed , the aircraft must therefore have crashed into the sea . Just before Najib spoke at 22 : 00 MYT , an emergency meeting was called in Beijing for relatives of Flight 370 passengers . Malaysia Airlines announced that Flight 370 was assumed lost with no survivors . It notified most of the families in person or via telephone , and some received a SMS ( in English and Chinese ) informing them that it was highly likely that the aircraft had crashed with no survivors . On 29 January 2015 the Director General of the Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia , Azharuddin Abdul Rahman , announced that the status of Flight 370 would be changed to an " accident " , in accordance with the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation . If the official assumption is confirmed , Flight 370 was the deadliest aviation incident in the history of Malaysia Airlines at the time of its disappearance , surpassing the 1977 hijacking and crash of Malaysian Airline System Flight 653 that killed all 100 passengers and crew on board , and the deadliest involving a Boeing 777 , surpassing Asiana Airlines Flight 214 ( 3 fatalities ) . In both of those categories , Flight 370 was surpassed 131 days later by Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 , another Boeing 777 @-@ 200ER , which was shot down on 17 July 2014 , killing all 298 people aboard . = = Search = = A search and rescue effort was launched in Southeast Asia soon after the aircraft 's disappearance . After initial analysis of communications between the aircraft and a satellite , the surface search was moved the following week to the southern Indian Ocean . Between 18 March and 28 April 19 vessels and 345 sorties by military aircraft searched over 4 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . The current phase of the search is a bathymetric survey and sonar search of the sea floor , about 1 @,@ 800 kilometres ( 970 nmi ; 1 @,@ 100 mi ) south @-@ west of Perth , Western Australia . Since 30 March 2014 the search has been coordinated by the Joint Agency Coordination Centre ( JACC ) , an Australian government agency established specifically to co @-@ ordinate the search effort to locate and recover Flight 370 , which primarily involves the Malaysian , Chinese , and Australian governments . The search for Flight 370 is the most expensive search operation in aviation history . In June 2014 , Time estimated that the total search effort to that point had cost approximately US $ 70 million . The tender for the underwater search is AU $ 52 million ( US $ 43 million or € 35 million ) — shared by Australia and Malaysia — for 12 months . = = = Southeast Asia = = = The Kuala Lumpur Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre ( ARCC ) was activated at 05 : 30 MYT — four hours after communication was lost with the aircraft — to co @-@ ordinate search and rescue efforts . Search efforts began in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea . On the second day of the search , Malaysian officials said that radar recordings indicated Flight 370 may have turned around ; the search zone was expanded to include part of the Strait of Malacca . On 12 March , the chief of the Royal Malaysian Air Force announced that an unidentified aircraft — believed to be Flight 370 — had travelled across the Malay peninsula and was last sighted on military radar 370 km ( 200 nmi ; 230 mi ) northwest of Penang Island ; search efforts were subsequently increased in the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal . Records of signals sent between the aircraft and a communications satellite over the Indian Ocean revealed that the aircraft had continued flying for almost six hours after its final sighting on Malaysian military radar . Initial analysis of these communications determined that Flight 370 was along one of two arcs — equidistant from the satellite — when its last signal was sent ; the same day this analysis was publicly disclosed , 15 March , authorities announced they would abandon search efforts in the South China Sea , Gulf of Thailand , and Strait of Malacca to focus their efforts on the two corridors . The northern arc — from northern Thailand to Kazakhstan — was soon discounted as the aircraft would have had to pass through heavily militarised airspace and those countries claimed their military radar would have detected an unidentified aircraft entering their airspace . = = = Southern Indian Ocean = = = The focus of the search shifted to the Southern Indian Ocean west of Australia and within Australia 's aeronautical and maritime Search and Rescue regions that extend to 75 ° E longitude . Accordingly , on 17 March , Australia agreed to lead the search in the southern locus from Sumatra to the southern Indian Ocean . = = = = Initial search = = = = From 18 – 27 March 2014 the search effort focused on a 305 @,@ 000 km2 ( 118 @,@ 000 sq mi ) area about 2 @,@ 600 km ( 1 @,@ 400 nmi ; 1 @,@ 600 mi ) south @-@ west of Perth that Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said is " as close to nowhere as it 's possible to be " and which is renowned for its strong winds , inhospitable climate , hostile seas , and deep ocean floors . Satellite imagery of the region was analysed ; several objects of interest and two possible debris fields were identified on images captured between 16 – 26 March . None of these possible objects were found by aircraft or ships . Revised estimates of the radar track and the aircraft 's remaining fuel led to a move of the search 1 @,@ 100 km ( 590 nmi ; 680 mi ) north @-@ east of the previous area on 28 March , which was followed by another shift on 4 April . An intense effort began to locate the underwater locator beacons ( ULBs ; informally known as " pingers " ) attached to the aircraft 's flight recorders , whose batteries were expected to expire around 7 April . Two ships equipped with towed pinger locators ( TPLs ) and a submarine equipped with a hull @-@ mounted acoustic system began searching for pings along a 240 @-@ kilometre ( 150 mi ) seabed line believed to be the Flight 370 impact area . Operators considered it a shot in the dark , when comparing the vast search area with the fact that a TPL could only search up to 130 km2 ( 50 sq mi ) per day . Between 4 – 8 April several acoustic detections were made that were close to the frequency and rhythm of the sound emitted by the flight recorders ' ULBs ; analysis of the acoustic detections determined that , although unlikely , the detections could have come from a damaged ULB . A sonar search of the sea @-@ floor near the detections was carried out between 14 April and 28 May without any sign of Flight 370 . In a March 2015 report , it was revealed that the battery for the ULB attached to Flight 370 's flight data recorder had expired in December 2012 and may not have been as capable . = = = = Underwater search = = = = In late June 2014 details of the next phase of the search were announced ; officials have called this phase the " underwater search " , despite the previous seafloor sonar survey . Continued refinement of analysis of Flight 370 's satellite communications identified a " wide area search " along the arc where Flight 370 was located when it last communicated with the satellite . The priority search area within the wide area search is in its southern extent . Some of the equipment to be used for the underwater search operates best when towed 200 m ( 650 ft ) above the seafloor at the end of a 10 km ( 6 mi ) cable . Available bathymetric data for this region was of poor resolution , thus necessitating a bathymetric survey of the search area before the underwater phase began . Commencing in May , the bathymetric survey charted around 208 @,@ 000 km2 ( 80 @,@ 000 sq mi ) of seafloor through 17 December 2014 , when it was suspended for the ship conducting the survey to be mobilised in the underwater search . The underwater phase of the search , which began on 6 October 2014 , uses three vessels equipped with towed deep water vehicles , which use side @-@ scan sonar , multi @-@ beam echo sounders , and video cameras to locate and identify aircraft debris . A fourth vessel participated in the search between January – May 2015 ; it had an autonomous underwater vehicle ( AUV ) to search areas which cannot be effectively searched by equipment on the other vessels . The governments of Malaysia , China , and Australia have agreed to thoroughly search 120 @,@ 000 km2 ( 46 @,@ 000 sq mi ) of seafloor . As of 29 June 2016 , over 110 @,@ 000 km2 ( 42 @,@ 000 sq mi ) of seafloor have been searched during the underwater phase of the search and the current phase is expected to be completed around August 2016 , weather permitting . In case the search does not recover the aircraft , the governments of Malaysia , China , and Australia have agreed not to extend the search area any further . Following the discovery of the flaperon on Réunion , the ATSB reviewed their drift calculations for debris from the aircraft and , according to the JACC , they are satisfied that the search area is still the most likely crash site . Reverse drift modelling of the debris , to determine its origin after 16 months , also supports the current underwater search area , although reverse drift modelling is very imprecise over long periods . = = Marine debris = = On 29 July 2015 , aircraft debris was found on a beach in Saint @-@ André , on Réunion , an island in the western Indian Ocean , about 4 @,@ 000 km ( 2 @,@ 200 nmi ; 2 @,@ 500 mi ) west of the underwater search area . The object had a stenciled internal marking " 657 BB , " consistent with the code for a portion of a right wing flaperon ( a trailing edge control surface ) from a Boeing 777 . The following day , a damaged suitcase was found which may be associated with Flight 370 . The location is consistent with models of debris dispersal 16 months after an origin in the current search area , off the west coast of Australia . On 31 July , a Chinese water bottle and an Indonesian cleaning product were found in the same area . The first object to be found was transported from Réunion — an overseas department of France — to Toulouse , for examination by France 's civil aviation accident investigation agency , the Bureau d 'Enquêtes et d 'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l 'Aviation Civile ( BEA ) , and a French defence ministry laboratory . Malaysia sent investigators to both Réunion and Toulouse . French police conducted a search of the waters around Réunion for additional debris . On 2 August , Malaysian officials confirmed that the object was a flaperon from a Boeing 777 aircraft and that the verification was made with investigators from France , Malaysia , Boeing , and the US National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) . Three days later , the Prime Minister of Malaysia announced that the discovered flaperon was confirmed to be from Flight 370 ; French officials only stated that a " very high probability " existed that the object was from Flight 370 . On 3 September , French officials announced that serial numbers found on the flaperon link it " with certainty " to Flight 370 . This serial number was retrieved via borescope . A week after the discovery of a flaperon from Flight 370 on a beach on Réunion , France announced plans for an aerial search for possible marine debris around the island . On 7 August 2015 , France began searching an area 120 km ( 75 mi ) by 40 km ( 25 mi ) along the east coast of Réunion . Foot patrols for debris along beaches were also planned . Malaysia asked authorities in neighbouring states to be on alert for marine debris which could be from an aircraft . On 14 August it was announced that no debris that could be related to Flight 370 had been found at sea off Réunion , but that some had been found on land . Air and sea searches for debris ended on 17 August . On 2 March 2016 , it was reported that an object ( with the text " no step " on it ) had been found off the coast of Mozambique and early photographic analysis suggested it could have come from the aircraft 's horizontal stabilizer . It was found in late February by Blaine Gibson on a sandbank in the Mozambique Channel , between Mozambique in eastern Africa and Madagascar ; and in the same part of the southern Indian Ocean where the only confirmed piece of debris , a flaperon , had been found the previous July . The fragment was sent to Australia where experts examined whether it originated from Flight 370 . In December 2015 , Liam Lotter found a grey piece of debris on a beach in southern Mozambique , but only after he read in March 2016 about Gibson 's find ( some 300 kilometers from his find ) did his family alert authorities . It was flown to Australia for analysis . Later in March , Australian officials said that it was highly likely that both pieces of debris were from Flight 370 , and Malaysian authorities confirmed that with almost certainty it had originated from the flight ; transport Minister Darren Chester said that investigators had found the pieces were consistent with panels from a Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 aircraft . On 24 March 2016 , the Geoscience Australia and ATSB confirmed that two panels recovered from Mozambique match that of a Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 . The location where both pieces were retrieved was found to be consistent with the drift model performed by CSIRO , further corroborating it could have come from Flight 370 . In April 2016 , the Australian analysis concluded that the Mozambique debris had " almost certainly " originated from the airplane . The items have been identified as coming from the right stabiliser and right wing respectively . On 7 March 2016 more debris , possibly from the aircraft , was found on the island of Réunion . Ab Aziz Kaprawi , Malaysia 's Deputy Transport Minister , said that " an unidentified grey item with a blue border " , might be linked to Flight 370 . Both Malaysian and Australian authorities , coordinating the search in the South Indian Ocean , sent teams to verify whether the debris was from the missing aircraft . On 21 March 2016 , South African based archaeologist Neels Kruger found a fragment with a partial Rolls Royce engine manufacturers logo on a beach near Mossel Bay , South Africa . An acknowledgement of a possible part of an engine cowling was made by the Malaysian Ministry of Transport . An additional piece of possible debris , suggested to have come from the interior of the aircraft , was found on the island of Rodrigues , Mauritius , in late March and was to be examined by Australian authorities . On 11 May 2016 , the authority determined that these two pieces of debris are " almost certainly " from Flight 370 . On 9 June 2016 , The Sydney Morning Herald reported that a man named Samuel Armstrong had found what could possibly be debris from the aircraft , a piece with similar coloring to Malaysia Airlines ' clear @-@ gray livery on the bottom of their aircraft 's fuselage and a pyramid or seven @-@ shaped figure on it , at a location on Kangaroo Island , southern Australia . South Australian police collected the piece and it was to be delivered to the ATSB for further investigation . The examination found out it was not from the flight . On 24 June 2016 , the Australian Transport Minister , Darren Chester , said that a piece of aircraft debris was found on Pemba Island , off of the coast of Tanzania . It was handed over to the authorities so that experts from Malaysia can determinate whether it is part of the aircraft . The Australian government released photos of the piece , believed to be an outboard wing flap , on 20 July . = = Investigation = = = = = International participation = = = Malaysia set up a Joint Investigation Team ( JIT ) , composed of specialists from Malaysia , Australia , China , the UK , the US , and France , led according to ICAO standards by " an independent investigator in charge " . The team consists of an airworthiness group , an operations group , and a medical and human factors group . The airworthiness group will examine issues related to maintenance records , structures , and systems of the aircraft . The operations group will review flight recorders , operations , and meteorology . The medical and human factors group will investigate psychological , pathological , and survival factors . Malaysia also announced , on 6 April , that it had set up three ministerial committees — a Next of Kin Committee , a committee to organise the formation of the Joint Investigation Team , and a committee responsible for Malaysian assets deployed in the search effort . The criminal investigation is being led by the Royal Malaysia Police , assisted by Interpol and other relevant international law enforcement authorities . On 17 March , Australia took control for co @-@ ordinating search , rescue , and recovery operations . For the following six weeks , the Australian Maritime Safety Authority ( AMSA ) and Australian Transport Safety Board ( ATSB ) worked to determine the search area , correlating information with the JIT and other government and academic sources , while the Joint Agency Coordination Centre ( JACC ) coordinated the search efforts . Following the fourth phase of the search , the ATSB took responsibility for defining the search area . In May , the search strategy working group was established by the ATSB to determine the most likely position on the aircraft at the 00 : 19 UTC ( 08 : 19 MYT ) satellite transmission . The group included aircraft and satellite experts from : Air Accidents Investigation Branch ( UK ) , Boeing ( US ) , Defence Science and Technology Group ( Australia ) , Department of Civil Aviation ( Malaysia ) , Inmarsat ( UK ) , National Transportation Safety Board ( US ) , and Thales ( UK ) . The Malaysian Ministry of Transport issued an interim report entitled " Factual Information : Safety Information for MH370 " on 8 March 2015 . As suggested by the report 's title , it focused on providing factual information and not analysis of possible causes of the disappearance . = = = Analysis of satellite communication = = = The communications between Flight 370 and the satellite communication network operated by Inmarsat , which were relayed by the Inmarsat @-@ 3 F1 satellite , provide the only significant clues to the location of Flight 370 after disappearing from Malaysian military radar at 02 : 22 MYT . These communications have also been used to deduce possible in @-@ flight events ( see next section ) . The investigative team was challenged with reconstructing the flight path of Flight 370 from a limited set of transmissions with no explicit information about the aircraft 's location , heading , or speed . = = = = Background = = = = Aeronautical satellite communication ( SATCOM ) systems are used to transmit messages from the aircraft cockpit as well as automated messages from on @-@ board systems using the ACARS communications protocol , but may also be used to transmit FANS and ATN messages and provide voice , fax and data links using other protocols . The aircraft 's satellite data unit ( SDU ) is used to send and receive signals with the satellite communications network ; it operates independently of other aircraft equipment that communicate through the SATCOM system , many using the ACARS protocol . Signals from the SDU are relayed by a satellite , which simply changes the signal 's frequency , and then received by a ground station , which processes the signal and , if applicable , routes it to its destination ( e.g. , Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre ) ; signals to the aircraft are sent in reverse order . When the SDU is powered on and attempts to connect with the Inmarsat network , it transmits a log @-@ on request , which the ground station acknowledges . This is , in part , to determine that the SDU belongs to an active service subscriber and also used to determine which satellite should be used to transmit messages to the SDU . After connecting , if a ground station has not received any contact from a terminal for one hour , the ground station will transmit a " log @-@ on interrogation " message — informally referred to as a " ping " ; an active terminal responds automatically . The entire process of interrogating the terminal is referred to as a ' handshake ' . = = = = Communications from 02 : 25 to 08 : 19 MYT = = = = Although the ACARS data link on Flight 370 stopped functioning between 01 : 07 and 02 : 03 MYT , the SDU remained operative . After last contact by primary radar west of Malaysia , the following events were recorded in the log of Inmarsat 's ground station at Perth , Western Australia ( all times are MYT / UTC + 8 ) : 02 : 25 : 27 – First handshake – a log @-@ on request initiated by aircraft 02 : 39 : 52 – Ground to aircraft telephone call , acknowledged by SDU , unanswered 03 : 41 : 00 – Second handshake ( initiated by ground station ) 04 : 41 : 02 – Third handshake ( initiated by ground station ) 05 : 41 : 24 – Fourth handshake ( initiated by ground station ) 06 : 41 : 19 – Fifth handshake ( initiated by ground station ) 07 : 13 : 58 – Ground to aircraft telephone call , acknowledged by SDU , unanswered 08 : 10 : 58 – Sixth handshake ( initiated by ground station ) 08 : 19 : 29 – Seventh handshake ( initiated by aircraft ) ; widely reported as a " partial handshake ' " , consisting of two transmissions : 08 : 19 : 29 @.@ 416 – " log @-@ on request " message transmitted by aircraft ( seventh " partial " handshake ) 08 : 19 : 37 @.@ 443 – " log @-@ on acknowledge " message transmitted by aircraft , last transmission received from Flight 370 The aircraft did not respond to a ping at 09 : 15 . = = = = Deductions = = = = A few deductions can be made from the satellite communications . The first is that the aircraft remained operational until at least 08 : 19 MYT — seven hours after final contact was made with air traffic control over the South China Sea . The varying burst frequency offset ( BFO ) values indicate the aircraft was moving at speed . The aircraft 's SDU needs location and track information to keep its antenna pointed towards the satellite , so it can also be deduced that the aircraft 's navigation system was operational . Since the aircraft did not respond to a ping at 09 : 15 , it can be concluded that at some point between 08 : 19 and 09 : 15 , the aircraft lost the ability to communicate with the ground station . The log @-@ on message sent from the aircraft at 08 : 19 : 29 was " log @-@ on request " . There are only a few reasons the SDU would transmit a log @-@ on request , such as a power interruption , software failure , loss of critical systems providing input to the SDU , or a loss of the link due to the aircraft 's attitude . Investigators consider the most likely reason to be that it was sent during power @-@ up after an electrical outage . At 08 : 19 , the aircraft had been airborne for 7 h 38 min ; the typical Kuala Lumpur @-@ Beijing flight is 51 ⁄ 2 hours and fuel exhaustion was likely . In the event of fuel exhaustion and engine flame @-@ out — which would eliminate power to the SDU — the aircraft 's ram air turbine ( RAT ) would deploy , providing power to some instruments and flight controls , including the SDU . Approximately 90 seconds after the 02 : 25 handshake — also a log @-@ on request — communications from the aircraft 's inflight entertainment system were recorded in the ground station log . Similar messages would be expected following the 08 : 19 handshake but none were received , supporting the fuel exhaustion scenario . = = = = Analysis = = = = Two parameters associated with these transmissions that were recorded in a log at the ground station were key to the investigation : Burst time offset ( BTO ) – the time difference between when a signal is sent from the ground station and when the response is received . This measure is proportional to twice the distance from the ground station via the satellite to the aircraft and includes the time that the SDU takes between receiving and responding to the message and time between reception and processing at the ground station . This measure can be analysed to determine the distance between the satellite and the aircraft and results in a ring on the Earth 's surface that is equidistant from the satellite at the calculated distance , which can be reduced to arcs by eliminating parts of the rings outside the aircraft 's range . Burst frequency offset ( BFO ) – the difference between the expected and received frequency of transmissions . The difference is caused by Doppler shifts as the signals travelled from the aircraft to the satellite to the ground station ; the frequency translations made in the satellite and at the ground station ; a small , constant error ( bias ) in the SDU that results from drift and aging ; and compensation applied by the SDU to counter the Doppler shift on the uplink . This measure can be analysed to determine the aircraft 's speed and heading , but multiple combinations of speed and heading can be valid solutions . By combining the distance between the aircraft and satellite , speed , and heading with aircraft performance constraints ( e.g. fuel consumption , possible speeds and altitudes ) , investigators generated candidate paths that were analysed separately by two methods . The first assumed the aircraft was flying on one of the three autopilot modes ( two are further affected by whether the navigation system used magnetic north or true north as a reference ) , calculated the BTO and BFO values along these routes , and compared them with the values recorded from Flight 370 . The second method generated paths which had the aircraft 's speed and heading adjusted at the time of each handshake to minimise the difference between the calculated BFO of the path and the values recorded from Flight 370 . A probability distribution for each method at the BTO arc of the sixth handshake of the two methods was created and then compared ; 80 percent of the highest probability paths for both analyses combined intersect the BTO arc of the sixth handshake between 32 @.@ 5 ° S and 38 @.@ 1 ° S , which can be extrapolated to 33 @.@ 5 ° S and 38 @.