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= Paul London and Brian Kendrick = Paul London and Brian Kendrick were a professional wrestling tag team best known for their time together in World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . They are former WWE Tag Team Champions and World Tag Team Champions . Their 2006 @-@ 2007 reign as WWE Tag Team Champions was the longest in the title 's history , until their record was broken by The New Day on July 20 , 2016 . They first began teaming together in 2003 as a part of WWE , but Kendrick left the company shortly thereafter . When he returned in mid @-@ 2005 , he and London reunited as a tag team . In May 2006 the duo won the WWE Tag Team Championship from MNM ; it was Kendrick 's first title victory with the company , and London 's third . Their reign was the longest since WWE created the title in 2002 ( until their record was beaten by The New Day in 2016 ) , and they became the fourth longest @-@ reigning tag team champions in the company 's history , finally dropping the titles to Deuce ' n Domino in April 2007 . Later in 2007 , London and Kendrick were drafted from SmackDown to the Raw brand , where they briefly held the World Tag Team Championship . They would continue to work together until Kendrick was drafted back to SmackDown in the 2008 supplemental draft , thus disbanding the team until 2010 , when they reunited in Pro Wrestling Guerrilla following their releases from WWE . They have since competed together on the independent circuit on several occasions . = = History = = = = = Name = = = The team never had an official team name , but were just referred to as " the tag team of London and Kendrick . " In 2006 London and Kendrick put the tag team name " The Hooliganz " on their wrestling attires and tried to convince the WWE management to start calling the team by that name , but were unsuccessful in their attempts . = = = Beginnings = = = Prior to teaming together on World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) ' s SmackDown ! brand , both Paul London and Brian " Spanky " Kendrick along with Daniel Bryan were students at Shawn Michaels ' Texas Wrestling Academy , under the tutelage of Rudy Boy Gonzalez . From there they both went on to Ring of Honor , where they occasionally competed against each other and as a team . = = = World Wrestling Entertainment = = = = = = = SmackDown ! ( 2002 – 2007 ) = = = = In late 2002 , Kendrick was hired by WWE , and in July 2003 London joined the company as well . Once in WWE together , and both on the SmackDown ! brand , London and Kendrick began teaming together . They became a mainstay on SmackDown ! ' s sister show Velocity until Kendrick left the company in February 2004 . Kendrick returned in mid @-@ 2005 , using his real name , and in September 2005 London and Kendrick reformed as a tag team . Upon reuniting the team began competing in matching shorts and vests as well as wearing theatrical masks to the ring . Subsequently , they were quickly elevated into the WWE Tag Team Championship picture , receiving a non @-@ title match against WWE Tag Team Champions MNM ( Johnny Nitro and Joey Mercury ) on the February 10 , 2006 episode of SmackDown ! , which London and Kendrick lost . On the April 7 , 2006 episode of SmackDown ! London and Kendrick once again faced MNM , this time picking up a win in a non @-@ title match . London and Kendrick continued their winning streak against the champions , earning singles victories for Kendrick and London over Nitro and Mercury respectively , leading to a title match at Judgment Day , where London and Kendrick won their first WWE Tag Team Championship as a team ( London 's second WWE Tag Team Title reign and Kendrick 's first championship in WWE ) . Their first main competition for the titles came when K. C. James and Idol Stevens defeated London and Kendrick in a non @-@ title match , in early August , igniting a storyline feud between the two teams . During the rivalry , WWE Diva Ashley Massaro began accompanying London and Kendrick to the ring , acting as a valet to the team while combating the actions of James and Stevens ' manager Michelle McCool . On October 14 , 2006 they became the longest reigning WWE Tag Team Champions of all time , surpassing MNM 's previous record reign of 145 days . The team began a losing streak to the team of William Regal and Dave Taylor , with Regal defeating both London and Kendrick in singles matches and losing a non @-@ title tag team match to the pair on the December 8 episode of SmackDown ! . A scheduled title match between the two teams at Armageddon was changed at the event to a four @-@ way ladder match , also involving The Hardys ( Matt and Jeff ) and MNM . In the match London and Kendrick were able to retrieve the belts to retain their championship . When a regular tag team rematch was signed with Regal and Taylor two weeks later , London and Kendrick were successful in defeating them . On the February 16 episode of SmackDown ! , General Manager Theodore Long scheduled another ladder match between the teams of London and Kendrick , Regal and Taylor , MNM , and The Hardys for the WWE Tag Team Championship at February 's pay @-@ per @-@ view event No Way Out , but WWE 's official website announced the match had changed to pit The Hardys and Chris Benoit against MNM and MVP , while London and Kendrick faced rookie team Deuce ' n Domino ( Deuce and Domino ) in a separate match ; they were booked to successfully retain the titles against Deuce ' n Domino . Their almost year @-@ long reign came to an end when they were defeated by Deuce ' n Domino for the title on the April 20 , 2007 episode of SmackDown ! in Milan , Italy . London picked up an injury , resulting in Kendrick challenging Deuce ' n Domino in singles matches , losing to Deuce , but defeating Domino . London returned on the May 11 episode of SmackDown ! , defeating Domino in a singles match . London and Kendrick then unsuccessfully attempted to regain the Tag Team Championship , losing to Deuce ' n Domino in a triple threat match also involving Regal and Taylor , and in a standard tag team match two weeks later . = = = = Raw ( 2007 – 2008 ) = = = = London and Kendrick were drafted to Raw as the first picks in the WWE Supplemental Draft on June 17 , 2007 and were successful on their Raw debut , defeating The World 's Greatest Tag Team ( Shelton Benjamin and Charlie Haas ) via a Sliced Bread # 2 performed on Haas . On the September 3 episode of Raw , London and Kendrick defeated The World 's Greatest Tag Team once again to earn a World Tag Team Championship match at Unforgiven against Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch , in which they lost . Two days later , they defeated Cade and Murdoch for the title at a house show in South Africa . Three days later , at another house show , Cade and Murdoch regained the title in a rematch . Near the end of 2007 , London suffered a foot injury and was unable to compete , and Kendrick was mainly used as a singles wrestler on Raw where he lost to the likes of Umaga and Mr. Kennedy . London made his return on February 4 in a loss to Santino Marella and Carlito . London and Kendrick returned as a tag team on the March 17 episode of Raw in a loss to Umaga when Kendrick walked out on London . The two reunited on Raw on March 31 with commentator Jim Ross explaining the two worked out their differences , and they got a win against the then @-@ World Tag Team Champions , Cody Rhodes and Hardcore Holly . On April 14 , they lost a number one contendership match to the team of Carlito and Marella . They competed sporadically on Raw in the following months , defeating Lance Cade and Trveor Murdoch , before receiving a World Tag Team title shot against Holly and Rhodes on the May 26 episode of Raw . They lost when Holly pinned London following an Alabama slam . = = = = Split and aftermath = = = = The team came to an end in June 2008 , when Kendrick was drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2008 Supplemental Draft , while London stayed on Raw . He made his return to the brand on the July 18 , 2008 airing of SmackDown ! as a heel , with new ring attire defeating Jimmy Wang Yang with the help of his new bodyguard , Ezekiel Jackson . Kendrick was later given the name " The Brian Kendrick " . London was utilised sparingly during the next few months , making his only television appearance in a loss to Lance Cade on the July 21 episode of Raw . London was subsequently released from his WWE contract on November 7 , 2008 . On July 31 , 2009 , Kendrick was also released . = = = Independent circuit ( 2010 – 2014 ) = = = Going into 2010 , the team made occasional reunions on the independent circuit . On January 30 the team completed at Pro Wrestling Guerrilla 's part of the aptly titled WrestleReunion 4 show . They defeated the PWG World Tag Team Champions Generation Me ( Jeremy and Max ) in a non @-@ title match in their first match back together . On March 27 , London and Kendrick made an appearance in Dragon Gate USA , where Kendrick had already appeared in singles competition . However , their run as a tag team in the company was short @-@ lived due to losing a Pinfall Loser Leaves Company match to Jimmy Jacobs and Jack Evans and as a result Kendrick , who tapped out to Jacobs , was forced to leave the company for good . They reuinited once again on October 4 , 2012 , at the first Family Wrestling Entertainment 's PPV , Back 2 Brooklyn . They , along with Jay Lethal , defeated the team of The Young Bucks and Petey Williams . Londrick and The Young Bucks wrestled again on October 6 , 2012 , at the House of Hardcore 's first show , with Londrick winning the match . On June 23 , 2013 , Londrick were defeated by The Young Buck at House of Hardcore 2 . London and Kendrick were defeated at PWG 's Ten by Chuck Taylor and Johnny Gargano . In 2014 , London and Kendrick travelled to Scotland to compete for Insane Championship Wrestling . On October 15 , the pair won the ICW Tag Team Championship by defeating The New Age Kliq ( BT Gunn and Chris Renfrew ) at Helter Skelter . On November 2 , 2014 , they lost the title to Polo Promotions ( Mark Coffey and Jackie Polo ) In Glasgow , Scotland . In 2014 , Kendrick returned to WWE , thus seperating with London . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves Dropsault ( London ) / Sunset flip ( Kendrick ) combination Get Well Soon ( Reverse STO ( Kendrick ) / Jumping enzuigiri ( London ) combination ) Kendrick performs Sliced Bread # 2 but remains on his knees afterwards , allowing London to jump off Kendrick 's back and perform an aided shooting star press Tower of Londrick ( Sitout powerbomb ( London ) / Sliced Bread # 2 ( Kendrick ) combination ) Signature moves Assisted standing moonsault Double dropkick Double flapjack Double hip toss Double Japanese arm drag Double superkick London performs a hip toss on Kendrick , throwing him on to a prone opponent in the style of a front flip senton London throws Kendrick overhead , allowing Kendrick to perform a double dropkick on two prone opponents Valets Ashley Massaro = = Championships and accomplishments = = Insane Championship Wrestling ICW Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) Pro Wrestling Illustrated Tag Team of the Year ( 2007 ) World Wrestling Entertainment World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) WWE Tag Team Championship ( 1 time )
= Brooke Street Pier = The Brooke Street Pier is a floating pontoon building at Sullivans Cove in the waterfront area of the city of Hobart , Tasmania , Australia . It was constructed in 2014 – 15 at a cost of A $ 13 million . It weighs 5 @,@ 300 tonnes ( 5 @,@ 216 long tons ) and was Australia 's largest floating building upon completion . It is connected to the Hobart shore at Franklin Wharf , near the base of Brooke Street . Primarily a ferry terminal , the architect has described it as a " tourism transport hub " . = = History = = A pier at Brooke Street has existed since the 1820s . The earliest renovation of it on record occurred in 1879 , after which the dimensions were 147 ft × 50 ft ( 45 m × 15 m ) . At the time , the pier was also known as Monarch Pier . Unlike the larger piers at the northern end of Franklin Wharf , Brooke Street Pier and the other piers in the vicinity did not have the capability for large volumes of cargo which would require overhead cranes . In the 1960s , these piers were replaced with small freestanding jetties and were used for tourist cruise vessels . One of the larger companies providing these services is Navigators ( originally Roche Bros ) which has been operating from Brooke Street Pier since 1951 . The number of ferry passenger in Hobart increased from 90 @,@ 000 in 2010 to over 300 @,@ 000 in 2014 . The old pier was unable to withstand this increase in traffic . One ferry operator suggested that the pier was " about to fall in the river " . The Government of Tasmania twice called for expressions of interest from the private sector in redeveloping Brooke Street Pier . The first was in 2007 – the successful respondent was a consortium named Hunter Developments , which included Federal Hotels , Navigators and Simon Currant . Their proposal included multiple wharves , including a hotel . The design was considered out of character for the Sullivans Cove area and in January 2009 Hunter Developments announced the cancellation of the hotel proposal . The second attempt came in 2010 . A development application was lodged with the Hobart City Council in April 2012 . In June 2012 , the state and federal governments agreed to contribute A $ 5 million to the redevelopment , and project commencement was announced in December 2013 . = = Construction = = Construction started in April 2014 at Incat , a ferry manufacturer based at Prince of Wales Bay . In November 2014 the partially completed structure , then weighing 4 @,@ 000 t ( 3 @,@ 937 long tons ) , was towed 8 km ( 5 mi ) down the river to be positioned at its final location . It is anchored to the sea @-@ bed by cables . The structure is 80 m ( 262 ft ) long by 20 m ( 66 ft ) wide and is four levels tall . One concrete basement level sits 4 m ( 13 ft ) below the water 's surface and includes services such as kitchen facilities , storage , toilets and hydronic heating and cooling systems . The three above @-@ water levels are enclosed in a semi @-@ translucent polycarbonate cladding injected with nanogel , creating a diaphanous skin and keeping the structure as light as possible . This cladding contains LED lights , which gives the pier a glowing effect in the evening . Environmental considerations taken into account when designing the building include the polycarbonate cladding , used for natural light and passive heating ; and a hydronic heating and cooling system using the constant temperature of the sea water below the pontoon . As a floating structure , it will not be affected by rises in the sea level . The gabled roof design is intended to fit in with the other buildings in Sullivans Cove including PW1 , Elizabeth Street Pier and the Mac02 Cruise Terminal – which themselves are based on the historic use of the area as a freight port . = = Facilities = = The pier is primarily a ferry terminal – key tenants are Navigators ( operator of the MONA ferry ) and Peppermint Bay Cruises . There are also a public space and a market area for other tourism operators and suppliers of Tasmanian produce , such as seafood , dairy , wine and whisky . Outside of ferry operating hours , the terminal level can be used as an event space for up to 1 @,@ 200 people . The largest permanent tenant is a restaurant , The Glass House , run by Islington Hotel 's David Meredith , and featuring Ikuei Arakane as head chef . It also hosts a cafe ( " Adrift " ) , and an espresso bar ( " Bright Eyes " , run by the owners of Pilgrim Coffee ) . Trade stallholders selling Tasmanian products include Valhalla Icecream , Huon Aquaculture , TasmanianMarket , Grandvewe Cheeses , Moorilla Estate and McHenry Distillery . The pier also offers free wifi for patrons visiting the terminal .
= Chough = Two species of chough ( pronunciation : / ˈtʃʌf / " CHUFF " ) constitute the genus Pyrrhocorax of the Corvidae ( crow ) family of birds . These are the red @-@ billed chough ( Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax ) , and the Alpine or yellow @-@ billed chough ( P. graculus ) . The white @-@ winged chough of Australia , despite its name , is a member of the family Corcoracidae and only distantly related . The choughs have black plumage and brightly coloured legs , feet , and bills , and are resident in the mountains of southern Eurasia and North Africa . They have long broad wings and perform spectacular aerobatics . Both species pair for life and display fidelity to their breeding sites , which are usually caves or crevices in a cliff face . They build a lined stick nest and lay three to five eggs . They feed , usually in flocks , on short grazed grassland , taking mainly invertebrate prey , supplemented by vegetable material or food from human habitation , especially in winter . Changes in agricultural practices , which have led to local population declines and range fragmentation , are the main threats to this genus , although neither species is threatened globally . = = Taxonomy = = The first member of the genus to be described was the red @-@ billed chough , named as Upupa pyrrhocorax by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 . His genus Upupa contained species that had a long curved bill and a short blunt tongue . These included the northern bald ibis and the hoopoe , birds now known to be completely unrelated to the choughs . The Alpine chough was described as Corvus graculus by Linnaeus in the 1766 edition of the Systema Naturae . Although Corvus is the crow genus to which the choughs ' relatives belong , they were considered sufficiently distinctive to be moved to the new genus , Pyrrhocorax , by English ornithologist Marmaduke Tunstall in his 1771 Ornithologia Britannica , The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek purrhos ( πύρρος , ‘ flame @-@ coloured ’ ) and korax ( κόραξ , ‘ Raven , crow ’ ) . " Chough " was originally an alternative onomatopoeic name for the jackdaw , Corvus monedula , based on its call . The similar red @-@ billed chough , formerly particularly common in Cornwall , became known initially as " Cornish chough " and then just " chough " , the name transferring from one species to the other . The fossil record from the Pleistocene of Europe includes a form similar to the Alpine chough , and sometimes categorised as an extinct subspecies of that bird , and a prehistoric form of the red @-@ billed chough , P. p. primigenius . There are eight generally recognised extant subspecies of red @-@ billed chough , and two of Alpine , although all differ only slightly from the nominate forms . The greater subspecies diversity in the red @-@ billed species arises from an early divergence of the Asian and geographically isolated Ethiopian races from the western forms . The closest relative of the choughs as indicated by a study of molecular phylogeny is the ratchet @-@ tailed treepie ( Temnurus temnurus ) and they form a clade that is sister to the remaining living members of the corvidae . The genus Pyrrhocorax species differ from Corvus in that they have brightly coloured bills and feet , smooth , not scaled tarsi and very short , dense nasal feathers . Choughs have uniformly black plumage , lacking any paler areas as seen in some of their relatives . The two Pyrrhocorax are the main hosts of two specialist chough fleas , Frontopsylla frontalis and F. laetus , not normally found on other corvids . The Australian white @-@ winged chough , Corcorax melanorhamphos , despite its similar shape and habits , is only distantly related to the true choughs , and is an example of convergent evolution . = = Distribution and habitat = = Choughs breed in mountains , from Morocco and Spain eastwards through southern Europe and the Alps , across Central Asia and the Himalayas to western China . The Alpine chough is also found in Corsica and Crete , and the red @-@ billed chough has populations in Ireland , the UK , the Isle of Man , and two areas of the Ethiopian Highlands . Both species are non @-@ migratory residents throughout their range , only occasionally wandering to neighbouring countries . These birds are mountain specialists , although red @-@ billed choughs also use coastal sea cliffs in Ireland , Great Britain , and Brittany , feeding on adjacent short grazed grassland or machair ; the small population on La Palma , one of the Canary Islands , is also coastal . The red @-@ billed chough more typically breeds in mountains above 1 @,@ 200 m ( 3 @,@ 900 ft ) in Europe , 2 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) in North Africa and 2 @,@ 400 m ( 7 @,@ 900 ft ) in the Himalayas . In that mountain range it reaches 6 @,@ 000 metres ( 20 @,@ 000 ft ) in the summer , and has been recorded at 7 @,@ 950 metres ( 26 @,@ 080 ft ) altitude on Mount Everest . The Alpine chough breeds above 1 @,@ 260 m ( 4 @,@ 130 ft ) in Europe , 2 @,@ 880 m ( 9 @,@ 450 ft ) in Morocco , and 3 @,@ 500 m ( 11 @,@ 500 ft ) in the Himalayas . It has nested at 6 @,@ 500 m ( 21 @,@ 300 ft ) , higher than any other bird species , and it has been observed following mountaineers ascending Mount Everest at an altitude of 8 @,@ 200 m ( 26 @,@ 900 ft ) . Where the two species occur in the same mountains , the Alpine species tends to breed at a higher elevation than its relative , since it is better adapted for a diet at high altitudes . = = Description = = The choughs are medium @-@ sized corvids ; the red @-@ billed chough is 39 – 40 centimetres ( 15 – 16 in ) in length with a 73 – 90 centimetres ( 29 – 35 in ) wingspan , and the Alpine chough averages slightly smaller at 37 – 39 ( 14 @.@ 5 – 15 @.@ 5 in ) length with a 75 – 85 cm ( 30 – 33 in ) wingspan . These birds have black plumage similar to that of many Corvus crows , but they are readily distinguished from members of that genus by their brightly coloured bills and legs . The Alpine chough has a yellow bill and the red @-@ billed chough has a long , curved , red bill ; both species have red legs as adults . The sexes are similar , but the juvenile of each species has a duller bill and legs than the adult and its plumage lacks the glossiness seen in older birds . Other physical distinctions are summarised in the table below . The two choughs are distinguishable from each other by their bill colour , and in flight the long broad wings and short tail of the red @-@ billed give it a silhouette quite different from its slightly smaller yellow @-@ billed relative . Both species fly with loose deep wing beats , and frequently use their manoeuvrability to perform acrobatic displays , soaring in the updraughts at cliff faces then diving and rolling with fanned tail and folded wings . The red @-@ billed chough 's loud , ringing chee @-@ ow call is similar in character to that of other corvids , particularly the jackdaw , although it is clearer and louder than the call of that species . In contrast , the Alpine chough has rippling preep and whistled sweeeooo calls quite unlike the crows . Small subspecies of both choughs have higher frequency calls than larger races , as predicted by the inverse relationship between body size and frequency . = = Behaviour and ecology = = = = = Breeding = = = Choughs are monogamous , and show high partner and site fidelity . Both species build a bulky nest of roots , sticks and plant stems lined with grass , fine twiglets or hair . It is constructed on a ledge , in a cave or similar fissure in a cliff face , or in man @-@ made locations like abandoned buildings , quarries or dams . Red @-@ billed will also sometimes use occupied buildings such as Mongolian monasteries . The choughs are not colonial , although in suitable habitat several pairs may nest in close proximity . Both species lay 3 – 5 normally whitish eggs blotched with brown or grey , which are incubated by the female alone . The chicks hatch after two to three weeks . Red @-@ billed chough chicks are almost naked , but the chicks of the higher altitude Alpine chough hatch with a dense covering of natal down . The chicks are fed by both parents and fledge in 29 – 31 days after hatching for Alpine chough , and 31 – 41 days for red @-@ billed . The Alpine chough lays its eggs about one month later than its relative , although breeding success and reproductive behaviour are similar . The similarities between the two species presumably arose because of the same strong environmental constraints on breeding behaviour . The first @-@ year survival rate of the juvenile red @-@ billed chough is 72 @.@ 5 percent , and for the Alpine it is 77 % . The annual adult survival rate is 83 – 92 % for Alpine , but is unknown for red @-@ billed . = = = Feeding = = = In the summer , both choughs feed mainly on invertebrates such as beetles , snails , grasshoppers , caterpillars , and fly larvae . Ants are a favoured food of the red @-@ billed chough . Prey items are taken from short grazed pasture , or in the case of coastal populations of red @-@ billed chough , areas where plant growth is hindered by exposure to coastal salt spray or poor soils . The chough 's bill may be used to pick insects off the surface , or to dig for grubs and other invertebrates . The red @-@ billed chough typically excavates to 2 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 – 1 @.@ 18 in ) in the thin soils of its feeding areas , but it may dig to 10 – 20 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 7 @.@ 9 in ) in suitable conditions . Plant matter is also eaten , and red @-@ billed chough will take fallen grain where the opportunity arises ; it has been reported as damaging barley crops by breaking off the ripening heads to extract the corn . Alpine choughs rely more on fruit and berries at times of year when animal prey is limited , and will readily supplement their winter diet with food provided by tourist activities in mountain regions , including ski resorts , refuse dumps and picnic areas . Both Pyrrhocorax species feed in flocks on open areas , often some distance from the breeding cliffs , particularly in winter . Feeding trips may cover 20 km ( 12 mi ) distance and 1 @,@ 600 m ( 5 @,@ 200 ft ) in altitude . In the Alps , the development of skiing above 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) has enabled more Alpine choughs to remain at high levels in winter . Where their ranges overlap , the two chough species may feed together in the summer , although there is only limited competition for food . An Italian study showed that the vegetable part of the winter diet for the red @-@ billed chough was almost exclusively Gagea bulbs , whilst the Alpine chough took berries and hips . In June , red @-@ billed choughs fed mainly on caterpillars whereas Alpine choughs ate cranefly pupae . Later in the summer , the Alpine chough consumed large numbers of grasshoppers , while the red @-@ billed chough added cranefly pupae , fly larvae and beetles to its diet . In the eastern Himalayas in November , Alpine choughs occur mainly in Juniper forests where they feed on juniper berries , differing ecologically from the red @-@ billed choughs in the same region and at the same time of year , which dig for food in the soil of the villages ' terraced pastures . = = = Natural threats = = = Predators of the choughs include the peregrine falcon , golden eagle and Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , while the common raven will take nestlings . In northern Spain , red @-@ billed choughs preferentially nest near lesser kestrel colonies ; the falcon , which eats only insects , provides a degree of protection against larger predators , and the chough benefits in terms of a higher breeding success . The red @-@ billed chough is occasionally parasitised by the great spotted cuckoo , a brood parasite for which the Eurasian magpie is the primary host . The choughs host bird fleas , including two Frontopsylla species which are Pyrrhocorax specialist . Other parasites recorded on choughs include a cestode Choanotaenia pirinica , and various species of chewing lice in the genera Brueelia , Menacanthus and Philopterus . Blood parasites such as Plasmodium have been found in red @-@ billed choughs , but this is uncommon , and apparently does little harm . Parasitism levels are much lower than in some other passerine groups . = = Status = = Both Pyrrhocorax species have extensive geographical ranges and large populations ; neither is thought to approach the thresholds for the global population decline criteria of the IUCN Red List ( i.e. , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) , and they are therefore evaluated as being of Least Concern . However , some populations , particularly on islands such as Corsica and La Palma are small and isolated . Both choughs occupied more extensive ranges in the past , reaching to more southerly and lower altitude areas than at present , with the Alpine chough breeding in Europe as far south as southern Italy , and both the decline and range fragmentation continue . Red @-@ billed choughs have lost ground in most of Europe , and Alpine choughs have lost many breeding sites in the east of the continent . In the Canary Islands , the red @-@ billed chough is now extinct on two of the islands on which it formerly bred , and the Alpine was lost from the archipelago altogether . The causes of the decline include the fragmentation and loss of open grasslands to scrub or human activities such as the construction of ski resorts , and a longer @-@ term threat comes from global warming which would cause the species ' preferred Alpine climate zone to shift to higher , more restricted areas , or locally to disappear entirely . The red @-@ billed chough , which breeds at lower levels , has been more affected by human activity , and the declines away from its main Alpine breeding areas have seen it categorised as " vulnerable " in Europe . Only in Spain is it still common , and it has recently expanded its range in that country by nesting in old buildings in areas close to its traditional mountain breeding sites . = = In culture = = Further information : Red @-@ billed chough Although these are mainly mountain species with limited interactions with humans , the red @-@ billed chough has a coastal population in the far west of its range , and has cultural connections particularly with Cornwall , where it appears on the Cornish Coat of Arms . A legend from that county says that King Arthur did not die but was transformed into a red @-@ billed chough , and hence killing this bird was unlucky . The red @-@ billed chough was formerly reputed to be a habitual thief of small objects from houses , including burning wood or lighted candles , which it would use to set fire to haystacks or thatched roofs . As a high altitude species with limited contact with humans until the development of mountain tourism activities , the Alpine chough has little cultural significance . It was , however , featured together with its wild mountain habitat in Olivier Messiaen ’ s Catalogue d 'oiseaux ( " Bird catalogue " ) , a piano piece written in 1956 – 58 . Le chocard des alpes ( " The Alpine Chough " ) is the opening piece of Book 1 of the work . A group of choughs may be referred to fancifully or jocularly as a chattering or clattering . ( See also : List of collective nouns )
= Bohor reedbuck = The bohor reedbuck ( Redunca redunca ) is an antelope native to central Africa . The animal is placed under the genus Redunca and in the family Bovidae . It was first described by German zoologist and botanist Peter Simon Pallas in 1767 . The bohor reedbuck has five subspecies . The head @-@ and @-@ body length of this medium @-@ sized antelope is typically between 100 – 135 cm ( 39 – 53 in ) . Males reach approximately 75 – 89 cm ( 30 – 35 in ) at the shoulder , while females reach 69 – 76 cm ( 27 – 30 in ) . Males typically weigh 43 – 65 kg ( 95 – 143 lb ) and females 35 – 45 kg ( 77 – 99 lb ) . This sturdily built antelope has a yellow to grayish brown coat . Only the males possess horns which measure about 25 – 35 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 – 13 @.@ 8 in ) long . A herbivore , the bohor reedbuck prefers grasses and tender reed shoots with high protein and low fiber content . This reedbuck is dependent on water , though green pastures can fulfill its water requirement . The social structure of the bohor reedbuck is highly flexible . Large aggregations are observed during the dry season , when hundreds of bohor reedbuck assemble near a river . Males become sexually mature at the age of three to four years , while females can conceive at just one year of age , reproducing every nine to fourteen months . Though there is no fixed breeding season , mating peaks in the rainy season . The gestation period is seven and a half months long , after which a single calf is born . The calves are weaned at eight to nine months of age . The bohor reedbuck inhabits moist grasslands and swamplands as well as woodlands . The bohor reedbuck is native to Benin , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of Congo , Ethiopia , Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea @-@ Bissau , Kenya , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal , Sudan , Tanzania and Togo . The animal is possibly extinct in Ivory Coast and Uganda . Reckless hunting and loss of habitat as a result of human settlement have led to significant decline in the numbers of the bohor reedbuck , although this antelope tends to survive longer in such over @-@ exploited areas as compared to its relatives . The total populations of the bohor reedbuck are estimated to be above 100 @,@ 000 . Larger populations occur in eastern and central Africa than in western Africa . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) rates the bohor reedbuck as of Least Concern . = = Taxonomy = = The scientific name of the bohor reedbuck is Redunca redunca . The animal is placed under the genus Redunca and in the family Bovidae . It was first described by German zoologist and botanist Peter Simon Pallas in 1767 . The three species of Redunca , including the bohor reedbuck , are the least derived members of the tribe Reduncini ( except the genus Pelea ) . The order of size in the genus Redunca is an evidence supporting the descent of the reduncines from a small ancestor . Five subspecies of the bohor reedbuck have been recognized : R. r. bohor Rüppell , 1842 : Also known as the Abyssinian bohor reedbuck . It occurs in southwestern , western and central Ethiopia , and Blue Nile ( Sudan ) . R. r. cottoni ( W. Rothschild , 1902 ) : It occurs in the Sudds ( Southern Sudan ) , northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo , and probably in northern Uganda . R. r. donaldsoni is a synonym . R. r. nigeriensis ( Blaine , 1913 ) : This subspecies occurs in Nigeria , northern Cameroon , southern Chad and Central African Republic . R. r. redunca ( Pallas , 1767 ) : Its range extends from Senegal east to Togo . It inhabits the northern savannas of Africa . The relationship of this subspecies to R. r. nigeriensis is not clear . R. r. wardi ( Thomas , 1900 ) : Found in Uganda , eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and eastern Africa . R. r. ugandae and R. r. tohi are synonyms . = = Physical description = = The bohor reedbuck is a medium @-@ sized antelope . The head @-@ and @-@ body length is typically between 100 – 135 cm ( 39 – 53 in ) . Males reach approximately 75 – 89 cm ( 30 – 35 in ) at the shoulder , while females reach 69 – 76 cm ( 27 – 30 in ) . Males typically weigh 43 – 65 kg ( 95 – 143 lb ) and females 35 – 45 kg ( 77 – 99 lb ) . The bushy tail is 18 – 20 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 9 in ) long . This reedbuck is sexually dimorphic , with males 10 % to 20 % larger than females and showing more prominent markings . Of the subspecies , R. r. cottoni is the largest , whereas R. r. redunca is the smallest . This sturdily built antelope has a yellow to grayish brown coat . Generally , the bohor reedbuck is yellower than other reedbucks . The large and diffuse sebaceous glands present on the coat make the coat greasy and give it a strong odour . Juveniles are darker than the adults as well as long @-@ haired . While R. r. bohor appears yellowish gray , R. r. wardi is richly tinted . The undersides are white in color . A few distinct markings can be observed — such as a dark stripe on the front of each foreleg ; white markings under the tail ; and a pale ring of hair around the eyes and along the lips , lower jaw , and upper throat . However , R. r. redunca lacks dark stripes on its forelegs . The males have thicker necks . Its large , oval @-@ shaped ears distinguish it from other antelopes . There is a round bare spot below each ear . Apart from sebaceous glands , bohor reedbuck have a pair of inguinal glands and vestigial foot glands , and four nipples . A bohor reedbuck can survive for at least ten years . The tracks of the bohor reedbuck are slightly smaller than those of the southern reedbuck . As a prominent sign of sexual dimorphism , only males possess a pair of short , stout horns , that extend backward from the forehead and hook slightly forward . The horns measure about 25 – 35 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 – 13 @.@ 8 in ) . However , some Senegalese individuals have longer and wide @-@ spreading horns . In comparison to the other reedbucks , the bohor reedbuck has the shortest and most hooked horns . The longest horns are observed in R. r. cottoni , which are hooked less than normal and may curve inwards . In contrast to R. r. cottoni , R. r. bohor has short and stout horns , with hooks pointing forward . The length of the horns of an individual of a certain region seems to be related to the population density in that region to some extent . While short horns are observed in individuals of eastern Africa , where populations are dispersed , longer and wide @-@ spreading horns are found on animals in the Nile valley , where populations are concentrated . = = = Ticks and parasites = = = The bohor reedbuck is host to several parasites . The most notable helminths found in the bohor reedbuck are Carmyerius papillatus ( in the rumen ) , Stilesia globipunctata ( in the small intestine ) , Trichuris globulosa ( in the caecum ) , Setaria species ( in the abdominal cavity ) , Dictyocaulus species ( in the lungs ) and Taenia cysts ( in the muscles ) . Other parasites include Schistosoma bovis , Cooperia rotundispiculum , Haemonchus contortus , species of Oesophagostomum , Amphistoma and Stilesia . The common ticks found on the bohor reedbuck are Amblyomma species and Rhipicephalus evertsi . = = Ecology and behaviour = = Bohor reedbuck are active throughout the day , seeking cover during the daytime and grazing in the night . A large proportion of the whole day is spent on feeding and vigilance . They can easily camouflage in grasses and reeds , and hide themselves rather than running from danger . When threatened , they usually remain motionless or retreat slowly into cover for defense , but if the threat is close , they flee , whistling shrilly to alert the others . It hides from predators rather than forming herds in defense . Many predators , including lions , leopards , spotted hyenas , African wild dogs and Nile crocodiles , prey on the reedbuck . If shade is available , females remain solitary ; otherwise they , along with their offspring , congregate to form herds of ten animals . Female home ranges span over 15 – 40 hectares ( 37 – 99 acres ; 0 @.@ 058 – 0 @.@ 154 sq mi ) , while the larger territories of males cover 25 – 60 hectares ( 62 – 148 acres ; 0 @.@ 097 – 0 @.@ 232 sq mi ) . These home ranges keep overlapping . As the daughters grow up , they distance themselves from their mothers ' home ranges . Territorial males are much tolerant ; they may even associate with up to 19 bachelor males in the absence of females . As many as five females may be found in a male 's territory . Territorial bulls drive out their sons when they start developing horns ( when they are about a year @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half old ) . These young males form groups of two to three individuals on the borders of territories , till they themselves mature in their fourth year . Large aggregations are observed during the dry season , when hundreds of bohor reedbuck assemble near a river . Two prominent forms of display among these animals is whistling and bounding . Instead of scent @-@ marking its territory , the reedbuck will give a shrill whistle to make the boundaries of its territory be known . As it whistles , it expels air through its nose with such a force that the whole of its body vibrates . These whistles , usually one to three in number , are followed by a few stotting bounds . This behaviour is also used to raise alarm in herds . In this , the reedbuck raises its neck , exposing the white patch on its throat , but keeping the tail down , and leaps in a way similar to the impala 's jumps , landing on its forelegs . This is accompanied by the popping of the inguinal glands in the legs . Fights begin with both opponents holding their horns low , in a combat stance ; followed by the locking of horns and pushing one another . These fights can even lead to deaths . = = = Diet = = = A herbivore , the bohor reedbuck prefers grasses and tender reed shoots with high protein and low fiber content . This reedbuck is dependent on water , though green pastures can fulfill its water requirement . A study of the bohor reedbuck 's diet in Rwenzori Mountains National Park ( Uganda ) revealed that , throughout the year , the most preferred species was Sporobolus consimilis . Other grasses the animals fed on included Hyparrhenia filipendula , Heteropogon contortus and Themeda triandra , all of which are species commonly found in heavily grazed grasslands . Bohor reedbuck preferred Cynodon dactylon and Cenchrus ciliaris in the wet season , and switched to Sporobolus pyramidalis and Panicum repens in the dry season . Though they rarely feed on dicots , these can include Capparis and Sida species . On regularly burnt pastures , the bohor reedbuck feeds on Imperata species , while in places close by water sources , it eats Leersia and newly sprouted Vossia species ( like topi and puku ) . Primarily a nocturnal grazer , the bohor reedbuck may also feed at daytime . A study showed that feeding peaked at dawn and late afternoon . In the night , two feeding peaks were observed once again : at dusk and midnight . They traverse a long way from their daytime refuges while grazing . Seasonal differences in the amount of time spent while grazing in a particular area is possibly related to the availability and quality of grasses there . The bohor reedbuck often grazes in association with other grazers such as hartebeest , topi , puku and kob . In Kenyan farmlands , the reedbuck may feed on growing wheat and cereals . = = = Reproduction = = = Males become sexually mature at the age of three to four years , while females can conceive at just one year of age , reproducing every nine to fourteen months . Though there is no fixed breeding season , mating peaks in the rainy season . Fights for dominance take place in some particular " assembly fields " , where up to 40 males may assemble in an area of 1 hectare ( 2 @.@ 5 acres ; 0 @.@ 0039 sq mi ) . Some parts of these grounds are the main attractions - marked with dung and urine . The reason behind the attractiveness of these few spots for sexually active males is the oestrogen in the females ' urine . Courtship begins with the dominant male approaching the female , who then assumes a low @-@ head posture and urinates . Unresponsive females run away on being pursued by a male . A male keen on sniffing the female 's vulva keeps flicking his tongue . As they continue their " mating march " , the male licks the female 's rump and persistently attempts mounting her . On mounting , the males tries to clasp her flanks tightly . If she stands firmly , it is a sign that she is ready to mate . Copulation is marked by a single ejaculation , after which both animals stand motionless or a while , and then resume grazing . The gestation period is seven and a half months long , after which a single calf is born . The mothers keep their offspring concealed for as long as eight weeks . The mother keeps within a distance of 20 – 30 m ( 66 – 98 ft ) of its calf . Nursing , usually two to four minutes long , involves licking the whole body of the calf and suckling . The infant is suckled usually once in the day and one to two times at night . The female 's previous calf usually resists separation . At the age of two months , the calf begins grazing alongside its mother , and seeks protection from her if alarmed . Though after four months the calf is no more licked , it may still be groomed by its mother . The calves are weaned at eight to nine months of age . = = Habitat and distribution = = The bohor reedbuck inhabits moist grasslands and swamplands as well as woodlands . It is found in two kinds of habitat in northern Cameroon : the seasonally flooded grasslands rich in grasses like Vetiveria nigritana and Echinochloa pyramidalis ( in the Sahelo @-@ Sudan region ) and Isoberlina woodlands ( in the Sudano @-@ Guinean region ) . Often found on grasslands susceptible to floods and droughts , the bohor reedbuck can adapt remarkably well to radical seasonal changes and calamities . It is not so widespread as the bushbuck due to its habitat requirements . In some margins of its range , the bohor reedbuck shares its habitat with the mountain reedbuck . The ranges of the bohor reedbuck and southern reedbuck extensively overlap in Tanzania . Endemic to Africa , the bohor reedbuck is native to Benin , Burkina Faso , Burundi , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of Congo , Ethiopia , Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea @-@ Bissau , Kenya , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal , Sudan , Tanzania and Togo . The animal is possibly extinct in Ivory Coast and Uganda . Formerly widespread in western , central and eastern Africa , its present range extends from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east . Among the three reedbuck species , bohor reedbuck is the most widespread in Tanzania . Its status in Burundi , Eritrea , Ghana and Togo is uncertain , while it is rare in Niger and Nigeria . = = Threats and conservation = = Reckless hunting and loss of habitat as a result of human settlement have led to significant decline in the numbers of the bohor reedbuck , although this antelope tends to survive longer in such over @-@ exploited areas as compared to its relatives . Natural calamities , like drought , are also major threats . While populations have declined in northern Cameroon due to degradation of floodplains through the construction of upstream dams , their habitat has been destroyed in Chad and Tanzania due to expansion of agriculture and settlement . Several deaths occur due to roadkill and drowning as well . During the dry season , bohor reedbuck are hunted with dogs and nets in Uganda . Reedbuck with the largest horns are prized by hunters . The total populations of the bohor reedbuck are estimated to be above 100 @,@ 000 . Though the populations are decreasing , it is not sufficiently low to meet the Near Threatened criterion . Thus , the IUCN rates the bohor reedbuck as of Least Concern . Around three @-@ fourth of the populations survive in protected areas . Populations of the reedbuck are either declining or uncertain in Boucle du Baoulé National Park ( Mali ) ; Comoé National Park ( Ivory Coast ) ; Mole and Digya National Parks ( Ghana ) . Numbers in the Akagera National Park , where its last @-@ known populations in Rwanda exist , have seen a steep fall . Though populations have substantially decreased in western Africa , bohor reedbuck still exist in Niokolo @-@ Koba National Park ( Senegal ) ; Corubal River ( Guinea @-@ Bissau ) ; Kiang West National Park ( Gambia ) ; Arly @-@ Singou and Nazinga Game Ranch ( Burkina Faso ) . Larger numbers occur in eastern and central Africa , mostly in protected areas such as Bouba Ndjida ( Cameroon ) ; Manovo @-@ Gounda St. Floris National Park ( Central African Republic ) ; Bale Mountains National Park ( Ethiopia ) ; Murchison Falls National Park and Pian Upe Wildlife Reserve ( Uganda ) ; Maasai Mara ( Kenya ) ; Serengeti National Park , Moyowosi @-@ Kigosi and Selous Game Reserve ( Tanzania ) .
= Abd al @-@ Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath = ʿAbd al @-@ Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn al @-@ Ashʿath ( Arabic : عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن الأشعث ) , commonly known as Ibn al @-@ Ashʿath after his grandfather , was a distinguished Arab nobleman and general under the early Umayyad Caliphate , most notable for leading a failed rebellion against the Umayyad viceroy of the east , al @-@ Hajjaj ibn Yusuf , in 700 – 703 . The scion of a distinguished family of the Kindaite tribal nobility , he played a minor role in the Second Fitna ( 680 – 692 ) and then served as governor of Rayy . After the appointment of al @-@ Hajjaj as governor of Iraq and the eastern provinces of the Caliphate in 694 , relations between the haughty and overbearing al @-@ Hajjaj and the Iraqi nobility quickly became strained . Nevertheless , in 699 or 700 , al @-@ Hajjaj appointed Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath as commander of a huge Iraqi army , the so @-@ called " Peacock Army " , to subdue the troublesome principality of Zabulistan , whose ruler , the Zunbīl , vigorously resisted Arab expansion . During the campaign , al @-@ Hajjaj 's overbearing behaviour caused Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath and the army to rebel . After patching up an agreement with the Zunbīl , the army started on its march back to Iraq . On the way , a mutiny against al @-@ Hajjaj developed into a full @-@ fledged anti @-@ Umayyad rebellion . Al @-@ Hajjaj initially retreated before the rebels ' superior numbers , but quickly defeated and drove them out of Basra . Nevertheless , the rebels seized Kufa , where supporters started flocking . The revolt gained widespread support among those who were discontented with the Umayyad regime , especially the religious scholars known as qurrāʾ ( " Quran readers " ) . Caliph Abd al @-@ Malik tried to negotiate terms , including the dismissal of al @-@ Hajjaj , but the hardliners among the rebel leadership pressured Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath into rejecting the Caliph 's terms . In the subsequent Battle of Dayr al @-@ Jamajim , the rebel army was decisively defeated by al @-@ Hajjaj 's Syrian troops . Al @-@ Hajjaj pursued the survivors , who under Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath fled to the east . Most of the rebels were captured by the governor of Khurasan , while Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath himself fled to Zabulistan . His fate is unclear , as some accounts hold that , after long pressure from al @-@ Hajjaj to surrender him , the Zunbīl executed him , while most sources claim that he committed suicide to avoid being handed over to his enemies . The suppression of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's revolt signalled the end of the power of the tribal nobility of Iraq , which henceforth came under the direct control of the Umayyad regime 's staunchly loyal Syrian troops . Later revolts , under Yazid ibn al @-@ Muhallab and Zayd ibn Ali , also failed , and it was not until the success of the Abbasid Revolution that the Syrian dominance of Iraq was broken . = = Life = = = = = Origin and early career = = = Abd al @-@ Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath was a descendant of a noble family from the Kinda tribe in the Hadramawt . His grandfather Ma 'dikarib , better known by his nickname " al @-@ Ash 'ath " ( " He with the dishevelled hair " ) , was an important chieftain who submitted to Muhammad , but rebelled during the Ridda wars . Defeated , he was pardoned and married Caliph Abu Bakr 's sister . He went on to participate in the crucial battles of the early Muslim conquests , Yarmouk and Qadisiyya , as well as in the Battle of Siffin , where he was instrumental in forcing Ali to abandon his military advantage and submit to arbitration , and later led the Kindaite quarter in Kufa , where he died in 661 . His father Muhammad was far less distinguished , serving an unsuccessful tenure as governor of Tabaristan , and becoming involved in the Second Fitna as a supporter of Ibn al @-@ Zubayr , being killed in 686 / 7 in the campaign that overthrew al @-@ Mukhtar . Like his father at Siffin , he is denigrated by pro @-@ Alid sources for his ambiguous role in the Battle of Karbala in 680 , being held responsible for the arrests of Muslim ibn Aqil and Hani ibn Urwa . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's mother , Umm Amr , was the daughter of Sa 'id ibn Qays al @-@ Hamdani . He had four brothers , Ishaq , Qasim , Sabbah , and Isma 'il , of whom the first three also fought in the campaigns in Tabaristan . According to al @-@ Tabari , the young Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath accompanied his father and participated in his political activities : in 680 he revealed the hiding @-@ place of Muslim ibn Aqil to the authorities , and he fought in the campaign against al @-@ Mukhtar in which his father was killed , and reportedly executed ( or persuaded Mu 'sab ibn al @-@ Zubayr to execute ) al @-@ Mukhtar 's captured followers in revenge . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath disappears from the record during the next few years , but after Mu 'sab ibn al @-@ Zubayr was defeated and killed by the Umayyad caliph Abd al @-@ Malik ibn Marwan in October 691 , he , like other followers of Mu 'sab , apparently went over to the Umayyads . In early 692 , Abd al @-@ Malik 's brother Bishr put him in command of over 5 @,@ 000 Kufans for a campaign against the Kharijites threatening al @-@ Ahwaz . The Kharijites retreated before the far larger caliphal army , led by Khalid ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid , and Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath went on to take up the governorship of Rayy . = = = Al @-@ Hajjaj 's appointment to Iraq = = = In 694 , Abd al @-@ Malik appointed the trusted and capable al @-@ Hajjaj ibn Yusuf as the new governor of Iraq , a crucial post given the restiveness of the region towards Umayyad rule . In 697 , his remit was expanded to cover the entirety of the eastern Caliphate , including Khurasan and Sistan . In 695 , al @-@ Hajjaj entrusted Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath with 6 @,@ 000 horsemen and the campaign against the Kharijite rebels under Shabib ibn Yazid ibn Nu 'aym al @-@ Shaybani . Although not large , this group benefited from Shabib 's tactical skill and inflicted a number of defeats on Umayyad forces . Advised by the general al @-@ Jazl Uthman ibn Sa 'id , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath pursued the Kharijites but displayed great caution in order to avoid falling into a trap . As a result , the governor of al @-@ Mada 'in , Uthman ibn Qatan , wrote to al @-@ Hajjaj criticizing Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's leadership . Al @-@ Hajjaj responded by giving command to Uthman , but when the latter attacked Shabib , the Umayyad army suffered a heavy defeat , losing around 900 men and fleeing to Kufa ; Uthman himself was killed , while Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath , who lost his horse , managed to escape with the help of a friend and reached Kufa after an eventful journey . There he remained in hiding until al @-@ Hajjaj granted him pardon . Despite his setback , relations between Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath and al @-@ Hajjaj were friendly initially , and al @-@ Hajjaj 's son married one of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's sisters . Gradually , however , the two men became estranged . The sources attribute this to Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's overweening pride as one of the foremost of the ashrāf , the tribal nobility , and his aspirations to leadership : al @-@ Mas 'udi records that he adopted the title of Nāṣir al @-@ muʾminīn ( " Helper of the Faithful " ) , an implicit challenge to the Umayyads , who were implied to be false believers . In addition , he claimed to be the Qaḥṭānī , a messianic figure in South Arab ( Yamani ) tribal tradition who was expected to raise them to domination . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's pretensions irked al @-@ Hajjaj , whose hostile remarks — such as " Look how he walks ! How I should like to cut off his head ! " — were conveyed to Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath and served to deepen their hostility to outright mutual hatred . According to L. Veccia Vaglieri , however , these reports are more indicative of the Arabic sources ' tendency to " explain historical events by incidents relating to persons " , rather than the actual relationship between the two men , especially given the fact that Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath faithfully served al @-@ Hajjaj in a number of posts , culminating in his appointment to lead the " Peacock Army " . Nevertheless , it is clear that al @-@ Hajjaj quickly became unpopular among the Iraqis in general through a series of measures that , according to Hugh N. Kennedy , " [ seem ] almost to have goaded the Iraqis into rebellion " , such as the introduction of Syrian troops — the mainstay of the Umayyad dynasty — into Iraq , the use of Iraqi troops in the arduous and unrewarding campaigns against the Kharijites , and the reduction of the Iraqi troops ' pay to a level below that of the Syrian troops . = = = Sistan campaign and rebellion = = = In 698 / 9 , the Umayyad governor of Sistan , Ubayd Allah ibn Abi Bakra , suffered a severe defeat by the semi @-@ independent ruler of Zabulistan , known as the Zunbīl . The Zunbīl drew the Arabs deep into his country and cut them off , so that they managed to extricate themselves only with great difficulty and after suffering many losses , particularly among the Kufan contingent . In response , al @-@ Hajjaj sent an Iraqi army to the east against the Zunbīl . Whether due to the splendour of its equipment or as an allusion to the " proud and haughty manner of the Kufan soldiers and ashrāf who composed it " ( G. R. Hawting ) , this army became known in history as the " Peacock Army " . Two different generals were appointed by al @-@ Hajjaj in succession to command it , before he appointed Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath instead . In view of their bad relations , the sources report , the appointment came as a surprise to many ; an uncle of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath even approached al @-@ Hajjaj and suggested that his nephew might revolt , but al @-@ Hajjaj did not rescind his appointment . Al @-@ Tabari suggests that al @-@ Hajjaj relied on the fear he inspired to keep Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath in check ; modern scholarship on the other hand holds that the portrayal of the great personal animosity between the two men is likely to be exaggerated . It is unclear whether Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath himself had joined the army from the outset or whether , according to an alternative tradition , he had been sent to Kirman to punish a local leader who had refused to help the governors of Sistan and Sind . After taking up the leadership of the army , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath led it to Sistan , where he united the local troops with the " Peacock Army " . He rejected a peace offer from the Zunbīl and — in marked contrast to his predecessor 's direct assault — began a systematic campaign to first secure the lowlands surrounding the mountainous heart of the Zunbīl 's kingdom : slowly and methodically , he captured the villages and fortresses one by one , installing garrisons in them and linking them with messengers . After accomplishing this task , he withdrew to Bust to spend the winter of 699 / 700 . Once al @-@ Hajjaj received Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's messages informing him of the break in operations , however , he replied in what L. Veccia Vaglieri described as " a series of arrogant and offensive messages ordering him to penetrate into the heart of Zabulistan and there to fight the enemy to the death " . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath called an assembly of the army 's leadership , in which he informed them of al @-@ Hajjaj 's orders for an immediate advance and his decision to refuse to obey . He then went before the assembled troops and repeated al @-@ Hajjaj 's instructions , calling upon them to decide what should be done . The troops clearly resented " the prospect of a long and difficult campaign so far from Iraq " ( G. R. Hawting ) , denounced al @-@ Hajjaj , proclaiming him deposed , and swore allegiance to Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath instead . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's brothers , however , as well as the governor of Khurasan , al @-@ Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra , refused to join the rebellion . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath hastily concluded an agreement with the Zunbīl , whereby if he was victorious in the coming conflict with al @-@ Hajjaj , he would accord the Zunbīl generous treatment , while if he was defeated , the Zunbīl would provide refuge . With his rear secure , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath left representatives at Bust and Zaranj , and his army set out on the return journey to Iraq , picking up more soldiers from Kufa and Basra , who were stationed as garrisons , along the way . By the time the army reached Fars , it had become clear that deposing al @-@ Hajjaj could not be done without deposing Caliph Abd al @-@ Malik as well , and the revolt evolved from a mutiny into a full @-@ blown anti @-@ Umayyad uprising , with the troops renewing their oath to Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath . The reasons for the rebellion have been the source of much discussion and theories among modern scholars . Moving away from the personal relationship between al @-@ Hajjaj and Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath , Alfred von Kremer suggested that the rebellion was linked with the efforts of the non @-@ Arab converts to Islam ( the mawālī ) to secure equal rights with the Arab Muslims . Julius Wellhausen rejected this view as the main source of the revolt , seeing it instead as a reaction of the Iraqis in general and the ashrāf in particular against the Syrian regime of the Umayyads as represented by the overbearing ( and notably low @-@ born ) al @-@ Hajjaj . Other scholars have seen in it a manifestation of the tribal factionalism between the northern Arab and southern Arab ( " Yamani " ) tribal groups prevalent at the time . Thus a poem by a certain A 'sha Hamdan in celebration of the rebellion shows not only a religious but also a tribal motivation of the rebel troops : al @-@ Hajjaj is denounced as an apostate and a " friend of the devil " , while Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath is portrayed as the champion of the Yamani Qahtani and Hamdani tribes against the northern Arab Ma 'addis and Thaqafis . On the other hand , as G. R. Hawting points out , this is insufficient evidence to ascribe purely tribal motivations to the revolt : if Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's movement was indeed led largely by Yamanis , this simply reflects the fact that they were the dominant element in Kufa , and while al @-@ Hajjaj himself was a northerner , his main commander was a southerner . Wellhausen 's analysis , however , rejected the evident religious dimension of the revolt , especially the participation of the fanatical zealots known as qurrāʾ ( " Quran readers " ) . While the " religious polemic used by both sides [ .. ] is stereotyped , unspecific and to be found in other contexts " ( C.G. Hawting ) , there do appear to have been specific religious grievances , notably the accusation that the Umayyads were neglecting the ritual prayer . It seems clear that the revolt began as a simple mutiny against an overbearing governor who made impossible demands of the troops , but , at least by the time the army reached Fars , a religious element emerged , represented by the qurrāʾ . Given the close " interaction of religion and politics in early Muslim society " , as G. R. Hawting points out , the religious element quickly became dominant , as seen by the difference between the oath of allegiance ( bayʿa ) sworn at the beginning of the revolt and that exchanged between the army and Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath at Istakhr in Fars . While in the first Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath declared as his intention to " depose al @-@ Hajjaj , the enemy of God " , in the latter , he exhorted his men to " [ defend ] the Book of God and the Sunna of His Prophet , to depose the imāms of error , to fight against those who regard [ the blood of the Prophet ’ s kin ] as licit " . Although Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath remained as the head of the uprising , Veccia Vaglieri writes that after this point " one has the impression that [ ... ] the control of the revolt slipped from his hands " , or that , as Wellhausen comments , " he was urged on in spite of himself , and even if he would , could not have banished the spirits which he had called up . It was as if an avalanche came rushing down sweeping every thing before it " . This interpretation is corroborated by the different rhetoric and actions of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath and his followers , as reported in the sources : the former was ready and willing to compromise with the Umayyads , and continued to fight only because he had no alternative , while the great mass of his followers , motivated by discontent against the Umayyad regime couched in religious terms , were far more uncompromising and willing to carry on the struggle until death . Al @-@ Hajjaj himself seems to have been aware of the distinction : in suppressing the revolt , he pardoned the Quraysh , the Syrians , and many of the other Arab clans , but executed tens of thousands among the mawālī and the Zutt of the Mesopotamian Marshes , who had sided with the rebels . = = = Fight for control of Iraq = = = Informed of the revolt , al @-@ Hajjaj requested reinforcements from the Caliph , but was unable to stop the advance of the rebel army , which is reported to have numbered 33 @,@ 000 cavalry and 120 @,@ 000 infantry . On 24 or 25 January 701 , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath overwhelmed al @-@ Hajjaj 's advance guard at Tustar . At the news of this defeat , al @-@ Hajjaj withdrew to Basra and then , as he could not possibly hold the city , left Basra as well for nearby al @-@ Zawiya . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath entered Basra on 13 February 701 . Over the next month , a series of skirmishes were fought between the forces of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath and al @-@ Hajjaj , in which the former generally held the upper hand . Finally , in early March , the two armies met for a pitched battle . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath initially prevailed , but in the end al @-@ Hajjaj 's Syrians , under Sufyan ibn Abrad , carried off a victory . Many rebels fell , especially among the qurrāʾ , forcing Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath to withdraw to Kufa , taking with him the Kufan troops and the élite of the Basran cavalry . At Kufa , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath found the citadel occupied by Matar ibn Najiya , an officer from al @-@ Mada 'in , and was forced to take it by assault . His lieutenant at Basra , the Hashimi Abd al @-@ Rahman ibn Abbas , tried but was unable to hold the city , as the populace opened the gates in exchange for a pardon after a few days . Abd al @-@ Rahman too withdrew with as many Basrans as would follow him to Kufa , where Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's forces swelled further with the arrival of large numbers of anti @-@ Umayyad volunteers . After taking control of Basra — and executing some 11 @,@ 000 of its people , despite his pledge of pardon — al @-@ Hajjaj marched on Kufa in April 701 . His army was harassed by Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's cavalry , but reached the environs of the city and set up camp at Dayr Qurra , on the right bank of the Euphrates so as to secure his lines of communication with Syria . In response Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath left Kufa and with an army reportedly 200 @,@ 000 strong approached al @-@ Hajjaj 's army and set up camp at Dayr al @-@ Jamajim . Both armies fortified their camps by digging trenches and , as before , engaged in skirmishes . Whatever the true numbers of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's force , al @-@ Hajjaj was in a difficult position : his army was considerably outnumbered by the rebels , although reinforcements from Syria were constantly arriving , and his position was difficult to resupply with provisions . In the meantime , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's progress had sufficiently alarmed the Umayyad court that they sought a negotiated settlement , despite the contrary advice of al @-@ Hajjaj . Caliph Abd al @-@ Malik sent his brother Muhammad and son Abdallah as envoys , proposing the dismissal of al @-@ Hajjaj , the appointment of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath as governor over one of the Iraqi towns , and a raise in the Iraqis ' pay so that they received the same amount as the Syrians . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath was inclined to accept , but the more radical of his followers , especially the qurrāʾ , refused , believing that the offered terms revealed the government 's weakness , and pushed for outright victory . With the negotiations failing , the two armies continued to skirmish — the sources report that the skirmishing lasted for 100 days with 48 engagements . This lasted until September , when the two armies met in battle . Again Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath initially held the upper hand , but the Syrians prevailed in the end : shortly before the sun set , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's men broke and scattered . Failing to rally his troops , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath with a handful of followers fled to Kufa , where he took farewell of his family . As Hawting comments , the contrast " between the discipline and organisation of the Umayyads and their largely Syrian support and the lack of these qualities among their opponents in spite of , or perhaps rather because of , the more righteous and religious flavour of the opposition " is a recurring pattern in the civil wars of the period . Victorious , al @-@ Hajjaj entered Kufa , where he tried and executed many rebels , but also pardoned those who submitted after admitting that through revolt they had become infidels . In the meantime , however , one of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's supporters , Ubayd Allah ibn Samura , had recaptured Basra , to where Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath now headed ; and another , Muhammad ibn Sa 'd ibn Abi Waqqas , had captured al @-@ Mada 'in . Al @-@ Hajjaj remained for a month in Kufa , before setting out to meet Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath . The two armies met at Maskin on the river Dujayl . After two weeks of skirmishing , al @-@ Hajjaj delivered the final blow by launching a simultaneous attack on the rebel camp from two sides : while he with the main part of his army attacked from one side , a portion of his army , guided by a shepherd , crossed the marshes and launched itself on the camp from the rear . Caught by surprise , the rebel army was nearly annihilated , with many rebels drowning in the river in their attempt to flee . = = = Flight east and death = = = Following this renewed defeat , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath fled east , towards Sistan , with a few survivors . Al @-@ Hajjaj sent troops under Umara ibn al @-@ Tamim al @-@ Lakhmi to intercept them . Umara caught up with them twice , at Sus and Sabur , but Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath and his men managed to fight through to Kirman and thence to Sistan . There he was refused entry into Zaranj by his own agent ( ʿāmil ) , and was then arrested by the ʿāmil of Bust . The Zunbīl however , true to his word , came to Bust and forced Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's release , taking him with him to Zabulistan and treating him with much honour . There , Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath assumed command of some 60 @,@ 000 supporters who had assembled there in the meantime . With their support , he seized Zaranj , where he punished the ʿāmil . Faced with the approach of the Umayyad troops under Umara ibn al @-@ Tamim , however , most of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's followers urged him to go to Khurasan , where they would be hopefully able to recruit more followers , and sit out the Umayyad attacks until either al @-@ Hajjaj or Caliph Abd al @-@ Malik died and the political situation changed . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath bowed to their pressure , but after a group of 2 @,@ 000 men defected , he returned to Zabulistan with those who would follow him there . Most of the rebels remained in Khurasan , choosing Abd al @-@ Rahman ibn Abbas as their leader . They were soon confronted and defeated by the local governor , Yazid ibn al @-@ Muhallab . Yazid released those who belonged to the Yamani tribes related to his own , and sent the rest to al @-@ Hajjaj , who executed most of them . In the meantime , Umara quickly effected the surrender of Sistan , by offering lenient terms to the garrisons if they surrendered without struggle . Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath remained safe under the protection of the Zunbīl , but al @-@ Hajjaj , fearing that he might raise another revolt , sent letters to the Zunbīl , mixing threats and promises , to secure his surrender . Finally , in 704 the Zunbīl gave in , in exchange for lifting the annual tribute for 7 or 10 years . Accounts of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's end differ : one version holds that he was executed by the Zunbīl himself , or that he died of illness , and that his head was cut off and sent to al @-@ Hajjaj . The more widespread account , however , holds that he was confined to a remote castle at Rukhkhaj in anticipation of his extradition to al @-@ Hajjaj , and chained to his warden , but that he threw himself from the top of the castle ( along with his warden ) to his death . = = Aftermath = = The failure of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's revolt led to the tightening of Umayyad control over Iraq . Al @-@ Hajjaj founded a permanent garrison for the Syrian troops at Wasit , situated between Basra and Kufa , and the Iraqis , regardless of social status , were deprived of any real power in the governance of the region . This was coupled with a reform of the salary ( ʿaṭāʾ ) system by al @-@ Hajjaj : whereas hitherto the salary had been calculated based on the role of one 's ancestors in the early Muslim conquests , it now became limited to those actively participating in campaigns . As most of the army was now composed of Syrians , this measure gravely injured the interests of the Iraqis , who regarded this as another impious attack on hallowed institutions . In addition , extensive land reclamation and irrigation works were undertaken in lower Iraq ( the Sawad ) , but this was limited mostly to around Wasit , and the proceeds went to the Umayyads and their clients , not the Iraqi nobility . As a result , the political power of the once mighty Kufan élites was soon broken . It was not until 720 that the Iraqis rebelled once again , under Yazid ibn al @-@ Muhallab , " the last of the old @-@ style Iraqi champions " ( Hugh Kennedy ) , and even then , support was ambivalent , and the revolt was defeated . Two of Ibn al @-@ Ash 'ath 's nephews , Muhammad ibn Ishaq and Uthman ibn Ishaq , supported the rebellion , but most remained quiescent and content with their role as local dignitaries . A few held posts in Kufa under the early Abbasids . Perhaps the most famous of the family 's later members is the philosopher al @-@ Kindi . Another uprising , that of Zayd ibn Ali , broke out in 740 , again promising to right injustices ( restoration of the ʿaṭāʾ , distribution of the revenue from the Sawad , an end to distant campaigns ) and to restore rule according to the Quran and the Sunna . Once more , however , the Kufans deserted it at the critical moment , and it was defeated by the Umayyads . Discontent with the Umayyad government continued to simmer , however , and during the Abbasid Revolution , Iraq rose up in support of the rebellion . Kufa overthrew Umayyad rule and welcomed the Abbasid army in October 749 , followed immediately by the proclamation of as @-@ Saffah as the first Abbasid caliph there .