@ 3 ° S along the BTO arc of the seventh handshake . = = = Possible in @-@ flight events = = = = = = = Power interruption = = = = The SATCOM link functioned normally from pre @-@ flight ( beginning at 00 : 00 MYT ) until it responded to a ground @-@ to @-@ air ACARS message with an acknowledge message at 01 : 07 . Ground @-@ to @-@ air ACARS messages continued to be transmitted to Flight 370 until Inmarsat 's network sent multiple " Request for Acknowledge " messages at 02 : 03 , without a response from the aircraft . At some time between 01 : 07 and 02 : 03 , power was lost to the SDU . At 02 : 25 , the aircraft 's SDU sent a " log @-@ on request " . It is not common for a log @-@ on request to be made in @-@ flight , but it could occur for multiple reasons . An analysis of the characteristics and timing of these requests suggest a power interruption in @-@ flight is the most likely culprit . As the power interruption was not due to engine flame @-@ out , per ATSB , it may have been the result of manually switching off the aircraft 's electrical system . = = = = Unresponsive crew or hypoxia = = = = An analysis by the ATSB comparing the evidence available for Flight 370 with three categories of accidents — an in @-@ flight upset ( e.g. , stall ) , a glide event ( e.g. , engine failure , fuel exhaustion ) , and an unresponsive crew or hypoxia event — concluded that an unresponsive crew or hypoxia event " best fit the available evidence " for the five @-@ hour period of the flight as it travelled south over the Indian Ocean without communication or significant deviations in its track , likely on autopilot . No consensus exists among investigators on the unresponsive crew or hypoxia theory . If no control inputs were made following flameout and the disengagement of autopilot , the aircraft would likely have entered a spiral dive and entered the ocean within 20 nmi ( 37 km ; 23 mi ) of the flameout and disengagement of autopilot . = = = Possible causes of disappearance = = = = = = = Passenger involvement = = = = Two men boarded Flight 370 with stolen passports , which raised suspicion in the immediate aftermath of its disappearance . The passports , one Austrian and one Italian , were reported stolen in Thailand within the preceding two years . Interpol stated that both passports were listed on its database of lost and stolen passports , and that no check had been made against its database . Malaysia 's Home Minister , Ahmad Zahid Hamidi , criticised his country 's immigration officials for failing to stop the passengers travelling on the stolen European passports . The two one @-@ way tickets purchased for the holders of the stolen passports were booked through China Southern Airlines . It was reported that an Iranian had ordered the cheapest tickets to Europe via telephone in Bangkok , Thailand , and paid in cash . The two passengers were later identified as Iranian men , one aged 19 and the other 29 , who had entered Malaysia on 28 February using valid Iranian passports . The head of Interpol said the organization was " inclined to conclude that it was not a terrorist incident " . The two men were believed to be asylum seekers . United States and Malaysian officials were reviewing the backgrounds of every passenger named on the manifest . On 18 March , the Chinese government announced that it had checked all of the Chinese citizens on the aircraft and ruled out the possibility that any were involved in " destruction or terror attacks " . One passenger who worked as a flight engineer for a Swiss jet charter company was briefly suspected as a potential hijacker because he was thought to have the relevant skill set . = = = = Crew involvement = = = = Investigators believe someone in the cockpit of Flight 370 re @-@ programmed the aircraft 's autopilot before it travelled south across the Indian Ocean . Police searched the homes of the pilots and seized financial records for all 12 crew members , including bank statements , credit card bills and mortgage documents . On 2 April 2014 , Malaysia 's Police Inspector @-@ General said that more than 170 interviews had been conducted as part of Malaysia 's criminal investigation , including interviews with family members of the pilots and crew . Media reports have claimed that Malaysian police have identified Captain Shah as the prime suspect if human intervention is proven to be the cause of Flight 370 's disappearance . The United States ' Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) reconstructed the deleted data from Captain Shah 's home flight simulator ; a Malaysian government spokesman indicated that " nothing sinister " had been found on it but a leaked American document stated that a route on the pilot 's home flight simulator , closely matching the projected flight over the Indian Ocean , was found during the FBI analysis of the hard drive of the computer used for the flight simulator . The preliminary report issued by Malaysia in March 2015 stated that there was " no evidence of recent or imminent significant financial transactions carried out " by any of the pilots or crew and that analysis of the behaviour of the pilots on CCTV showed " no significant behavioural changes " . = = = = Cargo = = = = Flight 370 was carrying 10 @,@ 806 kg ( 23 @,@ 823 lb ) of cargo , of which four ULDs of mangosteens and 221 kg ( 487 lb ) of lithium @-@ ion batteries are of interest , according to Malaysian investigators . The four ULDs of mangosteens were loaded into the aft cargo bay of the aircraft . The lithium @-@ ion batteries were divided among two pallets in the forward cargo bay and one pallet placed in the rear of the aft cargo bay . The lithium @-@ ion batteries were contained in a 2 @,@ 453 kg ( 5 @,@ 408 lb ) consignment being transported between Motorola Solutions facilities in Bayan Lepas , Malaysia and Tianjin , China ; the rest of the consignment consisted of walkie @-@ talkie chargers and accessories . The batteries were assembled on 7 March and transported to the Penang Cargo Complex to be transported by MASkargo — Malaysia Airlines ' cargo subsidiary — to be loaded onto a lorry to transport it to Kuala Lumpur International Airport and onwards by air to Beijing . At the Penang Cargo Complex , the consignment was inspected by MASkargo employees and Malaysian customs officials , but did not go through a security screening , before the truck was sealed for transfer to the airport . The consignment did not go through any additional inspections at Kuala Lumpur International Airport before it was loaded onto Flight 370 . Because the batteries were packaged in accordance with IATA guidelines , they were not regulated as dangerous goods . Lithium @-@ ion batteries can cause intense fires if they overheat and ignite , which has led to strict regulations on their transport aboard aircraft . A fire fuelled by lithium @-@ ion batteries caused the crash of UPS Airlines Flight 6 and lithium @-@ ion batteries are suspected to have caused a fire which resulted in the crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 991 ; both were cargo aircraft . Some airlines have stopped carrying bulk shipments of lithium @-@ ion batteries on passenger aircraft , citing safety concerns . A 4 @,@ 566 kg ( 10 @,@ 066 lb ) consignment of mangosteens was aboard Flight 370 , over half of which was harvested in Muar , Malaysia and the remainder from Sumatra , Indonesia . The mangosteens were packaged in plastic baskets containing 8 – 9 kg ( 18 – 20 lb ) of mangosteens and covered with a water @-@ soaked sponge to preserve their freshness . The mangosteens were loaded into four ULDs at Kuala Lumpur International Airport and inspected by officials from Malaysia 's Federal Agriculture Marketing Authority before being loaded onto Flight 370 . According to the head of Malaysian police , Inspector @-@ General Tan Sir Khalid Abu Bakar , the people who handled the mangosteens and the Chinese importers were questioned to rule out sabotage . = = Aftermath = = = = = Information sharing = = = Public communication from Malaysian officials regarding the loss of the flight was initially beset with confusion . The Malaysian government and the airline released imprecise , incomplete , and sometimes inaccurate information , with civilian officials sometimes contradicting military leaders . Malaysian officials were criticised for such persistent release of contradictory information , most notably regarding the last location and time of contact with the aircraft . Although Malaysia 's acting Transport Minister Hishammuddin Hussein , who is also the country 's Defence Minister , denied the existence of problems between the participating countries , academics said that because of regional conflicts , there were genuine trust issues involved in co @-@ operation and sharing intelligence , and that these were hampering the search . International relations experts said entrenched rivalries over sovereignty , security , intelligence , and national interests made meaningful multilateral co @-@ operation very difficult . A Chinese academic made the observation that the parties were searching independently ; thus it was not a multilateral search effort . The Guardian noted the Vietnamese permission given for Chinese aircraft to overfly its airspace as a positive sign of co @-@ operation . Vietnam temporarily scaled back its search operations after the country 's Deputy Transport Minister cited a lack of communication from Malaysian officials despite requests for more information . China , through the official Xinhua News Agency , said that the Malaysian government ought to take charge and conduct the operation with greater transparency , a point echoed by the Chinese Foreign Ministry days later . Malaysia had initially declined to release raw data from its military radar , deeming the information " too sensitive , " but later acceded . Defence experts suggested that giving others access to radar information could be sensitive on a military level , for example : " The rate at which they can take the picture can also reveal how good the radar system is . " One suggested that some countries could already have had radar data on the aircraft but were reluctant to share any information that could potentially reveal their defence capabilities and compromise their own security . Similarly , submarines patrolling the South China Sea might have information in the event of a water impact , and sharing such information could reveal their locations and listening capabilities . Criticism was also levelled at the delay of the search efforts . On 11 March , three days after the aircraft disappeared , British satellite company Inmarsat had provided officials ( or its partner , SITA ) with data suggesting the aircraft was nowhere near the areas in the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea being searched at that time ; and may have diverted its course through a southern or northern corridor . This information was only publicly acknowledged and released by Najib on 15 March in a press conference . Explaining why information about satellite signals had not been made available earlier , Malaysia Airlines said that the raw satellite signals needed to be verified and analysed " so that their significance could be properly understood " before it could publicly confirm their existence . Hishammuddin said Malaysian and US investigators had immediately discussed the Inmarsat data upon receiving them on 12 March , and on two occasions , both groups agreed that it needed further processing and sent the data to the US twice for this purpose . Data analysis was completed on 14 March : by then , the AAIB had independently arrived at the same conclusion . In June 2014 , relatives of passengers on Flight 370 began a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo to raise US $ 100 @,@ 000 — with an ultimate goal of raising US $ 5 million — as a reward to encourage anyone who knows the location of Flight 370 or the cause of its disappearance to reveal what they know . The campaign , which ended 8 August 2014 , raised US $ 100 @,@ 516 from 1007 contributors . = = = Malaysia Airlines = = = A month after the disappearance , Malaysia Airlines ' chief executive Ahmad Jauhari Yahya acknowledged that ticket sales had declined but failed to provide specific details . This may partially result from the suspension of the airline 's advertising campaigns following the disappearance . Ahmad stated in an interview with the Wall Street Journal that the airline 's " primary focus ... is that we do take care of the families in terms of their emotional needs and also their financial needs . It is important that we provide answers for them . It is important that the world has answers , as well . " In further remarks , Ahmad said he was not sure when the airline could start repairing its image , but that the airline was adequately insured to cover the financial loss stemming from Flight 370 's disappearance . In China , where the majority of passengers were from , bookings on Malaysia Airlines were down 60 percent in March . Malaysia Airlines retired the Flight 370 ( MH370 ) flight number and replaced it with Flight 318 ( MH318 ) beginning 14 March . This follows a common practice among airlines to rename flights following notorious accidents . The flight — Malaysia Airline 's second daily flight to Beijing — was later suspended beginning 2 May ; according to insiders , this was due to lack of demand . Malaysia Airlines was given US $ 110 million from insurers in March 2014 to cover initial payments to passengers ' families and the search effort . In May , remarks from lead reinsurer of the flight , Allianz , indicated the insured market loss on Flight 370 , including the search , was about US $ 350 million . = = = = Financial troubles = = = = At the time of Flight 370 's disappearance , Malaysia Airlines was struggling to cut costs to compete with a wave of new , low @-@ cost carriers in the region . In the previous three years , Malaysia Airlines had booked losses of : RM1.17 billion ( US $ 356 million ) in 2013 , RM433 million in 2012 , and RM2.5 billion in 2011 . Malaysia Airlines lost RM443.4 million ( US $ 137 @.@ 4 million ) in the first quarter of 2014 ( January – March ) . The second quarter — the first full quarter in the aftermath of Flight 370 's disappearance — saw a loss of RM307.04 million ( US $ 97 @.@ 6 million ) , which represented a 75 percent increase over losses from the second quarter of 2013 . Industry analysts expect Malaysia Airlines to lose further market share and face a challenging environment to stand out from competitors while addressing their financial plight . The company 's stock , down as much as 20 percent following the disappearance of Flight 370 , had fallen 80 percent over the previous five years , which contrasts with a rise in the Malaysian stock market of about 80 percent over the same period . Many analysts and the media suggested that Malaysia Airlines would need to rebrand and repair its image and / or require government assistance to return to profitability . The loss of Flight 17 in July greatly exacerbated Malaysia Airline 's financial problems . The combined effect on consumer confidence of the loss of Flights 370 and 17 and the airline 's poor financial performance led Khazanah Nasional — the majority shareholder ( 69 @.@ 37 percent ) and a Malaysian state @-@ run investment arm — to announce on 8 August its plan to purchase the remainder of the airline , thereby renationalising it . = = = = Compensation for passengers ' next @-@ of @-@ kin = = = = Lack of evidence in determining the cause of Flight 370 's disappearance , even physical evidence that the aircraft crashed , raises many issues regarding responsibility for the accident and payments made by insurance agencies . Under the Montreal Convention , it is the carrier 's responsibility to prove lack of fault in an accident and each passenger 's next @-@ of @-@ kin are automatically entitled , regardless of fault , to a payment of approximately US $ 175 @,@ 000 from the airline 's insurance company — a total of nearly US $ 40 million for the 227 passengers on board . Malaysia Airlines would still be vulnerable to civil lawsuits from passengers ' families . Compensation awarded during or settled out @-@ of @-@ court during civil trials will likely vary widely among passengers based on country of the court . An American court could likely award upwards of US $ 8 – 10 million , while Chinese courts would likely award a small fraction of that . Despite the announcement that Flight 370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean , it was not until 29 January 2015 that the Malaysian government officially declared Flight 370 an accident with no survivors , a move that would allow compensation claims to be made . The first lawsuit related to the disappearance was filed in October 2014 – before Flight 370 was declared an accident – on behalf of two Malaysian boys whose father was a passenger , for negligence in failing to contact the aircraft soon after it was lost and for breach of contract for failing to bring the passenger to his destination . Malaysia Airlines offered ex gratia condolence payments soon after the disappearance . In China , families of passengers were offered ¥ 31 @,@ 000 ( about US $ 5 @,@ 000 ) " comfort money " ; but some families rejected the offer . It was also reported that Malaysian relatives received only $ 2 @,@ 000 . In June , Malaysia 's deputy Foreign Minister Hamzah Zainuddin said that families of seven passengers received $ 50 @,@ 000 advance compensation from Malaysia Airlines , but that full payout would come after the aircraft is found or officially declared lost ( which later occurred in January 2015 ) . = = = Malaysia = = = Questions and criticisms were raised by air force experts and the Malaysian opposition about the state of Malaysia 's air force and radar capabilities . The failure of the Royal Malaysian Air Force to identify and respond to an unidentified aircraft ( later determined to be Flight 370 ) flying through Malaysian airspace was criticised by many . The Malaysian military became aware of the unidentified aircraft only after reviewing radar recordings several hours after the flight 's disappearance . The failure to recognise and react to the unidentified aircraft was a security breach , and was also a missed opportunity to intercept Flight 370 and prevent the time @-@ consuming and expensive search operation . The Malaysian Prime Minister , Najib Razak , responded to criticism of his government in an opinion piece published in the The Wall Street Journal in which he acknowledged mistakes had been made , and said time would show that Malaysia had done its best , had helped co @-@ ordinate the search , and would continue to support . Najib went on to emphasise the need for the aviation industry to " not only learn the lessons of MH370 but implement them , " saying in closing that " the world learned from [ Air France Flight 447 ] but didn 't act . The same mistake must not be made again . " Opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim criticised the Malaysian government regarding its response to Flight 370 's disappearance and the military 's response when Flight 370 turned back over the Malay Peninsula ; he called for an international committee to take charge of the investigation " to save the image of the country and to save the country . " Malaysian authorities have accused Anwar — who was jailed on contentious charges the day before Flight 370 disappeared — of politicising the crisis . Flight 370 's captain was a supporter of Anwar and the two knew each other . Questioned about why Malaysia did not scramble fighter jets to intercept the aircraft as it tracked back across the Malay Peninsula , he noted that it was deemed a commercial aircraft and was not hostile , remarking : " If you 're not going to shoot it down , what 's the point of sending [ a fighter jet ] up ? " The response to the crisis and lack of transparency in the response brought attention to the state of media in Malaysia . After decades of having tight control of media , during which government officials were accustomed to passing over issues without scrutiny or accountability , Malaysia was suddenly thrust to the forefront of global media and unable to adjust to demands for transparency . On the second anniversary of the disappearance , 8 March 2016 , Razak said that he was hopeful that the missing Flight 370 would be found . The Malaysian Parliament observed a moment of silence to mark the anniversary . Razak said in a statement that the search had been " the most challenging in aviation history " , but that he remained committed to completing it . = = = China = = = Chinese Deputy Foreign Minister Xie Hangsheng reacted sceptically to the conclusion by the Malaysian government that the aircraft had gone down with no survivors , demanding " all the relevant information and evidence about the satellite data analysis " , and said that the Malaysian government must " finish all the work including search and rescue . " The following day , 25 March , Chinese president Xi Jinping sent a special envoy to Kuala Lumpur to consult with the Malaysian government over the missing aircraft . = = = = Relatives of passengers = = = = On 25 March , around two hundred family members of the Chinese passengers protested outside the Malaysian embassy in Beijing . Relatives who had arrived in Kuala Lumpur after the announcement continued with their protest , accusing Malaysia of hiding the truth and harbouring the murderer . They also wanted an apology for the Malaysian government 's poor initial handling of the disaster and its " premature " conclusion of loss , drawn without physical evidence . An op @-@ ed for China Daily said that Malaysia was not wholly to be blamed for its poor handling of such a " bizarre " and " unprecedented crisis , " and appealed to Chinese people not to allow emotions to prevail over evidence and rationality . The Chinese ambassador to Malaysia defended the Malaysian government 's response , stating that the relatives ' " radical and irresponsible opinions do not represent the views of Chinese people and the Chinese government " . The ambassador also strongly criticised Western media for having " published false news , stoked conflict and even spread rumours " to the detriment of relatives and of Sino – Malaysian relations . On the other hand , a US Department of Defense official criticised China for what he perceived as providing apparently false leads that detracted from the search effort and wasted time and resources . The day before the second anniversary of the disappearance , 7 March 2016 , twelve Chinese families with relatives aboard the missing flight , filed a lawsuit in a Beijing , one day before the deadline for pursuing litigation against the carrier . In Kuala Lumpur , lawyer Ganesan Nethi reported that he had filed a joint lawsuit on behalf of the families of 32 passengers on 3 March 2016 , explaining that most were Chinese , along with an American and a few Indians . = = = = Boycotts = = = = Some Chinese have boycotted all things Malaysian , including holidays and singers , in protest of Malaysia 's handling of the Flight 370 investigation . Bookings on Malaysia Airlines from China , where the majority of passengers were from , were down 60 percent in March . In late March , several major Chinese ticketing agencies — ELong , LY.com , Qunar and Mango — discontinued the sale of airline tickets to Malaysia and several large Chinese travel agencies reported a 50 percent drop in tourists compared to the same period the year before . China is the third largest source of visitors for Malaysia , accounting for 1 @.@ 79 million tourists . One market analyst predicted a 20 – 40 percent drop in Chinese tourists to Malaysia , resulting in a loss of 4 – 8 billion yuan ( RM2.1 – 4 @.@ 2 billion ; US $ 650 million @-@ 1 @.@ 3 billion ) . The boycotts have largely been led or supported by celebrities . Film star Chen Kun posted a message to Weibo — where he has 70 million followers — stating that he would be boycotting Malaysia until their government told the truth . The post was shared over 70 @,@ 000 times and drew over 30 @,@ 000 comments . Over 337 @,@ 000 people retweeted a tweet from TV host Meng Fei , which said he would join the boycott . China and Malaysia had dubbed 2014 to be the " Malaysia – China Friendship Year " to celebrate 40 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries . = = = Air transport industry = = = The fact that , in a digitally @-@ connected world , a modern aircraft could disappear has been met with surprise and disbelief by the public ; and while changes in the aviation industry often take years to be implemented , airlines and air transport authorities have responded swiftly to take action on several measures to prevent a similar incident from occurring . = = = = Aircraft tracking = = = = The International Air Transport Association — an industry trade organisation representing over 240 airlines ( representing 84 percent of global air traffic ) — and the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) — the United Nations ' civil aviation body — are working on implementing new measures to track aircraft in flight in real time . The IATA created a task force ( which includes several outside stakeholders ) to define a minimum set of requirements that any tracking system must meet , allowing airlines to decide the best solution to track their aircraft . The IATA 's task force plans to come up with several short- , medium- , and long @-@ term solutions to ensure that information is provided in a timely manner to support search , rescue , and recovery activities in the wake of an aircraft accident . The task force was expected to provide a report to the ICAO on 30 September 2014 , but on that day said that the report would be delayed , citing the need for further clarification on some issues . In December 2014 , the IATA task force recommended that , within 12 months , airlines track commercial aircraft in no longer than 15 @-@ minute intervals , although it still has not released its report and full details of proposed changes . The IATA itself did not support the deadline , which it believes cannot be met by all airlines , but the proposed standard has the support of the ICAO . Although the ICAO can set standards , it has no legal authority and such standards must be adopted by member states . The ICAO has adopted a standard that , by November 2018 , all aircraft over open ocean report their position every 15 minutes . In March 2016 , the ICAO approved an amendment to the Chicago Convention requiring new aircraft manufactured after 1 January 2021 to have autonomous tracking devices which can send location information at least once per minute in distress circumstances . In May 2014 , Inmarsat said it would offer its tracking service for free to all aircraft equipped with an Inmarsat satellite connection ( which amounts to nearly all commercial airliners ) . Inmarsat has also changed the time period for handshakes with their terminals from one hour to 15 minutes . = = = = Transponders = = = = There was a call for automated transponders after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks ; no changes were made as aviation experts preferred flexible control , in case of malfunctions or electrical emergencies . In the wake of Flight 370 , the air transport industry is still resistant to the installation of automated transponders , which would likely entail significant costs . Pilots have also criticised changes of this kind , insisting on the need to cut power to equipment in the event of a fire . Nonetheless , new types of tamper @-@ proof circuit breakers are being considered . = = = = Flight recorders = = = = The frenzied search for the flight recorders in early April , due to the 30 @-@ day battery life of the underwater locator beacons ( ULBs ) attached to them , brought attention to the limitations of the ULBs . The battery life of the ULBs is limited , and the distance the signal from the ULBs can be detected from is 2 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 – 9 @,@ 800 ft ) , or 4 @,@ 500 m ( 14 @,@ 800 ft ) under favourable conditions . Even if the flight recorders are located , the cockpit voice recorder memory has capacity to store only two hours of data , continuously recording over the oldest data . This length complies with regulations and it is usually only data from the last section of a flight that is needed to determine the cause of an accident . The events which caused Flight 370 to divert from its course and disappear happened more than two hours before the flight ended . Given these limitations and the importance of the data stored on flight recorders , Flight 370 has brought attention to new technologies that enable data streaming to the ground . A call to increase the battery life of ULBs was made after the unsuccessful initial search in 2009 for the flight recorders on Air France Flight 447 , which were not located until 2011 . The ICAO did not make such a recommendation until 2014 , with implementation by 2018 . The European Aviation Safety Agency has stated its new regulations require that the transmitting time of ULBs fitted to aircraft flight recorders must range from 30 to 90 days . The agency proposed a new underwater locator beacon with a larger transmitting range to be fitted to aircraft flying over oceans . In March 2016 , the ICAO adopted several amendments to the Chicago Convention to address issues raised by Flight 370 's disappearance . For aircraft manufactured after 2020 , cockpit voice recorders will be required to record at least 25 hours of data , so that they record all phases of a flight . Aircraft designs approved after 2020 will need to have a means to recover the flight recorders , or the information they contain , before the recorders sink below water . This provision is performance @-@ based so that it can be accomplished by different techniques , such as streaming flight recorder data from aircraft in distress or using flight recorders which eject from aircraft and float on the water 's surface . The new regulations will not require modifications to existing aircraft . = = = = Safety recommendations = = = = In January 2015 , the US NTSB cited Flight 370 and Air France Flight 447 when it issued eight safety recommendations related to locating aircraft wreckage in remote or underwater locations and repeated recommendations for a crash @-@ protected cockpit image recorder and tamper @-@ resistant flight recorders and transponders . = = In popular culture = = The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 has been dubbed one of the greatest aviation mysteries of all time . Several documentaries have been produced about the flight . The Smithsonian Channel aired a one @-@ hour documentary about the flight on 6 April 2014 , titled Malaysia 370 : The Plane That Vanished . The Discovery Channel broadcast a one @-@ hour documentary about Flight 370 on 16 April 2014 titled Flight 370 : The Missing Links . An episode of the television documentary series Horizon titled " Where is Flight MH370 ? " was broadcast on 17 June 2014 on BBC Two . The programme , narrated by Amanda Drew , documents how the aircraft disappeared , what experts believe happened to it , and how the search has unfolded . The programme also examines new technologies such as flight recorder streaming and automatic dependent surveillance @-@ broadcast ( ADS @-@ B ) , which may help prevent similar disappearances in the future . It concludes by noting that Ocean Shield had spent two months searching 850 square kilometres ( 330 sq mi ) of ocean , but that it had searched far to the north of the Inmarsat " hotspot " on the final arc , at approximately 28 degrees south , where the aircraft was most likely to have crashed . On 8 October 2014 , a modified version of the Horizon programme was broadcast in the US by PBS as an episode of Nova , titled " Why Planes Vanish " , with a different narrator . The first fictional account of the mystery was Scott Maka 's MH370 : A Novella , published three months after the aircraft 's disappearance . The aviation disaster documentary television series Mayday ( also known as Air Crash Investigation or Air Emergency ) produced an episode on the disaster , titled " Malaysia 370 : What Happened ? " In the UK , it aired on the first anniversary of Flight 370 's disappearance , 8 March 2015 . = = = Reports = = = MH 370 Preliminary Report – Preliminary report issued by the Malaysia Ministry of Transport . Dated 9 April 2014 and released publicly on 1 May 2014 . Factual Information : Safety Investigation for MH370 – Interim report released 8 March 2015 ( 584 pages ) . MH370 – Definition of Underwater Search Areas ( 2014 ) – Report by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau , released 26 June 2014 , and the most comprehensive report on Flight 370 publicly released at that time . The report focuses on defining the search area for the fifth phase , but in doing so provides a comprehensive overview / examination of satellite data , the failed searches , and possible " end @-@ of @-@ flight scenarios " . MH370 – Definition of Underwater Search Areas ( 2015 ) – Report by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau , released 3 December 2015 , covering the Bayesian method analysis made by Australia 's Defence Science and Technology Group and other developments since mid @-@ 2014 in defining the search area . = = = Press releases / Media = = = Australian Maritime Safety Authority Australian Transport Safety Bureau Malaysia Airlines Malaysian Ministry of Transport US Department of Defense
= The Black Mages = The Black Mages was a Japanese instrumental rock / hard rock band formed in 2002 by Nobuo Uematsu , Kenichiro Fukui and Tsuyoshi Sekito - three composers for Square Enix . The band arranged Uematsu 's Final Fantasy video game series @-@ based compositions in a hard rock style often similar to progressive metal , achieved with the additional use of synthesizers . Since its inception , the band had expanded to six members with the addition of Keiji Kawamori , Michio Okamiya and Arata Hanyuda . On August 7 , 2010 , Nobuo Uematsu announced the band had disbanded , but he would continue to perform rock arrangements of his music as a part of another band , the Earthbound Papas . The band has released three studio albums . Their first was released eponymously as The Black Mages in 2003 , and contained arrangements of Final Fantasy battle themes . The second album , The Black Mages II : The Skies Above , was released in 2004 and featured additional pieces besides battle themes including the group 's first original song , " Blue Blast ~ Winning the Rainbow " , which was created for Japanese K @-@ 1 fighter Takehiro Murahama . The third album , The Black Mages III : Darkness and Starlight , was released on March 19 , 2008 . Music from the group has also appeared in other albums , including one track in Dark Chronicle Premium Arrange , an album of arranged music from the video game Dark Chronicle , a piece in the animated film Final Fantasy VII Advent Children and its corresponding soundtrack album , and one track on Final Fantasy III Original Soundtrack , the soundtrack album for the Nintendo DS version of Final Fantasy III . The Black Mages did not tour as a band , but performed several concerts to promote their album releases . For their first album they performed in Shibuya and Kanagawa , Japan in 2003 and later released a live video of the first concert on DVD exclusively to Uematsu fanclub members . They repeated this for the release of their second album , performing in Kawasaki and Osaka , Japan in 2005 and similarly released on DVD to fanclub members . The third album saw a performance in Yokohama , Japan in 2008 ; a DVD of the show was released commercially on March 25 , 2009 . In addition to these concerts , The Black Mages made live appearances at two Final Fantasy concerts , More Friends : Music from Final Fantasy and Voices - Music from Final Fantasy , as well as another video game music event , Extra : Hyper Game Music Event 2007 . = = History = = In 2000 , Square Enix employees Kenichiro Fukui and Tsuyoshi Sekito formed an experimental partnership to compose music for the video game All Star Pro @-@ Wrestling in a rock style . After the game 's success , the two continued to compose in the same style . In 2002 , Fukui and Sekito decided to arrange some of the compositions of Nobuo Uematsu , the primary composer for the music of the Final Fantasy series . Uematsu , a fan of rock music , enjoyed these arrangements , and Fukui and Sekito asked him to join them in making a rock band . Declining at first due to feeling too busy with his composing duties and attempts to become a music producer with his Smile Please label , Uematsu agreed to join them in a single live performance as a keyboardist . At the performance , Uematsu felt a " mix of stage fright and excitement , [ with ] all the crowds cheering , the audience paying full attention " , and decided to join the two in making a band ; Fukui and Sekito had refused to start one if Uematsu was not involved as one of the musicians . The group has said they were " nervous " about forming a rock band , as they were all " middle @-@ aged " , but decided after the performance it would not be a problem . The name " The Black Mages " was chosen by an employee at Square Enix , Mr. Matsushita , and was decided to be in English because it " wouldn 't stand out " in Japanese . Square Enix owns the name " The Black Mages " , which means while using that name the band was essentially limited to playing Final Fantasy music and original pieces rather than arranging music from other game series that were not owned by the company . In 2003 , Uematsu decided the band should produce an album of Final Fantasy arrangements . The trio arranged , interpreted , and sequenced ten battle themes from various Final Fantasy titles , with Uematsu as producer ; the album was released eponymously on February 19 , 2003 . To celebrate the success , Uematsu decided to organize a concert in tribute to the album ; Uematsu and Fukui served as the keyboardists , while Sekito was the guitarist . They needed more people to perform the arrangements live , however , and as such , several other members from Square Enix joined . Keiji Kawamori joined to play the bass guitar , Michio Okamiya to play the guitar , and Arata Hanyuda to play the drums . Since then , The Black Mages have released two additional albums , with all six members participating . The group performed concerts to promote both of these albums , and also participated in video game music @-@ themed concerts . On August 7 , 2010 , Uematsu announced the band had formally disbanded . He did not directly state the reason for the decision , though in previous interviews he had noted the band was increasingly finding it difficult to find time to rehearse together . In an April 2011 interview he said the main reason was because The Black Mages had been formed as a " Square Enix " band , they were unable to perform arrangements of work he had composed after leaving Square Enix or to focus on original pieces . Uematsu continues to play rock arrangements of his music as a part of the band the Earthbound Papas , which performed at the Distant Worlds II concert in 2010 . He has been joined by fellow Black Mages band @-@ mates Michio Okamiya and Arata Hanyuda , both continuing on guitar and drums , respectively . They had also left Square Enix ; Uematsu built the new band to not include any current Square Enix employees so as to avoid the trademark and licensing problems of The Black Mages . = = Discography = = = = = The Black Mages = = = The Black Mages is an arranged soundtrack album of video game music from the Final Fantasy series of role @-@ playing video games . The album contains a selection of musical tracks from the games , arranged and performed in a hybrid of power metal and progressive metal by The Black Mages . All the selected tracks are " battle themes " from the games . The pieces have been described as " hard @-@ rock " with " blazing synthesizers and guitars " . It was first released on February 19 , 2003 , by DigiCube , and subsequently re @-@ released on May 10 , 2004 , by Square Enix . It spans ten tracks and covers a duration of 51 : 29 . The album reached No. 43 on the Japan Oricon charts . It was well received by critics like Andy Byus of RPGFan , who termed it " addicting " and " powerful " . He criticized the overuse of synthesizer as opposed to live instruments in some tracks , and that some of the arrangements stayed too close to the original tracks , especially " Dancing Mad " . Tetra of Square Enix Music Online also enjoyed the album , saying " all of the members are strong musicians , and Sekito and Fukui were equally strong arrangers " . His primary complaint with the album was he felt many of the songs followed the same general pattern in their arrangements . = = = The Black Mages II : The Skies Above = = = The Black Mages II : The Skies Above is an arranged soundtrack album of video game music from the Final Fantasy series of role @-@ playing video games . Like the previous album , it contains a selection of musical tracks from the games , arranged and performed in a hybrid of power metal and progressive metal by The Black Mages . Unlike their first album , The Skies Above includes other pieces besides battle themes ; the album also features songs , which were performed by Kazco Hamano , credited as " KAZCO " , and Tomoaki Watanabe , or " Mr. Goo " . It also includes a non @-@ Final Fantasy track , " Blue Blast — Winning the Rainbow " , an original piece that was created for Japanese K @-@ 1 fighter Takehiro Murahama . The Skies Above , as opposed to the first album , features real drums rather than sequenced drums , as the band had expanded from its original three members , none of whom played drums . The line " Maybe I 'm a Lion " in the track of the same name was spoken by Alexander O. Smith , a translator for Square Enix and close friend of Okamiya , one of the new members . It was released on December 22 , 2004 , by Universal Music Group . The album spans eleven tracks , and covers a duration of 50 : 56 . The album received mixed reviews from critics ; Jesse Jones of RPGFan said that he was " simply amazed " by the album , though it was not without flaws . While terming the music overall as " excellent " , he disliked the vocal arrangements in " Otherworld " and " The Skies Above " , finding that the voices of the singers did not match with the songs ' instrumentals . Zane of Square Enix Music Online was less approving of the album , calling it " passable " and saying that the new arrangements gave " mixed results " . He blamed the " intolerable vocals " and occasional poor choices in instruments as the problems with the album , concluding that the second Black Mages album was inferior to the first . = = = The Black Mages III : Darkness and Starlight = = = The Black Mages III : Darkness and Starlight is the third arranged soundtrack album of video game music from the Final Fantasy series of role @-@ playing video games . The album contains a selection of musical tracks from the games , arranged and performed in a hybrid of power metal and progressive metal by The Black Mages in a similar manner to their previous albums . It was released on March 19 , 2008 , by Uematsu 's Dog Ear Records , spanning ten tracks and a duration of 60 : 40 . The Black Mages sing the chorus for the song " Darkness and Starlight " , the only vocal track on the album . The album has been described as being composed of a mix of " intense " symphonic metal pieces and rock opera . Like the previous album , Darkness and Starlight features an original piece , " Life ~ in memory of KEITEN ~ " , which was composed by Uematsu for Yoshitaka Tagawa , a boy he had met who died of leukemia . The album was well received by websites like RPGFan , which said the album was " very much worth the over three year wait " and described the tracks as " enjoyable " and " inspiring " . He had few complaints with the album , only describing " Opening ~ Bombing Mission " and " Assault of the Silver Dragons " as " bland " , but still worth listening to . Square Enix Music Online was even more positive in its review of the album , calling it " a masterpiece " and " The Black Mages ' finest effort to date " , wishing only the album had been longer . = = = Other appearances = = = In addition to their own albums , pieces from The Black Mages have appeared on several other albums . The first of these was " Flame Demon Monster Gaspard " on Dark Chronicle Premium Arrange , an album of arranged music from the video game Dark Chronicle originally composed by Tomohito Nishiura . The album was released on April 21 , 2004 , by Team Entertainment . Their next appearance was in the animated film Final Fantasy VII Advent Children and its corresponding soundtrack album , where they played — together with orchestration conducted by Koji Haijima — " Advent : One @-@ Winged Angel " , an arrangement of " One @-@ Winged Angel " from Final Fantasy VII originally composed by Uematsu and arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi . Their third appearance was on the soundtrack album for the Nintendo DS version of Final Fantasy III , entitled Final Fantasy III Original Soundtrack , with one track then titled " Last Battle -THE BLACK MAGES Ver.- " , but later re @-@ titled " KURAYAMINOKUMO " on the Darkness and Starlight album . = = Concerts = = While The Black Mages never toured as a band , they participated in several concert events . These include promotional concerts for the release of their three albums and appearances at orchestral concerts devoted to Final Fantasy music . = = = Promotional concerts = = = The Black Mages held a concert to promote their first album on April 26 , 2003 , in the Shibuya @-@ AX concert hall in Shibuya , Tokyo , Japan . This overnight concert featured the full setlist from the album , and introduced the track " Matoya 's Cave " , which would be featured in their next album . While the band members were being introduced , Okamiya performed the Chocobo theme and Uematsu performed the intro to Deep Purple 's " Smoke on the Water . " A DVD recording of the show was made and given to Uematsu fanclub members that year . The concert was repeated on November 3 , 2003 , at Kanagawa University in Kanagawa , Japan . This free concert was part of the Kanagawa Jindai Festa . As Uematsu graduated from Kanagawa University , The Black Mages all wore the school 's student uniform . For their second album , The Black Mages performed two promotional concerts . They performed all the songs from their second album , along with " The Decisive Battle " , " Those Who Fight Further " and " Clash on the Big Bridge " from their first album . These concerts featured Kenji Ito , who performed piano renditions of pieces from the SaGa series . Also featured were muZik , a group who performed seven techno and pop @-@ style Final Fantasy arrangements . The first concert set was at Club Citta in Kawasaki , Japan on January 22 and January 23 , 2005 , and the second one at Namba Hatch in Osaka , Japan on January 28 , 2005 . A DVD recording of the Kawasaki show was made and given to Uematsu fanclub members on February 1 , 2006 . A live concert was performed for the release of The Black Mages ' third album as for their previous albums . Performed at the Yokohama Blitz in Yokohama , Japan , on August 9 , 2008 , the concert featured all the pieces from the album with the exception of " Life ~ in memory of KEITEN ~ " and with the addition of " Maybe I 'm a Lion " and " Clash on the Big Bridge " . A DVD recording of the show was made and released commercially in 2009 , a first for the band . = = = Other concerts = = = In addition to their own concerts , The Black Mages made appearances at official Final Fantasy concerts . The first of these was the More Friends : Music from Final Fantasy event , held in the Gibson Amphitheatre in Los Angeles , California , on May 16 , 2005 ; the concert was The Black Mages ' first appearance in North America . The band performed " The Rocking Grounds " and " Maybe I 'm a Lion " from their second album , and joined with the orchestra for " Advent : One @-@ Winged Angel " as an encore to the concert . A recorded album was released on February 15 , 2006 , by Square Enix , and included the pieces by The Black Mages . The second Final Fantasy concert The Black Mages performed at was the Voices - Music from Final Fantasy concert held in Yokohama , Japan on February 18 , 2006 . This concert featured performances of various Final Fantasy songs . The Black Mages played " Advent : One @-@ Winged Angel " at the end of the concert along with the Prima Vista Philharmonic Orchestra ; the song was played a second time as an encore . A DVD of the concert was released on June 21 , 2006 , and included an interview with Uematsu . On July 7 , 2007 , The Black Mages appeared at the Extra : Hyper Game Music Event at Shinkiba Studio Coast in Tokyo . They were the last of thirteen artists and groups to play at the six @-@ hour event , and performed " Last Battle " , " Those Who Fight Further " , " Maybe I 'm a Lion " and " Clash on the Big Bridge " . The music performed by The Black Mages did not appear on the official album for the concert . = = Band members = = Nobuo Uematsu – keyboards ( 2002 – 2010 ) Kenichiro Fukui – keyboards ( 2002 – 2010 ) Tsuyoshi Sekito – guitar ( 2002 – 2010 ) Keiji Kawamori – bass guitar ( 2003 – 2010 ) Arata Hanyuda – drums ( 2003 – 2010 ) Michio Okamiya – guitar ( 2003 – 2010 )
= Supreme Court of Indiana = The Supreme Court of Indiana , established by Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution , is the highest judicial authority in the state of Indiana . Located in Indianapolis , the Court 's chambers are in the north wing of the Indiana Statehouse . In December 1816 the Supreme Court of Indiana succeeded the General Court of the Indiana Territory as the state 's high court . During its long history the Court heard a number of high @-@ profile cases , including Lasselle v. State ( 1820 ) . Originally begun as a three member judicial panel , the Court underwent major reforms in 1852 and 1971 , as well as several other reorganizations . Court reforms led to a majority of Supreme Court cases being delegated to lower courts , an enlarged panel of justices , and employment of a large staff to assist as its caseload increases . = = Organization and Jurisdiction = = In 2008 the Court consisted of one chief justice and four associate justices , the constitutional minimum ; however , the Indiana General Assembly may increase the number of associate justices to a maximum of eight for a total of nine court justices . A board of five commissioners assists the Court in its administrative duties . Commissioners are nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the governor . The Court offices and chambers are located on the third floor in the north wing of the Indiana Statehouse . The Court maintains a large legal library on the third floor that is open to the public . The Court has no original jurisdiction in most cases , meaning that it can only hear cases appealed to the Court after having been previously heard in lower courts . Most cases begin in local circuit courts , where the initial trial is held and a jury decides the outcome of the case . The circuit court decision can be appealed to the Indiana Court of Appeals or the Indiana Tax Court , who can hear the case or enforce the lower court 's decision . If the parties still disagree with the outcome of the case , they can appeal the decision to the Indiana Supreme Court . The Court can choose to hear the case and possibly overturn the previous judgment , or it can decline to accept the case and uphold the decision of the lower courts . The Supreme Court of Indiana has original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas , including the practice of law , discipline or disbarment of judges appointed to the lower state courts , and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the state . When the Court accepts a case , it reviews the documentation of the trials in the lower court and sometimes allows oral arguments before making a decision . In some cases the justices will issue a decision without hearing arguments from either side and will base their decision solely on evidence submitted in the lower courts . The Court can order a new trial to take place in the local court , overturn the decision of lower courts and enforce its own decision , or uphold the decision of lower courts . The Court appoints three commissions to assist it in its exclusive jurisdiction over the practice of law in Indiana . The role of the Board of Law Examiners is to " inquire into and determine the character , fitness , and general qualifications to be admitted to practice law as a member of the bar of the Supreme Court of Indiana . " The Disciplinary Commission is responsible for investigating grievances filed against members of the bar for misconduct and making disciplinary recommendations to the Supreme Court . The Commission for Continuing Legal Education administers , develops , and regulates continuing legal education requirements , mediation training standards , and attorney specialization programs . The Judicial Nominating Commission is responsible for recruiting and interviewing applicants to fill vacancies on the Indiana Supreme Court , the Court of Appeals , and the Tax Court . It then sends three nominees for each vacancy to the governor . The Judicial Qualification Commission investigates complaints of judicial misconduct and files charges where appropriate . Both commissions have the same members and are chaired by the chief justice . The entire Court takes part in the annual Judicial Conference of Indiana , which is attended by all of the state 's judges , and recommends improvements to the Court and state judiciary . The Court is also responsible for implementing all laws passed by the Indiana General Assembly that affect the judiciary . The Division of Supreme Court Administration is staffed by clerks who oversee the fiscal management of the courts , including payroll and expenses . In addition , the division is responsible for maintaining the Court 's records and assists in its administrative functions . = = Terms and elections = = Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution governs the term length of Supreme Court Justices . When there is a vacancy on the Court , a new justice is nominated using a variation of the Missouri Plan . First , the Judicial Nominating Commission submits a list of three qualified nominees to the governor . The governor then selects the new Justice from the list . If the governor fails to choose a replacement within sixty days , the chief justice or the acting chief justice must do so . The Judicial Nomination Commission Chief Justice selects the chief justice from the sitting associate justices for a five @-@ year term . The chief justice presides over the Court . When the position of chief justice becomes vacant , the most senior member of the Court serves as the acting chief justice until a new one is chosen by the Judicial Nominating Commission . The chief justice also serves as chairman of the Judicial Nominating Commission . Justices are appointed to a term that could potentially last for ten years . Once a new justice is chosen , he may serve for two years before being subjected to a retention election held during the first statewide election following the completion of the justice 's second year in office . The justice is listed on the ballot with the option to be retained or to be rejected from the Court . If retained , the justice may serve the remainder of his ten @-@ year term . When a term is completed , the justice must be reappointed with the same process originally used to appoint him to remain on the Court . A majority vote of both houses of the Indiana General Assembly may impeach a justice for misconduct . It is mandatory for a justice to retire at age seventy @-@ five , even if their term is incomplete . = = = Qualification = = = Eligibility requirements to be nominated as a justice of the Supreme Court are established in Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution . The candidate must be a citizen of the United States and reside within the state of Indiana before being considered for the office . The candidate must also have been admitted to the practice of law in Indiana for at least ten years prior to their candidacy or must have served as a judge of a circuit , superior , or criminal court of Indiana for five years . The candidate cannot be under an indictment in any court in the United States with a crime punishable as a felony . The Judicial Nominating Commission must also ensure that they are the " most highly qualified public candidates " available . = = Current Justices = = = = History = = The Indiana Supreme Court was established in 1816 when Indiana was granted statehood . The new Court replaced the General Court of the Indiana Territory , which consisted of a three @-@ member panel . Housed in a three @-@ room building it shared with the Indiana legislature , the Court held its first session in Corydon on May 5 , 1817 . Under the state constitution of 1816 , the governor appointed justices with the state senate 's " advice and consent " for a term of seven years . In December 1816 Jonathan Jennings , Indiana 's first governor , nominated John Johnson of Vincennes Knox County ; James Scott of Charlestown Clark County ; and Jesse Holman of Aurora Dearborn County , to serve as the first panel of judges on the Indiana Supreme Court . Johnson became the Court 's first chief justice . When Johnson died in 1817 , Jennings named Isaac Blackford to replace him . Blackford became the second chief justice of the Court and was the longest serving justice in the Court 's history , serving 36 years , 3 months , and 24 days . Blackford recorded all of the Court 's early decisions in a multivolume work titled Blackford 's Reports that served for many years as a foundational text on the interpretation of state laws . In 1824 the Supreme Court relocated to Indianapolis with the rest of the state 's government . Initially the Court shared space on the second floor of the Marion County Courthouse , before moving to the third Indiana Statehouse . In 1865 the Court was given its own building on lot number one in Indianapolis , where it remained until 1888 , moving to its present location in the fifth Indiana Statehouse . As of 2012 the Court occupies the entire north wing of the third floor of the Indiana Statehouse . In 1851 the Supreme Court was reorganized under the new state constitution . The position of justice was changed from an appointed position to an elected one . Judicial terms were changed to six years and the Court 's size was set to a minimum of three members and not more than five . The Court 's judges quickly became overwhelmed by an ever @-@ increasing caseload . In 1853 the minimum was increased to four members and in 1872 it was increased to five . The Court has remained at a minimum of five justices since that time . In 1867 the general assembly transferred all the law books in the Indiana State Library to the Court to create a Supreme Court Law Library . The library grew to become the primary legal library for the state and includes more than seventy @-@ thousand volumes . The Court 's caseload continued to grow over time . In 1881 the general assembly approved the creation of a five @-@ member panel of commissioners to assist the justices in administrative tasks . Even this was not enough to handle the load . In 1891 the Appellate Court of Indiana was created to handle cases of lower importance . At first the appellate court only took a small portion of the Supreme Court 's caseload , but its responsibility gradually increased . In 1970 state constitutional amendments reorganized the Court . The constitution renamed the Appellate Court the Indiana Court of Appeals . With the formation of the Court of Appeals , the Supreme Court could choose which cases it would hear and which cases it would leave to the lower courts . Constitutional amendments also lengthened judicial terms to ten years and changed the limits on the size of the Court to a minimum of five members and a maximum of nine . The method of selecting justices was changed from statewide election to appointment by the governor . The amendment also provided for a Judicial Nominating Commission to choose candidates . Justices also became subject to a retention election . In addition , the office of chief justice became permanent . Previously the title rotated among the justices . In 2004 the Indiana General Assembly created the Supreme Court Division of Administration , legalizing and expanding the role of the clerks of the Court . = = = Landmark cases = = = The Court has heard several cases that have had a major impact on Indiana as well as others that have set nationwide precedents . The first of these cases , Lasselle v. State ( 1820 ) , where the Court overturned a circuit court decision that tested slave ownership in the new state by stating " the framers of our constitution intended a total and entire prohibition of slavery , " and resulted in all slaves in Indiana being freed . In the Fall Creek Massacre case ( 1823 ) , State v. Hudson , the Court upheld a lower court 's finding that crimes committed against Native Americans were punishable under American laws . This decision lead to the first execution of a white man for crimes against natives . In the Falkenburg v. Jones case ( 1889 ) , Indiana became the first state to establish the right for a defendant to obtain court records free of charge . The 1909 case of Woessner v. Bullick established that the Court could invalidate a governor 's veto if proper veto procedures were not followed , in effect ruling the pocket @-@ veto as unconstitutional . In 1917 the state was among the first to adopt an Exclusionary rule , established in the case of Callendar v. State , which prevented illegally obtained evidence from be submitted in court . In William v. Smith , a case heard in 1921 , the Court overturned Indiana 's eugenics laws , the first of their kind in the nation .