= Nina Davuluri = Nina Davuluri ( Telugu : నీనా దావులురి ; born April 20 , 1989 ) , Miss America 2014 , is an American public speaker and advocate for civil rights and humanitarian causes . She is also the " first contestant of Indian descent to win the Miss America Competition " ( as well as the second Asian American ) . Shortly after becoming Miss America , however , Davuluri became the target of xenophobic and racist commentary in American social media . Her win also instigated dialogue in India and the Indian diaspora over the topic of colorism . Davuluri drew upon these experiences to promote her platform " Celebrating Diversity Through Cultural Competency " during her year as Miss America . Since ending her reign as Miss America in September 2014 , Davuluri has continued to travel throughout the United States and India as a speaker and advocate for diversity , gender equality , and the promotion of STEM education . = = Early life and education = = Davuluri was born on April 20 , 1989 in Syracuse , New York , to Hindu Telugu parents from Vijayawada , Andhra Pradesh , India . Her mother , Sheela Davuluri , is an Information technology specialist , her father , Chaudhury Davuluri , is a gynecologist , and her older sister , Meena Davuluri has an M.D. and an M.P.H .. When she was six weeks old , Davuluri was brought to live with her grandmother and aunt in Vijayawada . She stayed there until she was two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years old , when her parents brought her back to the United States , returning to India each summer in order to study Indian dance . She is also fluent in Telugu . Davuluri moved to Oklahoma when she was four years old . She lived there until she was 10 , next moving to St. Joseph , Michigan . Years later , at a 2015 White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders event , Davuluri noted that nine eleven marked a turning point in her life . She was in the seventh grade at the time , and recalls that in the conservative community in which they lived , her family went from being " the little indian family that lived on the block , that was the nice , kept to themselves type of family " to being " the terrorist family on the block . " She also stated that her house was vandalized and that her family began to receive hate mail . This period of her life would become the foundation for her future Miss American platform , " Celebrating Diversity Through Cultural Competency , " as its goal is to confront bullying by actively learning to talk about diversity in an open and respectful way . As a child , Davuluri studied ballet , tap , and jazz dance , and was later in the St. Joseph High School marching band ( where she also played varsity tennis and was on the Science Olympiad team ) . She graduated from St. Joseph in 2007 , the same year that her parents moved to Fayetteville , New York . She chose to stay in Michigan , however , first beginning college at Michigan State University , and later transferring to the University of Michigan ( where she was a Sigma Kappa / Alpha Mu , was on the Dean 's List , and received Michigan Merit and National Honor Society Awards ) . She graduated in 2011 with a B.S. in Brain Behavior and Cognitive Science , next moving in with her family in New York where she took nine pre @-@ med courses at Le Moyne College . Halfway through her tenure as Miss America , however , she announced that she would not be applying to medical school . Instead , she plans to attend business school sometime in the future . = = Miss Michigan 's Outstanding Teen and Miss New York = = At the age of 16 , Davuluri became interested in beauty pageants after her sister Meena won the title of Miss St. Joseph . As she was too young to enter local pageants , Davuluri became involved with Miss America 's Teen division in Michigan , where she also learned that she could earn scholarship money for college . She won the Miss Southwest Michigan 's Outstanding Teen 2005 pageant , followed by the Miss Michigan 's Outstanding Teen 2006 pageant , and was first runner @-@ up at the 2007 Miss America 's Outstanding Teen pageant . After winning nearly $ 25 @,@ 000 in scholarship money , she stopped competing for a few years and focused instead on her undergraduate education . After graduating from the University of Michigan , Davuluri returned to competing in pageants in order to fund graduate school . In 2012 , as a New York resident , she won the title of Miss Greater Rochester , followed by second place in the Miss New York pageant . Davuluri tried again the following year and won the title of Miss Syracuse . She was then was crowned Miss New York 2013 . Shortly after winning the Miss New York title , she held a party in her hotel room , where a fellow contestant in the neighboring room later claimed to have heard her refer to the previous Miss New York Mallory Hagan ( who later went on to become Miss America 2013 ) as " fat as [ bleep ] " during this party . Davuluri denied making these comments , later saying that " Mallory and I are good friends . " An official from the Miss America pageant also stated that the " situation was investigated fully back in July and there is no validity to the story whatsoever . Miss New York spoke to Mallory Hytes Hagan to let her know there was no validity and to apologize if she was offended in any way . " In addition , Davuluri has spoken publicly about losing 53 pounds ( 24 kg ) , her struggle with bulimia , and her belief that " you don 't need to be a certain size to be healthy " . = = Miss America = = Davuluri , the first Indian American to win the Miss America pageant ( and the second Miss New York in a row ) , held the title of Miss America 2014 from September 15 , 2013 to September 14 , 2014 . In doing so , she followed in the footsteps of a previous Miss Syracuse / Miss New York , Vanessa Williams , who ( as Miss America 1984 ) was the first African American winner of the pageant . She is also the second Asian American contestant to be crowned Miss America ( the first was Filipino American Angela Perez Baraquio in 2001 ) . NPR 's Michael Martin commented on this aspect of her win by noting that “ there were five Asian @-@ Americans competing for the crown . That 's the highest number in pageant history . Three of you were in the top five . Two of you were the finalists , and this in a contest where initially the requirements were that contestants be of good health and of the white race . " Drawing on her background in Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam , Davuluri danced to the song " Dhoom Taana " from the film Om Shanti Om for her talent performance . Her routine , the first time Bollywood appeared on the Miss America stage , was developed in conjunction with Nakul Dev Mahajan as a fusion of Bollywood and Indian classical dance . After being crowned Miss America , she said that she was told that she would " never going to win with a Bollywood talent so just go back to singing if you are serious about [ winning ] . ” During the final moments of the pageant , one of the hosts Lara Spencer , approached the only contestants left on the stage , Davuluri and Miss California Crystal Lee and asked them how they were " feeling . " Davuluri replied that both she and Lee were " so proud . We ’ re making history right here , standing here as Asian @-@ Americans . " She later described that part of the pageant as “ very surreal . ” I really wanted to help effect a change in beauty standards .... Miss America 's branding is so associated with the girl next door , which has always meant blonde hair and blue eyes with only a few exceptions , but the girl next door must evolve as the country evolves . When I was younger I wanted to fit in , but I was aware growing up that I didn 't fit that mould , and I really wanted to help make a change that meant young girls wouldn 't feel like that . = = = Aftermath = = = Shortly after she was crowned Miss America 2014 , Davuluri became the target of xenophobic and racist commentary in American social media . The news media compared this response to the backlash against Vanessa Williams after she became Miss America 1984 . Congresswoman Grace Meng additionally linked Davuluri 's experience to the antisemitism that Jewish American Bess Myerson faced as Miss America 1945 . Many of the comments demanded to know why Davuluri was chosen over the soldier , Miss Kansas Theresa Vail , misidentified her as Muslim or Arab ( equating both terms to the word " terrorist ” ) , or associated her with groups such as Al @-@ Qaeda . They also noted the pageant date relative to the September 11 anniversary , and generally expressed anti @-@ Indian sentiments and anti @-@ Arab sentiments . Davuluri later said that she was prepared for the social @-@ media response because she faced a similar situation a few months earlier when she was crowned Miss New York . Some responded to the backlash in a show of solidarity with Davuluri . Students at Duke University , and with Yale University 's Asian American Cultural Center and the South Asian Society , created videos and ran photo campaigns denouncing the social media attacks , while Miss Kansas Theresa Vail blogged and gave interviews to discredit the comments about both herself and Davuluri . Actor and civil @-@ rights activist George Takei ( the original Hikaru Sulu in Star Trek ) posted a comment on Facebook stating that while he normally doesn 't " care about Miss America … the uproar over an Indian @-@ American winning ( whom many decried for being ' Arab ' ) has me shaking my head . Please tell me I 'm not alone in wondering whether we 've learned anything at all . " University of Michigan student Munmun Khan also stated that she while doesn 't like beauty pageants , she hates " racism and bigotry even more [ ... ] Not only was [ Davuluri ] the first Indian Miss New York , but she is now also the first Indian Miss America . All cause for celebration . " Finally , Immediate Past President , Young Democrats of America , Atima Omara , argued that " a sexist , racist , xenophobic attack against one prominent woman of color is an attack against us all , and it shouldn 't be tolerated just because we disdain that woman 's choices . As an African @-@ American woman with an ethnic name , I know the constant sting that comes from hearing how you are not American enough no matter how much you accomplish in the name of America . " An editorial by the staff of The Hindu highlighted a different narrative in India and the Indian diaspora regarding her win and colorism . The editorial suggested that rather than hold a pageant title in India , " the dark complexioned 24 @-@ year @-@ old [ Davuluri ] would not have stood a chance … had she been in India , far from entering a beauty contest , it is more likely that Ms Davuluri would have grown up hearing mostly disparaging remarks about the colour of her skin ; she would have been — going by the storyline of most “ fairness ” cream advertisements — a person with low self @-@ esteem and few friends . " Dean Asha Rangappa ( Yale Law School ) echoed these sentiments when she stated that " Davuluri is following in the footsteps of other darker @-@ skinned Indian women who have been recognized in America for their talent and beauty , like The Office ’ s Mindy Kaling or ER 's Parminder Nagra — women who ’ d never get a second glance in India . " Similar remarks appeared in social media and in numerous editorials . Davuluri also discussed the subject with reporters in the American media , stating that she was interested in becoming involved in the " Dark is Beautiful " campaign . = = = Platform = = = During her year as Miss America , Davuluri promoted her platform " Celebrating Diversity Through Cultural Competency " and STEM ( science , technology , engineering and mathematics ) education to high @-@ school and college students . She elaborated on her platform in a Yale University talk as one using social media as a form of activism . Describing it as " Circles of Unity " , she encouraged students to view social media as a tool to spread cultural awareness and combat ignorance . During Davuluri 's visit to Central York High School in Pennsylvania , 18 @-@ year @-@ old Patrick Farves was suspended for inviting her to his 2014 prom during a question @-@ and @-@ answer session . Although she requested that the suspension be lifted in a Facebook post , school administrators said that they must maintain standards for student behavior . Farves later stated that he regretted the joke as it overshadowed her platform . Davuluri is a spokeswoman for PETA , extending her campaign celebrating diversity to the adoption of mixed @-@ breed dogs from animal shelters . She also met with President Barack Obama for the Children 's Miracle Network Hospital Champions at the White House . = = Speaker and advocate = = Since completing her year as Miss America in September 2014 , Davuluri has worked as a public speaker and advocate for diversity , gender equality , and the promotion of STEM education . In this capacity , she has spoken in both political and diplomatic venues . In September 2014 , she shared the stage with PBS ' NewsHour Weekend anchor Hari Sreenivasan as hosts for a Madison Square Garden talk by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi . She also participated in the 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Summit Youth and Women Day in Nairobi in July 2015 . About a year later , Davuluri traveled to Mumbai , Hyderabad , and Vijayawada as part of an official March 2016 tour for the U.S. State Department to discuss women 's education . Part of this tour focused on events connected with International Women 's Day ( including a talk for the Asia Society ) . Davuluri continues to speak on the subjects of diversity and STEM at college campuses . In an October 2014 East Carolina University talk , she discussed the harassment she faced during her childhood . " The following month , she spoke on women in STEM at Northeastern University . In March 2015 , she spoke at Harvard 's " Side by Side " gender @-@ equality campaign . Later in the same month , she discussed the subject of diversity at Princeton . = = Other accolades = = India Abroad Face of the Future Award 2014 : India Abroad , June 19 , 2015 , M69 @-@ M82 . Elected trustee to the Miss America Foundation Board in February 2015 ( the first Miss America elected to the board ) . In August 2014 fashion designer Tony Bowls announced that he designed a shoe , " The Nina , " in her honor . = = = Miss America and Miss New York = = = # StandWithNina : Duke Stands with Miss America - Duke University , September 18 , 2013 . India 's Disturbing Obsession with Fair Skin - Time , September 19 , 2013 . " After Defending Miss America From Racial Comments , George Takei Meets Nina Davuluri For First Time " - ABC News , September 17 , 2013 ( George Takei , Star Trek 's Sulu ) . George Stephanopoulos . " Groundbreaking Miss America Winner Miss New York Takes Home Pageant Crown " - ABC News , September 16 , 2013 . Lakshmi Gandhi . " Miss America ’ s Choreographer Nakul Dev Mahajan Tells Us How That ‘ Bollywood Fusion ’ Dance Came to Be " - The Aerogram , September 20 , 2013 ( Talent performance to " Dhoom Taana , " from Om Shanti Om ) . " America 2014 Nina Davuluri 's Crowning Moment . " Miss America Organization , September 15 , 2013 . " Vote for Miss New York 2013 Nina Davuluri . " Miss America Organization , August 15 , 2013 .
= Ling Woo = Ling Woo is a fictional character in the US comedy @-@ drama Ally McBeal , portrayed by Chinese @-@ American actress Lucy Liu . A Mandarin @-@ speaking Chinese @-@ American lawyer , Ling has been described as cold and ferocious and knowledgeable in an art of sexual pleasure unknown to the Western world . At the time , she was the most famous and only significant representative of Asian women on US television ( besides news anchors and reporters ) . Thus , the portrayal of Ling Woo attracted much scholarly attention in the US . = = Background = = Ally McBeal is an American television series created by David E. Kelley which ran on the Fox network from 1997 to 2002 . Set in the fictional Boston law firm of Cage , Fish and Associates , the series explores the relationships among various lawyers working at the firm , often as they relate to gender @-@ specific issues raised in court cases . Ling Woo was a character written by Kelley specifically for actress Lucy Liu after she failed to secure the role of Nelle Porter in the show . Woo appeared for the first time in the second season as a client suing a Howard Stern @-@ like talk show host named Wick . She was suing because Wick 's programs contributed to sexual harassment in her workplace . Wick claimed Woo brought suit because she had a " slutty little Asian thing going " , and Woo said that she wanted to sleep with Wick because if she did , she would kill him . The character proved to be a hit , and Liu was signed on as a regular for the series . Ling became a lawyer with the firm by pressuring Richard Fish , the firm 's senior partner , to hire her services as counsel . She remained a regular on the show until 2001 , when her role was reduced to four episodes in the upcoming season . Ling 's employment history changes that season when the Governor of Massachusetts offers Ling a job as judge after Ling complimented her twin babies . Woo is a graduate of Cornell Law School where she was editor of the Law Review . Asian women are rarely given prominent roles on American television . In 1994 Margaret Cho had a brief prime @-@ time show called All American Girl , which was not popular with audiences and did not last a full season . When the show aired , there had not been another Asian @-@ American @-@ centered show or an Asian main character at the time the Ling character was created . Unlike the 1970s depictions of docile East Asian women on TV , Ling 's character was the opposite , but still a classic stereotype , that of the Dragon Lady . At the time , she was the only significant representative of Asian women on television in the United States ( besides news anchors and reporters ) , leaving no one else to counteract this prominent stereotype . She remains the most memorable Asian TV character of the 1990s . = = Character = = Ling Woo 's character has been described as the antithesis of Ally McBeal 's . For example , Woo is portrayed as evil , McBeal as good ; Woo growls , McBeal purrs . At the same time , Woo 's verbal assaults present a fantasy of authority that appeals to even McBeal . " She 's my hero " , says McBeal , " she 's vicious , I disagree with almost everything she says , she treats me like dirt , and somehow she 's my hero . " The character 's main function was to inject into the show " sensuality , promise , terror , sublimity , idyllic pleasure , intense energy " - elements long associated with the Orient in Western culture , according to Orientalism author Edward Said . Ling brings to mind the geisha , the unreadable Oriental , and the dragon lady . Describing her as " fearsome , devouring , vicious , cool , " and with an " exotic sexuality " , Georgia State University professor Greg Smith sees Woo as a stereotype of Asian women , a " Dragon Lady " . Her character was frequently used to examine matters related to gender definition and topics . Ling is the only major character in Ally McBeal who does not have a story for the origin of her particular neurosis . She is exempt from the psychoanalytic focus given to others in the series , which Smith attributes to her Asian " mysteriousness " . = = = Cold and vicious = = = Woo is cast as a villain , underscored by her frequent appearance to the theme music that accompanied the Wicked Witch of the West in the Wizard of Oz . Unlike a melodramatic villain such as J. R. Ewing , Ling was cast as a remarkably heartless character until well into the second season ( Season 3 of the show ) , when she begins to befriend other characters . She harasses people with physical handicaps . When visiting a hospital , Ling accidentally collides with a man in a wheelchair , and shouts , " Watch where you are going ! It 's bad enough that you people get all the parking spots ! " To an individual with Tourette syndrome , she says , " I think Tourettes is so cool . It would be great to be able to annoy people like that . You get to whoop and twitch . Any other good ones ? " A passing blind man accidentally taps her with his cane , and Ling cries , " OW ! They 're not weapons ! ... I so prefer the deaf to the blind . " Ling will even impersonate the blind to get her way . In one episode she puts on sunglasses , extends a telescoping white cane , and walks across a busy street , tires squealing as she hits a couple of cars with her cane . Ling is unapologetic for these affronts . When pointed out that " there are real blind people in the world " , Ling retorts , " It 's not like any of them saw me . " Ling is concerned with petty annoyances that disrupt her pleasure or inconvenience her . When a colleague is stuck in an elevator with his feet dangling out of the doors , Ling asks , " Does this mean I 'm going to have to take the stairs ? " She is impatient in getting what she wants , for example snapping at a judge to " hurry up " as he read a verdict . She frequently announces that she is uninterested in proceedings that don 't affect her personally . As her co @-@ counsel questions a witness in court , Ling objects to the judge , " I 'm bored ! As an officer of the court , I have a duty to be open and forthright . I think the witness is tedious and I 'm concerned for the jury 's attention span . " Smith sees Ling 's attacks as pointed and consciously vicious . She attacks because her words have consequences , clearing a path for her own selfish interests . Nelle Porter says , " I admire the way you don 't let yourself be pushed around . Too many people when they think they 've been wronged just walk away . " Jeff Yang , founding publisher of A Magazine , a New York @-@ based publication on Asian American culture , sees Ling as " a strong Asian woman who 's clearly potent , clearly has control . She 's not a victim , not somebody who lets anyone come even close to victimizing her . " Even though she coldly tyrannizes virtually everyone around her , she is sometimes hurt and confused over being disliked . She admits , " It 's lonely on the bench . I thought I 'd like a place where people can 't get to you but once in a while ... " A colleague completes her thought : " you need to have somebody who can get to you . " = = = Hypersexual = = = University of Wyoming Associate Professor Tracey Patton sees Woo as the embodiment of the Asian fantasy woman , the seductive temptress expert in eroticism who is knowledgeable in the art of sexual pleasure unknown to the Western world . In one episode , she agreed to have sex only after her partner signed a health waiver and confidentiality agreement to protect her sexual secrets . In another episode , Ling is hired by Richard Fish as an attorney in his firm , in exchange for sexual favors . Ling 's sexual foreplay with Richard Fish included sucking his fingers , dropping hot wax on him , and performing a " hair @-@ tickling massage " on his bare chest . " What she offered was not too far from an Oriental massage - hair splayed across his chest , his stricken face , the whole interracial thing " , said Yang . " It 's clearly something that plays off so many deep @-@ seated fantasies about Asian American women . " Ling 's attitude to sex is cold and uninterested . While depicted as a sexual predator , she nonetheless " doesn 't like sex ; it 's messy " " and overrated " . She is able to keep her boyfriend interested without having to have intercourse with him because she does not like sweat . To Ling , according to Smith , sex is just another arena for her to exert control . To her , " Sex is a weapon " , and " a woman hasn 't got true control of a man until her hand is on the dumb stick " . She enjoys using the weapon , as she says " there 's nothing I enjoy more than seeing a happy couple and coming between them . " As with the " vicious " personality , most of this hyper @-@ sexuality is gone by Season 3 ( Woo 's second season on the show ) . Darrell Hamamoto , Professor of Asian American Studies at the University of California , Davis , describes Ling is as " a neo @-@ Orientalist masturbatory fantasy figure concocted by a white man whose job it is to satisfy the blocked needs of other white men who seek temporary escape from their banal and deadening lives by indulging themselves in a bit of visual cunnilingus while relaxing on the sofa . " Her liaisons are with white men , but not only men . In a dream sequence of Ally McBeal 's in which the two of them go on a date , they kiss on screen . The kiss was shot in profile , locked lips clearly visible , rather than using the normal angle for same @-@ sex kisses , in which the partner 's head blocks the view of the actual contact . The scene was considered so racy that the episode was banned from being shown in Singapore . The episode won its time slot among young adult viewers during its showing in the November 1999 sweeps , even beating Monday Night Football . Ling made the " damn hot kiss " even hotter because " she 's the exotic , erotic experimenter of the group " , according to Scott Seomin , media director at that time for the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . = = = Alien = = = Patton sees Woo 's actions , attitudes , and portrayal of the evil manipulator make her into the alien of the law firm , and as such many of the lawyers in the firm did not want her hired . Campbell , a Euro @-@ American male at the firm stated , " With her as a lawyer , the whole thing ( the dynamic make @-@ up of the firm ) will change . " Not only is her non @-@ White presence questioned but her competency too . Even though she was the law review editor in law school , the presumption was she got the job mainly because Fish could not say no to Woo and her sexual promises . Woo is seen as an unwelcome addition to the law team despite her expertise and her success in law school . Her character is the one most often portrayed on the show using animal effects . She frequently responds with a range of animal growls and snarls and breathes fire like a literal manifestation of dragon lady . Smith sees this as reinforcing the bestial undertone of the Asian stereotype , making her appear inhuman . Ling herself admits , " It must be hard being human . I wouldn 't know . I never tried it . " In one episode , Woo literally turned into an alien , reminiscent of a scene from the movie Alien . Woo 's transformation into an alien was a reference on her not fitting in with the other lawyers as well as a reference on her citizenship . Patton points out that the assumption is often made that a second @-@ generation White immigrant is an American citizen , but that same assumption is not granted to non @-@ Whites - in this case , Woo . Woo is not constructed as American ( because an American is constructed as White ) , nor is she constructed as human . Woo , the only non @-@ Euro @-@ American member of the law firm , is constructed and seen as foreign or alien . Ling is not above using her ethnicity as a means of gaining advantage . In one episode , as she delivers her closing arguments to a jury , she says " There 's a very old expression in China , " and then begins to speak in Chinese . In the subtitles we see her saying , " It really doesn 't matter what I say here , because none of you speak Chinese . But you can see from my sad face I 'm sympathetic . You hear from my tone it 's appropriate to feel sorry for me . As I drop to a faint whisper ( which she does ) , you 'll feel the sorrow yourself . I 'm going to finish now , pretend to cry " , which she does as she walks off .
= Cecil Brown ( Hawaii politician ) = Cecil Brown ( October 9 , 1850 – March 6 , 1917 ) was a Hawaiian attorney , politician , businessman , and banker in the Kingdom , Republic , and Territory of Hawaii . Brown served as a member of the Kingdom of Hawaii House of Representatives , Deputy Attorney General , and Attorney General . He served on the Advisory Council for the Provisional Government of Hawaii , the Council of State for the Republic of Hawaii , and in the Senate of both the Republic and Territory of Hawaii . Brown had diverse investments , was a director or officer of several sugar companies , and Vice @-@ President of the Hawaiian Bell and Mutual Telephone Company when service to the Hawaiian Islands was being developed . Brown was also the founding President of the first national bank chartered in Hawaii . = = Background = = Brown was born in Wailua , Hawaii to Thomas and Mary Ann ( Rhodes ) Brown who moved to the Hawaiian Islands from England in 1844 . He was the fifth of six siblings ( who survived infancy ) , two of whom were also involved in Hawaiian politics : Godfrey ( Minister of Foreign Affairs , then Minister of Finance for the Kingdom of Hawaii ) and Frank ( House of Representatives , Kingdom of Hawaii ) . Brown married Mary K. Miner Dickson ( widow of Menzies Dickson ) on August 11 , 1897 . They had no children together . She died on September 12 , 1907 . = = = Family = = = Thomas and Mary Ann ( Rhodes ) Brown had four children ( Arthur , Godfrey , Alice , and Frank ) before leaving England for the warmer climate of the Hawaiian Islands in 1844 . Louis ( died in infancy ) , Cecil , and Malcolm were born in Hawaii . In 1853 the entire family left for Boston to put Arthur , Godfrey , and Frank in school . The remaining members of the Brown family returned to Hawaii at the very end of 1855 . = = = Early life = = = Cecil was homeschooled by his parents and educated by his maternal aunt Sarah Rhodes Von Pfister . He attended the Cathedral Grammar School followed by the Punahou School . In December 1866 Brown left Honolulu for the United States , and enrolled in Columbia Law School ( Washington D.C. ) . He graduated with honors in June 1871 , and moved to New York City ( 1871 – 74 ) where he was employed by the law firm of Evarts , Southmayd , and Choate . In 1874 Brown moved to San Francisco before returning to Honolulu . Shortly after his return to Hawaii , Brown was licensed to practice law before the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii on January 28 , 1875 . He was appointed a notary public for Oahu on July 27 , 1875 by King Kalākaua . Starting a private practice , he was representing clients in circuit court by the end of 1875 , and in the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Hawaii by 1876 . Despite his future political and business careers , Brown continued the private practice of law ( mainly probate ) for the duration of his life . On at least eight occasions between 1893 and 1901 , Brown sat on the bench of the Supreme Court of Hawaii as an Acting Justice . = = Political career = = Cecil Brown ’ s political career spanned nearly 40 years ( 1876 – 1913 ) . He was engaged in politics under four constitutions of the Kingdom of Hawaii prior to annexation by the United States : 1840 , 1852 , 1864 , and 1887 , and a constitution for the Republic of Hawaii ( of which Brown was one of the framers ) that was adopted on July 4 , 1894 . The last three constitutions ( 1864 , 1887 , and 1894 ) were each in effect at some point during Cecil Brown ’ s career in public service . = = = Kingdom of Hawaii = = = On September 5 , 1876 , Representative Samuel Kamakau died in office . A special election to fill the remainder of his term was held September 18 , 1876 and Brown was elected . His bid for re @-@ election in February 1878 was close but unsuccessful . In July 1878 Brown was appointed the clerk to the Attorney General and by November of the same year legal announcements published in the local newspapers referenced him as the Deputy Attorney General . He was listed in the Kingdom ’ s directory for 1880 as Deputy Attorney General , the first use of the title in an official directory . Brown carried several government appointments . In addition to notary public , he was appointed in 1877 to a three @-@ person Board of Appraisers of Lands , and in 1879 as an Agent to Take Acknowledgments to Instruments . He would later resign all three appointments in 1887 , to be in compliance with the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii . In February 1884 , Cecil Brown ( along with brothers Godfrey and Frank ) were elected to the Legislative Assembly ’ s House of Representatives . Cecil proposed , passed , and had signed into law the first bill of the legislative session , named the " Turkey Law " . Brown was re @-@ elected in 1886 , 1888 and appointed Chair of the Judiciary Committee , and 1890 . While planning to run for a vacant seat in the House of Nobles , Brown was appointed Attorney General of the Kingdom of Hawaii in the newly formed cabinet of Queen Liliuokalani . The cabinet was disbanded on January 12 , 1893 and on January 17 a coup d 'état resulted in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii . = = = Provisional Government of Hawaii = = = The Provisional Government of Hawaii established an Advisory Council vested with legislative powers . Brown was appointed on January 25 , 1893 after declining an appointment as Attorney General , made on January 16 , the evening before the overthrow . On March 20 , 1893 he was appointed Commissioner of a three @-@ person committee tasked with the revision of the Hawaiian penal code , and was appointed chair of the Judiciary Committee . An act calling for a constitutional convention ( to which Brown was a delegate ) was passed on March 15 , 1894 and convened from May 30 to July 3 , 1894 . Brown was one of the signers of the 1894 constitution of the newly formed Republic of Hawaii . = = = Republic of Hawaii = = = Brown resigned from the Advisory Council on October 25 , 1894 to run for the Senate . He was elected in November 1894 and served continuously through 1904 . During his tenure in the Senate , Brown served on the Council of State from June 23 , 1895 through 1901 , and on the Senate Judiciary , Coinage , and Foreign Relations committees . In November 1904 , though nominated , Brown was not re @-@ elected . There was talk of Brown running again in the general elections of 1906 and 1908 , but in 1910 he was re @-@ elected . Cecil Brown effectively retired from the Senate in May 1914 . = = Business career = = = = = Boards of directors = = = Cecil Brown sat on multiple association and business boards as trustee , director , or officer . Beginning in the early 1880s , Brown was a director of the Stock Breeders ’ Association , and Treasurer of the Kapiolani Park Association , and the Hawaiian Jockey Club . Business interests included the Hawaiian Hardware Company ( Vice @-@ President ) , Honolulu Soap Works company , Ltd . ( President ) , the California Feed Company , Ltd . ( President ) , and the Hawaiian Fibre Company , Limited ( President ) . Sugar interests included the Kona Sugar Company , Ookala Sugar Plantation Co . , and Pacific Sugar Mill ( Vice @-@ president ) . = = = Telephone service in Hawaii = = = Hawaiian Bell Telephone Company ( HBT ) incorporated in 1879 , and began service on December 30 , 1880 . In August 1883 , Mutual Telephone Company was founded as a competitor and began operations in March 1885 . On August 2 , 1894 the two companies consolidated with Mutual Telephone in control . Cecil and brother Godfrey were elected to the board of directors of HBT in early 1884 ( Godfrey as Vice @-@ President and Cecil as Auditor ) , and by the end of the year , Godfrey had become President . By January 1886 , Godfrey was both President and Treasurer , and Cecil Vice @-@ President , positions they would hold for the next several years . In September 1892 , Cecil was also elected to the board of directors of rival company Mutual Telephone . When the two companies merged in 1894 , he was named Vice @-@ President of Mutual Telephone Company , and two years later Godfrey was elected Treasurer . Cecil remained Vice @-@ President for over a decade . = = = The First National Bank of Hawaii = = = Anticipating the annexation of Hawaii as a US territory ( July 1898 ) , and the expected adoption of the National Banking Act , by the beginning of 1898 several parties had already sent requests to Washington DC to reserve the title " The First National Bank of Hawaii " . Brown served as attorney to George Macfarlane during the organization and incorporation of the First American Bank of Hawaii during 1899 . The bank organizers anticipated that having a fully functioning bank in place when the National Banking Act was extended to include the Territory of Hawaii would allow them to then become The First National Bank of Hawaii . At the first stockholders meeting in September 1899 , Cecil Brown was elected President . Congress eventually extended the National Banking Act to include the Territory of Hawaii ( April 30 , 1900 ) , and during a July 1900 stockholders meeting , it was agreed to convert the First American Bank into a national bank . The First National Bank of Hawaii at Honolulu opened for business on October 1 , 1900 . Brown remained President of the bank until 1915 , when he stepped down and became chairman of the board . = = Declining health and death = = In the summer of 1914 , while visiting San Francisco , Brown ’ s health began to deteriorate . After a two and a half month illness he was hospitalized when he suffered a " severe " stroke and was reported in " serious condition " . He arrived in Hawaii on November 4 , 1914 and suffered a second stroke on March 4 , 1915 , leaving his right side partially paralyzed . He was reported to be in " critical " condition . Although it was initially reported that Brown ’ s condition was slowly improving , by the end of 1916 his functioning had significantly deteriorated , and in late December 1916 the courts declared him to be " mentally non @-@ competent " , and appointed his nephew H.M. von Holt as his guardian . On March 6 , 1917 Cecil Brown died of apoplexy . The following day the Territorial Senate , House , and Hawaiian Bar Association issued resolutions expressing condolences and loss . = = = Hawaiian Almanac and Annual = = = Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1875 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1875 . [ not listed ] . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1876 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1876 . J.H. Black , Printer , Pacific Commercial Advertising Printing House . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1877 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1877 . Thrum & Oat Publishers . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1878 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1878 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1879 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1879 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1880 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1880 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1881 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1881 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1882 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1882 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1883 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1884 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1884 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1885 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1885 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1886a ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1886 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1886b ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1887 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1887 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1888 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1888 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1889 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1889 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1890 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1890 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1891 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1891 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1892 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1892 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1893 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1893 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1894 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1894 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1895 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1896 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1896 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1897 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1897 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1898 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1898 . Press Publishing Company Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1900 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1900 . Hawaiian Gazette Co . , Print . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1901 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1901 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1901b ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1902 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1903a ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1903 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1903b ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1904 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher . Thrum , Thomas G. , ed . ( 1910 ) . Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1911 . Thomas G. Thrum , Publisher .
= Rescue of Bat 21 Bravo = The rescue of Bat 21 Bravo , the call sign for Iceal " Gene " Hambleton , from behind North Vietnamese lines was the " largest , longest , and most complex search @-@ and @-@ rescue " operation during the Vietnam War . On April 2 , 1972 , the Easter Offensive , the largest combined arms operation of the entire Vietnam War , was in its third day . An early morning flight of two United States Air Force EB @-@ 66 aircraft was led by Bat 20 , piloted by Lt. Col. Robert Singletary . Hambleton was a navigator aboard Bat 21 . The two aircraft were escorting a cell of three B @-@ 52s . Bat 21 was configured to gather signals intelligence , including identifying North Vietnamese anti @-@ aircraft radar installations to enable jamming . Bat 21 was destroyed by an SA @-@ 2 surface @-@ to @-@ air missile and Hambleton was the only survivor , parachuting behind the front lines into a battlefield filled with thousands of North Vietnamese Army soldiers . Hambleton had Top Secret access to Strategic Air Command operations and was an expert in surface @-@ to @-@ air missile countermeasures . The North Vietnamese Army may have possessed information about his presence in Vietnam and his capture would have meant a huge intelligence bonanza for the Soviet Union . Hambleton and 1st Lt. Mark Clark , who was shot down during rescue operations , were finally recovered from behind the front lines on two different nights in daring , covert , night @-@ time rescues carried out by U.S. Navy SEAL Thomas R. Norris and VNN commando Nguyen Van Kiet . For their actions , Norris was awarded the Medal of Honor and Nguyen was recognized with the Navy Cross . Nguyen was the only South Vietnamese naval officer given that award during the war . The Air Force did not put limits on what it took to rescue a downed airman . The direct and indirect cost of rescuing Hambleton was enormous and became a watershed event in Air Force search and rescue . To prevent friendly fire incidents , the Americans imposed a standard no @-@ fire zone within a 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) radius of Hambleton and diverted aircraft to aid in his rescue . It is likely that South Vietnamese soldiers indirectly died as a result of their inability to obtain fire support . Five additional aircraft were shot down during rescue attempts , directly resulting in the deaths of 11 airmen , the capture of two others , and another airman trying to evade capture . The added deaths , loss of aircraft , and length of the rescue operation led the USAF to change the way they planned and conducted search and rescue missions . As a result , they developed new techniques and equipment to improve their ability to rescue downed airmen . = = Operational background = = At the time of Bat 21 's mission , American combat forces had been vastly reduced in South Vietnam under President Richard Nixon 's Vietnamization policy . The North Vietnamese Army ( NVA ) launched the Nguyen Hue Offensive against the South Vietnamese Army and U.S. military on Friday , March 30 , 1972 . It was their largest attack of the war and was timed to take full advantage of the bad weather typical during monsoon season , offering low clouds and poor visibility . About 30 @,@ 000 heavily equipped NVA troops from the 304th and 308th Divisions and three separate infantry regiments of the B5 Front crossed the DMZ into I Corps zone across the five northernmost provinces of South Vietnam . In the 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) area between the Cam Lo Bridge and Dong Ha Bridge , the NVA were supported by two tank regiments of 150 Soviet T @-@ 54 and PT @-@ 76 tanks , 75 tracked anti @-@ aircraft vehicles , an artillery regiment of 47 towed 130mm guns , and the largest concentration of anti @-@ aircraft weaponry of the entire war , including the advanced SA @-@ 2 surface @-@ to @-@ air missile . Their main line of advance was along the axis of the north @-@ south national highway QL @-@ 1 . When General Creighton Abrams ' headquarters in Saigon learned of large NVA movement south of the DMZ , a number of B @-@ 52s had been sent on " Arc Light " missions without escort , but were experiencing significantly increased SAM activity . The 42nd Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron ( 42 TEWS ) was tapped for assistance . The draw down of troops had left the unit shorthanded and Hambleton was the senior officer among a group of senior navigators . Hambleton assigned himself as navigator on the older EB @-@ 66C , which was configured to gather signals intelligence . The newer EB @-@ 66E was tasked with jamming surface @-@ to @-@ air missile ( SAM ) radar guidance systems so their missiles could not accurately target the aircraft . The EB @-@ 66 's mission was to troll for missiles , let them lock on to their aircraft , and then execute a SAM break , a violent turn and dive designed to throw off the pursuing missile . The SA @-@ 2 was the size of a telephone pole and carried a proximity fused warhead that was lethal within about 150 feet ( 46 m ) , but their guidance systems failed at about 2 Gs , while the EB @-@ 66 could achieve 5 Gs in its avoidance maneuver . The crew had successfully pulled a SAM break more than 100 times . The presence of North Vietnamese surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles south of the DMZ had been tracked by Hambleton , but not everyone agreed they were present that far south . = = Aircraft shot down = = On Easter Sunday , April 2 , 1972 , two EB @-@ 66s ( call signs Bat 21 and Bat 22 ) were flying pathfinder escort for a cell of three B @-@ 52 , which were given assignments to bomb Mu Gia or the Ban Karai Pass , the two primary access routes to the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos . Hambleton was aboard Bat 21 , EB @-@ 66C serial number 54 @-@ 0466 , over Quảng Trị Province , Vietnam , just south of the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Vietnam . The airmen were surprised by the intensity of the anti @-@ aircraft fire and SAM activity . The NVA 365th Air Defense Division fired two volleys of SA @-@ 2 surface @-@ to @-@ air missile at the U.S. planes , but the EB @-@ 66s successfully thwarted the first volley . The NVA pointed their Fan Song radar at the B @-@ 52s , targeting them unsuccessfully with radar guided anti @-@ aircraft fire . When those missed , the NVA fired two more SAMs optically at Bat 21 , only turning on the guidance and radar system after the missiles were launched , which delayed the targeted aircraft 's ability to detect and avoid them . When the aircraft crew spotted the missiles , the pilot assumed they had as usual been fired from north of the DMZ . He began a SAM break to the south , away from the direction he assumed the missiles had been fired . One of the EWOs called " Negative ! Negative ! " , and the pilot flipped the plane over on its other wing . This time the pilot was unable to evade the missiles . The first missile exploded immediately beneath the aircraft striking it at 29 @,@ 000 feet ( 8 @,@ 800 m ) . Hambleton , whose call sign was Bat 21 Bravo , was positioned immediately behind the pilot , who gave the signal for everyone to eject . Hambleton pulled the ejection seat handles and had a moment to make eye contact with the pilot as his seat rocketed out of the dying plane . A moment later , the aircraft was struck by a second SA @-@ 2 and exploded . The remainder of the aircraft 's six @-@ man crew — Maj. Wayne L. Bolte , pilot ; 1st Lt .. Robin F. Gatwood , co @-@ pilot ; and EWOs Lt. Col. Anthony R. Giannangeli , Lt. Col. Charles A. Levis , and Maj. Henry M. Serex — were unable to eject and were listed as missing in action . Their remains were never found . Hambleton was due for some R & R , and his wife Gwen was planning to meet him in Thailand the next week . She received airplane tickets for her trip on the same day that her husband was shot down . Instead of going to the airport , she collapsed after seeing an Air Force officer and a chaplain walk up her sidewalk . = = = Surrounded by North Vietnamese = = = Maj. Jimmy D. Kempton from the 390th Tactical Fighter Squadron was leading a flight of four F @-@ 4 Phantoms on a bombing mission when he got SAM warnings . He saw four SA @-@ 2 missiles emerge from the clouds about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) ahead of him and saw one strike Bat 21 . At a lower altitude , 1st Lt. Bill Jankowski and Capt. Lyle Wilson in an O @-@ 2 ( Bilk 34 ) forward air controller ( FAC ) aircraft saw Bat 21 explode . Hambleton parachuted into the middle of more than 30 @,@ 000 troops pouring across the border into South Vietnam . When Hambleton 's URC @-@ 64 rescue radio beeped , Jankowski responded , and was surprised to learn that Hambleton was above him descending in his parachute . Jankowski followed Hambleton down . Hambleton was concealed by a low fog bank as he landed in a dry rice paddy , unseen by the NVA troops . As Jankowski observed Hambleton land , his aircraft came under heavy antiaircraft fire . He was astonished at the huge number of NVA troops , equipment , and heavy weapons in the area . Hambleton found refuge in a group of bushes in the middle of the rice paddy . NVA troops were less than 100 metres ( 330 ft ) away . Jankowski fixed Hambleton 's location 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) north of the Cam Lo Bridge and just north of TL @-@ 88 , a major east @-@ west secondary road . Kempton and Jankowski relayed Hambleton 's coordinates to King 22 , a HC @-@ 130 search and rescue ( SAR ) aircraft operating just south of Quảng Trị . Recovering Hambleton quickly was essential , as the odds of recovering downed airmen dropped below twenty percent if the aircrew member was on the ground after four hours . But their efforts would be severely hampered by the huge number of troops and large quantity of anti @-@ aircraft fire in the area , some of it supporting the NVA 's efforts to capture and protect the Cam Lo Bridge near Hambleton 's position . At about the same time that Hambleton was shot down , Capt. John Ripley , adviser to the 3rd Vietnamese Marine Battalion , blew up the key Highway QL @-@ 1 bridge over the Cue Viet River , east of Hambleton 's position , at Dong Ha . The NVA re @-@ routed thousands of troops , dozens of tanks and other equipment west along TL @-@ 88 , immediately in front of Hambleton 's position , to the Cam Lo River bridge 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) to the west . = = = Intelligence value = = = Lt. Col. Iceal Hambleton had 29 years of military service . He had served in the Army Air Force as a radio operator during World War II , though not in combat . After World War II , he was recalled to active service by the USAF in the early 1950s . During the Korean War he flew 43 combat missions as a navigator in a B @-@ 29 bomber . He then worked during the 1960s on various USAF ballistic missile projects including the PGM @-@ 19 Jupiter , Titan I ICBM and Titan II ICBM . He had been the deputy chief of operations for the USAF Strategic Air Command 390th Strategic Missile Wing before the Vietnam War . In April , 1972 he was reassigned from the SAC to TAC and to the 42nd Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron ( 42 TEWS ) , 388th Tactical Fighter Wing , at Korat , Thailand . He was familiar with targeting both SAC missiles and SAC airplanes , was one of the most knowledgeable missile and electronic counter @-@ measures experts in Vietnam , and it is likely that his situation was quickly reported to U.S. intelligence services . Very few Americans remained on the ground in Vietnam , and the NVA made it a point to track particularly valuable personnel , even in Thailand . The North Vietnamese were probably supported by the Russians with decrypting American message traffic and they likely knew exactly who had parachuted into their midst . This ability was likely enabled by the then unknown American spy CWO John Anthony Walker , who had given the Soviets a radio cipher card and other high @-@ value intelligence . Hambleton 's capture would be a terrific blow to American airpower around the world and a huge prize for the North Vietnamese and indirectly , the Soviets . Hambleton said after the war that he felt sure if he were captured that he would never have been taken to Hanoi . = = Air rescue attempts = = Hambleton had received water survival training at Turkey Run , Florida , and escape and evasion training and survival basics at the Pacific Air Command Jungle Survival School in the Philippines . He had shrapnel wounds from his aircraft exploding , a ripped finger , and four compressed vertebra from the force of the ejection . Hidden in a clump of trees in his hole , surrounded by North Vietnamese less than 100 metres ( 330 ft ) away , Hambleton decided that with only nine months to go until his retirement , he was going to survive and return home . 1st Lt. Richard Abbot flying a FAC O @-@ 2 had been shot down offshore shortly before Hambleton , and when Abbot was picked up by the USS Hamner , two Air Force search and rescue Douglas A @-@ 1 Skyraiders ( Capt. Don Morse in Sandy 07 and his wingman in Sandy 08 ) from the 1st Special Operations Squadron remained in Hambleton 's vicinity . The Sandys immediately scrambled to cover Hambleton 's position . When Morse in Sandy 07 first got the call , he thought that , because the aircraft had gone down in South Vietnam , the SAR effort could be accomplished fairly quickly . When he got over Hambelton 's position , he was shocked at the amount of ground fire he received . It was more intense than anything he had seen in the war . Some pilots reported that the intensity of the antiaircraft fire was equal to that around Hanoi . Although the U.S. and ARVN forces did not know it yet , the offensive was the largest combined arms attack conducted by the North Vietnamese during the war . Hambleton coolly called in the coordinates of the North Vietnamese around him , watched the ordnance explode , and called in corrections to the FAC above , who relayed the information to the A @-@ 1s and the fast movers , F @-@ 4 Phantom fighter @-@ bombers . FAC pilots after the event were universally amazed at Hambleton 's ability to remain calm and call in accurate fire around his position . Morse called for emergency support , which was picked up by a UH @-@ 1H slick ( Blueghost 39 ) near Hue , piloted by 1st Lt. Byron Kulland from F Troop , 8th Cavalry , 196th Brigade . Normally based at Marble Mountain Air Facility near Da Nang , Kulland was in the area showing a photographer the developing battle . He had on board with him Capt. Thomas White , the Troop operations officer . After depositing the photographer and White at Phu Bai airfield near Huế , White directed Kulland to proceed north and contact the FAC ( Jankowski ) for information on arrival . White also sent two Cobra gunships , Blueghost 28 and 24 , and then added Blueghost 30 , a second Huey . Blueghost 39 proceeded across the Song Meiu Giang 50 feet ( 15 m ) above the ground towards Hambleton 's position with the well @-@ armed Blueghost 28 Cobra gunship following about 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) behind and 300 feet ( 91 m ) above . Blueghost 24 waited at the south side of the Song Meiu Giang for Blueghost 30 to catch up . As soon as Blueghost 39 and 28 crossed the Song Meiu Giang , Kulland and Rosebeary 's aircraft were met by an immediate curtain of North Vietnamese fire from every direction , hurled against them with an intensity that defied belief . Rosebeary in his Cobra Blueghost 28 responded with rockets and 40mm fire but both helicopters were struck multiple times . Kulland flying Blueghost 39 tried to turn back south but only managed to crash @-@ land his stricken aircraft , about 6 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 4 @.@ 2 mi ) east of Hambleton and .9 miles ( 1 @.@ 4 km ) north of the river in an area full of NVA . When the helicopter smashed into the ground , the only mobile crew member was SPC5 Jose Astorga , the door gunner , who had been wounded . He tried but was unable to extract other hurt crew members . Paschall was pinned in the wreckage . Frink , who was seriously wounded , urged Astorga to get out and away from the aircraft . A few moments later advancing North Vietnamese soldiers fired on the wreckage with automatic weapons and the aircraft 's fuel cell exploded with the remainder of the crew inside . Astorga was captured but pilots 1st Lt. Byron Kulland and WO John Frink along with Sp5c Ronald Paschall were killed . Rosebeary flying Cobra Blueghost 28 called a Mayday but was able to safely exit the area and landed his severely damaged helicopter . His aircraft was totaled . He and Gunner Warrant Officer Charles Gorski were picked up by a HH @-@ 53C helicopter ( Jolly Green 67 ) , without incident . Rosebeary warned other aircraft against crossing the river . When Morse in Sandy 07 learned that the quick @-@ snatch had failed , he and his wingman Sandy 08 broke off engaging the North Vietnamese and returned to Da Nang . Both Sandys were found to be so damaged they would take several days to repair . At 9 : 00 p.m. , Nail 59 , piloted by Gary Ferentchak who was flying a new version of the OV @-@ 10A aircraft equipped with the Pave Nail LORAN radar , took over FAC duties . The SAR efforts were suspended for the night and the U.S. and ARVN forces remained unaware of the true strength of the NVA offensive . Advised by the FAC to remain in place , Hambleton moved to a safer spot in the jungle and dug a hole to hide in until morning . During the night , Nail 59 and King 27 , an HC @-@ 130 commanded by Maj. Dennis Constant , stayed . They suddenly found themselves painted by Fan Song radar and narrowly missed getting shot down as well . At 53 years old , Hambleton was not a prime candidate to survive the cold , wet weather conditions . = = = No fire zone = = = The Joint Search and Rescue Command ( JSARC ) was under the direction of the director of aerospace rescue , Col. Cecil Muirhead , who could restrict airspace activity for the use of search and rescue forces . He also commanded all the dedicated assets needed to assist with SAR . Muirhead ordered 24 @-@ hour forward air control ( FAC ) coverage around Hambleton 's position to watch over him and soften up the North Vietnamese positions around him . To protect the downed airmen and the search and rescue forces , Muirhead also ordered the 7th Air Force to establish a standard 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) no @-@ fire zone around Hambleton . It prohibited friendly artillery , naval gunfire , or aircraft from engaging any target in the zone without JSARC approval . Three North Vietnamese divisions were attacking and the 3rd ARVN could not reply for several hours with artillery or request tactical air strikes in the area . = = = More aircraft lost = = = On April 3 , air search and rescue forces attempted a first light rescue which can successfully achieve surprise with minimal force . A search and rescue crew took off from the 37th AARS based at Nakhon Phanom , Thailand . It consisted of two HH @-@ 53 rescue helicopters , Jolly Green 65 and 67 , and two A @-@ 1 Skyraiders , Sandy 07 and 08 . Sandy 05 and 06 joined them on the scene . The area was covered in a solid overcast , preventing visual control of air strikes by the on @-@ scene OV @-@ 10A FAC , Nail 25 . Capt. Rocky Smith and Capt. Rick Atchison coordinated the work of several F @-@ 4s who were directed to drop CBU @-@ 42 anti @-@ personnel cluster bombs around Hambleton to help protect his position . When Nail 25 ran low on fuel , it was replaced by an OV @-@ 10 ( Nail 38 ) from the 23rd TASS flown by Capt. William J. Henderson ( Nail 38 Alpha ) and 1st Lt. Mark Clark ( Nail 38 Bravo , and grandson of World War II General Mark Clark ) . The NVA had a listening post in the area and overheard the American radio traffic . They were very familiar with American SAR tactics and on the second day they began to use the downed flyer as bait . They positioned a number of anti @-@ aircraft and surface @-@ to @-@ air missiles in the area near Hambleton . One pilot reported that " SAM calls were driving us into the small arms threat . Ground fire was accurate and well disciplined ... The NVA were very definitely monitoring and jamming our communications . " Henderson obtained LORAN fixes on Hambleton 's position . Coast Guard Lt. Commander Jay Crowe , an exchange pilot on assignment to the 37th ARRS at Da Nang , was piloting Jolly Green 65 . The helicopter broke through the clouds and rapidly dropped into the area where Hambleton was hidden . The aircraft was immediately struck by a wall of North Vietnamese gunfire . Their rounds tore through the aircraft , destroying the instrument panel . Crowe struggled to get the aircraft out of the fire zone , and with his instruments shot up , he had to rely on external visual cues to fly the aircraft . He nursed the helicopter south and was able to get to the Phu Bai airfield . Jolly Green 66 flown by Lt. Colonel Bill Harris followed , only to break through the low ceiling to face ten North Vietnamese tanks and a withering onslaught of ground fire . He fought the controls to bring his rescue helicopter within 100 yards ( 91 m ) of Hambleton , his gunners firing the airship 's three GAU @-@ 2 / A 7 @.