= All Things Must Pass = All Things Must Pass is a triple album by English musician George Harrison . Recorded and released in 1970 , the album was Harrison 's first solo work since the break @-@ up of the Beatles in April that year , and his third solo album overall . It includes the hit singles " My Sweet Lord " and " What Is Life " , as well as songs such as " Isn 't It a Pity " and the title track that were turned down by the Beatles . The album reflects the influence of his musical activities with artists such as Bob Dylan , the Band , Delaney & Bonnie and Billy Preston during 1968 – 70 , as well as Harrison 's growth as an artist beyond his supporting role to former bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney . All Things Must Pass introduced Harrison 's signature sound , the slide guitar , and the spiritual themes that would be present throughout his subsequent solo work . The original vinyl release consisted of two LPs of songs and a third disc of informal jams , titled Apple Jam . Commentators interpret Barry Feinstein 's album cover photo , showing Harrison surrounded by four garden gnomes , as a statement on his independence from the Beatles . Production began at London 's Abbey Road Studios in May 1970 , with extensive overdubbing and mixing continuing through October . Among the large cast of backing musicians were Eric Clapton and Delaney & Bonnie 's Friends band – three of whom formed Derek and the Dominos with Clapton during the recording – as well as Ringo Starr , Gary Wright , Preston , Klaus Voormann , John Barham , Badfinger and Pete Drake . The sessions produced a double album 's worth of extra material , most of which remains unissued . All Things Must Pass was critically and commercially successful on release , with long stays at number 1 on charts around the world . The album was co @-@ produced by Phil Spector and employs his Wall of Sound production technique to notable effect ; Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone described the sound as " Wagnerian , Brucknerian , the music of mountain tops and vast horizons " . Reflecting the widespread surprise at the assuredness of Harrison 's post @-@ Beatles debut , Melody Maker 's Richard Williams likened the album to Greta Garbo 's first role in a talking picture and declared : " Garbo talks ! – Harrison is free ! " According to Colin Larkin , writing in the 2011 edition of his Encyclopedia of Popular Music , All Things Must Pass is " generally rated " as the best of all the former Beatles ' solo albums . During the final year of his life , Harrison oversaw a successful reissue campaign to mark the 30th anniversary of the album 's release . Following this reissue , in March 2001 , the set was certified six @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . Among its appearances in critics ' best @-@ album lists , All Things Must Pass was ranked 79th on The Times ' " The 100 Best Albums of All Time " in 1993 , while Rolling Stone currently places it 433rd on the magazine 's " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . In January 2014 , All Things Must Pass was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . = = Background = = Music journalist John Harris has identified the start of George Harrison 's " journey " to making All Things Must Pass as his visit to America in late 1968 , following the acrimonious sessions for the Beatles ' White Album . While in Woodstock in November , Harrison established a long @-@ lasting friendship with Bob Dylan and experienced a creative equality among the Band that contrasted sharply with John Lennon and Paul McCartney 's domination in the Beatles . Coinciding with this visit was a surge in Harrison 's songwriting output , following his renewed interest in the guitar , after three years spent studying the Indian sitar . As well as being one of the few musicians to co @-@ write songs with Dylan , Harrison had recently collaborated with Eric Clapton on " Badge " , which became a hit single for Cream in the spring of 1969 . Once back in London , and with his compositions continually overlooked for inclusion on releases by the Beatles , Harrison found creative fulfilment in extracurricular projects that , in the words of his musical biographer , Simon Leng , served as an " emancipating force " from the restrictions imposed on him in the band . His activities during 1969 included producing Apple signings Billy Preston and Doris Troy , two American singer @-@ songwriters whose soul and gospel roots proved as influential on All Things Must Pass as the music of the Band . He also recorded with artists such as Leon Russell and Jack Bruce , and accompanied Clapton on a short tour with Delaney Bramlett 's soul revue , Delaney & Bonnie and Friends . In addition , Harrison identified his involvement with the Hare Krishna movement as providing " another piece of a jigsaw puzzle " that represented the spiritual journey he had begun in 1966 . As well as embracing the Vaishnavist branch of Hinduism , Harrison produced two hit singles during 1969 – 70 by the UK @-@ based devotees , credited as Radha Krishna Temple ( London ) . In January 1970 , Harrison invited American producer Phil Spector to participate in the recording of Lennon 's Plastic Ono Band single " Instant Karma ! " This association led to Spector being given the task of salvaging the Beatles ' Get Back rehearsal tapes , released officially as the Let It Be album ( 1970 ) , and later co @-@ producing All Things Must Pass . Harrison first discussed the possibility of making a solo album of his unused songs during the ill @-@ tempered Get Back sessions , held at Twickenham Film Studios in January 1969 . At Abbey Road Studios on 25 February , his 26th birthday , Harrison recorded demos of " All Things Must Pass " and two other compositions that had received little interest from Lennon and McCartney at Twickenham . With the inclusion of one of these songs – " Something " – and " Here Comes the Sun " on the Beatles ' Abbey Road album in September 1969 , music critics acknowledged that Harrison had bloomed into a songwriter to match Lennon and McCartney . Although he began talking publicly about recording his own album from the autumn of 1969 , it was only after McCartney announced that he was leaving the Beatles , in April 1970 , signalling the band 's break @-@ up , that Harrison committed to the idea . Despite having already made Wonderwall Music ( 1968 ) , a mostly instrumental soundtrack album , and the experimental Electronic Sound ( 1969 ) , Harrison considered All Things Must Pass to be his first solo album . = = Album content = = = = = Main body = = = Spector first heard Harrison 's stockpile of unreleased compositions early in 1970 , when visiting his recently purchased home , Friar Park . " It was endless ! " Spector later recalled of the recital , noting the quantity and quality of Harrison 's material . Harrison had accumulated songs from as far back as 1966 ; both " Isn 't It a Pity " and " Art of Dying " date from that year . He co @-@ wrote at least two songs with Dylan while in Woodstock , one of which , " I 'd Have You Anytime " , appeared on All Things Must Pass . Harrison wrote " Let It Down " in late 1968 also . He introduced the Band @-@ inspired " All Things Must Pass " , along with " Hear Me Lord " and " Let It Down " , at the Beatles ' Get Back rehearsals , only to have them rejected by Lennon and McCartney . The tense atmosphere at Twickenham fuelled another All Things Must Pass song , " Wah @-@ Wah " , which Harrison wrote in the wake of his temporary departure from the band on 10 January 1969 . " Run of the Mill " followed soon afterwards , its lyrics focusing on the failure of friendships within the Beatles amid the business problems surrounding their Apple organisation . Harrison 's musical activities outside the band during 1969 inspired other compositions on the album : " What Is Life " came to him while driving to a London session that spring for Preston 's That 's the Way God Planned It album ; " Behind That Locked Door " was Harrison 's message of encouragement to Dylan , written the night before the latter 's comeback performance at the Isle of Wight Festival ; and Harrison began " My Sweet Lord " as an exercise in writing a gospel song during Delaney & Bonnie 's stopover in Copenhagen in December 1969 . " I Dig Love " resulted from Harrison 's early experiments with slide guitar , a technique that Bramlett had introduced him to , in order to cover for guitarist Dave Mason 's departure from the Friends line @-@ up . Other songs on All Things Must Pass , all written during the first half of 1970 , include " Awaiting on You All " , which reflected Harrison 's adoption of chanting through his involvement with the Hare Krishna movement ; " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) " , a tribute to the original owner of Friar Park ; and " Beware of Darkness " . The latter was another composition influenced by Harrison 's association with the Radha Krishna Temple , and was written while some of the devotees were staying with him at Friar Park . Shortly before beginning work on All Things Must Pass , Harrison attended a Dylan session in New York on 1 May 1970 , during which he acquired a new song of Dylan 's , " If Not for You " . Harrison wrote " Apple Scruffs " , which was one of a number of Dylan @-@ influenced compositions on the album , towards the end of production on All Things Must Pass , as a tribute to the diehard fans who had kept a vigil outside the studios where he was working . According to Leng , All Things Must Pass represents the completion of Harrison 's " musical @-@ philosophical circle " , in which his 1966 – 68 immersion in Indian music found a Western equivalent in gospel music . While identifying hard rock , country and western , and Motown among the other genres on the album , Leng writes of the " plethora of new sounds and influences " that Harrison had absorbed through 1969 and now incorporated , including " Krishna chants , gospel ecstasy , Southern blues @-@ rock [ and ] slide guitar " . The melodies of " Isn 't It a Pity " and " Beware of Darkness " have aspects of Indian classical music , and on " My Sweet Lord " , Harrison combined the Hindu bhajan tradition with gospel . The recurrent lyrical themes on the album are Harrison 's spiritual quest , as it would be throughout his solo career , and friendship , particularly the failure of relationships among the Beatles . Rob Mitchum of Pitchfork Media describes the album as " dark @-@ tinged Krishna folk @-@ rock " . = = = Apple Jam = = = On the original LP 's third disc , entitled Apple Jam , four of the five tracks – " Out of the Blue " , " Plug Me In " , " I Remember Jeep " and " Thanks for the Pepperoni " – are improvised instrumentals built around minimal chord changes , or in the case of " Out of the Blue " , a single @-@ chord riff . The title for " I Remember Jeep " originated from the name of Clapton 's dog , Jeep , and " Thanks for the Pepperoni " came from a line on a Lenny Bruce comedy album . In a December 2000 interview with Billboard magazine , Harrison explained : " For the jams , I didn 't want to just throw [ them ] in the cupboard , and yet at the same time it wasn 't part of the record ; that 's why I put it on a separate label to go in the package as a kind of bonus . " The only vocal selection on Apple Jam is " It 's Johnny 's Birthday " , sung to the tune of Cliff Richard 's 1968 hit " Congratulations " , and recorded as a gift from Harrison to Lennon to mark the latter 's 30th birthday . Like all the " free " tracks on the bonus disc , " It 's Johnny 's Birthday " carried a Harrison songwriting credit on the original UK release of All Things Must Pass , while on the first US copies , the only songwriting information on the record 's face labels was the standard inclusion of a performing rights organisation , BMI . In December 1970 , " Congratulations " songwriters Bill Martin and Phil Coulter claimed for royalties , with the result that the composer 's credit for Harrison 's track was swiftly changed to acknowledge Martin and Coulter . = = = Demo tracks and outtakes = = = Aside from the seventeen compositions issued on discs one and two of the original album , Harrison recorded at least twenty other songs – either in demo form for Spector 's benefit , just before recording got officially under way in late May , or as outtakes from the sessions . In a 1992 interview , Harrison commented on the volume of material : " I didn 't have many tunes on Beatles records , so doing an album like All Things Must Pass was like going to the bathroom and letting it out . " As well as " Wah @-@ Wah " , " Art of Dying " and others that would soon be developed in a band setting , Harrison 's solo performance for Spector included the following songs , all of which remain unreleased : " Window , Window " – another composition turned down by the Beatles in January 1969 " Everybody , Nobody " – the melody of which Harrison adapted for " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " " Nowhere to Go " – a second Harrison – Dylan collaboration from November 1968 , originally known as " When Everybody Comes to Town " " Cosmic Empire " , " Mother Divine " and " Tell Me What Has Happened to You " . Also from this performance were two tracks that Harrison returned to in later years . " Beautiful Girl " appeared on his 1976 album Thirty Three & 1 / 3 , and the Dylan @-@ written " I Don 't Want to Do It " was Harrison 's contribution to the soundtrack for Porky 's Revenge ! ( 1985 ) . During the main sessions for All Things Must Pass , Harrison taped or routined early versions of " You " , " Try Some , Buy Some " and " When Every Song Is Sung " . Harrison offered these three songs to Ronnie Spector in February 1971 for her proposed ( and soon abandoned ) solo album on Apple Records . After releasing his own versions of " Try Some , Buy Some " and " You " between 1973 and 1975 , he offered " When Every Song Is Sung " ( since retitled " I 'll Still Love You " ) to former bandmate Ringo Starr for his 1976 album Ringo 's Rotogravure . " Woman Don 't You Cry for Me " , written in December 1969 as his first slide @-@ guitar composition , was another song that Harrison revisited on Thirty Three & 1 / 3 . Harrison included " I Live for You " as the only all @-@ new bonus track on the 2001 reissue of All Things Must Pass . " Down to the River " remained unused until he reworked it as " Rocking Chair in Hawaii " for his final studio album , the posthumously released Brainwashed ( 2002 ) . Harrison recorded the following compositions during the All Things Must Pass sessions but they have never received an official release : " Dehradun " – written during the Beatles ' stay in Rishikesh in early 1968 , and unveiled by Harrison in a brief performance on ukulele for the 1995 TV broadcast of The Beatles Anthology " Gopala Krishna " – also known as " Om Hare Om " , with all @-@ Sanskrit lyrics , and described by Simon Leng as a " rocking companion " to " Awaiting on You All " " Going Down to Golders Green " – a Sun Records @-@ era Presley parody based on the melody of " Baby Let 's Play House " . = = Contributing musicians = = The precise line @-@ up of contributing musicians is open to conjecture . Due to the album 's big sound and the many participants on the sessions , commentators have traditionally referred to the grand , orchestral nature of this line @-@ up . In 2002 , music critic Greg Kot described it as " a who 's who of the decade 's rock royalty " , while Harris writes of the cast taking on " a Cecil B. De Mille aspect " . The musicians included Bobby Whitlock , Jim Gordon , Carl Radle , Bobby Keys , Jim Price and Dave Mason , all of whom had recently toured with Delaney & Bonnie . Along with Eric Clapton , there were also musicians whose link with Harrison went back some years , such as Ringo Starr and Billy Preston , and German bassist Klaus Voormann , formerly of Manfred Mann and a friend since the Beatles ' years in Hamburg . Handling much of the keyboard work with Whitlock was Gary Wright , who went on to collaborate regularly with Harrison throughout the 1970s . From within Apple 's stable of musicians , Harrison recruited the band Badfinger , future Yes drummer Alan White , and Beatles assistant Mal Evans on percussion . Badfinger drummer Mike Gibbins ' powerful tambourine work led to Spector giving him the nickname " Mr Tambourine Man " , after the Dylan song , while bandmates Pete Ham , Tom Evans and Joey Molland provided rhythm acoustic @-@ guitar parts that , in keeping with Spector 's Wall of Sound principles , were to be " felt but not heard " . Orchestral arranger John Barham also sat in on the sessions , occasionally contributing on harmonium and vibraphone . Other guests included Nashville pedal steel player Pete Drake , Procol Harum 's Gary Brooker and a pre @-@ Genesis Phil Collins . For contractual reasons , on UK pressings of All Things Must Pass , Clapton 's participation on the first two discs of the album remained unacknowledged for many years , although he was listed among the musicians appearing on the Apple Jam disc in Britain . Harrison was unaware of Collins 's contribution until putting together the 30th anniversary reissue of the album in 2000 , at which point he offered Collins his belated thanks . Clapton 's former bandmate in Cream and Blind Faith , Ginger Baker , participated in the session for " I Remember Jeep " only , according to the album 's sleeve notes . Simon Leng consulted Voormann , Barham , Molland and Delaney Bramlett for his chapter covering the making of All Things Must Pass and credits Tony Ashton as one of the keyboard players on both versions of " Isn 't It a Pity " . Some sources suggest that Peter Frampton may have been among the rhythm guitarists on some songs , while similarly unsubstantiated claims exist regarding possible guest appearances from John Lennon , Maurice Gibb and Pink Floyd 's Richard Wright . In addition , for some years after the album 's release , rumours claimed that the Band backed Harrison on the country @-@ influenced " Behind That Locked Door " . = = Production = = = = = Initial recording = = = The date for Harrison 's run @-@ through of songs for Spector , at Abbey Road Studios , is generally thought to have been 20 May 1970 , the same day as the Let It Be film 's world premiere , with recording sessions beginning on 26 May . With assistance from former Beatles engineers Ken Scott and Phil McDonald , Spector recorded most of the album 's backing tracks live , in some cases featuring multiple drummers and keyboard players , and as many as five rhythm guitarists . According to authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , the majority of these backing tracks were taped on 8 @-@ track at Abbey Road , with the first batch of sessions taking place from late May through to the second week of June . The first song recorded was " Wah @-@ Wah " ; " What Is Life " , versions one and two of " Isn 't It a Pity " , and the songs on which Drake participated , such as " All Things Must Pass " and " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " , were among the other tracks taped then . The Apple Jam instrumentals " Thanks for the Pepperoni " and " Plug Me In " , featuring Harrison , Clapton and Mason each taking extended guitar solos , were recorded later in June , at the Beatles ' Apple Studio , and marked the formation of Clapton , Whitlock , Radle and Gordon 's short @-@ lived band Derek and the Dominos . Harrison also contributed on guitar to both sides of the band 's debut single , " Tell the Truth " and " Roll It Over " , which were produced by Spector and recorded at Apple on 18 June . The eleven @-@ minute " Out of the Blue " featured contributions from Keys and Price , both of whom began working with the Rolling Stones around this time . Although Harrison had estimated in a New York radio interview that the solo album would take no more than eight weeks to complete , recording , overdubbing and mixing on All Things Must Pass lasted for five months , until late October . Part of the reason for this was Harrison 's need to make regular visits to Liverpool to tend to his mother , who had been diagnosed with cancer . Participants at the recording sessions identify Spector 's erratic behaviour as another factor affecting progress on the album . Harrison later referred to Spector needing " eighteen cherry brandies " before he could start work , a situation that forced much of the production duties onto Harrison alone . In July 1970 , by which time sessions had resumed at Trident Studios , Spector fell over in the studio and broke his arm . Early that month , work on All Things Must Pass was temporarily brought to a halt as Harrison headed north to see his dying mother for the last time . EMI 's growing concerns regarding studio costs added to the pressure on Harrison , and a further complication , John Harris notes , was that Clapton had become infatuated with Harrison 's wife , Pattie Boyd , and adopted a heroin habit as a means of coping with his guilt . = = = Overdubbing = = = In Spector 's absence , Harrison had completed the album 's backing tracks and preliminary overdubs by 12 August . He then sent early mixes of many of the songs to his co @-@ producer , who was convalescing in Los Angeles , and Spector replied by letter dated 19 August with suggestions for further overdubs and final mixing . Among Spector 's comments were detailed suggestions regarding " Let It Down " , the released recording of which Madinger and Easter describe as " the best example of Spector running rampant with the ' Wall of Sound ' " , and an urging that he and Harrison carry out further work on the songs at the superior , 16 @-@ track Trident Studios facility . Spector then returned to oversee conversion of the 8 @-@ track recordings to 16 @-@ track masters , a process that allowed for more freedom when overdubbing new instruments . John Barham 's orchestrations were recorded during the next phase of the album 's production , starting in early September , along with many further contributions from Harrison , such as his lead vocals , slide guitar parts and multi @-@ tracked backing vocals ( the latter credited to " the George O 'Hara @-@ Smith Singers " ) . Leng recognises Barham 's arrangements on " pivotal " songs such as " Isn 't It a Pity " , " My Sweet Lord " , " Beware of Darkness " and " All Things Must Pass " as important elements of the album 's sound , while Spector has praised Harrison 's guitar and vocal work on the overdubs , saying : " Perfectionist is not the right word . Anyone can be a perfectionist . He was beyond that ... " Harrison 's style of slide guitar playing incorporated aspects of both Indian music and the blues tradition ; from its introduction on All Things Must Pass , Leng writes , Harrison 's slide guitar became his musical signature – " as instantly recognisable as Dylan 's harmonica or Stevie Wonder 's " . = = = Mixing and mastering = = = On 9 October , while carrying out final mixing at Abbey Road , Harrison presented Lennon with the recently recorded " It 's Johnny 's Birthday " . The track featured Harrison on vocals , harmonium and all other instruments , and vocal contributions from Mal Evans and assistant engineer Eddie Klein . That same month , Harrison finished his production work on Starr 's 1971 single " It Don 't Come Easy " , the basic track for which they had recorded with Voormann in March at Trident . Aside from his contributions to projects by Starr , Clapton , Preston and Ashton during 1970 , over the following year Harrison would reciprocate the help that his fellow musicians on All Things Must Pass had given him by contributing to albums by Whitlock , Wright , Badfinger and Keys . On 28 October , Harrison and Boyd arrived in New York , where he and Spector carried out final preparation for the album 's release , such as sequencing . Harrison harboured doubts about whether all the songs they had finished were worthy of inclusion ; Allan Steckler , Apple Records ' US manager , was " stunned " by the quality of the material and assured Harrison that he should issue all the songs . Spector 's signature production style gave All Things Must Pass a heavy , reverb @-@ oriented sound , which Harrison came to regret with the passage of time . Outtakes from the recording sessions became available on bootlegs in the 1990s . One such unofficial release , the three @-@ disc The Making of All Things Must Pass , contains multiple takes of some of the songs on the album , providing a work @-@ in @-@ progress on the sequence of overdubs onto the backing tracks . = = Album artwork = = Harrison commissioned Tom Wilkes to design a hinged box in which to house the three vinyl discs , rather than have them packaged in a triple gatefold cover . Apple insider Tony Bramwell later recalled : " It was a bloody big thing ... You needed arms like an orang @-@ utan to carry half a dozen . " The packaging caused some confusion among retailers , who , at that time , associated boxed albums with opera or classical works . The stark black @-@ and @-@ white cover photo was taken on the main lawn at Friar Park by Wilkes ' Camouflage Productions partner , Barry Feinstein . Commentators interpret the photograph – showing Harrison seated in the centre of , and towering over , four comical @-@ looking garden gnomes – as representing his removal from the Beatles ' collective identity . The gnomes had recently been delivered to Friar Park and placed on the lawn ; seeing the four figures there , and mindful of the message in the album 's title , Feinstein immediately drew parallels with Harrison 's former band . Author and music journalist Mikal Gilmore has written that Lennon 's initial negativity regarding All Things Must Pass was possibly because he was " irritated " by this cover photo ; Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley attributes this reaction to envy on Lennon 's part during a time when " everything [ Harrison ] touched turned to gold " . Apple included a poster with the album , showing Harrison in a darkened corridor of his home , standing in front of an iron @-@ framed window . Wilkes had designed a more adventurous poster , but according to Beatles author Bruce Spizer , Harrison was uncomfortable with the imagery . Some of the Feinstein photographs that Wilkes had incorporated into this original poster design appeared instead on the picture sleeves for the " My Sweet Lord " single and its follow @-@ up , " What Is Life " . = = Release = = EMI and its US counterpart , Capitol Records , had originally scheduled the album for release in October 1970 , and advance promotion began in September . An " intangible buzz " had been " in the air for months " regarding Harrison 's solo album , according to Alan Clayson , and " for reasons other than still @-@ potent loyalty to the Fab Four " . Harrison 's stature as an artist had grown over the past year through the acclaim afforded his songs on Abbey Road , as well as the speculation caused by his and Dylan 's joint recording session in New York . Noting also Harrison 's role in popularising new acts such as the Band and Delaney & Bonnie , and his association with Clapton and Cream , NME critic Bob Woffinden concluded in 1981 : " All in all , Harrison 's credibility was building to a peak . " All Things Must Pass was released on 27 November 1970 in the United States , and on 30 November in Britain , with the rare distinction of having the same Apple catalogue number ( STCH 639 ) in both countries . Often credited as rock 's first triple album , it was the first triple set of previously unissued music by a single act , the multi @-@ artist Woodstock live album having preceded it by six months . Adding to the commercial appeal of Harrison 's songs , Clayson writes , All Things Must Pass appeared at a time when religion and spirituality had become " a turn @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade craze " among Western youth , just as the Twist had been in 1960 . Another factor behind the album 's first weeks of release was Harrison 's meeting with McCartney in New York , the failure of which led to McCartney filing suit in London 's High Court to dissolve the Beatles ' legal partnership . Apple issued " My Sweet Lord " as the album 's first single , as a double A @-@ side with " Isn 't It a Pity " in the majority of countries . It was highly successful , topping singles charts around the world during the first few months of 1971 , on its way to becoming the most performed song of that year . Discussing the song 's cultural impact , Gilmore credits " My Sweet Lord " with being " as pervasive on radio and in youth consciousness as anything the Beatles had produced " . Issued in February 1971 , the second single , " What Is Life " backed with " Apple Scruffs " , was also successful . All Things Must Pass was number 1 on the UK 's official albums chart for eight weeks , although until 2006 , chart records incorrectly stated that it had peaked at number 4 . On Melody Maker 's national chart , the album was also number 1 for eight weeks , from 6 February to 27 March , six of which coincided with " My Sweet Lord " topping the magazine 's singles chart . In America , All Things Must Pass spent seven weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Top LP 's chart , from 2 January until 20 February , and a similarly long period atop the listings compiled by Cash Box and Record World ; for three of those weeks , " My Sweet Lord " held the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100 . Writing in the April 2001 issue of Record Collector , managing editor Peter Doggett described Harrison as " arguably the most successful rock star on the planet " at the start of 1971 , with All Things Must Pass " easily outstripping other solo Beatles projects later in the year , such as [ McCartney 's ] Ram and [ Lennon 's ] Imagine " . Harrison 's so @-@ called " Billboard double " – whereby one artist simultaneously holds the top positions on the magazine 's albums and singles listings – was a feat that none of his former bandmates equalled until Paul McCartney and Wings repeated the achievement in June 1973 . At the 1972 Grammy Awards , All Things Must Pass was nominated for Album of the Year and " My Sweet Lord " for Record of the Year , but Harrison lost out in both categories to Carole King . All Things Must Pass was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America on 17 December 1970 and it has since been certified six times platinum . According to John Bergstrom of PopMatters , as of January 2011 , All Things Must Pass had sold more than Imagine and McCartney and Wings ' Band on the Run ( 1973 ) combined . Also writing in 2011 , Lennon and Harrison biographer Gary Tillery describes it as " the most successful album ever released by an ex @-@ Beatle " . In his 2004 book The 100 Best @-@ Selling Albums of the 70s , Hamish Champ ranks it as the 36th best @-@ selling album of that decade . = = Critical reception = = = = = Contemporary reviews = = = All Things Must Pass received almost universal critical acclaim on release – as much for the music and lyrical content as for the fact that , of all the former Beatles , it was the work of supposed junior partner George Harrison . Beatles author Robert Rodriguez has written of critics ' attention being centred on " a major talent unleashed , one who 'd been hidden in plain sight all those years " behind Lennon and McCartney . " That the Quiet Beatle was capable of such range , " Rodriguez continues , " from the joyful ' What Is Life ' to the meditative ' Isn 't It a Pity ' to the steamrolling ' Art of Dying ' to the playful ' I Dig Love ' – was revelatory . " Most reviewers tended to discount the third disc of studio jams , accepting that it was a " free " addition to justify the set 's high retail price , although Anthony DeCurtis recognises Apple Jam as further evidence of the album 's " bracing air of creative liberation " . Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone deemed All Things Must Pass " both an intensely personal statement and a grandiose gesture , a triumph over artistic modesty " and referenced the three @-@ record set as an " extravaganza of piety and sacrifice and joy , whose sheer magnitude and ambition may dub it the War and Peace of rock and roll " . Gerson also lauded the album 's production as being " of classic Spectorian proportions , Wagnerian , Brucknerian , the music of mountain tops and vast horizons " . In the NME , Alan Smith referred to Harrison 's songs as " music of the mind " , adding : " they search and they wander , as if in the soft rhythms of a dream , and in the end he has set them to words which are often both profound and profoundly beautiful . " Billboard magazine hailed All Things Must Pass as " a masterful blend of rock and piety , technical brilliance and mystic mood , and relief from the tedium of everyday rock " . Melody Maker 's Richard Williams summed up the surprise many felt at Harrison 's apparent transformation : All Things Must Pass , he said , provided " the rock equivalent of the shock felt by pre @-@ war moviegoers when Garbo first opened her mouth in a talkie : Garbo talks ! – Harrison is free ! " In another review , for The Times , Williams opined that , of all the Beatles ' solo releases thus far , Harrison 's album " makes far and away the best listening , perhaps because it is the one which most nearly continues the tradition they began eight years ago " . William Bender of Time magazine described it as an " expressive , classically executed personal statement ... one of the outstanding rock albums in years " , while Don Heckman wrote in The New York Times : " If anyone had any doubts that George Harrison was a major talent , they can relax ... This is a release that shouldn 't be missed . " That the album sounded so contemporary in 1970 contributed to All Things Must Pass seeming dated and faddish later in the decade . Village Voice critic Robert Christgau , having bemoaned in 1971 that the album was characterised by " overblown fatuity " and uninteresting music , wrote in a 1981 review of its " featurelessness " , " right down to the anonymity of the multitracked vocals " . In their book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Roy Carr and Tony Tyler were likewise lukewarm in their assessment , criticising the " homogeneity " of the production and " the lugubrious nature of Harrison 's composing " . Writing in The Beatles Forever in 1977 , however , Nicholas Schaffner praised the album as the " crowning glory " of Harrison and Spector 's careers , and highlighted " All Things Must Pass " and " Beware of Darkness " as the " two most eloquent songs ... musically as well as lyrically " . = = = Retrospective reviews and legacy = = = AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger views All Things Must Pass as " [ Harrison 's ] best ... a very moving work " , while Roger Catlin of MusicHound describes the set as " epic and audacious " , its " dense production and rich songs topped off by the extra album of jamming " . Q magazine considers it to be an exemplary fusion of " rock and religion " , as well as " the single most satisfying collection of any solo Beatle " . Filmmaker Martin Scorsese has written of the " powerful sense of the ritualistic on the album " , adding : " I remember feeling that it had the grandeur of liturgical music , of the bells used in Tibetan Buddhist ceremonies . " Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Greg Kot described this grandeur as an " echo @-@ laden cathedral of rock in excelsis " where the " real stars " are Harrison 's songs ; in the same publication , Mikal Gilmore labelled the album " the finest solo work any ex @-@ Beatle ever produced " . In his July 2001 feature for Mojo , John Harris called it " the inaugural solo album that still stands as the best Beatles solo record " , while earlier that year the magazine 's album review read in part : " This remains the best Beatles solo album ... oozing both the goggle @-@ eyed joy of creative emancipation and the sense of someone pushing himself to the limit ... " In his PopMatters review , John Bergstrom likens All Things Must Pass to " the sound of Harrison exhaling " , noting : " He was quite possibly the only Beatle who was completely satisfied with the Beatles being gone . " Bergstrom credits the album with heavily influencing bands such as ELO , My Morning Jacket , Fleet Foxes and Grizzly Bear , as well as helping bring about the dream pop phenomenon . Another Rolling Stone critic , James Hunter , commented in 2001 on how All Things Must Pass " helped define the decade it ushered in " , in that " the cast , the length , the long hair falling on suede @-@ covered shoulders ... foretold the sprawl and sleepy ambition of the Seventies . " In The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , Mac Randall writes that the album is exceptional , but " a tad overrated " by those critics who tend to overlook how its last 30 minutes comprise " a bunch of instrumental blues jams that nobody listens to more than once " . Unterberger similarly cites the inclusion of Apple Jam as " a very significant flaw " , while recognising that its content " proved to be of immense musical importance " , with the formation of Derek and the Dominos . Writing for Pitchfork Media in 2016 , Jayson Green said that Harrison was the only former Beatle who " changed the terms of what an album could be " since , although All Things Must Pass was not the first rock triple LP , " in the cultural imagination , it is the first triple album , the first one released as a pointed statement . " Among Harrison 's biographers , Simon Leng views All Things Must Pass as a " paradox of an album " : as eager as Harrison was to break free from his identity as a Beatle , Leng suggests , many of the songs document the " Kafkaesque chain of events " of life within the band and so added to the " mythologized history " he was looking to escape . Ian Inglis notes 1970 's place in an era marking " the new supremacy of the singer @-@ songwriter " , through such memorable albums as Simon & Garfunkel 's Bridge Over Troubled Water , Neil Young 's After the Gold Rush , Van Morrison 's Moondance and Joni Mitchell 's Ladies of the Canyon , but that none of these " possessed the startling impact " of All Things Must Pass . Harrison 's triple album , Inglis writes , " [ would ] elevate ' the third Beatle ' into a position that , for a time at least , comfortably eclipsed that of his former bandmates " . All Things Must Pass features in music reference books such as The Mojo Collection : The Greatest Albums of All Time , Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die and Tom Moon 's 1 @,@ 000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die . In 1999 , All Things Must Pass appeared at number 9 on The Guardian 's " Alternative Top 100 Albums " list , where the editor described it as the " best , mellowest and most sophisticated " of all the Beatles ' solo efforts . In 2006 , Pitchfork Media placed it at number 82 on the site 's " Top 100 Albums of the 1970s " . Six year later , it was voted 433rd on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . According to the website Acclaimed Music , All Things Must Pass has also appeared in the following critics ' best @-@ album books and lists , among others : Paul Gambaccini 's The World Critics Best Albums of All Time ( 1977 ; ranked number 79 ) , The Times ' " 100 Best Albums of All Time " ( 1993 ; number 79 ) , Allan Kozinn 's The 100 Greatest Pop Albums of the Century ( published in 2000 ) , Q 's " The 50 ( + 50 ) Best British Albums Ever " ( 2004 ) , Mojo 's " 70 of the Greatest Albums of the 70s " ( 2006 ) , the NME 's " 100 Greatest British Albums Ever " ( 2006 ; number 86 ) , Paste magazine 's " The 70 Best Albums of the 1970s " ( 2012 ; number 27 ) , and Craig Mathieson and Toby Creswell 's The 100 Best Albums of All Time ( 2013 ) . In January 2014 , All Things Must Pass was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , an award bestowed by the Recording Academy " to honor recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance that are at least 25 years old " . = = Subsequent releases = = = = = 2001 = = = To mark the 30th anniversary of the album 's release , Harrison supervised a remastered edition of All Things Must Pass , which was issued in January 2001 , less than a year before his death from cancer at the age of 58 . The reissue appeared on Gnome Records , a label specifically set up by him for the project . Harrison oversaw revisions to Wilkes and Feinstein 's album artwork , which included a colorised " George & the Gnomes " front cover and , on the two CD sleeves and the album booklet , further examples of this cover image showing an imaginary , gradual encroachment of urbanisation on the Friar Park landscape . The latter series served to illustrate Harrison 's dismay at " the direction the world seemed headed at the start of the millennium " , Gary Tillery observes , a direction that was " so far afield from the Age of Aquarius that had been the dream of the sixties " . Harrison launched a website dedicated to the reissue , which offered , in the description of Chuck Miller of Goldmine magazine , " graphics and sounds and little Macromedia @-@ created gnomes dancing and giggling and playing guitars in a Terry Gilliam @-@ esque world " . As a further example of his willingness to embrace modern media , Harrison prepared an electronic press kit , which he described as " not exactly an EPK but it is a threat to world order as we know it " . Titled All Things Must Pass : 30th Anniversary Edition , the new album contained five bonus tracks , including " I Live For You " , two of the songs performed for Spector at Abbey Road in May 1970 ( " Beware of Darkness " and " Let It Down " ) and " My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) " , a partial re @-@ recording of Harrison 's biggest solo hit . In addition , Harrison resequenced the content of Apple Jam so that the album closed with " Out of the Blue " , as he had originally intended . Assisting Harrison with overdubs on the bonus tracks were his son , Dhani Harrison , singer Sam Brown and percussionist Ray Cooper , all of whom contributed to the recording of Brainwashed around this time . With Harrison undertaking extensive promotional work , the 2001 reissue was a critical and commercial success . Having underestimated the album 's popularity , Capitol faced a back order of 20 @,@ 000 copies in America . There , the reissue debuted at number 4 on Billboard 's Top Pop Catalog Albums chart and topped the magazine 's Internet Album Sales listings . In the UK , it peaked at number 68 on the national albums chart . Writing in Record Collector , Doggett described this success as " a previously unheard @-@ of achievement for a reissue " . Following Harrison 's death on 29 November 2001 , All Things Must Pass returned to the US charts , climbing to number 6 and number 7 , respectively , on the Top Pop Catalog and Internet Album Sales charts . With the release on iTunes of much of the Harrison catalogue , in October 2007 , the album re @-@ entered the US Top Pop Catalog chart , peaking at number 3 . = = = 2010 = = = For the 40th anniversary of All Things Must Pass , EMI reissued the album in its original configuration , in a limited @-@ edition box set of three vinyl LPs . Available via participating Record Store Day retailers , with each copy individually numbered , the release took place on 26 November 2010 . In what Bergstrom notes as a contrast to the more aggressive marketing campaign run simultaneously by John Lennon 's estate , to commemorate Lennon 's 70th birthday , a digitally remastered 24 @-@ bit version of the album was made available for download from Harrison 's official website . The reissue coincided with the Harrison estate 's similarly low @-@ key release of the Ravi Shankar – George Harrison box set Collaborations and East Meets West Music 's reissue of Raga , the long @-@ unavailable documentary on Shankar that Harrison had helped release through Apple Films in 1971 . = = = 2014 = = = All Things Must Pass was remastered again for inclusion in the eight @-@ disc Harrison box set The Apple Years 1968 – 75 , issued in September 2014 . Also available as a separate , double CD release , the reissue reproduces Harrison 's 2001 liner notes and includes the same five bonus tracks that appeared on the 30th anniversary edition . In addition , the box set 's DVD contains the promotional film created for the 2001 reissue . = = Track listing = = All tracks written by George Harrison , except where noted . = = = Original release = = = Side one " I 'd Have You Anytime " ( Harrison , Bob Dylan ) – 2 : 56 " My Sweet Lord " – 4 : 38 " Wah @-@ Wah " – 5 : 35 " Isn 't It a Pity ( Version One ) " – 7 : 10 Side two " What Is Life " – 4 : 22 " If Not for You " ( Dylan ) – 3 : 29 " Behind That Locked Door " – 3 : 05 " Let It Down " – 4 : 57 " Run of the Mill " – 2 : 49 Side three " Beware of Darkness " – 3 : 48 " Apple Scruffs " – 3 : 04 " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) " – 3 : 48 " Awaiting on You All " – 2 : 45 " All Things Must Pass " – 3 : 44 Side four " I Dig Love " – 4 : 55 " Art of Dying " – 3 : 37 " Isn 't It a Pity ( Version Two ) " – 4 : 45 " Hear Me Lord " – 5 : 46 Side five ( Apple Jam ) " Out of the Blue " – 11 : 14 " It 's Johnny 's Birthday " ( Bill Martin , Phil Coulter , Harrison ) – 0 : 49 " Plug Me In " – 3 : 18 Side six ( Apple Jam ) " I Remember Jeep " – 8 : 07 " Thanks for the Pepperoni " – 5 : 31 = = = 2001 remaster = = = Disc one Tracks 1 – 9 as per sides one and two of original issue , with the following additional tracks : " I Live for You " – 3 : 35 " Beware of Darkness " ( acoustic demo ) – 3 : 19 " Let It Down " ( alternate version ) – 3 : 54 " What Is Life " ( backing track / alternate mix ) – 4 : 27 " My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) " – 4 : 57 Disc two Tracks 1 – 9 as per sides three and four of original issue , followed by the reordered Apple Jam tracks , for which all participants are believed to now be credited as composers also . " It 's Johnny 's Birthday " ( Martin , Coulter ; new lyrics by Mal Evans , Harrison , Eddie Klein ) – 0 : 49 " Plug Me In " ( Eric Clapton , Jim Gordon , Harrison , Dave Mason , Carl Radle , Bobby Whitlock ) – 3 : 18 " I Remember Jeep " ( Ginger Baker , Clapton , Harrison , Billy Preston , Klaus Voormann ) – 8 : 07 " Thanks for the Pepperoni " ( Clapton , Gordon , Harrison , Mason , Radle , Whitlock ) – 5 : 31 " Out of the Blue " ( Al Aronowitz , Clapton , Gordon , Harrison , Bobby Keys , Jim Price , Radle , Whitlock , Gary Wright ) – 11 : 16 = = Personnel = = The following musicians are either credited on the 2001 reissue of All Things Must Pass or are acknowledged as having contributed after subsequent research : = = Accolades = = = = = Grammy Awards = = = = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = = = = = Year @-@ end charts = = = = = Certifications = =
= Treats ! = treats ! ( often referred to as Treats , Treats ! , Treats Magazine or Treats ! Magazine ) is a limited @-@ edition erotica and fine arts magazine that is primarily available by subscription . The magazine , which debuted in 2011 , is described as a quarterly although it was initially only published twice per year . = = Publication and format = = The magazine offers both print and digital subscriptions and has back issues available for sale in both formats . It sells high quality fine art prints from its photo collection for several hundreds of dollars per print . Although it claims to be a quarterly magazine , treats has published just two issues per year for each calendar year of its existence to date : 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . 2014 has had one issue so far . The print editions are produced in oversized format on 70 lb. matte stock . The magazine is also available digitally in several formats such as on Zinio for iPad and as a mobile phone app as well as via the official website , a blog , and various social media websites . = = Description = = treats ! describes itself as " a limited edition , fine art print & digital publication available only by subscription & sold at select news @-@ stands , book stores & boutiques worldwide . " The literary content of the magazine has been described as " left @-@ of @-@ center " by Daily Beast . The magazine , which is based in Los Angeles , is described by USA Today , The Huffington Post , and The New York Times as an artistic erotica magazine . Adam Tschorn of the Los Angeles Times noted that his " copilot " felt that the magazine 's nude photography was " virtually indistinguishable " from Playboy 's despite the " fine arts quarterly " billing . According to Steve Shaw , the magazine 's publisher , treats ! was founded to present content that was too risqué for magazines such as Vogue , Elle and InStyle . Shaw 's nickname for photos that could not be used because they pushed the borders too far was " treats " , and he decided to use the nickname as the title for the magazine . The magazine presents images that have not been airbrushed or photographically retouched . = = History = = Shaw has a background in celebrity glamour photography for Maxim , FHM , Playboy , and British Esquire . He claims he had become fed up with shooting restrictions such as " three quarters of one side of a boob ... You can only show one inch down from the bum crack ... " and with uncooperative subjects . Thus , he says , he created his own magazine with what Daily Beast described as " female full @-@ frontal nudity , luxe @-@ y aesthetic , and [ an ] underpinning of fashion @-@ world credibility " that has gotten " influential tastemakers and industry icons " to take notice . Shaw 's initial investment for his magazine was $ 600 @,@ 000 . Within the first year of its launch photographers like Brett Ratner were volunteering to shoot for the magazine . As of 2014 , Duran , Mark Seliger , Ben Watts , Josh Ryan , and Bob Carlos Clarke are among the photographers who have been featured in the magazine . The launch party for the magazine was held on Thursday , February 24 , 2011 at the James Goldstein residence as an Oscars @-@ week party before the 83rd Academy Awards . Issue 1 of the magazine , which was without any advertisements , debuted with a cover photo of models Irene Lambers and Cassy Gerasimova photographed by Tony Duran that was described by Business Wire as " edgy , scintillating and elegant " . The issue featured the classic picture of Raquel Welch on the cross taken by Terry O 'Neill . Literary subjects in the premier include features on Jason Statham and Shepard Fairey . 5 @,@ 000 magazines were printed for issue 1 and 10 @,@ 000 for issue 2 . Its launch was awarded a " best new launch " award of 2011 by the Media Industry Newsletter ( MIN ) . The magazine debuted with a $ 20 @.@ 00 newsstand price , a $ 65 @.@ 00 yearly subscription price and $ 15 @.@ 00 download price . With the fourth issue the newsstand price changed to $ 30 @.@ 00 . In 2012 , the magazine added an online gallery that sold prints of the magazine 's content at prices ranging from $ 395 to $ 3 @,@ 995 — depending on size and framing . Emily Ratajkowski posed for several of the early issues . She claims that her appearance on the March 2012 issue 3 cover is what brought her two unsolicited high @-@ profile music video modeling roles ( Robin Thicke , T.I. , and Pharrell Williams ' " Blurred Lines " and Maroon 5 's " Love Somebody " ) . Thicke had seen the treats ! magazine black @-@ and @-@ white cover and convinced director Diane Martel to cast her in the " Blurred Lines " music video . Dylan Penn , daughter of Sean Penn and Robin Wright , appeared nude on the cover of the seventh issue of treats ! , which was published in April 2014 . Penn avoided full exposure on the cover with the aid of a $ 6 @,@ 000 @-@ plus Fendi bag and in a similar manner in the photo layout feature within the magazine . Penn was photographed by Duran . According to an E ! Online report on March 5 , 2014 , Penn had declined a $ 150 @,@ 000 offer to pose for the cover of Playboy . The eighth issue ( featuring Lydia Hearst on the cover ) was not released until February 2015 . = = Corporate information = = The editorial offices of the magazine are located on 1219 S. La Brea Avenue in Los Angeles . In 2011 , Shaw served as editor @-@ in @-@ chief & publisher ; Rob Hill served as editor ; Eric Roinestad served as art director and Rebecca Black served as director of photography . Founder Shaw publishes the magazine independently with a staff of three people . Hill had previously served as editor of Hollywood Life magazine . Shaw and the magazine throw an annual Halloween " Trick or Treats " party .
= Champion ( Nicki Minaj song ) = " Champion " is a song by Trinidadian American recording artist Nicki Minaj , taken from her second studio album , Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded ( 2012 ) . The song features additional vocals from hip hop artists Drake , Nas , and Young Jeezy . " Champion " was written by Minaj , Aubrey Graham , Jay Jenkins , and Nasir Jones , while the production and additional writing was handled by Pink Friday ( 2010 ) collaborators T @-@ Minus and Nikhil Seetharam . Musically , " Champion " is a downtempo hardcore hip hop ballad that also incorporates elements of R & B , new @-@ age , and space music . The lyrics speak of each artist 's rise to fame , as well as the trials and tribulations that it carries ; it references the death of Minaj 's cousin , Nicholas Telemaque , who was murdered near his Brooklyn home on July 3 , 2011 . " Champion " garnered praise from music critics , with the majority declaring it a stand @-@ out track . The song is notable for the return of Minaj 's original low @-@ key sound , as well as her tame " gimmick @-@ free " delivery as opposed to her eccentric " Roman " songs . Critics generally praised the song for its serious tone and introspective nature . Minaj performed the song live for the first time on 106 & Park on April 3 , 2012 , along with " Beez in the Trap " , and " Roman Reloaded " . = = Production = = " Champion " was written by Minaj , along with T @-@ Minus , Nikhil S. , Drake , Young Jeezy , and Nas , with production handled by T @-@ Minus and Nikhil S. , who had previously worked with Minaj on her debut studio album Pink Friday ( 2010 ) . Minaj had wanted several artists to appear on the song , including fellow New York rapper Nas . She had stated that she did not think that she could get Nas on the song , saying " He 's always been so exclusive . He doesn 't work with everybody and I respect people that are like that . They take pride in their craft . " Minaj told Vibe , " I keep saying to be from Queens and to end up having him ... We know how picky he is [ for features ] . He said ' I like the song , I 'm a do it , you can wait ' til Monday and I got you ' and he kept his word . He murked it , for me to wait for a feature and it be that and murk the song and finish the song that way ... I was amazed . " After hearing the song , Nas agreed to be on the track , and sent his verse back to Minaj the following Monday . After collaborating , Nas said that he had fallen in love with the song : " Nicki hit us up , I got love , so it was nothin ' --I did the record .... If I feel it , I can get on it . I heard the track . I felt it . I loved it . " Another artist Minaj wanted on " Champion " was long @-@ time idol and fellow female rapper Lauryn Hill . " I wanted to get her on ' Champion ' ... That would have been crazy , right ? She was my fave . [ ... ] Lauryn to me is the goddess . I 'd love to meet her . I 'm pretty sure she 's heard me talk about her a billion times . " Although Minaj vouched for Hill to appear on the track , plans were never finalized and the collaboration ultimately fell through . Recording of " Champion " took place at Conway Studios , in Los Angeles , California , as well as Jungle City Studios in New York City , New York . Mixing was handled by Jon Sher and Noel Cadastre at Conway Studios . Minaj was unsure if he would accept her offer to be featured on " Champion " , but after sending him the song , Nas replied back with his verse via e @-@ mail . On March 28 , 2012 , " Champion " leaked onto the internet six days ahead of its official release . In the following hours after the leak of " Champion " , the contents of the entire album were leaked online . On May 24 , 2012 , a poll was posted on Minaj 's official website asking fans to choose the next single ( s ) . The poll was divided into three categories . The second category prompted fans to choose between " Champion " , " HOV Lane " , and " I Am Your Leader " . " Champion " had the most votes and won the poll . " HOV Lane " came in second place and " I Am Your Leader " came in third . = = Composition = = " Champion " is a relatively slow @-@ paced , retrospective downtempo ballad that draws heavily from hardcore hip hop . It is also influenced by other genres , such as R & B , new @-@ age , and space music . The " anthemic " and " inspiring " song features a low @-@ key , woozy , and snaky production , accompanied by prominent military @-@ style drums , heavy synths , and rough , hard strewn beats . " Champion " has been described as one of the few songs that Minaj 's delivery is " calm and collected " as opposed to her eccentric " Roman " tracks . The rise to fame , the trials and tribulations that ensue , and celebration are prominent themes that are discussed in the lyrics . Minaj also makes reference to her deceased cousin , Nicholas Telemaque , who was shot and killed near his Brooklyn home on July 3 , 2011 , in the line " ' Cause they killed my little cousin , Nicholas / But my memories only have happy images . " Multiple critics felt the lyrical content of " Champion " was the most sincere on the album . Lewis Corner of Digital Spy called them " genuinely heartbreaking " , and Alex Macpherson of Fact described them as " undeniably moving " . = = Critical reception = = " Champion " was met with critical acclaim by music critics , with many calling it an album highlight . Andrew Hampp of Billboard gave the track a positive review , stating Minaj " Sheds light in her journey from struggle to success . " While reviewing the album , Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone declared the song " beamingly triumphant " . Global Grind reviewer Brittany Lewis gave the song a very positive review , saying : " This retrospective track explores Nicki 's more serious side and details the trials and tribulations of Nicki 's now solidified success " , and later went on to say that " Champion " will make the listener evaluate their own life . Both the reviewer from The Washington Post and Mesfin Fekadu of The San Francisco Chronicle gave the song a positive review , calling it " top @-@ notch " . Adam Graham of The Detroit News said the song would please fans of early Minaj , while going on to praise her rap @-@ heavy delivery . Trent Fitzgerald of Popcrush was positive towards " Champion " , calling it the " biggest " song on the album , as well as a noting its potential commercial success . " Champion " was labeled as the most impressive hardcore hip hop song on the album , as well as being " anthemic " by Andy Gill of The Independent . In his review of Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded , ' Nathan S of DJ Booth said : " It has to be said that ' Champion ' , featuring an excellent Nas verse , is one of Nicki 's most engaging tracks in memory , precisely because she drops the posturing and fame @-@ hunting . It 's proof that behind all the acting is a legitimately talented artist . " Although , not all reviews were positive . Matthew Cole of Slant Magazine criticized the vocalist 's performance of the verses , claiming they were " incapable " . Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times gave the song a mixed review , highlighting Nas ' verse , while mildly criticizing Minaj 's . Entertainment Weekly named it one of the best songs on the album along with " I Am Your Leader " . XXL Magazine stated that " Though many of the early songs [ on the album ] lack real substance , the records remain generally exciting - ' I Am Your Leader ' , alongside Rick Ross and Cam 'ron , ' Beez in the Trap ' with 2 Chainz , and the triumphant ' Champion ' featuring Nas , Drake and Young Jeezy are all memorable moments . " = = Live performances = = Minaj performed " Champion " for the first time on 106 & Park on April 3 , 2012 , along with " Roman Reloaded " , " HOV Lane " , " I Am Your Leader " , " Beez in the Trap " , " Right by My Side " and " Fire Burns " . She performed " Champion " alongside " Beez in the Trap " with 2 Chainz at the 2012 BET Awards . The rapper also performed " Champion " on the Australian and Asian legs of her Pink Friday Tour . = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Conway Studios , Los Angeles , California ; Jungle City Studios , New York City , New York Personnel Credits adapted from Pink Friday : Roman Reloaded album liner notes . = = Chart positions = =
= Scout Moor Wind Farm = Scout Moor Wind Farm is the second largest onshore wind farm in England . The wind farm , which was built for Peel Wind Power Ltd , produces electricity from 26 Nordex N80 wind turbines . It has a total nameplate capacity of 65 MW of electricity , providing 154 @,@ 000 MW · h per year ; enough to serve the average needs of 40 @,@ 000 homes . The site occupies 1 @,@ 347 acres ( 545 ha ) of open moorland between Edenfield , Rawtenstall and Rochdale , and is split between the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale in northern Greater Manchester and the Borough of Rossendale in south @-@ eastern Lancashire . The turbines are visible from as far away as south Manchester , 15 – 20 miles ( 24 – 32 km ) away . A protest group was formed to resist the proposed construction , and attracted support from the botanist and environmental campaigner David Bellamy . Despite the opposition , planning permission was granted in 2005 and construction began in 2007 . Although work on the project was hampered by harsh weather , difficult terrain , and previous mining activity , the wind farm was officially opened on 25 September 2008 after " years of controversy " , at a cost of £ 50 million . In 2012 Peel Energy sold its 50 % share in the facility to Munich Re 's asset management division MEAG . The other 50 % holding was also purchased by MEAG from HgCapital Renewable Power Partners . = = Geography = = Scout Moor is an upland moor of peat bog and heather in the South Pennines , reaching a maximum elevation of 1 @,@ 552 feet ( 473 m ) at its peak , Top of Leach . The underlying geology – a mixture of hard rock and soft shales – broadly belongs to the Lower Coal Measures . The rock and shales weather at different rates , giving the area a landscape of " steep escarpments separated by sloping shelves " , although the main dome of the moor is flat and rounded . The moorland covers an area of about 1 @,@ 347 acres ( 545 ha ) , of which less than 21 acres ( 8 @.@ 5 ha ) , about 2 % , is occupied by the wind farm . Scout Moor Quarry , a 250 @-@ acre ( 100 ha ) open @-@ pit mine in Edenfield , is used for the extraction of gritstone and sandstone , and formerly had its own railway line . The eastern fringe of Scout Moor Wind Farm extends to Hail Storm Hill ( also known as Cowpe Moss ) , one of the 180 Marilyns of England . The presence of coal under Scout Moor led to extensive and unrecorded shallow coal mining in the area during the 18th and 19th centuries . Adits , shafts and coal seams from that period mark the landscape . = = History = = One meaning of scout is a long ridge of rock , appearing to " shoot out " horizontally . The word is thought to be a corruption of the Old English sceot , meaning " shot " or " to shoot " , suggesting Anglo @-@ Saxon settlement in the locality at a very ancient time . Although the UK Government has set a target of 10 % for the proportion of the UK 's electricity produced by renewable energy by 2010 , wind power in the UK has a long history of controversy , with an average approval rate for planning permission of only 28 % for onshore wind farms . Scout Moor was first identified as an excellent site for a wind farm in 2001 . Peel Holdings commissioned market research consultants MORI to undertake a telephone poll over seventeen days in 2002 , soliciting the opinions of residents in Bury , Rossendale and Rochdale about wind farms in general and Scout Moor in particular . The results showed that 88 % of respondents thought wind farms were a very or fairly good idea , 72 % thought the Scout Moor project was a very or fairly good idea , and 63 % stated wind power as the preferred energy source . The proposal to build a wind farm , in a joint venture between United Utilities and Peel Holdings , was announced in 2003 . Shortly afterwards a pressure group , The Friends of Scout and Knowle Moor , was formed , and on 9 September 2003 representatives of the group attended a meeting of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury 's , Ramsbottom and Tottington Area Board to oppose the plans . At the meeting , the spokesperson for the group said that , although they supported the use of alternative energy , they felt that this was the wrong area . Among the objections were that the scheme was contrary to the Unitary Development Plan and the Green Belt , and would adversely affect common land , open countryside and areas of ecological importance and special landscape value . The group also considered that the proposed development would be out of scale with the landscape , adversely affecting peat , water courses and wildlife , and would have a seriously detrimental visual impact , as well as causing a noise nuisance . The second presentation was given by a representative of Scout Moor Wind Farm , who argued the need for Britain to produce clean green power without harmful emissions , to counter the increasing dangers of global warming . He went on to say that the UK has fewer wind farms than other major industrial countries in Europe , even though it is a windier country , and that North West England has a particularly poor record , with only 1 @.@ 3 % of electricity generated from renewable energy . Following this meeting the campaign to oppose the proposal gathered momentum , and in November 2003 a protest was held on the moor , led by environmental campaigner Professor David Bellamy . Although Bury Metropolitan Borough Council supported the proposal , objections were raised by Lancashire County Council , Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council and Rossendale Borough Council , and a public enquiry was held in November and December 2004 . The Secretary of State for Trade and Industry gave formal consent to the application for the development of the wind farm in May 2005 , by which time United Utilities had sold their share in the project and ended their involvement . A number of conditions were imposed : Under section 106 of the Town and Country Planning Act ( 1990 ) the applicant will be required to establish a habitat management plan . Other conditions have been placed on the development including that : Access tracks to all areas to and around the turbine bases shall remain unfenced . Access will be allowed on the site for the whole of the life of the development for members of the public and grazing stock . Construction will take place outside the bird nesting season . A survey will take place to establish the presence of badgers in the area before development takes place . No development shall take place until there is a full archaeological investigation . More conditions have been attached to the consent and various surveys and assessments must be carried out by the applicant before development can commence . On 20 April 2006 , Janet Anderson ( Member of Parliament for Rossendale and Darwen ) asked Margaret Beckett , then Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs , whether the development would meet the provisions of the Commons Bill regarding the protection of and public access to common land . The reply from Jim Knight , ( Parliamentary Under @-@ Secretary of State for Rural Affairs , Landscape and Biodiversity ) was that " [ t ] hese applications are made under section 147 of the Inclosure Act 1845 . Consideration is given under these provision to the effect of the exchange on the general public 's legal right of access over the land . The future provisions in the Commons Bill are not relevant . " = = = Construction = = = The detailed design for the project was completed during summer 2006 and construction began in January 2007 . The first task was to build a stable access road , but the moor was covered in a layer of peat with a low load @-@ bearing capacity . The whole area had also been subjected to extensive coal mining during the 19th and early 20th centuries , so there was a potential for subsidence . To address these problems , the mining voids were grouted and a floating road was constructed , using a complex system of geotextiles and geogrids to prevent the road from sinking . This was achieved by laying a crushed @-@ gravel base , reinforced with polyester and polypropylene grids , to bridge any potential mine voids and ensure that the weak shear strength of the subsoil was exceeded by the base course material . The wind turbines arrived at Scout Moor in parts , transported by large goods vehicles along the M66 motorway to Edenfield as part of a 76 @-@ day @-@ long convoy of delivery . The weather constrained the wind farm 's construction for the teams from contractor McNicholas and German turbine supplier Nordex . During the final stages , the project manager for McNicholas was quoted as saying : The weather has undoubtedly been the single biggest challenge we have faced up here . We have worked with wind speeds well in excess of 120mph and temperatures as low as minus 12 degrees Celsius , which is more like minus 25 with the wind @-@ chill factor . I 've worked on a lot of wind farm construction projects but the adverse conditions have made this one of the most difficult ... We have spent £ 30 @,@ 000 on personal protective equipment for the workers . Keeping them warm , fed and moving in these conditions is a massive man management project , but we did it . The wind farm , which stretches across nearly 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of open moorland between Edenfield , Rawtenstall and Rochdale , the largest onshore wind farm in England , was officially opened on 25 September 2008 . As of 26 August 2008 , 21 of 26 turbines had been commissioned and 4 @,@ 000 MW · h of electricity had been exported to the National Grid . The turbines are visible from south Manchester , 15 – 20 miles ( 24 – 32 km ) away , and are expected to produce enough electricity to meet the needs of 40 @,@ 000 average homes . Scout Moor has the capacity to produce a total of 65 MW , compared with the 90 MW capacity of Kentish Flats , the United Kingdom 's largest offshore wind farm . The total cost of the Scout Moor project was £ 50 million , but Peel Holdings expect the turbines to be in operation for at least 25 years . Since its opening , the wind farm " has become a real tourist attraction " ; a calendar showing photographs of the wind farm 's construction has been featured in local news stories . = = Future plans = = Over the lifetime of the wind farm , Peel Holdings ' energy subsidiary , Peel Wind Power Ltd , will provide up to £ 500 @,@ 000 to help landowners create biodiverse areas on the land surrounding the moor . A prime target habitat envisaged to be enhanced and re @-@ created under the Habitat Enhancement Plan is upland blanket bog and important habitats for skylarks and wading birds on the moorland fringe . To receive funding , landowners within an identified area will need to apply to a panel made up of representatives from Peel , the local authorities and independent ecological experts . This panel will meet regularly throughout the year . Peel Wind Power are members of RenewableUK and state in their member 's profile that they are actively seeking new opportunities in the renewable energy sector . In November 2008 , the company announced a two @-@ year agreement to look at developing wind farms on land owned by UK Coal . If the 14 sites encompassed by the agreement were successfully developed , they would have the potential for 54 wind turbines generating up to 133 megawatts of power . Peel Energy director Steven Underwood said : " This agreement is an important step for Peel Energy , significantly expanding its onshore pipeline and gaining access to some of the UK 's best potential wind farm locations . " The Peel group holds a 28 % stake in UK Coal . At a private meeting held in May 2007 between developers , EnergieKontor UK , and invited local councillors , plans were put forward for another large wind farm consisting of 24 turbines on the moors above nearby Haslingden , spanning Thirteen Stone Hill and Oswaldtwistle Moor . Following the meeting Catherine Pilling , a Rossendale Liberal Democrat councillor , expressed her view that the natural beauty of the Rossendale Valley was under threat as it was increasingly being targeted by wind farm developers . " Our party is very much in favour of renewable energy , " she said , " but Rossendale is an area of outstanding beauty , and you have to ask : Would they be building a similar thing in the Lake District ? " Rossendale Borough Council leader Duncan Ruddick representing the electoral ward of Worsley in Rossendale , the proposed site of the new wind farm , said he was against wind farms and would be campaigning against it and speaking at the Development Control committee when it came . The leader of the Labour local councillors was also opposed to the plan , saying that he was concerned about the size of the turbines and that the visual impact on the " beautiful West Pennine Moors " would be devastating . Planning permission for the development was granted by Hyndburn Council in March 2010 . = = Specifications = = = = = Capacity factor = = = As the figures given in the table above were published before the turbines had been operational for a full year they are projected rather than recorded figures . Wind speed is not constant , therefore , a wind farm 's annual energy production never achieves the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year . The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor . Typical capacity factors are 20 – 40 % , with values at the upper end of the range achieved on particularly favourable sites . The expected capacity factor for Scout Moor Wind Farm , calculated from the company 's projected figures , is 27 % .