@ 62 mm ( .308 in ) six @-@ barreled miniguns , engaging the North Vietnamese on every side . A pilot flying support , looking for targets to engage , asked , " Where 's the enemy fire coming from ? " Harris replied , " From EVERYWHERE ! " Somehow Harris managed to get his badly damaged aircraft to gain altitude , then limp back to safety . Forced to fly in and out of cloud cover at perilously low altitudes , FAC Nail 38 , piloted by Henderson was hit by North Vietnamese fire and shot down . Henderson landed on the north side of the Song Meiu Giang , about 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) from Hambleton . He hid in a bamboo patch until local villagers came looking for him and cut it down . He was taken north and became a POW . Clark parachuted to the ground safely on the south side of river and eluded capture . Later that same day , another UH @-@ 1H slick , unrelated to the rescue operation , was shot down in the same area carrying a crew of four . After pinpointing Hambleton 's location , the Air Force bombarded the area around him for the next three days . On April 4 , a flight of ten Douglas A @-@ 1 Skyraiders , half the total available in all of South Vietnam , attempted to pave the way for a SAR team , and it was badly shot up . Eight of the ten aircraft were damaged , two severely . The damage significantly affected the availability of the Skyraiders.At dusk , Major Jimmy D. Kempton flying F @-@ 4D 66 @-@ 0265 with the 390th TFS ( Danang Gunfighters ) and a wingman entered from the coast under a descending 500 foot ceiling and dropped BLU 52 SAR ordnance on four sides of Hambleton 's location , the last of SAR ordnance on April 4 . ( Log book and citation of the Distinguished Flying Cross ) On April 5 , bad weather prevented any SAR activity . On April 6 at 3 : 15 p.m. , a third attempt was made to pick Hambleton and now Clark up . Four Douglas A @-@ 1 Skyraiders ( Sandys 01 , 02 , 05 , and 06 ) prepared the area around the survivors with extensive bombing and strafing . They were assisted by two HH53C helicopters ( Jolly Green 67 and Jolly Green 60 ) from the 37th Air Rescue Squadron . During the day American fighters flew 52 sorties and four B @-@ 52 bombers bombed the area around Cam Lo . During April 6 , 80 SAMs were launched by the NVA in the area around Hambleton . It was estimated that Hambleton and Clark were in the midst of five or six NVA battalions . The NVA air defense seriously challenged American air superiority and blunted the success of close air support in the area . Capt. Peter Chapman volunteered to pilot Jolly Green 67 , despite the fact that he was " short " , due to return home very soon . Capt. Boli in Sandy 01 decided they would pick up Bat 21 Bravo ( Hambleton ) first and Nail 38 Bravo ( Clark ) immediately after . At 5 : 10 p.m. , Sandy 03 joined the group with a full load of white phosphorus that could be used to lay down a smoke screen . Sandy 01 called in additional strikes on targets around Hambleton 's position and re @-@ checked the area . North Vietnamese response was limited . Aware that it could be a trap , he nonetheless gave the go @-@ ahead . As Jolly Green 67 crossed the Song Meiu Giang with Jolly Green 60 high and above guarding their approach , Jolly Green 67 began taking fire from all sides . As it approached Hambleton 's position , they called for him to pop his smoke and reveal his position . The aircraft was pummeled with automatic weapons and anti @-@ aircraft fire from all quarters . Hambleton hesitated , and the Jolly Green tried to pull away . Despite the best efforts of the remaining aircraft , Jolly Green 67 was critically damaged . Jolly Green 67 flew east at first , further into territory held by the North Vietnamese , before it turned southeast for a few kilometers , when a fire broke out in the left engine . Pieces of the tail rotor struck the main rotor , and the aircraft rolled and crashed on its left side , burning ferociously . No rescue beepers were heard . The entire crew was listed as MIA and presumed killed : Capt. Peter Hayden Chapman II ( pilot ) , Capt. John Henry Call III ( co @-@ pilot ) , TSgt . William Roy Pearson , TSgt . Allen J. Avery ( para @-@ rescuemen ) , TSgt . Roy D. Prater ( Crew Chief ) , and Sgt. James Harold Alley ( combat photographer ) . The fire consuming the helicopter was so hot it melted parts of the aircraft and continued to burn for three more days . Hambleton 's and Clark 's spirits sank when they realized that six men died while attempting to rescue them . After a stern sermon from the new on scene commander Nail 32 Capt. John Van Etten , Hambleton decided , " Hell , I 'm going to get out of this , regardless . " He camouflaged his hole , hiding there for seven nights and six days . He left the hole twice to scavenge for food and was almost caught the second time when he was spotted by a boy and his dog . NVA soldiers searching for him passed within 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) of his hole twice . The SAR task force mission leader , Capt. Fred Boli in Sandy 01 , called the rescue off for the time being because it was too dangerous . The remaining aircraft exited to the south across the Song Meiu Giang . The area was just too hot . Hambleton and Clark would have to spend another night behind the front lines . The North Vietnamese , alerted by the American 's intense efforts to find the navigator , increased their efforts to find Hambleton . = = = NVA strength prevents air rescue = = = All of the SAR teams were experienced in conducting rescues into what they described as " hot LZs " , but the airmen were shocked by the quantity and intensity of the ground and anti @-@ aircraft fire they had faced since the rescue attempt began . This included not only small arms fire and the previously used 23mm , 37mm and 57mm towed guns , but the 85mm and 100mm towed guns , along with the self @-@ propelled , radar @-@ guided 57mm AAA gun . Most surprising to the Americans were the large presence of SA @-@ 2 SAMs , and for the first time the use of the Soviet SA @-@ 7 Grail shoulder @-@ fired , heat @-@ seeking SAM . Helicopter Squadron commander Lt. Col. Bill Harris was very upset . He concluded that the air rescue could not be attempted at that time due to the heavy concentration of North Vietnamese forces in the immediate area around Clark and Hambleton . He called Col. Muirhead and told him that they had to find another way . Hambleton was told to sit tight while they worked up an alternative plan . Hambleton had two survival radios , a first aid kit , two kinds of flares , a knife and a .38 caliber revolver , a compass and a map , an empty water bottle , and no food . On the morning of April 7 , 1st Lt. Bruce C. Walker accompanied by naval artillery spotter Marine Lt. Larry F. Potts were flying USAF OV10A ( Covey 282 ) from 20th Tactical Air Support Squadron . Potts was directing naval gunfire from the destroyer USS Buchanan ( DDG @-@ 14 ) against Soviet @-@ supplied North Vietnamese tanks to protect Hambleton . At 11 : 05 a.m. , an O @-@ 1 Bird Dog pilot observed a SAM launch and Covey 282 was shot down 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) west of Highway 1 and 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) north of Highway 9 . Radio contact was established with both Potts and Walker , and both reported that they were uninjured , but each man was too close to North Vietnamese forces to attempt a rescue . Clark hid on the south side of the Song Meiu Giang , while Walker was about 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) north of Hambleton , who was on the north side of the river about 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the town of Cam Lo . Clark evaded capture for a number of days and was in contact with SAR personnel when he warned them away due to the proximity of NVA forces . In January 1992 , members of the Joint Task Force for Full Accounting examined war artifacts in the Hanoi military museum and found Bruce Walker 's ID card . The disposition and location of Potts , Walker 's backseat spotter , are unknown . It was Potts ' 25th birthday . Potts was wounded and captured alive , but later died in Quang Binh prison . = = Ground rescue = = After five days and multiple attempts to rescue Hambleton , five aircraft had been shot down and another 16 seriously damaged , 10 service members had been killed or were missing in action , two were POWs , and two were behind front lines also waiting to be rescued . On April 8 , Gen. Creighton Abrams was briefed on the high losses in the several failed attempts to rescue Hambleton and Clark . He ordered that no further air CSAR would be attempted , but that given Hambleton 's Top Secret clearance and knowledge of missiles and counter @-@ measure technology , that every effort should be made to bring him out . USMC Col. Al Gray suggested a covert , land @-@ based rescue operation. and Lt. Col. Andy Anderson , Commander of the Joint Personnel Recovery Center ( JPRC , MACVSOG @-@ 80 ) ordered a ground rescue . In Saigon , Navy SEAL Lt. Thomas R. Norris , one of just three SEAL officers and nine enlisted men remaining in Vietnam , had just completed an assignment in the Mekong Delta . He was waiting for orders when the call came in for a commando operation to get Hambleton out . Norris was immediately dispatched to lead an operation to rescue Hambleton . He recruited five Vietnamese Sea Commando frogmen from the Lien Doc Nguoi Nhia ( LDNN ) , Naval Advisory Detachment ( NAD ) in Da Nang . ARVN Brigadier General Vu Van Giai gave Anderson a Ranger platoon of about 20 men and three M @-@ 48 tanks that they used to set up a forward operating base along Highway QL @-@ 9 within observation range of the strategic Cam Lo Bridge . But Giai thought that the mission was insane and refused to take responsibility for the mission once they crossed the Song Meiu Giang . Anderson , who spoke Vietnamese , obtained additional intelligence from the headquarters of the 1st Armor Brigade near Dong Ha . = = = Ad hoc code used = = = The U.S. rescuers knew that the North Vietnamese were monitoring radio communications and understood English . Clark and Hambleton were several miles apart . A forward air controller told Clark , who was from Idaho , to " Get to the Snake , make like Esther Williams and float to Boston . " In other words , get to the river and swim east . Hambleton had a much more difficult task--to bypass North Vietnamese @-@ occupied villages and gun emplacements . His rescuers learned that he was one of the best golfers in the Air Force and that he retained a detailed memory of the golf courses he had played . Improvising a code using a series of specific golf @-@ course holes to guide him through the mine fields sown to protect him and to get him to the Song Meiu Giang , they radioed him , " You 're going to play 18 holes and you 're going to get in the Swanee and make like Esther Williams and Charlie the Tuna . The round starts on No. 1 at Tucson National . " Hambleton initially replied , " What have you been smoking ? " But he broke the code . " It took me a half @-@ hour to figure out they were giving me distance and direction , " Hambleton explained . " No. 1 at Tucson National is 408 yards running southeast . They wanted me to move southeast 400 yards . The ' course ' would lead me to water . " Using the golf @-@ course code , he was directed towards the Song Meiu Giang . To save time , Hambleton passed through the abandoned village that concealed the guns that shot down his would @-@ be rescuers . Although the village had been bombed , he was confronted by a North Vietnamese soldier . Hambleton killed him using a knife in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . At one point , he was given directions to a " refreshment stand " where he would have to " tap his own keg " . Physically exhausted , hungry and dehydrated , Hambleton found a banana plantation where he could tap the tree for drinking water . He got lost briefly , and then fell off a cliff , breaking his arm . The U.S. command in Saigon ordered special high @-@ altitude B @-@ 52 bombing raids on nearby targets to divert the Vietnamese from searching for the two men , who were several miles apart . = = = Commandos cross lines = = = Anderson now planned to rescue Hambleton and Clark . Norris and Anderson called in air strikes in an attempt to weaken the NVA 's resistance , but the NVA answered with mortar rounds and B @-@ 40 rockets that struck the team ’ s position . Lt. Col. Anderson , the senior American commander , and Lt. Tho Ngoc Vu , the senior Vietnamese commando , and all of the Vietnamese officers were hurt and had to be evacuated . One commando was killed . Norris was left with five Vietnamese commandos who spoke little English . On April 9 , Hambleton 's eighth day of evading NVA forces all around him , FAC Harold Icke on Bilk 11 kept in constant contact with Hambleton . Icke directed Sandy 01 to drop a Madden survival pack containing food , water , ammunition and extra radios to Hambleton , but it fell 50 metres ( 160 ft ) away , slightly above him , and he was too weak to climb up to it . Icke and the pilots of two A @-@ 1 Skyraiders were shocked to see Hambleton come out his hiding place and stand in the open on a sandbar in the river , waving a white flag at them above . Icke knew Hambleton 's mental and physical health were precarious . Unknown to him , Hambleton was considerably weakened , having lost 40 pounds ( 18 kg ) in the 10 days since his jet had been shot down . OV @-@ 10 pilot Clark ( Nail 38 Bravo ) was closest to the team ' s position and would be rescued first . Clark was relayed instructions to get in the water and float downstream where Norris and his team would intercept him . The rescuer 's initial plan was to swim upriver and meet Clark , but Norris tested the current and decided it was too strong . They would have to insert along the riverbank , a much more hazardous route . Anderson , Norris , and five Vietnamese commandos set up an overwatch position near the Mieu Giang River , which ran near the positions of both downed airmen . Anderson ordered Norris to take his team no more than 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) forward and wait for the survivors to come to them , but after departing , Norris ignored the order and turned off his radio . Traveling twice that distance upriver , he avoided frequent North Vietnamese patrols , truck , and columns of tanks . Clark was seriously weakened by five days hiding from NVA forces with little to eat . Following the instructions of the FAC controller overhead , he floated down the cold river and at about 2 @-@ 3 : 00 a.m. , just as Norris was about to leave cover to pull Clark to shore , a six @-@ man NVA patrol walked between them . Norris refrained from opening fire , recognizing this would compromise the covert mission and that they were outgunned . When the patrol was gone , so was Clark . Norris radioed Clark and instructed him to get out of the river on the south bank . On his own initiative , Norris left his team and on his own searched the river for Clark for several hours before finally finding Clark hiding behind a sampan on the riverbank . Norris was able to re @-@ link up with the rest of his team and safely deliver Clark to Anderson at the forward operating base . Clark was transported to the last outpost on the Cua Viet River at Dong Ha by an ARVN M113 armored personnel carrier and then flown to Da Nang . On April 11 , Hambleton ( Bat 21 Bravo ) was too weak to move any farther . Norris was well aware of the overwhelming North Vietnamese presence , but decided to proceed upriver again . He could only follow parts of Hambleton 's weak transmissions but knew he would have to go to him . North Vietnamese tanks were spotted at the Cam Lo bridge , and air strikes were carried out to destroy them before the team launched their second rescue mission . The NVA fixed the location of the outpost and poured mortar and artillery fire on the forward ARVN outpost , killing two of the five remaining ARVN Seals . The wounded were evacuated the next morning . Norris was left with only three Vietnamese commandos who spoke little English . During their search for Hambleton on the night of April 12 , they headed upriver more than 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) , slipping forward into a massive NVA force . During the night , upon seeing the massive number of North Vietnamese forces , two of the commandos declined to press the mission further , saying they " refused to follow an American just to rescue an American " . Norris convinced them to stay by persuading them that the only way they would get back to safety was to stay with the team . They cautiously searched the river shore for two more hours without success and reluctantly returned to their forward operating base to rest and hope they would be more successful the next night . Icke fixed Hambleton 's position during the day so Norris could find him that night . On the night of April 12 , Norris didn 't dare take the two ARVN soldiers who had faltered the night before . He was prepared to go alone when Petty Officer Third Class Nguyen Van Kiet volunteered to go with him . They worked their way slowly upriver until they came upon an abandoned , destroyed village . They found clothing and an abandoned sampan , which they used to disguise themselves as fishermen . They rowed quietly up river , but even in the pitch dark and dense fog they could see large numbers of North Vietnamese soldiers and tanks on the shoreline . Stopping to check his map at one point , Norris suddenly realized that two NVA soldiers were sitting about 10 metres ( 33 ft ) away . Fortunately , they were asleep . Traveling upriver in the sampam , they broke out of the heavy fog and found themselves under the Cam Lo bridge . They had passed Hambleton ’ s position more than 30 minutes ago . Turning around , they worked their way south before putting ashore and began to search for Hambleton . They finally found him sitting in a clump of bushes , alive but partly delirious and extremely weakened , having eaten only four small ears of corn in 12 days and having lost 45 pounds ( 20 kg ) since his plane was shot down . He weighed only 128 pounds ( 58 kg ) . Sunrise was coming , and although Norris thought it best to wait until dark to return downriver , Hambleton needed to be evacuated immediately . Despite the risk , they hid Hambleton in the bottom of the sampan , covered him with bamboo , and started downriver . = = = Daylight evacuation = = = Their sampan was soon spotted by North Vietnamese troops , some of whom fired at them , but Norris and Nguyen could not afford to return fire . They paddled furiously , using the current and dense foliage along the far side of the river to their advantage , and trying to out @-@ distance the soldiers . However , when they rounded a bend in the river , the NVA fired on them with a heavy caliber machine gun . They pulled the sampan to the bank and turned it over to provide some cover . Icke in Bilk 11 overhead called in air support and five U.S. Navy A @-@ 4 Skyhawks led by Lt. Denny Sapp from the carrier Hancock killed a number of North Vietnamese troops and provided cover for his final escape . Two A @-@ 1 Skyraiders also assisted , dropping both explosives and MK47 smoke bombs , providing a smokescreen . Returning to the river , the three men were soon able to receive support from South Vietnamese forces . Landing on the river bank , they were met by some ARVN soldiers . Hambleton was unable to walk and they carried him back to their bunker . There , an M113 armored personnel carrier carried Hambleton , Norris and Nguyen back to Brigade Headquarters in Dong Ha . News reporters were very aware of the intense rescue efforts to bring Hambleton home . When the rescue team and Hambleton arrived at Dong Ha , a reporter commented to Norris , “ It must have been tough out there . I bet you wouldn ’ t do that again . ” Norris replied , “ An American was down in enemy territory . Of course I ’ d do it again . " From Dong Ha Hambleton was transported via US Army 571st Dustoff helicopter , Lt. Ken Warner Aircraft Commander ( Dustoff 502 ) to 95th Evacuation Hospital , Da Nang . He was shortly afterward evacuated to the hospital at Clark Air Force Base in the Philippines where he recuperated for a month . Norris began to plan for the rescue of Walker , still more than a kilometer behind front lines . Walker managed to evade capture for almost 11 days when on the night of April 18 , without FAC coverage , he moved on his own accord and ran into a local villager who alerted the North Vietnamese . They began tracking him and the next morning the FAC saw NVA very near Walker 's position . Walker radioed the FAC that rescue should not be attempted because NVA forces were closing in and he was under fire . Bilk 36 , a OV @-@ 10A flown by FAC 1st Lt. Mickey Fain , reported that Walker was surrounded by more than 20 NVA soldiers and shortly afterward saw his body lying in the grass . Walker 's body was never recovered . = = Rescue cost = = There were no rules to apply to determine when a search and rescue was no longer cost effective . = = = SAR priority = = = The Air Force remained fully committed to finding and bringing back every downed air man , regardless of the cost . Air crew 's morale depended on it . Search and rescue was based on the premise that it was necessary " to secure the safety of pilots as valuable military assets and to enhance their effectiveness by boosting morale . " On June 2 , 1972 , General John Vogt , commander of the 7th Air Force , sent in a huge task force of 119 aircraft to rescue Capt. Roger Locher , a F @-@ 4 weapons officer who during Operation Linebacker had been shot down only 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) from Hanoi . When he was picked up by a HH @-@ 53 from the 40th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron , he was within 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) of the heavily defended Yên Bái Air Base and had eluded capture while covering 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) in North Vietnamese territory for 23 days . I had to decide whether we should risk the loss of maybe a dozen airplanes and crews just to get one man out . Finally I said to myself , Goddamn it , the one thing that keeps our boys motivated is the certain belief that if they go down , we will do absolutely everything we can to get them out . If that is ever in doubt , morale would tumble . That was my major consideration . So I took it on myself . I didn 't ask anybody for permission . I just said , " Go do it ! " There were also political overtones to Hambleton 's rescue . " U.S. personnel held as prisoners of war constituted a serious political liability to the U.S. government . " As many as 90 sorties a day were called in to suppress North Vietnamese forces around Hambleton . In contrast , prior to the Easter Offensive , the number of daily sorties was about 10 , and during the action , peaked at about 300 . During the multi @-@ day effort to rescue the men , the Americans hit the North Vietnamese with over 800 air strikes in direct support of the rescue . Search and rescue took priority over almost all strike targets . = = = No @-@ fire zone enforced = = = To protect the downed airmen and the search and rescue forces , Col. Cecil Muirhead ordered the 7th Air Force to establish a standard 27 kilometres ( 17 mi ) no @-@ fire zone around Hambleton shortly after he went down . It remained in effect until 10 : 00 p.m. , and while in force it prohibited friendly artillery , naval gunfire , or aircraft from engaging any target within without JSARC approval . The no @-@ fire zone encompassed nearly the entire combat zone of the ARVN 3rd Division including the crucial Cam Lo Bridge . As a result , the South Vietnamese Army in the area was severely hampered in its efforts to stem the NVA offensive against Dong Ha and Quang Tri City . During this six @-@ hour period , thousands of NVA troops pushed into the region , designated Military Region 1 . When it was seen that NVA forces were pouring through the gap unimpeded , the no @-@ fire zone was reduced at 10 : 00 p.m. that night , but not before the action generated considerable debate . One ranking adviser commented , " When viewed in relation to all the events of the day , a worse decision could not have been made . " The 3rd ARVN had lost most of its artillery in the first two days of the offensive , and in fact had surrendered two of their batteries intact to the NVA . Hambleton commented after the war , " If the taxpayers and my neighbors knew what it cost to pull me out of there , they 'd probably shoot me . " Maj. David A. Brookbank , a U.S. Air Force liaison with the 3rd Division , reported , " The operation cost the 3rd ARVN dearly . " He concluded that the restriction gave the North Vietnamese " an opportunity unprecedented in the annals of warfare to advance at will . " He stated , " It seems logical to assume that many South Vietnamese troops died because air and artillery support were not available . " He warned his superiors that the 3rd Division 's officers resented the fact that the 7th Air Force would put thousands of South Vietnamese soldiers ' lives at risk to rescue one of their own . American response to the NVA operation virtually ground to a halt as air resources were diverted to support the recovery , and for a few days defense of the northern border area was second in priority to rescuing Hambleton . = = = Casualties = = = As a direct result of the rescue operation , five aircraft were lost , 11 people were killed , and two were captured . Additional aircraft were seriously damaged . Hambleton wrote from an Air Force hospital after he was rescued . " I had to stand by and watch six young men die trying to save my life . It was a hell of a price to pay for one life . I 'm very sorry . " His rescue was , according to Stars and Stripes , " the biggest U.S. air rescue effort of the war . " During the entire Vietnam War , search and rescue forces saved 3 @,@ 883 lives at the cost of 71 rescuers and 45 aircraft . = = Aftermath = = The rescue of Bat 21 was a watershed event for the military and led them to find a new approach to high @-@ threat search and rescue . They recognized that , if a SAR mission was predestined to fail , it should not be attempted , and other options , such as special operations , diversionary tactics and other creative approaches tailored to the situation , had to be considered . Recognizing the need for an aircraft that could deliver better close air support , the Air Force accepted the Navy 's A @-@ 7 Corsair . The military also improved the night capability of helicopters and area denial munitions . = = = Awards and recognition = = = John Van Etten ( Nail32 ) received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his part in this rescue . Hambleton received the Silver Star , the Distinguished Flying Cross , the Air Medal , the Meritorious Service Medal ( United States ) and a Purple Heart for his actions during this mission . For their heroic actions in rescuing Hambleton behind front lines , Lt. Thomas R. Norris was recommended for and received the Medal of Honor , although he initially declined to submit the paperwork . Norris readily supported the nomination of Petty Officer Third Class Nguyen Van Kiet for the Navy Cross , the highest award that the navy can give to a foreign national . Nguyen was the only South Vietnamese Naval member awarded the Navy Cross during the Vietnam War , and one of only two South Vietnamese to receive the award . Navy investigators reviewed the action , interviewed participants , and recommended Norris for the Medal of Honor . He received it from President Gerald Ford in a White House ceremony on March 6 , 1976 attended by Michael Thornton , another Navy SEAL who had saved Norris ' life on October 31 , 1972 . Hundreds of individuals from dozens of units from the Air Force , Army , Navy , Marines and Coast Guard assisted in Hambleton 's rescue , and participants in the operation received a total of 234 individual medals . In 1975 , Clark 's and Hambleton 's rescue was declassified . = = = POW release and recovery of the dead = = = Astorga and Henderson were released in March 1973 after the war ended . The remains of the rest of the crew of Bat 21 , Hambleton 's EB @-@ 66E Destroyer — Bolte , Gatwood , Giannangeli , Levis , and Serex have not been recovered to date . Gatwood left behind a 13 @-@ week @-@ old son he had never seen , Robin F. Gatwood III . The remains of Kulland , Frink and Paschall were recovered and returned to the United States in 1995 , where they were buried at Arlington National Cemetery . The bodies of Potts and Walker have not been recovered to date . The remains of the crew members of HH @-@ 53C Jolly Roger 67 — Chapman , Call , Avery , Prater , and Pearson , and Alley — were returned to the United States on October 1 , 1997 . The six were honored on November 19 , 1997 in a full military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery and a headstone commemorating all six airmen was placed at the site . Hambleton was unable to attend due to poor health , but a letter from him was read . He wrote , " They deserve all the accolades that we , the living , can bestow upon them . Again , I thank them , I honor them , and I will always hold great faith in my heart with them . " Clark was present . He told the families of the downed fliers that " Each of you played a distinct role and forming the character of these men who so willingly paid a very dear price to help me get out of the jungles of Vietnam . You have my deepest sympathy — you and these six brave men . " Prater 's remains were buried with full military honors on June 19 , 2010 by his family . Alley had two weeks remaining on his tour of duty before returning home . He was buried with full military honors in Florida . Avery 's remains were buried with full military honors on April 6 , 2012 . Advancements in DNA testing allowed the Department of Defense POW / Missing Personnel Office to officially identify his remains and release them to his family for service at his final resting place . = = In popular culture = = Fifteen years after the rescue , the USAF held a symposium at Nellis AFB and invited all those directly involved . John Van Etten , whose call sign was Nail 32 , had never met Gene Hambleton in person . When he stepped on stage and put out his hand to Gene , he said , " Hello , Gene , I 'm John Van Etten , " and Gene replied , " No , you 're not .... you are Nail 32 , I would recognize that voice anywhere ! " Two books were written about the search and rescue operation to bring Hambleton out alive : the first was Bat @-@ 21 ( 1985 ) by William C. Anderson , and the second , published after considerable classified information was released , The Rescue of Bat 21 ( 1999 ) by Darrel D. Whitcomb . The Lt. Thomas R. Norris building at Naval Special Warfare Group Two in Little Creek , Virginia was named for Norris . The film Bat * 21 , starring Gene Hackman as Hambleton , was a dramatized depiction of Hambleton 's rescue , based on some of the actual events ; Anderson assisted in the screenwriting of the film . His rescue was featured in the Vietnam episode of the television series Navy Seals : Untold Stories in 2001 .
= French battleship Iéna = Iéna was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the French Navy . The ship 's keel was laid in 1898 and she was completed four years later . Her design was derived from the preceding Charlemagne @-@ class battleships with a heavier secondary battery and thicker armour . She retained the tumblehome characteristic of all large French warships of this period that caused stability issues . Upon completion Iena was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron and remained there for the duration of her career . She participated in the annual fleet manoeuvers and made many visits to French ports in the Mediterranean . While docked for repairs , Iéna was gutted on 12 March 1907 by a magazine explosion caused by the decomposition of well @-@ aged " Powder B " propellant . While it was possible to repair her , the ship was not thought worth the time or expense . Her hulk was used as a gunnery target before it was sold for scrap in 1912 . = = Design = = Iéna was designed at the request of the Board of Construction ( French : Conseil des travaux ) to follow the Charlemagne class ships whose seakeeping qualities were not entirely satisfactory . But Constructor Thibaudier just modified the Charlemagne 's design with a heavier secondary battery and thicker armour , distributed in a slightly different manner . This increased her displacement by 700 tonnes ( 690 long tons ) in comparison to the older ships and she retained the pronounced tumblehome that was the cause of the stability problems . = = = General characteristics = = = The Iéna was longer than her predecessors , at 122 @.@ 35 metres ( 401 ft 5 in ) overall . She had a beam of 20 @.@ 83 metres ( 68 ft 4 in ) and , at deep load , a draught of 7 @.@ 45 metres ( 24 ft 5 in ) forward and 8 @.@ 45 metres ( 27 @.@ 7 ft ) aft . She was only slightly heavier than the Charlemagne class and displaced 11 @,@ 688 metric tons ( 11 @,@ 503 long tons ) normally , and 12 @,@ 105 metric tons ( 11 @,@ 910 long tons ) at full load , 700 metric tons more than the earlier ships . Iéna was fitted with large bilge keels , but was reported to roll considerably and pitch heavily , although this is contradicted by the ship 's captain 's report of November 1905 : " From the sea @-@ keeping point of view the Iéna is an excellent ship . Pitching and rolling movements are gentle and the ship rides the waves well . " = = = Propulsion = = = Iéna used three vertical triple expansion steam engines built by Les Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée , one engine per shaft . Each shaft drove a three @-@ bladed propeller that was 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 14 ft 9 in ) in diameter on the wing shafts and 4 @.@ 4 metres ( 14 ft 5 in ) in diameter on the center shaft . The engines were powered by twenty Belleville water @-@ tube boilers at a working pressure of 18 kg / cm2 ( 1 @,@ 765 kPa ; 256 psi ) . The engines were rated at a total of 16 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 300 kW ) and produced 16 @,@ 590 ihp ( 12 @,@ 370 kW ) during the ship 's sea trials . Iena reached a top speed of 18 @.@ 11 knots ( 33 @.@ 54 km / h ; 20 @.@ 84 mph ) on her trials . She carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 165 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 147 long tons ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 4 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 300 km ; 5 @,@ 200 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship 's 80 @-@ volt electrical power was provided by 600 @-@ ampere and 1200 @-@ ampere dynamos . = = = Armament = = = Like the Charlemagne class which preceded her , Iéna carried her main armament of four 305 mm ( 12 in ) , 40 @-@ calibre Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 / 96 guns in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one each fore and aft . The guns fired 340 @-@ kilogram ( 750 lb ) projectiles at the rate of 1 round per minute at a muzzle velocity of 780 m / s ( 2 @,@ 600 ft / s ) . This gave a range of 12 @,@ 000 metres ( 13 @,@ 000 yd ) at the maximum elevation of 15 ° . The magazines stored 180 shells per gun , enough for three hours of fighting . The ship 's secondary armament consisted of eight 45 @-@ calibre Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893 guns , which were mounted in individual casemates . The guns fired 164 @.@ 7 mm ( 6 @.@ 48 in ) , 52 @-@ kilogram ( 115 lb ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 865 m / s ( 2 @,@ 840 ft / s ) to a maximum range of 9 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 yd ) . A total of 1606 rounds were carried , enough for three hours of fighting at the practical 1 – 2 rounds per minute per gun . Iéna also carried eight 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) , 45 @-@ calibre Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1893 guns in shielded mounts on the shelter deck . These guns fired a 12 @-@ kilogram ( 26 lb ) projectile at 710 m / s ( 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ) , which could be trained up to 20 ° for a maximum range of 9 @,@ 500 metres ( 10 @,@ 400 yd ) . Their theoretical maximum rate of fire was six rounds per minute , but only three rounds per minute could be sustained . 2074 shells were carried to ensure three hours of fire . The guns were 6 @.@ 26 metres ( 20 ft 6 in ) above the waterline . Iena 's anti @-@ torpedo boat defences consisted of 16 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) 40 @-@ calibre Canon de 47 mm Modèle 1885 Hotchkiss guns , fitted in platforms on both masts and on the superstructure . They fired a 1 @.@ 49 @-@ kilogram ( 3 @.@ 3 lb ) projectile at 610 m / s ( 2 @,@ 000 ft / s ) to a maximum range of 4 @,@ 000 metres ( 4 @,@ 400 yd ) . Their theoretical maximum rate of fire was fifteen rounds per minute , but only seven rounds per minute sustained . 15 @,@ 000 shells were kept in the magazines . Admiral Marquis criticized the arrangements for the 47 mm guns in a 1903 report : The number of ready @-@ use rounds is insufficient and the hoists are desperately slow . The 47 mm guns , much more so than the large and medium @-@ calibre guns , will have to fight at night ; yet these are the only guns without a fire @-@ control system designed for night operations . This is a deficiency which needs to be corrected as soon as possible . Iena mounted four 450 @-@ millimetre ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes . Two tubes were submerged and the other two were above the waterline . Twelve Modèle 1889 torpedoes were carried , of which four were training models . = = = Armour = = = Iéna had a complete waterline armour belt of Harvey armour that was 2 @.@ 4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) high and tapered from the maximum thickness of 320 mm ( 12 @.@ 6 in ) that covered 84 metres ( 275 ft 7 in ) amidships to 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) at the ship 's ends . The lower edge of this belt was a uniform 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) in thickness . The upper armour belt was in two strakes , the lower 120 mm thick and the upper 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) . Their combined height was 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) amidships . The maximum thickness of the armoured deck was 80 mm and the fore and aft armoured transverse bulkheads were 90 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) thick . The main turret armour ranged from 278 – 318 mm ( 10 @.@ 9 – 12 @.@ 5 in ) in thickness with a 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) roof and the ammunition shafts were protected by 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) of armour . The casemates for the 164 mm guns were 90 mm thick and their ammunition tubes had 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) of armour . The conning tower face had 298 mm ( 11 @.@ 7 in ) of armour and its sides were 250 mm thick . Its roof was protected by two layers of armour , each 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick . The communications tube was protected by 200 mm of armour . = = History = = Iéna was laid down at Brest on 15 January 1898 after being authorized on 3 April 1897 . She was launched on 1 September 1898 , but did not enter service until 14 April 1902 . Iéna was assigned to the Second Division of the Mediterranean Squadron and sailed for Toulon five days later . En route , the ship suffered from a number of problems with her rudder and had to be docked for repairs once she arrived at her destination . After the completion of the repairs the ship began a series of port visits in France and French North Africa which would be repeated for most of her career . Iena participated in the fleet review off Naples in April – May 1904 on the occasion of the visit of the President of France with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy . Afterwards , the Mediterranean Squadron cruised the Levant , calling in Beirut , Suda Bay , Smyrna , Mytilene , Salonika and Piraeus . In April 1906 , she was dispatched to provide assistance to Naples after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . = = = Loss = = = On 4 March 1907 Iéna was moved into dry dock No. 2 in the Missiessy Basin at Toulon to undergo maintenance of her hull as well as inspection of her rudder shaft . Eight days later , beginning at 1 : 35 a.m. and continuing until 2 : 45 , a series of explosions began in the port No. 5 100 @-@ millimetre magazine of the Iéna which devastated the ship and the surrounding area . Because the ship was in a dry dock it was initially impossible to flood the magazines . The commanding officer of the battleship Patrie , which was moored nearby , fired a shell into the gate of the dry dock in an attempt to flood it , but the shell ricocheted without holing the gate . The dock was finally flooded when Ensign de Vaisseau Roux ( who was killed shortly afterward by fragments from the ship ) managed to open the sluice gates . The French battleship Suffren , moored in the No. 1 dock beside the Iéna , almost capsized under the strength of the blasts . The origin of the first explosion was traced to Powder B , a nitrocellulose @-@ based propellant used in the ammunition , which tended to become unstable with age , and self @-@ ignite . It was estimated that 80 % of the contents of the ship 's magazines were the suspect powder at the time of the accident . The explosion and loss of 120 lives , including two civilians killed by fragments in the suburb of Le Pont Du Las , triggered a major scandal , dubbed " the gunpowder scandal " ( French : l 'affaire des poudres ) . As a result , Gaston Thomson , the Navy Minister , was forced to resign . A similar accident later caused the loss of the French battleship Liberté in 1911 . = = = Disposal = = = The multiple explosions gutted the superstructure between the mainmast and the rear funnel and collapsed the superstructure surrounding the mainmast . The ship 's side between Frames 74 and 84 was ripped open down to the lower edge of the armour belt and all the machinery in this area was destroyed . After it was estimated that it would take seven million francs and two years to fully repair the Iéna it was decided to decommission the ship and use her as a target ship . All useful equipment was removed and she was towed to a mooring off the Île des Porquerolles where she was used as a target to test the effectiveness of the latest design of armour @-@ piercing shells beginning on 9 August 1909 . After the completion of numerous tests , and with the Iéna close to foundering , she was towed to deeper water . While under tow Iéna capsized and sank on 2 December 1909 . The rights to the wreck were sold and she was subsequently broken up and salvaged between 1912 and 1927 .
= Smooth toadfish = The smooth toadfish ( Tetractenos glaber ) is a species of fish in the pufferfish family Tetraodontidae . It is native to shallow coastal and estuarine waters of southeastern Australia , where it is widespread and abundant . French naturalist Christophe @-@ Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville described the species in 1813 , though early records confused it with its close relative , the common toadfish ( T. hamiltonii ) . The two are the only members of the genus Tetractenos after going through several taxonomic changes since discovery . Up to 16 cm ( 6 1 ⁄ 4 in ) long with distinctive leopard @-@ like dark markings on its upperparts , it has a rounded front and tapers to a narrow tail at the back . Unlike most of its relatives , it does not have prominent spines on its body . Like other pufferfish , it can inflate itself with water or air . It forages for its preferred foods — molluscs and crustaceans — in sand and mud of the bottom sediment . Often an unwanted catch by anglers , the smooth toadfish is highly poisonous because of the tetrodotoxin present in its body , and eating it may result in death . = = Taxonomy = = French naturalist Christophe @-@ Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville described the smooth toadfish in 1813 as Tetrodon glaber , based on a specimen collected in Adventure Bay in southeastern Tasmania by Claude Riche . This holotype was then catalogued in the collection of French naturalist Alexandre Brongniart , but was subsequently lost ; upon his death , Brongniart 's collection was bequeathed to the Paris Museum and the specimen did not appear there nor at any other institution . The specific name glaber is from the Latin adjective glăber , meaning " bald " . Fréminville 's description was overlooked by many subsequent authorities , resulting in the confusion of this species with the closely related common toadfish ( Tetractenos hamiltoni ) ; it is unclear with many records which species was being referred to , though those from Victoria and Tasmania belong to this species . This issue in the scientific literature was not fully resolved until 1983 . French naturalist Auguste Duméril erected a new genus in publishing the species as Aphanacanthe reticulatus in 1855 from a description authored by his countryman Gabriel Bibron , who had died suddenly , Later Latinised to Aphanacanthus , it was linked to a presumed type species Tetrodon reticulatus , from a manuscript by Bibron . In 1959 , Yseult Le Danois equated this species name to Tetractenos hamiltoni , but New Zealand zoologist Graham Hardy later reviewed the specimens labelled as T. hamiltoni and found that they should be assigned to T. glaber . The genus name Aphanacanthe — not Aphanacanthus , as the original spelling takes priority — would have taken precedence over the current genus name Tetractenos . However , it is a nomen nudum as it does not provide enough detail or information to diagnose or properly describe the species , since Duméril had only written a ( French ) translation of the genus name — αφανης qui nе parait pas , ἃκανθα , épine ( " with no thorns " ) . British ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan described Spheroides liosomus in 1909 from specimens collected in Melbourne , Hobart , Flinders Island and Port Phillip . He noted its lack of spines compared with specimens of Tetrodon hamiltonii , and hence argued that it was a distinct and separate species . Australian biologist Gilbert Whitley equated Regan 's description with Fréminville 's original naming and gave it the combination Spheroides glaber in 1955 , and later Gastrophysus glaber in 1964 . The smooth toadfish was assigned to the genera Tetrodon ( now Tetraodon ) and Sphaeroides , both of which became wastebasket taxa . The smooth toadfish was assigned to several other genera after it became clear that it fell outside a more restricted definition of Tetr ( a ) odon , including Torquigener . Recognising that the smooth and common toadfish were distinct enough from other species to warrant their own genus and that no valid genus name existed , Hardy reassigned the two species to the new genus Tetractenos in 1983 . Common names include smooth toadfish , smooth toado , slimey toadfish or smooth blowie . Along with related toadfish species , the smooth toadfish is known in Australia as a " toadie " . Gaguni is a Tharawal name for toadfish in the Sydney region , the word recorded by William Dawes as ca @-@ gone in his 1791 diaries of the Sydney language . = = Description = = With a total adult length of anywhere from 3 to 16 cm ( 1 1 ⁄ 8 – 6 1 ⁄ 4 in ) , the smooth toadfish has an elongate body with a rounded back and flattened belly . The body narrows posteriorly to the slender tail , and its fins are all elongate and rounded . The dorsal fin has 9 to 11 rays . The pectoral fin has 15 to 18 rays , the first of which is very short . It arises well below the level of the eye . The anal fin has 7 – 9 rays and caudal fin has 11 . The smooth toadfish has a small mouth with thin lips at its apex and a tiny chin . The round eyes are adnate ( unable to rotate ) , their upper border is level with the profile of the back and the lower border is well above the mouth . In a slightly depressed area just in front of the eyes are two small nipple @-@ shaped structures ( papillae ) that are the nasal organs . The openings face to the rear of the fish and are closed by flaps attached to the walls closest to the fish 's midline . The first pharyngobranchial gill arch is elongated and narrow with many tiny teeth . The smooth toadfish has tiny spines that are entirely within the skin layer ; these run along its back from the nasal organs almost to the dorsal fin , and along its sides from the eye to the pectoral fine , and along its underparts from behind its mouth to its vent . The skin is smooth even when the fish is fully inflated . It swallows water or air via a flap in its throat to swell itself up . The base colour of the upperparts is pale tan to yellow @-@ green , heavily marked with irregular brown spots in a reticulated pattern , and several broad dark brown bands , including ones between the eyes , between the pectoral fins and at the level of the dorsal fin . Reminiscent of a leopard 's spots , the reticulated pattern continues on the upper lateral side along the body of the fish , becoming silver @-@ white on the lower lateral parts . The chin and belly are white . The fins have a faint yellow @-@ orange tinge , more noticeably in the tail fin . Fieldwork in Sydney waters found females to be larger and heavier than males . Smooth toadfish grow steadily larger as they grow older , with one 16 cm ( 6 1 ⁄ 4 in ) long individual calculated to be 13 years old from examination of its otoliths . Their gonads develop when they reach a total length of about 7 – 8 cm ( 2 3 ⁄ 4 – 3 1 ⁄ 8 in ) . The smooth toadfish can be distinguished from the otherwise similar common toadfish by its lack of spines and its larger- and bolder @-@ patterned markings on its upperparts . = = Distribution and habitat = = The smooth toadfish is found along Australia 's eastern and southeast coast , from Moreton Bay in southeastern Queensland to Port Lincoln in South Australia as well as Kangaroo Island and Tasmania . It is one of the most abundant fishes in the muddy areas of Port Philip Bay . It generally lives in shallow water less than 3 m ( 10 ft ) deep , often over mudflats in estuaries . In areas of seagrass beds , smooth toadfish are more commonly found in sand areas bordering on the seagrass patches . They are more commonly found in seagrass patches in water less than 1 @.@ 5 m ( 5 ft ) deep rather than deeper water of 3 @.@ 5 – 6 m ( 11 – 20 ft ) . A South Australian field study on wrack and associated fauna found that the smooth toadfish was associated with larger volumes and aggregations containing green algae . Although its movements are poorly known , tagging patterns indicate that the smooth toadfish spends most of its life cycle and reproduces in estuaries . It can venture well into freshwater past brackish areas . In 1964 a school of toadfish were found in the Lang Lang River at the South Gippsland Highway — 34 km ( 21 mi ) from Western Port Bay and well beyond tidal areas . = = = Conservation = = = Its large range , abundance and stable population mean the smooth toadfish is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List . Although no decline in numbers has been recorded , the effects of disappearance of its habitat — mangroves and seagrass beds — is unknown . = = Breeding = = The breeding habits of estuary @-@ dwelling pufferfish have been little researched in general . Fieldwork in the Hawkesbury River and tributaries north of Sydney found that the smooth toadfish breeds between April and July , building up fat stores in its liver from February to April beforehand . = = Feeding = = The smooth toadfish has strong jaws that readily crush shellfish and crustaceans . It feeds predominantly on benthic ( bottom @-@ dwelling ) organisms in the substrate of the bodies of water in which it forages . Its diet includes molluscs such as black mussels , pipis , white sunset shells ( Soletellina alba ) and oysters ( Crassostrea ) , crustaceans such as semaphore crabs and shrimp , and brown algae . The proportions of crustaceans to molluscs can vary widely depending on the abundance of food items ; hence in a 1999 field study , the soldier crab ( Mictyris longicarpus ) predominated in Cowan Creek while the black mussel did so in nearby Berowra Creek . Field experiments showed it was a consumer of oysters and the gastropod Bembicium auratum , and had a major impact on their numbers . Because it is a common estuarine fish , it has been used in studies of heavy metal contamination in coastal waters . Fish tested around Sydney showed uptake was highest in the gonads , then muscle , gills and liver . It is unclear why metal concentrations were lower in toadfish livers ( compared with studies of contamination in other fish ) but their liver cells may be more effective at removing these elements . Lead , cadmium and nickel levels corresponded with those in the sediment from which the fish were taken , suggesting dietary intake . The gonads of male fish had twenty times as much arsenic as those of females , while the gills of female fish contained thirty times as much lead as those of males . Raised levels of arsenic , cobalt , cadmium and lead in gills suggested the fish absorbed these from the surrounding water . An experiment exposing smooth toadfish to radioactive cadmium and selenium in either food or water found that cadmium in food was taken up in and excreted by the liver , while cadmium in water was taken up in the gut lining and excreted in liver , gills and kidney , indicating the fish were consuming a lot of water . Selenium was taken up in the gills , kidneys and liver regardless of whether it was in food or water . Fieldwork in Sydney waterways showed that higher arsenic , lead , cadmium and cobalt corresponded with decreased lipid levels in liver and gonadal tissue , and raised cobalt and nickel correspond to increased protein levels in muscle , liver and gonadal tissue . Raised lead levels were consistent with smaller egg size . A study of asymmetry of fish bones in smooth toadfish in various parts of Sydney and Hawkesbury River estuaries showed a relationship between exposure to organochlorine pesticides but not heavy metals , indicating the finding may correlate to stress from organic toxicity . = = Toxicity = = Notorious for taking bait from fish hooks , the smooth toadfish is an unwanted catch for anglers as its flesh is highly poisonous and unfit for human consumption . Its lack of spines makes it easier to handle than other toadfish when it inflates itself after being caught . Its toxicity had been reported by local aborigines in Sydney to William Dawes in the late 18th century . A man named John Buff was fatally poisoned after catching and eating toadfish in Duck River in 1821 near Parramatta ; his case and subsequent coroner 's inquest were published in the Sydney Gazette . The smooth toadfish was responsible for the deaths of the wife and two children of Captain Bell of New Town near Hobart in a widely publicised case in March 1831 . Colonial surgeon James Scott wrote , " The melancholy and dreadful effect produced by eating it was lately instanced in the neighbourhood of Hobart town ... The poison is of a powerful sedative nature , producing stupor , loss of speech , deglutition , vision and the power of the voluntary muscles , and ultimately an entire deprivation of nervous power and death . " An inquest into the deaths took place on 29 March 1831 . The family 's three servants , one of whom appeared to have been poisoned as well and was ill , were placed in custody separately to stop them communicating with each other while the investigation proceeded . The jury replicated the effects by feeding the fish to ( and poisoning ) two cats . The jury learnt that the servant , Speed , had caught the 20 or so fish and taken them home to eat . A neighbour called out to him not to eat the fish as they were " no good " , but he took it as a joke . The inquest concluded with a finding of accidental death , with some deliberation over whether Speed should have been charged with manslaughter or even murder after hearing the warning . Warnings about toadfish were subsequently issued . Its toxicity is due to tetrodotoxin , which is concentrated particularly in the liver , ovaries , intestines and skin . Many species of pufferfish bear this toxin , obtaining it from tetrodotoxin @-@ containing bacteria in their diet . Eating the fish can have fatal consequences . The symptoms of poisoning , which are predominantly neurological , include ataxia , in addition to numbness and / or paraesthesia ( tingling ) around the mouth , lips , and limb extremities . Cases of pets being poisoned have occurred when the fish have been left where they can eat them .
= History of Lima = The history of Lima , the capital of Peru , began with its foundation by Francisco Pizarro on January 18 , 1535 . The city was established on the valley of the Rímac River in an area populated by the Ichma polity . It became the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and site of a Real Audiencia in 1543 . In the 17th century , the city prospered as the center of an extensive trade network despite damage from earthquakes and the threat of pirates . However , prosperity came to an end in the 18th century due to an economic downturn and the Bourbon Reforms . The population of Lima played an ambivalent role in the 1821 – 1824 Peruvian War of Independence ; the city suffered exactions from Royalist and Patriot armies alike . After independence , Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru . It enjoyed a short period of prosperity in the mid @-@ 19th century until the 1879 – 1883 War of the Pacific when it was occupied and looted by Chilean troops . After the war , the city went through a period of demographic expansion and urban renewal . Population growth accelerated in the 1940s spurred by immigration from the Andean regions of Peru . This gave rise to the proliferation of shanty towns as public services failed to keep up with the city expansion . = = Foundation = = In the pre @-@ Columbian era , the location of what is now the city of Lima was inhabited by several Amerindian groups . Prior to the arrival of the Inca Empire , the valleys of the Rímac and Lurín rivers were grouped under the Ichma polity . Their presence left a mark in the form of some 40 pyramids associated to the irrigation system of the valleys . In 1532 , a group of Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca ruler Atahualpa and searched for a suitable place to establish his capital . His first choice was the city of Jauja , located amid the Andes , however this location was regarded as inconvenient for its high altitude and being far from the sea . Spanish scouts reported about a better site in the valley of the Rímac , which was close to the Pacific Ocean , had ample water and wood provisions , extensive fields and fair weather . Pizarro thus founded the city of Lima in Peru 's central coast on 18 January 1535 . Carlos Huerta writes in his Chronology of the conquest of the kingdoms of Peru - Cronología de la conquista de los Reinos del Perú : Foundation of Lima . The city capital of Peru was founded on 18 January and was called Ciudad de los Reyes ( City of Kings ) in honor of the feast of the holy kings who was celebrated . Began in the church , the foundation and the plane of the city , where Pizarro put the first stone . In August 1536 , the new city was besieged by the troops of Manco Inca , the leader of an Inca rebellion against Spanish rule . The Spaniards and their native allies , headed by Pizarro himself , defeated the rebels after heavy fighting in the city streets and its surroundings . On November 3 , 1536 , the Spanish Crown confirmed the founding and , on December 7 , 1537 , emperor Charles V granted a coat of arms to the city . = = Colonial period = = Over the next few years , Lima shared the turmoil caused by struggles between different factions of Spaniards . At the same time it gained prestige as it was designated capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and site of a Real Audiencia in 1543 . Latin America and Lima 's first university , the National University of San Marcos was established in 1551 and its first printing press in 1584 . Lima also became an important religious center , a Roman Catholic diocese was established in 1541 and converted to an archdiocese five years later . In 1609 , the city held celebrations for the beatification of Ignatius of Loyola . Lima flourished during the 17th century as the center of an extensive trade network which integrated the Viceroyalty of Peru with the Americas , Europe and the Far East . Its merchants channeled Peruvian silver through the nearby port of Callao and exchanged it for imported goods at the trade fair of Portobelo in modern @-@ day Panama . This practice was sanctioned by law as all trade from the Viceroyalty was required to go through Callao on its way to and from overseas markets . The resulting economic prosperity of the city was reflected in its rapid growth , population expanded from about 25 @,@ 000 in 1619 to an estimated 80 @,@ 000 in 1687 . However , Lima was not free from dangers . On October 20 and December 2 , 1687 , powerful earthquakes destroyed most of the city and its surroundings . The outbreaks of disease and food shortages which followed the disaster caused a reduction of the population to under 40 @,@ 000 by 1692 . A second threat was the presence of pirates and privateers in the Pacific Ocean . A Dutch naval expedition led by Jacques l 'Hermite attacked the port of Callao in 1624 but was repelled by Viceroy Diego Fernández de Córdoba . In the 1680s , English buccaneers proliferated in the waters of the Pacific until they were routed by Lima merchants in 1690 . As a precautionary measure , Viceroy Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull built the Lima City Walls between 1684 and 1687 . The 1687 earthquake marked a turning point in the history of Lima as it coincided with a recession in trade , a reduction of silver production and economic competition by other cities such as Buenos Aires . To add to these problems , on October 28 , 1746 , a powerful earthquake severely damaged the city and destroyed Callao , forcing a massive rebuilding effort under Viceroy José Antonio Manso de Velasco . This disaster led to an intense devotion for an image of Christ called The Lord of the Miracles , which has been taken out in procession every October since 1746 . During the late colonial period , under the rule of the House of Bourbon , the ideas of the Enlightenment on public health and social control shaped the development of Lima . New buildings undertaken during this period include a cockfighting coliseum and a bullring , the Plaza de toros de Acho , as well as the General Cemetery . The first two were built to regulate these popular activities by centralizing them at a single venue , while the cemetery put an end to the practice of burials at churches which was considered unhealthy by public authorities . = = Independence = = During the second half of the 18th century , Lima was adversely affected by the Bourbon Reforms as it lost its monopoly on overseas trade and the important mining region of Upper Peru was transferred to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . This economic decline made the city 's elite dependent on royal and ecclesiastical appointment and thus , reluctant to advocate independence . In the 1810s , the city became a Royalist stronghold during the South American wars of independence led by a strong viceroy , José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa . A combined expedition of Argentinian and Chilean patriots under General José de San Martín managed to land south of Lima on September 7 , 1820 but did not attack the city . Faced with a naval blockade and the action of guerrillas on land , Viceroy José de la Serna was forced to evacuate the city in July 1821 to save the Royalist army . Fearing a popular uprising and lacking any means to impose order , the city council invited San Martín to enter Lima and signed a Declaration of Independence at his request . However , the war was not over ; in the next two years the city changed hands several times and suffered exactions from both sides . By the time the war was decided , at the Battle of Ayacucho on December 9 , 1824 , Lima was considerably impoverished . = = Republican period = = After the war of independence , Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru but economic stagnation and political turmoil brought its urban development to a halt . This hiatus ended in the 1850s , when increased public and private revenues from guano exports led to a rapid expansion of the city . In the next two decades , the State funded the construction of large size public buildings to replace colonial establishments ; these included the Central Market , the General Slaughterhouse , the Mental Asylum , the Penitentiary , and the Dos de Mayo Hospital . There were also improvements in communications ; a railroad line between Lima and Callao was completed in 1850 and an iron bridge across the Rímac River , the Balta Bridge , was opened in 1870 . The city walls were torn down in 1872 as further urban growth was expected . However , the export @-@ led economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor , fostering social unrest . During the 1879 – 1883 War of the Pacific , Chilean troops occupied Lima after defeating Peruvian resistance in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores . The city suffered the depredations of the invaders , which looted public museums , libraries and educational institutions . At the same time , angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the Asian population ; sacking their properties and businesses . After the war , the city underwent a process of urban renewal and expansion from the 1890s up to the 1920s . As downtown Lima had become overcrowded , the La Victoria residential area was established in 1896 as a working @-@ class neighborhood . During this period the urban layout was modified by the construction of big avenues which crisscrossed the city and connected it with neighboring towns such as Miraflores . In the 1920s and 1930s , several buildings of the historic centre were rebuilt including the Government Palace and the Municipal Palace . On May 24 , 1940 , an earthquake hit the city , which at that time was mostly built out of adobe and quincha . In the 1940s , Lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by immigration from the Andean regions of Peru . Population , estimated at 0 @.@ 6 million in 1940 , reached 1.9M by 1960 and 4.8M by 1980 . At the start of this period , the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city 's historic center , Callao and Chorrillos ; in the following decades settlements spread to the north , beyond the Rímac River , to the east , along the Central Highway , and to the south . Immigrants , at first confined to slums in downtown Lima , led this expansion through large @-@ scale land invasions which gave rise to the proliferation of shanty towns , known as barriadas , renamed as pueblos jóvenes in the 1980s and latter called " Human Settlements " during the 1990s . Major public works were carried out throughout this period , mainly under the governments of Manuel A. Odría ( 1948 – 1956 ) and Juan Velasco Alvarado ( 1968 – 1975 ) . Brutalism dominated in the 1970s as exemplified in the massive headquarters built for Petroperú , the state @-@ owned petroleum company . According to the 1993 census , the city population had reached 6.4M ; 28 @.@ 4 % of the total population of Peru compared to just 9 @.@ 4 % in 1940 .
= Psychodrama = Psychodrama is an action method , often used as a psychotherapy , in which clients use spontaneous dramatization , role playing and dramatic self @-@ presentation to investigate and gain insight into their lives . Developed by Jacob L. Moreno , M.D. ( 1889 – 1974 ) psychodrama includes elements of theater , often conducted on a stage , or a space that serves as a stage area , where props can be used . A psychodrama therapy group , under the direction of a licensed psychodramatist , reenacts real @-@ life , past situations ( or inner mental processes ) , acting them out in present time . Participants then have the opportunity to evaluate their behavior , reflect on how the past incident is getting played out in the present and more deeply understand particular situations in their lives . Psychodrama offers a creative way for an individual or group to explore and solve personal problems . It may be used in a variety of clinical and community @-@ based settings , and is most often utilized in a group setting , in which the members of the group serve as therapeutic agents for one another in the enacted drama . Psychodrama is not , however , a form of group therapy , and is instead an individual psychotherapy that is executed from within a group . There are " side @-@ benefits " that the other group members may experience , as they make relevant connections and insights to their own lives from the psychodrama of another . A psychodrama is best conducted and produced by a person trained in the method , called a psychodrama director . In a session of psychodrama , one client of the group becomes the protagonist , and focuses on a particular , personal , emotionally problematic situation to enact on stage . A variety of scenes may be enacted , depicting , for example , memories of specific happenings in the client 's past , unfinished situations , inner dramas , fantasies , dreams , preparations for future risk @-@ taking situations , or unrehearsed expressions of mental states in the here and now . These scenes either approximate real @-@ life situations or are externalizations of inner mental processes . Other members of the group may become auxiliaries , and support the protagonist by playing other significant roles in the scene or may step in , as a " double " who plays the role of the protagonist . A core tenet of psychodrama is Moreno 's theory of " spontaneity @-@ creativity " . Moreno believed that the best way for an individual to respond creatively to a situation is through spontaneity , that is , through a readiness to improvise and respond in the moment . By encouraging an individual to address a problem in a creative way , reacting spontaneously and based on impulse , they may begin to discover new solutions to problems in their lives and learn new roles they can inhabit within it . Moreno 's focus on spontaneous action within the psychodrama was developed in his Theatre of Spontaneity , which he directed in Vienna in the early 1920s . Disenchanted with the stagnancy he observed in conventional , scripted theatre , he found himself interested in the spontaneity required in improvisational work . He founded an improvisational troupe in the 1920s . This work in the theatre impacted the development of his psychodramatic theory . = = Methods = = In psychodrama , participants explore internal conflicts by acting out their emotions and interpersonal interactions on stage . A psychodrama session ( typically 90 minutes to 2 hours ) focuses principally on a single participant , known as the protagonist . Protagonists examine their relationships by interacting with the other actors and the leader , known as the director . This is done using specific techniques , including mirroring , doubling , soliloquy , and role reversal . The session is often broken up into three phases - the warm @-@ up , the action , and the post @-@ discussion . During a typical psychodrama session , a number of clients gather together . One of these clients is chosen by the group as the protagonist , and the director calls on the other clients to assist the protagonist 's " performance , " either by portraying other characters , or by utilizing mirroring , doubling , or role reversal . The clients act out a number of scenes in order to allow the protagonist to work through certain scenarios . This is obviously beneficial for the protagonist , but also is helpful to the other group members , allowing them to assume the role of another person and apply that experience to their own life . The focus during the session is on the acting out of different scenarios , rather than simply talking through them . All of the different elements of the session ( stage , props , lighting , etc . ) are used to heighten the reality of the scene . The three sections of a typical session are the warm @-@ up , the action , and the sharing . During the warm @-@ up , the actors are encouraged to enter into a state of mind where they can be present in and aware of the current moment and are free to be creative . This is done through the use of different ice @-@ breaker games and activities . Next , the action section of the psychodrama session is the time in which the actual scenes themselves take place . Finally , in the post @-@ discussion , the different actors are able to comment on the action , coming from their personal point of view , not as a critique , sharing their empathy and experiences with the protagonist of the scene . The following are core psychodramatic techniques : Mirroring : The protagonist is first asked to act out an experience . After this , the client steps out of the scene and watch as another actor steps into their role and portrays them in the scene . Doubling : The job of the “ double ” is to make conscious any thoughts or feelings that another person is unable to express whether it is because of shyness , guilt , inhibition , politeness , fear , anger , etc … . In many cases the person is unaware of these thoughts or at least is unable to form the words to express how they are feeling . Therefore the “ Double ” attempts to make conscious and give form to the unconscious and / or under expressed material . The person being doubled has the full right to disown any of the “ Double ’ s ” statements and to correct them as necessary . In this way , doubling itself can never be wrong . Role playing : The client portrays a person or object that is problematic to him or her . Soliloquy : The client speaks his or her thoughts aloud in order to build self @-@ knowledge . Role reversal : The client is asked to portray another person while a second actor portrays the client in the particular scene . This not only prompts the client to think as the other person , but also has some of the benefits of mirroring , as the client sees him- or herself as portrayed by the second actor . = = Psychological applications = = Psychodrama can be used in both non @-@ clinical and clinical arenas . In the non @-@ clinical field , psychodrama is used in business , education , and professional training . In the clinical field , psychodrama may be used to alleviate the effects of emotional trauma and PTSD . One specific application in clinical situations is for people suffering from dysfunctional attachments . For this reason , it is often utilized in the treatment of children who have suffered emotional trauma and abuse . Using role @-@ play and story telling , children may be able to express themselves emotionally and reveal truths about their experience they are not able to openly discuss with their therapist , and rehearse new ways of behavior . Moreno 's theory of child development offers further insight into psychodrama and children . Moreno suggested that child development is divided into three stages : finding personal identity , recognizing oneself [ the mirror stage ) , and recognizing the other person ( the role @-@ reversal stage ) . Mirroring , role @-@ playing and other psychodramatic techniques are based on these stages . Moreno believed that psychodrama could be used to help individuals continue their emotional development through the use of these techniques . = = Related concepts = = Moreno 's term sociometry is often used in relation to psychodrama . By definition , sociometry is the study of social relations between individuals — interpersonal relationships . It is , more broadly , a set of ideas and practices that are focused on promoting spontaneity in human relations . Classically , sociometry involves techniques for identifying , organizing , and giving feedback on specific interpersonal preferences an individual has . For example , in a psychodrama session , allowing the group to decide whom the protagonist shall be employs sociometry . Moreno is also credited for founding sociodrama . Though sociodrama , like psychodrama , utilizes the theatrical form as means of therapy , the terms are not synonymous . While psychodrama focuses on one patient within the group unit , Sociodrama addresses the group as a whole . The goal is to explore social events , collective ideologies , and community patterns within a group in order to bring about positive change or transformation within the group dynamic . Moreno also believed that sociodrama could be used as a form of micro @-@ sociology — that by examining the dynamic of a small group of individuals , patterns could be discovered that manifest themselves within the society as a whole , such as in Alcoholics Anonymous . Sociodrama can be divided into three main categories : crisis sociodrama , which deals with group responses after a catastrophic event , political sociodrama , which attempts to address stratification and inequality issues within a society , and diversity sociodrama , which considers conflicts based on prejudice , racism or stigmatization . = = History = = Dr. J. L. Moreno ( 1889 – 1974 ) is the founder of psychodrama and sociometry , and one of the forerunners of the group psychotherapy movement . Around 1910 , he developed the Theater of Spontaneity , which is based on the acting out of improvisational impulses . The focus of this exercise was not originally on the therapeutic effects of psychodrama ; these were seen by Moreno to simply be positive side @-@ effects . A poem by Moreno reveals ideas central to the practice of psychodrama , and describes the purpose of mirroring : " A meeting of two : eye to eye , face to face . And when you are near I will tear your eyes out and place them instead of mine , and you will tear my eyes out and will place them instead of yours , then I will look at me with mine . " In 1912 , Moreno attended one of Sigmund Freud 's lectures . In his autobiography , he recalled the experience : " As the students filed out , he singled me out from the crowd and asked me what I was doing . I responded , ' Well , Dr. Freud , I start where you leave off . You meet people in the artificial setting of your office . I meet them on the street and in their homes , in their natural surroundings . You analyze their dreams . I give them the courage to dream again . You analyze and tear them apart . I let them act out their conflicting roles and help them to put the parts back together again . ' " While a student at the University of Vienna in 1917 , Moreno gathered a group of prostitutes as a way of discussing the social stigma and other problems they faced , starting what might be called the first " support group " . From experiences like that , and as inspired by psychoanalysts such as Wilhelm Reich and Freud , Moreno began to develop psychodrama . After moving to the United States in 1925 , Moreno introduced his work with psychodrama to American psychologists . He began this work with children , and then eventually moved on to large group psychodrama sessions that he held at Impromptu Group Theatre at Carnegie Hall . These sessions established Moreno 's name , not only in psychological circles , but also among non @-@ psychologists . Moreno continued to teach his method of psychodrama , leading sessions until his death in 1974 . Another important practitioner in the field of psychodrama is Carl Hollander . Hollander was the 37th director certified by Moreno in psychodrama . He is known primarily for his creation of the Hollander Psychodrama Curve , which may be utilized as a way to understand how a psychodrama session is structured . Hollander uses the image of a curve to explain the three parts of a psychodrama session : the warm @-@ up , the activity , and the integration . The warm @-@ up exists to put patients into a place of spontaneity and creativity in order to be open in the act of psychodrama . The " activity " is the actual enactment of the psychodrama process . Finally , the " curve " moves to integration . It serves as closure and discussion of the session , and considers how the session can be brought into real life – a sort of debriefing . Although psychodrama is not widely practiced , the work done by practitioners of psychodrama has opened the doors to research possibilities for other psychological concepts such as group therapy and expansion of the work of Sigmund Freud . The growing field of drama therapy utilizes psychodrama as one of its main elements . The methods of psychodrama are also used by group therapy organizations and also find a place in other types of therapy , such as post @-@ divorce counseling for children . = = = Organizations = = = American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama Australian and Aotearoa New Zealand Psychodrama Association British Psychodrama Association International Association for Group Psychotherapy and Group Processes
= Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) = Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) is the fourth studio album by American rock band Marilyn Manson , released in November 2000 by Nothing and Interscope Records . The album marked a return to the industrial and alternative metal styles of the band 's earlier efforts , after the modernized glam rock of Mechanical Animals . As their first release following the Columbine High School massacre of April 20 , 1999 , Holy Wood was Marilyn Manson 's rebuttal to accusations leveled against them in the wake of the shootings . The band 's frontman , Marilyn Manson , described the record as " a declaration of war " . A rock opera concept album , it is the final installment in a trilogy which includes Antichrist Superstar and Mechanical Animals . After its release , Manson said that the overarching story within the trilogy is presented in reverse chronological order ; Holy Wood , therefore , begins the narrative . It was written in the singer 's former home in the Hollywood Hills and recorded in several undisclosed locations , including Death Valley and Laurel Canyon . At its release , Holy Wood received mixed @-@ to @-@ positive reviews ; many critics noted that while ambitious , it fell short in execution . The album was not at first as commercially successful as the group 's two previous releases , and took three years to receive a gold certification from the RIAA . Nevertheless , with worldwide sales of over nine million copies as of 2011 , it has become one of the most successful of their career . It spawned three singles and an abandoned film project which was modified into the as @-@ yet @-@ unreleased Holy Wood novel . Marilyn Manson supported the album with the controversial Guns , God and Government Tour . On November 10 , 2010 , British rock magazine Kerrang ! published a 10th @-@ anniversary commemorative piece in which they called the album " Manson 's finest hour ... A decade on , there has still not been as eloquent and savage a musical attack on the media and mainstream culture ... [ It is ] still scathingly relevant [ and ] a credit to a man who refused to sit and take it , but instead come out swinging . " = = Background and development = = In the late 1990s Marilyn Manson and his eponymous band established themselves as a household name as one of the most controversial rock acts in music history through the commercial success of their albums , Antichrist Superstar ( 1996 ) and Mechanical Animals ( 1998 ) . By the time of their Rock Is Dead Tour in 1999 , the band 's outspoken frontman had become a culture war iconoclast and a rallying icon for alienated youth . As their popularity increased the transgressive , confrontational nature of the group 's music and imagery angered social conservatives . Politicians across the political spectrum lobbied to have their performances banned , citing rumors that the shows contained animal sacrifices , bestiality and rape . Their concerts were routinely picketed by religious advocates and parent groups , who asserted that their music had a corrupting influence on youth culture by inciting " rape , murder , blasphemy and suicide " . On April 20 , 1999 , Columbine High School students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold shot 12 students and a teacher to death , wounding 21 others before committing suicide . In the aftermath of the fourth @-@ deadliest school shooting in United States history , the band became a scapegoat . Early media reports alleged that the shooters were fans of the band and wore the group 's t @-@ shirts during the massacre . Speculation in national media and among the public blamed Manson 's music and imagery for inciting Harris and Klebold . Later reports revealed that the two considered the band " a joke " . Despite this , the group ( and other bands and popular entertainment , such as movies and video games ) were widely criticized by religious , political and entertainment @-@ industry figures . Under mounting pressure in the days after Columbine , the group postponed their last five North American tour dates out of respect for the victims and their families . On April 29 ten US senators ( led by Sam Brownback of Kansas ) sent a letter to Edgar Bronfman Jr . , president of Seagrams ( which owned Interscope Records ) , requesting a voluntary halt to his company 's distribution to children of " music that glorifies violence " . The letter named Marilyn Manson ( and other bands ) for producing songs which " eerily reflect " the actions of Harris and Klebold . Later that day , the band canceled their remaining North American shows . On May 1 Manson published a Rolling Stone op @-@ ed response to the accusations , " Columbine : Whose Fault Is It ? " In it , he wrote : I chose not to jump into the media frenzy and defend myself , though I was begged to be on every single TV show in existence . I didn 't want to contribute to these fame @-@ seeking journalists and opportunists looking to fill their churches or to get elected [ during the US general election of 2000 ] because of their self @-@ righteous finger @-@ pointing . They want to blame entertainment ? Isn 't religion the first real entertainment ? People dress up in costumes , sing songs and dedicate themselves to eternal fandom ... I 'd like [ the ] media commentators to ask themselves , because their coverage of [ Columbine ] was some of the most gruesome entertainment any of us have seen . On May 4 , a hearing on the marketing and distribution of violent content to minors by the television , music , film and video @-@ game industries was held by the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science and Transportation . The committee heard testimony from " cultural observers " ( such as William Bennett and the Archbishop of Denver , Charles J. Chaput ) , professors and mental @-@ health professionals . Speakers criticized the band , its label @-@ mate Nine Inch Nails and the 1999 film The Matrix for their alleged contribution to a cultural environment enabling violence such as the Columbine shootings . The committee requested that the Federal Trade Commission and the United States Department of Justice investigate the entertainment industry 's marketing practices to minors . Concluding the European and Japanese legs of their tour on August 8 , 1999 , the band withdrew from public view . The album 's early development coincided with Manson 's three @-@ month seclusion at his home in the Hollywood Hills , during which he considered how to respond to the accusations . Manson said the maelstrom made him reevaluate his career : " [ t ] here was a bit of trepidation , [ in ] deciding , ' Is it worth it ? Are people understanding what I 'm trying to say ? Am I even gonna be allowed to say it ? ' Because I definitely had every single door shut in my face ... there were not a lot of people who stood behind me . " He told Alternative Press he felt his safety was threatened to the point that he " could be shot Mark David Chapman @-@ style " . Manson concluded that it was unwise for a controversial artist to allow his detractors to scapegoat his work ( and popular entertainment in general ) , beginning work on the album as a counterattack . = = Recording and production = = Manson began writing for the album in 1995 , before the release of Antichrist Superstar ; the material initially consisted of scattered ideas . Isolating himself in his attic , he worked the early material into a usable shape . At the end of Manson 's three @-@ month retreat , the band embarked on a year of writing and developing the material . Band members maintained a low profile , and Manson said the band 's website would " be my only contact with humanity " . The album is the group 's most collaborative effort to date , with all members contributing to the songwriting process ( resulting in a more @-@ unified sound ) . Most of the work was shouldered by Twiggy Ramirez , John 5 and Marilyn Manson ; keyboardist Madonna Wayne Gacy provided input on " President Dead " and " Cruci @-@ Fiction in Space " , and Ginger Fish did the drum work . Manson said that his songwriting sessions with John 5 were very focused ; most of the songs were complete before being brought to the band for consideration , and were enthusiastically received . In contrast , his sessions with Ramirez were less demanding as they experimented with absinthe . The band wrote 100 musical fragments ; between 25 and 30 became songs , and 19 were selected for the album . The album was recorded at several locations , including Death Valley and Rick Rubin 's Mansion Studio in Laurel Canyon . Locations were chosen for the atmosphere they were intended to impart to the music . Mixing engineer Dave Sardy co @-@ produced the album with Manson ; Bon Harris , of electronic body music group Nitzer Ebb , did the programming and pre @-@ production editing . Manson announced on December 16 , 1999 that the album was progressing under a working title of " In the Shadow of the Valley of Death " , with its logo the alchemical symbol for mercury . The band visited Death Valley a number of times to " imprint the feeling of the desert into [ their ] minds " and avoid composing artificial @-@ sounding songs . Experimental recordings and acoustic songs were recorded with live instrumentation . Manson later explained that the acoustic songs were " acoustic " in that they were not produced electrically ; the album 's sonic landscape is intrinsically electronic . Harris ' programming skills proved invaluable as the band recorded unique , natural sounds , which he molded into aural elements . The band spent considerable time at the Mansion Studio , with its cavernous rooms suitable for recording drums . Inspired by the space , the band found they could accomplish more there than in the limited environment of Manson 's home studio . Ramirez later had a fuzzy memory of the sessions , explaining that there were " a lot of different emotions racing around [ us ] " ; the house , which once belonged to Harry Houdini , is said to be haunted . Gacy said that he spent most of his time working on a computer and synthesizer , " mess [ ing ] around with prime @-@ number loops where they only intersect every three days and I 'd check up on what kind of music they 'd be making . You never know what 's going to happen " . Fish worked constantly , and the bulk of his contributions to the recording process were made at the Mansion . On February 23 , 2000 Manson delivered a 20 @-@ minute lecture via satellite to a current @-@ events convention , " DisinfoCon 2000 " , aimed at exposing ( and dispelling ) disinformation . Six days later , their album was entitled Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) . By April 12 the band was in their final stages of recording , and Manson posted footage of the recording studio . In pre @-@ release interviews , he noted that the record would be " a very sharp pencil " which would appeal to Marilyn Manson fans . = = = Novel and film = = = Manson 's ambitions for the project initially included an eponymous film exploring the album 's backstory . In July 1999 , he had reportedly begun negotiating with New Line Cinema to produce and distribute the film and its soundtrack . At the 1999 MTV Europe Music Awards in Dublin ( where the band performed on November 11 ) , he disclosed the film 's title and his production plans . Manson met Chilean avant @-@ garde filmmaker Alejandro Jodorowsky at the event to discuss work on the film , although no final decision was made . By February 29 , 2000 the deal fell through when Manson had reservations that New Line Cinema would take the film in a direction which would not have " retained his artistic vision " . Abandoning his attempt to bring Holy Wood to the screen , Manson announced plans to publish two books accompanying the album . The first was a " graphic and phantasmagoric " novelization , intended for release shortly after the album by ReganBooks ( a division of HarperCollins ) . The novel 's style was inspired by William S. Burroughs , Kurt Vonnegut , Aldous Huxley and Philip K. Dick , and it would be followed by a coffee table book of images created for the project . In a December 2000 interview with Manson , novelist Chuck Palahniuk mentioned the Holy Wood novel ( due for release in spring 2001 ) and complimented its style . Neither book has yet been released , reportedly due to a publishing dispute . = = Concept = = The album 's plot is a " parable " in a thinly @-@ veiled satire of modern America called " Holy Wood " , which Manson has described as a city @-@ sized , Disneyesque amusement park where the main attractions are violence and sex . Its literary foil is " Death Valley " , " a metaphor for the outcast and the imperfect of the world . " The central character is the ill @-@ fated protagonist " Adam Kadmon " , a name borrowed from the Kabbalah which means " primal man " . In the similarly @-@ mystical Sufi and Alevi philosophies , he is an archetypical " perfect " or " complete man " . Adam Kadmon travels from Death Valley to Holy Wood ; idealistic and naïve , he attempts a revolution through music . Disenchanted when his revolution is consumed by Holy Wood 's ideology of " guns , God and government " , he is absorbed by its culture of death and fame in which celebrity worship , violence and scapegoating are the moral values of a religion rooted in martyrdom . In this religion dead celebrities are revered as saints , and John F. Kennedy is idolized as a modern Christ . Known as " celebritarianism " , Holy Wood 's religion parallels Christianity . It critiques the dead @-@ celebrity phenomenon in American culture , with the crucifixion of Jesus as its blueprint . This concept extended to the world Guns , God and Government Tour supporting the album ; the tour 's logo was a rifle , with handguns arranged to resemble the Christian cross . Manson told Rolling Stone that the plot is semi @-@ autobiographical . While it can be viewed on several levels , he said that the simplest interpretation is to see it as a story of an angry youth whose revolution is commercialized , leading him to " destroy the thing he has created , which is himself . " = = = Themes = = = Violence is the central theme of the album , which takes a critical look at America 's obsession with firearms , death and fame and their ramifications in the Columbine tragedy . Manson sees the root causes of Columbine as the gun culture , conservative American Christianity and traditional family values . The album illustrates the harmful roles they play in the glorification ( and acceptance ) of violence in " mainstream " culture , illustrated by the slogan " Guns , God and Government " . Drawing similarities between the Cold War period of 1960s America and the 1990s , Manson uses allegories from the former decade and other events and figures in cultural history . Music journalist Charlotte Robinson said that it is difficult to assess the " narrative 's effectiveness " without the book and film : " the album doesn 't tell much of a story , instead presenting variations on the same themes " . Manson was drawn to The Beatles ' White Album because of its role in the Charles Manson " Family " murders and the parallels he saw between that crime and Columbine : " [ It ] had a lot of very subversive messages on it . Ones they intended and ones that may 've [ sic ] been misinterpreted by [ convicted mass murder conspirator ] Charles Manson " . Manson believes it was the first piece of music blamed for inciting violence : " When you 've got ' Helter Skelter ' [ taken from a Beatles song of the same name ] written in blood on someone 's wall , it 's a little more damning than anything I 've been blamed for " . Manson appreciates the record 's power , which inspired his album 's concept . Holy Wood , he said , " is a tribute to what that record did in history . " Critics also noted similarities between anti @-@ hero Adam Kadmon and Charles Manson . Manson echoed this assessment , describing Holy Wood as a declaration of war on the entertainment industry : " their self @-@ congratulatory attitude , their beliefs that they can never do wrong , ... that they 're the center of the universe ... [ i ] n one way it 's defending Hollywood , and in another way it 's attacking it for not being brave enough " . A substantial portion of the album analyzes the cultural role of Jesus Christ and the iconography of his crucifixion as the origin of celebrity , appraising " our relationship with Christ , and how we outgrew that " . Manson says that while in the past he critiqued religion , with this album he accepts the story and looks for things to which he can relate . He discovered that Christ was a revolutionary figure — a person who was killed for having dangerous opinions , and was later exploited and merchandised by Christianity . Manson notes the irony of " religious people who indict entertainment as being violent " ; the crucifixion is an icon of violence which made Jesus " the first rock star " . He feels that the exploitation of Christ as " the first celebrity " made religion the root of all entertainment . Christ 's death is compared to Abraham Zapruder 's film of the assassination of John F. Kennedy , which Manson called " the only thing that 's happened in modern times to equal the crucifixion " . He sarcastically described the historic home movie as a " good clip of mankind 's generosity to share his violence with the world in such a cinematic way " . Manson stresses the film 's cultural importance , noting the irony of showing such violence on the news while complaining about violence in the entertainment industry . He watched the clip many times as a child , saying it was the most violent thing he had ever seen and juxtaposing Christ and Kennedy : Christ was the blueprint for celebrity . He was the first celebrity , or rock star if you want to look at it that way , and [ dying on the cross ] he became this image of sexuality and suffering . He ’ s literally marketed — A crucifix is no different than a concert T @-@ shirt in some ways . I think for America , in my lifetime , John F. Kennedy kind of took the place of that [ as a modern @-@ day Christ ] in some ways . [ After being murdered on TV ] , he became lifted up as this icon and this Christ figure [ by America ] . Manson also cites John Lennon as an assassinated icon , criticizing the media 's veneration of media martyrs and its conversion of death into spectacle to cater to the American public 's appetite for violence , tragedy and celebrity . He denies claims that Marilyn Manson 's music was responsible for Columbine , speculating how the media would have covered the Crucifixion and linking these observations to Columbine during an interview on the O 'Reilly Factor . Bill O 'Reilly argued that " disturbed kids " without direction from responsible parents could misinterpret the message of his music as endorsing the belief that " when I 'm dead [ then ] everybody 's going to know me " . Manson responded : Well , I think that 's a very valid point and I think that it 's a reflection of , not necessarily this programme but of television in general , that if you die and enough people are watching you become a martyr , you become a hero , you become well known . So when you have these things like Columbine , and you have these kids who are angry and they have something to say and no one 's listening , the media sends a message that says if you do something loud enough and it gets our attention then you will be famous for it . Those kids ended up on the cover of Time magazine [ twice ] , the media gave them exactly what they wanted . That 's why I never did any interviews around that time when I was being blamed for it because I didn 't want to contribute to something that I found to be reprehensible . Despite references to ( and fascination with ) the iconic men , Manson was reluctant to draw comparisons between them and himself ( saying it would have been pretentious ) : " [ w ] hat I did find was parallels in their stories and my story , and I tried to maybe learn from their mistakes and what they tried to do ... You realise you can 't change the world and you can only change yourself , and I think that 's what [ they ] found out " . He added , " [ f ] or me it was about learning from that and trying to break the evolution of man [ since ] it 's man 's nature to be violent " . = = Composition = = In pre @-@ release interviews , Manson said that Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) was intended to be the " industrial White Album ... in the sense that it 's very experimental . I play a lot of keyboards , we switched things around , wrote in the desert ... it 's experimental and when I think of experimental I think of The White Album " . The 1969 Rolling Stones album Let It Bleed ( another source of inspiration ) was written in the same house where Manson wrote Holy Wood . Sonically , Manson said the record was " arrogant in an art rock sense " and the " heaviest " record the band has done . " It needs to be to complete the trilogy " , he said . Most of the songs have three or four parts ( similar to art rock ) , because of the way the story is told . The band took great care to avoid being " self @-@ indulgent " . Manson considers the record entertaining : " Art rock is only self indulgent if it bores you " . CMJ New Music Monthly called the songs " angry and complex " . Rolling Stone noted that " on such songs as ' Target Audience ' , ' Disposable Teens ' and ' Cruci @-@ Fiction in Space ' , [ the band ] dismantles the slick , glam @-@ tinged sound of [ Mechanical ] Animals in favor of the more brutal industrial @-@ goth grind of his first [ two ] albums " . Like Antichrist Superstar Holy Wood uses a song cycle structure , dividing the album into four movements — A : In the Shadow , D : The Androgyne , A : Of Red Earth and M : The Fallen — to frame Kadmon 's story . The storyline unfolds in a multi @-@ tiered series of metaphors and allusions ; for example , the album 's title refers not only to the " Hollywood sign " but also to " the tree of knowledge that Adam took the first fruit from when he fell out of paradise , the wood that Christ was crucified on , the wood that [ Lee Harvey ] Oswald 's rifle is made from and the wood that so many coffins are made of " . " GodEatGod " follows Adam as he meditates in the desert . " The Love Song " is an anthem to Holy Wood 's religion , Celebritarianism . Manson said the idea for the song came from his observation that " Love Song " is one of the most common titles in music , and he wove in a metaphor about guns : " I was suggesting with the lyrics that the father is the hand , the mother is the gun , and the children are the bullets . Where you shoot them is your responsibility as parents " . The chorus is a rhetorical take on an American bumper sticker , which asks " Do you love your God , gun , government ? " The UK music magazine Kerrang ! described " The Fight Song " as a " playground punk anthem " . Manson noted that the song 's theme is Adam 's desire to be a part of Holy Wood , and the track is autobiographical . Speaking broadly , it is about " a person who 's grown up all his life thinking that the grass is greener on the other side , but when he finally [ gets there ] , he realises that it 's worse than where he came from and that it 's truly exploitative " . The line " The death of one is a tragedy , the death of millions is just a statistic " relates to overlooking the deaths of ordinary people , ignored by the media , compared to the media frenzy when someone dies dramatically . " Disposable Teens " is a " signature Marilyn Manson song " , with a bouncing guitar riff and Teutonic , staccato rhythm rooted in glam rocker Gary Glitter 's song " Rock and Roll , Pt.2 " . Its lyrical themes tackle the disenfranchisement of contemporary youth , " particularly those that have been [ brought up ] to feel like accidents " , with the revolutionary idealism of their parents ' generation . The Beatles ' influence is evident in this song , whose chorus echoes the disillusionment of their White Album song " Revolution 1 " . Here , the sentiment is a rallying cry for " disposable teens " against " this so @-@ called generation of revolutionaries " indicted in the song : " You said you wanted evolution , the ape was a great big hit . You say want a revolution , man , and I say that you 're full of shit " . Manson singles out " Target Audience ( Narcissus Narcosis ) " as his favorite song on the album ; to him , it describes every person 's desire for self @-@ actualization . Borrowing a riff from English alternative rock band Radiohead , " President Dead " is a guitar @-@ driven song showcasing John 5 's technical skill . It opens with a sample of Don Gardiner 's ABC News Radio broadcast announcing the death of John F. Kennedy . The song is 3 : 13 long — a deliberate numerological reference to frame 313 of the Zapruder film , the frame with Kennedy 's fatal head shot and the point at which JFK became an American media martyr " because the production value of his murder was so grand ; the cinematography was so well done " . " In the Shadow of the Valley of Death " is an introspective song with Adam at his most emotionally vulnerable , nearly despairing . " Cruci @-@ Fiction in Space " further explores the Kennedy assassination , concluding that human beings have evolved from monkeys to men to guns . " A Place in the Dirt " is another personal song , characterized by Adam 's self @-@ analysis of his place in Holy Wood . " The Nobodies " is a mournful , elegiac dirge with a harpsichord and synthesized @-@ drum introduction . The verse " today I 'm dirty and I want to be pretty , tomorrow I know I 'm just dirt " has an Iggy Pop @-@ style vocal delivery building to the adrenaline @-@ fuelled chorus : " we are the nobodies , we wanna be somebodies , when we 're dead they 'll know just who we are . Some children died the other day , we fed machines and then we prayed , puked up and down in morbid faith , you should have seen the ratings that day " . CMJ noted that the song would be interpreted by some as a tribute to the Columbine shooters , but its point was not to glorify violence ; rather , it was to depict a society drenched in its children 's blood . " The Death Song " is the turning point for Adam ; he no longer cares . Manson described it as sarcastic and nihilistic : " it 's like ' We have no future and we don 't give a fuck ' " . Kerrang ! described it as one of the album 's " heaviest " songs . In " Lamb of God " Manson uses the examples of the assassinations of Jesus Christ , JFK and John Lennon to criticize his accusers , illuminating their hunger for venerating dead people as martyrs and superstars and for turning tragedy into televised spectacle . The bridge paraphrases the chorus of " Across the Universe " . Manson notes that although John Lennon sang " nothing 's going to change my world " , " [ Lennon 's killer ] Mark David Chapman came along and proved him very wrong . That was always something , growing up , that was very sad and tragic to me — a song that I always identified with " . " Burning Flag " is a heavy @-@ metal song reminiscent of American industrial @-@ metal band Ministry . Lennon 's " Working Class Hero " was covered between the band 's August 30 , 2000 appearance at the Kerrang ! Awards and the November 14 launch of the album . Describing Lennon 's idealism and influence , Manson said " some of Lennon 's Communist sentiments in his music later in his life were very dangerous . I think he died because of it . I don 't think his death was any sort of accident . Aside from that , I think he 's one of my favorite songwriters of all time " . = = Promotion = = Promotion began on June 9 , 1999 , with a web update that Manson was composing for a new album in tandem with a screenplay . On December 16 he posted a four @-@ minute video clip and written statement , elaborating on the upcoming album 's themes and featuring excerpts of the band performing two new songs . The first cut was a rock song which later became " Disposable Teens " , and the second was a rough demo cover of the ballad " Little Child " known as " Mommy Dear " . Manson described the album as " the most violent yet beautiful creation we have accomplished . This is a soundtrack for a world that is being sold to kids and then being destroyed by them . But maybe that 's exactly what it deserves " . An acoustic version of " Sick City " , from Charles Manson 's 1970 album Lie : The Love and Terror Cult , later appeared on February 14 , 2000 ; however , this song was not intended to be included in the upcoming album or the Holy Wood feature film . On April 12 , 2000 Manson wrote that they were completing the final stages of recording and posted a downloadable , silent movie documenting the process . This was followed on August 9 with a posting of the Holy Wood novel cover and a sound clip of " The Love Song " the following day . On August 25 he released three tracks ( " Burning Flag " , " Cruci @-@ Fiction in Space " and " The Love Song " ) for digital download on their website . Manson traveled to the UK to perform " Disposable Teens " on the October 12 , 2000 episode of BBC One 's Top of the Pops . On October 27 , the band launched their worldwide Guns , God and Government Tour . Video footage and photographs from shows at the Minneapolis Orpheum Theatre and the Milwaukee Eagles Ballroom ( showing them performing " Disposable Teens " and " The Fight Song " ) were posted on the band 's website November 2 . From November 1 to November 13 , the UK division of Nothing / Interscope Records held a contest to promote the album and launch the UK version of the band 's website . The contest invited fans to log onto the site daily to pick up a series of coded clues which led to a message linked to the album . Fans who solved the riddle received an exclusive download , and were entered into a drawing for a one @-@ week trip for two to meet Manson in Hollywood , California . In mid @-@ 2001 , Universal Music Group was criticized for airing commercials promoting the album on MTV 's Total Request Live . Manson suspected that Senator and former Democratic vice @-@ presidential candidate Joseph Lieberman played a role in the criticism . Lieberman had recently introduced the Media Marketing Accountability Act ( banning the marketing of violent and sexually @-@ explicit media to minors ) in Congress . The proposed legislation stemmed from a Federal Trade Commission investigation he and Senators Sam Brownback and Orrin Hatch requested from US President Bill Clinton at the May 4 , 1999 Senate Committee on Commerce , Science and Transportation hearing on entertainment @-@ industry marketing practices to minors . = = Release = = On February 29 , 2000 , Manson confirmed that the album was on track for a fall 2000 release . On August 2 , the singer announced a new release date of October 24 and posted a draft of the track listing . Manson then began posting weekly updates on the website , giving fans free access to previews of new songs and artwork . On August 25 , the track listing was released . On September 18 , Manson announced that the album 's US release was postponed to November 14 ( to fine @-@ tune the final mix ) and its first single would be " Disposable Teens " . The album was released on November 13 , 2000 in the UK and on December 5 in Japan by Nothing and Interscope Records . On the evening of November 14 , 2000 , Manson , Ramirez , and John 5 took a break from the tour to celebrate the album with a brief invitation @-@ only acoustic set at the Saci nightclub in New York City . Tickets were given out in radio contests , on the band 's website and to the first 100 album buyers at Tower Records on Broadway in New York . The set consisted of four songs , including a cover of John Lennon 's " Working Class Hero " and " Suicide Is Painless " , theme of the film ( and TV series ) M * A * S * H. Manson noted that the latter song " [ was ] far more depressing than anything I could have ever written " . The following day , he appeared on Total Request Live in a segment entitled " Mothers Against Marilyn Manson " . The band performed " Disposable Teens " on MTV 's New Year 's Eve celebration ( with a cover of Cheap Trick 's " Surrender " ) and on January 8 , 2001 at the American Music Awards . = = = Singles = = = Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) spawned three singles , the first two of which were released in three versions . The first , " Disposable Teens " , debuted as a music video ( directed by Samuel Bayer ) on Total Request Live October 25 , 2000 . During the following weeks , it was released as two standalone single EPs . The first version , " Disposable Teens Pt.1 " , was released on November 6 in the UK and features Manson 's cover of " Working Class Hero " . It was rereleased as a maxi single in the UK on August 21 , 2002 . The second version , " Disposable Teens Pt.2 " , followed on November 14 , 2000 and features a cover of " Five to One " by The Doors . This version was released in the UK as a maxi single on October 31 , 2000 and a 12 " picture disc vinyl EP on November 6 . The second single , " The Fight Song " , was also released in three versions . The first , " The Fight Song Pt.1 " , was released on January 29 , 2001 in the US and February 19 in the UK ; the latter was a 12 " picture disc vinyl EP . Both feature a remix by Joey Jordison of the heavy metal band Slipknot . The second version , " The Fight Song Pt.2 " , was released on February 2 , 2001 in the US and March 6 in the UK . The music video was directed by W.I.Z. , and sparked controversy for its violent depiction of a football game between jocks and goths ( which some thought exploited the Columbine tragedy ) . Manson dismissed the claims as hype : " Flak is my job " . On February 10 , 2001 Manson indicated that the " The Nobodies " would be the album 's third single . The music video , directed by Paul Fedor , premiered on MTV in June . Manson originally wanted to film the video in Russia " because the atmosphere , the desolation , the coldness and the architecture would really suit the song " . Another early plan was to incorporate the MTV stunt series Jackass , because the song was included in the show 's soundtrack ; however , the idea was abandoned when the show drew the ire of Senator Joseph Lieberman . The third single was released on September 3 , 2001 in the UK and October 6 , 2001 in the US . A remixed version of the song later appeared in the 2001 Johnny Depp film From Hell . = = = Cover and packaging = = = The album 's artwork was designed by P. R. Brown and Marilyn Manson . Manson began conceptualizing it as he wrote the songs , and Brown and Manson worked in tandem to realize the imagery after deciding to do the work themselves . It features elements from alchemy and the tarot . The symbol for the planet Mercury ( common in alchemy ) is a logo . Expanding on its relationship to the album 's concept , Manson said " It represents both the androgyne and the prima materia , which has been associated with Adam , the first man " . The singer commissioned a redesigned set of fourteen Major Arcana tarot cards , based on the Rider @-@ Waite deck . He explained that his interest in tarot was grounded in an attraction to its symbolism , not divination . The cards depict each member of the band in a surrealistic tableau . Each card was reinterpreted , reflecting the iconography of the album ; the Emperor , with prosthetic legs , is sitting in a wheelchair clutching a rifle in front of an American flag ; the Fool is stepping off a cliff , with grainy images of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and a JFK campaign poster in the background , and Justice weighs the Bible against the brain on his balance scale . The album 's inner sleeve has nine of these cards : the Magician , the Devil , the Emperor , the Hermit , the Fool , Justice , the High Priestess , Death and The Hierophant . The remaining cards are the Star , the World , the Tower and the Hanged Man . The cover art , which portrays Manson as a crucified Christ with his jawbone torn off , is intended as a criticism of censorship and America 's obsession with media martyrs . It is a cropped version of the reinterpreted Hanged Man card . Under it is an obscured copy of the coroner 's report for John F. Kennedy with the words " clinical record " and " autopsy " . The Marilyn Manson typeface uses the same font as the Disney World logo of the 1960s . Manson explained the cover : " I think it 's more offensive to Christians for me to say , ' I believe in the story of Christ and I enjoy the images that you present , but for different reasons than you ' . I 've taken my own interpretation , that 's more offensive than Antichrist Superstar , and just completely disvaluing it . I 'm going to turn a bunch of kids onto Christianity in my own sick , twisted way " . The cover was controversial ; some copies were issued with a cardboard sleeve featuring an alternative cover , since some retailers refused to stock the album with the original artwork . A pastor in Memphis , Tennessee threatened to go on a hunger strike unless the album was pulled from shelves . Manson described these actions as attempts at censorship : " the irony is that my point of the photo on the album was to show people that the crucifixion of Christ is , indeed , a violent image . My jaw is missing as a symbol of this very kind of censorship . This doesn 't piss me off as much as it pleases me , because those offended by my album cover have successfully proven my point " . Gigwise ranked the cover 16th on its list of " The 50 Most Controversial Album Covers Of All Time ! " = = = Formats = = = Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) was released in three formats . The standard jewel @-@ case CD release has an enhanced CD , a gatefold booklet and a card @-@ stock outer slipcase . The UK limited @-@ edition CD features a bonus acoustic version of " The Nobodies " , while the Japanese limited @-@ edition CD has the UK bonus track and a live version of " Mechanical Animals " . Universal Music Japan released a remastered version of the album in Super @-@ High @-@ Material CD ( SHM @-@ CD ) on December 3 , 2008 and a limited @-@ edition 10th @-@ anniversary commemorative reissue in 2010 . The vinyl LP release was pressed on two black discs and contained in a gatefold paperboard slipcase . The cassette release contained a single cassette tape , a gatefold booklet and a card @-@ stock outer slipcase . Amazon.com has offered a digital MP3 version since November 14 , 2000 . = = Reception = = = = = From critics = = = Holy Wood received positive reviews from most critics . At Metacritic ( which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics ) the album received an average score of 72 based on 14 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised it as " the definitive Marilyn Manson album , since it 's tuneful and abrasive " . He complimented the band for " figur [ ing ] out [ how ] to meld the hooks and subtle sonic shading of Mechanical Animals with the ugly , neo @-@ industrial metallicisms of Antichrist [ Superstar ] " , and said that " much of its charm lies in Manson trying so hard , perfecting details ... there 's so much effort , Holy Wood winds up a stronger and more consistent album than any of his other work . If there 's any problem , it 's that Manson 's shock rock seems a little quaint in 2000 ... [ However , ] it 's to Warner 's [ frontman Marilyn Manson ] credit as , yes , an artist that Holy Wood works anyway " . Barry Walters of Rolling Stone said , " The band truly rocks : Its malevolent groove fleshes out its leader 's usual complaints with an exhilarating swagger that 's the essence of rock and roll " . LA Weekly was similarly impressed , pointing out that " almost all [ the songs ] contain a double @-@ take chord change or a textural overdose or a mind @-@ blowing bridge , and they 'll be terroristic in concert " . Revolver magazine editor Christopher Scapelliti was impressed by the record 's earnestness : " For all Holy Wood 's well @-@ tempered melodies and drunken pandemonium , what comes across loudest on the album is not the music but the sense of injury expressed in Manson 's lyrics . Like Plastic Ono Band , John Lennon 's bare @-@ boned solo debut , Holy Wood screams with a primal fury that 's evident even in its quietest moments " . According to Billboard magazine , the album proved that Manson is " one of the most skilled lyricists in rock today " . Other critics were less impressed . Drowned in Sound ( which assigns a normalized rating out of 10 ) gave the album a score of 10 ; however , they noted " There [ are ] a number of criticisms that could come Marilyn Manson 's way : too much more of the same , too much philosophical posing , too much sloganeering . Regardless , all this needs to attain perfection is a few minutes shaved off of the overall running time ... [ and ] lyrically it actually says something intelligent for once and musically it has a lot more variation and scope than the Limp Bizkits of the world " . PopMatters agreed : " The central flaw of Holy Wood is that the power of its message , an important and provocative one , is watered down by its artistic pretensions . While Holy Wood is often affecting , it would be a better album if it was shorter and dealt with its subject matter directly , instead of through the veil of the ' concept album ' . " Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times was also disappointed that Holy Wood did not live up to " the promise of Mechanical Animals " . In contrast to Erlewine of Allmusic , he viewed the musical cross @-@ pollination of Antichrist Superstar and Mechanical Animals as confusion on the band 's part about " where to turn [ musically ] , as if uncertain which is the right move commercially in a rock world taken over by Limp Bizkit and Eminem " . He concluded that " [ t ] his is music that sounds reasonable on the radio but crumbles under scrutiny " . Joshua Klein of The A.V. Club was also unconvinced , remarking that " [ this ] sort of agitprop is thoroughly predictable , and the only thing that could prove shocking about Manson 's antics would be if the singer actually evinced any power over his followers . Here , he seems entranced by his own power , which may be why his dark worldview sounds baseless even as he offers sharp hooks others would kill for " . = = = Sales = = = Since early critical appraisal of Holy Wood was far less favorable than the band 's previous effort , Mechanical Animals , many critics and retailers wondered if the band still had commercial appeal on the early @-@ 2000s music scene . Best Buy 's 2000 sales projections estimated its first @-@ week sales at about 150 @,@ 000 units nationally , significantly less than the 223 @,@ 000 units sold by Mechanical Animals during its first week . In the US the album debuted ( and peaked ) at No. 13 on the Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 117 @,@ 000 , an initial commercial disappointment . The album spent 13 consecutive weeks on the charts before dropping off on March 3 , 2001 , making it the shortest @-@ charting full @-@ length LP by the band until The High End of Low ( 2009 ) . It was overshadowed by Antichrist Superstar and Mechanical Animals ( which spent 52 and 33 weeks on the charts , respectively ) . The album 's sales figures were dismal , and it took three years to attain a gold certification from the RIAA ( in March 2003 ) for shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 units . However , in four other countries ( Australia , Austria , Italy and Sweden ) the album peaked in the top 10 ; in the UK , it peaked at No. 23 . As of 2011 the album has sold over nine million copies worldwide , making it one of the most successful in the band 's catalogue . Seventeen months after Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) ' s release , Manson commented on the album 's lackluster US sales . He attributed the lack of commercial appeal to the musical climate of the time , but argued that it stood up comparatively well to contemporary rock albums . Manson noted that the band 's US sales figures are usually one or two million records , and did not find the sales figures disappointing . = = = Accolades = = = In 2001 Kerrang ! named Holy Wood the year 's best album at their annual Kerrang ! Awards . Manson sardonically remarked , " [ there is ] nothing like a good school shooting to inspire a record " when he collected the award . Kerrang ! ranked Holy Wood ninth on their 2000 list of albums of the year . The British magazine NME ranked the album 34th in their critic 's picks for the 50 best albums of 2000 in their " Decade In Music " series , calling it " a series of heroic rallying cries for the disenfranchised , while also baiting the American Far Right for all it 's worth " . The album ranked 30th in the Critics Top 50 and 9th in the popular poll of the German magazine Musik Express / Sounds in their 2000 Albums of the Year . The French edition of the British magazine Rock Sound ranked Holy Wood 15th in Le choix de la rédaction ( the editor 's choice ) and 5th in Le choix des lecteurs ( readers ' choice ) of their Choix des critiques ( critics ' choice ) of 2000 Albums of the Year . The British magazine Record Collector also ranked the album on their Best of 2000 list . = = = Legacy = = = In their November 10 , 2010 issue Kerrang ! published a 10th @-@ anniversary commemorative article on the album , " Screaming For Vengeance " , calling it " Manson 's finest hour " . " Set against the backdrop of what the rest of the rock and metal world were attempting at the turn of the century — Limp Bizkit were parading their jockishness with Chocolate Starfish And The Hot Dog Flavored Water and Disturbed were unveiling their contrived anger with The Sickness , for example — it put the singer into a league of his own ... [ and ] a decade on , there has still not been as eloquent and savage a musical attack on the media and mainstream culture as Manson achieved with Holy Wood ... [ It is ] still scathingly relevant today ... perhaps that 's where Holy Wood achieved its greatest success . In deflecting the attention that was targeted at him back onto the media , they reacted exactly as he knew they would : by blustering and further exposing their own inadequacies ... The shame of it all , though , is that so little has changed . That the album is still so relevant today suggests it failed in its task of changing attitudes . That it exists at all , though , is a credit to a man who refused to sit and take it , but instead come out swinging . " = = Guns , God and Government Tour = = To promote the album , the band began a worldwide stadium tour ( the Guns , God and Government Tour ) three days after its scheduled release date and seventeen days before its actual launch . From October 27 , 2000 to September 2 , 2001 , the tour had six legs spanning Eurasia , Japan and North America with 107 shows ( out of 109 planned ) . Typical of the band , the concerts were theatrical and lasted an average of one hour and forty minutes . Sets were designed with communist , religious and " Celebritarian " imagery . Manson had a number of costume changes during each show : a bishop 's dalmatic and mitre ( often confused with papal regalia ) ; a costume made from animals ( including epaulettes made from a horse 's tail and a shirt made from skinned goat heads and ostrich spines ) ; his signature black leather corset , g @-@ string and garter stockings ; an elaborate Roman legionary @-@ style imperial galea ; an Allgemeine SS @-@ style peaked police cap ; a black @-@ and @-@ white fur coat , and a large conical skirt which lifted him 12 metres ( 39 ft ) in the air . The Ozzfest leg marked the band 's first performance in Denver , Colorado ( on June 22 , 2001 at Mile High Stadium ) after the Columbine High School massacre in Littleton . After initially canceling due to a scheduling conflict , the band changed their plans to play the Denver date . The group 's decision met resistance from conservative groups ; Manson received death threats and demands to skip the date . A group of church leaders and families related to Columbine formed an organization opposing the show , Citizens for Peace and Respect , which was supported by Colorado governor Bill Owens and representative Tom Tancredo . On their website , the ad hoc group claimed that the band " promotes hate , violence , death , suicide , drug use , and the attitudes and actions of the Columbine killers " . In response , Manson issued a statement : I am truly amazed that after all this time , religious groups still need to attack entertainment and use these tragedies as a pitiful excuse for their own self @-@ serving publicity . In response to their protests , I will provide a show where I balance my songs with a wholesome Bible reading . This way , fans will not only hear my so @-@ called , ' violent ' point of view , but we can also examine the virtues of wonderful ' Christian ' stories of disease , murder , adultery , suicide and child sacrifice . Now that seems like ' entertainment ' to me . Two films of the concert tour were made . The Guns , God and Government DVD , released by Eagle Rock Entertainment on October 29 , 2002 , featured live concert footage from performances in Los Angeles , Europe and Japan . It also included a 30 @-@ minute behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurette , The Death Parade , with guest appearances by Ozzy Osbourne and Eminem . Seven years later , it was followed by Guns , God and Government – Live in L.A. Released on Blu @-@ ray by Eagle Rock Entertainment ( a division of Eagle Records ) on November 17 , 2009 , it depicts the entire sixteen @-@ song set of the final show of the tour – the Los Angeles performance . = = Track listing = = All lyrics written by Manson . Notes The disc contains a data track leading to a video no longer hosted by Interscope 's website , but later included as a secret track on the companion DVD of Lest We Forget . = = Charts and certifications = = = = = Singles = = = = = Credits and personnel = =
= George Hammond ( Stargate ) = Lieutenant General George S. Hammond , USAF ( Ret . ) is a fictional character in the Stargate franchise . Played by American actor Don S. Davis , General Hammond serves as the commander of Stargate Command ( SGC ) in the first seven seasons of the television series Stargate SG @-@ 1 . He is relieved of command in the series ' season 7 finale " Lost City " , but becomes head of the new Homeworld Security department at the beginning of season 8 . Hammond 's off @-@ screen retirement is confirmed in SG @-@ 1 's season 10 , and the character 's death is mentioned in the series finale of SG @-@ 1 's spin @-@ off series Stargate Atlantis , " Enemy at the Gate " . Don S. Davis left the regular role after the seventh season of SG @-@ 1 due to health problems , but appeared in later seasons as well as in a season 1 episode of Stargate Atlantis . Davis died from a heart attack in June 2008 , making his appearance in the 2008 direct @-@ to @-@ DVD film Stargate : Continuum his last . For his portrayal of Hammond , Don S. Davis was nominated for a 2004 Leo Award in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Supporting Performance by a Male " for the season 7 episode " Heroes , Part 2 " . = = Role in Stargate = = = = = Character arc = = = George S. Hammond is a United States Air Force Major General ( later Lieutenant General ) from Texas , who commands Stargate Command ( SGC ) in the first seven seasons of Stargate SG @-@ 1 . The series pilot introduces Hammond as the successor of Major General West , the commander of the Stargate Project in the original Stargate film . Hammond had been stationed as a Lieutenant at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex ( the present @-@ day location of Stargate Command ) in 1969 , Hammond 's mentioned relatives include his wife , who had died of cancer four years before the events of the series began , and his granddaughters named Kayla and Tessa ( whose telephone number occupies Hammond 's first speed dial button above the President of the United States which occupies the second ) . His father is also mentioned in the Season 2 episode entitled 1969 . General Hammond has control over each SG mission , but is rarely directly involved with the off @-@ world adventures of SG teams . He is only shown off @-@ world in season 2 's " Prisoners " , season 3 's " Into the Fire " and the season 7 premiere " Fallen " ; he also commands the Earth spaceship Prometheus in season 7 's " Lost City " and season 8 's " Prometheus Unbound " . Hammond 's command of the SGC is interrupted once in season 4 's " Chain Reaction " , where Hammond retires under duress and is temporarily replaced by Major General Bauer . The series never clearly establishes Hammond 's second @-@ in @-@ command , although producer Joseph Mallozzi stated in season 7 that " if Hammond were to retire , there 's a strong possibility that [ Colonel Jack O 'Neill ] could take over command of the [ Stargate Command ] base " . In the season 7 finale " Lost City " , newly inaugurated President Henry Hayes is pressured into replacing General Hammond with Dr. Elizabeth Weir for a three @-@ month review process of the SGC . Hammond is promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General and is placed in command of the new Homeworld Security department afterwards ; Brigadier General Jack O 'Neill takes over command of Stargate Command in the season 8 opener " New Order " . Hammond appears in the season 1 episode " Home " of Stargate Atlantis , and appears in seasons 8 through 10 of Stargate SG @-@ 1 . After Hammond appears in season 9 's " The Fourth Horseman " in a civilian suit instead of a military uniform , Lieutenant Colonel Samantha Carter confirms Hammond 's retired status in season 10 's " The Road Not Taken " . In his last appearance in the alternate timeline film Stargate : Continuum , General Hammond acts as a military advisor to President Henry Hayes . Carter reports to Lieutenant Colonel John Sheppard in the Stargate Atlantis Season 5 finale / series finale episode , " Enemy at the Gate " that Hammond recently died from a heart attack and that the Daedalus @-@ class ship Phoenix was renamed the George Hammond in his honor . = = = Characterization and relationships = = = According to Approaching The Possible by Jo Storm , the season 2 episode " 1969 " showed that Hammond climbed the military ladder " by being shrewd , intelligent , and [ by being ] possessed of a long vision " despite being a " spouted bottom @-@ line pragmatis [ t ] " . Don S. Davis described General Hammond as initially " hard @-@ nosed and straight @-@ ahead " , and later as seemingly " stern and straight @-@ laced " . Recognizing the need to fulfill the role as a General , Davis still tried to " bring a few levels to him that show some understanding and that make him a little more likeable . " The welfare of the men and women under Hammond 's command is paramount in the general 's mind . Besides knowing that people may not return from his sanctioned missions , General Hammond has to decide when to forgo rescue attempts to not put more lives in danger , even if he " always does so reluctantly and with regret " . As shown in " Chain Reaction " , Hammond would rather leave the military quietly than risk the careers and lives of his staff and his family , " which must go against all his blustery Texas background " . Davis appreciated Hammond 's closeness to the SG @-@ 1 team and his willingness to compromise . At the beginning of the series , Hammond does not accept the alien warrior Teal 'c but comes to trust and respect him after realizing Teal 'c's devotion to the Stargate Program . Despite his admiration for Dr. Daniel Jackson 's enthusiasm in the beginning , Hammond has a hard time understanding Daniel 's unorthodox and non @-@ military approach to problems until Hammond comes to realize the importance of a civilian viewpoint to SG @-@ 1 's mission . When the alien Jonas Quinn joins SG @-@ 1 in season 6 , Davis compared Hammond 's response to Jonas to his reaction to Teal 'c in season 1 . Although Hammond does not blame Jonas for Daniel 's death in " Meridian " , " the situation does make it difficult for [ Hammond ] to totally take the young man under his wing and embrace him like family as he has the rest of SG @-@ 1 " . Davis named the NID as Hammond 's only source of frustration , since they regularly outflank Hammond and SG @-@ 1 . Hammond 's only option is to call the President for support , but most cases end with SG @-@ 1 or Hammond breaking the rules to assure the survival of humanity , so " Hammond will do whatever he must to get things done " . = = Conceptual history = = Don S. Davis was a stand @-@ in and stunt @-@ double for Dana Elcar in MacGyver , a 1985 – 1992 television series that starred Richard Dean Anderson ( who also portrayed Stargate SG @-@ 1 's lead character Jack O 'Neill ) . At the time , Davis had suffered burnout from teaching acting classes at the University of British Columbia for ten years , and later considered the work on MacGyver " a new lease on life " . When the producers cast Stargate SG @-@ 1 in 1996 , they asked Davis to read for the role of George Hammond and contracted him for multiple years . Davis considered General Hammond in the initial character breakdown as a two @-@ dimensional by @-@ the @-@ book character and a mere foil for O 'Neill , and was dissatisfied with the view of the pilot episode 's director , Mario Azzopardi , who in particular wanted Hammond to be a military stereotype . Davis , who had served as an army Captain in Korea in the 1960s , felt that the character breakdown did not mirror the reality of military service , and he was reluctant to portray such a role for several years . The producers eventually allowed Davis to humanize the character during the run of the show . The producers wrote season 4 's " Chain Reaction " as " a bit of a Hammond episode " after they had not devoted an episode to Hammond during the first three seasons . The episode ended up " very different " from writer Joseph Mallozzi 's original pitch , which he had envisioned as " a Hammond story in which the general faces a court martial after being implicated in the death of an off @-@ world SG team leader " . When no more Hammond episodes were written in the following seasons , Davis cited Stargate SG @-@ 1 's focus on the off @-@ world adventures of the SG team , the military framework and the general 's knowledge for why Hammond " can be nothing more than peripheral to that action . " After playing General Hammond for nearly 150 episodes in seven seasons , Don S. Davis decided to leave Stargate SG @-@ 1 in late 2003 . He had suffered from prolonged health problems and was grateful that the Stargate SG @-@ 1 producers had previously continued his employment and had scheduled episodes around his surgeries . Davis turned towards painting and sculpting , but continued to work in the film and television industry including the Stargate franchise , continuing to appear in every season of Stargate SG @-@ 1 . Davis died from a heart attack at the age of 65 on June 29 , 2008 , shortly before the release of Stargate : Continuum , his last on @-@ screen appearance as General Hammond . The Stargate producers closed the final Stargate Atlantis episode , " Enemy at the Gate " , with a dedication card to Don S. Davis ; the episode also mentions the off @-@ screen passing of General Hammond , with Earth 's newest ship being named in his honour . = = Reception = = Jo Storm commended Don S. Davis in her book Approaching The Possible for " bring [ ing ] out his character 's actions and motivations with the confidence and thoughtfulness that only a professional of many years can " . In the Stargate SG @-@ 1 pilot , Hammond " set [ s ] up things as advantageously as he can " and proved to be a " competent " and " believable " commander . Talking about Hammond in the season 2 time @-@ travel episode " 1969 " , Storm also credited actor Aaron Pearl , who had done " an amazing job as the younger George Hammond , right down to the slight head tilt and speech lilt " . For his portrayal of Hammond , Don S. Davis was nominated for a 2004 Leo Award in the category " Dramatic Series : Best Supporting Performance by a Male " for the season 7 episode " Heroes , Part 2 " . = = Awards = = The following are the medals and service awards fictionally worn by General Hammond .