= Amanda Carter = Amanda Carter ( born 16 July 1964 ) is an Australian Paralympic wheelchair basketball player . Diagnosed with transverse myelitis at the age of 24 , she began playing wheelchair basketball in 1991 and participated in the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , the Gliders , at three Paralympics from 1992 to 2000 . An injury in 2000 forced her to withdraw from the sport , but she came back to the national team in 2009 , and was a member of the team that represented Australia and won silver at the 2012 London Paralympics . Due to her 2000 injury , Carter lost considerable mobility in her right arm , and required an elbow reconstruction . She spent 11 weeks on a continuous passive motion machine , and nine operations were required to treat the elbow . After her comeback in 2008 , she played for the Dandenong Rangers in the Australian Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) , the team she had played for before her injury . That year she received a player award from the Dandenong Rangers and was named the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) in her 1 @-@ point disability classification in the WNWBL and was named to the league 's All Star Five . The Rangers won back to back WNWBL titles in 2011 and 2012 , and she was again named the WNWBL MVP 1 Pointer and to the league 's All Star Five in 2012 . = = Personal = = Carter was born on 16 July 1964 in Heidelberg , Victoria . She spent her childhood living in the Melbourne suburb of Heidelberg West . She went to Olympic Village Primary School , attended years 7 to 10 at Latrobe High School and years 11 and 12 at Thornbury High School . She then entered LaTrobe University , where she obtained Bachelor of Applied Science and Master of Occupational Therapy degrees . As a youngster , she played netball . In 1989 , at the age of 24 , she was diagnosed with transverse myelitis after a bout of chicken pox . She works as an occupational therapist and has a son , Alex . As of 2012 , she still lives in Heidelberg West . = = Wheelchair basketball = = Carter began playing wheelchair basketball in 1991 as part of her rehabilitation . She is a guard , and 1 point player . Before her 2000 accident , she was a 2 @-@ point player . She has been supported by the Australian Sports Commission 's Direct Athlete Support ( DAS ) program with $ 5 @,@ 571 in 2009 / 2010 , $ 17 @,@ 000 in both 2010 / 2011 and 2011 / 2012 , and $ 10 @,@ 000 in 2012 / 2013 . In 2012 , she trained at Aqualink @-@ Box Hill , Royal Talbot Rehab Centre , Kew , and YMCA , Kew . = = = National team = = = Carter first participated in the Australia women 's national wheelchair basketball team , known as the Gliders , in 1992 in a precursor tournament before the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics , in which she also participated . She was a member of the team that won a bronze medal at the 1994 World Championships . At the 1996 Atlanta Paralympics , her team finished fourth , losing to the United States 41 – 30 in the bronze medal game at the Omni in front of a crowd of 5 @,@ 033 . Carter led Australia in scoring with 12 points in that game . In 1998 , she won a bronze medal with the team at the World Championships . She participated at the 1998 Gold Cup in Sydney , where she was Australia 's second @-@ leading scorer with 30 points . In the year and a half before the start of the 2000 Summer Paralympics , she played in a number of test series with the team , including a five series in July 2000 in Sydney where Australia had 2 wins and 3 losses . The two Australian wins were the first time Canada had lost in ten years . She also participated in five game test series against the Netherlands , the United States and Japan where her team won all games in those series . In the team 's 52 – 50 win over Canada in one of those games , she scored a layup with 16 seconds left in the match that brought the score to 51 – 50 . She won a silver medal as part of her team at the 2000 Sydney Paralympics . She missed a warm up game against the New South Wales State team before the start of the 2000 Games . Carter missed a practice game that her team played against Germany 's women 's wheelchair basketball team because of an illness she picked up during a team training camp at the Australian Institute of Sport that took place a week before the start of the Games . Half of her team had respiratory infections before the start of the Paralympics . She did not attend the opening ceremonies . During group play at the games , she scored 12 points in a 38 – 26 victory against the Netherlands , which was the most points she had ever scored in an international match . At one point , she made four baskets in a row . Her team made the gold medal game after beating Japan by a score of 45 – 33 . Going into the gold medal game , Carter had missed the previous day 's training session , and had an elbow injury . Her team lost the match to Canada before a crowd of 16 @,@ 389 spectators , with Carter scoring only four points in the first half . During the match , she was knocked onto her right side , and her right arm became trapped underneath her wheelchair , causing a tendon in her elbow to rupture . Tracey Ferguson , the Canadian player who knocked her down tried to block the way for Australian officials to help her up . Carter lost considerable mobility in her right arm , and required an elbow reconstruction . She spent 11 weeks on a continuous passive motion machine getting treatment . Nine operations were required to treat the elbow . Because she had a pre @-@ existing condition , the insurance company refused to pay for her treatment , although it paid her $ 7 @,@ 500 in return for agreeing not to take legal action . Carter carried a lot of anger towards the Canadian in the first year following her accident . By 2004 , she still could not fully flex her hand . Following her accident , she occasionally required the use of an electric wheelchair because of the severity of her injury , and needed the assistance of the Council 's Home Care to clean her home . Before 2000 , she had mostly been coached by national team coach Peter Corr . She was selected to play in a four @-@ game test series in Canberra against Japan 's wheelchair basketball team held in March 2002 , the first Australian hosted international for the team since the 2000 Summer Paralympics , and at the 2002 World Cup event in Japan , but did not do so . She quit the sport after being told that neither insurance nor the Australian Paralympic Committee would cover her against injury during a tour in the United States , as her tendonitis was considered a there , and she would have to pay the costs for injury treatment herself . She quit wheelchair basketball . She had a child , which caused a recurrence of her original illness . She took up wheelchair basketball again after watching the national team compete at the 2008 Beijing Paralympics . This re @-@ ignited her interest in playing the sport competitively . She returned to the Gliders in 2009 . That year , she competed in the Four Nations competition in Canada , one of six players who played for the Dandenong Rangers in the WNWBL . She also participated in the Japan Friendly Series . She was selected to participate in a national team training camp in 2010 . In 2010 , she was part of the gold medal winning team at the Osaka Cup , one of six Victorians to be selected . In a 2012 friendly series against Japan , she played in three games , where she averaged 0 @.@ 7 points per game , 1 @.@ 0 assists per game and 1 @.@ 0 rebounds per game . She played in four games during the 2012 Gliders World Challenge , where she averaged 1 @.@ 5 points per game , 0 @.@ 5 assists per game , and 1 @.@ 3 rebounds per game . She was coached by John Triscari in 2012 when with the national team . She was part of the silver medal team for the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London . She was the oldest member of the team , and the only member of the Gliders who had participated in the 1992 , 1996 or 2000 Paralympics . She played in the first match against Brazil , in which the Australian team won 52 – 50 , but sat out the second and third matches , returning to the field for her team 's quarterfinal 62 – 37 victory over Mexico , in which she played 18 : 38 minutes and scored 5 points . She did not play in either the semifinal match against the United States , which Australia won , nor in the gold medal match against the Germany , which her team lost . = = = Club = = = In 2000 , she played for the Whittlesea City Pacers in the National Wheelchair Basketball League . She played for Victoria in the inaugural Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League ( WNWBL ) completion in 2000 when they finished first in the final after they defeated the Hills Hornets 51 – 50 . At the half , her team was winning by 10 points , with Carter being a major reason why . From 2008 to 2012 , she played for the Dandenong Rangers in the WNWBL , the team she had played for before her injury . That year she received a player award from the Dandenong Rangers and was named the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) in her 1 @-@ point disability classification in the WNWBL and was named to the league 's All Star Five . In 2009 , she played 17 games for the Rangers where she averaged 5 @.@ 1 points per game . She averaged 2 @.@ 4 assists and 3 @.@ 5 rebounds per game that year . In 2010 , she played 4 games , and averaged 3 @.@ 0 points per game . She averaged 0 @.@ 3 assists and 3 @.@ 0 rebounds per game that year . In 2011 , she played in 18 games where she averaged 4 @.@ 7 points per game . She averaged 1 @.@ 3 assists and 2 @.@ 1 rebounds per game that year . The Rangers won back to back WNWBL titles in 2011 and 2012 . In 2012 , and was again named the WNWBL MVP 1 Pointer and to the league 's All Star Five . She played 13 games that season , when she averaged 4 @.@ 5 points , 1 @.@ 5 assists and 2 @.@ 8 rebounds per game . = = Gallery = = = = Statistics = =
= Tom Tancredo presidential campaign , 2008 = The Tom Tancredo presidential campaign , 2008 for President of the United States began with the announcement of candidacy by the Congressman from Colorado on April 2 , 2007 . Since then , the campaign had garnered grassroots support and endorsements from conservative Republicans concerned about illegal immigration and border security . However , the candidate remained low in the polls and was criticized for his nativist campaign , which had been described as " single @-@ issued . " Tancredo stated that he probably would not win the nomination but hoped his campaign would bring forth more debate on his issue of concern , immigration . On December 20 , 2007 Tancredo withdrew from the presidential race , and endorsed Mitt Romney . = = Campaign development = = Prior to his announcement early in 2007 , draft movements sprung to try to convince Congressman Tancredo to run for President of the United States . Tancredo responded to the draft efforts by stating that he would only start a campaign if a candidate already in the race did not extensively address the issue of Immigration and stay committed to conservative principles . After Tancredo 's announcement on April 2 , 2007 , he immediately began campaigning in the strategically important state of New Hampshire , making his first appearance at a meeting and a speech in Hudson and Nashua on April 4 . Following this , Tancredo campaigned in the first caucus state of Iowa on April 14 at a fundraiser in Des Moines . Tancredo made over 90 campaign appearances in the state of Iowa ( more than any other ) and appeared in Des Moines five times . He appeared in New Hampshire approximately 35 times and appeared sporadically in other states in the same time span . Until June , the campaign never took off in the polls nor in funds and received little media attention , with the exception of the May 15 GOP debate in South Carolina . However , Tancredo was given an opportunity to discuss immigration and attack the Bush administration and fellow Republican members of Congress at a GOP debate in New Hampshire on June 5 , 2007 . His criticism was directed mostly at top tiered candidate John McCain for his support of the failed " Amnesty bill . " But throughout the night , he continually criticized the policies of the Bush administration , which he labeled as " liberal . " When asked what President Bush 's role would be in a Tancredo administration , he reflected on a time in 2003 when he was told by Karl Rove to " [ not ] darken the doorstep of the White House " because of his criticism of the president . Tancredo concluded that President Bush would be given the same command if he ever became president . During the debate in regards to immigration and Republican members of Congress , Tancredo said the following : As July approached and came to its close , Tancredo 's standing improved somewhat with the looming Ames Straw Poll . His strategy to focus on Iowa continued , and the number of grassroots supporters in the state increased . On July 31 , the campaign developed an interesting new strategy , offering a trip to Washington , D.C. and a tour of the capitol to anyone who brought 25 Tancredo supporters to the straw poll . On the day before , supporters in Iowa distributed T @-@ shirts which read " I 'm a Member of Tom 's Army Against Amnesty . " Interviewed supporters were asked why they supported the candidate , they replied , " He really has the concerns of America at heart , he 's concerned about the culture of America itself . What 's happening to the bedrock of American culture . " Tancredo finished in fourth place at the Ames Straw poll with over 14 % of the vote . It was won by former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney . On August 31 , Tancredo shifted momentarily to a new issue . On the two @-@ year anniversary of the landfall of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans , he called for funds to be withdrawn and federal aid be cut off for the recovery effort . He remarked that it was time , " the taxpayer gravy train left the New Orleans station . " The move was perhaps a step for the candidate to woo fiscal conservatives and advocates for states ' rights , commenting that " at some point , state and local officials and individuals have got to step up to the plate and take some initiative , the mentality that people can wait around indefinitely for the federal taxpayer to solve all their worldly problems has got to come to an end . " In September Tancredo participated in two debates which received much media attention for the decisions of top tiered candidates to not participate in them . He attended the Values Voters Debate in Fort Lauderdale , Florida on September 17 , 2007 . In the straw poll that followed , Tancredo came in seventh place with 2 % of the vote . Mike Huckabee won the straw poll with 63 % . Tancredo also appeared at the Black Caucus Debate on September 27 at Baltimore , Maryland which aired on PBS . During this debate he commented that the economic differences between African @-@ Americans and Anglo @-@ Americans has " nothing to do with race . " He also discussed illegal immigration . On September 25 , Tancredo became the first presidential candidate to be interviewed on Wikinews . He discussed gay issues , immigration , and federalism among others . When asked who he would back if he had to support a Democratic Party candidate for president , Tancredo chose Senator Barack Obama of Illinois remarking : In October with the World Series approaching and Tancredo 's team the Colorado Rockies representing the National League , he decided to offer a bet with fellow candidate Mitt Romney whose team the Boston Red Sox were representing the American League . Tancredo proposed that he would drop out of the race if Boston won but only if Romney agreed to drop out if Colorado won . Luckily for Tancredo , the Romney campaign turned down the bet and Boston won the world series . On November 13 , the campaign released a controversial advertisement called " Tough on Terror " in which a hypothetical terrorist attack occurs in a shopping mall . The ad blames inept border security for the attack and flashes images of an injured child and a wrecked train . After Tancredo gives his approval for the message with the comment " I approve this message because someone needs to say it , " a voiceover states , " There are consequences to open borders beyond the 20 million aliens who have come to take our jobs ... the price we pay for spineless politicians who refuse to defend our borders against those who come to kill . " Since its release , the ad received criticism from some who called it " cheap " and " blatant fearmongering . " Bowdoin College political scientist Michael Franz likened the advertisement to the Daisy ad run by Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 Presidential election claiming that the election of Barry Goldwater would lead to a nuclear war . The other Republican candidates in the race did not comment on the ad . On November 15 , in a move poking fun at Democratic presidential candidate John Edwards and building on the media coverage aimed at his campaign for the previously mentioned advertisement , Tancredo received a haircut for $ 400 , which was used to donate money to the Autism Society of America . The haircut was given by David Holden of New Hampshire whose son is afflicted with autism . In early December , Tancredo declined an invitation to a Spanish @-@ language debate featured on Univision as a protest to immigrants who do not learn English . He did , however , participate in the November 28 , 2007 debate where he accused his opponents , most notable Mike Huckabee of trying to " out @-@ Tancredo , Tancredo " on the issue of illegal immigration . On December 20 , 2007 Tancredo dropped out of the presidential race and thus ended his campaign . He cited that it had become apparent to him that he could not win the race but was glad at what he perceived as the new positions of his opponents on illegal immigration , believing that " we 've ( The Tom Tancredo campaign ) forced them into that [ rhetoric ] ... " Tancredo also cited Huckabee 's surge as a reason for his withdraw , stating his disagreements with the Governor made it important to help Romney secure the nomination . While announcing his withdrawal , Tancredo also announced that he was endorsing Mitt Romney for President in 2008 , citing Romney as " the best hope for our cause [ of immigration reform ] . " = = Polling = = About one year before entering the race , Tancredo won the Macomb County Straw Poll in Michigan on July 5 , 2006 . He received 60 of the 327 votes cast or 18 % of the vote . Tancredo beat out the second @-@ place finisher Rudy Giuliani by 15 votes . On February 13 , 2007 , the American Conservative Union issued ratings for potential presidential candidates for the 2008 election . Tancredo took first with a lifetime ranking of 99 out of 100 . The website ConservativesBetrayed.com polled 525 people who attended CPAC 2007 , and 88 @.@ 1 % believed that Tancredo would govern as a conservative . Newt Gingrich polled next at 87 @.@ 9 % . In general polling , Tancredo fared far worse than in straw polls . Early polls placed the candidate both above and below the 1 % mark . However , in November 2007 he slightly moved up in polling , reaching the 2 % mark and coming out ahead of his closest rival , Congressman Duncan Hunter of California . In a November 16 Gallup poll , Tancredo stood in seventh place at 2 % , trailing Congressman Ron Paul of Texas by 3 % . In a head @-@ to @-@ head matchup done by Rasmussen Reports on August 29 , 2007 , Tancredo trailed New York Senator Hillary Clinton by 13 % finishing with 37 % to Clinton 's 50 % . In a head @-@ to @-@ head matchup with Barack Obama administered on the same day , Tancredo finished with 31 % to 48 % for Obama . = = Financials = = Individual contributions made up the most of the campaign cash that Tancredo received , making up about 97 % of his total pocketbook . PAC contributions were comparably low , producing only around $ 75 @,@ 500 , of the $ 1 @,@ 311 @,@ 869 . He granted himself $ 200 for the campaign and received no federal funding . $ 88 @,@ 457 of his money came from interest from the campaign 's bank accounts and loans from outside sources . It should be noted that the majority of Tancredo 's funds were not disclosed during the campaign As of September 30 , 2007 the campaign raised $ 3 @,@ 538 @,@ 244 and spent $ 3 @,@ 458 @,@ 130 , leaving only $ 110 @,@ 079 cash on hand . Ronald Robinson of the Young America 's Foundation donated $ 1 @,@ 000 to the campaign . Michael Bushell , owner of BibleWorks and Pueblo Chieftain newspaper publisher Robert Rawlings both gave $ 500 to Tancredo 's campaign . Tancredo qualified for and accepted public funds from the Presidential election campaign fund checkoff . However , he returned the matching funds since withdrawing from the race . = = Advisors and endorsements = = The biggest endorsement that Tancredo received was that of Bay Buchanan , the sister of perennial presidential candidate Pat Buchanan and former Treasurer of the United States under President Ronald Reagan . Immediately following her endorsement she was named the Senior Advisor of the campaign . Other advisors included Phil Alexander , formerly of the Buchanan campaigns in 1996 , and 2000 . New Hampshire advisor , Shelly Uscinski formerly the New Hampshire chairman of the Christian Coalition . Iowa advisor and former U.S. Senate candidate in 2002 Bill Salier . And campaign official Tim Haley , the former campaign manager of Pat Buchanan 's Reform Party run in 2000 . = = Criticism = = The campaign was criticized for as wide ranging issues as Tancredo 's speaking abilities and performances in debates to the categorization of his campaign as " unwinnable " and " one @-@ issued . " After the October 9 , 2007 Dearborn GOP Debate , Tancredo was criticized by the conservative blog , " Republican Ranting " for stuttering and stumbling , citing this as causing him major problems in the debate . Also cited was the following exchange with Sam Brownback : Tancredo : Sam , I don ’ t , your mom , if she was a postal worker , believe me , she didn ’ t need a union on top of civil service benefits Brownback : Don ’ t pick on my mother Tancredo : I ’ m sure she was a sweetheart . Brownback : Leave my mother out of this . Tancredo : Especially with regard to , need I say it , illegal immigration … Brownback : My mother is not an illegal immigrant . A writer at the blog Farmeruminations , spoke about his experience at the August 12 , 2007 Iowa Straw poll stating that " Tancredo ... stuttered and stumbled , spoke during the applause , lost his place several times , so had to look at the written copy , not a good performance by any standard . " The campaign was criticized for focusing too heavily on the issue of Immigration , which gave the candidate the appearance of running a one @-@ issue campaign . During an exchange on the August 22 , 2007 edition of Hannity and Colmes , Geraldo Rivera and Tancredo got into a lively argument over sanctuary cities and a murder committed by an illegal immigrant in Newark , New Jersey . Rivera remarked : First of all , this was the 60th homicide in Newark this year , and I 'm sure Congressman Tancredo has not opined about any of the other homicides , and only became interested in this one when it became clear that one of the six alleged perpetrators came to this country illegally at the age of 11 . That 's one thing . Number two , why was this person , this one of the six around to commit this hideous crime ? He was out because he had a 31 @-@ count indictment for the rape of a child , and he was out on $ 15 @,@ 000 bail , instead of the requisite $ 450 @,@ 000 bail that he never could have made and never would have been on the street . It had nothing to do with his immigration status . And it 's just being used by advocates of this crushing anti @-@ immigration policy to make a cheap political point . The political website " Political Realm " summed up Tancredo 's campaign profile with the statement that " In the end , Tancredo is a single @-@ issue candidate and that will not be enough to carry him over the top . " Tancredo himself acknowledged that he is a one @-@ issue candidate making the statement at a speech in to the Conservative Political Action Conference ( CPAC ) , " If you want to call me a single @-@ issue candidate , that 's fine , just so long as you know that my single issue is the survival and the success of the conservative movement in America . " He remarked that his campaign was not about winning the nomination but instead winning over people to his point of view in the race :
= Coach 's Daughter = " Coach 's Daughter " is the fifth episode of the American television sitcom , Cheers , written by Ken Estin and directed by James Burrows . It first aired on NBC on October 28 , 1982 . This episode serves as the only appearance of Lisa Pantusso , portrayed by Allyce Beasley . In this episode , Coach 's daughter Lisa arrives with her fiancé Roy , who is boorish and obnoxious and rude to her , causing Coach to resent him . When it first aired , this episode scored very low Nielsen ratings ; however , network reruns of this episode improved . Although it did not earn award nominations , it has been praised as a favorite by critics and cast alike , including the late Nicholas Colasanto . = = Plot = = Coach 's ( Nicholas Colasanto ) daughter , Lisa , ( Allyce Beasley ) arrives with her fiancé , Roy ( Philip Charles MacKenzie ) , a door @-@ to @-@ door salesman who turns out to be abrasive and insensitive . Repulsed by Roy 's obnoxious , boorish personality and insults toward people , including Lisa , Coach finds Roy not good enough for her . However , Coach is too reluctant to tell her about Roy because she appears to like him and wants her father 's blessings . To make matters worse , at Melville 's restaurant , Roy forces her to pay for dinner herself , which makes Coach angrier . Therefore , witnessing Roy 's treatment on her , Coach 's friends convince him to tell Lisa about Roy before it is too late . No longer able to keep his silence , Coach escorts Lisa into an office , admits to Lisa that she is too good for someone who treats her badly , like Roy , and openly refuses to let her marry him . Lisa reluctantly admits that she knows everything about Roy , that her relationship with Roy is a sham , and that Roy is the first and only man in her life , as she had no other . Coach is shocked with disbelief and tells her that she 's " beautiful " , but Lisa objects and begs him for one moment to analyze her physical appearance , which she is insecure about . Coach then realizes that Lisa resembles her mother , who was not comfortable about her beauty . Yet , Coach dearly tells Lisa that she is more beautiful every day , regardless of her appearance , just as her mother was more beautiful every day . Finally , Lisa feels self @-@ confident and thanks her father for his comments . After the talk in the office , Lisa confesses to Roy that she hates him , that she finds him " obnoxious " , and that everything about him repulses her . Roy swears that the relationship is over , vows that he will never return if he leaves her forever , and exits the bar . Lisa prepares to celebrate her freedom from Roy with Coach , as they leave the bar . Meanwhile , Diane ( Shelley Long ) draws sketches of people , but her efforts show no resemblance to their subjects . = = Production = = Ken Levine remarked that the whole audience laughed during the filming of an office scene between Coach and his daughter at the end of the episode . It was reshot but the audience still laughed . Glen and Les Charles decided to lift the laughter from the office scene , so it is not heard in the final cut . Before portraying Tim — a minor insignificant character — in multiple episodes , Tim Cunningham portrays Chuck , who works at the lab that mutates viruses . Jacqueline Cassel and Teddy Bergeron are credited as a couple , to whom Diane shows her botched artwork . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = This episode first aired on NBC on October 28 , 1982 , at 9 : 00pm Eastern / Pacific ( 8 : 00pm Central / Mountain ) , competing against CBS 's Simon & Simon and ABC 's Too Close for Comfort , and landed on No. 66 out of 75 nationally @-@ broadcast prime time programs with an 11 @.@ 0 Nielsen rating . In Alaska , it aired on November 11 , 1982 , at 8 : 00pm AKT . This episode subsequently aired on NBC on March 10 , 1983 , at 9 : 30pm ET / PT ( 8 : 30pm CT / MT ) , competing against Simon & Simon and It Takes Two , and landed on No. 42 out of 72 nationally @-@ broadcast programs with the 14 @.@ 8 rating . It aired again on NBC on July 7 , 1983 , at 9 : 30pm ET / PT ( 8 : 30pm CT / MT ) , competing against a rerun of Simon & Simon and ABC 's two @-@ hour television movie , The Last Ninja , and landed on No. 21 out of 66 nationally @-@ broadcast programs with a 12 @.@ 9 rating and 23 share . = = = Critical reaction = = = Reviews have been positive . It is considered one of the favorites of cast and crew who were involved with this episode , including Allyce Beasley and especially the late Nicholas Colasanto . George Wendt and John Ratzenberger , who portrayed Norm and Cliff respectively , considered it one of their personal favorites , mainly because of the office scene between Coach and his daughter . R.D. Heldenfels from The Sunday Gazette called the office scene " poignant . " Robert Bianco of The Pittsburgh Press praised this episode as one of his favorites and called its office scene between Coach and his daughter " tender " . Many reviewers at The A.V. Club agreed that the scene between Coach and his daughter at the office is the most redeeming part of the episode , but they have mixed feelings about the rest of the episode . Ryan McGee found this episode too draggy and found Coach 's daughter — Lisa — underdeveloped . Meredith Blake found this episode " underwhelming " . Others praised this episode overall , including moments outside the story of Coach 's daughter . Erik Adams observed that Coach can immediately sense a bad aspect about Roy , even when he is a " simpleton " . = = Impact = = Glen and Les Charles wanted this episode Emmy @-@ nominated for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series , but Ken Estin , writer of this episode , declined . ( Estin was working simultaneously on Taxi , and as he was permitted only to submit one episode to the nominating committee for consideration , he submitted a Taxi script instead . ) Before appearing as a receptionist for a fictional detective agency in the television show , Moonlighting , Allyce Beasley had not found other roles for one year after this episode , according to Beasley herself . This episode is referenced in a novel written by Neil Gaiman , entitled American Gods . In the novel , the main character is revealed to have watched this episode , particularly the office scene between Coach and his daughter . Later , gods contact him by controlling Carla , Cliff , and Diane via broadcast of this episode .