= XO ( song ) = " XO " is a song by American singer Beyoncé from her fifth studio album , Beyoncé ( 2013 ) . Columbia Records released the song as the lead contemporary hit radio single from the album in the US and Italy on December 16 , 2013 . Ryan Tedder co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced " XO " with Terius " The @-@ Dream " Nash and Beyoncé , with additional production handled by Chauncey " Hit @-@ Boy " Hollis and HazeBanga Music . A pure midtempo pop love song , " XO " is complete with electronic musical instrumentation , synthesizers and drums . Musically , it was compared to Beyoncé 's own song " Halo " and was noted for having several music hooks including its call and response chorus . Upon its release , " XO " was acclaimed by music critics , who praised the singer 's raw and low vocals and applauded the song for its pop appeal ; many of them further hailed it as a highlight of the album . However , the usage of an audio sample from Space Shuttle Challenger disaster at the beginning of the song was criticized by the families of the lost crew , NASA , and some media . Beyoncé released a statement saying that the song was intended to help people who have lost loved people in their lives and that the sample was included as a tribute to the Challenger crew . " XO " managed to appear on many music charts across Europe and Oceania and it peaked at number 45 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . A music video for the song directed by Terry Richardson was filmed in Coney Island in late August 2013 . It was made available on iTunes with the release of the album on December 13 , 2013 and was released online three days later . It received positive reviews from critics who described it as a suitable accompaniment for the song , praising its positive atmosphere . Beyoncé performed the song during the last stops of the North American leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour in December 2013 and later during the tour 's second European leg in early 2014 . To further promote " XO " , she performed it at the 2014 BRIT Awards and later at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards . Haim and John Mayer covered the song in 2014 , with the latter releasing it as a single . = = Production and release = = " XO " was written by Beyoncé , Terius " The @-@ Dream " Nash and Ryan Tedder while the production was helmed by the aforementioned group as well as Chauncey " Hit @-@ Boy " Hollis and HazeBanga . Ramon Rivas engineered the song , with assistance from Justin Hergett . Beyoncé 's vocals were recorded by Stuart White and Bart Schoudel while all instrumentation and programming was carried out by Tedder . The song was finally mixed by Andrew Scheps . " XO " was recorded in four studios : Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios , both in New York City , Trackdown Studios in Sydney and Tritonus Studios in Berlin . During an interview with Australian radio station Nova in November 2013 , Tedder revealed that he had collaborated with Beyoncé on a song for her then @-@ upcoming album along with The @-@ Dream , further saying , " Personally the song we did I like more than ' Halo ' . I think it 's a bigger , better song " . However , he acknowledged that he did not know when the singer planned to release new material for her fifth album . The previous month , it was reported by a source to the Daily News that Beyoncé planned to release a new single and video on December 3 , 2013 . The publication further speculated that the single was expected to be the song whose music video was filmed in August of the same year – " XO " . Later , when Beyoncé was released , Billboard reported that " Blow " would be released as the contemporary hit radio single both in the US and worldwide , and " Drunk in Love " would be sent to urban radio in the US only ; " XO " was scheduled to be released as the second worldwide radio single in 2014 . However , radio programmers reportedly pushed back against the release of " Blow " to mainstream stations , finding its lyrics to be very explicit for the format and proposing that " XO " be released in its place . The release of " Blow " was therefore scrapped and " XO " impacted contemporary hit radio in Italy and adult contemporary radio in the US on December 16 , 2013 . It was also sent to US mainstream , urban and rhythmic radio on December 17 . = = Composition = = " XO " is a midtempo pop love power ballad that bears resemblance to Beyoncé 's own 2008 song " Halo " , which was also produced by Tedder . Influences of electronic rock and reggaeton genres were also found in the song . " XO " was composed using common time in the key of C major , with a tempo of 85 beats per minute . It carries a " celebratory , bumping Caribbean " groove and a marching @-@ drum beat with shuffling dancehall influences . The instrumentation includes jittery keyboards , synthesizers , percussion and electronic musical instruments . The song also consists of electronic flourishes and looped riff patterns brought about by an organ instrument . " XO " was also noted for being a departure from the minimalistic sexual nature of the album , due to its pure pop sound . Jordan Sargent of Complex magazine wrote that " XO " contains influences of Jamaican singer Tanya Stephens . Chris Bosman from Consequence of Sound described the song as a blend of " cinematic reach of modern Top 40 pop with the patience and melancholy of post @-@ 808s & Heartbreaks [ sic ] hip @-@ hop . " Kevin Fallon from The Daily Beast compared the song 's stadium sound to tracks by the band U2 . Beyoncé 's vocals in the song span from the note of A3 to the note of A4 . When asked about her raw vocals in the song previously unheard on her material and the song 's less polished sound , Beyoncé revealed that " XO " was recorded when she had a bad sinus infection . She further revealed it was recorded as a demo in several minutes . The original demo vocals were kept for a year without being rerecorded as the singer " really loved the imperfections " and wanted to focus on the album 's music instead of the vocals . The lyrics of " XO " express a cheerful celebration of love and life as Beyoncé attempts " to create light from darkness " . It has been described as a universal love song which talks about different types of relationships . The singer lays emphasis on the importance of living the present with a person 's loved one as life is unpredictable . She further sings about the tragedy and magnificence that life can hold . Throughout the song , the singer adopts a hopeful attitude and seems to have gone in trance with love , a state which is further augmented by the fact that she employs a generally low register . Caitlin White from the website The 405 interpreted the song 's lyrics in depth : In the darkest night of hate and intolerance we see impossible love stories conquering what our governments and societies declare is legally ' allowed ' to be love ... It is for love that transcends the romantic conception of man and woman and stretches out into the impossibilities of the cosmos . It leaves room for failure but hopes for success . The opening lines of " XO " are echo @-@ laden and in contrast to other songs on Beyoncé , the ballad contains several hooks . Beyoncé starts the song by asking a loved one to kiss her . Some of the ascending chorus lines are call and response ; Beyoncé is backed by a sing @-@ along crowd as she sings about how her " darkest nights " are enlightened by the lover 's face : " In the darkest night hour / I search through the crowd / Your face is all that I see / I give you everything " . The chorus ends with the singer adding , " Baby love me , lights out " , with a croak in her voice . = = Sampling controversy = = The song begins with a six second @-@ long sample of former NASA public affairs officer Steve Nesbitt , recorded moments after Space Shuttle Challenger disaster on January 28 , 1986 : " Flight controllers here looking very carefully at the situation . Obviously a major malfunction . " These were the last words spoken before the disintegrating vehicle fell into the sea . The use of the sample has been criticized in the media , including Hardeep Phull of New York Post who described its presence as " tasteless " . Former NASA astronauts and families were also dismayed and labeled the use of the sample as " insensitive " . Keith Cowing of NASA Watch suggested that the use of the clip ranged from negligence to repugnance . On December 30 , 2013 , NASA criticized the use of the sample , stating : " The Challenger accident is an important part of our history ; a tragic reminder that space exploration is risky and should never be trivialized . NASA works every day to honor the legacy of our fallen astronauts as we carry out our mission to reach for new heights and explore the universe . " Earlier on the same date , Beyoncé had issued a statement to ABC News in response to the families , explaining why she and her co @-@ songwriters decided to include the audio sample in " XO " : My heart goes out to the families of those lost in the Challenger disaster . The song ' XO ' was recorded with the sincerest intention to help heal those who have lost loved ones and to remind us that unexpected things happen , so love and appreciate every minute that you have with those who mean the most to you . The songwriters included the audio in tribute to the unselfish work of the Challenger crew with hope that they will never be forgotten . Forrest Wickman of Slate magazine defended Beyoncé 's choice to use the sample , and criticized the media reports for their " dismissive " interpretation of the song 's " vague " lyrics as being about " a girl in a relationship " . According to Wickman , the lyrics of the song refer to mortality and " the urgency of spending time with the ones you love before you lose them , because you never know when that could be " ; this is shown in the hook lines , " Baby kiss me / Before they turn the lights out / You better kiss me / Before our time has run out . " A similar interpretation was voiced by Douglas Wolk of Wired , who challenged the notion of the sample being simply a " trivialization " , instead describing it as " a swift , understated and brutal reminder that everything can go horribly wrong before anyone understands what 's happening , and that the light could be extinguished at any moment " . Wickman concluded , " If there 's anything anyone should know by now about Beyoncé Knowles , it 's that there 's nothing in her self @-@ presentation that isn 't carefully chosen . " Caitlin White from the website The 405 noted that there was a reason for the song being " couched in warnings " of malfunction and tragedy elaborating , " As far controversy , denying Beyonce the ability to embrace the intertextuality of incorporating a historical recording like the Challenger explosion is an attempt to relegate her art to a lower form of political discourse , one that 's not ' worthy ' of interacting with an event of cultural significance like this . But this is not just a ' pop album , ' it 's a woman holding forth on the role of women in our society , how they should approach the nuances of their life and most importantly , how they can choose to value relationships ... That isn 't just the work of a diva , that is the work of a political figure . " = = Critical reception = = Upon its release , " XO " received critical acclaim . Many critics praised the song 's radio appeal in contrast with the rest of the album and hailed it as single worthy . Mike Wass of the website Idolator described it as a " radio @-@ ready anthem ... [ which ] is impossible to beat " . Vanity Fair writer Michelle Collins described it as " the most upbeat and catchiest song of the lot " on the album . Ryan Dennehy from the website AbsolutePunk opined that " XO " was a guaranteed , triumphant hit . Andrew Hampp and Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine described " XO " as " magical " further calling it the most radio @-@ friendly song on the entire album with its traditional pop structure . Peter Tabakis from the website Pretty Much Amazing listed the " magnificent power ballad " as one of the " potential chart @-@ toppers " of the album . Michael Cragg of The Guardian called the track a " joyous , echo @-@ laden heart burst , " and an immediate choice for a single . Stereogum 's Tom Breihan found " an immediately apparent hit [ in Beyoncé is ] ... the incandescent ' XO ' " . Rob Harvilla from Spin found " monster @-@ single potential " in " XO " . Marc Hogan of the same publication described the song as a potential radio hit " that looms largest " from the album . He further went on to praise its " grandly swaying hook that makes the one from Jessie Ware 's ' Wildest Moments ' sound understated " . Lindsay Zoladz of Pitchfork Media praised the song 's " big , boundary @-@ obliterating " pop appeal and hailed it as a future blockbuster and hit . She went on to praise the singer 's vocal performance in the song concluding " all of the flawlessness here is brilliantly undercut by that gravelly croak " . The song 's pop and sing @-@ along sound and production received praise by critics . Greg Kot from the Chicago Tribune described the song 's production as " predictable " and opined that the audience sing @-@ along chorus sounded like it was created specifically for being performed during an arena encore . Similarly , Nathan S. of the website DJ Booth wrote that the song was suitable for " ecstatic " fans to sing along without efforts during a stadium concert : " This is the kind of chorus that 's going to be sung at full force in traffic jams for months to come , and while XO may be relatively more subdued , that call and response is destined to be a monster when performed live , right down to the way her voice shows a little wear , just like it would at the end of a show . " Jody Rosen writing for Vulture found a " cavernous widescreen " anthemic pop sound in the song further saying that its chorus sounded like it was specifically made for an Olympics opening ceremony . Carrie Battan of Pitchfork described the song as a " stadium @-@ filling " one and classified it as one of Beyoncé 's " decorous moments " . Joe Lynch from Fuse described " XO " as the " most uplifting " pop song since Florence and the Machine 's " Shake It Out " ( 2011 ) . He praised the electronic flourishes , saying that they managed to " keep the music from veering into banal territory " and concluded that the song has a " quirky " sound previously unheard on other material by Beyoncé . Philip Sherburne of Spin found " zero @-@ G bounce ... which , purely in terms of sonics , makes the most compelling argument for space tourism I have yet to come across " . Many critics considered " XO " to be a highlight on the album . Drowned in Sound 's Robert Leedham opined in his review of the album , " Most glorious of all is ' XO ' , a supermassive , dumbstruck ode to being in love and caring about fuck all else . It 's the one album track that 's linear enough to withstand a drunken singalong . " Lavanya Ramanthatan of The Washington Post described the song as a " swelling anthem " and one of the highlights of Beyoncé . Caitlin White from the website The 405 , hailed " XO " as " the album 's crowning track ... [ it ] feels like even more of a triumph " . Philip Cosores from Paste magazine noted that the song , along with several others in the closing portion of the album , was " probably the best of her career " . Jordan Sargent from Complex magazine described " XO " as the " purest love song " on Beyoncé . However , a more mixed review came from Claire Lobenfeld of the same publication who felt that it was the only skippable track of the album due to its " mawkish " feel . Similarly , Chris Kelly of Fact magazine wrote that the song " reeks of Ryan Tedder 's paint @-@ by @-@ number hitmaking " . = = = Recognition and accolades = = = Under the Radar 's Ryan E.C. Hamm argued that " XO " made " a strong case " for being included as song of the year on several year @-@ end lists ; however he noted that this was not possible as the lists had already been compiled and published when the song was released . However , Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone placed " XO " at number 8 in his year @-@ end list of the 25 best songs of 2013 . The song was further ranked at number 72 in the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year 's best in music . In 2014 , Vulture 's writer Jody Rosen listed the song at number 52 on his list of " The 150 Greatest Schlock Songs Ever " calling it " an instant classic " : " The grand , sparkly production screams 2013 ; the theme — how love bears out to the edge of doom and all that — is timeless . " The same year , he further included the song in his list of the best songs by Beyoncé published in The New York Times . " XO " is nominated in the category for Best Song at the 2014 World Music Awards . = = Chart performance = = " XO " debuted at number 66 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 4 , 2014 . The song gradually ascended the chart and in its fifth week , on the chart issue dated February 1 , 2014 , it peaked at number 45 . It spent five additional weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , being placed at number 83 in its last week before falling out of the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 airplay chart it debuted at number 32 for the week ending January 11 , 2014 . The next week , " XO " moved to number 24 on that chart and it eventually peaked at number 18 spending a total of eight weeks on the Mainstream Top 40 . On the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , the single reached number 12 in its total of eighteen weeks spent on the chart . As of June 6 , 2014 , " XO " has sold 356 @,@ 000 downloads in the US . In Canada , " XO " has peaked at number 36 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and was certified gold by Music Canada for sales of 40 @,@ 000 copies in that country . In the UK , " XO " debuted at number 23 on the UK R & B Chart on December 28 , 2013 and number 84 on the UK Singles Chart on January 11 , 2014 . Following Beyoncé 's performance of " XO " at the 2014 BRIT Awards in February 2014 , sales of the song in the country increased by 96 % within the first two hours , and were up by 252 % the following day . Following the performance , the song moved ten positions up on the UK R & B Chart at number 5 the next week , and on March 8 , 2014 it moved to a peak position of 4 . It also peaked at number 22 on the singles chart on the same date and spent 13 weeks in total . On October 17 , 2014 , the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) certified it silver for sales of 200 @,@ 000 copies . On the Irish Singles Chart , " XO " debuted at 70 for the week ending December 26 , 2013 . It set a peak of 15 on the chart for the week ending January 30 , 2014 and further remained on the chart until April 3 . For the week ending December 21 , 2013 , " XO " debuted at number five on the South Korea Gaon International Chart with digital sales of 13 @,@ 731 copies and later peaked at number four . For the week of December 30 , 2013 , " XO " debuted at number 44 on the Australian Singles Chart and number 5 on the Australian Urban Singles Chart . On January 26 , 2014 , it set a peak of number 16 on the singles chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 35 @,@ 000 copies . On the New Zealand Singles Chart , " XO " debuted at number at number 38 on January 6 , 2014 and it moved to 19 the following week . It peaked at number 10 on the chart issue dated January 20 , 2014 and gradually descended the chart before falling off on March 17 , 2014 after last being seen at 33 . = = Music video = = = = = Background = = = The music video for " XO " was directed by Terry Richardson . It was filmed on August 29 , 2013 on Coney Island 's Cyclone roller coaster . On that same day , Beyoncé was spotted at that location . It was later confirmed by several publications that Beyoncé was filming a video for a then @-@ upcoming song titled " XO " from her upcoming fifth album . The Daily Telegraph further reported that fashion models Jourdan Dunn , Jessica White and Diandra Forrest were present during the filming of the video . Several scenes for the video were also filmed during Beyoncé 's concert at the Brazilian festival Rock in Rio at Rio de Janeiro in 2013 where the singer asked the crowd to make X and O shapes with their hands ; the hand movement choreography was created by Lee Anne Callahan @-@ Longo , the general manager at Parkwood Entertainment . During a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes video , Richardson described the process for the filming of the clip for " XO " , " You know , it 's amazing cause in one point we were like in the arcade and I said to Beyoncé let 's just do this . You wanna open the door and you 're gonna perform and we 're just gonna walk out and see what happens and she was like ' Yeah , let 's go for it ' . And literally we came out the door and it was like just hundreds of people sort of coming around us . People everywhere , cameras , people yelling her name . It was incredible , I have never experienced anything like that . It was really reportage , loose , not planned , we went with feeling , we went with instinct ... It 's a beautiful cycle of energy . " Beyoncé further described the filming of the video as " insanely chaotic " before adding that it captured " raw , fun and being in the moment " . In order to prevent snippets of the song being leaked online , the singer wore earbuds during the filming of the video instead of playing the music loud and lip synced the lyrics . The music video for " XO " was first released on the iTunes Store on the visual album itself on December 13 , 2013 , which contained a previously filmed music video for every song . It was later released to Vevo on December 16 , 2013 along with the video for " Drunk in Love " . = = = Synopsis = = = The video opens with scenes of Beyoncé standing in front of a wall made of flashing multi @-@ coloured light bulbs . Her look is complete with denim pants and a white tank top . Several scenes of people riding bumper cars follow as Beyoncé also goes riding one . She then continues playing carnival games and rides the Cyclone roller coaster with her stylist Ty Hunter while wearing a baseball cap emblazoned with Notorious B.I.G. ' s face and white tank top with jeans . Several scenes show Beyoncé walking along the boardwalk , while paparazzi take pictures of her ; during one scene a TMZ cameraman makes a cameo appearance . Several other scenes show the singer dancing with fans and street performers while sporting a light bow on her head . Beyoncé also dances a choreographed dance with several female background dancers on a skee ball game ; the choreography includes making X and O shapes with their hands to accompany the chorus of the song " you love me like XO " . Scenes of love couples and instances of various iconic establishments are also featured throughout . Footage of Beyoncé leading a crowd for the choreography at a concert is also featured as well as the singer appearing with a bat made of money . = = = Reception = = = Upon its release , the video received positive reviews from critics . A writer of Rap @-@ Up magazine praised Beyoncé for " spread [ ing ] the love " with the " feel @-@ good clip " . Idolator 's Mike Wass praised the video saying that , " Happily [ it ] is as gorgeous as the song with Terry Richardson simply filming Bey living it up at Coney Island . It 's almost too perfect . " In another review , he also hailed it as " carefree , neon @-@ drenched " and one of the best clips on the whole album adding that it looked more like a home movie than a music video which was " part of its immense appeal " . Rob Harvilla from Spin magazine described it as " the sweetest " video on the album . Chris Martins from the same publication wrote that the video is " all pretty huge and heartwarming " . Neil McCormick from The Daily Telegraph found " happy innocence " in the clip . Kory Grow from Rolling Stone noted that the clip was a " fun video for a likewise song " further saying that the hand choreography was Beyoncé 's version of a similar dance from the song " Y.M.C.A. " ( 1978 ) by Village People . Lindsay Zoladz from Pitchfork praised the appeal of the hand @-@ movement choreography from the video , predicting " There will be a supercut of people all over the world lip @-@ syncing and doing cute hand motions to ' XO ' " . Rachel Brodsky of MTV described the video as charmingly DIY @-@ styled and praised Beyoncé 's look and the dance choreography . Hardeep Phull from the New York Post commented that the video " captures the spirit of the song in a way that 's sweet if not exactly original " . Malene Arpe from Toronto Star described the video as a " happy @-@ party @-@ at @-@ the @-@ fair romp " . Jordan Sargent of Complex magazine wrote in his review of the video that it recalls and showcases " the joyous adrenaline rush " of falling in love . He described the tone as " appropriate " and different from the rest of the videos on the album and noted that its director used pink and blue colors in the scenes to capture the feel of " budding romance " . Tyler Hanan from the website Under the Gun Review wrote that the video has " all lights on blast and all ages included " and added that it was complete with " smiles , joy , and good @-@ natured silliness " . Melinda Newman from the website HitFix described Beyoncé 's look in the video as " sultry , slightly euphoric " and noted its main theme being about comparing love to a carnival . She concluded that the video for " XO " is " interesting ... almost as if we 're seeing her in some state of heightened reality enhanced by some mood @-@ altering substance-- or maybe that 's just what love does to Beyoncé . " Joe Lynch from Fuse commented that the shots of Beyoncé 's smiles , children dancing and roller coaster throughout the video made it " the most joyous music video of 2013 " . The same writer in another review said that the video shows Beyoncé " at her most flippant , casual best " . Michelle Collins from the Vanity Fair described the singer 's look as " young , carefree " further describing the video as " FOMO to the max " . However , Whitney Phaneuf of the website HitFix gave a mixed review , comparing the video to Mariah Carey 's " Fantasy " ( 1995 ) saying that the latter 's clip made " the roller coaster look better " . The video was nominated in the category for Best Video at the 2014 World Music Awards . = = Live performances = = Beyoncé performed " XO " live for the first time on December 13 , 2013 , during a concert in Chicago as part of her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . Prior to the performance she revealed that the song was written for her fans and added , " This is the first time , something I 'll never forget " . She then performed the song as a call and response with the crowd . Molly Wardlaw of Fuse described the performance as " glorious " and a " heavenly thing to behold " . Later , Beyoncé also performed the song during the remaining stops of the North American leg of the tour as a part of the encore dedicating it to her fans . While reviewing Beyoncé 's performance in Washington , Lavanya Ramanthatan of The Washington Post noted that " XO " was one of the " most thrilling songs " of the concert . Stacey Anderson from Rolling Stone wrote that the song " was delivered with visible emotion , and seemingly with a spontaneity absent from the rest of the precise operation " . " XO " was added to the set list and performed live during the second European leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour in 2014 from February to March . Graeme Virtue of The Guardian reviewed the performances of " XO " and " Halo " positively , saying that she managed to transform " [ the ] monumental songs ... into intimate miniatures through sheer force of will " while dancing and interacting with the crowd alone onstage . The song 's first televised performance was at the 2014 BRIT Awards on February 19 , 2014 , marking her first performance at the ceremony since the one held in 2004 . The performance was confirmed by James Corden on BBC Radio 2 several hours prior to the ceremony , following rumours that circulated for several weeks . Beyoncé appeared on stage wearing a shimmering , floor @-@ length sequin blue gown designed by Vrettos Vrettakos containing 140 @,@ 000 blue zircon crystals and big earrings . The singer performed in front of a simple set of flashing neon lights along with fireworks and lasers on a screen as well as smoke surrounding her dedicating the performance to her fans . Sam Lansky of Time magazine praised the simplicity of the performance as " classy and spare " and wrote that the singer " more than did it justice " with her " pretty much peerless " vocals . MTV News ' Emily Blake favorably reviewed the performance as more " subdued " in comparison with the other live shows by Beyoncé . Daily News ' Kirthana Ramisetti said that the singer managed to stun at the awards show with the impassioned performance only with the " power of her voice " . Vanity Fair writer Josh Duboff described the performance as " powerful and fairly straightforward , sedate even " . E ! Online 's Bruna Nessif wrote that the singer " absolutely stunned as she belted the sweet ballad , giving the audience a memorable show . There was no extra glitz or glamour ( not really necessary with a dress like that ) or backup dancers and crazy antics . The singer 's main focus were her powerhouse vocals " . Mark Savage of BBC News opined , " [ the ] unbilled , stripped @-@ back performance of XO was undoubtedly the night 's most flawless vocal " . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian described her as " clearly the star of the show " . However , Mark Sutherland of the Rolling Stone gave a mixed review about the performance saying it was " a bit ... dull " . At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards on August 25 , Beyoncé performed " XO " live during a medley consisting of songs from her self @-@ titled album . She performed the song dressed in a bejeweled bodysuit and dedicated it to her fans as the closing track of her performance , stating " This one is for my incredible fans . If it wasn 't for you , I wouldn 't be on this stage " . Nadeska Alexis from MTV News felt that the singer kept the audience " lifted " with the performance of the song . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Beyoncé . Song credits Video credits = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = = = = Cover versions = = The song was covered for the first time by the American band Haim on February 24 , 2014 during a Live Lounge at BBC Radio 1 . Their cover version featured vocals by Este Haim and was musically similar to the original version complete with a slow beat , synthesizer flourishes , guitar rift , drum @-@ kick and callback harmonies during the song 's chorus . The rendition was noted for containing elements of vintage soft rock and its stripped @-@ down sound was praised highlighting the melody and lyricism of the original " with sincerety " as stated by Whitney Phanuef from HitFix . Billboard writer Jason Lipshutz described their rendition as a " highly unique presentation " . Time magazine 's Melisa Locker described the cover as " stellar " and " unsurprisingly awesome " . Stereogum 's Chris DeVille hailed it as a " reverent take " noting that the band managed to " capture the grandeur " of the original by using less musical layers . Slate 's Aisha Harris commented that the vocals featured in the cover were not " quite so flawless " as in the original version but praised their version for being pleasant to listen to . Later , the song was added to the band 's set list as part of the encore during their tour in 2014 . They also performed it at the 2014 Glastonbury Festival with a writer from The Daily Telegraph describing their cover as " reflective " . On April 8 , 2014 , remix versions of " XO " and " Blow " by French musician Monsieur Adi premiered on Out 's official website along Beyoncé 's appearance on the cover of the magazine . The remix for " XO " was influenced by electro house music and it was noted for being transformed as a " club @-@ friendly power pop ballad " by the editors of the magazine . Complex magazine writer Lauren Nostro described the version as " fantastic " . The song was covered on the seventh season of the American The Voice by contestant Elyjuh Rene during the first episode which aired on September 22 , 2014 . = = = John Mayer version = = = On April 15 , 2014 , John Mayer covered " XO " during a concert in Adelaide , Australia . Three days prior to the performance , he used his Twitter account to praise the song , writing , " The best thing about Beyoncé ? The break in her voice on the first ' baby , love me lights out ' in XO . Real and raw . " One month later , on May 22 , he released a studio version of the song on his SoundCloud account . It was made available for digital download by Columbia Records on May 27 , 2014 through the iTunes Store . Mayer 's version is an acoustic stripped @-@ down rendition complete with guitar and accentuated by piano and harmonica . Kelcey Shipley from MTV News praised his version for its " simplicity " while Killian Young of Rolling Stone shortly described it as " sweet " . Spin 's Marc Hogan noted that " XO " was a " perfect song for him " and described it as " a person @-@ to @-@ person romantic exchange , transferred over to acoustic instruments but no less stadium @-@ sized – or pop – for it . " Lauren Nostro writing for Complex deemed Mayer 's live rendition of the song " impressive " before adding that the harmonica , " will tug at your heart strings almost as much as the original song " . For the week ending June 1 , 2014 , Mayer 's version debuted at number 90 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 13 on the US Hot Rock Songs chart , selling 46 @,@ 000 copies . On the Canadian Hot 100 , " XO " peaked at a position of 76 . The single also debuted and peaked at number 81 on the Australian Singles Chart on June 7 , 2014 . On June 28 , 2014 , " XO " peaked at number 95 on the Dutch Singles Chart and it fell off the following week . In the UK , it peaked at 115 on the UK Singles Chart on June 7 , 2014 .
= Too Much ( Spice Girls song ) = " Too Much " is a song by the British pop group Spice Girls . Written by the group members with Paul Wilson and Andy Watkins — the songwriters and production duo known as Absolute — at the same time as the group was filming scenes for their movie Spice World , it was produced by Wilson and Watkins for the group 's second album Spiceworld , released in November 1997 . " Too Much " is a pop ballad with influences of R & B. It features instrumentation from a guitar , brass and string instruments , and is structured using doo @-@ wop records as a template . The music video , directed by Howard Greenhalgh , features each Spice Girl in their own individual scene playing different characters , inspired by their own movie fantasies . The song received mixed reviews from music critics , with many of them criticising the R & B @-@ infused production . Released as the album 's second single in December 1997 , it topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks , becoming the group 's second consecutive Christmas number @-@ one single , and their sixth consecutive chart @-@ topper , which made them the first act to have its first six singles reach number one in the United Kingdom . It was moderately successful internationally , peaking inside the top twenty on the majority of the charts that it entered . Although in the United States " Too Much " did better than its predecessor , " Spice Up Your Life " ; peaking nine places higher on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming their fourth and final top ten single on the chart ; it failed to match the success of the group 's previous singles from the Spice album . = = Background = = In June 1997 , the group began filming scenes for their movie Spice World . At the same time , Virgin Records started the first marketing meetings for the Spiceworld album 's promotional campaign , set to be released in November . No songs had been written for the album at this point , so the group had to do all the song @-@ writing and recording at the same time as they were filming the movie . Between takes , and at the end of each filming day , the group usually went straight into a mobile recording studio set up in a Winnebago , which followed them between film sets . The schedule was physically arduous with logistical difficulties , as Melanie Brown commented in her autobiography : " doing the two full @-@ time jobs at the same time took its toll and within a couple on weeks , exhaustion set in . " = = Writing and recording = = The concept of " Too Much " was mainly penned by Geri Halliwell while the group was filming Spiceworld in a closed set besieged by fans and the media , in London 's Docklands . While Halliwell left the set , sitting in the backseat of a car , she started scribbling a few lines in a notebook about " love being blind and how words that appear deep may be meaningless " . The other members then helped to complete the song . Halliwell , inspired by a T @-@ shirt that said " What part of no don 't you understand ? " , wrote the song 's middle eight with Melanie Chisholm at Paul Wilson and Andy Watkins ' — the songwriters and production duo known as Absolute — studio in Richmond , London . Wilson commented about the song : Geri came in and sang : ' Too much of something / Da @-@ da @-@ da @-@ da @-@ da ... Right . OK . You got that ? ' We started working on it and we wanted to do some sort of doo @-@ wop vocal thing . So we constructed this backing track and then more of the girls started to come in — this was quite a good day — and gradually they started to add on their little bits . Absolute structured the song using doo @-@ wop records as a template . The format was for Emma Bunton to sing the high part , Melanie Brown , Victoria Beckham , and Halliwell singing the lower and middle parts , and Chisholm adding the ad @-@ libs . The song was recorded in a caravan in the middle of mayhem . Wilson and Watkins doggedly worked on it with whichever of the group 's members were available from the filming set at any given point . A considerable amount of production work was required afterward before the track reached its final form . = = Composition = = " Too Much " is a pop ballad , with influences of R & B music and doo @-@ wop sounds . It is written in the key of F ♯ minor , with a time signature set in compound quadruple meter , commonly used in doo @-@ wop , and moves at a slow tempo of 80 beats per minute . The song is constructed in a verse @-@ chorus form , with a bridge before the third chorus , and its instrumentation comes from a guitar , brass and string instruments . It starts with an instrumental introduction , with a chord progression of A – Faug – Dmaj7 – G7 that is also used during the first part of the verses and the chorus . Brown and Bunton sing the first lines of the first verse ; the progression then changes to Bm7 – E – Dmaj7 – C ♯ 7 during the last part of the verse , which is sung by Chisholm . After the chorus , the same pattern occurs leading to the second chorus , with Halliwell , Beckham , and Chisholm singing the second verse . The progression changes to Bm7 – C ♯ m7 – Gmaj9 – F ♯ 7 ( ♯ 9 ) as Chisholm sings the bridge , while the rest of the group adds the high harmony . The group sing the chorus twice , and repeats the ad @-@ lib as the song fades out . The album version , which is forty seconds longer than the radio edit , features an instrumental section at the end of the track . = = Release = = " Too Much " was released in the United Kingdom on 15 December 1997 , in two single versions . The first , released on cassette and in a standard CD single format , included an exclusive PlayStation postcard from the group 's upcoming video game Spice World . The track listing contained the radio edit of the track , a Soulshock & Karlin remix , and the B @-@ side " Outer Space Girls " — written by the group with Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard . The second version , released on a standard CD single , contained the radio edit , an orchestral version , and " Walk of Life " , a different B @-@ side , written by the group with Absolute . The images on the single 's cover were taken from a photoshoot the group did for the October 1997 issue of Elle magazine . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = " Too Much " received mixed reviews from critics . Sylvia Patterson of the NME characterised the song as a " lavish , harmonised spree of New Orleans loveliness with strings and Spanish guitar " , adding that it is " the absolute tops ! " . Ian Hyland of The Daily Mirror enjoyed the track , but felt that Chisholm sounded " daft " , and added that she needs to " calm down on the scouse front " . David Browne of Entertainment Weekly called it a " sultry slow jam " , while The Miami Herald described it as a " silky pop ode " , and called it " irresistible " . The Virginian @-@ Pilot said that the strings on the song are " classic soul with a 90s tweak " . Larry Flick of Billboard magazine praised the song , describing it as a " swishy classic @-@ pop ballad that tickles the ear with tasty doo @-@ wop flavors " , and added that the arrangement and the group 's harmonies " work extremely well together " . Sputnikmusic 's Amanda Murray also complimented the track , calling it a " genuinely great song " . Murray also felt that the group 's voices had improved so that they could " pull off more difficult passages with at least an iota of conviction " . Some reviewers criticised the R & B @-@ infused production . In a review of Spiceworld , the Contra Costa Times said that the album 's ballads such as " Too Much " and " Viva Forever " are " both treacly and deadly dull " . Conversely , Gina Arnold of Salon.com said that the ballads are " blander but still appealing " . South Florida Sun @-@ Sentinel 's Sean Picolli said that the song is " a sincere stab at instructional R & B " . Richard Harrington of The Washington Post described it as a " lugubrious ballad " , while Scott Schinder of Newsday said that " the contempo @-@ R & B schmaltz of ' Too Much ' [ ... ] mires the group in middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road mediocrity " . J.D. Considine of The Baltimore Sun was not convinced by the song 's " attempts at deep emotional expression " , and Anthony Violenti of The Buffalo News said that it is " supposed to be a heart tugging ballad that may even make the Spice Girls fan base of 10 @-@ year olds overdose on sugar " . = = = Chart performance = = = " Too Much " was released in the UK in December 1997 . It debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart , becoming the Spice Girls ' second consecutive Christmas number @-@ one single . It made the group the first act to reach number one with their first six singles , and the first to debut at the top of the chart five times in a row . It stayed at number one for two weeks , remaining inside the top forty for seven weeks and the top seventy @-@ five for fifteen weeks , and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) in December 1997 . " Too Much " was moderately successful in Europe . It reached number three on the Eurochart Hot 100 , peaked inside the top ten in Denmark , Finland , Ireland , and Spain , and inside the top twenty in Austria , Belgium ( both the Flemish and French charts ) , France , Italy , the Netherlands , Sweden , and Switzerland . The song was also a moderate success in Oceania . In New Zealand , it debuted on 21 December 1997 at number twenty , peaked at number nine for two weeks , and stayed on the chart for twelve weeks . In Australia , it debuted on the ARIA Charts at number twenty @-@ nine , peaking at number nine in its sixth week . It remained on the chart for fifteen weeks , and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . In the US , " Too Much " did better than its predecessor , " Spice Up Your Life " , but was not as successful as Spice 's singles had been . It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 February 1998 , at number twenty @-@ two , selling 30 @,@ 000 copies . The next week , " Too Much " peaked at number nine , becoming the group 's fourth and final top ten hit . It peaked at thirty @-@ six on the Hot 100 Airplay , at eleven on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart , and sold 600 @,@ 000 copies by January 1999 . It had moderate success in other formats , peaking at twenty @-@ one on the Mainstream Top 40 , and at twenty @-@ three on the Rhythmic Top 40 and the Adult Contemporary chart . " Too Much " peaked at nine on the Canadian Singles Chart . = = Music video = = The music video was filmed and directed by Howard Greenhalgh on 10 November 1997 in a studio located in London . The video features each Spice Girl in their own individual scene , inspired by their own movie fantasies . Melanie Brown is shown singing on top of a tank strapped with ammunition in an industrial post @-@ apocalyptic war scene in a segment based on the film Mad Max . Emma Bunton is shown in a bedroom dressed in white pyjamas while objects float around her on their own ; her scene is based on Poltergeist . Melanie Chisholm is shown in a Chinatown , dressed in a red cheongsam and black pants with her hair in a long ponytail with red streaks ; her scene is based upon Year of the Dragon . Geri Halliwell is featured in a black @-@ and @-@ white scene based on Rita Hayworth 's performance in Gilda . She is shown performing on a smoky stage in a long , white sequined gown with a group of sailors dancing around her . Victoria Beckham is shown in a missile silo next to a smoking rocket , clad in a black catsuit and with a long ponytail ; she is portraying Catwoman from Batman Returns . The " Too Much " music video premiered on 2 December 1997 , on the American television network UPN , in a special titled " Too Much Is Never Enough " . Two versions of the music video exist : the original one , and a version that include scenes from the group 's 1997 film Spice World ; the latter was included on the DVD release of their greatest hits album . = = Live performances = = The song was performed many times on television , including An Audience with ... , Top of the Pops , and the 1997 Royal Variety Performance . The group also performed it at the 1997 Smash Hits ! Awards , and at the 25th Annual American Music Awards . The Spice Girls debut film , Spice World , features " Too Much " . During the opening credits , the group performs " Too Much " on Top of the Pops , surrounded by media and photographers from various television programmes and magazines . Also present are hundreds of fans . When the performance is complete , the audience applauds and cheers the girls , and the film progresses into the first official scene . In October 1997 , the group performed it as the tenth song of their first live concert at the Abdi Ipekçi Arena in Istanbul , Turkey . The performance was broadcast on Showtime in a pay @-@ per @-@ view event titled Spice Girls In Concert Wild ! However , the VHS and DVD release of the concert , Girl Power ! Live in Istanbul , does not include the " Too Much " performance . The group have performed the song on their three tours , the Spiceworld Tour , the Christmas in Spiceworld Tour , and the Return of the Spice Girls . It remained in the group 's live set after Halliwell 's departure at the end of the European leg of the Spiceworld Tour ; her parts were taken by Bunton . The performance at the tour 's final concert can be found on the video : Spice Girls Live at Wembley Stadium , filmed in London , on 20 September 1998 . During the Return of the Spice Girls tour , the group dressed in tuxedos and performed an up @-@ tempo jazzy version of the song , while doing a striptease behind neon pink @-@ coloured , heart @-@ shaped doors . = = Formats and track listings = = These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of " Too Much " : = = Credits and personnel = = Published by Windswept Pacific Music Ltd / 19 Music / BMG Music Publishing Ltd . = = Charts = =
= I 'd Have You Anytime = " I 'd Have You Anytime " is a song written by George Harrison and Bob Dylan , released in 1970 as the opening track of Harrison 's first post @-@ Beatles solo album , All Things Must Pass . As such , it was the first solo song many people heard Harrison sing . The pair wrote the song at Dylan 's home in Bearsville , near Woodstock in upstate New York , in November 1968 . Its creation occurred during a period when Harrison had outgrown his role in the Beatles and Dylan had withdrawn from the pressures of fame to raise a family . " I 'd Have You Anytime " is recognised as a statement of friendship between the two musicians , whose meetings from 1964 onwards resulted in changes in musical direction for both Dylan and the Beatles . The song reflects the environment in which it was written , as Harrison 's verses urge the shy and elusive Dylan to let down his guard , and the Dylan @-@ composed choruses respond with a message of welcome . As a gentle ballad , " I 'd Have You Anytime " went against pop @-@ music convention of the time for an album opener . The recording was co @-@ produced by Phil Spector in London and features a much @-@ admired lead guitar part by Eric Clapton . With the strong public association that existed between Harrison and Dylan by 1970 , some music critics remarked on the American singer 's presence on All Things Must Pass , even though he did not contribute to the album . Harrison and Dylan went on to enjoy further collaborations after writing the song , culminating in their recording together as members of the Traveling Wilburys in 1988 – 90 . An alternate take of " I 'd Have You Anytime " , recorded during the All Things Must Pass sessions , appears on the 2012 Harrison compilation Early Takes : Volume 1 . Harrison and Dylan 's demo of the song circulates on bootleg compilations , but it has never received an official release . Ralfi Pagán and Evan Rachel Wood are among the artists who have covered " I 'd Have You Anytime " . = = Background = = Bob Dylan first met the Beatles in New York City in August 1964 , at the height of the band 's fame . The meeting was arranged by New York journalist Al Aronowitz , who later remarked on the significance of this introduction : " Hasn 't the whole world benefited ? ... The Beatles ' magic was in their sound . Bob 's magic was in his words . After they met , the Beatles ' words got grittier , and Bob invented folk @-@ rock . " Author Gary Tillery has written of the connection established between Dylan and George Harrison : " Dylan was particularly keen on meeting [ John ] Lennon , the writer @-@ artist @-@ intellectual of the group , but the deepest and longest @-@ lasting bond begun that night was with George Harrison . Their two reclusive personalities meshed ... " The connection developed in May 1966 , when Harrison , Lennon and Paul McCartney visited Dylan in his London hotel , midway through his controversial world tour with backing band the Hawks . According to musicologist Ian MacDonald , Dylan 's relationship with Lennon was a testy , competitive one at times , and Dylan was " cooler " towards McCartney , whose best @-@ known songs he regarded as " sell @-@ outs to soft pop " ; but in producer Bob Johnston 's estimation , Lennon , Harrison and McCartney entered the hotel suite as members of the Beatles and departed as three distinct individuals , such was Dylan 's philosophical influence on fellow songwriters at the time . Following his creative peak in mid 1966 with the Blonde on Blonde double album , Dylan retired to Bearsville , New York , accompanied by the Hawks ( soon to become the Band ) , in order to recuperate from a motorcycle crash and raise a family with his wife , Sara Lownds . Little was heard from him throughout 1967 – 68 , a situation that added to his mystique as music critics and fans awaited his return . While Dylan was dismissive of the Beatles ' landmark album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1967 ) , Harrison remained an avowed fan of Dylan 's work – Blonde on Blonde being the only Western music that Harrison took with him to India in February 1968 . Following the sessions for the Beatles ' White Album , Harrison worked in Los Angeles for much of October and November 1968 , producing the debut solo album by Jackie Lomax , one of the first signings to the Beatles ' Apple record label . Harrison and his wife , Pattie Boyd , then spent Thanksgiving with the Dylans while staying in the Catskills as guests of manager Albert Grossman . Despite Dylan 's excitement at their arrival , Harrison found him withdrawn and seemingly lacking in confidence . Music journalist John Harris notes that , unlike in their previous meetings , " there were no hangers @-@ on [ this time ] , Dylan 's head was clear , and the protective barriers of cool could come down – which , eventually , they did . " On the third day , Harrison recalls in his 1980 autobiography , I , Me , Mine , " we got the guitars out and then things loosened up " . = = Composition = = The year 1968 marked the start of what Dylan himself later termed his " amnesia " , referring to a form of writer 's block he experienced post @-@ John Wesley Harding ( 1967 ) , when painting had replaced songwriting as his preferred creative outlet . Well known for his unsophisticated musical approach , particularly in comparison to Harrison 's broader " harmonic palette " , author Simon Leng suggests , Dylan was now eager to learn some more @-@ advanced chords . Harrison began demonstrating various major seventh , diminished and augmented chord shapes – " all these funny chords people showed me when I was a kid " , as he later put it . While playing a G major 7 chord and taking the shape up the guitar neck to B ♭ major 7 , Harrison realised , " Ah , this sounds like a tune here ... " Keen to break down the barriers that Dylan had imposed , Harrison came up with the song 's opening lines : Let me in here I know I 've been here Let me into your heart … At the same time , he was pushing Dylan to come up with some words of his own . Dylan duly supplied a rejoinder , in the form of the song 's bridge @-@ chorus : All I have is yours All you see is mine And I 'm glad to hold you in my arms I 'd have you anytime . " Beautiful ! – and that was that " , Harrison concludes in I , Me , Mine . He subsequently finished the composition alone . The lyrics reflect an approach regarding demonstrating love for his close friends that Harrison 's widow Olivia has described as " very unabashed , quite romantic in a sense " , as well as a view expressed by Tom Petty , a fellow Traveling Wilbury with Harrison and Dylan in 1988 – 90 , that Harrison was able to probe the notoriously elusive Dylan in a way that few others could . Author Ian Inglis views " I 'd Have You Anytime " as working as a straightforward love song , with Harrison 's " Let me into your heart " serving as " not a desperate plea but a reassuring conversation " , and Dylan 's " All I have is yours / All you see is mine " providing the same " element of reciprocity that distinguished the declaration of love " in Harrison 's song " Something " . = = Aftermath to Thanksgiving 1968 = = In his Harrison biography , Here Comes the Sun , Joshua Greene notes the effect that this time with Dylan and the Band had on Harrison , with regard to his growing dissatisfaction as a Beatle . " Like Dylan , George was beginning to see that his next step needed to be away from everything he had done up to that moment " , Greene writes . " Watching Dylan over Thanksgiving ... showed George how happy someone could be following his own direction and making his own rules . " In his essay for Mojo magazine covering Harrison 's 1970 solo release , All Things Must Pass , John Harris identifies this time in Woodstock as the beginning of Harrison 's " journey " to making the album . Harrison and Dylan wrote at least one other song together during Thanksgiving 1968 : " When Everybody Comes to Town " , subsequently renamed " Nowhere to Go " . Dylan also showed Harrison " I Don 't Want to Do It " , which , like " Nowhere to Go " , Harrison would later consider for inclusion on All Things Must Pass but discard . As for Dylan 's future output , songs such as " I Threw It All Away " on Nashville Skyline ( 1969 ) showed a more complex musical structure than before , a departure from his usual three @-@ chord compositions . The next meet @-@ up between Harrison and Dylan occurred in August 1969 , when the latter was in England to appear at the Isle of Wight Festival with the Band . Harrison wrote " Behind That Locked Door " at that time – a song that Harris describes as " a sweet acknowledgement of Dylan 's shyness " . In its review of the Beatles ' Abbey Road album ( 1969 ) , Time magazine highlighted " Something " as the best track and identified Harrison 's time with Dylan as having " helped him achieve a new confidence in his own musical personality " beside the traditionally more dominant Lennon and McCartney . During the same period , according to engineer and producer Glyn Johns ' recollection in his book Sound Man ( 2014 ) , Dylan expressed an interest in recording an album with the Beatles and the Rolling Stones . Harrison and Keith Richards were enamoured with the idea , Johns continues , but McCartney and Mick Jagger " both said absolutely not " . = = Recording = = Simon Leng describes Harrison 's various musical activities outside the Beatles during 1968 – 70 as a " three @-@ year busman 's holiday " , which came to an end once McCartney announced his departure from the band on 9 April 1970 . Before beginning work on All Things Must Pass with co @-@ producer Phil Spector , Harrison attended a session for Dylan 's New Morning album in New York City , on 1 May . With backing from Charlie Daniels and Russ Kunkel , Dylan and Harrison recorded a version of " If Not for You " , a new song of Dylan 's that Harrison subsequently covered on All Things Must Pass , and two tracks that appear on New Morning : " Went to See the Gypsy " and " Day of the Locusts " . Although it was not a song they played at Columbia 's Studio B that day , Harrison and Dylan recorded a demo of " I 'd Have You Anytime " during a jam session held at Dylan 's Greenwich Village townhouse on 30 April , with Kunkel accompanying them on bongos . The song was one of many tracks that Harrison had already shortlisted for his own album , recording for which began at London 's Abbey Road Studios in late May . The released recording of " I 'd Have You Anytime " features a sparse musical arrangement , in what Leng terms the " minimalist " tradition of Dylan and the Band , similar to the treatment given to " Behind That Locked Door " , " Run of the Mill " and " If Not for You " . Harrison played acoustic guitar on the song , while Eric Clapton contributed an electric guitar part that author Bruce Spizer describes as " exquisite " . Leng views Clapton 's solos as " all but mimicking " Harrison 's playing on the Beatles ' " Something " . As with several of the tracks on All Things Must Pass , the remaining musician credits have traditionally been the subject of some conjecture . After consulting German musician Klaus Voormann and orchestral arranger John Barham , Leng credits the rhythm section on " I 'd Have You Anytime " as being Voormann ( on bass ) and Alan White ( drums ) . According to Spizer also , the overdubbed vibraphone ( often referred to as a xylophone ) was played by either White or Barham , who had first collaborated with Harrison on the latter 's Wonderwall Music film soundtrack ( 1968 ) . While Leng and Spizer credit Barham with a string arrangement on " I 'd Have You Anytime " , American musician Bobby Whitlock writes in his 2010 autobiography that the sound was a harmonium , which he himself often played during sessions for the album . In Whitlock 's recollection , the personnel supporting Harrison on the recording were the future line @-@ up for Derek and the Dominos : Clapton , Carl Radle on bass , Jim Gordon on drums , and Whitlock on harmonium . = = Release and reception = = Defying pop convention – as the Band 's Music from Big Pink had in July 1968 , by opening with the funereal " Tears of Rage " – Harrison selected the slow , gentle " I 'd Have You Anytime " as track 1 on All Things Must Pass , which was released on Apple Records in late November 1970 . He later attributed the message behind its opening line , " Let me in here " , as his motivation for placing the song first in the running order , along with the confidence engendered by Dylan and Clapton 's involvement . From mid 1970 , the association between Harrison and Dylan had created much speculation in the music press , their New York session on 1 May having been hyped up as a " monster " recording marathon in the months since . Critics were still awaiting Dylan 's return to artistic eminence after two albums , Nashville Skyline and the recent Self Portrait , that had caused confusion in rock @-@ music circles . Dylan 's influence on All Things Must Pass was detectable " at a number of levels " , Ian Inglis writes ; in their 1975 book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , Roy Carr and Tony Tyler described Dylan as a " phantom presence " on Harrison 's album , while author Robert Rodriguez labels him an " unmistakable specter " . On release , with regards to " I 'd Have You Anytime " , Rolling Stone 's Ben Gerson opined that " the two together don 't come up with much " . More impressed , Alan Smith of the NME described the song as " wistful and touching " . In his 1977 book The Beatles Forever , Nicholas Schaffner also wrote of Dylan 's presence being " strongly felt … in spirit if not in person " . Schaffner viewed the " Dylanesque numbers " as " somewhat overshadowed " by those with the obvious Spector Wall of Sound production qualities , but identified songs such as " I 'd Have You Anytime " , " If Not for You " and " Behind That Locked Door " as being " far more intimate , both musically and lyrically , than the rest of the album " . In subsequent decades , following their work together in the Traveling Wilburys , the Harrison – Dylan connection has attracted less scrutiny . Writing in Rolling Stone in 2002 , Mikal Gilmore described " I 'd Have You Anytime " and " If Not for You " as " surprisingly beautiful " , while Richie Unterberger of AllMusic lists " I 'd Have You Anytime " as one of five " track picks " on an album where " nearly every song is excellent " . Writing for the music website Something Else ! , Nick DeRiso rates " I 'd Have You Anytime " among the highlights of Harrison 's solo career on Apple Records . DeRiso describes the track as " [ e ] very bit as moving as Abbey Road triumphs like ' Something ' " and " a gutsy opening song for such an enormous undertaking " . In The Rough Guide to the Beatles , Chris Ingham opines : " Yet for all the impact of the sonic scale [ of All Things Must Pass ] , it 's perhaps the quieter moments that endure . The beautiful I 'd Have You Anytime is Harrison at his most harmonically luxurious … the song has George showing [ Dylan ] his posh major sevenths and Bob responding with the forthright middle eight . " Among Beatles and Harrison biographers , Rodriguez considers the song to be an " exquisite " opening track , while Chip Madinger and Mark Easter rate it " A low @-@ key opener for such a behemoth of an album , but an effective one " . Bruce Spizer describes it as " a beautiful ballad " that " [ hints ] at greater things to come " . Elliot Huntley similarly views " I 'd Have You Anytime " as the " perfect choice " for the first song , and praises the " drifting quality " of Harrison 's vocals on this " haunting , dream @-@ like lullaby " , as well as Clapton 's " tastefully beautiful " lead guitar . Simon Leng considers the track to be " Beautifully sung " and " evidence that ' Something ' was no fluke " . = = Alternative version = = The Harrison – Dylan demo of " I 'd Have You Anytime " has never received an official release , although from the late 1970s , it began circulating among collectors on bootleg compilations , which stated an incorrect recording date of 1 May 1970 . According to Dylan chronicler Olof Björner and Eight Arms to Hold You authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , Harrison and Dylan may have recorded the demos for this song and " Nowhere to Go " in Bearsville , during the original composing session in 1968 . Both songs appear on bootlegs such as The Dylan Harrison Sessions and The Beatles – 20 x 4 . In November 2011 , in its deluxe edition format , the British DVD release of Martin Scorsese 's documentary George Harrison : Living in the Material World contained a CD that included an alternate take of " I 'd Have You Anytime " . Harrison archive producer Giles Martin describes it as " very organic ... a very fragile version of the song " . The CD was released internationally in May 2012 as Early Takes : Volume 1 . = = Cover versions = = Since his death in November 2001 , " I 'd Have You Anytime " has appeared on Harrison tribute albums such as He Was Fab ( 2003 ) , on which Champale contribute a " low @-@ key , near @-@ epic version " of the song , according to AllMusic 's Tom Sendra , and Suburban Skies ' George ( 2008 ) . Other artists who have covered the song include Latin soul and salsa singer Ralfi Pagán , whose version later appeared on the multi @-@ artist compilation A Salsa Tribute to the Beatles in 2007 , and Fabulous Connections with Kate Vereau , who recorded " I 'd Have You Anytime " and Harrison 's " Learning How to Love You " for their 2003 album Into Midnight . Actor and singer Evan Rachel Wood contributed a cover of " I 'd Have You Anytime " to the 4 @-@ CD compilation Chimes of Freedom : The Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International in 2012 . Wood filmed a video clip for the song in February that year , as a tribute to Harrison on what would have been his 69th birthday . = = Personnel = = The musicians who performed on " I 'd Have You Anytime " are believed to be as follows : George Harrison – vocals , acoustic guitars , backing vocals Eric Clapton – electric guitar Klaus Voormann – bass Alan White – drums uncredited – harmonium uncredited – vibraphone John Barham – orchestral arrangement
= Ralph Townsend = Ralph Townsend ( 27 November 1900 – 25 January 1976 ) was an American author , consul and political activist noted for his opposition to the entry of the United States into World War II . Townsend was born in North Carolina and educated in New York . He served in the foreign service as a consul stationed in Canada and China from 1931 to 1933 . Shortly after returning to the United States he came to prominence through his book Ways That Are Dark : The Truth About China , a harsh critique of Chinese culture which became a widely controversial bestseller . Townsend became a prominent advocate of non @-@ interventionism , and in the 1930s and 1940s was well known for his vocal opposition to the Roosevelt administration 's foreign policy from a pro @-@ Japanese and pro @-@ neutrality point of view . Following the US entry into World War II Townsend was arrested for acting as a Japanese agent without registering under the Foreign Agents Registration Act . He pleaded guilty , admitting that he had accepted payments before the war from a propaganda organization funded by the Japanese government , but denying that he was a Japanese agent . He received a prison sentence and while serving was involved in the Great Sedition Trial . After the war Townsend moved to Fairfax , Virginia , where he died on 25 January 1976 . His writings continue to be influential in far @-@ right circles . = = Early life , 1900 – 33 = = Ralph Townsend was born on 27 November 1900 in Raynham , North Carolina to " one of Robeson county 's oldest and most prominent families . " After graduating from Mount Hermon Preparatory School in Massachusetts , he attended Columbia University in New York City and in 1924 received his degree from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism . He worked as a journalist in San Francisco for several years before returning to New York where he taught English at Columbia University from 1927 to 1930 . On 11 November 1930 he passed the foreign service test and was posted to Montreal , Canada , as vice @-@ consul on 20 December 1930 . His second assignment was to Shanghai , where he officially served as vice @-@ consul between 10 December 1931 and 9 January 1932 , though a two @-@ month temporary detail kept him in the city long enough to witness the Shanghai Incident firsthand . After that he was stationed in Fuzhou up to his resignation from the service on 1 March 1933 . = = Writing on Asian affairs , 1933 – 37 = = Townsend 's experiences in China formed the basis of his first book Ways That Are Dark : The Truth About China , the release of which on 10 November 1933 put Townsend in the spotlight both nationally and internationally . Billed as doing " for China what Katherine Mayo did for Mother India " , Townsend 's book included a controversial critique of Chinese society and culture . At a time when China was in the grip civil strife , Townsend believed that the source of its problems lay in fundamental defects in the ethics of its people , including above all their propensity for dishonesty , lack of fixed loyalties outside of their family group , and inability to cooperate effectively with one another , as well as their greed , physical cowardice , and lack of critical thinking skills . He concludes that the " outstanding characteristics " of the Chinese people " neither enable other peoples to deal satisfactorily with them , nor enable the Chinese to deal satisfactorily with themselves " and predicts no end to chaotic conditions within the country . He also favorably contrasts what he considers Japan 's sensible policies toward China with the naively " sentimentalist " ones adopted by the United States . Ways That Are Dark became a bestseller and attracted vociferous reactions from both critics and supporters . Writing for Current History , E. Francis Brown praised the book as " a welcome antidote to much that has been written in recent years and some of its conclusions might be well pondered by those who shape America 's Far Eastern Policy , " but by contrast the prominent sinologist Owen Lattimore denounced the work as " a general indictment of a whole race " which lacked insight , relied on second @-@ hand accounts , and would " only convince people who are convinced already . " The book itself was entangled in the political turmoil it discussed , being banned by the government of China but distributed free of charge by the government of Japan . The Robesonian , a newspaper of Townsend 's native county , reported in February 1934 that he had " aroused more glowing praise and bitter abuse for his lectures and written comments on China than any other recent speaker and writer on Far East affairs . " Townsend moved from New York back to San Francisco in 1934 where he continued to write and give lectures on Asian issues as well as teaching classes at Stanford University and advertising for the San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation . Until 1941 he resided in a number of Californian cities near San Francisco . In 1936 , Townsend published his second book , Asia Answers , in which he heaps praise on what he deems to be Japan 's thriving political , economic , and cultural model and its growing and positive influence in Asia . He attributes anti @-@ Japanese sentiment in the United States to pro @-@ communist " liberals " , above all the sensationalist newspaper editors and journalists who , he believes , despise Japan due to its status as the leading capitalist nation in Asia . He condemns liberals for having already wrecked the US economy , warns of a possible communist takeover of the United States , and ends by advocating that America resist anti @-@ Japanese warmongering and adopt a foreign policy of neutrality towards Asia . Townsend predicted that Asia Answers might have a frosty reception from reviewers because of what he alleged to be the pro @-@ Soviet biases of the media , and indeed , the book received negative coverage in The China Weekly Review , The Times Literary Supplement , The Times of India , and The Living Age , the last of which deemed Asia Answers a work " suspiciously similar to press releases by the Tokyo Foreign Office " which would appeal to " none except avowed Fascists " . Among the book 's detractors was also Pearl S. Buck who described it as " so fraught with the prejudices and personality of the writer that it is impossible to criticize any of it without involving the author 's whole scheme . " On the other hand , the book was received more positively in Japan and in Manchukuo , where Sadatomo Koyama , a leader in the Manchuria Youth League , declared that " [ Townsend 's ] understanding of China is impeccable " and strongly promoted the work . In 1937 Townsend made a trip to Japan coinciding with the release of the book 's Japanese translation . = = Advocate of non @-@ interventionism , 1937 – 41 = = After returning from Japan , Townsend , who described himself as a " conservative " , was highly active in writing articles , delivering lectures , and making radio broadcasts in support of the movement to keep the United States out of the conflicts in Asia and Europe . In explaining the reason for his participation in the pro @-@ neutrality movement , Townsend stated that while serving as a consul abroad he had " learned enough of the rottenness of international politics ... to wish to do my part of peace for this country . " Claiming that publishers would no longer accept anti @-@ interventionist books , Townsend began self @-@ publishing pamphlets . Between 1938 and 1940 he wrote a series of pamphlets which were extremely popular and widely circulated among anti @-@ interventionists . Two of them , The High Cost of Hate and America Has No Enemies In Asia , had a circulation of at least 60 @,@ 000 copies , while another , There Is No Halfway Neutrality printed 30 @,@ 000 copies . The last pamphlet in the series , Seeking Foreign Trouble , attracted the attention of the German embassy in Washington DC which bought and distributed more than 500 copies of it . In his pamphlets , Townsend speaks out against boycotting products from Japan , noting that America does considerably more trade with Japan than China and arguing that peaceful trade with Japan and Nazi Germany would serve the interests of American workers and consumers . He blames " red elements " within China for starting the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War , but praises Japan for the " humane " manner in which its armed forces have behaved in China , believing that it is only the Soviet Union and " a powerful minority " of pro @-@ communist Americans who are conspiring to push America to war with Japan . Townsend predicts that if the Chinese won their war with Japan , the result would be a communist takeover of China , but he dismisses the idea that Japan might launch an attack on the United States as " simply too idiotic to discuss . " On Europe he avers similarly that German conduct is largely a defensive reaction to British and French attempts to " obliterate the Germans as an entity " . Townsend became an active member of America First after its formation in 1940 , and was invited to speak at America First meetings on at least two occasions . Townsend , however , would appear as a private citizen when he came before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on 8 February 1941 in opposition to the Lend @-@ Lease Act . In a widely publicized testimony , Townsend condemned the legislation as tantamount to " a war bill " that would " assign dictatorial powers to the President " and would " make America the unmistakable aggressor against nations which have not sought objectively to molest us . " Townsend 's defense of Germany and Japan led him to be labelled as an " agent " and a " propagandist " by his opponents , charges which Townsend denied . His activism brought him to the attention of George Teeple Eggleston , editor of Scribner 's Commentator , an anti @-@ interventionist magazine based in Lake Geneva , Wisconsin , and in June 1941 Townsend accepted an offer to move to Lake Geneva to serve as a contributor to the magazine . Shortly after Townsend became an assistant editor of The Herald , a virulently anti @-@ Semitic weekly newspaper which the owners of Scribner 's Commentator launched that August . = = Arrest and imprisonment , 1941 – 44 = = Townsend 's first run @-@ in with the law occurred on 25 November 1941 when federal prosecutors investigating German @-@ funded propaganda in the United States sought him to answer questions before a grand jury about Scribner 's Commentator . When he could not be found at his home in Lake Geneva a nationwide manhunt was launched , but three weeks later Townsend came forward willingly , claiming he had simply been on vacation in the southern United States and hadn 't known he was wanted by the government . On 15 December he stated that he had no knowledge about how Scribner 's Commentator was financed , but had strong confidence in the magazine 's owners who he knew to be " good Americans . " He added that although he had worked to prevent the outbreak of a conflict , he was now fully supportive of the US war effort . It emerged later that Nazi German agents had been surreptitiously bankrolling the magazine . On 28 January 1942 , FBI agents arrived at Townsend 's home and arrested him for having acted as a Japanese agent without registering under the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 . A federal investigation into Japanese propaganda which had begun in November 1941 discovered that Townsend had received payments from the Japanese Committee on Trade and Information , a Japanese propaganda organization which had existed between 1937 and 1940 . Though Townsend denied being a paid Japanese agent and claimed to be a victim of political persecution , he did admit to having accepting money from the Committee , stating that it was merely a payment in exchange for the bulk sale of his pamphlets . Even so , Townsend opted to plead guilty on 27 March and argued for a lenient sentence on the grounds that he was not aware that his acts were illegal . Townsend also solicited the support of anti @-@ interventionist politicians and he was sent favorable character references by both former Senator Rush D. Holt and his longtime friend Senator Gerald Nye , the latter of whom described Townsend as " a loyal and patriotic American citizen " . The presiding justice T. Alan Goldsborough was , however , unmoved , and deeming his crimes " repulsive , obscene and macabre " , Townsend was sentenced on 12 June to between 8 and 24 months in prison and was incarcerated in Washington DC . = = = Defendant in the Great Sedition Trial = = = Townsend became a defendant during his prison term in what would become known as the " Great Sedition Trial " . The trial arose from Roosevelt 's conviction , against advice from his Attorney @-@ General Francis Biddle , that the most vocal in defending Nazi Germany be tried for subversion . On 23 July 1942 Townsend and 27 other Americans were charged under the Smith Act and the Espionage Act with having participated in a German @-@ backed conspiracy to publish seditious literature seeking to undermine the morale of members of the United States military . The indictment cited the following statement of Townsend 's , which he had written in 1941 prior to US entry into the war , as proof that he had committed sedition : With a fifth of the earth 's people kept under their rule by force , [ the British ] bleat of fighting to liberate subject populations . Fighting now for the triumph of the bloodiest dictatorship ever known – Soviet Russia – they microphone to listening Americans their pious horror of dictatorships . Townsend was arraigned on 20 August , but strongly questioned the view that his writings were subversive as well as the legal foundations of the charges . Along with the other defendants , Townsend was as before strongly defended by senators with anti @-@ interventionist sympathies , including Gerald Nye who said the defendants were no more guilty of sedition than he had been for speaking out against intervening in the war . In fact there were from the beginning many concerns even within the US government about the validity of the proceedings and their constitutionality as no clear evidence had yet been uncovered to demonstrate that the defendants were in collusion with Nazi Germany or with each other . These problems lead to repeated delays in the formal opening of the trial and the indictment had to be laid down a second time on 4 January 1943 after the first had expired . More delays arose , however , and when the indictment was laid down for a third time on 3 January 1944 , Townsend 's name had been dropped from the list . Although Francis Biddle initially said that Townsend would still be subject to prosecution in the future , in the end no further actions were taken . By then Townsend had was bankrupted by legal costs and was deserted by most of his friends . Biddle himself later called the sedition case " a dreary farce " . At the time The Washington Post reported that before the war Townsend had accepted money from an individual connected to German agents in in return for circulating anti @-@ British pamphlets . Despite all this Townsend still insisted that , " I was never anybody 's foreign agent . All I published was independently written and 100 per cent American " , a stance which he maintained for the remainder of his life . = = Post @-@ war life , 1945 – 76 = = In the early @-@ 1950s Townsend moved to Fairfax , Virginia and by the time of his death was considered a " prominent resident " . He helped organize the Fairfax Chamber of Commerce , of which he was the executive director , and in this capacity played a leading role in lobbying the CIA to locate its headquarters in Virginia . He also worked in advance of conservation . In 1967 he appeared before the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs as a member of Defenders of Wildlife and between 1972 and 1976 served on that organization 's board of directors where he was known for " his insistence on sound financial management . " Townsend maintained friendships with far @-@ right figures after the war , including Harry Elmer Barnes and Willis Carto , and for a time he worked as an editor and contributor to Carto 's anti @-@ Semitic magazine , The American Mercury , which introduced Townsend as " a former Foreign Service officer who made the mistake of fighting FDR 's war plans " . Townsend died in Fairfax on 25 January 1976 at the age of 75 . = = Legacy and assessment = = Historians have noted the stridency with which Townsend put forward his pro @-@ Japanese views before World War II . Justus Doenecke , for instance , described Townsend as " The most adamant and extreme of the voices in America defending Japanese policy . " Judith Papachristou concurs that " Few anti @-@ imperialists were as extreme as isolationist Ralph Townsend " , though Townsend himself rejected the " isolationist " label during his life , and instead called himself a " realist " and " Pro @-@ Peace " . Townsend is still held in esteem by many members of the extreme right in the United States , and recently in Japan as well . After his death his widow Janet turned over his papers to Larry Humphreys , an Oklahoma multimillionaire and supporter of right @-@ wing militia and Christian Identity groups , who referred to Townsend as a man who " knew FDR was trying to entice Japan into attacking the United States , and FDR had him jailed " . Humphreys stored Townsend 's papers in his so @-@ called " Heritage Library " , though today many of them are held by Barnes Review , an anti @-@ Semitic organization under the leadership of Townsend 's old friend Willis Carto . In 1997 , Barnes Review re @-@ published Ways That Are Dark : The Truth About China for the first time since World War II with a new foreword written by Carto , who praised Townsend as " a profound , genuinely courageous and painfully honest writer " . In 2004 a Japanese translation of the Barnes Review edition of Ways That Are Dark was released in Japan where it became a runaway success and quickly elevated Townsend to " hero " status among the Japanese far right . The opinion of recent scholars on the quality of his writing have been mixed . Limin Chu , who analyzed his articles on China for the Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine , considered some of the claims as " either incredibly gullible or deliberately vicious " , while historian Justus Doenecke described his pamphlets as " crudely written " . In contrast , Peter O 'Connor , professor at Musashino University , found the same pamphlets " well @-@ argued and researched . " = = Works by Townsend = = = = = Books = = = Ways That Are Dark : The Truth About China . New York : Putnam , 1933 . OCLC 2274633 Asia Answers . New York : Putnam , 1936 . OCLC 3561777 = = = Pamphlets = = = Does Japan Slam the Door against American Trade in Areas of Japanese Influence in Asia ? San Francisco : Japanese Chamber of Commerce , 1938 . OCLC 2812462 There Is No Halfway Neutrality . San Francisco : self @-@ published , 1938 . OCLC 12360876 America Has No Enemies In Asia . San Francisco : self @-@ published , 1938 . OCLC 1541811 The High Cost of Hate . San Francisco : self @-@ published , 1939 . OCLC 58937759 Seeking Foreign Trouble . San Francisco : self @-@ published , 1940 . OCLC 11256314 An Appeal to Patriotic Americans . Washington DC : self @-@ published , 1943 . OCLC 750182191 = = = Articles = = = " China Submits to Chaos , " Current History , June 1933 . " Our Slump in Foreign Pets , " The North American Review , August 1933 . " Mission Schools Curbed in China , " New York Times , November 12 , 1933 . " America Watches Sino @-@ Japanese Relations , " Contemporary Japan , June 1934 . " Let 's Stop Baiting Japan , " Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine , December 1934 . " Meeting Japan 's Challenge , " Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine , June 1935 . " Easing the Pacific Tension , " Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine , July 1935 . " La Chine , terre de l 'opium , " Revue Belge , January 15 , 1936 . " 日本なくばアジアは「赤」 , " Asahi Shimbun , December 16 , 1937 . " Soviet Propaganda in America , " The Far Eastern Review , August 1938 . " Pidgin English ' Can Do ' , " New York Times , January 23 , 1939 . " Japan : Our Commercial Prize , " Scribner 's Commentator , November 1940 . " Mercy – Strictly Political , " Scribner 's Commentator , March 1941 . " Must We Fight Japan ? , " Scribner 's Commentator , June 1941 . " Publicity Reversal Technique , " Scribner 's Commentator , December 1941 . " Sedition ... Then and Now , " The American Mercury , Summer 1968 . " The Context of Pearl Harbor , " The American Mercury , Winter 1969 . " Saving the Great Dismal Swamp , " Defenders of Wildlife News , March 1973 . = = Books cited = = Carlson , John Roy , Under cover : My four years in the Nazi underworld of America ( Philadelphia : Blakiston , 1943 ) . Cole , Wayne S. , America First : The Battle Against Intervention , 1940 – 41 ( Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , 1953 ) . Doenecke , Justus , Storm on the Horizon : The Challenge to American Intervention 1939 – 1941 ( Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , 2000 ) . Doenecke , Justus , Anti @-@ intervention : a bibliographical introduction to isolationism and pacifism from World War I to the early Cold War ( New York : Garland , 1987 ) . Eggleston , George Teeple , Roosevelt , Churchill , and the World War II Opposition : A Revisionist Autobiography ( Old Greenwich , Connecticut : Devin @-@ Adair Co . , 1979 ) . Hoke , Henry , It 's A Secret ( New York : Reynal & Hitchcock , 1946 ) . Martell , Edward et al . , Who Was Who Among English and European Authors , 1931 – 1949 ( Detroit : Gale Research Co . , 1978 ) . Mintz , Frank P. , Revisionism and the Origins of Pearl Harbor ( Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America , 1985 ) . O 'Connor , Peter , " General Introduction , " in Japanese Propaganda : Selected Readings , Series 2 , Volume 1 , ed . Peter O 'Connor ( Tokyo : Edition Synapse , 2005 ) . Rogge , O. John , The Official German Report : Nazi penetration 1924 – 1942 ( New York : T. Yoseloff , 1961 ) . Schonbach , Morris , Native American Fascism During the 1930s and 1940s ( New York : Garland , 1985 ) . Steele , Richard W. , Free speech in the Good War ( New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1999 ) . Tanaka , Hideo , " ラルフ・タウンゼントの思想が現代にうったえてくるもの , " in 暗黒大陸中国の真実 , ( Tokyo : Fuyo Shobo , 2007 ) . Townsend , Ralph , Ways That Are Dark : The Truth About China ( New York : Putnam , 1933 ) . Townsend , Ralph , Asia Answers ( New York : Putnam , 1936 ) . Walker , Samuel , Presidents and Civil Liberties from Wilson to Obama : A Story of Poor Custodians ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2012 ) .
= Lisa 's Substitute = " Lisa 's Substitute " is the nineteenth episode of The Simpsons ' second season . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on April 25 , 1991 . In the episode , Lisa 's teacher Miss Hoover takes medical leave due to what she thinks is Lyme disease , so substitute teacher Mr. Bergstrom takes over the class . Lisa finds Mr. Bergstrom 's teaching methods inspiring and discovers an entirely new love for learning . When Miss Hoover returns to class , Lisa is devastated to lose her most positive adult role model . Eventually , she realizes that while Mr. Bergstrom was one of a kind , she can find role models in other people , including her father Homer . Meanwhile , Bart runs for class president against Martin . This is the first episode of the series that does not include a chalkboard gag in the opening titles . Jon Vitti wrote the episode and Rich Moore directed it . Dustin Hoffman — using the pseudonym Sam Etic — guest starred in it as Mr. Bergstrom , who was modeled on the physical appearance of Mike Reiss , a longtime writer and producer on the show . The episode features cultural references to Mike Nichols 's film The Graduate , which starred Hoffman , and the novel Charlotte 's Web by E. B. White . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . It acquired a Nielsen Rating of 11 @.@ 1 , and was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network the week it aired . = = Plot = = Lisa 's teacher , Miss Hoover , thinks she has come down with Lyme disease and is replaced by substitute teacher Mr. Bergstrom . Because of his unorthodox teaching methods and friendly nature , Lisa starts falling in love with him . Lisa runs into Mr. Bergstrom at a museum and is embarrassed when Homer displays his ignorance . Sensing a void in their relationship , Mr. Bergstrom takes Homer aside to suggest he be a more positive role model . After venting to her mother about Homer ruining her ' one chance ' to get to know Bergstrom outside of the classroom , Lisa is given permission to invite him to family dinner , only to be shattered when she finds Miss Hoover back and Mr. Bergstrom gone . She rushes to his apartment and learns that he has accepted employment in " Capital City " . She rushes to the train station to catch him , and confesses that she will be lost without him ; he replies and she sobbingly accepts that he has to go help the more needy . To comfort her , he writes her a note and tells her that any time she feels alone , its contents are all she needs to know . He then boards the train and departs . It reads , " You are Lisa Simpson " . In a subplot , Bart 's class prepares to elect a class president . Mrs. Krabappel nominates Martin , while Sherri and Terri nominate Bart. During a debate with Martin , Bart tells jokes and wins the class over . Afterwards , certain of Bart 's inevitable victory thanks to his popular campaigning , none of the children in his class — including himself — actually voted , giving Martin the victory with just two votes : one from himself , and the other from Wendell Borton . Devastated by Mr. Bergstrom 's departure , Lisa takes her grief out on the insensitive Homer , calling him a baboon . Marge tells Homer to console Lisa , explaining how her daughter is very hurt emotionally and is in need of her father . Homer enters Lisa 's room and finds her crying over her desk . He is uncertain of how to deal with Lisa 's sadness , and is uncomfortable seeing his daughter crying . Homer explains to Lisa how he cannot really understand how it feels to lose someone special : everyone he has ever loved and cared about lives with him still . He then alludes to Lisa calling him a baboon , and in a loving manner mimics a monkey , cheering her up . Lisa apologizes to Homer for calling him a baboon , and he accepts the apology . Finding Bart still seething over the election result , Homer cheers him up by reminding him that all the job of class president would have really meant was a lot of extra work with little reward , making Bart feel happy that he lost the election . Finally going by Maggie 's room , he places her pacifier in her mouth . Proud that he helped all three of his children , Homer goes to bed with Marge happily that night , stating he is " on the biggest roll " of his life . = = Production = = The episode was written by Jon Vitti and directed by Rich Moore . According to Vitti , The Simpsons producer James L. Brooks contributed more to this episode than he did to any other in the show 's history . Vitti said the episode was " very controversial " when it was being made because it " came at a point when the staff were just beginning to realize the comedy potential of the show , but we were trapped with these love stories , and just as the staff were starting to get frustrated with the love stories , along came ' Lisa 's Substitute ' : the biggest , huggiest , warmest and fuzziest of them all . " Mr. Bergstrom was modeled on the physical appearance of Mike Reiss , a longtime writer and producer on the show . American actor Dustin Hoffman provided the voice of Mr. Bergstrom . Hoffman was not sure if he wanted to be identified with a cartoon show at the time , like many early guest stars on The Simpsons , and therefore used the pseudonym Sam Etic in the closing credits . Sam Etic is a play on the word semitic , alluding to the fact that both Hoffman and Mr. Bergstrom are Jewish . Brooks was the one who suggested the pseudonym , which Hoffman immediately liked . The cast of the show flew to New York to record the episode with Hoffman . Yeardley Smith , who provides the voice of Lisa , said she grew as an actress after working with Hoffman that day . The Simpsons writer Al Jean said he remembered that when the audio track of the episode came back , Hoffman 's voice was too low on the singing parts . The staff were " petrified " that the singing scenes would not show up on air , so they had Hoffman re @-@ record them when he was in Los Angeles . Vitti mentioned on Twitter that the note Lisa receives at the end of the episode should 've had an exclamation point at the end . He didn 't catch it in the animatic and it still " haunts [ him ] to this day " . = = Cultural references = = Mrs. Krabappel trying to seduce Mr. Bergstrom is a reference to Hoffman 's similar situation in the 1967 film The Graduate . Mr. Bergstrom reads a line from the 1952 novel Charlotte 's Web to his class . It is implied that this line is the end of the book , but in reality another chapter follows . Vitti said the line was the maximum amount of the book they could feature in the episode without being sued . The staff contacted a relative of the author E. B. White , but she would not clear the use of the book . When Lisa arrives at Mr. Bergstrom 's apartment building , a list of tenants can be seen . One of the names is J. Vitti , for the episode 's writer Jon Vitti , and another is J. Kamerman , for then @-@ animator Jen Kamerman . When Bart unexpectedly loses to Martin in the class president race , a picture of Martin holding up a copy of The Daily Fourth Gradian with the headline " Simpson Defeats Prince " is taken , which in turn ends up on the front page of The Daily Fourth Gradian under the headline " Prince Beats Simpson " . This is a reference to the famous picture of former President Harry Truman holding up a copy of a prematurely printed edition of the Chicago Tribune that proclaimed " Dewey Defeats Truman " , taken the day after his close victory over Thomas E. Dewey in the 1948 United States presidential election . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Lisa 's Substitute " finished forty @-@ third in the ratings for the week of April 22 – 28 , 1991 , with a Nielsen Rating of 11 @.@ 1 , equivalent to approximately ten million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . Hoffman has been praised for his guest appearance as Mr. Bergstrom . Entertainment Weekly named it one of the sixteen greatest guest appearances on The Simpsons . In 2007 , Simon Crerar of The Times listed his performance as one of the thirty @-@ three funniest cameos in the history of the show . Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood said , " Despite a scene @-@ stealing performance from Ms Krabappel , this is Lisa 's show . Mr Bergstrom 's last message for Lisa is a delightful touch and adds the finishing touch to a wonderful episode . " Former TV Squad blogger Adam Finley named " Lisa 's Substitute " as one of his top fourteen most touching The Simpsons episodes , and The Simpsons Archive webmaster Jouni Paakkinen rated the episode as his third favorite . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide said that Lisa episodes " tend to be goopy " , but " Lisa 's Substitute " seemed like " a good show , however " . He went on to say , " The show offered many other good moments , and it helped expand the Lisa / Homer relationship neatly . The Bart ’ s election subplot punctured any sappiness that otherwise might have occurred . [ ... ] ' Lisa 's Substitute ' offered a fairly solid program . " The episode 's reference to The Graduate was named the 20th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum . Ditum also ranked Hoffman 's performance as the 16th best guest appearance in the show 's history . Todd VanDerWerff of Slant Magazine picked the episode as the show 's second best , praising its emotion and Hoffman 's performance . " Lisa 's Substitute " also received positive reviews from cast and crew members of the show . Bart 's voice actress , Nancy Cartwright , said it is one of her top three episodes together with " Bart Sells His Soul " and " Bart the Mother " , while writer Al Jean said the episode was his favorite sentimental episode . Dan Castellaneta , the voice of Homer , named it his favorite episode of the show together with " Simpson and Delilah " and " Homer the Heretic " . Executive producer James L. Brooks said he thinks " Lisa 's Substitute " stands out because it is The Simpsons ' " best show " with a message behind it .
= Madonna : Like an Icon = Madonna : Like an Icon is a biography by English author Lucy O 'Brien , chronicling the life of American singer Madonna . The book was released on 27 August 2007 , by Bantam Press in the United Kingdom , and on 18 October 2007 , by Harper Collins in the United States . Madonna : Like an Icon chronicles the life of the singer from her birth , up to the release of her eleventh studio album , Hard Candy , in 2008 . Initially critical of her work , O 'Brien had become a fan of Madonna after seeing her perform on television for The Virgin Tour in 1985 . From that point of time , the author followed Madonna 's career closely , visited her concert tours , and collected interviews , magazines , and albums . When O 'Brien finally decided to write a biography on Madonna in 2005 , she wanted the book to be more about the singer 's contribution to her music , rather than delving too much into her personal life , unlike other Madonna biographers . The author then interviewed dancers , choreographers , musicians , and producers who worked with Madonna . After its release , the book received a mixed response from critics . They were unanimous that the over @-@ emphasis given on the singer 's discography was unnecessary , instead more thought should have been given on exploring her personal life , which would have made the biography compelling . = = Summary = = The biography is divided into three parts . The first part is named " Baptism " and tells about Madonna 's birth in Detroit , Michigan , her early childhood , her time in New York , and her dance degree . It also talks in detail about the release of her first three studio albums — Madonna , Like a Virgin and True Blue — her marriage to actor Sean Penn , and also her foray into films . The middle part , named " Confession " , starts from the Like a Prayer era onwards where Madonna has become a global superstar . It continues up to the release of the erotic coffee table book called Sex , and the subsequent commercial disappointments that she faced . The third part is called " Absolution " , and starts with Madonna giving birth to her daughter Lourdes . It continues with the release of Ray of Light ( 1998 ) and subsequent four studio albums , her worldwide concert tours , her marriage to Guy Ritchie and controversies surrounding her adoption from Malawi . It ends with the release of Madonna 's 2008 album , Hard Candy , and the singer reaching the age of fifty . = = Background and writing = = Lucy O 'Brien first came to like Madonna in 1985 , when she saw the singer on television , performing on The Virgin Tour . She previously thought that Madonna " was that cheesy pop bimbo in lycra , writhing on a Venetian gondola for the ' Like a Virgin ' video . " However , The Virgin Tour changed her opinion and by the time Madonna 's 1985 film Desperately Seeking Susan was released , O 'Brien confessed that Madonna had won her admiration . The author had admired Madonna 's lack of fear , and her ability to incorporate alternative culture and sexuality in her work . In 2005 , O 'Brien started writing a book on Madonna , where she wanted to look at her life and work , as the artist was approaching the age of fifty . She believed that the general public was eager to know the real @-@ self of Madonna , and she concentrated on finding that out . According to her , " the popular negative stereotype about the artist is that of a publicity @-@ hungry , manipulative ball @-@ breaker , while for many woman she is a beacon of feminism . I have always found her work clear and autobiographical , but her personality complex and disarmingly changeable . " She also said of the singer : " Madonna 's style is confrontational , her ambition unbounded , yet she constantly , compulsively turns her life into fascinating pop art . As her old boyfriend , producer Steve Bray , said : ' Her most effective trait was to have her completely dominate you and for you to somehow enjoy the experience . ' Madonna has become a goddess of our age , and an icon that we have all created . That is her story . " However , due to the shifting images that Madonna presented , O 'Brien was confused as to how she can approach writing the biography . She found that analyzing Madonna 's music was a helpful method . The author then interviewed dancers , choreographers , musicians , and producers who worked with Madonna . While talking to them , O 'Brien reflected on her own childhood and found parallels with Madonna — being born in a Catholic family and gradually becoming aware of the rise of feminism and gay liberation . She kept getting two stark pictures of the artist as her " search for Madonna became maddening " , stating " There was the woman who was ruthless in moving on and rude to the competition , and there was a woman I 'd never seen before – sweet , childlike and captivating . " = = Release and reception = = Madonna : Like an Icon was released on 27 August 2007 , in the United Kingdom by Bantam Press . The book cover was designed by Holly MacDonald , with an image of Madonna from 2002 , during the premiere of her film , Swept Away . It was released more than a year later in the United States . The biography faced mixed reviews from critics . Sarah Churchwell from The Guardian criticized O 'Brien 's extended commentary about Madonna 's recording process . She believed that more emphasis should have been given on Madonna 's personal life as well . Pointing out examples like Madonna 's relationship with actor Warren Beatty , which was widely covered in the media but was only lightly touched in the book , Churchwell wondered about the claim of the book in its press release : " This is the closest you will ever come to Madonna 's autobiography " . The reviewer concluded by saying , " Since her voice is nowhere in evidence , this book , however capable and intelligent its writer , is probably about the farthest you will ever get from Madonna 's autobiography . " Ken Barnes from USA Today noted that major events in Madonna 's life were repeated throughout the book . He complimented O 'Brien 's writing style , especially the portions chronicling the death of Madonna 's mother , as well as dissecting the recording process of the albums and the development of her concert tours . He concluded by saying that overall the biography seemed " too familiar . Maybe that 's because , at least since she hit the mass @-@ culture spotlight in 1983 with ' Holiday ' and hijacked it wholesale the next year with ' Like a Virgin ' and ' Material Girl ' , Madonna , now 49 , has lived her life in public like few other artists . The records , tours and videos have been thoroughly documented , as have the liaisons and the controversies ( from the Sex book all the way up to the Malawi orphan adoption ) . " Lyn Barber from The Daily Telegraph gave a negative review of the book , calling it far inferior to author J. Randy Taraborrelli 's Madonna : An Intimate Biography , released in 2002 . Like Churchwell , Barber did not understand why over @-@ emphasis was given on the singer 's albums , leaving out details about her personal life . The reviewer listed one positive aspect of the book , the info on Madonna 's childhood and a detailed insight into her family . She concluded by saying , " [ Madonna ] remains one of the most fascinating women of our time but not , alas , in this pedestrian account . " = = Publication history = =
= Ann Bannon = Ann Bannon ( pseudonym of Ann Weldy , born September 15 , 1932 ) is an American author who , from 1957 to 1962 , wrote six lesbian pulp fiction novels known as The Beebo Brinker Chronicles . The books ' enduring popularity and impact on lesbian identity has earned her the title " Queen of Lesbian Pulp Fiction " . Bannon was a young housewife trying to address her own issues of sexuality when she was inspired to write her first novel . Her subsequent books featured four characters who reappeared throughout the series , including her eponymous heroine , Beebo Brinker , who came to embody the archetype of a butch lesbian . The majority of her characters mirrored people she knew , but their stories reflected a life she did not feel she was able to live . Despite her traditional upbringing and role in married life , her novels defied conventions for romance stories and depictions of lesbians by addressing complex homosexual relationships . Her books shaped lesbian identity for lesbians and heterosexuals alike , but Bannon was mostly unaware of their impact . She stopped writing in 1962 . Later , she earned a doctorate in linguistics and became an academic . She endured a difficult marriage for 27 years and , as she separated from her husband in the 1980s , her books were republished ; she was stunned to learn of their influence on society . They were released again between 2001 and 2003 and were adapted as an award @-@ winning Off @-@ Broadway production . They are taught in Women 's and LGBT studies courses , and Bannon has received numerous awards for pioneering lesbian and gay literature . She has been described as " the premier fictional representation of US lesbian life in the fifties and sixties " , and it has been said that her books " rest on the bookshelf of nearly every even faintly literate Lesbian " . = = Early life = = Ann Bannon was born Ann Weldy in Joliet , Illinois , in 1932 . She grew up in nearby Hinsdale with her mother and stepfather , and had the responsibility of taking care of four siblings due to the family 's financial problems . She took comfort in a vibrant imaginary life during this time and found solace in writing . Growing up , she was surrounded by music , particularly jazz , as her family hosted small recitals for friends and neighbors . One became a character in her books : a perennial bachelor named Jack who slung jokes and witticisms at the audiences . At the University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign she belonged to Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority where she befriended a beautiful older sorority sister , " the prettiest I had ever seen " , quite popular with men and with women . Bannon witnessed a younger sorority sister 's unabashed infatuation with the older sister . She recalls it was an awkward situation , even though the older sorority sister was " unfailingly gracious " to the younger one . In recognizing the younger woman 's attractions , she began to suspect her own sexuality . She said , " I saw a lot of it happening and I didn 't know what to make of it . I don 't even know how to put it — I was absolutely consumed with it , it was an extraordinary thing . " Another sorority sister was physically remarkable , very tall — almost 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) , with a husky voice and boyish nickname , that Bannon imagined was a blend of Johnny Weissmuller and Ingrid Bergman . She recalled entering the communal restroom and seeing the sister , " both of us in underwear , and experienc ( ing ) a sort of electric shock " , and trying not to stare at her . In 1954 , she graduated with a degree in French and soon married an engineer whose job made them relocate frequently . Bannon was 22 years old when she began writing her first pulp novel . She was influenced by the only lesbian novels she had read , The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall from 1928 and Vin Packer 's Spring Fire from 1952 , albeit in two different ways : she was unable to relate to the dismal tones in Hall 's novel , but as a sorority girl was more familiar with the plot and circumstances of Spring Fire . Bannon said , " Both books completely obsessed me for the better part of two years . " Although recently married and on her way to having two children , she found the books struck a chord in her life and recognized emotions in herself that compelled her to write about them . In the beginning of her marriage she was left alone quite a lot and said , " I was kind of desperate to get some of the things that had been consuming me for a long time down on paper . " = = Writing career = = = = = Background = = = Paperback books in the United States expanded prominently after World War II through the marketing strategies of Pocket Books , who began to distribute publications through newspapers , newsstands , grocery stores , and bus and train stations . The retail opportunities of paperback books grew about tenfold with this method . In 1950 , rival company Gold Medal Books published Women 's Barracks , a fictionalized account of author Tereska Torres ' experience serving in the Free French Forces . The book depicts a lesbian relationship the author witnessed , ending with one of the women committing suicide . It sold 4 @.@ 5 million copies , and Gold Medal Books ' editors were " thrilled " . Its success earned it a mention in the House Select Committee on Current Pornographic Materials in 1952 . Gold Medal Books was a branch of Fawcett Publications that focused on paperback books which at the time were printed on very cheap paper , not designed to last for more than a year , sold for 25 cents in drug stores and other venues all over the United States and Canada . The books made for cheap , easy reading that could be discarded at the end of a trip at very little cost to the customer . Because of the low quality of production , they earned the name pulp fiction . Gold Medal Books quickly followed Women 's Barracks with Spring Fire , eager to cash in on the unprecedented sales , and it sold almost 1 @.@ 5 million copies in 1952 . Vin Packer , whose real name is Marijane Meaker , and Gold Medal Books were overwhelmed with mail from women who identified with the lesbian characters . One of the letters was from Bannon , asking for professional assistance in getting published . On writing to Meaker , she said , " To this day I have no idea why she responded to me out of the thousands of letters she was getting at that time . Thank God she did . I was both thrilled and terrified . " Bannon visited Meaker and was introduced to Greenwich Village , which made a significant impression on Bannon : she called it " Emerald City , Wonderland , and Brigadoon combined — a place where gay people could walk the crooked streets hand in hand . " Meaker set up a meeting with Gold Medal Books editor Dick Carroll , who read Bannon 's initial 600 @-@ page manuscript . It was a story about the women in her sorority whom she admired , with a subplot consisting of two sorority sisters who had fallen in love with each other . Carroll told her to take it back and focus on the two characters who had an affair . Bannon claims she went back and told their story , delivered the draft to Carroll and saw it published without a single word changed . While raising two young children , Bannon lived in Philadelphia and took trips into New York City to visit Greenwich Village and stayed with friends . She said of the women she saw in Greenwich Village , " I wanted to be one of them , to speak to other women , if only in print . And so I made a beginning — and that beginning was the story that became Odd Girl Out . " = = = The Beebo Brinker Chronicles = = = = = = = Odd Girl Out = = = = The Beebo Brinker Chronicles are six books in all , first published between 1957 and 1962 . They featured four characters who appeared in at least three of the books in a chronological saga of coming to terms with their homosexuality and navigating their ways through gay and lesbian relationships . The first in the series , Odd Girl Out , was published in 1957 , and became Gold Medal Books ' second best @-@ selling title of the year . Based on Bannon 's own experiences , the plot involved a lesbian relationship between two sorority sisters in a fictional sorority at a fictional midwestern university . As was custom with pulp fiction novels , neither the cover art nor the title were under the control of the author . Both were approved by the publisher in order to be as suggestive and lurid as possible . The main character is Laura Landon , who realizes that she 's in love with Beth , her older , more experienced roommate , a leader in the sorority . Lesbians depicted in literature were relatively rare in the 1950s . It was the publisher 's policy in any novel involving lesbianism that the characters would never receive any satisfaction from the relationship . One or both usually ended up committing suicide , going insane , or leaving the relationship . Marijane Meaker discusses this in the 2004 foreword of Spring Fire : she was told by editor Dick Carroll that because the books were distributed by the U.S. Post Office instead of private companies delivering directly to stores , postal inspectors would send the books back to the publisher if homosexuality was depicted positively . The Postal Service relaxed their censorship after several First Amendment obscenity trials , including Roth v. United States and another regarding Allen Ginsberg 's Howl in the mid @-@ 1950s , which gave Bannon a modicum of freedom in her plots . Although the ending to Odd Girl Out did not veer too far from the unsatisfactory resolution formula of Spring Fire , Women 's Barracks , and Radclyffe Hall 's The Well of Loneliness , it examined Laura 's internal struggle in the realization that despite her femininity , she was deeply in love with another woman , and at the end she embraced it , which was rare in lesbian fiction . The characters and their stories served as an extension of the fantasy life Bannon developed as a child . They became her " fantasy friends " whose loves and lives she witnessed and through which she lived her own life vicariously , helping her through a difficult marriage , and a longing for a life she did not feel she was free to live . " I realized very early that I should not marry , but I was going to make the best of a bad thing , and I was going to make it a good thing , " she remembered . Having no practical experience in a lesbian relationship while writing Odd Girl Out , she set out to gain what she termed " fieldwork experience " in her trips to Greenwich Village , and was successful enough to introduce those experiences into the next book in the series before relocating once more to Southern California . But she explained her fears about staying in Greenwich Village , saying I would sit there ( in a gay bar ) in the evenings thinking , ' What if ( a police raid ) happens tonight and I get hauled off to the slam with all these other women ? ' I had been extremely low profile , very proper , very Victorian wife . I know that sounds crazy in the 60s , but I was raised by my mother and grandmother , who really came out of that era , and talk about a rigid role @-@ playing crowd ! I couldn 't imagine living through it . I just couldn 't . I thought , ' Well , that would do it . I 'd have to go jump off the Brooklyn Bridge . ' As easy as it might be if you were a young woman in today 's generation to think that was exaggerating , it wasn 't . It was terrifying . = = = = I Am a Woman = = = = Bannon followed Odd Girl Out with I Am a Woman ( In Love With a Woman — Must Society Reject Me ? ) in 1959 . I Am a Woman ( the working and common title ) featured Laura after her affair with Beth , as she finds herself in New York City 's Greenwich Village , and meets a wisecracking gay man named Jack , and becomes his best friend . Laura has to choose between a straight woman with a wild and curious streak , and a fascinating new character that proved to be her most popular of the series , Beebo Brinker , who came to embody the description of a thoroughly butch lesbian . Beebo was smart , handsome , chivalrous , and virile . Once again based on what Bannon knew , Beebo was nearly 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) tall with a husky voice and a formidable physique . The personality however , Bannon says , was drawn out of her sheer need for Beebo to exist . After spending time in Greenwich Village and not finding anyone like her , Bannon instead created her . She remembered , " I put Beebo together just as I wanted her , in my heart and mind ... She was just , quite literally , the butch of my dreams . " The resolution to I Am a Woman completely flouted the trends of miserable lesbian fiction endings , which made Ann Bannon a hero to many lesbians . Letters began to pour in for her from all over the country . There were mostly propositions from men , but the letters from women thanked her profusely and begged her for reassurance that they would be all right . Bannon described the impact her books had from the letters she received from people who were isolated in small towns : " The most important things they learned ( from the books ) were that 1 ) they weren 't unique and doomed to lifelong isolation , 2 ) ... they weren 't ' abnormal , ' and 3 ) there was hope for a happy life . They wrote to me in thousands , asking me to confirm these wonderful things , which I gladly did — even though I felt only marginally better informed than they were . " The books were even translated into other languages , which was also quite rare for the brief lives of pulp novels . Bannon received international and domestic mail from women , saying , " This is the only book ( and they would say this about all of them ) that I 've read where the women really love each other , where its OK for them to love each other , and they don 't have to kill themselves afterwards . " = = = = Women in the Shadows = = = = Although her husband was aware of the books she was writing , he showed no interest in the subject . He was interested enough in the money she made from them , however , but had forbidden her to use her married surname , not wishing to see it on a book cover with art of questionable taste . She took the name " Bannon " from a list of his customers and liked it because it contained her own name in it . She continued to experience difficulty in her marriage , however , and in realizing that " not all lesbians were nice people " , she took these frustrations out on her characters . " I couldn 't stand some of what was happening to me – but Beebo could take it . Beebo really , in a way , had my nervous breakdown for me ... I think I was overwhelmed with grief and anger that I was not able to express , " she recalled later . Women in the Shadows was also published in 1959 and proved very unpopular with Bannon 's readers . The book examined interracial relationships , self @-@ loathing in matters of sexuality and race , alcoholism , jealousy , violence , and as Laura marries Jack in an atypical arrangement in the 1950s , also explored the intricate details of what it was like to pass as heterosexual in an attempt to live some semblance of what was considered a normal life at the time . = = = = Journey to a Woman = = = = Her fourth book in the series , Journey to a Woman , published in 1960 , again shows parallels between Bannon 's own life and her plots . Beth , of Laura 's affair in Odd Girl Out , is living with her husband and children in Southern California . She tries to find Laura again nine years after college , and escapes a deranged woman who has a fixation on her , a reflection of a relationship Bannon had with a beautiful , but " very bewildered and unstable person . " Beth writes to an author of lesbian books in New York , and goes to meet her in hope of finding Laura . They have a brief relationship , after which Beth finds Laura married to Jack and with a child , then discovers Beebo as well . A fifth book , The Marriage , also published in 1960 , again addresses issues of love outside the realm of socially acceptable relationships , although it is not primarily about homosexuality . In it , Jack and Laura are friends with a young married couple who discover they are brother and sister , and must decide whether they will stay together or conform to societal standards . = = = = Beebo Brinker = = = = Returning to the character she fantasized about the most , the last book in the series , Beebo Brinker , published in 1962 , was Bannon 's prequel to Odd Girl Out . It follows Beebo around Greenwich Village ten years before she meets Laura in I Am a Woman . Beebo gets off the bus from her rural hometown into New York City to find a waiting friend in Jack , and to discover herself . She begins an affair with a famous and fading movie star , and follows her to California , only to return to be more honest about what she wants in her life . In 1961 and 1962 Bannon also contributed several articles to ONE , Inc . , the magazine of a homophile activist organization in Southern California . One of them was a chapter that had been cut from the final draft of Women in the Shadows . She was invited to speak to the Mattachine Society in the early 1960s , but her husband 's stern disapproval of her activities began to take its toll . She stated later , " It began to be very painful . So every time I would start to reach out ( to the lesbian / gay community ) , I would get struck down ... In my own life , I couldn 't operationalize ( my feeling that gays should end the secrecy and take more pride in themselves and their lives ) . I couldn 't find a way . " = = Rediscovery = = After Beebo Brinker , Bannon said the energy to write about the characters left her , but she got so good at her " obsessive fantasies " that even after the books were written she continued to live internally , and suspected it affected her subsequent relationships . " I realize now that I was in a sort of ' holding pattern , ' a way of keeping my sanity intact while waiting for my children to grow up and the freedom door to open " , she recalled . Returning to school , Bannon completed her master 's degree at Sacramento State University and her doctorate in linguistics at Stanford University . She was an English professor at Sacramento State and later became associate dean of the School of Arts and Sciences — later the College of Arts and Letters . Ann Bannon 's books began to fade away from publishing memory after initial publication , especially after Gold Medal Books went out of business . In 1975 , however , Bannon was asked to include four of her books in Arno Press 's library edition of Homosexuality : Lesbians and Gay Men in Society , History and Literature . Then , in 1983 , Barbara Grier of the lesbian publishing company Naiad Press actively tracked Bannon down and reissued the books in new covers . Grier discussed the novels , answering the question of who among lesbian paperback authors should be highlighted : " Ann Bannon . Without even a discussion ... In terms of actual influence , sales , everything , Bannon . " Bannon did not outwardly advertise the fact that the books had been released again in her department at Sacramento State . Not being tenured , she was unsure how the information would be received . However , word got out : " I was jet @-@ propelled out of the closet . People stared at me around campus , and the PE majors all waved . My chairman told me to put the books into my promotion file , and one of my colleagues told me my file was the only one that was any fun . " She often received small recognitions from students and faculty who were pleased and surprised , once getting a bouquet of flowers from a student . She said of the rediscovery , " I was so ready for something fresh and exciting in my life . It had seemed to me , up to that point , that not only had the books and the characters died , so had Ann Bannon . " However , following a bitter divorce , and just as the Naiad Press editions of her books were released , Bannon endured a bout of chronic fatigue syndrome , which she connects to repressing herself for so long . " You 've got to think that it 's connected , somehow . At the time I denied it fiercely , but I really think I beat myself up horribly , in ways I 'll never know . " In 1984 , Bannon 's books were featured in the documentary Before Stonewall about how gay men and lesbians lived prior to the 1969 Stonewall riots , wherein one woman remembered picking up one of Bannon 's books for the first time : " I picked up this paperback and I opened it up ... and it sent a shiver of excitement in my whole body that I had never felt before . " She was featured in the Canadian documentary Forbidden Love : The Unashamed Stories of Lesbian Lives in 1992 , which recounted women 's personal stories of living as lesbians from the 1940s to 1960s . The books were selected for the Quality Paperback Book Club in 1995 . Bannon also provided the foreword for Strange Sisters : The Art of Lesbian Pulp Fiction 1949 – 1969 in 1999 , discussing her reaction to the artwork on her own books and the other lesbian pulp fiction books she bought and read . Five of The Beebo Brinker Chronicles were reissued by Cleis Press again between 2001 and 2003 — excluding The Marriage — with autobiographical forewords that described Bannon 's experiences of writing the books and her reaction to their popularity , causing another wave of interest . Reacting to the renewed interest in the books , Bannon wrote in the 2002 introduction to Odd Girl Out that she was shocked to find out that her characters were not only remembered but that they were archetypes among the lesbian community . The books are frequently on required reading lists for Women 's and LGBT studies college courses . Bannon often admits to being surprised by this , explaining that she had no such aspirations when she was writing Odd Girl Out : " If I had known , it might well have resulted in a much more polished product , but one that would have been so cautious and self @-@ conscious as to be entirely forgettable . It would never — my best guess — have had the vibrant life it has now . " = = Themes = = = = = Identity = = = Since so little information was available about lesbians and lesbianism at the time , Bannon 's books , through their far @-@ reaching distribution and popularity served to form a part of a lesbian identity not only for the heterosexual population at large , but lesbians themselves . Lesbian author and historian Joan Nestle called the books " survival literature " , explaining : " In whatever towns or cities these books were read , they were spreading the information that meant a new hope for trapped and isolated women " . One retrospective writer noted , " [ U ] ntil the late 1960s , when the sexual revolution was emerging , the pulps provided a cultural space that helped to forge a queer identity " . Scholar Andrea Loewenstein published the first in @-@ depth review of Bannon 's books in 1980 , and notes that they were " exceptionally good pulp " that caused unexpected strong feelings of sadness or anger among lesbians when they were read twenty years after being published . Bannon depicts strict roles of butch and femme , and gays and lesbians as self @-@ destructive , closeted , paranoid , and alcoholic . Loewenstein remarks that readers in 1980 had a tendency to reject that kind of reality in Bannon 's stories . " Since much of our past is so bitter , [ we ] ... pretend away our most recent history " . Loewenstein suggests the struggles Bannon 's characters endured were ones that Bannon must have faced herself . When Laura declares her joy in her love for Beth in Odd Girl Out while simultaneously questioning if it is right , Loewenstein states " one hears quite clearly the voice of Ann Bannon , questioning her own right to happiness " . Similarly , remarking on Bannon 's treatment of Beebo in Women in the Shadows by making her violent , alcoholic and self @-@ destructive , Loewenstein notes , " she needs to humiliate Beebo so badly that she makes her disappear " . Loewenstein remarks Bannon 's characters are deeply conflicted by enjoying relationships they feel are morally wrong , and they are acting out cycles of self @-@ hatred , though what remains at the end is " surprisingly ... passionate , tender , and erotic " . Writer Diane Hamer attests that Bannon 's books and characters represent a part of identity where women are unsure if they are gay or straight , man or woman , ashamed or accepting of who they are . In receiving no clear answers from Bannon herself , women were left to try to figure these questions out for themselves . Hamer writes , " What Bannon did was to provide a range of possible trajectories to lesbianism ... Bannon , by constructing fictional biographies for her lesbian characters , produced a new knowledge about how one arrives at a lesbian identity . " Bannon also addresses the issue of race in Women in the Shadows when Laura begins an affair with a woman representing herself as Eastern Indian , but who is actually a lighter skinned African American . The duality of their relationship is expressed not only in skin color but through their personalities . Laura , blond and passionate , contrasts with Tris , who is dark but emotionally detached . Race , in this instance , is a " metaphor for the opposition between inside and outside that govern Bannon 's sense of what a lesbian is " . The concept of a lesbian identity is also explored throughout Journey to a Woman , as Beth leaves her husband and children to find Laura . Beth is followed by Vega , a woman scarred deeply — both emotionally and physically — with whom Beth had an affair . Vega shoots herself at the end of the story . Scholar Christopher Nealon suggests that Vega 's scars and emotional pain represent the anguish of self @-@ hatred and the self @-@ destructive phases Bannon imposed upon her characters in Women in the Shadows . Because Laura has grown from the complete adoration of Beth in Odd Girl Out and is unable to give Beth the same devotion when Beth finds her again , Nealon writes that Bannon makes the point that it is impossible to sustain " a lesbian identity that always returns to the moment of self @-@ discovery " . Beth , instead , finds Beebo , now older and much calmer , who gives her hope and the promise of love , which Nealon equates to a final identity for Bannon 's characters . In the new forewords to the Cleis Press editions , Bannon addressed the criticisms of her characters as self @-@ destructive in limiting roles , explaining that she simply depicted what she knew and felt at the time . Bannon has said she knows the concerns of the women who are uncomfortable with the themes of her books : " I can understand that ; they weren 't there . To them some of it looks negative and some of it looks depressing . Although I didn 't feel that way . I always felt excited when I was writing them . " = = = Gender = = = All five books of The Beebo Brinker Chronicles depict characters trying to come to terms with their ostracism from heterosexual society . Christopher Nealon adds that the characters are also trying to " understand the relationship between their bodies and their desires " ; the continuing appeal of the novels , Nealon states , is due to the characters being " beautifully misembodied " . In Odd Girl Out , Laura Landon 's resistance to the idea that she may be homosexual lies in her own concept of femininity rather than any repugnance for loving women . In I Am a Woman , the second book in the series , Beebo 's butch appearance " seems to alternately terrify and attract Laura " , leading to a very erotic physical relationship . However , when Laura lashes out at Beebo in a moment of self @-@ pity , it is her masculinity that Laura attacks , invalidating Beebo 's uniqueness and the core of her desirability violently . In the book that exhibits the most self @-@ destruction in the series , Women in the Shadows , Laura expresses shame when accompanying Beebo outside of Greenwich Village , fearing Beebo will be arrested and jailed . Facing the end of their relationship , Beebo expresses the desire to be a man , if only to be able to marry Laura to give her a normal life . Bannon 's last book , Beebo Brinker , which takes place before the others when Beebo is eighteen years old , focuses on her realization not only that she is gay , but that she is also a masculine woman . Nealon writes that Bannon 's exploration of Beebo 's masculinity is not to give excuses for her desires , but " to get at the source of specialness , the sources of her claim to be treated with dignity " . By connecting her characters ' bodies with their desires , Bannon allows further understanding of self as normal , and that homosexuality is acceptable . = = Style = = Bannon 's books , like most pulp fiction novels , were not reviewed by newspapers or magazines when they were originally published between 1957 and 1962 . However , since their release they have been the subject of analyses that offer differing opinions of Bannon 's books as a reflection of the moral standards of the decade , a subtle defiance of those morals , or a combination of both . Andrea Loewenstein notes Bannon 's use of cliché , suggesting that it reflected Bannon 's own belief in the culturally repressive ideas of the 1950s . Conversely , writer Jeff Weinstein remarks that Bannon 's " potboilers " are an expression of freedom because they address issues mainstream fiction did not in the 1950s . Instead of cliché , Weinstein writes that her characters become more realistic as she exploits the dramatic plots , because they " are influenced by the melodramatic conventions of the culture that excludes them " . Diane Hamer likens Bannon 's work to the Mills and Boon of lesbian literature , but unlike conventional romance novels , her stories never really have neat and tidy conclusions . Hamer also takes note of Bannon 's use of Freudian symbolism : in I Am a Woman , Jack frequently mentions that he is being psychoanalyzed , and his friends react with interest . Jack labels Laura " Mother " and continues to refer to this nickname instead of her real name throughout the series , as though Bannon — through Jack — is vaguely mocking Freud and the ideas that have framed the construction of sexuality in the 1950s . Scholar Michele Barale remarks that Bannon 's literary devices in Beebo Brinker defy the expectations of the audience for whom the novel was specifically marketed : heterosexual males . Bannon chooses the first character , an " everyman " named — significantly — Jack Mann , with whom the male audience identifies , only to divulge that he is gay and has maternal instincts . His interest turns to Beebo , whom he finds " handsome " and lost , and he takes her home , gets her drunk , and becomes asexually intimate with her . Barale writes that Bannon manipulates male readers to become interested in the story , then turns them into voyeurs and imposes homosexual desires upon them , though eventually places them in a safe position to understand a gay story from a heterosexual point of view . The erotic nature of the books has been noted as adding to their uniqueness . Loewenstein remarks on the intensity of Laura 's passion : " The presentation of a woman as a joyfully aggressive person is , in itself , a rare achievement in 1957 " . A 2002 retrospective of Bannon 's books claims " there were more explicit and nuanced representations of sexuality in those paperbacks than could be found almost anywhere else " . Author Suzana Danuta Walters represents the eroticism in Bannon 's books as a form of rebellion . In the Harvard Gay & Lesbian Review , Jenifer Levin writes , " Know this : Beebo lives . From the midst of a repressive era , from the pen of a very proper , scholarly , seemingly conforming wife and mother , came this astonishingly open queer figment of fictional being , like molten material from some volcano of the lesbian soul . " Bannon 's books have , with the benefit of time , been described in vastly different terms , from " literary works " among pulp contemporaries , to " libidinised trash " . However disparately Bannon 's books are described in feminist and lesbian literary retrospectives , almost every mention concedes the significance of The Beebo Brinker Chronicles . One retrospective writer called Bannon 's books " titillating trash , but indispensable reading to the nation 's lesbians . " = = Legacy = = Critics have since remarked that Bannon 's books are remarkable for portraying homosexual relationships relatively accurately . The continuity of characters in the series also gave her books a unique quality , especially when most lesbian characters during this time were one @-@ dimensional stereotypes who met punishment for their desires . Bannon 's characters have been called " accessibly human " , and still engrossing by contemporary standards compared to being " revolutionary " when first released . LGBT historian Susan Stryker describes the relationships between Bannon 's characters as mostly positive , satisfactory , and at times complex depictions of lesbian and gay relationships , which Bannon attributed to not letting go of the hope that she could " salvage ( her ) own life . " One retrospective of lesbian pulp fiction remarked on the reasons why Bannon 's books in particular were popular is because they were so different from anything else being published at the time : " Bannon was implicitly challenging the prevailing belief that homosexual life was brief , episodic , and more often than not resulted in death ... Bannon insisted on the continuity of lesbian love , while everything in her culture was speaking of its quick and ugly demise . " Bannon set her stories in and among gay bars in the 1950s and 1960s that were secret . As described in Beebo Brinker , one had to knock on the door and be recognized before being let in . In reality , women were not allowed to wear pants in some bars in New York City . Police raided bars and arrested everyone within regularly ; a raid on a gay bar prompted the seminal Stonewall riots in 1969 that started the gay rights movement . Because of the atmosphere of secrecy and shame , little was recorded at the time about what it was like to be gay then , and Bannon unwittingly recorded history from her own visits to Greenwich Village . In 2007 , one of the writers who adapted three of the books into a play said of Bannon 's work , " I think she rises above the pulp . She wasn 't trying to write trash . There wasn 't any place for a woman to be writing this kind of material ... But I just think the writing 's transcended its time and its era and its market . " Author Katherine V. Forrest claimed Bannon and her books " are in a class by themselves " and credits Bannon with saving her life , writing in 2005 , " Overwhelming need led me to walk a gauntlet of fear up to the cash register . Fear so intense that I remember nothing more , only that I stumbled out of the store in possession of what I knew I must have , a book as necessary to me as air ... I found it when I was eighteen years old . It opened the door to my soul and told me who I was . " = = = Adaptations = = = In 2007 , an off @-@ off @-@ Broadway company named The Hourglass Group produced an adaptation of The Beebo Brinker Chronicles in a production that ran for a month . The writers used material from I Am a Woman , Women in the Shadows and Journey to a Woman to predominantly positive reviews . It was successful enough to be moved Off Broadway for another ten @-@ week run in 2008 . The play 's writers commented on the difficulty of lesbian @-@ themed works finding financial success . They were tempted to make it more appealing by turning to camp for comedy . However , one of the writers said , " I just felt like , how can you turn these people into a joke ? I mean , these people are real people ! Why would I direct a play where I held the characters in some sort of contempt or felt that they were ridiculous ? We are allowed to do something else besides camp . " The stage adaptation of The Beebo Brinker Chronicles was produced by Lily Tomlin and Jane Wagner , and it won the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) Media Award for " fair , accurate , and inclusive " portrayals of gay and lesbian people in New York Theater . In April 2008 , Bannon appeared with the Seattle Women 's Chorus in a performance called " Vixen Fiction " . Bannon read excerpts of her work and discussed the effects of her writing on her own life and the lives of her readers . U.S. cable network HBO has optioned Bannon 's novels for potential development as a series . = = = Honors = = = In 1997 , Bannon 's work was included in a collection of authors who had made the deepest impact on the lives and identities of gays and lesbians , titled Particular Voices : Portraits of Gay and Lesbian Writers . In 2000 , the San Francisco Board of Supervisors awarded Bannon a Certificate of Honor " for breaking new ground with works like Odd Girl Out and Women in the Shadows " and for " voic ( ing ) lesbian experiences at a time when explicit lesbian subject matter was silenced by government and communities . " In 2004 , Bannon was elected into the Saints and Sinners Literary Festival Hall of Fame . She received the Sacramento State Alumni Association 's Distinguished Faculty Award for 2005 , and received the Trailblazer Award from the Golden Crown Literary Society the same year ; the GCLS created the Ann Bannon GCLS Popular Choice Award . She was the recipient of the Alice B Award in 2008 , that goes to authors whose careers have been distinguished by consistently well @-@ written stories about lesbians . In May 2008 , Bannon was given the Pioneer Award from the Lambda Literary Foundation . In 2012 , she was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the LGBT History Month . = = = In retirement = = = Ann Bannon retired from teaching and college administration at California State University , Sacramento , in 1997 , but tours the country visiting paperback @-@ collecting conventions and speaking at colleges and universities about her writings and experiences . She was a guest of National Public Radio 's Peabody Award @-@ winning talk show " Fresh Air " with Terry Gross , and has also been featured in Gross 's book , All I Did Was Ask , a collection of transcripts from the show . Bannon also speaks at gay @-@ themed events around the country and is working on her memoirs . In a recent editorial written by Bannon in Curve , she discussed how her books survived despite criticisms by censors , Victorian moralists , and purveyors of literary " snobbery " in writing , " To the persistent surprise of many of us , and of the critics who found us such an easy target years ago , the books by , of and for women found a life of their own . They — and we — may still not be regarded as conventionally acceptable ' nice ' literature , as it were — but I have come to value that historical judgment . We wrote the stories no one else could tell . And in so doing , we captured a slice of life in a particular time and place that still resonates for members of our community . "
= Henry Percy , 3rd Earl of Northumberland = Henry Percy , 3rd Earl of Northumberland , ( 25 July 1421 – 29 March 1461 ) was an English magnate . The Earldom of Northumberland was one of the greatest fifteenth @-@ century landholdings in northern England ; Percy also became Lord Poynings on his marriage . This title would bring him into direct conflict with the Poynings family themselves , and indeed , feuds with neighbouring nobles , both lay and ecclesiastical , would be a key occupancy of his youth . Percy married Eleanor Poynings , who outlived him ; together they had four children . He was a leading Lancastrian during the Wars of the Roses , from which he managed to personally benefit , although his father died early in the war . He was not , however , to live to enjoy these gains , being killed at the Battle of Towton in 1461 on the defeated Lancastrian side . = = Early life and war with Scotland = = Percy was the son of Henry Percy , 2nd Earl of Northumberland , and Lady Eleanor Neville , daughter of Ralph Neville , 1st Earl of Westmorland , and his second wife , Joan Beaufort . Percy was knighted in 1426 together with Henry VI . He was appointed Warden of the Eastern March on the Scottish border on 1 April 1440 , originally for four years , and subsequent extensions in 1444 , and 1445 , for the next seven years . This came as well with the custody of Berwick Castle and responsibility for its defence He was to hold this post until March 1461 . In May 1448 , Percy , with his father and Sir Robert Ogle , invaded Scotland in a pre @-@ emptive defence of the border , and burnt Dunbar and Dumfries , for which , in revenge , the Scots attacked his father 's castles of Alnwick and Warkworth . King Henry made his way north , and whilst at Durham sent Percy – now Lord Poynings – to raid Dumfrieshire ; the sortie – " only to return with some 500 cattle " – of around 5 @,@ 000 men failed , and he was captured whilst caught in a marsh following his father 's defeat at the River Sark on 23 October . Sir Robert Ogle was now outlawed and the king used half of his estates to compensate Poynings for the ransom he had expended arranging his release from captivity . Tensions with Scotland remained , to the extent that Poynings , his father , and other nobles were requested to stay and guard the border rather than attend Parliament , for which they were excused . In summer 1451 , with an Anglo @-@ Scottish truce pending , Poynings was commissioned to treat with Scottish embassies . In July 1455 , he successfully prevented an assault on Berwick by the Scottish King , James II , and was congratulated by the English King as a result . = = Feud with the Poynings = = In the late 1440s , the Yorkshire tenants of his father , the Earl of Northumberland , were in almost constant conflict with their neighbours , those of the Archbishop of York , involving armed skirmishes which Percy 's brothers led . These events were deemed so severe that in 1448 they led to the only progress north for the King during his reign . The same year , because of a dispute over the inheritance his family received as a result of Henry Percy 's marriage , the Earl of Northumberland 's retainers had ejected the earl 's relative , Robert Poynings , from his Sussex manors . A year later , Henry Percy – now Lord Poynings by right of his wife – took direct part , with his father , in raiding the manor of Newington Bertram in Kent , which was also enfeoffed by Robert . This attack also apparently involved cattle rustling and theft , and Robert later claimed it to be so brutal that he was " deterred from seeking a remedy at law for three years " . = = Feud with Nevilles = = By the early 1450s , relations with a powerful neighbouring family , the Nevilles became increasingly tense , and Poyning 's brother Thomas , Lord Egremont , had finally ambushed a Neville force , returning from a wedding , near Sheriff Hutton. with a force of between 1 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 men . Although this was a bloodless confrontation , a precedent for the use of force in this particular dispute had already been laid in the previous violence in the region . By October 1453 , Poynings was directly involved , with his father , brothers Egremont and Richard , and joined by Lord Clifford , in forcing a battle with John and Richard Neville at Topcliffe . The feud continued into the next year , when Poyning reportedly planned on attending parliament accompanied by a large force of men in February , and three months later both he and the earl were summoned by the king to attend council in attempt to impose a peace ; a second letter was " written but not despatched " . Neither , along with John Neville or Salisbury , did as requested . = = Wars of the Roses = = During the Wars of the Roses , Percy followed his father in siding with the Lancastrians against the Yorkists . The Earl himself died at what is generally considered to be the first battle of the wars , at St Alban 's on 22 May 1455 , and Poynings was elevated as third Earl of Northumberland , without having to pay relief to the Crown , due the fact that his father had died in the King 's service . He in his turn " swore to uphold the Lancastrian dynasty " . Although a reconciliation of the leading magnates of the realm was attempted in October 1458 in London , he arrived with such a large body of men ( thought to be around 1 @,@ 500 ) that the city denied him entry . The new earl and his brother Egremont were bound over £ 4 @,@ 000 each to keep the peace . When conflict broke out again , he attended the so @-@ called Parliament of Devils in October 1459 , which condemned as traitors those Yorkists accused of , among other offences , causing the death of his father four years before . On 30 December 1460 , Percy led the central " battle " or section of the victorious Lancastrian army at the Battle of Wakefield , following which , the army marched south , pillaging on the road to London . He fought against Warwick at the second Battle of St. Alban 's on 17 February 1461 , and he commanded the Lancastrian van at the Battle of Towton on 29 March 1461 , however , " his archers were blinded by snowstorms " , and he was either slain in close fighting , or died of his wounds soon after . He was buried at St Denys 's Church , York . He was posthumously attainted by the first parliament of the victorious Edward IV in November 1461 , and his son and namesake was committed to the Tower . = = Estates , offices and finances = = The estates of the Earls of Northumberland had traditionally been in constant use as a source of manpower and wages in defence of the border since the Percy family first gained the office the previous century . The wages assigned to the third Earl were substantial : £ 2 @,@ 500 yearly in time of peace , and £ 5 @,@ 000 during war , as well as an annual payment for the maintenance of Berwick 's upkeep ( £ 66 in peacetime and £ 120 in wartime ) . Percy often had to provide from his own resources , however , as " securing payment was not easy " from the Exchequer , ( for example , in 1454 he received no payments at all ) . In July 1452 he gained a twenty @-@ year fee @-@ farm ( £ 80 yearly , from Carlisle ) , although he subsequently lost it in favour of Richard Neville , Earl of Salisbury , in July 1454 . Throughout the 1450s , the Crown continually made efforts at paying Percy his Warden 's wages and fees promptly ( paying him full wartime rates for the whole of the year 1456 @-@ 7 , for example ) , and since he was a loyal Lancastrian he achieved this more often than his counterpart on the west march , Salisbury , who by now had publicly aligned himself with York . The fee farm of Carlisle was returned to Percy in November 1459 , following Salisbury 's attainder in Coventry . He also benefited from the attainder of York , being granted an annuity of £ 66 from the latter 's forfeited Wakefield Lordship in Yorkshire ; he also received £ 200 from the profits of Penrith . As a reward for his role in the Lancastrian victory at Ludford Bridge , he was made Chief Forester north of the River Trent and the Constable of Scarborough Castle on 22 December 1459 for life . He was nominated to a wide @-@ ranging commission of oyer and terminer ( from the old French , literally a commission " to hear and determine " ) on 30 May 1460 , his new rank was a tactic to deal with the treasons and insurrections in Northumberland . On 3 July , he was granted Yorkshire , Derbyshire , and Cambridgeshire , all belonging to Salisbury , on a twelve @-@ year lease . After the Yorkists captured Henry VI at the Battle of Northampton in 1460 , they accused Percy of having looted York 's northern estates during his exile in Ireland . This charge was likely to have had some truth in it , as it was his continued pillaging of those estates , with the Lords Clifford and Dacre , that led to York marching north to Wakefield in December 1460 . These incomes , however collected , would have been vital to the Earl both personally and militarily as his northern estates especially had been a victim of feudal decline for most of the first half of the fifteenth century : even on the forfeit of the earldom to the Crown in 1461 , his arrears have been calculated as still standing at approximately £ 12 @,@ 000 . = = Family = = At the arrangement of his father and Cardinal Beaufort in 1434 , he married on or before 25 June 1435 , Eleanor Poynings ( c.1422 – 11 February 1484 ) , de jure suo jure Lady Poynings , daughter and heiress of Sir Richard Poynings of Poynings in Sussex , by his second wife , Eleanor Berkeley , daughter of Sir John Berkeley of Beverston Castle in Gloucestershire . She was heir general in 1446 to her grandfather , Robert Poynings , 4th Baron Poynings , to the Lordship of Poynings , with lands across the south of England . He was summoned to Parliament from 14 December 1446 to 26 May 1455 , by writs directed Henrico de Percy , chivaler , domino de Ponynges . His wife was a legatee in the 1455 will of her mother , Eleanor , Countess of Arundel ( widow of the thirteenth Earl of Arundel ) . They had one son and three daughters : Henry Percy , 4th Earl of Northumberland ( c.1449 – 28 April 1489 ) , who married Maud Herbert , daughter of the first Earl of Pembroke . Margaret Percy ( b. c . 1447 ) , who married Sir William Gascoigne Elizabeth Percy ( 1460 – 1512 ) , who married Henry Scrope , 6th Baron Scrope of Bolton . Anne Percy ( 1444 – 1522 ) , who married Sir Thomas Hungerford in 1460 . = = Ancestry = =