= 1924 Rose Bowl = The 1924 Rose Bowl was a postseason American college football bowl game played between the independent Navy Midshipmen and the Washington Huskies , a member of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) . The game took place on January 1 , 1924 , at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena , California , closing the 1923 college football season . The game opened in front of approximately 40 @,@ 000 people and ended in a 14 – 14 tie . It was the first post @-@ season bowl game for both teams . The 1924 game was the tenth edition of the Rose Bowl , which had first been played in 1902 . Following the inaugural game 's blowout score , football was replaced with chariot races until 1916 . The Rose Bowl stadium had been constructed in 1923 , making this edition the second game played in the arena . The game 's organizers had previously selected a team from the East Coast and the West Coast , and asked the Washington Huskies to represent the West Coast . Washington requested that the Navy Midshipmen be their opponents , and Navy accepted . Washington selected Navy in favor of several teams from the east which had amassed better records . Both teams had suffered only a single loss during the season , but Washington had won eight games compared with Navy 's five , although Navy had also amassed two ties . Predictions gave Washington a slight advantage in the game due to the weight difference between the teams : the Washington players were on average 10 pounds ( 4 @.@ 5 kg ) heavier than those of Navy . The game kicked off in the afternoon ; heavy rain showers had fallen the day before , causing a slight delay . The first quarter was scoreless , but Navy scored a touchdown on the first play of the second quarter . Washington answered Navy with a 23 @-@ yard touchdown run on the next drive . Near the end of the second quarter , Navy scored a touchdown on a two @-@ yard run , giving them a 14 – 7 halftime lead . The third quarter was a defensive stalemate as neither team scored . Navy fumbled the ball on their own ten @-@ yard line late in the quarter . Four plays afterward , Washington tied the game on a 12 @-@ yard touchdown pass . Navy threw an interception at midfield , and Washington drove down to the Navy 20 @-@ yard line before attempting a game @-@ winning field goal . The kick missed and the game ended shortly afterwards . For his performance in the game , Navy quarterback Ira McKee was named the Most Valuable Player . Navy led in nearly every statistical aspect of the contest . Washington returned to the Rose Bowl at the end of the 1925 season , falling to the Alabama Crimson Tide 20 – 19 . Navy did not participate in another bowl game until 1955 , when their squad , nicknamed the " team named desire " , upset the Ole Miss Rebels in the Sugar Bowl . Since the 1924 Rose Bowl , Navy and Washington have met five more times ; the Huskies won three of the games . = = Team selection = = The Rose Bowl game was first played in 1902 , as a way to help fund the Rose Parade . Because of the first contest 's lopsided score , a football game was not played again until 1916 , having been replaced by chariot races . Between 1902 and 1947 , the Rose Bowl was played between a team from the East Coast and a team from the West Coast . Until the construction of the Rose Bowl stadium , which began hosting the game in 1923 , it was called the " Tournament East – West football game " . Because the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) was the only conference with teams located in the Western United States , a school from the conference had been chosen for every Rose Bowl game . The tournament committee invited the University of Washington Huskies to participate in the 1924 game , and they accepted . Washington was then allowed by the organization to select its opponent for the game — the first time a team was allowed to do so . Washington chose the Navy Midshipmen based on a suggestion from the committee , and Navy accepted the invitation . = = = Navy = = = The Navy Midshipmen entered the Rose Bowl under coach Bob Folwell with five wins , one loss , and two ties ( 5 – 1 – 2 ) . Navy 's sole loss in the 1923 season came in their annual game against Penn State , which they lost 21 – 3 . All five of Navy 's wins came against eastern teams , including Colgate and William and Mary , and two of Navy 's wins were shutouts , against Colgate and Saint Xavier . Navy tied 0 – 0 with Army in the 1923 Army – Navy Game , the last game of the season , played on November 23 in front of nearly 70 @,@ 000 spectators — including high @-@ ranking military officials . Their other tie was a 3 – 3 game against Princeton . Navy was selected by Washington to participate in the Rose Bowl , although several teams with better records were eligible . Both Cornell and Yale finished the season with an undefeated 8 – 0 record . Eleven teams finished with only one loss , including Furman ( 10 – 1 ) , Notre Dame ( 9 – 1 ) , and the Virginia Military Institute ( VMI ) ( 9 – 1 ) . = = = Washington = = = The Washington Huskies entered the 1924 Rose Bowl with a record of eight wins and one loss ( 8 – 1 ) under coach Enoch Bagshaw . Washington opened their season with victories over teams from the battleships Mississippi and New York ; because these teams did not represent colleges , they were not considered an official part of Washington 's schedule . Washington 's first official game ended with a 34 – 0 shutout of Willamette , which was followed by four more shutouts . Washington 's next game was a 26 – 14 victory over PCC opponent Montana — the first points Washington allowed all season . The squad 's following game was their sole loss : a 9 – 0 shutout by conference opponent California . Washington finished the regular season with two straight wins over conference opponents , including a victory in the Apple Cup over Washington State . = = Pre @-@ game buildup = = The 1924 Rose Bowl was the first meeting between Navy and Washington , and was the first bowl game that either team participated in . The competitors were announced on November 30 , 1923 , and the teams arrived for the bowl in mid @-@ December , holding practices until the evening before the game . Heavy rain fell the night before the competition ; Bagshaw said , " Wet weather will not bother us " , and Folwell said , " My men will know what to do in the mud and will be there doing it " . However , because of the wet conditions , several football critics predicted that Washington would have a slight advantage in the game due to their larger size . It was estimated that 52 @,@ 000 people would attend the game . For the first time , the participating teams were responsible for ticket sales , and as a result only 40 @,@ 000 people actually attended ; a large number of tickets were sold to a navy fleet which was called to service on December 31 , the day before the game . The competition was the first Rose Bowl to be broadcast on radio , and was aired by a local Pasadena station . = = = Navy = = = During the 1923 football season , the Navy Midshipmen outscored their opponents 133 – 43 , led by quarterback Ira McKee , who threw several touchdown passes throughout the year . Navy 's other offensive strong point was running back Carl Cullen , who ran for several hundred yards during the season . The Navy defense was considered weak by football critics , with an average player weight 10 pounds ( 4 @.@ 5 kg ) less than that of Washington . Navy 's defense had stopped running plays successfully during the regular season , but had trouble defending pass plays . Navy 's special teams were considered by critics to be decent , about even with those of Washington . = = = Washington = = = The Washington Huskies had outscored their opponents 203 – 37 during the regular season , excluding the games against New York and Mississippi . Washington 's running backs , George Wilson and Elmer Tesreau , led their offense during the season , each gaining several hundred rushing yards . However , Tesreau was suffering from boils on his knee , and his coaches urged him to not play in the Rose Bowl . The Washington defense was considered superior to that of Navy , being much larger on average . Washington 's defense had been very effective during the regular season , holding five teams scoreless and allowing more than ten points to be scored against them only once . Washington 's special teams were considered to be average . = = Game summary = = The kickoff for the Rose Bowl was originally scheduled for 2 : 00 p.m. on January 1 , 1924 , but the night before the game , a meeting of the Rose Bowl organization rescheduled the kickoff time to 2 : 16 p.m. the same day . This was likely due to poor field conditions caused by the previous night 's rain . The opening ceremonies were the most elaborate of any bowl game up to that time , with numerous events held . Navy admiral Samuel Shelburne Robison received an admiral 's salute from Navy 's band when he took his seat . The Navy band and the color guard of the marines performed the National Anthem , then the marine color guard hoisted the U.S. flag over the field . Both teams ' mascots were walked around the field before the kickoff . The Tournament of Roses predicted that tickets would be sold out by the day of the game , but actual ticket sales were much lower than they had hoped . Still , sales were higher than those of several previous competitions . = = = First half = = = The game began at the rescheduled time , with a temperature of 52 ° F ( 11 ° C ) and the field still wet . Because of the playing conditions , running plays were ineffective , which caused problems for the Washington offense . Navy instead used passing plays , which the Washington defense had trouble stopping . Navy was driving down to the 22 @-@ yard line of Washington when the first quarter ended . Navy controlled the first quarter , completing all six passing attempts and holding the Washington offense to under 100 yards gained . On their first play of the second quarter , Navy scored a touchdown on a pass play from Ira McKee to Carl Cullen . McKee kicked the extra point for Navy , giving them a 7 – 0 lead . In an attempt to trick Washington , Navy tried an onside kick on the next play , but Washington recovered the ball . After two short running plays , Washington quarterback Fred Abel completed a 23 @-@ yard pass to running back Kinsley Dubois , bringing Washington inside the 25 @-@ yard line . On the next play , running back George Wilson ran the ball 23 yards for a touchdown . Washington 's kicker converted the extra point to tie the game at 7 – 7 . After several drives from each team that did not result in further scoring , Navy completed a 57 @-@ yard pass down to the Washington eight @-@ yard line . Two plays later , Ira McKee ran the ball in from two yards out for a touchdown , then afterward converted the extra point . The first half ended with Navy leading by 14 – 7 , having completed all 11 passes they attempted . = = = Second half = = = Both teams ' defenses controlled the third quarter , allowing no points to be scored . Navy 's McKee completed three more pass plays before his first incompletion , which came on his fourteenth attempt . Washington 's offense had little success in the third quarter , being held to only a few yards gained and turning the ball over once . In the fourth quarter , after several unsuccessful drives by each team , Navy made a major error . After being stopped on their own 26 @-@ yard line , Navy improperly lined up in a punt formation , and the center snapped the ball over the punter 's head . The ball was recovered by Washington on the Navy ten @-@ yard line . Washington lost two yards in three plays , and faced a fourth down from the Navy 12 @-@ yard line . Washington stacked their offensive line , allowing their left guard , James Bryan , to become an eligible receiver . Fred Abel passed the ball to Bryan , who caught it just short of the goal line and walked into the end zone for the touchdown . Washington 's kicker then converted the extra point , tying the game at 14 . Navy received the ball from Washington and began to throw it erratically . After gaining several yards , Ira McKee threw an interception near midfield . On the next play , Fred Abel threw a long pass to George Wilson , who was tackled on the Navy 20 @-@ yard line after gaining 30 yards . Washington brought out their placekicker , Leonard Ziel , to kick a 32 @-@ yard field goal , which would have won them the game . Ziel kicked the ball about a yard short of the right upright , giving the ball back to Navy with the game still tied . A few plays later the game ended in a 14 – 14 tie . = = Statistical summary = = For his performance in the 1924 Rose Bowl , Navy quarterback Ira McKee was awarded Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) honors . McKee completed 16 of 20 passes for a total of 175 yards , including one pass for a touchdown . McKee also had 85 rushing yards on twelve attempts . Washington running back Elmer Tesreau was given the game 's Ironman Award , though he had little effect on the game . Against the urging of his coaches , Tesreau had played with boils completely covering one knee . He left near the end of the game , and was later discovered to have broken his previously unaffected leg in multiple places . Navy 's McKee threw for a perfect 11 of 11 passes during the first half , but completed just five of nine attempts during the second half . Two of these incompletions were interceptions . McKee outthrew Washington 's Fred Abel by 110 yards . Carl Cullen was McKee 's main receiver for the game , catching ten passes from him , one of which was taken for a touchdown . The other six passes were caught by other receivers . On the ground , Cullen rushed for the most yards of any player , gaining 102 throughout the course of the game . McKee was Navy 's key runner , gaining 85 yards . Cullen , McKee , fullback Alan Shapley , and other team members rushed for a total of 187 yards during the game . McKee completed both extra point attempts , and the squad 's punter kicked five times , for an average distance of 33 @.@ 8 yards . Abel attempted eight passes during the game , and completed just three for a total of 65 yards . Of Abel 's five incompletions , two were interceptions . Kinsley Dubois caught two of Abel 's completed passes , amassing 53 receiving yards . Guard James Bryan caught the other , a 12 @-@ yard touchdown pass . George Wilson led Washington in rushing yards , gaining 87 over the course of the game , and scoring Washington 's only rushing touchdown . Kinsley Dubois came next , gaining 30 yards , followed by Abel , with 20 . The remainder of the team 's 137 rushing yards were amassed by others , including Tesreau . Washington 's kicker Leonard Zeil was two for two on extra points , but missed his only field goal attempt . Washington punted nine times , averaging 33 yards per attempt . = = Aftermath = = The tie gave Washington an 8 – 1 – 1 record for the 1923 season , the second best in school history up to that point . It remained behind the 1916 season , when the squad went 6 – 0 – 1 . Navy 's record went to 5 – 1 – 3 , a slight improvement from the previous year , when the team went 5 – 2 . It became Navy 's eighth straight winning season . Washington went 8 – 1 – 1 in the 1924 season , remaining under the direction of coach Enoch Bagshaw . The team was invited to the 1926 Rose Bowl after completing an undefeated 11 – 0 – 1 1925 season . They lost the game to the Alabama Crimson Tide by a score of 20 – 19 . Washington finished the 1920s with an overall record of 65 – 26 – 6 ; Bagshaw coached the team for every season except 1920 , when they were under the leadership of Stub Allison . Navy finished the 1924 season with a 2 – 6 record , ending their number of consecutive winning seasons at eight . The Navy football team was not invited to participate in another bowl game until 1955 , when the " team named desire " , so named due to coach Eddie Erdelatz comparing the squad to the play A Streetcar Named Desire , defeated the Ole Miss Rebels in the Sugar Bowl 21 – 0 . Navy finished the 1920s with a record of 55 – 22 – 8 ; nine of the ten seasons ended in winning records . Navy 's coach , Bob Folwell , left the team after the 1924 season , to be replaced by Jack Owsley . Navy and Washington have since met five times , with Washington currently leading the series 3 – 2 – 1 . Because the 1924 Rose Bowl and several later Rose Bowls had very high ticket sales , the Tournament of Roses Association decided to close off the southern end of the Rose Bowl stadium and expand the seating from a horseshoe design to one that surrounded the entire field . The 1924 game was the first in which the Tournament of Roses made participating schools responsible for ticket sales . The strategy has been used since , with only a small number of tickets allocated to Tournament officials for each yearly edition .
= Ricky Powers = Richard " Ricky " Powers ( born November 30 , 1970 ) is a former running back in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Cleveland Browns , and a former University of Michigan Wolverines football co @-@ captain . In the NFL , he had a brief career with the Browns during their final season before they relocated to become the Baltimore Ravens after starring for the Wolverines . His career ended due to being lost in the shuffle when the Browns moved to Baltimore and changed coaching staffs . In college , he set the Michigan football freshman rushing record that stood 14 seasons , and as a sophomore was the leading rusher for the team during Desmond Howard 's Heisman Trophy @-@ winning season . At Michigan , he was a member of three consecutive Big Ten Conference football champions . In high school , he was the Parade All @-@ American star running back of the two @-@ time Ohio High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) football championship team at Buchtel High School , where he has returned to coach baseball and football . = = High school = = Powers was both born and raised in Akron , where he led the Buchtel High School football team to back @-@ to @-@ back OHSAA championships , as well as being named a high school All @-@ American . Powers graduated from Buchtel in 1990 after leading them to the 1987 and 1988 Ohio Division II state high school championships . As a sophomore in 1987 , Powers rushed for 1 @,@ 600 yards including 600 in four playoff games and helped his coach earn Summit County Coach of the Year honors . Powers rushed for 1 @,@ 741 yards and 28 touchdowns as a junior , including 289 yards against Nordonia High School in a playoff game , and 2 @,@ 014 yards and 19 touchdowns as a senior . During that junior season , he became the third junior ( following Chris Spielman and Jeff Logan , by one account and Spielman and Charles Gladman by another ) to earn Akron Beacon Journal Player of the Year honors . During the season , he topped his sophomore Championship game 161 yard effort with a Championship game record 206 rushing yard effort . He earned All @-@ Ohio Division II honors . Ohio rival , Robert Smith , earned USA Today Player of the Year honors and Powers earned an honorable mention during their junior years . Powers entered his senior season on numerous lists including the Chicago Sun @-@ Times national top 100 and 24 @-@ man All @-@ Midwest lists , The Times @-@ Picayune Top 25 national prospects , and USA Today top 13 Ohio players . His senior season ended with a " Turkey Day " City Championship game . He and Smith , who chose to go to rival Ohio State , were the two top football prospects in Ohio and the nation in 1989 . Smith was named Mr. Football ( Ohio ) , but Powers was named the top player in the nation by the Dallas Morning News . In a poll of 14 experts produced by the Detroit Free Press , Powers was the all @-@ Midwest ( Big Ten States of Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio and Wisconsin because Penn State had not yet joined the conference ) Offensive player of the year in a first @-@ team backfield with Jerome Bettis and Chris Weinke . Powers became the first two @-@ time Akron Beacon Journal Player of the Year . He was a Parade All @-@ American and earned first @-@ team All @-@ USA honors from USA Today . Many publications across the country listed Powers among the best five or ten players in the nation . Powers was recruited by both the Michigan Wolverines and the Ohio State Buckeyes . = = College = = Powers , who wore # 12 for the Michigan Wolverines football program from 1990 to 1993 , shared the tailback position with Jon Vaughn as a freshman and Tyrone Wheatley as a junior and senior . Although he was only the official starter for one game as a freshman in 1990 , he set the Michigan freshman rushing record with 789 rushing yards , a record broken by Mike Hart in 2004 . That season , he led the Wolverines , who three @-@ peated as Big Ten Conference Champions , to victories in their last four games with 100 @-@ yard rushing efforts in each game , and tied Vaughn with five 100 @-@ yard rushing efforts . The next year , as a sophomore , he started eleven of twelve games and was named to the All @-@ Big Ten Conference team . Although as a sophomore in 1991 he led the team in rushing with 1251 yards , he shared the spotlight with Heisman Trophy winner Desmond Howard . That 1991 team would again win the Big Ten Conference Championship , and it would produce eighteen National Football League draftees between 1992 and 1995 . In 1992 and 1993 , his offensive totals were lower than in 1991 because he was sharing playing time with Tyrone Wheatley . However , in 1993 , he was named Michigan Football Co @-@ Captain of a five @-@ time Big Ten Conference team . Powers currently ranks 13th on the all @-@ time Michigan rushing yards list with 2680 career yards . Powers obtained his bachelor 's degree in kinesiology . Both the 1991 and 1992 Conference Champions went to the Rose Bowl . = = Professional career = = In the NFL , Powers , who measured 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) and 213 pounds ( 96 @.@ 6 kg ) , was signed as a free agent in 1994 by the Detroit Lions , but he was waived before the season started . He later that year signed with the Cleveland Browns , joining their practice squad . He remained on the practice squad until being promoted to the regular roster for the final three games of the 1995 National Football League season . He totaled 51 yards on 14 rushes , one six @-@ yard pass reception , and three kickoff returns for a total of 54 yards . When the Browns relocated following the 1995 season to become the Baltimore Ravens , and Ted Marchibroda replaced Bill Belichick as coach , Powers got lost in the shuffle . He dabbled with World League of American Football and Spring Football League afterwards , but soon retired . In 2007 , Powers assumed the football coaching duties at his high school alma mater , Akron Buchtel High School , where he has been the head baseball coach since 2004 . At Buchtel , he inherits a football team that has a tradition of producing major college scholarship athletes and a few professional ones . Recent Buchtel Griffins who have become professional athletes include Antonio Pittman , Charlton Keith , and Ramon Walker . For 2007 and 2008 , Buchtel competes in Ohio High School Athletic Association Division II , which is for schools with enrollments of between 365 to 523 . Buchtel has qualified for the state tournament 9 times in the past as both a Division II and Division III entrant , but they were not among the 32 teams in the 120 team Division II class to qualify in 2007 . = = Personal = = Powers ' older brother , Scott , had been an All @-@ District cornerback who recorded nine interceptions , six fumbles recoveries and four blocked field goals and three blocked extra points during his 1987 senior season . Ricky Powers ' final decision came down to Michigan State and Michigan according to his mother . At the time , Scott was a Sophomore starting cornerback for the Cincinnati Bearcats and was trying to transfer to Michigan State . Due to a suspicion of tampering , Scott would only be allowed to transfer if Ricky chose Michigan . Powers ' mother , Rosetta , claimed Ricky had been leaning toward Michigan State prior to the determination regarding his brother .