= The Fabulous Kangaroos = This team is not to be mistaken for the similarly named team The Royal Kangaroos of Jonathan Boyd and Norman Frederick Charles III The Fabulous Kangaroos was a professional wrestling tag team that existed in various forms from 1957 until 1983 . The first incarnation of The Fabulous Kangaroos was formed when Italian Australian Al Costello teamed with Australia native Roy Heffernan and adopted an " Ultra Australian " gimmick complete with boomerangs , bush hats and the song " Waltzing Matilda " as their entrance music . Costello and Heffernan are arguably the most famous version of The Kangaroos , regarded as one of the top tag teams to ever compete in professional wrestling , and are often credited with popularizing tag team wrestling in the late 1950s and 1960s . Later versions of The Kangaroos saw Al Costello team with Ray St. Clair in 1967 , and then with Don Kent from 1968 until 1974 . Don Kent went on to team with Bruno Bekkar , and later Johnny Heffernan ( a storyline cousin of Roy Heffernan ) to keep The Fabulous Kangaroos name alive until 1983 . The Fabulous Kangaroos made their last appearance in 1983 , but almost a decade later , the then 72 @-@ year @-@ old Al Costello managed a team known as " The New Fabulous Kangaroos " in the American Independent circuit . The New Fabulous Kangaroos consisted of little known wrestlers Mickey Doyle , Denny Kass and Al Snow ; of the three , only Snow went on to national and international recognition . Both Costello and Heffernan died before The Kangaroos were honored as the first tag team to ever be inducted into the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2003 , which started a tradition of inducting a new team every year . = = Career = = = = = Al Costello and Roy Heffernan = = = " The Fabulous Kangaroos " were the brainchild of Al Costello , who had spent the first 18 years of his wrestling career as a fairly unsuccessful singles competitor . In 1956 , Costello mentioned his idea of an " Ultra Australian " tag team to fellow wrestler , and future promoter , Joe Blanchard . Blanchard happened to be a good friend of Roy Heffernan , who had previously trained with Costello and became his choice for a partner . Costello and Heffernan made their debut as The Fabulous Kangaroos on 3 May 1957 , for Stu Hart ’ s Stampede Wrestling promotion of Canada , in a match against Maurice LaPointe and Tony Baillargeon . Only weeks after making their debut , The Kangaroos were working with the top tag teams of the promotion . After working in Stampede for a while The Fabulous Kangaroos started to travel across the United States , headlining shows wherever they went due to their ability to rile up crowds with their heel ( bad guy ) tactics . On one occasion in August 1958 , The Kangaroos , or " Kangaroo Men " as they were billed , nearly caused a riot in Madison Square Garden during a match against Antonino Rocca and Miguel Pérez ; the fans began to throw fruit and stones at them . After the match ended without a decisive winner , the promoters stepped in , turned up the arena lights , and played the National Anthem to stop a potential riot . This was a common tactic used at the time by the New York promoters to prevent riots and help the heels leave the arena unharmed . Later that year , Costello and Heffernan started working for Dory Funk ’ s NWA Western States promotion based in Amarillo , Texas . Here , The Kangaroos won their first title as a team when they defeated Pepper Gomez and El Medico to win the Texas version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship on 17 November 1958 . Their first title reign was short lived , however , as Pepper Gomez and Rito Romero defeated them to regain the titles two weeks later . The following year , The Fabulous Kangaroos won the main tag team titles in NWA New Mexico , as well as the Texas version of the NWA International Tag Team Championship . In 1960 the Kangaroos moved on to New York , where they worked for Capitol Wrestling ( predecessor to the modern @-@ day WWE ) . On 21 July 1960 The Fabulous Kangaroos defeated Red and Lou Bastien to claim the North East version of the NWA United States Tag Team Championship ( which was later known as the WWWF United States Tag Team Championship ) . The Bastien brothers sought revenge and regained the gold during a rematch on 8 August 1960 . This time , the Bastiens ' title reign only lasted 16 days when The Fabulous Kangaroos beat them again in Washington , D.C to become two @-@ time United States champions . Their second tenure as champions lasted almost three months , before they were defeated by Johnny Valentine and Buddy Rogers on 19 November 1960 . Costello and Heffernan won the titles for a third time only a week later and carried the gold into 1961 . On 11 January 1961 , The Kangaroos third title reign ended when they lost to the team of Johnny Valentine and Bob Ellis . As was common in their day , The Kangaroos began to move around between territories to avoid overexposure . The team arrived in Championship Wrestling from Florida billed as NWA Florida United States Tag Team Champions . It was a tag team title they never technically won , but were instead awarded by the promoter . The Kangaroos stayed in Florida , defending against all challengers until the duo of Eddie Graham and Dick Steinborn took the United States titles from them in a match on 1 November 1961 . In 1962 , The Kangaroos once again traveled across the United States , working for the Midwest Wrestling Association of Ohio where they held the Ohio version of the NWA United States tag team title . They also toured Japan with the Japan Wrestling Association and were the first to hold the Japanese version of the NWA International Tag Team Championship . In 1964 , Costello and Heffernan made their west coast debut , working in Los Angeles , California for the World Wrestling Association ( WWA ) where they beat Édouard Carpentier and Ernie Ladd for the WWA World Tag Team Championship . The Kangaroos held the titles for three months before losing them to the Torres brothers ( Alberto and Ramon ) on 28 April 1964 . The Kangaroos never forgot their roots , and continued to work in Canada off and on through the years ; in addition to Stampede Wrestling , the team also worked for NWA All @-@ Star Wrestling based in Vancouver , British Columbia . While working for All @-@ Star Wrestling , The Kangaroos were involved in a heated storyline with Don Leo Jonathan and Roy McClarty that sold out arenas all across the territory . On 25 May 1964 The Kangaroos won the Vancouver version of the NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship , and immediately had to fend off the challenges of Jonathan and McClarty . During one infamous match in Winnipeg , The Kangaroos made Stan Stasiak an " honorary Kangaroo " for the night ( complete with bush hat and all ) for a six @-@ man tag team match against Jonathan , McClarty and Karl Gotch . During the match The Kangaroos ' cheating tactics aggravated the crowd so much that the fans threw chairs at the team . The Kangaroos attempted to hide under the ring to escape the flying chairs , but rabid fans tried to light the ring apron on fire to " smoke out " The Kangaroos . Peace was restored before anyone got seriously hurt and Jonathan and McClarty defeated The Kangaroos for the Canadian Tag Team titles , only to lose them back to the team from " Down Under " less than a month later . The Fabulous Kangaroos held the Canadian Tag team titles a total of four times while working for All @-@ Star wrestling , losing them for the final time on 17 May 1965 to the team of Do Leo Jonathan and Jim Hardy . For the better part of a year The Kangaroos had been double champions , holding both the Canadian Tag Team titles and the All @-@ Star version of the NWA International Tag Team titles . Their time in NWA All @-@ Star Wrestling was the last time the original Kangaroos teamed together . In June 1965 , The Kangaroos lost to Don Leo Jonathan and Jim Hardy , and then split up . Heffernan had left Australia to tour the world in 1953 and wanted to return to his homeland , while Costello was determined to remain in the United States for a while longer . = = = Al Costello and Ray St. Clair = = = In 1967 , after having wrestled with other partners , including a stint as The Internationals with Karl Von Brauner , Costello decided that he wanted to reform The Fabulous Kangaroos . He got in touch with a friend from Great Britain , Tinker Todd , and asked him to be his new partner and reform The Fabulous Kangaroos . Todd agreed , taking the name " Ray St. Clair " and adopting an " Australian " persona . George " Crybaby " Cannon had managed Costello and Von Brauner when they wrestled as The Internationals , and he was brought in to be The Kangaroos new manager . Not long after Costello and St. Clair hit the circuit , they captured both gold and the hatred of the crowd , just like the original Kangaroos . A couple of months after reforming , Costello and St. Clair won the NWA Detroit version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship from Fred Curry and Billy Red Lyons , but lost the titles to Fred Curry and Dan Miller a few weeks later . Costello and St. Clair showed the same gift for riling up the fans as Costello and Heffernan had and even caused their own share of riots . One particular event in Cincinnati , Ohio saw the predominantly African American crowd start a riot after The Kangaroos spat in the eye of the African American Bobo Brazil during a match . The crowd rushed towards the ring when a fan fell from the balcony , causing a diversion that enabled Costello and St. Clair to escape the ring and get back to their dressing room . When fans started to break down the door to the dressing room , The Kangaroos ducked out the back , ran down an alley and hid in a half full dumpster overnight . The next morning when The Kangaroos returned to their car , they found all four tires slashed . Despite the success of the new version of The Fabulous Kangaroos , the Costello / St. Ray team did not last more than six tumultuous months . St. Clair missed his native Britain and was suffering from a debilitating knee injury that meant he had to retire from wrestling altogether . = = = Al Costello and Don Kent = = = Costello was not ready to give up on The Fabulous Kangaroos concept after St. Clair retired , and a few months later he found a new man to don the bush hat : Don Kent . Kent , who was from Michigan , adopted the Ultra @-@ Australian gimmick ( but retained his American accent ) and the two formed the third overall and second most well @-@ known version of the Fabulous Kangaroos . Costello and Kent continued in a tradition that was reminiscent of the original Kangaroos ; when a federation needed a new tag team title , the Kangaroos were brought in and acknowledged as champions on arrival instead of holding a tournament to determine the champions . In 1967 , the Japanese federation " International Wrestling Enterprise " ( IWE ) brought the Kangaroos in as the first Trans @-@ World Wrestling Alliance World Tag Team Champions . They held this title until 10 January 1968 when IWE mainstays Toyonobori and Thunder Sugiyama beat them for the gold . Their time in Japan was only the first of many international tours for these third generation Kangaroos ; they worked all over Asia as well as in Costello 's homeland of Australia . In 1969 , the Kangaroos wrestled for the newly created Eastern Sports Association ( ESA ) out of Halifax , Nova Scotia , where they were once again recognized as champions on their arrival , becoming the inaugural holders of the ESA International Tag Team Championship . On 5 August 1969 , the Kangaroos dropped the titles to Eastern Sports Association mainstays The Beast and Rudy Kay . In 1970 , they joined Dick the Bruiser ’ s World Wrestling Association ( WWA ) , where they competed regularly for nearly two years . On 26 December 1970 Costello and Kent defeated WWA World Tag Team Champions Dick the Bruiser and Bill Miller to claim the tag titles . The Kangaroos used every dirty tactic to hold on to the gold for six months before losing the titles to Wilbur Snyder and Moose Cholak . On 18 June 1971 , the Kangaroos regained the titles , and held them for just over two months before Wilbur Snyder and Paul Christy beat them for their straps . After leaving the WWA , Costello and Kent made a few appearances in New York for the World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , a promotion the original Kangaroos had previously worked for under the company 's former name , Capitol Wrestling . In one of their headline appearances at Madison Square Garden , the Kangaroos wrestled to a 45 @-@ minute time limit draw against Terry and Dory Funk , Sr .. The Kangaroos were not only stars in the wrestling world , they also made a series of popular " celebrity baseball " appearances in 1971 – 1972 . At one celebrity all @-@ star game in Three Rivers Stadium , Pittsburgh , PA , the Kangaroos became the stars of the celebrity team by going 7 for 8 collectively and entertaining the fans with their horseplay and comedy antics . On 18 December 1971 , The Fabulous Kangaroos defeated Ben Justice and the Stomper in the tournament finals for the new Detroit version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship . The Kangaroos worked for NWA Detroit for most of 1971 , defending the gold until Justice and the Stomper won the titles in July 1972 . By the end of 1972 , the Kangaroos began working for Nick Gulas ’ NWA Mid @-@ America promotion , based in the Southern United States , a promotion that Don Kent had worked for before becoming a Kangaroo . On 1 February 1973 , the Kangaroos defeated " The Heavenly Bodies " ( Don and Al Green ; not to be confused with the 1990s team of the same name ) to add yet another version of the NWA World Tag Team Championship , the Mid @-@ America version , to their long list of title accomplishments . The Kangaroos held that title three times between February and 22 September 1973 , when they lost to the team of Lorenzo Parente and Randy Curtis . During 1973 George Cannon was replaced as the Kangaroos manager by " Sir " Dudley Clements . After a match in the Cincinnati Gardens , an enraged fan took a fire extinguisher off the wall and threw it at Costello and Kent from the balcony of the Gardens . The extinguisher hit Costello in the hip , damaging it so much that he needed hip replacement surgery later that year . The fan was arrested , served 15 days in jail , and fined $ 50 for damaging the fire extinguisher . The hip injury meant that Costello was unable to compete and The Fabulous Kangaroos split up once again . Don Kent returned to NWA Mid @-@ America to work as a singles wrestler , while Costello had a full hip replacement , and was forced to retire from active competition . In 1975 , Costello surprised everyone by returning to professional wrestling as the manager of a team known as " The Love Brothers " ( Hartford and Reggie Love ) . He actually stepped into the ring on occasion as part of special six @-@ man tag team matches . After recovering from his hip surgery , Costello returned to active competition at the age of 56 , teaming up with Tony Charles to form yet another version of The Fabulous Kangaroos . The team defeated Dominic DeNucci and Chris Markoff to win the Detroit version of the NWA World Tag Team title , the same title that Costello and Kent had previously held . The Kangaroos title run was short , however , and they lost their gold to " Crazy " Luke Graham and Ripper Collins . In 1977 Tony Charles was replaced by Don Kent and the two reunited for a tour of Puerto Rico with the World Wrestling Council ( WWC ) . In Puerto Rico , the Kangaroos arrived billed as the WWC World Tag Team Champions , once more to give a newly created title legitimacy . They dropped the titles to Carlos Colón and Jose Rivera on 12 March 1977 . The Kangaroos remained in the WWC till 1978 , chasing , but never regaining the WWC World Tag Team Championship . After their tour in Puerto Rico ended , Don Kent returned to singles wrestling , and Costello refocused on managing . = = = Don Kent and Bruno Bekkar = = = In 1981 , Don Kent donned the bush hat and picked up the boomerang once more after not having worked as a Kangaroo since 1974 , except for the short run in 1977 . Costello asked Kent to team up with Bruno Bekkar , who was mostly known from working in his native New Zealand and Australia . Kent and Bekkar worked a tour for the WWC while Costello served as their manager . The team won the WWC North American Tag Team titles from Jack and Jerry Brisco on 22 October 1981 . They then lost the titles to Invader I and Super Gladiator but quickly gained them back before dropping the titles for good to Invader and Gladiator on 26 January 1982 . The Kent and Bekkar team only lasted through one tour of the Caribbean , after which Bruno Bekkar returned to Australia and New Zealand to work for the local promotions there . = = = Don Kent and Johnny Heffernan = = = After Bekkar went back to Australia , Kent found a new partner to create yet another version of the Fabulous Kangaroos that turned out to be the last incarnation of the team . In mid 1982 , Kent teamed up with Lutte Internationale mainstay Bob Della Serra , who took the wrestling name " Johnny Heffernan " ( or " Bobby Heffernan " at times ) - a storyline cousin of Roy Heffernan . The team ended Terry and Dory Funk , Jr . ' s year and a half run with the WWC World Tag Team championship on 1 May 1982 . Kent and Heffernan held the gold for less than two months before losing the WWC World Tag Team titles to Invader I and Pierre Martel . After a tour in Puerto Rico , Costello Kent and Heffernan returned to work for Championship Wrestling from Florida ( CWF ) , a promotion the Kangaroos last worked for in 1962 . On 5 January 1983 , the Kangaroos defeated Barry Windham and Ron Bass to win the NWA Florida Global Tag Team Championship . They held the titles four times between January and 13 April 1983 , losing to and winning titles from such teams as Terry Allen and Scott McGhee , Terry Allen and The Midnight Rider , and Terry Allen and Brad Armstrong . The final storyline involving The Fabulous Kangaroos saw Al Costello bring in J.J. Dillon to act as his short term replacement while he was " away on business " . When Costello returned from his business trip , Dillon ( kayfabe ) refused to give up the Kangaroos contracts and was backed up by both Kent and Heffernan . The angle was designed to write Al Costello out of The Fabulous Kangaroos ' storyline , and allow him to retire from wrestling altogether . Not long after Costello retired , Kent and Della Serra went their separate ways . Don Kent retired in 1986 , but made guest appearances in the ring from time to time as late as 1992 . = = = New Fabulous Kangaroos = = = After retiring from wrestling , Al Costello became the head of security at College Harbor , Florida . In 1992 , at the age of 71 , Costello retired from his job in Florida and began teaching wrestling . He also started to manage " The New Fabulous Kangaroos " in 1993 consisting of Mickey Doley and Denny Kass who worked for " Motor City Wrestling " ( MCW ) . By the fall of 1993 Mickey Doyle had been replaced by a young wrestler by the name of Al Snow , and with Costello 's help The New Fabulous Kangaroos defeated " Canadian Lighting " ( Otis Apollo and " Irish " Bobby Clancy ) on 29 December 1993 to win the MCW Tag Team Championship . On 14 May 1994 , after Al Snow had started working for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , Kass and Snow defeated Canadian Lighting to win the Border City Wrestling ( BCW ) Can @-@ Am Tag Team Championship , unifying the two tag team championships . A week later , The New Fabulous Kangaroos lost both sets of titles to Scott D 'Amore and " Irish " Bobby Clancy . After losing the unified MCW / BCW Tag Team championships , The New Kangaroos split up . Snow focused on his WWF career , while Costello retired for good . = = = Kangaroo legacy = = = The Fabulous Kangaroos are considered by many in the wrestling world as one of the best tag @-@ teams in the history of wrestling . In fact , many people in the past held the mistaken belief that The Fabulous Kangaroos invented tag team wrestling , which was not true since tag team wrestling had been seen as early as 1936 . The reason for this belief lies in the fact that The Kangaroos were one of the first teams to popularize tag team wrestling , and because tag teaming was often referred to as " Australian rules " or " Australian tag team " . The Kangaroos themselves were not slow to play off this belief , often claiming ( kayfabe ) that they were such a well coordinated tag team because " Amateur team wrestling was very popular in Australia " . The term " Australian rules " had been coined long before 1957 debut of The Kangaroos . Records indicate that tag team wrestling was already being referred to as " Australian rules " already in the mid @-@ 1940s . The Fabulous Kangaroos were among the first people in wrestling to play up the sports entertainment elements in professional wrestling ; beyond being talented wrestlers , Costello especially was also very good at playing up their characters . The Kangaroos showed their " advertising " skills through promotional literature , which stated that The Fabulous Kangaroos had " fashioned a razor @-@ edged aluminum boomerang to cut the jugular of a Kodiak bear from afar " . They also frequently threw cardboard boomerangs with their name and pictures on them into the crowd as they walked to the ring . The team carried a huge Australian banner with the name " The Fabulous Kangaroos " on it as part of their entrance rituals as well . = = = Kangaroos today = = = Roy Heffernan died on 24 September 1992 in his home in Sydney , Australia from a heart attack . Don Kent died on 14 June 1993 after a long battle with Leukemia . On 22 January 2000 , the last of the original Fabulous Kangaroos died . Costello had been suffering from pneumonia , and was diagnosed with heart problems , the combination of which took his life at age 80 . Only Bruno Bekkar and Johnny Heffernan remain alive , with managers Red Berry , George Cannon and Dudley Clement having passed on as well . Ray St. Clair , whose birth name was Ramon Napolitano , died on 14 July 2013 . In 2003 , the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame inducted Al Costello and Roy Heffernan collectively as The Fabulous Kangaroos , the first tag team to be inducted into the Hall of Fame . Since that time , the Hall of Fame has honored other tag teams , but The Fabulous Kangaroos were given the honor of being the first . In the tradition of The Kangaroos , they were " billed as champions on arrival " one last time . In 2013 , Costello and Heffernan was inducted into the NWA Hall of Fame . = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves Boomerang ( Catapult into a knockout punch ) Managers " Wild " Red Berry George " Crybaby " Cannon " Sir " Dudley Clement Al Costello = = Championships and accomplishments = = = = = Costello and Heffernan = = = Alex Turk Promotions ( Winnipeg ) International Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) Capitol Wrestling Corporation NWA United States Tag Team Championship ( Northeast version ) ( 3 times ) Championship Wrestling from Florida NWA Florida United States Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Florida version ) ( 1 time ) Japan Wrestling Association NWA International Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) Midwest Wrestling Association NWA United States Tag Team Championship ( Ohio Version ) ( 1 time ) National Wrestling Alliance NWA Hall of Fame ( Class of 2013 ) NWA All @-@ Star Wrestling NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship ( Vancouver version ) ( 4 times ) NWA Detroit NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Detroit version ) ( 2 times ) NWA New Mexico Rocky Mountain Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) NWA Western States ( Amarillo ) NWA International Tag Team Championship ( Texas version ) ( 1 time ) 1 NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Texas version ) ( 1 time ) World Wrestling Association ( Los Angeles ) WWA World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2003 Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame ( Class of 1996 ) = = = Costello and St. Clair = = = NWA Detroit NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Detroit version ) ( 1 time ) = = = Costello and Kent = = = Eastern Sports Association ESA International Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) International Wrestling Enterprise Trans @-@ World Wrestling Alliance World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) NWA Mid @-@ America NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Mid @-@ America version ) ( 3 times ) World Wrestling Association WWA World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) World Wrestling Council WWC World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) = = = Kent and Bekkar = = = World Wrestling Council WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) WWC North American Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) = = = Kent and Heffernan = = = Championship Wrestling from Florida NWA Florida Global Tag Team Championship ( 4 times ) World Wrestling Council WWC World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) WWC North American Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) = = = New Fabulous Kangaroos = = = Border City Wrestling BCW Can @-@ Am Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) Motor City Wrestling MCW Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) 1The NWA International Tag Team Championship ( Texas version ) was also recognized by World Class Championship Wrestling .
= Azimzhan Askarov = Azimzhan Askarov ( Uzbek : Azimjon Asqarov , Азимжон Асқаров ; born 1951 ) is an ethnically Uzbek Kyrgyzstani political activist who founded the group Vozduh in 2002 to investigate police brutality . During the 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes , which primarily targeted people of the Uzbek nationality , Askarov worked to document the violence . He was subsequently arrested and prosecuted on charges of creating mass disturbances , incitement of ethnic hatred , and complicity in murder . Following a trial protested by several international human rights groups for irregularities — including alleged torture and the courtroom intimidation of witnesses by police — Askarov was given a life sentence , which he is currently serving . In November 2010 , Askarov 's health was reported to be rapidly deteriorating as a result of his confinement . Numerous groups have advocated on his behalf , including Human Rights Watch , Reporters Without Borders , People In Need , the Committee to Protect Journalists , and Amnesty International , the latter of which designated him a prisoner of conscience . In 2015 , the U.S. conferred the 2014 Human Rights Defender Award on Askarov . The Kyrgyz government protested this decision and formally terminated a 1993 agreement on cooperation between the U.S. and Kyrgyzstan . On 12 July 2016 , the Supreme Court of Kyrgyzstan revoked the life sentence against Askarov and sent his case to the Chui Oblast Court for review . = = Personal life = = Azimzhan Askarov was born in 1951 in the village Bazar @-@ Korgon , Kyrgyzstan . He attended an arts college in Tashkent . After getting his degree Askarov worked as a painter and decorator for 15 years . In the early 1990s , he began writing about human rights issues in a local newspaper . He is married to Hadicha Askarova and they have three children . = = Human rights work = = Askarov has worked as a human rights activist since the mid @-@ 1990s . In 2002 , he founded the group Vozduh ( Air ) to monitor the conditions of Kyrgyz prisons . Working primarily in the area of Bazar @-@ Korgon , Askarov directed this group until the time of his arrest and was able to initiate new investigations of several cases of police brutality and torture . Several police officers were dismissed from their posts as a result of Askarov 's investigations . Askarov has stated that in 2006 , a prosecutor 's investigator sued Askarov following an article he wrote publicizing torture allegations ; the six @-@ month court case ended with a verdict in Askarov 's favor . As a result , Askarov claims , " Enemies in the law enforcement community were constantly looking for an opportunity to shut me down . " = = Arrest and trial = = In July 2010 , Kyrgyzstan saw an outbreak of ethnic violence in which as many as 2 @,@ 000 people , primarily Uzbeks , were killed , and hundreds of thousands displaced . Following the violence , dozens of Uzbek community and religious leaders were arrested by the Kyrgyzstani government and accused of inciting ethnic violence , among them Azimzhan Askarov , who had been filming killings and arson attacks during the riots . Askarov then distributed the video to international media and accused the Kyrgyz military of complicity in the killings . He was arrested on 15 June 2010 in Bazar @-@ Korgon . Kyrgyzstan 's human rights ombudsman , Tursunbek Akun , protested the arrest shortly after . Askarov was tried along with other human rights activists before a court in the Nooken District of the Jalal @-@ Abad Province . An observer from Human Rights Watch stated that both the defendants and the witnesses evidenced fresh bruises and appeared to have been tortured . The observer also stated that members of the trial 's audience openly threatened and assaulted Askarov , other defendants , and their lawyers inside the courtroom , and that local law enforcement refused to intervene . Askarov 's lawyer , Nurbek Toktagunov , stated that he was also approached by the relatives of a police officer and threatened with violence if he continued to defend Askarov , leading Amnesty International to issue an appeal for the safety of both Toktagunov and Askarov . Askarov testified himself that he had been beaten and tortured while in police custody , and his lawyer reported that Askarov had further bruises on his back . On 4 November 2010 , however , the prosecutor 's office held a press conference to deny any beatings had taken place . = = Imprisonment and health = = On 10 November 2010 , Askarov 's sentence was upheld by an appellate court . Two days later , Amnesty International reported that Askarov 's health was failing rapidly ; he was soon moved from his prison hospital to a hospital in Bishkek . Members of his family expressed concern that he was receiving inadequate care from prison authorities . On 8 February 2011 , the Kyrgyzstani Supreme Court agreed to hear new evidence in Askarov 's case ; however , his hearing was suspended . On 11 April 2011 , his appeal hearing was postponed for the second time . On 20 December 2011 , the Kyrgyzstani Supreme Court upheld Askarov 's sentence . Askarov 's lawyer then said he would protest the Supreme Court 's decision in the UN Human Rights Council , however Askarov himself was against this , feared of not being able to survive until the day of decision . Askarov insists on the review of his case in the Kyrgyz legislature . = = International attention = = Amnesty International , Human Rights Watch , the Committee to Protect Journalists , Front Line , International Partnership for Human Rights ( IPHR ) , and the International Federation for Human Rights have all denounced the charges against Askarov . The Committee to Protect Journalists called for him and fellow detainee Ulugbek Abdusalomov to be released , and for the officers who arrested them to be investigated for " abuse of office " . His cause has also been championed by American actor Martin Sheen . The US Embassy in Bishkek also put pressure on the Kyrgyz government to hold " impartial hearings " on Askarov 's appeal . Reporters Without Borders has called for his immediate release . On 8 March 2011 , People In Need awarded him the Homo Homini Award " in recognition of a dedication to the promotion of human rights , democracy and non @-@ violent solutions to political conflicts . " In an acceptance speech written from prison , Askarov responded , " I cried like a baby . There are no words to express my heartfelt joy . After much suffering , torture and humiliation , I realized once again the high social value of fighting for human rights and justice ! " In May 2011 , an exhibition of Askarov 's paintings opened in Bishkek , organized by his wife and various Kyrgyz human rights organizations . The paintings focus on " the inhabitants of the Fergana valley and scenes from their everyday lives . " In 2012 , Askarov won the International Press Freedom Award of the Committee to Protect Journalists . The award recognizes journalists who show courage in defending press freedom despite facing attacks , threats , or imprisonment .
= Bell X1 ( band ) = Bell X1 are a music group from Dublin , Ireland , known for their wide range of styles , powerful live performances , intelligent and witty lyrics and a dedication to touring . NPR says they deliver " a brilliant co @-@ mingling of electronic music and anthemic pop rock " . Bell X1 are festival and arena headliners in their native Ireland and play to ever growing numbers on their regular North American and European tours . Aside from U2 , they are the Irish band with the most airplay in their native country and , according to Billboard , also the second biggest live performers . = = History = = = = = Juniper = = = Most of the band were originally members of Juniper . Paul Noonan was Juniper 's drummer and Damien Rice was the lead vocalist ; guitarists Dominic Philips and Brian Crosby and multi @-@ instrumentalist David Geraghty completed the original line @-@ up . Juniper built up a strong live following in Ireland and enjoyed chart success with EP Manna and singles Weatherman and World is Dead ( the latter two through Universal Records ) but never released a full album . The band became a quartet with the departure of Rice over creative differences . Rice admitted in a 2002 interview with the Sunday Tribune that he had become upset after writing a song which the record company had disliked . After a short break they reformed themselves as Bell X1 and Noonan became the new band 's frontman . The live line @-@ up , alongside original members Crosby and Philips , came to be completed by drummer Tim O 'Donovan , and trianglist Nessan Harpur , who also fronts electropop group Neosupervital . Juniper 's original contract with Polygram Ireland was moved to Island Records UK . Bell X1 released three albums while with Universal / Island ; Neither Am I , Music in Mouth and Flock . Subsequent releases have come out on the band 's own BellyUp Records and its distribution partners at Warner Music , Redeye & The Orchard . Those titles are : Tour De Flock , Blue Lights on the Runway , Bloodless Coup , Field Recordings & Chop Chop . = = = Neither Am I = = = Neither Am I was released on 13 October 2000 . It was produced by Crowded House bass player Nick Seymour with whom members of the band have collaborated extensively since . It features a number of songs ( Volcano and Face ) that were previously played by Juniper and co @-@ written with Damien Rice. and achieved gold status sales . Pinball Machine and Man on Mir were released as singles . In late 2010 Bell X1 revisited and reprised the record on their sold @-@ out Irish acoustic tour . = = = Music in Mouth = = = Bell X1 's second album Music in Mouth fared better , garnering greater fan acceptance and critical acclaim . Reviewer Harry Guerin described the album as being one from a band " pushing themselves in different directions and coming up with a joy and sadness that prove as contagious as each other [ ... ] a band thinking outside the a , b , c of guitar rock " . Music in Mouth achieved double @-@ platinum sales in Ireland and four singles released from the album achieved top forty positions in the Irish Singles Chart . The Irish Independent 's John Meagher named it his fourth best Irish album of the 2000s . In early 2004 they led a tour of that year 's accession states of Eastern Europe as part of Ireland 's EU Presidency . In December 2004 , they performed their first major headlining show at the Olympia Theatre , Dublin . The wider appeal of the band internationally was assisted by the use of the song " Eve , the Apple of My Eye " from Music in Mouth during an episode of US teen dramedy The O.C. ; it featured during a scene in which two of the show 's female characters shared a lesbian kiss . The show 's music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas chose to feature " Eve " and " In Every Sunflower " after listening to Music in Mouth , with " Eve " also being included on the series soundtrack . That opportunity led to Bell X1 's arrival in the United States . The Sunday Tribune 's Neil Dunphy and Una Mullally named it number 46 in their 2008 " ultimate playlist representing the top @-@ 50 Irish songs of all time " . In the same publication at the end of the decade Dunphy cited it as an example of how Irish bands had used television to their advantage . The band went on to record a live session for Nic Harcourt 's radio show on KCRW in Los Angeles . = = = Flock = = = Capitalising on the momentum generated by the success of Music in Mouth , Bell X1 took over a remote farmhouse in Co . Wexford to write Flock , this time working with producer Roger Bechirian . It went straight to number one in Ireland on its release on 14 October 2005 and to date has sold five @-@ times platinum in that country . RTÉ reviewer Katie Moten described the album as " an accomplished collection from a clever and inventive band , whose talent deserves heapings of praise " . Bell X1 returned to feature in a dedicated Rattlebag special presented by Myles Dungan on 18 October 2005 . Flock was subsequently released around Europe , prompting Noonan to describe 2005 as Bell X1 's " annus fabulous " . On 31 January 2006 , they performed a sold out show in the RDS Main Hall , and appeared on the Main Stage at Oxegen 2006 that July . They would go on to perform even bigger live shows at Dublin 's Point Theatre and Malahide Castle over the next 18 months " Bigger Than Me " , the first single to be released from this album , reached number sixteen in the Irish Singles Chart . They performed follow @-@ up single " Flame " on Tubridy Tonight on 14 January 2006 . " Flame " was later included in a collection of works giving a " sense of the noughties " put together by Vincent Murphy and broadcast on Morning Ireland on 31 December 2009 . A third single , " Rocky Took a Lover " , would be performed on the Late Show with David Letterman on 17 March 2008 . Bell X1 performed songs from Flock when they were one of the acts to appear on Other Voices in 2007 . In February 2007 , it was reported that Bell X1 had parted company with their UK record label Island Records . Noonan later spoke of the artistic freedom which had resulted from this move — " We have found owning our music and finding partners all over the world to put our music out really empowering " . = = = Tour De Flock = = = A live CD and DVD set called Tour De Flock was released on the band 's own record label , BellyUp Records , on 15 June 2007 . The set was the band 's first post @-@ Island release . It was a recording of their sell @-@ out performance at the Point Theatre in Dublin on 1 December 2006 . On 30 June , two weeks after the release of Tour De Flock , Bell X1 played an outdoor show at Malahide Castle in Dublin , becoming the first Irish band to headline that venue . In July 2007 , they played a sell @-@ out show at Live at the Marquee in Cork , with Noonan two years later describing that show as , " Without doubt [ ... ] one of the best gigs of our entire Flock tour . We had played venues like The Lobby , The Savoy and the Opera House , but being asked to play the Marquee was a crowning moment for us " . On 15 March 2008 , the band 's tour bus burst into flames outside their hotel in Medford , Massachusetts . Noonan and Geraghty were on board the vehicle alongside their manager and a friend . Brian Crosby , Dominic Phillips , and Tim O 'Donovan were inside the hotel . Fire fighters were called to the scene shortly after 3 : 30 am and spent ninety minutes fanning the blaze , which started in the bus ventilation / air @-@ conditioning unit and caused an estimated $ 50 @,@ 000 ( € 32 @,@ 000 ) worth of damage . Talking to local newspaper the Boston Herald , the band 's manager , Foye Johnson said : " The guys were basically around the bus , which was a good thing because we were able to get all the equipment and instruments out . " After a few hours of sleep , off they went in a replacement vehicle to New York City where the band played a sell @-@ out show in the Bowery Ballroom and appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman , Other North American television appearances during the early part of 2008 included MTV Canada , The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson and Late Night with Conan O 'Brien . They would return to perform on the Late Show with David Letterman one year later . They were the support act for Stars in the United States in September 2008 , their fourth time there that year . There were also several shows at events in Europe , and a homecoming appearance at Oxegen 2008 . On 2 October 2008 , Brian Crosby announced his decision to leave Bell X1 following their 19 October Flock tour finale at the Panorama Festival in the Lebanon . They parted ways on good terms and the recruitment of at least one new member for live performances was planned . Their first show without Crosby was the opening night of an acoustic tour at the Pavilion in Cork two days after Panorama . By this time they were already performing material which was to feature on their fourth studio album , Blue Lights on the Runway . = = = Blue Lights on the Runway = = = Bell X1 released their fourth studio album Blue Lights on the Runway in Ireland on 20 February 2009 . It went to number one in the Irish Albums Chart . RTÉ reviewer Harry Guerin described the album as " a flight that you can actually enjoy from start to finish " . The Sunday Tribune 's Neil Dunphy selected it as his CD of the week , calling it " a wonderful exploration of a sound often derided for being in thrall to its influences " and commenting : " I don 't know why but Bell X1 used to make me cringe . These days their music feels like an old friend ; something solid and inspiring amid all the negativity " . Blue Lights on the Runway was preceded by its lead single , titled " The Great Defector " . which became the band 's most successful single yet , peaking at number three in the Irish Singles Chart and going top 10 in America on the AAA Radio charts . The band were invited back to Tubridy Tonight to perform it and presenter Ryan Tubridy said it was his favourite song that year . Irish Independent journalist Eamon Sweeney described it as " happens to the best thing on the airwaves at the moment " . Marc Aubele on keys and Rory Doyle on drums featured during live performances , the former replacing Crosby in the band . Blue Lights on the Runway was released in the United States through the band 's American label on 3 March 2009 . It appeared in the top twenty of that country 's Billboard Top Heatseekers Chart . When asked to describe touring for the first time without Crosby , Noonan said : " It 's good — it 's all part of the journey " . The band received attention from prominent bloggers in the country and made appearances on public radio , said to be a " crucial showcase " for bands like them in the United States . The band recorded a Ukulélé Session with the newspaper Le Soir to support the release of their album in Belgium . In Spain they played the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim that year . Back home Blue Lights on the Runway was given an " honourable mention " by The Sunday Business Post 's Andrew Lynch in his end @-@ of @-@ year 2009 review of music . " The Ribs of a Broken Umbrella " , a second single from Blue Lights on the Runway , was later released . Bell X1 was a support act for U2 during that band 's sold @-@ out Croke Park show on 27 July 2009 , part of the international U2 360 ° Tour . Other major Irish shows that summer included an appearance at Live at the Marquee in Cork and a headlining performance at Electric Picnic 2009 , with the band later returning to the United States for a tour which included a slot at the Austin City Limits Festival before coming home to perform two more sell @-@ out shows at the Olympia Theatre that November . They then reappeared on Other Voices , performing a live session in Dingle which was broadcast in early 2010 . Their only summer performance in Ireland that year was at Oxegen 2010 . = = = Bloodless Coup = = = The band released their fifth album Bloodless Coup on 1 April 2011 . The album was recorded by frequent Flood collaborator & PJ Harvey engineer Rob Kirwan at Grouse Lodge Residential Studios in County Westmeath , Ireland . To celebrate the album release , Bell X1 performed a rooftop gig at Facebook 's European Headquarters with its founder Mark Zuckerberg . The band also performed a special concert recorded for America 's National Public Radio at the Guinness Storehouse A 4 Star review of the album by The Independent praised Bell X1 for being one of the few bands to lyrically tackle the " turbulent , uncertain times . " The Sunday Times named Bloodless Coup its CD of The Week in a 5 star review saying the album is " a 10 track mish @-@ mash about growing old , living in a hopeless political landscape and nourishing lasting friendships . It turns out to be Bell X1 's most satisfying album to date . A beguiling achievement . " The Boston Herald graded the album an " A " saying " the Songwriting and playing are superb . " In support of the album the band headlined shows at Marlay Park , The Galway Arts Festival , Sea Sessions & The Cork Marquee in addition to touring Europe and North America extensively . On 17 December 2012 they organised a special midnight concert at The Olympia Theatre in Dublin to benefit the Capuchin Day Center and their work to help the disadvantaged and increasing numbers of " new poor " resulting from the economic crash . Brother Kevin Crowley of The Capuchin Day Centre was quoted in Hot Press " Our numbers get bigger and bigger , we have 200 people in the morning and nearly 500 in the evening for dinner . So the whole charity concert was a tremendous success , a huge boost . When Bell X1 came to present the cheque I was so impressed by their kindness and sensitivity . I would hope and pray , and I have no doubt , that they will be a huge success for years to come . " Hot Press reported that the show raised € 20 @,@ 285 and the day Centre received a further € 225 @,@ 000 due to the awareness raised . = = = Field Recordings = = = On 8 May 2012 , Bell X1 announced that they would be releasing a two @-@ disc collection of 21 live acoustic tracks & photographs titled Field Recordings . The recordings and photographs were captured by the band 's longtime engineer Phil Hayes . Field Recordings was only made available via the groups web shop and all physical editions quickly sold out . = = = Chop Chop = = = On 8 January 2013 , RTÉ announced that the band had begun work on a new album at Tarquin Studios in Bridgeport , CT with the longtime Producer of The National , Peter Katis & Thomas Bartlett from The Gloaming . On 19 February the band revealed on their website the name of the album : Chop Chop , and their intention to release it in Ireland on 28 June with a Premiere show at The National Concert Hall to follow on 29 June . Reviews for the album were strong . In a 5 star review , The Independent ( UK ) said " they 've created a wholly originally sound " . Other significant reviews included Q Magazine who referred to the album as : " a more stately , echo @-@ laden place .... hushed and expansive " , Magnet : " 4 Stars - a riveting album that finds Bell X1 pushing its established aesthetics in admirably new directions " , Mojo : " 4 Stars - " oozes zest and focus " , Irish Times : " 4 Stars - " the best album of their career -a superb album this way comes " , USA Today : " Stunner " , Express ( UK ) " 5 Stars - yes , its that good " & Daily Metro : " 5 Stars -they push things further than ever . " Chop Chop was Bell X1 's 3rd album to debut at No.1 in the Irish Charts & 4th album to be nominated for a Meteor Choice Music Prize for album of the year . = = = Arms = = = 'Arms ' is the seventh studio album releasing in October 2016 . The album 's first commercial single release is ' The Upswing ' . On July 6 , 2016 ' Out of Love ' was released . = = Style = = The BBC has described Bell X1 's music as " remarkably warm — as if imported from the Caribbean via Dublin City " . Their style is said to be similar to that of Talking Heads , a fact noted by Noonan on the press release which accompanied their fourth album — " I know , I know [ ... ] it 's dangerously Talking Heads " . Noonan admitted in 2003 that he had been influenced by the music of Talking Heads and The Flaming Lips . The New York Times has compared Bell X1 to Radiohead , saying , " Paul Noonan 's writing will make you swoon " , while the Irish Independent 's Ed Power describes them as " Ireland 's pre @-@ eminent orchestral rockers " though " none of the band fit the stereotype of the debauched rocker " . John Meagher name @-@ checked Pink Floyd , Radiohead , Talking Heads and early U2 after witnessing a performance in the RDS in 2006 . The Sunday Tribune 's Neil Dunphy has compared their sound to krautrock , new wave The Irish Independent 's Eamon Sweeney described one show where " two songs in and we 're already enjoying pleasing echoes of Radiohead and Animal Collective " . ' The band and individual band members have been involved in several charitable endeavours , including the recording of The Cake Sale and Sparks n ' Mind compilation albums . = = Members = = = = = Current = = = Paul Noonan – lead vocals ; guitar ; drums ; percussion ; kazoo David Geraghty – lead guitar ; banjo ; ( electric ) piano ; backing vocals ; occasional lead vocals Dominic Philips – bass guitar ; backing vocals = = = Live = = = Bill Blackmore – Horns Marc Aubele – guitar ; keyboards ( 2008 – present ) Rory Doyle – drums ( 2008 – present ) = = = Former = = = Brian Crosby – guitar , keyboards and backing vocals ( 1999 – 2008 ) Tim O 'Donovan – drums = = Discography = = Neither Am I ( 2000 ) Music in Mouth ( 2003 ) Flock ( 2005 ) Tour De Flock ( 2007 ) Blue Lights on the Runway ( 2009 ) Bloodless Coup ( 2011 ) Field Recordings ( 2012 ) Chop Chop ( 2013 ) Arms ( 2016 ) = = Awards = = The Irish Times placed Bell X1 at number nine in a list of " The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now " published in April 2009 , referring to them as " Irish rock 's most likeable band ? Probably " and " An all @-@ too obvious liking for Talking Heads notwithstanding ( e.g. , single " The Great Defector " ) , it seems that Bell X1 are refusing to give up . Likeable guys getting ruthless on our asses ? Bring It On " . = = = Choice Music Prize = = = Bell X1 's third album Flock was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in January 2006 . It was considered the favourite but failed to win . The band 's fourth album Blue Lights on the Runway was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in January 2010 . Bloodless Coup was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in January 2012 . " Chop Chop " was nominated for the Choice Music Prize in January 2014 . = = = Meteor Music Awards = = = Bell X1 have been nominated for several Meteor Music Awards . They were nominated in the Best Irish Band category and Music in Mouth was nominated in the Best Irish Album category at the 2004 Meteor Awards . They were again nominated in the Best Irish Band category at the 2005 Meteor Awards . They were nominated in three categories at the 2010 Meteor Awards : Best Irish Album , Best Irish Band and Best Irish Live Performance . In addition the band have performed at the 2005 Meteor Awards on 24 February 2005 and at the 2006 Meteor Awards on 2 February 2006 .
= Potbelly sculpture = Potbelly sculptures , ( Spanish barrigones pl. or barrigón sing . ) , are in @-@ the @-@ round sculptures of obese human figures carved from boulders . They are a distinctive element of the sculptural tradition in the southern Maya area of Mesoamerica . The precise purpose of potbelly sculptures is unknown , although they appear to have been the focus of public veneration and ritual directed by the ruling elite . Although this sculptural tradition is found within the southern Maya area , it has been recognized that the sculptures themselves are non @-@ Maya . = = Description = = Potbelly monuments are generally crude in @-@ the @-@ round sculptures of extremely fat human figures ; they are usually seated cross @-@ legged and have enormous swollen stomachs gripped in the figure 's arms and legs . The heads are round and normally have the eyes closed and possess puffy eyelids and prominent lips . The monuments are generally of indeterminate gender and are usually carved from porphyritic basalt , a kind of rock with a combination of large and small grains of mineral that is common along the foothills of Central America . There are occasional examples of potbelly figures crafted from other materials , such as from ceramic or from other types of rock . There are variations on the potbelly theme including complete potbelly sculptures , headless potbellies , some of which may be deliberately headless , and potbelly sculptures that consist of only a bodiless head that are recognised as belonging to the style even though they have no potbelly body . Some potbelly sculptures are wearing collars or clothing while others are apparently naked . There are examples with very prominent navels while other sculptures have no emphasis on the navel at all . Some examples of potbelly sculpture have chest ornaments and some sculptures are seated on pedestals . There are examples of potbelly sculptures corresponding to the general type that are not so fat as is the norm . Potbelly sculptures vary enormously in size and weight , from the smallest examples that can weigh as little as a few grams and measure 4 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) to monuments that weigh 12 tons and measure 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) . = = Dating = = The dating of potbelly sculptures has been problematic with few of the earlier known sculptures being found in their original context . Investigators from the 1950s through to the 1970s argued that the style was Olmec derived or perhaps pre @-@ Olmec . Olmec culture is judged to have lasted from 1500 BC through to 400 BC based on radiocarbon dating . Investigations at Santa Leticia were focused on answering the dating problem and securely dated Santa Leticia Monuments 1 and 3 to between 500 BC and AD 100 using a combination of radiocarbon dating and ceramic evidence . The dating of the monuments to the Late Preclassic indicate that the potbelly style may be a later derivative of earlier Olmec colossal heads , although it does not answer the question of the ethnicity of the sculptors . Potbelly monuments were sometimes reused by later peoples in the region , such as at Sin Cabezas , Copán and Teopán . Arguing against the theory of potbelly sculpture being an Olmec influenced art form is that the direction of diffusion of the style appears to have been from south to north , while the Olmec heartland lies to the north , on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico , which would indicate an expected diffusion from north to south if the Olmecs were indeed the origin of the style . = = Interpretation = = Potbelly sculptures have been interpreted in a variety of manners . Investigators have theorised that potbelly sculptures represent dead ancestors . Alternatively , they have been associated with babies or with the poorly understood Fat God of Mesoamerican mythology . Potbelly monuments have also been associated with a group of supernatural entities associated with the domestic hearth . A further interpretation , based on the sculpture found at Teopán in western El Salvador , interprets potbelly figures as pregnant women at full term , possibly in the very act of giving birth . One theory is that the sculptures represent deceased individuals with bloated bodies , closed eyes , distended bellies and puffed out faces . The position of the limbs on some monuments , although following the natural contours of the boulder , give an impression of the position of corpses found in later Maya burial bundles . It is possible that Pasaco Monument 2 and the potbelly from San Juan Sacatepéquez portray the placement of a jade bead in the mouth of the sculpture . Although it has been suggested that the monuments themselves are burial markers , only three sculptures have been found directly associated with human remains . One of these is a ceramic potbelly from Colha in Belize , the others are from Chalchuapa and Kaminaljuyu . However , since most potbelly monuments were not found in their original locations it is impossible to know whether they originally served as burial markers . An alternative interpretation of potbelly monuments is that they were representations of rulership . This is suggested by the body position represented in the sculptures , the type of adornment sometimes depicted on them , the pedestals on which they sometimes sit and the ceremonial sites where they are found as well as their locations within such sites . The potbelly body position is symbolic of rulership ; the figures are seated cross @-@ legged and with the arms wrapping the body or holding an object . Twenty @-@ five potbelly monuments are known to display a collar as neck jewellery , again suggestive of rulership . Pedestal bases are known from potbelly sculptures from Sin Cabezas , Antigua Guatemala , Kaminaljuyu , Santa Cruz del Quiché , Takalik Abaj , Tikal , Ujuxte , El Balsamo , Los Cerritos and La Nueva in Guatemala , Chalchuapa in El Salvador , and Copán in Honduras . This represents 42 % of sites with potbelly sculptures . If pedestals are equivalent to thrones then Bilbao Monument 58 is also relevant , which was found associated with a four @-@ legged stone altar or throne and may originally have been positioned on top of it . The diversity of monuments falling within the potbelly sculptural tradition and the individuality of the monuments support the argument that the monuments represent individual rulers . The monuments may have been viewed by the ancient peoples of the region as a depiction of both rulership and their ancestors . = = Distribution = = Potbelly sculptures are distributed along the Pacific slope of southern Mesoamerica from Chiapas in Mexico , through Guatemala to El Salvador , as well as in the Guatemalan highlands . A few examples have been found further afield in the Maya lowlands of Guatemala and Honduras . A ceramic potbelly figure was found as far away as Colha in northern Belize and has been dated to c.880 – 600 BC , in the Middle Preclassic . The core of the distribution area falls within a humid piedmont zone with the land consisting of volcanic soil and rubble carried down from the mountains , with naturally occurring basalt boulders of varying sizes that provided a practical raw material for sculpture . Potbelly sculptures are found in prominent ceremonial centres . = = = Chiapas ( Mexico ) = = = = = = Guatemala = = = Examples have been found at many sites on the Pacific coast of Guatemala including Takalik Abaj , Monte Alto , Bilbao and El Baúl . The earliest examples of potbellied monuments have been dated to the Middle Preclassic , with the majority dating to the Late Preclassic . Well @-@ preserved examples of Late Preclassic potbelly sculptures have been found at Bilbao , on the coastal plain , and at Kaminaljuyu in the Guatemalan highlands . A small potbelly monument has been found at the major Maya city of Tikal in the lowlands of Petén in Guatemala . There is some variation in the exact features , those at Kaminaljuyu have fat bodies with short , thick necks and large heads , sometimes wearing a wide collar . The faces are depicted with incised lines and are heavy and coarse . The legs curve around the body parallel to the ground and the arms are clasped against the torso with the elbows bent . Kaminaljuyu has the greatest concentration of potbelly sculptures in any site , with several of them found concentrated in the Palangana monument plaza . Large potbelly monuments have been found at Giralda , a site 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) from the Pacific coastline . Potbelly sculptures from Sin Cabezas are stylistically related to Olmec sculpture but were reused by later peoples , being found in fill dating to the Late Classic period . The monuments at Sin Cabezas were headless when they were found and no fragments of the missing heads were evident , suggesting that they had already been damaged when they were re @-@ erected by later occupants of the site . At Takalik Abaj the potbelly style monuments all date to the Late Preclassic . Stylistically , the monuments are very similar to those of Kaminaljuyu and Monte Alto . Seven monuments are potbelly sculptures ( Monuments 2 , 3 , 19 , 40 , 69 , 94 and 117 ) , six of these represent complete figures . Three monuments are small potbelly sculptures ( Monuments 100 , 107 and 109 ) and one sculpture is a colossal head in potbelly style ( Monument 99 ) . One potbelly sculpture was found in Chocolá , Guatemala . = = = Honduras = = = At Copán in Honduras , another important Maya site , archaeologists found a potbelly sculpture on top of the Northwest Platform , to the west of the Great Plaza . Another was found in a cache under Stela 4 . Further potbelly monuments have been found in caches under Late Classic stelae in the Great Plaza itself and throughout the Copán valley . = = = El Salvador = = = A small example excavated from underneath the Late Preclassic levels of Structure E3 @-@ 1 at Chalchuapa in El Salvador may date to the Middle Preclassic . Three potbelly monuments were found resting on a large terrace in Santa Leticia in El Salvador , a site near Chalchuapa consisting of various mounds and platforms . These monuments were large and especially obese . Santa Leticia Monuments 1 and 3 were important in securely dating the potbelly style of sculpture . The El Salvador potbellies conform to the Monte Alto style of boulder sculpture . In Chalchuapa , potbelly monuments were grouped in the El Trapiche ceremonial centre . Santa Leticia Monument 1 is a nearly spherical potbelly sculpture and the smallest of the three potbelly monuments at the site , measuring 1 @.@ 6 metres ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) high . Monument 2 is a massive 2 @-@ metre ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) high potbelly that has been split in half down the middle . Monument 3 is a finely carved potbelly figure with stylistic affinities to some of the sculptures found at Monte Alto in Guatemala , it measures 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) high . All three sculptures measured 1 @.@ 5 to 2 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 to 6 @.@ 6 ft ) in height and diameter . The monuments were arranged in a north @-@ south line on a 70 @-@ metre ( 230 ft ) wide terrace projecting from a hill , Cerrito de Apaneca . The Teopán potbelly clearly represents a female figure and has been interpreted as the sculpture of a Late Preclassic earth goddess . Teopán itself is a small site located on an island in Lake Coatepeque in western El Salvador . The site has been identified as that of Late Preclassic Maya settlement . Although the Teopán sculpture has typical Monte Alto @-@ style traits such as closed puffy eyes , no neck , wrap @-@ around arms , a clearly marked naval and grooves forming portions of the nose and mouth , it also includes some unusual features such as clearly indicated breasts , wide hips , buttocks and a 10 @-@ centimetre ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) concavity below the legs . The closed eyelids were later re @-@ carved with the addition of two irregular oval concavities in order to represent open eyes , probably in the Postclassic Period . The Teopán potbelly is likely to be the idol mentioned by Spanish Colonial official Diego García de Palacio in a letter written in 1576 , in which he mentions that the Pipil natives on the island worshipped " a large stone idol in the form of a woman " .