= Forglen House = Forglen House is a mansion house that forms the centrepiece of the Forglen estate in the parish of Forglen , northwest of Turriff , Aberdeenshire , in the northeast of Scotland . The lands were given to the abbots of the Abbey of Arbroath by King William the Lion before 1211 and the Monymusk Reliquary was held there . The original castle , built around 1346 , was replaced by a vernacular harled house that was later extended . Significant development of the estate began when it was acquired by the family of Lord Banff and they started the work of landscaping and planting trees . It became their main family seat during the 18th century . After the death of William Ogilvy , the eighth and final Lord Banff , the estate passed by marriage to the Abercromby baronets who continued to enhance the property and maintained it as their main residence . Sir Robert Abercromby , 5th Baronet commissioned the Aberdeen City Architect , John Smith to design the present house in 1839 . Forglen House was sold by the Abercromby family in 1974 but remains in private ownership . It is not open to the public , although access to the grounds is available and some cottages can be hired as holiday lets , including one of the lodge houses . The mansion is a Category A listed building and several other structures within the estate , including the stables and a gothic @-@ style mausoleum , are Category B listed . The gardens are listed on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland as outstanding in most sections . = = History = = The estate of Forglen ( Foithir Gleann , meaning " the hollow of the vale " in Gaelic ) was one of the parcels of land added to the property of the abbots at the Abbey of Arbroath by King William the Lion prior to 1211 . Charters indicate the Monymusk Reliquary or Breccbennach was probably held at Forglen and the tenants were required to ride under the standard of the Arbroath abbots if called to defend king and kingdom . Forglen remained under the Abbey 's feudal superiority until the superiority passed to the Marquis of Hamilton in 1608 . Thirty @-@ nine years later , in 1641 , the feudal superior was William Murray , 1st Earl of Dysart and then , in 1642 , it was the Maules of Panmure . The first holders of the Forglen land detailed in the charters are Sir Thomas of Monymusk and then his son , Malcolm , is listed in the 1315 charter . Malcolm was probably succeeded by a son , John , who died by 1387 . The following generations produced no male heirs so the land was inherited by daughters . Alexander Irvine of Drum raised a successful brieve ( writ ) mort d 'ancestor at a specially arranged court in Aberdeen on 24 January 1414 claiming the lands of Forglen . The session was overseen by the justiciary of the Arbroath abbots and held in the house of Alexander Stewart , Earl of Mar , a known supporter of the Irvine family who had fought alongside him in France and at the Battle of Harlaw , just north of Inverurie . The land continued in Irvine family ownership until 1624 when they sold it to the Urquharts of Craigfintray . George Ogilvy , who later became Lord Banff , acquired Forglen in 1637 . The Ogilvy family were staunch Royalists and their properties , including Forglen , came under attack by the Covenanter forces led by General Robert Monro in 1640 . The principal family seat at the time was Inchdrewer Castle and appears to have remained as the main residence until around 1713 when George Ogilvy , 3rd Lord Banff died in a fire there . Sir Alexander Ogilvy , 1st Baronet was the second son of George Ogilvy , 2nd Lord Banff and is described in a 1702 ratification charter signed by Queen Anne as " Alexander Ogilvy of Forglen " . He assumed the title of Lord Forglen after his appointment as a Senator of the College of Justice in 1706 . Forglen became the main family residence of the Ogilvy family during the 18th century and marked the onset of significant development of the estate . The 7th Lord Banff , Alexander , who inherited the estate from his grandfather in 1727 , began planting trees and organising plantations . He died at Forglen on 1 December 1771 . As Alexander 's eldest son , also named Alexander , had pre @-@ deceased him , his second son , William , inherited and became the 8th Lord Banff . William , a former army captain who served under the Duke of York , continued the development of the estate until his death at Forglen on 4 June 1803 . The lands were then inherited by William 's sister , Lady Jane Abercromby , who had married Sir George Abercromby of Birkenbog and the peerage of Lord Banff became dormant . The Abercromby baronets owned a significant amount of property in Ireland , as most of the town of Fermoy had been purchased by them from John Anderson in the early 19th century . By 1814 Forglen was used as the main family seat of the Abercromby family ; in 1877 they also acquired Dunlugas House , which was sited on the other side of the River Deveron . Lady Jane Abercromby 's son , Sir Robert Abercromby , 5th Baronet , continued to enhance the grandeur of the estate policies by commissioning the building of a new mansion and several other buildings . During the Second World War Forglen was one area that had an Auxiliary Unit Patrol . Auxiliary Units were a top @-@ secret resistance organisation formed down the entire eastern side of the UK . If Germany ever invaded , the patrol would go into hiding in an Operational Base . When the invasion was one to two weeks old , and things settled down , the patrol would come out at night and undertake guerilla warfare . Members of the patrols were trained as explosives experts and were well armed compared to the conventional British Army . Research by Coleshill Auxiliary Research Team has identified the patrol members and an approximate location of the operational base in the estate . Robert Alexander Abercromby , the 9th Abercromby baronet , died at home on 19 October 1972 and the estate was marketed for sale in 1974 . In 2007 it was owned by Tristan Russell and his family who had acquired it sometime before 1994 . = = Mansion = = The original residence at Forglen , on the left bank of the River Deveron , was constructed around 1346 . The first structure was probably a castle but was replaced with a vernacular harled house , which had a tower wing extension erected during the late 18th @-@ century . In 1839 , when Sir Robert Abercromby commissioned the Aberdeen City Architect John Smith to build the present mansion , the old house was demolished but some materials were salvaged and used in the new house . The mansion was constructed over the footprint of the previous structure . Armorial panels and inscriptions from the ancient castle were preserved and set into an octagonal tower . The cost of building the new mansion was £ 16 @,@ 000 , equivalent to about £ 1 @.@ 4 million as of 2012 . Architectural historian Charles McKean likened the central tower and gatehouse to the style of Robert Smythson and described the mansion house design as an " Elizabethan Gothic confection " that had " all the romantic aspirations of the early 19th century poured into it " . The mansion house was designated a Category A listed building by Historic Scotland on 22 February 1972 . = = = Exterior = = = Based on a courtyard house layout , externally the harled whinstone rubble mansion is a combination of Elizabethan and Jacobean ( or Gothic ) design , similar to Smith 's work at Slains . A spacious central courtyard is surrounded by buildings three storeys high . Within the back of the courtyard , circular towers enclose the service stairways . A large Elizabethan @-@ style tower housing the main stairway is also set within the courtyard but sited to the front behind the reception rooms . Other external features include : canted and box bays ; a variety of lofty towers that are round , square or octagonal ; many different gables ; and numerous diagonally set stone flues . The southeast facing front elevation lacks symmetry with the main Tudor style entranceway set off centre and extending out . A plaque commemorating the building dates of 1839 – 1842 and a central armorial are above the round arched entrance . There is also an eight @-@ sided tower positioned at the front corner . A separate driveway accesses the outside kitchen yard at the back of the north west elevation . This side of the mansion is plainer , more restrained and built into the slope of the hillside . A lengthy one storey lean @-@ to houses fuel supplies and servants toilets and provides additional ground support . The northeast elevation is also more architecturally reserved than the front . = = = Interior = = = Internal components embraced a classical style with features like the Corinthian columned screen featured in the Dining Room . The entrance hall has two storeys with a left ascending staircase . Kitchen , service and servant amenities are on the ground floor , as are the gun room , stores and beer and wine cellars . The first floor has a long gallery corridor running the whole length of the inner courtyard . Another pair of Corinthian columns screen the cantilevered staircase from the gallery corridor . Several trompe @-@ l 'œil panels and borders are present and the plastered walls mimic timber panelling . Bedrooms were accommodated on the first and second floor . The bedrooms housed within the north @-@ west elevation on the third floor are simple and were used by the servants of visitors if there was insufficient room for them on the ground floor . Polished red granite was used for the mantlepieces . = = = Late 19th @-@ century furnishings = = = An 1895 newspaper description of the furnishings of the mansion relates there are several hunting trophies displayed in the entrance hall . The antler from an elk 's skeleton , which had been found buried in the family 's Fermoy estate , was mounted in the hall and the width between the tips was reported as more than 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) . The dimensions for the long gallery are given as 125 feet ( 38 m ) long with a ceiling height of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) and 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) wide . Decorated in a deep maroon , steel engravings , drawings and old prints adorn the walls . It was furnished with antiques and an organ was the centrepiece . Some of the first floor rooms accessed from the gallery were a Ballroom and a Drawing Room . Three arches separated these two rooms and the side arches were fitted with mirrors . Silk damask in a light blue shade was the Ball Room wall covering while satin of a light green colour was used in the Drawing Room . Among the paintings displayed in the Dining Room were family portraits by Henry Raeburn and a painting by John Hoppner was in the Library . = = Gardens and wider estate = = The gardens and policies were added to the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland in 2011 because it is an " all @-@ round , outstanding designed landscape " . Designated as " outstanding " within six of the seven categories ( work of art , historical , horticultural , architectural , scenic and archaeological ) , it is listed as of high importance in the assessment for the nature conservancy listing . To the northwest of the mansion is a 15 metres ( 49 ft ) square walled garden . Enclosed inside the 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) high perimeter walls are greenhouses and outside are several lean @-@ to stores , potting sheds and a single storey cottage for the gardener . Category C listed on 15 February 1982 , these structures were also designed by Smith in the 19th @-@ century . Several other structures within the policies are listed . These include the Category B listed Gothic style mausoleum constructed in 1865 at a cost of £ 2 @,@ 500 , equivalent to around £ 266 @,@ 000 as at 2012 . Built in the shape of a cross , it has a round stained glass window in the front gable and features many gargoyles and other stone decorations . Bodies are interred in the burial ground outside but commemorative stones made of Carrara marble are inside the mausoleum . The corbels on the internal oak roof are embellished with angel figurines . Among other Category B listed structures are the stables and coach house situated to the south of the mansion . This group of buildings are given as constructed c . 1840 by Historic Scotland but Miller attributes them as being from the time of the previous mansion . The brick built Dovecot , from the early 19th @-@ century and the Eastside and North Lodge houses from c . 1865 are also Category B listed . In 1906 some excavation work was undertaken by Scottish archaeologist J. Graham Callander on a circular tumulus that is within the estate , just over half a mile to the south of the mansion . The mound , in a wooded area known as Meadowheads Wood , is 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) in height and c . 64 feet ( 20 m ) wide . Various relicts and urns were discovered including three drinking @-@ cup type urns , some of the " highest quality " . = = Recent times = = The mansion and estate remains in private ownership in the 21st century . The Russell family undertook gradual and ongoing restoration and re @-@ furbishment of the mansion internally and externally . The roof has been re @-@ slated and some replacement or repair has been carried out to the stonework , harling and guttering . A large number of rooms are no longer used , particularly on the ground and second floors . The mansion house is not open to the public but walks can be taken through the estate . Several of the cottages are hired out as holiday lets , including one of the lodge houses . = = Gallery = =
= Donald William Kerst = Donald William Kerst ( November 1 , 1911 – August 19 , 1993 ) was an American physicist who worked on advanced particle accelerator concepts ( accelerator physics ) and plasma physics . He is most notable for his development of the betatron , a novel type of particle accelerator used to accelerate electrons . A graduate of the University of Wisconsin , Kerst developed the first betatron at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign , where it became operational on July 15 , 1940 . During World War II , Kerst took a leave of absence in 1940 and 1941 to work on it with the engineering staff at General Electric , and he designed a portable betatron for inspecting dud bombs . In 1943 he joined the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory , where he was responsible for designing and building the Water Boiler , a nuclear reactor intended to serve as a laboratory instrument . From 1953 to 1957 Kerst was technical director of the Midwestern Universities Research Association , where he worked on advanced particle accelerator concepts , most notably the FFAG accelerator . He was then employed at General Atomics 's John Jay Hopkins Laboratory from 1957 to 1962 , where he worked on the problem of plasma physics . With Tihiro Ohkawa he invented toroidal devices for containing the plasma with magnetic fields . Their devices were the first to contain plasma without the instabilities that had plagued previous designs , and the first to contain plasma for lifetimes exceeding the Bohm diffusion limit . = = Early life = = Donald William Kerst was born in Galena , Illinois November 1 , 1911 , the son of Herman Samuel Kerst and Lillian E Wetz . He entered the University of Wisconsin , where he earned a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree in 1934 , and then his Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) in 1937 , writing his thesis on " The Development of Electrostatic Generators in Air Pressure and Applications to Excitation Functions of Nuclear Reactions " . This involved building and testing a 2 @.@ 3 MeV generator for experiments with the scattering of protons . = = Betatron = = After graduation , Kerst worked at General Electric Company for a year , working on the development of x @-@ ray tubes and machines . He found this frustrating , as x @-@ ray research required high energies that could not be produced at the time . In 1938 he accepted an offer of an instructorship at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign , where the head of the physics department , F. Wheeler Loomis encouraged Kerst in his efforts to create a better particle accelerator . The result of these efforts was the betatron . When it became operational on July 15 , 1940 , Kerst became the first person to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction , reaching energies of 2 @.@ 3 MeV . It took longer to name the device . Colleagues suggested names such as the German " Ausserordentlichhochgeschwindigkeitelektronenentwickelndenschwerarbeitsbeigollitron " . In December 1941 Kerst decided on " betatron " , using the Greek letter " beta " , which was the symbol for electrons , and " tron " meaning " instrument for " . He went on to build more betatrons of increasing energy , a 20 MeV machine in 1941 , an 80 MeV in 1948 , and a 340 MeV machine , which was completed in 1950 . The betatron would influence all subsequent accelerators . Its success was due to a thorough understanding of the physics involved , and painstaking design of the magnets , vacuum pumps and power supply . In 1941 , he teamed up with Robert Serber to provide the first theoretical analysis of the oscillations that occur in a betatron . The original 1940 machine was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in 1960 . = = World War II = = During World War II , Kerst took a leave of absence from the University of Illinois to work on the development of the betatron with the engineering staff at General Electric in 1940 and 1941 . They designed 20 MeV and 100 MeV versions of the betatron , and he supervised the construction of the former , which he brought back to the University of Illinois with him . He also designed a portable 4 MeV betatron for inspecting dud bombs . Kerst 's engineering and physics background placed him near the top of the list of scientists that Robert Oppenheimer recruited for the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory , which was set up to design the atomic bomb . In August 1943 , Kerst was placed in charge of the Laboratory 's P @-@ 7 Group , which was responsible for designing and building the Water Boiler , a nuclear reactor intended to serve as a laboratory instrument to test critical mass calculations and the effect of various tamper materials . Primarily drawn from Purdue University , his group included Charles P. Baker , Gerhart Friedlander , Lindsay Helmholtz , Marshall Holloway , and Raemer Schreiber . Robert F. Christy provided help with the theoretical calculations . Kerst designed an aqueous homogeneous reactor in which enriched uranium in the form of soluble uranium sulfate , was dissolved in water , and surrounded by a beryllium oxide neutron reflector . It was the first reactor to employ enriched uranium as a fuel , and required most of the world 's meager supply at the time . A sufficient quantity of enriched uranium arrived at Los Alamos by April 1944 , and the Water Boiler commenced operation in May . By the end of June it had achieved all of its design goals . The Los Alamos Laboratory was reorganized in August 1944 to concentrate on creating an implosion @-@ type nuclear weapon . Studying implosion on a large scale , or even a full scale , required special diagnostic methods . As early as November 1943 , Kerst suggested using a betatron employing 20 MeV gamma rays instead of x @-@ rays to study implosion . In the August 1944 reorganization , he became joint head , with Seth Neddermeyer , of the G @-@ 5 Group , part of Robert Bacher 's G ( Gadget ) Division specifically charged with betatron testing . Oppenheimer had the 20 MeV betatron at the University of Illinois shipped to Los Alamos , where it arrived in December . On January 15 , 1945 , the G @-@ 5 Group took their first betatron pictures of an implosion . = = Later life = = Kerst returned to the University of Illinois after the war . From 1953 to 1957 he was technical director of the Midwestern Universities Research Association , where he worked on advanced particle accelerator concepts , most notably the FFAG accelerator . He developed the spiral @-@ sector focusing principle , which lies at the heart of many spiral ridge cyclotrons that are now in operation around the world . His team devised and analysed beam stacking , a process of radio frequency acceleration in fixed field machines that led to the development of the colliding beam accelerators . From 1957 to 1962 Kerst was employed at the General Atomics division of General Dynamics 's John Jay Hopkins Laboratory for Pure and Applied Science in La Jolla , California , where he worked on plasma physics , which it was hoped was the doorway to the control of thermonuclear energy . With Tihiro Ohkawa he invented toroidal devices for containing the plasma with magnetic fields . The two completed this work at the University of Wisconsin , where Kerst was a professor from 1962 until his retirement in 1980 . Their devices were the first to contain plasma without the instabilities that had plagued previous designs , and the first to contain plasma for lifetimes exceeding the Bohm diffusion limit . From 1972 to 1973 he was also chairman of the Plasma Physics Division of the American Physical Society . Kerst was married to Dorothy Birkett Kerst . They had two children , a daughter , Marilyn , and a son , Stephen . After he retired , Kerst and Dorothy moved to Fort Myers , Florida . He died on August 19 , 1993 at the University Hospital and Clinics in Madison , Wisconsin , from a brain tumor . He was survived by his wife and children . His papers are in the University of Illinois Archives . = = Awards and honors = = Honorary degree , Lawrence College , 1942 . Awarded Comstock Prize in Physics , National Academy of Sciences , 1943 . Awarded John Scott Award , City of Philadelphia , 1946 . Awarded John Price Wetherill Medal , Franklin Institute , 1950 . Elected to the National Academy of Sciences , 1951 . Honorary degree , University of Sao Paulo , 1953 . Honorary degree , University of Wisconsion , 1961 . Awarded James Clerk Maxwell Prize in plasma physics , American Physical Society , 1984 . Awarded Robert R. Wilson Prize for accelerator physics , 1988 . Honorary degree , University of Illinois , 1989 .
= Naborr = Naborr ( April 3 , 1950 – November 9 , 1977 ) , originally named Nabor , was a gray Arabian stallion foaled in Russia at the Tersk Stud . He was sired by Negatiw , a Russian @-@ bred stallion with Crabbet ancestry , out of the Polish @-@ bred mare Lagodna . After establishing himself on the race track and show ring in the former USSR , Naborr was exported to Poland , where he lived for seven years , and from there was purchased for import to the United States by a wealthy Arabian horse breeder from Arizona , Anne McCormick . Upon her death , Naborr was sold in 1969 to Tom Chauncey and Wayne Newton for $ 150 @,@ 000 , which was at the time the highest price ever paid for an Arabian horse at auction . He went on to become a leading sire of champion Arabian horses in the United States and Canada . = = Life and career = = Naborr was foaled at Russia 's Tersk Stud on April 13 , 1950 , and was originally named Nabor . He was sired by the Russian @-@ born stallion Negatiw ( sometimes spelled Negativ ) and out of the mare Lagodna . He was a homozygous gray , and was recorded by the Russian Arabian Stud Book as standing 150 centimetres ( 14 @.@ 3 hands ; 59 in ) . As a two @-@ year @-@ old , Nabor raced at Pyatigorsk and won two times out of eight starts . His highest recorded speeds were 1 @,@ 500 metres ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) in 1 : 54 , 1 @,@ 600 metres ( 5 @,@ 200 ft ) in 1 : 55 , and 1 @,@ 800 metres ( 5 @,@ 900 ft ) in 2 : 10 . His accomplishments at the track qualified him to become a breeding stallion at Tersk . At age four , he was awarded a " certificate of the first class " , equivalent to a Reserve Champion , at the All @-@ Union Agricultural Fair in Moscow in a competition open to all breeds of horses . His sire Negatiw was the champion . Nabor sired nine foals in Russia , but only one , a colt , was registered . In 1955 , Nabor was sold to Poland . The Polish were rebuilding their Arabian breeding program following World War II , and wanted a stallion that would restore the Ibrahim sire line to their national studs . Ibrahim was a desert @-@ bred stallion brought to Poland in 1907 by Count Joseph Potocki . The horse was killed in 1917 during the Bolshevik Revolution , and by the end of World War II , the sire line had been lost to Poland . It was preserved via Ibrahim 's son Skowronek , who had been exported to England in 1912 , and Skowronek was the great @-@ grandsire of Nabor . In Poland , Nabor was first put to stud at the Albigowa State Stud , then in 1957 moved to the Michalow State Stud . While in Poland , he was noted for his docile temperament , intelligence , soundness , and Saklawi @-@ style Arabian beauty : " dry , fine head with expressive eye , swan neck and milk @-@ white hair unusual for his age ... he resembled the Arabian horses painted by Juliusz Kossak , the best painter of oriental horses . " In 1962 , the Poles were also able to import his sire Negatiw . Nabor stayed at Michalow until January 1963 , when he was purchased and imported to America by the heiress Anne " Fifi " McCormick . Upon arrival in America , Nabor 's registered name became Naborr . Naborr came to America via ship , along with 15 other Polish @-@ bred Arabians , including Bask . The voyage lasted 44 days and was rough because the ship encountered a storm at sea . They also ran low on hay . 13 @-@ year @-@ old Naborr came through the trip fairly well but lost 50 pounds . One other horse , a mare , aborted her foal and died , and most of the other horses lost a great deal more weight than did Naborr . McCormick only stood Naborr to her own mares and those of a few select friends , and as a result , under McCormick 's ownership , he only sired about 10 foals per year , a total of 82 foals . Because Naborr 's stud book was closed to outside mares , breeders seeking his bloodlines returned to Poland and purchased several of his offspring bred there , including the mare * Dornaba and stallions * Gwalior , * Mirzaz , and * Aramus . A total of 27 of Naborr 's offspring were imported from Poland to the United States . When McCormick died at age 90 , in 1969 , the terms of her will called for her Arabians to be sold at public auction . In October , 1969 Tom Chauncey , a television station owner , rancher and horse breeder in the Phoenix area , agreed to team up with Wayne Newton and purchased Naborr at the McCormick estate auction . Chauncey paid $ 150 @,@ 000 , which at the time was the highest price ever paid for an Arabian horse at auction in America , and brought in Newton as a partner on the horse a month later . Chauncey had previously bred Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses , but already owned a few Arabians that he kept on his ranch . He initially stabled Naborr at Newton 's more suitable barn , but built his own facility near Scottsdale , Arizona , and bought out Newton 's share in 1971 . In the same period , Newton formed a partnership with other Arabian breeders to purchase * Aramus , who was a son of Naborr . When Aramus was named National Champion Stallion in 1970 , Naborr 's stud fee was advertised at $ 10 @,@ 000 . That same year , Naborr was brought to the U.S. Arabian National Championship show and honored before the spectators there as one of 10 " Living Legends " . In 1975 he was the fourth @-@ leading sire of champions in the United States . Under Chauncey 's ownership , he sired another 260 foals . His high purchase price and coverage in mainstream national news outlets was credited as the beginning of a " bubble " of high auction prices paid for Arabian horses . Naborr had the distinction of being the first Russian @-@ bred Arabian to have offspring registered in the United States . Due to his importation from Poland , he could be registered , as the Russian Arabian Stud Book was not approved by the World Arabian Horse Association until 1978 . Naborr died on November 9 , 1977 ; he was 27 years old . In his final year of life , he sired 36 foals , the last of which was born on October 1 , 1978 . = = Offspring and legacy = = Combining his imported offspring and American @-@ born foals , Naborr sired 365 horses registered in the United States . By the end of 1967 , 61 of his offspring had won 693 show championships among them . The number of wins later doubled . In 1981 , Naborr was tied for third as the leading sire of U.S. and Canadian National Champions . By 1999 , statistics showed that 1130 championships had been won by 121 of his offspring . Of these horses , 46 of them earned Top Ten or higher honors at the U.S. and Canadian National Arabian Championships . Naborr 's winning offspring included his son Kaborr , who was a Canadian National Champion Stallion in halter and western pleasure , and reserve U.S. National Champion stallion as well as Senior European Male Champion at the Salon du Cheval in France in 1979 . Other sons and daughters had championship careers as well . The Naborr son * Aramus , foaled in Poland and imported to the United States , became a U.S. and Canadian National Champion Stallion in both halter and performance , showing in formal driving and as a park horse . Naborr 's son Gai @-@ Adventure was U.S. National Champion stallion in 1974 . His daughter , * Dornaba , was a U.S. and Canadian National Champion Mare . Other national champion offspring in performance disciplines included Riffle , a park and formal driving horse , and Ibn Naborr , Canadian National Champion Stock Horse . = = Pedigree = = Through his sire Negatiw , Naborr was a grandson of the Skowronek son Naseem , who had been sold to Russia in 1936 by Lady Wentworth of the Crabbet Arabian Stud for a price estimated at ₤ 50 @,@ 000 . His dam Lagodna was foaled in Poland and the Russians captured her and a number of other Arabians during World War II and brought her to Tersk . Also amongst the captured horses were Naborr 's ancestors Taraszcza , Gazella II , and Enwer Bey . Via his sire line to Skowonek , as well as through Lagodna 's sire Posejdon , and the mare Ikwa , Naborr carries three crosses to the stallion Ibrahim .

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