= Japanese battleship Kongō = Kongō ( 金剛 , " Indestructible " , named for Mount Kongō ) was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I and World War II . She was the first battlecruiser of the Kongō class , among the most heavily armed ships in any navy when built . Her designer was the British naval engineer George Thurston , and she was laid down in 1911 at Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness in Britain by Vickers Shipbuilding Company . Kongō was the last Japanese capital ship constructed outside Japan . She was formally commissioned in 1913 , and patrolled off the Chinese coast during World War I. Kongō underwent two major reconstructions . Beginning in 1929 , the Imperial Japanese Navy rebuilt her as a battleship , strengthening her armor and improving her speed and power capabilities . In 1935 , her superstructure was completely rebuilt , her speed was increased , and she was equipped with launch catapults for floatplanes . Now fast enough to accompany Japan 's growing carrier fleet , Kongō was reclassified as a fast battleship . During the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War , Kongō operated off the coast of mainland China before being redeployed to the Third Battleship Division in 1941 . In 1942 , she sailed as part of the Southern Force in preparation for the Battle of Singapore . Kongō fought in a large number of major naval actions of the Pacific War during World War II . She covered the Japanese Army 's amphibious landings in British Malaya ( part of present @-@ day Malaysia ) and the Dutch East Indies ( now Indonesia ) in 1942 , before engaging American forces at the Battle of Midway and during the Guadalcanal Campaign . Throughout 1943 , Kongō primarily remained at Truk Lagoon in the Caroline Islands , Kure Naval Base ( near Hiroshima ) , Sasebo Naval Base ( near Nagasaki ) , and Lingga Roads , and deployed several times in response to American aircraft carrier air raids on Japanese island bases scattered across the Pacific . Kongō participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf in 1944 ( 22 – 23 October ) , engaging and sinking American vessels in the latter . Kongō was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Sealion while transiting the Formosa Strait on 21 November 1944 . She was the only Japanese battleship sunk by submarine in the Second World War , and the last battleship sunk by submarine in history . = = Design and construction = = Kongō was the first of the Imperial Japanese Navy 's Kongō @-@ class battlecruisers , which were almost as large , costly and well @-@ armed as battleships , but which traded off armored protection for higher speeds . These were designed by the British naval engineer George Thurston and were ordered in 1910 in the Japanese Emergency Naval Expansion Bill after the commissioning of HMS Invincible in 1908 . These four battlecruisers of the Kongō class were designed to match the naval capabilities of the battlecruisers of the other major naval powers at the time , and they have been called the battlecruiser versions of the British ( formerly Turkish ) battleship HMS Erin . Their heavy armament of 14 @-@ inch naval guns and their armor protection ( which took up about 23 @.@ 3 % of their approximately 30 @,@ 000 @-@ ton displacements in 1913 ) were greatly superior to those of any other Japanese capital ship afloat at the time . The keel of Kongō was laid down at Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering on 17 January 1911 . Under Japan 's contract with Vickers , the first vessel of the class was constructed in the United Kingdom , with the remainder built in Japan . Kongō was launched on 18 May 1912 , and then transferred to the dockyards of Portsmouth , England , where her fitting @-@ out began in mid @-@ 1912 . All parts used in her construction were manufactured in the U.K. Kongo was completed on 16 April 1913 . = = = Armament = = = Kongō 's main battery consisted of eight 14 @-@ inch ( 36 cm ) heavy @-@ caliber main naval guns in four twin turrets ( two forward and two aft ) . The turrets were noted by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence to be " similar to the British 15 @-@ inch turrets " , with improvements made in flash @-@ tightness . Each of her main guns could fire high explosive or armor @-@ piercing shells 38 @,@ 770 yards ( 19 @.@ 14 nmi ; 35 @.@ 45 km ) at a firing rate of about two shells per minute . In keeping with the Japanese doctrine of deploying more powerful vessels before their opponents , Kongō and her sister ships were the first vessels in the world equipped with 14 @-@ inch ( 36 cm ) guns . Her main guns carried ammunition for 90 shots , and they had an approximate barrel lifetime of 250 to 280 shots . In 1941 , separate dyes were introduced for the armor @-@ piercing shells of the four Kongō @-@ class battleships to assist with targeting , with Kongō 's armor @-@ piercing shells using red dye . The secondary battery of Kongō originally consisted of sixteen 6 @-@ inch ( 15 cm ) 50 caliber guns in single casemates located amidships ( " 50 calibre " means that the lengths of the guns were 50 times their bore , or 300 inches ) , eight 3 @-@ inch ( 7 @.@ 6 cm ) guns , and eight submerged 21 @-@ inch ( 53 cm ) torpedo tubes . Her six @-@ inch naval guns could fire five to six rounds per minute , with a barrel lifetime of about 500 rounds . The 6 @-@ inch / 50 calibre gun was capable of firing both antiaircraft and antiship shells , though the positioning of these guns on Kongō made antiaircraft firing mostly impractical . During her second reconstruction , the older three @-@ inch guns were removed and then replaced with eight 5 @-@ inch ( 13 cm ) 5 @-@ inch / 40 calibre dual @-@ purpose guns . These guns could fire from eight to 14 rounds per minute , with a barrel lifetime of about 800 to 1 @,@ 500 rounds . Of Kongō 's guns , the 5 @-@ inch guns had the widest variety of shell types : antiaircraft , antiship , and illumination shells . Kongō was also armed with a large number of 1 @-@ inch ( 2 @.@ 5 cm ) antiaircraft machine guns . By October 1944 , Kongō 's secondary armament was reconfigured to eight 6 @-@ inch ( 15 cm ) guns , eight 5 @-@ inch ( 13 cm ) guns , and 122 Type 96 antiaircraft rapid @-@ fire cannons . = = Service history = = = = = 1913 – 1929 : Battlecruiser = = = On 16 August 1913 , Kongō was completed and commissioned into the Imperial Japanese Navy ( I.J.N. ) . Twelve days later , she departed from Portsmouth headed for Japan . She was docked at Singapore from 20 October to 27 October , before arriving at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 5 November , where she was placed in First Reserve . In January 1914 , she docked at Kure Naval Base for armament checks . On 3 August 1914 , the German Empire declared war on France and then invaded via Belgium , sparking the beginning of World War I in the West . Twelve days later , Japan issued a warning to Kaiser Wilhelm II of the German Empire , ordering him to withdraw the German troops from their base at Tsingtao , China . When the German Empire did not respond , Japan declared war on Germany on 23 August , occupying the former German possessions in the Caroline Islands , Palau Islands , Marshall Islands , and Marianas Islands . Kongō was quickly deployed towards the Central Pacific to patrol the sea lines of communication of the German Empire . Kongō returned to the port of Yokosuka , Japan , on 12 September , and one month later , she was assigned to the First Battleship Division . In October , Kongō and her new sister ship Hiei sortied off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese army units during the Siege of Tsingtao . Then Kongō returned to Sasebo Naval Base for upgrades to her searchlights . On 3 October 1915 , Kongō and Hiei participated in the sinking of the old Imperator Nikolai I as a practice target . She was a Russian pre @-@ dreadnought that had been captured in 1905 during the Russo @-@ Japanese War that had next served as an I.J.N. warship . With the defeat of the German East Asia Squadron by the Royal Navy at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 , there was little or no need for I.J.N. operations in the Pacific Ocean . Kongō spent the rest of World War I either based at Sasebo , or on patrol off the coast of China . In December 1918 , following the end of the hostilities of World War I , Kongō was placed in " Second Reserve " . In April 1919 , she was fitted with a new seawater flooding system for her ammunition magazines . With the conclusion of World War I , and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty on 6 February 1922 , the size of the I.J.N. was significantly limited , with a ratio of 5 : 5 : 3 required between the capital ships of the United Kingdom , the United States , and the Japanese Empire , since the latter was only responsible for one ocean , rather than the two of the other country , and fewer warships for France and Italy . This Treaty also banned the signatories from building any new capital ships until 1931 , with no capital ship permitted to exceed 35 @,@ 000 long tons ( 36 @,@ 000 t ) in displacement . Provided that new additions did not exceed 3 @,@ 000 tons of displacement , the existing capital ships were allowed to be upgraded with improved anti @-@ torpedo bulges and armored main decks . By the time that the Washington Naval Treaty had been fully implemented in Japan , only three classes of World War I type capital ships remained active : the Ise @-@ class battleships , the Kongō @-@ class battlecruisers , and the Fusō @-@ class battleships . In April 1923 , Kongō gave transportation to Emperor Hirohito during his official visit to the Japanese possession of Taiwan . In November 1924 , Kongo docked at Yokosuka , where modifications were made to her main armament , increasing the elevation of her main guns and improving her fire @-@ control systems . In 1927 , Kongō underwent major modifications to her superstructure , rebuilding it into the pagoda mast style to accommodate the growing number of fire @-@ control systems for her main guns . In May 1928 , her steering equipment was upgraded , before she was placed in reserve in preparation for major modifications and reconstruction in 1929 – 31 . = = = 1929 – 1935 : Reconstruction into battleship = = = Prohibited by the Washington Treaty from constructing new capital ships until 1931 , Japan resorted to upgrading their World War I era battleships and battlecruisers . Beginning in September 1929 , Kongō underwent extensive modernization and modification in drydock at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal . Over the next two years , Kongō 's horizontal armor near her ammunition magazines was strengthened , and the machinery spaces within the hull were given increased torpedo protection . Anti @-@ torpedo bulges were added along the waterline , as permitted by the Washington Treaty . She was refitted to accommodate three Type 90 Model 0 floatplanes , though no aircraft catapults were fitted . To increase her speed and power , all 36 of her Yarrow boilers were removed , and then replaced with 16 newer boilers , and Brown @-@ Curtis direct @-@ drive turbines were installed . Kongō 's forward funnel was removed , and her second funnel was enlarged and lengthened . The modifications to her hull increased her armor weight from 6 @,@ 502 to 10 @,@ 313 long tons , directly violating the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty . In March 1931 , Kongō — now capable of a speed of 29 knots ( 54 km / h ) — was reclassified as a battleship . On 22 April 1930 , Japan signed the London Naval Treaty , placing further restrictions on the signatories ' naval forces . Several of her older battleships were scrapped , and no new capital ships were built as replacements . After minor fitting @-@ out work , Kongō 's reconstruction begun in September 1929 and was declared complete on 31 March 1931 . On 1 December 1931 , two months after the Japanese invasion of Manchuria , Kongō was assigned to the First Battleship Division and also designated the flagship of the Combined Fleet . Additional rangefinders and searchlights were fitted to her superstructure in January 1932 , and Captain Nobutake Kondō assumed command of the vessel in December . In 1933 , aircraft catapults were fitted between the two rear turrets . On 25 February 1933 , following a report by the Lytton Commission , the League of Nations agreed that Japan 's invasion of China had violated Chinese sovereignty . Refusing to accept the judgement of this organization , Japan withdrew from the League of Nations on the same day . Japan also immediately withdrew from the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Naval Treaty , thus removing all restrictions on the numbers and sizes of her capital warships . In November 1934 , Kongō was placed in Second Reserve in preparation for further modifications . On 10 January 1935 , Kongō was toured by the Nazi German naval attaché to Japan , Captain Paul Wenneker , as part of a gunnery demonstration . = = = 1935 – 1941 : Fast battleship = = = On 1 June 1935 , Kongō was dry @-@ docked at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal in preparation for upgrades that would enable her to escort Japan 's growing fleet of aircraft carriers . Her stern was lengthened by 26 feet ( 7 @.@ 9 m ) to improve her fineness ratio and her 16 older boilers were removed and then replaced with 11 oil @-@ fired Kampon Boilers and newer geared turbines . In addition , her bridge was completely reconstructed according to Japan 's pagoda mast style of forward superstructure , and catapults were added to support three Nakajima E8N or Kawanishi E7K reconnaissance and spotter floatplanes . Kongō 's armor was also extensively upgraded . Her main belt was strengthened to a uniform thickness of eight inches ( up from varying thicknesses of six to eight inches ) , and also diagonal bulkheads of depths ranging from 5 to 8 inches ( 127 to 203 mm ) were added to reinforce the main armored belt . The turret armor was strengthened to 10 inches ( 254 mm ) , while 4 inches ( 102 mm ) were added to portions of the deck armor . Kongō 's ammunition magazine protection was also strengthened to 4 @.@ 0 inches ( 10 cm ) . This reconstruction was finished on 8 January 1937 . Capable of greater than 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) , despite the significant increase in her hull displacement , Kongō was now reclassified as a fast battleship . In February 1937 , Kongō was assigned to the Sasebo Naval District , and in December she was placed under the command of Takeo Kurita in the Third Battleship Division . In April 1938 , two float planes from Kongō bombed the Chinese town of Foochow during the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War . Throughout 1938 and 1939 , Kongō steamed off the Chinese coast in support of Japanese Army operations during the war . In November 1939 , Captain Raizo Tanaka assumed command of Kongō . From November 1940 to April 1941 , additional armor was added to Kongō 's armament barbettes and ammunition tubes , while ventilation and firefighting equipment was also improved . In August 1941 , she was assigned to the Third Battleship Division under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa alongside her fully modified sister warships Hiei , Kirishima and the Haruna . = = = 1942 : Early war service = = = Kongō and Haruna departed from the Hashirajima fleet anchorage on 29 November 1941 to begin the War in the Pacific as part of the Southern ( Malay ) Force 's Main Body , under the overall command of Vice @-@ Admiral Nobutake Kondō . On 4 December 1941 , the Main Body arrived off the coast of southern Thailand and northern Malaya in preparation for the invasion of Thailand and the Malayan Peninsula four days later . When Britain 's " Force Z " — consisting of the battleship Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser Repulse — was quickly defeated by Japan 's land @-@ based aircraft from southern Vietnam , Kongō 's battlegroup withdrew from Malayan waters . This battlegroup subsequently sortied from Indochina for three days in mid @-@ December to protect a reinforcement convoy traveling to Malaya , and again on 18 December to cover the Japanese Army 's landing at Lingayen Gulf , Luzon , in the Philippines . The Main Body departed Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina on 23 December bound for Taiwan , arriving two days later . In January 1942 , Kongō and the heavy cruisers Takao and Atago provided distant cover for air attacks on Ambon Island . On 21 February , Kongō was joined by Haruna , four fast aircraft carriers , five heavy cruisers and numerous support ships in preparation for " Operation J " , Japan 's invasion of the Dutch East Indies . On 25 February , the Third Battleship Division provided cover for air attacks on the Island of Java . Kongō bombarded Christmas Island off the western coast of Australia on 7 March 1942 , and then she returned to Staring @-@ baai for 15 days of standby alert . In April 1942 , Kongō joined five fleet carriers in attacks on Colombo and Trincomalee on Ceylon . Following the destruction of the British heavy cruisers HMS Dorsetshire and HMS Cornwall on 5 April 1942 , this naval task force moved southwest to locate the remainder of the British Eastern Fleet , then under the command of Admiral James Somerville . On 9 April , one of Haruna 's reconnaissance seaplanes spotted the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes south of Trincomalee . On the same day , Japanese air attacks sank the carrier , and Kongō was attacked but missed by nine British medium bombers . Having crippled the offensive capability of Britain 's Eastern Fleet , the Third Battleship Division returned to Japan . Kongō reached Sasebo on 22 April . From 23 April to 2 May , Kongō was drydocked for reconfiguration of her antiaircraft armament . On 27 May 1942 , Kongō sortied with Hiei and the heavy cruisers Atago , Chōkai , Myōkō , and Haguro as part of Admiral Nobutake Kondō 's invasion force during the Battle of Midway . Following the disastrous loss of four of the Combined Fleet 's fast carriers on 4 June 1942 , Kondō 's force withdrew to Japan . On 14 July she was assigned as the flagship of the restructured Third Battleship Division . In August , Kongō was drydocked at Kure to receive surface @-@ detection radar and additional range finders . In September , Kongō embarked with Hiei , Haruna , Kirishima , three carriers , and numerous smaller warships in response to the U.S. Marine Corps 's amphibious landing on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands . On 20 September , this task force was ordered to return to the Truk Naval Base in the Central Pacific north of the equator . In the aftermath of the Battle of Cape Esperance , the Japanese Army opted to reinforce its troops on Guadalcanal . To protect their transport convoy from enemy air attack , Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent Haruna and Kongō , escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers , to bombard the American air base as Henderson Field . Because of their high speeds , these two battleships could bombard the airfield and then withdraw before being subjected to air attack from either land @-@ based warplanes or American aircraft carriers . On the night of 13 – 14 October , these two battleships shelled the area of Henderson Field from a distance of about 16 @,@ 000 yards ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) , firing 973 14 @-@ inch high @-@ explosive shells . In the most successful Japanese battleship action of the war , the bombardment heavily damaged both runways , destroyed almost all of the U.S. Marines ' aviation fuel , destroyed or damaged 48 of the Marines ' 90 warplanes , and killed 41 Marines . A large Japanese troop and supply convoy reached Guadalcanal on the next day . During the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands on 26 October 1942 , Kongō was attacked by four Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bombers , but she received no hits . In mid @-@ November , this battleship and other warships provided distant cover for the unsuccessful mission by the I.J.N. to bombard Henderson Field again and to deliver more Army reinforcements to Guadalcanal . On 15 November 1942 , following the Japanese defeat and the sinking of Hiei and Kirishima during the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal , the Third Battleship Division returned to Truk , where it remained for the rest of 1942 . = = = 1943 : Movement between bases = = = Throughout 1943 , Kongō engaged no enemy targets . In late January 1943 , she participated in " Operation Ke " as part of a diversionary and distant covering force to support I.J.N. destroyers that were evacuating Army troops from Guadalcanal . From 15 February through 20 February 1943 , the Third Battleship Division was transferred from Truk to the Kure Naval Base . On 27 February , Kongō was drydocked to receive upgrades to her antiaircraft armament , with the additions of two triple 25 mm gun mounts and the removal of two of her 6 @-@ inch turrets , while additional concrete protection was added near her steering gear . On 17 May 1943 , in response to the U.S. Army 's invasion of Attu Island , Kongō sortied alongside Musashi , the Third Battleship Division , two fleet carriers , two cruisers , and nine destroyers . Three days later , the American submarine USS Sawfish spotted this naval task force , but she was unable to attack it . On 22 May 1943 , the task force arrived in Yokosuka , where it was joined by an additional three fleet carriers and two light cruisers . This force was disbanded when Attu fell to the U.S. Army before the necessary preparations for a counterattack had been finished . On 17 October 1943 , Kongō again left Truk as part of a larger task force consisting of five battleships , three fleet carriers , eight heavy cruisers , three light cruisers , and numerous destroyers . These sortied in response to U.S. Navy air raids on Wake Island . No contact between the two forces was made , and the Japanese task force returned to Truk on 26 October 1943 . She soon left Truk for home waters , and on 16 December 1943 , Kongō arrived at Sasebo for refits and training in the Inland Sea . = = = 1944 : Combat and loss = = = In January 1944 , Kongō was dry @-@ docked for a reconfiguration of her anti @-@ aircraft suite . Four 6 @-@ inch guns and a pair of twin 25 mm mounts were removed and replaced with four 5 @-@ inch guns and four triple 25 mm mounts . The Third Battleship Division departed Kure on 8 March 1944 . Arriving at Lingga on 14 March 1944 , the division remained for training until 11 May 1944 . On 11 May 1944 , Kongō and Admiral Ozawa 's Mobile Fleet departed Lingga for Tawitawi , where they were joined by Vice @-@ Admiral Takeo Kurita 's " Force C " . On 13 June , Ozawa 's Mobile Fleet departed Tawitawi for the Mariana Islands . During the Battle of the Philippine Sea , Kongō escorted Japanese fast carriers , and remained undamaged in counterattacks from US carrier aircraft on 20 June . When she returned to Japan , 13 triple and 40 single 25 @-@ mm mounts were added to her anti @-@ aircraft armament , for a total of over 100 mounts . In August , two more 6 @-@ inch guns were removed and another eighteen single mounts installed . In October 1944 , Kongō departed Lingga in preparation for " Operation Sho @-@ 1 " , Japan 's counterattack during the Battle of Leyte Gulf , the largest naval engagement in history . On 24 October , Kongō was undamaged by several near misses from American carrier aircraft in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea . On 25 October , during the Battle off Samar , Kongō — as part of Admiral Kurita 's Centre Force — engaged the US 7th Fleet 's " Taffy 3 " , a battlegroup of escort carriers and destroyers . She succeeded in scoring numerous hits on the escort carrier Gambier Bay as well as the destroyers Hoel and Heermann . At 09 : 12 , she sank the destroyer escort Samuel B. Roberts . After a fierce defensive action by the American ships , which sank three Japanese heavy cruisers , Admiral Kurita elected to withdraw , ending the battle . While retreating , Kongō suffered damage from five near misses from attacking aircraft . The fleet arrived at Brunei on 28 October . On 16 November , following a US air raid on Brunei , Kongō along with Yamato , Nagato and the rest of the First Fleet , departed Brunei for Kure in preparation for a major reorganization of the fleet and battle repairs . On 20 November , they entered the Formosa Strait . Shortly after midnight on 21 November , the submarine USS Sealion made radar contact with the fleet at 44 @,@ 000 yards ( 40 @,@ 000 m ) . Maneuvering into position at 02 : 45 , Sealion fired six bow torpedoes at Kongō followed by three stern torpedoes at Nagato fifteen minutes later . One minute after the first salvo was launched , two of the torpedoes were seen to hit Kongō on the port side , while a third sank the destroyer Urakaze with all hands . The torpedoes flooded two of Kongō 's boiler rooms , but she was still able to make 16 kn ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . By 05 : 00 , she had slowed to 11 kn ( 20 km / h ; 13 mph ) and was given permission to break off from the fleet and head to the port of Keelung in Formosa along with the destroyers Hamakaze and Isokaze as escort . Within fifteen minutes of detaching from the main force , Kongō was listing 45 degrees and flooding uncontrollably . At 5 : 18 the ship lost all power and the order was given to abandon ship . At 5 : 24 , while the evacuation was underway , the forward 14 @-@ inch magazine exploded and the broken ship sank quickly with the loss of over 1 @,@ 200 of her crew including the commander of the Third Battleship Division and her captain . The escort destroyers Hamakaze and Isokaze rescued 237 survivors . Kongō is believed to have sunk in 350 feet ( 110 m ) of water approximately 55 nautical miles ( 102 km ; 63 mi ) northwest of Keelung . She was one of only three British @-@ built battleships sunk by submarine attack during World War II . The other two were the British Revenge @-@ class battleship HMS Royal Oak and the Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleship HMS Barham .
= Tropical Storm Dean ( 1995 ) = Tropical Storm Dean was a short @-@ lived storm that formed in late July 1995 and lasted into early August . It was the fourth named storm of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season . It spent most of its life as a tropical depression , and briefly gained tropical storm status before its landfall on the Texas coast on July 30 . After landfall , it dissipated over central Texas on August 2 . The impacts from Dean were minimal , mainly due to heavy rain in Oklahoma and Texas that caused localized coastal and inland flooding . Two F0 Tornadoes touched down in Texas as a result of Dean 's landfall . Also , Twenty families had to be evacuated in Chambers County , due to flooding in the area . One fatality was recorded as a result of flooding in Oklahoma . Several highways were flooded out in Oklahoma , which impeded travel in the state . In addition approximately $ 500 @,@ 000 ( 1995 U.S. dollars ) worth of damage was recorded in the aftermath of Dean . = = Meteorological history = = The precursor system that would form Dean was a stationary front situated in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico in the last week of July . On July 27 , it developed a weak upper @-@ level circulation indicated by reports from buoys in the Gulf , its structure was disorganized but was in the process of organizing . The system continued to organize early on July 28 , and that afternoon it developed a surface circulation . The tropical depression that spawned Dean was thought to have formed at around 1800 UTC , July 28 . It was later declared Tropical Depression Four that same day with the center located about 345 miles ( 555 km ) southeast of New Orleans . At first , the depression slowly tracked westward because it was blocked by a ridge of high pressure to the north . The system was under frequent reconnaissance surveillance , and the depression remained poorly organized and continued to be at tropical depression status well into 29 July . The organization of the system hindered further development despite favorable conditions with low wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures . Late on July 29 , the system began to execute a turn to the northwest with an increase in forward speed . It still remained a poorly organized tropical depression south of Louisiana . On July 30 , the system 's circulation began to organize and the first reports of tropical storm @-@ force squalls were reported as it moved closer to the Texas coast . Based on this the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) issued tropical storm warnings for much of the Texas and Louisiana coast , from Intracoastal City , Louisiana to Corpus Christi , Texas . Later that afternoon it strengthened into Tropical Storm Dean while located just 70 mi ( 110 km ) off the coast . The Hurricane Hunters confirmed that Dean strengthened in the final hours before its landfall on the Texas coast to a 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) storm , and made landfall near Freeport , Texas at 8 : 30 pm CDT ( 0130 UTC ) July 31 . Shortly after its landfall , Dean weakened back to tropical depression strength as it tracked further northwest into Texas . The depression stalled in central Texas on August 1 and remained there for 36 hours until the next day , dropping heavy rain over parts of the state . Late on August 2 , it merged with a non @-@ tropical front and dissipated . The remnants of Dean eventually moved up into Oklahoma , where it caused heavy rainfall , forcing roads to close and rescues to be made . Dean also dropped heavy rain across the Midwest states as well . Some areas in Kansas received more than seven inches of rain . Illinois , Missouri , and Indiana each had areas that received more than 5 inches ( 127 mm ) of rain from Dean . = = Preparations = = Because of Dean 's proximity to land upon formation , there was little warning in advance of the storm . Tropical storm warnings were issued at 0300 UTC on July 30 from Intracoastal City , Louisiana to Corpus Christi , Texas . The warnings were up for 23 hours before landfall , and were allowed to expire at 0300 UTC July 31 . = = Impact = = Most of the damage from Dean was concentrated in the states of Texas and Oklahoma . The damage , if any , was mainly due to the heavy rain across both states . The total cost of the damage totaled to $ 500 @,@ 000 ( 1995 USD ; $ 707 @,@ 000 2008 USD ) . = = = Texas = = = In Texas , most of the damage was due to inland flooding . Heavy rainfall of 6 to 18 inches ( 150 to 450 mm ) was reported across a large swath of Texas . The heaviest measured amount was 17 @.@ 4 inches ( 426 mm ) near Monroe City , Texas . Rainfall amounts of two to six inches were common throughout the eastern part of the state . In total , 38 houses were flooded in southeast Texas . The freshwater flooding resulted in the evacuation of 20 families in Chambers County . 250 people had to evacuate from their homes near Abilene , Texas due to floodwater . The storm surge impacts were fairly minor , ranging from 3 to 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 8 m ) above mean sea level . A portion of State Highway 87 was flooded from the storm surge , although no significant property damage was reported as a result of it . Minor beach erosion and street flooding was also reported on Galveston Island . The highest wind gust on land was 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) at Scholes Field . There were two tornadoes confirmed as a result of Dean . One touched down on High Island in Galveston County , and the other touched down near Anahuac . Both tornadoes were rated as F0 on the Fujita scale , with minor damage . = = = Oklahoma = = = Oklahoma also saw heavy rain as well from the remnants of Dean . Over 5 inches ( 130 mm ) of rain fell in the town of Stillwater , and the highest amount , 12 @.@ 07 inches ( 307 mm ) , was recorded at Great Salt Plains Dam , Oklahoma . Over 40 homes were flooded in the area by the heavy rain , and about 24 cars were found stranded in high water . Thunderstorms , associated with Dean 's remnants , dumped heavy rain across the state , resulting in flash flooding in many areas . The flooding , in many areas , made travel near impossible . U.S Highway 62 in Jackson County and Highway 5 in Harmon County were both closed due to flash flooding covering their roadways . State Highway 51 was under 1 @.@ 5 feet ( 0 @.@ 46 m ) of water at times . Several other roads remained flooded and closed for several days after the arrival of Dean 's remnants . One death , a small child , was reported in Hardeman County after the child had been swept away by flood waters . = = = Rest of the United States = = = Other parts of the U.S. received significant rainfall from Dean . Heavy rain was recorded in Louisiana , where 7 @.@ 04 inches ( 17 @.@ 9 cm ) of rain fell in Galliano . Coden , Alabama received 6 @.@ 42 inches ( 163 mm ) of rain , and Waveland , Mississippi got 5 @.@ 84 inches ( 148 mm ) of rain . Dean cut a swath of heavy rain throughout the Midwest : Kansas , Missouri , Illinois , Indiana , and Michigan were primarily effected . Florida received heavy rainfall as well , with some areas in Central Florida getting as much as five inches of rain .
= Vogel State Park = Vogel State Park is a 233 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 94 km2 ) or 94 hectares state park located at the base of Blood Mountain in the Chattahoochee National Forest . It became one of the first two parks in Georgia when it founded a state park system in 1931 . Much of the park was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930s . The park features streams , a waterfall , and Lake Trahlyta . At 2 @,@ 500 feet ( 760 m ) elevation it is one of Georgia 's highest altitude state parks . The mountainous habitats surrounding the lake support a wide assortment of plants and animals . Within the park are a series of hiking trails . These include the Bear Hair Gap Trail and the more strenuous Coosa Backcountry Trail , which leads up toward Blood Mountain and the Appalachian Trail near Neal 's Gap . Vogel Park features camping sites , cabins , swimming , boating and other recreational activities . = = Description and history = = Vogel State Park is located 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of Blairsville on US Highway 19 in the north Georgia mountains . At nearly 2 @,@ 500 feet ( 760 m ) altitude , Vogel State Park is usually cool during the summer months , and is one of Georgia 's most popular state parks . Vogel features hiking trails , cabins and a 20 @-@ acre ( 81 @,@ 000 m2 ) pond known as Lake Trahlyta , which was created when the Civilian Conservation Corps dammed Wolf Creek . The lake is named for Trahlyta , a Cherokee maiden who is buried a few miles from the park at Stonepile Gap . The Corps workers , located at the CCC Camp at Goose Creek just north of the park , also built the first cabins , picnic areas and camping grounds at Vogel . Vogel is Georgia 's second oldest state park . The land comprising the park was donated to the state in 1927 by August H. Vogel and Fred Vogel , Jr. of Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The two were heirs to the Pfister & Vogel Leather Company , a Wisconsin tannery founded by Frederick Vogel . The Vogel family harvested bark from oak and hemlock trees located on thousands of acres they owned in North Georgia . The bark was shipped to Wisconsin and used by the company for tanning leather . During World War I , a synthetic method to tan leather was developed so there was no further need for the north Georgia resources . The Vogels gave their land to Georgia to create the state park . Vogel State Park Lake Dam , also known as Lake Trahlyta Dam , is a 52 @-@ foot ( 16 m ) high earthen embankment . The 600 @-@ foot ( 180 m ) long dam has a maximum discharge of 2 @,@ 447 cubic feet ( 69 @.@ 3 m3 ) per second . Its capacity is 522 acre feet ( 644 @,@ 000 m3 ) , although its normal storage is 210 acre feet ( 260 @,@ 000 m3 ) . It drains an area of 1 @,@ 638 acres ( 663 ha ) . = = Facilities and activities = = Vogel State Park hosts a variety of outdoor activities , including camping , hiking , backpacking , boating , fishing and swimming . The park includes 103 tent , trailer and RV sites for camping , 18 walk @-@ in campsites , and 35 cottages . About 95 of the camping sites contain electrical hookups and water . Also on site are four picnic shelters and a group camping facility , a pioneer campground , backwoods primitive campground areas and hot showers . The centerpiece of the park is Lake Trahlyta . The lake has a swimming beach and boat launch for non @-@ motorized watercraft , and offers seasonal rentals for pedal boats , kayaks , and paddle boards . It contains bass and bream and is stocked periodically during each trout season with about 5 @,@ 000 trout . Also at the park are a general store , miniature golf course and a Civilian Conservation Corps museum . = = = Hiking = = = The park features four hiking trails , covering a wide variety of conditions , forest habitats and difficulties . These include the moderate difficulty 4 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) -long Bear Hair Gap Trail marked by green blazes . It begins and ends in Vogel , although most of the trail loops through the Chattahoochee National Forest . The park also features a 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) Trahlyta Lake Loop Trail and the Byron Herbert Reese Nature Trail ( .8 miles ) . Also in the park is the Coosa Backcountry Trail , a strenuous 12 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) loop which climbs Coosa Bald and Slaughter Mountain . The trail is marked with green blazes and is generally easy to follow . It fords streams on its lower segments before ascending Duncan 's Ridge near the summit of Coosa Bald at over 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) elevation , where it joins the Duncan Ridge Trail . The joined trail then makes a descent , then climbs slightly to the summit of Wildcat Knob , then descends to Wolfpen Gap where it crosses State Route 180 . Across Wolfpen Gap , the trail makes a steep ascent up Slaughter Mountain , then descends to Slaughter Gap where the Coosa Backcountry and Duncan Ridge Trail split . From this point , the Duncan Ridge Trail leads directly to Blood Mountain where it meets the Appalachian Trail . The Coosa Backcountry Trail makes a steep 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) descent down the mountain and joins with the Bear Hair Gap Trail , leading back to the point of origin . The Appalachian Trail can also be accessed from nearby Neel 's Gap , just a little higher up Blood Mountain on Highway 19 / 129 ; hikers can reach this area from the Byron Herbert Reece Trail . = = = Annual events = = = Annual events held at the park include a springtime Wildflower Walk , CCC Reunion , Kids Fishing Rodeo , Independence Day flag @-@ raising ceremony and bicycle parade , Mountain Music and Arts & Craft Festival held in September , Fall Hoedown , Duncan Ridge Trail 50K / 30K Race and Christmas Tree Lighting . = = Wildlife , flora and geology = = Like the rest of the southern Blue Ridge Mountains , Vogel State Park and the surrounding area consists of many valleys , ridges and mountains formed by repeated plate tectonic movement and collisions , starting with the Grenville Orogeny nearly 1 @.@ 5 billion years ago . The resulting landscape created diverse topology containing many different species of plants and animal . The Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains contains low @-@ to @-@ high @-@ grade metamorphic rocks . Many of the rocks of the Blue Ridge appear to be the metamorphosed equivalents of Proterozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks . Others are metamorphosed igneous rocks , including Corbin metagranite , Fort Mountain gneiss , varieties of mafic and ultramafic rocks , and the metavolcanic rocks of the Gold Belt . Much of the area resembles Pennsylvania in climate , vegetation and wildlife . The park is near the southern limit for eastern hemlock and eastern white pine . Coves in the area vary by elevation and topography , with second @-@ growth oak and hickory more common in lower @-@ lying areas . The surrounding forests contain rich , high @-@ altitude flora including rare wildflowers and ferns , such as Persistent Trillium , which grows near Rhododendron . Nearby boulderfields by Blood Mountain include Dutchman 's breeches , squirrel corn , waterleaf and other herbaceous plants . The area is populated with white @-@ tailed deer , grouse and raccoon . The deer population , which was extirpated by 1895 , has rebounded since re @-@ introduction by park ranger Arthur Woody during the 1930s . Over 100 species of birds inhabit or migrate through the area , including native songbirds such as the Canada warbler , Blackburnian , black @-@ throated blue , black @-@ throated green and chestnut @-@ sided warblers . Also found are hawks , owls , woodpeckers , kinglets , thrushes , vireos , cuckoos , phoebes , chickadees , titmice , nuthatches , brown creepers , wrens , tanagers , grosbeaks , indigo buntings and red crossbills . Migratory species are present during the late spring and early fall , making the area popular among birdwatchers The creeks surrounding the lake are rich with species of salamanders . = = Vogel Museum = = The park 's Vogel Museum features exhibits , documents , photographs and memorabilia about the activities of the Civilian Conservation Corps in Vogel State Park and other parks in Georgia .
= Flotilla ( video game ) = Flotilla is a 2010 turn @-@ based strategy space combat video game developed by Brendon Chung 's studio , Blendo Games . The game was released in March 2010 on Steam for Microsoft Windows and on Xbox Live Indie Games for the Xbox 360 . Flotilla was designed with Microsoft 's XNA tools , and its development was influenced by animals as well as board games such as Axis and Allies and Arkham Horror . The game takes the player in an adventure through a randomly generated galaxy . Chung began developing Flotilla immediately after the closure of Pandemic Studios , where he had worked as a designer . The new game used assets imported from Chung 's early space combat prototype , Space Piñata . Flotilla incorporates several pieces of classical music in its score , such as Chopin 's " Raindrop " prelude . It received mixed reviews from video game media outlets , scoring 72 out of 100 on review aggregate website Metacritic , and was included in Mike Rose 's book 250 Indie Games You Must Play . = = Gameplay = = Flotilla is a three @-@ dimensional simultaneous turn @-@ based strategy space combat video game set in a randomly generated galaxy . The player and computer @-@ controlled opponents issue orders to their ships , which are carried in a simultaneous and real @-@ time fashion over a period of 30 seconds . The game then freezes , and the player and opponents issue new orders to their ships , which are again performed for 30 seconds . This process repeats until one party is defeated . Orders are separated into three groups : attack move , flank move and focus fire . An attack move orders the ships to move and fire simultaneously ; a flank move increases the ship 's speed but deactivates weapons until the ship stops moving ; and focus fire increases fire rate but significantly reduces the ship 's speed . At the beginning of the game , the player is usually given two ships to control , but more become available as the game continues . Ships may be rotated arbitrarily in any direction . The single @-@ player mode is an " adventure " that can be played an indefinite number of times . These adventures have a duration of around 30 minutes . The character dies at the end of each adventure and the player is given the option to play again . A hardcore mode , which removes the solo mode 's standard 30 @-@ minute time limit , was later added to the game . Each time the player starts a new adventure , a new galaxy is randomly generated and filled with planets and enemy ships . The player may take a short tutorial before beginning the adventure . Each planet offers a possible quest or challenge to the player . Challenges are tactical battles in which the player must fight against a variety of enemies . However , ships can only be harmed from behind or below ; attacks from any other position will be countered by the ships ' shields . Upon succeeding , a new chapter is added to the player 's character 's story , and the player is rewarded with ship upgrades . These upgrades are used to customize ships with improvements , such as increased firing speed or heavier rear armor . The upgrades available to the player upon finishing each encounter with an enemy can vary , so the player may not receive the same upgrade by playing the same encounter in two different adventures . Flotilla has cooperative and split @-@ screen multiplayer modes that can be played with an additional Xbox 360 controller . = = Development = = Flotilla was developed by Brendon Chung 's video game studio , Blendo Games . Chung , who worked as a level designer for Pandemic Studios , previously contributed to the development of Full Spectrum Warrior ( 2004 ) and Lord of the Rings : Conquest ( 2009 ) . Chung started coding Flotilla in 2009 after Electronic Arts closed Pandemic Studios . He was excited at the time of the studio 's closure , and stated that " there was adrenaline pumping through my veins " . The game was developed using Microsoft XNA , a set of game development tools created by Microsoft . The concept of Flotilla came from a combination of " sci @-@ fi like Star Wars and submarine movies " . Chung explained that he " figured there was enough games about little fighter jets " , and that what he had in mind was " a jumbo battleship floating in space " . Animals , instead of aliens , are featured as characters in the game . Chung explained that he did so because " any fantastical creature design I came up with would pale in comparison to already @-@ existing designs made by other people . " Therefore , instead of trying to solve the problem of creating compelling alien characters , he switched to animals : " [ they ] have certain built @-@ in characteristics , they were fairly unique in how they weren 't typically associated with space adventures . " In an interview with SquareGo , Chung revealed that board games such as Axis and Allies and Arkham Horror had an influential role in the game 's development process . Before Flotilla , Chung worked on a prototype , a two @-@ dimensional turn @-@ based space action game called Space Piñata , whose gameplay and structure were similar to those of the final version of Flotilla . Chung intentionally limited the solo mode 's play time as an " experiment in making a short @-@ story generator " , such that an adventure could begin and end within a half hour . Following negative response , a patch was deployed to change this limitation . The patch included a new " hardcore " mode . Flotilla 's score incorporates several pieces of classical music , such as Chopin 's " Raindrop " prelude . According to Edge magazine , the " Raindrop " prelude gives the game 's battles " an emotional undercurrent " . Chung said that the soundtrack was designed to give the game " a tragic feel " and that he wanted the game to be portrayed as " the anti @-@ testosterone @-@ fueled " action game . = = Reception = = Flotilla received a mixed response from video game journalists upon release . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the game received an average score of 72 based on 7 reviews . British magazine Edge included Flotilla in its 2010 list of the Best 20 Indie Games available in the Xbox Live Marketplace , and acknowledged that the game was " as exacting as it is quirky , a stiff challenge beneath a sugar coating . " Mike Rose included Flotilla in his book 250 Indie Games You Must Play . The American version of PC Gamer commented that Flotilla " is a charmingly crafted bite @-@ size portion of tactical fun " . Meanwhile , the British version of the magazine elaborated that although the game had its share of " charm and character , " it was nonetheless a random experience . PC Zone UK characterized Flotilla as stylish and funny , but concluded that it was a " sadly disposable " experience . Edge gave a mixed response to the game , but praised the battles , which they considered " engaging despite their simplicity . " An editor from website Charge Shot praised the game 's artificial intelligence and overall design , but criticized the multiplayer mode . Joe Martin from Bit @-@ Tech named Flotilla a " hilarious and brazenly original " game . However , he criticized the interface and navigation gameplay , which he condemned as " trying to pilot a radio @-@ controlled helicopter with someone else 's feet . " He also mentioned the lack of a speed @-@ up feature in battles ; he considered such a feature necessary for the game . GameZone 's Tom Dann also felt frustrated by the ship maneuvering mechanics , though he concluded that they " can also be rewarding and entertaining " . Flotilla was nominated for the 2011 Independent Games Festival Visions Award , but lost to Amnesia : The Dark Descent . It was also listed among the Honorable Mentions for the Excellence in Visual Art and Excellence in Design awards .
= Ichigo Kurosaki = Ichigo Kurosaki ( Japanese : 黒崎一護 , Hepburn : Kurosaki Ichigo ) is a fictional character in the Bleach manga series and its adaptations created by Tite Kubo . The protagonist of the series , Ichigo receives Soul Reaper powers as a result of a run @-@ in with Rukia Kuchiki , the Soul Reaper assigned to patrol his city , the fictional Karakura Town . These powers come at the cost of Rukia 's own , and as a result , Ichigo concedes to work as Rukia 's stand @-@ in , fighting to protect people from evil spirits called Hollows and sending good spirits , wholes , to Soul Society . In addition to the manga series , Ichigo appears in many other pieces of Bleach media , including the anime series , the four featured films , the two original video animations , rock musicals , several video games and light novels . Kubo said that Ichigo 's character was created to replace Rukia as the protagonist of the series because he felt she wasn 't suited for the role . His character has been well received among both readers and reviewers . Ichigo is often featured in Weekly Shōnen Jump character popularity polls . He was consistently ranked as one of the most popular characters in Bleach . The 2007 Japanese Newtype magazine polls ranked Ichigo as one of the top 100 most @-@ loved anime characters . Reviewers of the series have praised his personality , though some consider him to be a stereotypical anti @-@ hero . Merchandise based on Ichigo 's likeness has been released , including toys , clothing , and action figures . In the animated adaptations of Bleach , Ichigo is voiced by Masakazu Morita in Japanese . In the English adaptations , he is voiced by Johnny Yong Bosch . = = Creation and conception = = When drawing the manga series , Kubo commented that Rukia Kuchiki , the first Bleach character he introduced , was originally intended to be the protagonist . Through subsequent development of the series , however , Kubo decided to make her a valued ally and instead introduced Ichigo as the central character . Initial design sketches show Ichigo wearing glasses , and having dark hair and softer eyes . When designing Rukia , however , Kubo modified Ichigo 's appearance to contrast with hers , giving Ichigo orange hair , a trademark scowl , and removing the glasses . During the series ' first chapter , Ichigo 's wristwatch was based on one Kubo himself wore at the time . In later chapters , his wristwatch was based on Naoto Fukasawa 's W11K cellphone . According to Kubo , Ichigo , along with Orihime Inoue , are the most arduous characters to sketch . While illustrating one of Ichigo 's scenes , Kubo found it awkward to draw him with a cheerful smile . Kubo has stated that Ichigo 's greatest strength is his considerate and thoughtful nature ; he always thinks about other 's needs . However , he also noted it as his greatest weakness , since worrying about his friends tends to put him in danger . When asked in an interview if he had any plans to focus on the love triangle between Ichigo , Orihime , and Rukia , Kubo chose neither to confirm nor deny it as he didn 't want to focus on romance . Kubo likens Ichigo 's popularity among readers because he " looks cool " . He also mentioned that as people read more about him they will discover that he is a warm and kind @-@ hearted person . Following over fifty volumes of the manga 's released , Kubo believes that Ichigo was the most developed character . He said that Ichigo leads the story and introduces readers to the events in it . When the Arrancar arc ended , Kubo rebooted the series which resulted in Ichigo losing his Soul Reaper powers . In the same way Ichigo became a Soul Reaper during the series ' first chapter ; he starts searching for methods to recover his original powers . Ichigo is voiced by Masakazu Morita in the Japanese anime , while as a child he is voiced by Yuki Matsuoka . Johnny Yong Bosch voices him in the English dub as a teenager , and Mona Marshall as an adolescent . While describing Ichigo as one of his best roles , Morita notes that voicing him can be at times difficult . Bosch has enjoyed voicing Ichigo 's character due to his personal interest in the character 's morals . However , he experienced difficulty voicing him in some scenes where Ichigo shouts for a long time . = = Appearances = = = = = In Bleach = = = Ichigo Kurosaki is a 15 @-@ year @-@ old teenager who attends a Karakura High School with the ability to see ghosts . One evening , Ichigo meets a Soul Reaper named Rukia Kuchiki from a secret organization called the Soul Society . At the same time , Ichigo 's family is attacked by a Hollow , a deceased spirit that became a warped soul @-@ eating monster which Soul Reapers deal with . After being wounded in an attempt to shield Ichigo from a Hollow attack , Rukia transmits her Soul Reaper powers to him so he can save his family . In following months , Ichigo acts in Rukia 's place as the Soul Reaper in protecting Karakura Town from Hollows as their friendship continues to bloom . Ichigo 's past is also revealed as he faces the Grand Fisher , a Hollow who killed his mother when he was nine years old . In time , the Soul Society sends two high @-@ seated officers to take Rukia back for committing the crime of transferring her Soul Reaper powers to a human . In training with Kisuke Urahara in order to rescue Rukia , Ichigo obtains his own Soul Reaper powers and learns the name of his Zanpakutō , Zangetsu ( 斬月 , literally “ Slaying Moon ” ) . In the Rescue arc , Ichigo is confronted by members of Gotei 13 , the main military force in the Soul Society . In entering the Seireitei , Ichigo faces and defeats Ikkaku Madarame . As he approaches the prison where Rukia is being held captive , Ichigo does battle with , and defeats Lieutenant Renji Abarai and Squad 11 Captain Kenpachi Zaraki . In preparation for his inevitable battle with Captain Byakuya Kuchiki , who adopted Rukia as his sister , Ichigo learns his Bankai , Tensa Zangetsu ( 天鎖斬月 , literally “ Heaven Chain Slaying Moon ” ) . Arriving in time to stop Rukia 's execution on Sōkyoku Hill , Ichigo engages Byakuya in a battle that ends in a tie . Captain Sōsuke Aizen , who faked his death prior , have been behind Rukia 's sentencing and the chaos that plagued the Soul Society . He proceeds to rip Hōgyoku , an invention of Kisuke 's , from Rukia ’ s Gigai body before he and his followers escapes into the Hollows ' realm of Hueco Mundo . In time , Aizen begins targeting Karakura Town with an army of Arrancars , Hollows that assumed human form with Soul Reaper powers , after subjecting them to the Hōgyoku . In order to defeat the Arrancars and to control his Hollow powers , Ichigo begins his training with the group of Soul Reaper outcasts known as the Vizard . During the Arrancar 's attack on Karakura Town , Ichigo 's friend Orihime Inoue has been abducted by Ulquiorra Cifer of the Aizen 's strongest Arrancars : The Espadas . When the Soul Society refuses to help save Orihime , Ichigo and his friends go to Hueco Mundo to rescue her . In Hueco Mundo , after defeating the Espada Grimmjow Jaegerjaquez , Ichigo manages to save Orihime and defeat Ulquiorra . Soon after , Ichigo returns from Hueco Mundo to fight Aizen in the climax of the villain 's attack on Karakura Town . During the battles interim , Ichigo learns a technique called the Final Getsuga Tenshō ( 最後の月牙天衝 , Saigo no Getsuga Tenshō , literally “ The Final Moon Fang Heaven @-@ Piercer ” ) that weakens Aizen , allowing Urahara to seal him within a kidō barrier , at the expense of his Soul Reaper powers . Seventeen months later , Ichigo becomes a senior in high school . The start of the Lost Agent arc describes Ichigo 's life after he loses his Soul Reaper powers . One day , he meets Kūgo Ginjō , a Fullbringer from the group Xcution . Ginjo offers to replenish Ichigo 's Soul Reaper powers in return for helping him and his group to become ordinary humans . With their help , Ichigo unlocks his own Fullbring powers through his Substitute Soul Reaper Badge . However , Ichigo later learns that Ginjo and his ally Shūkurō Tsukishima , a Fullbringer with ability to change people 's memories , used him to take Fullbring powers for Xcution 's use . Luckily , the 13 Court Squad restore Ichigo 's Soul Reaper powers and he kills Ginjo , revealed to be the first Substitute Soul Reaper , in their duel . Though learning from Ginjō that the Soul Society monitor and limit their powers , Ichigo tells the Court Squad that he will continue to fight by their side as he asks for their consent to bury Ginjō . While patrolling Karakura Town , Ichigo is informed about invasion of Hueco Mundo by Wandenreich , a group of Quincies . He goes to Hueco Mundo with his friends to liberate it from one of the Wandenreich 's high @-@ ranked officers Quilge Opie . After dealing with Opie , Ichigo finds out that the Quincies are attacking the Soul Society . Arriving just after Head Captain Yamamoto 's death , Ichigo encounters the Wandenreich 's leader Yhwach . At the end of the encounter , learning his mother was a Quincy , Ichigo finds his Zanpakutō shattered . As the situation in Soul Society becomes dire , the Royal Guard arrive and they take Ichigo to the Soul King Palace where he meets Ōetsu Nimaiya , inventor of the Zanpakutō . Nimaiya sends Ichigo back to the World of Living where he learns the truth that his mother was a Quincy who was on a verge of hollowification until she saved when Isshin in specially made gigai that stabilizes her new state of being at the cost of his Soul Reaper powers . As a result , Ichigo was born in possession of both his parents ' spirit pressure natures which manifested in his powers as both a Soul Reaper and as a Fullbringer . Ichigo later learns that entity he believed to be Zangetsu is actually the embodiment of his Quincy powers yet accept him as he gains his reforged Zanpakutō in its new split Shikai form . During the second invasion by the Wandenreich , Ichigo and his friends confront Yhwach at the Soul King 's Palace . Though Quincy had already inflicted a fatal wound on the Soul King , Yhwach uses the Quincy energy within Ichigo to have him kill the Soul King against his will . But as the Soul King is stabilized by Mimihagi after Ukitake sacrificed himself , Ichigo stops Yhwach so Yoruichi can protect the Soul King . Ichigo explains his intent to protect all realities while telling Yhwach that possessing Quincy powers doesn 't mean he needs to serve him . But Ichigo removed from the Soul King 's Palace by Uryū Ishida , briefly facing him before learning his friend 's actual intent while he covered him and Orihime as they face Yhwach after he succeeded in absorbing the Soul King 's power . During the fight that followed , Ichigo takes the blunt of Yhwach 's power to transform into a new form that combines his abilities as a vizard and as a quincy . = = = In other media = = = Ichigo appears in the featured films of series : protecting a Soul Reaper named Senna in Memories of Nobody ; helping Tōshirō Hitsugaya to defeat Sōjirō Kusaka in The DiamondDust Rebellion ; saving Rukia Kuchiki from a pair of mysterious siblings who can erase memories in Fade to Black ; and going into Hell in order to rescue his sister Yuzu in Hell Verse . He also appears in both of the original video animations ; fighting against a Hollow called the Grand Fisher in the first one and combating the rogue Soul Reaper Baishin in the second . In the Bleach video games , Ichigo is a playable character , including the Heat the Soul and Blade Battlers series . In some games , his Hollow form and Bankai state are available as separate characters . In Rock Musical Bleach , a musical based on the Bleach series , Ichigo is played by Tatsuya Isaka . His character is featured in two volumes from the Bleach Beat Collection CD soundtrack series which features themes composed by his Japanese voice actor , Masakazu Morita . These include the first of them , in which he is the only character and the fourth season 's fourth volume along with Rukia . Ichigo also appears in the first volume of Bleach Breathless Collection CD soundtrack series together with the embodiment of his Quincy powers that posed as the Zanpakutō spirit Zangetsu . = = Reception = = Amongst the Bleach reader base , Ichigo has been always highly ranked in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls for the series . He has usually taken first place , though in early 2008 he dropped to third . His sword , Zangetsu , also ranked third in the Zanpakutō popularity polls . In the 2007 Japanese Newtype magazine poll , Ichigo was ranked one of the best male anime characters . In the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation ( SPJA ) , Ichigo was elected for the best anime male character in 2008 . The Japanese music distributor Recochoku has made two annual survey of which anime characters that people would like to marry . Ichigo ranked tenth in the category " The Character I Want to Be My Groom " from the 2008 survey and eight in the 2009 poll . Wizard Entertainment considered Ichigo the best hero from 2007 , commenting that he doesn 't try to be a typical hero but he fights in order to protect his friends . He was also 20th in IGN 's " Top 25 Anime Characters of All Time " with comments focused on his design and personality . Ichigo has also appeared twice in the Anime Grand Prix polls , ranking as one of the most popular male anime characters . At the first Seiyu Awards in March 2007 , Masakazu Morita won in the category " Best Rookie Actor " for his role as Ichigo Kurosaki . Ichigo 's voice actor in the English adaptation , Johnny Yong Bosch , has also been praised for his voice work on Ichigo 's character by Anime News Network ( ANN ) , which favorably compared Bosch and Morita 's work . Various merchandise based on Ichigo 's appearance has been created , including action figures , plush toys and key @-@ chains . Since the series was released , replica models of Ichigo 's Zanpakutō and Bankai have been produced for purchase by collectors and fans . Several publications for manga , anime , video games , and other related media have provided praise and criticism on Ichigo 's character . ANN 's Melissa Harper commented that Ichigo 's initial rebellious actions make him almost a stereotypical anti @-@ hero , but note that he is soon revealed to be a more complex character with a sad past . Los Angeles Times 's Charles Solomon comments Ichigo 's character has little in common with protagonists from other series due to his bad temper and how he tends to fight . However , he added that readers from the series still " love " Ichigo . The way Ichigo becomes a Soul Reaper was found to be relatively common by Carlos Alexandre . He noted that Ichigo 's character of a " tough guy with a heart of gold " had already been done in several series . Charles White from IGN praised Ichigo 's climactic fight against Byakuya Kuchiki as one of the best fights in the Bleach series , and later Ramsey Isler gave additional praise to both the design and voice acting for Ichigo 's inner Hollow . Ichigo 's development during the Rescue arc in which he sets to save Rukia Kuchiki from being executed have been praised by ANN 's Theron Martin . He praised the scenes in which Ichigo manages to stop Rukia 's execution and his subsequent demonstration of his Bankai as one of the " eminently satisfying landmark moments in the series " . Wired News 's Corrina Lawson stated that she liked Ichigo 's strong sense of responsibility , and commented it was one of the reasons of the series ' popularity .
= Sungei Road = Sungei Road ( Chinese : 双溪路 ; literally River Road ) is a road in Singapore situated between Serangoon Road and Jalan Besar and runs along the Rochor Canal . The area around Sungei Road was formerly the homes of affluent Europeans and Asians , where many ornately designed buildings were built in its place . From the 1930s to the present , the road has been synonymous with the Thieves ' Market , the largest and oldest flea market in Singapore , where the locals can hunt for old bric @-@ a @-@ brac or second @-@ hand goods , as a cheap replacement for one 's faulty or lost item . It 's also the place where the well @-@ known Sungei Road Laksa , a local spicy noodle soup originated . = = Etymology = = Sungei Road got its name because it runs along the banks of the Rochor River ( Sungei Rochor ) , hence its Malay name , sungei , meaning " river " . Sungei Road starts opposite the former Kandang Kerbau police station and was therefore known to the Chinese as " tek kah ma ta chu " , which means " tek kah police station " in Hokkien . = = History = = In the 1820s , the area around Sungei Road was designated by Sir Stamford Raffles , the founder of modern Singapore , for the homes of affluent Europeans and Asians , when he divided the early settlements according to different ethnic groups . The Arabs and Malays who had settled at Sungei Road previously were relocated eastwards to Kampong Glam . Ornately designed two @-@ storey and three @-@ storey shophouses that came with covered 5 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) way were built in its place . At nearby Lavender Street was the attap house of Cho Ah Chee , the carpenter of the ship S.S Indiana in which Raffles travelled to Singapore in 1819 . It is believed that Raffles gave the house to Guangdong @-@ born Cho , in recognition of his services at the time of the founding of Singapore . The house has been demolished in the 1970s and a small public park has taken its place . During the Japanese Occupation , a street market known as Robinson Petang meaning " evening Robinsons " , started along the banks of the Rochor Canal where the poor could buy cheap household wares and other merchandise in short supply , akin to what department store Robinson & Co. had sold . = = = Thieves ' Market = = = Since the 1930s , Sungei Road and its surrounding roads became a flea market better known as the Thieves ' Market , because all sorts of second @-@ hand merchandise as well as contraband goods were sold here . The peddlers may change from day to day and there were no receipts , so refunds are impossible . Until the British Army withdrawal in the late 1960s , it was also a place to buy army merchandise like uniforms , army gear and other army surplus , possibly looted earlier from British military stores . The open air market soon acquired a bad reputation as the major dissemination venue for stolen goods that would last to the present day . If an item was " lost " recently , people can try their luck in looking for it at the Thieves ' Market , and buying it back from the sellers who will always claim no knowledge of its source . In the early 1970s , opium dens used to be common in the Sungei Road area . The drugs were popular with workers looking for a cheap way to ease the hardship of the day 's toil . The opium addicts were mainly poor , elderly people from working @-@ class groups . In early 1991 , a spate of fires destroyed more than 20 shophouses along Sungei Road . Most of the century @-@ old shophouses , crumbling with age , had become potential fire hazards for its residents . The first fire incident left two people injured and 61 homeless . As a result , many of its buildings were torn down for safety reason and its inhabitants relocated in later years . = = = Success stories = = = Despite its notorious reputation , there were a few cases of honest and hardworking karung guni men who made good , and became millionaires . One was Poon Buck Seng who started his business with only a capital of S $ 50 by picking up junk , or paying small amounts for things people were throwing away in the 1980s . He would then take his goods to sell at the Sungei Road Thieves ' Market . Within seven years , he had saved enough money to rent a shop space nearby , and expanded his business to sell bigger used items like computers , refrigerators , videotape recorders and television sets , in addition to old clothes , shoes and records . In 1993 , he registered his second @-@ hand goods trading business and began to focus his business in exporting used computer parts , as there were not many people doing that back then , and his business thrived . He made a few thousand dollars every month and five years later , Poon had saved enough money to buy a 1 @,@ 636 square feet ( 152 @.@ 0 m2 ) freehold property worth S $ 730 @,@ 000 and was offered S $ 1 @.@ 4 million for the unit in a collective sale later . His export business lasted only 10 years . By 2002 , Poon 's business was declining as too many people had jumped onto the bandwagon . He decided to end his export business and went back to his old karung guni trade again that lasts to this very day . Another similar rags @-@ to @-@ riches story is Pang Lim , who was an illegal fruit hawker in Sungei Road in the 1970s . His big break came when he saved enough money to rent a coffee shop in 1990 with his younger brother and uncle . They rented the stalls out to other hawkers and managed the drinks stall themselves . The business took off and from one coffee shop , Pang is now the managing director of Koufu , which operates 20 foodcourts , five coffee shops and five cafes around the island . = = Landmarks = = = = = Sungei Road laksa = = = Located nearby at Jin Shui Kopitiam ( " kopitiam " means " coffeeshop " in Hokkien ) is a stall selling Sungei Road laksa , a local spicy noodle soup that originated from Peranakan culture . The Sungei Road laksa legacy was started in 1956 when a Hainanese friend of Wong , Ah Tong , gave Wong and his brother Wong Yew Poh , his secret recipe for laksa on account of their long @-@ standing friendship . The Wong brothers set up a push @-@ cart stall to sell their laksa and the response to their recipe was overwhelming . It was sold with the thick bee hoon ( Chinese noodle ) cut up and served only with a spoon , without chopsticks , topped with cockles , bean sprouts and home @-@ made fried fish cakes in distinctive chicken motif bowls . Customers ate it while standing by the roadside and it cost only 20 cents a bowl back then . By day , they sold along Johor Road and by night , off Sungei Road . Today , the brothers have since lost contact with Ah Tong , but their children still serve the traditional recipe , using charcoal fire to keep his gravy constantly warm to maintain its distinctive flavour . It is regarded among the best laksa stalls in Singapore by many food reviewers . Starting from April 2015 , the stall has been relocated to 145 Jalan Besar , at a short walking distance from its previous location , though keeping its original name " 31 Sungei Laksa " . = = = Singapore Ice Works = = = Located at the junction of Sungei Road and Pitt Road , was the former site of the Singapore Ice Works that was built in the 1930s . The factory was the first ice @-@ making plant in Singapore using large compressors manufactured mainly from Carrier and York corporations . It was popular as a pioneer establishment that brought refrigeration and air @-@ conditioning to Singapore . In 1958 , it was renamed as the New Singapore Ice Works . In later years , the factory was bought over by Cold Storage who ran it under their management . However , in 1984 , the Housing Development Board ( HDB ) took over its site for redevelopment . The factory was soon demolished and the plant operations was re @-@ located to Auric Pacific at Fishery Port Road . This facility has since closed down after being in use for over twenty years . = = = Rochor Market = = = The Rochor Market , a wet market , was another popular landmark in this area . Built in 1872 , it served the surrounding community for more than a century . In August 1982 , part of the market was demolished and its stalls were moved elsewhere . = = Sungei Road today = = Today , the flea market is still thriving despite the fact that all the old shop house buildings have been torn down in the mid @-@ 1990s . What remains are the street peddlers , displaying their wares on canvas sheets now along the empty roads in the area . The peddlers do not pay rent but the Singapore government forbids them from selling brand @-@ new items . To keep up with the times , some of the peddlers have put up their wares to sell on websites and eBay especially those hard to sell items such as old photographs , badges , medals and other collector 's items . Despite its long history and tenacity , the flea market 's days are numbered , as it is sitting on a huge chunk of state land about the size of a football field , which will soon be needed for Downtown Line , Jalan Besar MRT Station construction . The remainder would be redeveloped by HDB at the later time .
= Magic : The Gathering = Magic : The Gathering ( MTG ; also known as Magic ) is a trading card game created by Richard Garfield . First published in 1993 by Wizards of the Coast , Magic was the first trading card game produced and it continues to thrive , with approximately twenty million players as of 2015 . Magic can be played by two or more players in various formats , the most common of which uses a deck of 60 + cards , either in person with printed cards or using a deck of virtual cards through the Internet @-@ based Magic : The Gathering Online , on a smartphone or tablet , or other programs . Each game represents a battle between wizards known as " planeswalkers " , who employ spells , artifacts , and creatures depicted on individual Magic cards to defeat their opponents . Although the original concept of the game drew heavily from the motifs of traditional fantasy role @-@ playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons , the gameplay of Magic bears little similarity to pencil @-@ and @-@ paper adventure games , while having substantially more cards and more complex rules than many other card games . New cards are released on a regular basis through expansion sets . An organized tournament system played at an international level and a worldwide community of professional Magic players has developed , as well as a substantial secondary market for Magic cards . Certain Magic cards can be valuable due to their rarity and utility in gameplay . Prices range from a few cents to thousands of dollars . = = History = = Richard Garfield was a doctoral candidate at University of Pennsylvania when he first started to design the game . During his free time he worked with local volunteer playtesters to help refine the game . He had been brought on as an adjunct professor at Whitman College in 1991 when Peter Adkison ( then CEO of Wizards of the Coast games company ) first met with Garfield to discuss Garfield 's new game RoboRally . Adkison saw the game as very promising , but decided that Wizards of the Coast lacked the resources to produce it at that point . He did like Garfield 's ideas and mentioned that he was looking for a portable game that could be played in the downtime that frequently occurs at gaming conventions . Garfield returned and presented the general outline of the concept of a trading card game . Adkison immediately saw the potential of this idea and agreed to produce it . Magic : The Gathering underwent a general release on August 5 , 1993 . While the game was simply called Magic through most of playtesting , when the game had to be officially named a lawyer informed them that Magic was too generic to be trademarked . Mana Clash was instead chosen to be the name used in the first solicitation of the game , however , everybody involved with the game continued to refer to it as Magic . After further consultation with the lawyer , it was decided to rename the game Magic : The Gathering , thus enabling the name to be trademarked . A patent was granted to Wizards of the Coast in 1997 for " a novel method of game play and game components that in one embodiment are in the form of trading cards " that includes claims covering games whose rules include many of Magic 's elements in combination , including concepts such as changing orientation of a game component to indicate use ( referred to in the Magic and Vampire : The Eternal Struggle rules as " tapping " ) and constructing a deck by selecting cards from a larger pool . The patent has aroused criticism from some observers , who believe some of its claims to be invalid . In 2003 , the patent was an element of a larger legal dispute between Wizards of the Coast and Nintendo , regarding trade secrets related to Nintendo 's Pokémon Trading Card Game . The legal action was settled out of court , and its terms were not disclosed . Magic was an immediate success for Wizards of the Coast . Early on they were even reluctant to advertise the game because they were unable to keep pace with existing demand . Initially Magic attracted many Dungeons & Dragons players , but the following included all types of other people as well . The success of the game quickly led to the creation of similar games by other companies as well as Wizards of the Coast themselves . Companion Games produced the Galactic Empires CCG ( the first science fiction trading card game ) , which allowed players to pay for and design their own promotional cards , while TSR created the Spellfire game , which eventually included five editions in six languages , plus twelve expansion sets . Wizards of the Coast produced Jyhad ( now called Vampire : The Eternal Struggle ) , a game about modern @-@ day vampires . Other similar games included trading card games based on Star Trek and Star Wars . Magic is often cited as an example of a 1990s collecting fad , though the game 's makers were able to overcome the bubble traditionally associated with collecting fads . The success of the initial edition prompted a reissue later in 1993 , along with expansions to the game . Arabian Nights was released as the first expansion in December 1993 . New expansions and revisions of the base game ( " Core Sets " ) have since been released on a regular basis , amounting to four releases a year . By the end of 1994 , the game had printed over a billion cards . Until the release of Mirage in 1996 , expansions were released on an irregular basis . Beginning in 2009 one revision of the core set and a set of three related expansions called a " block " were released every year . This system was revised in 2015 , with the Core Set being eliminated and blocks now consisting of two sets , released biannually . While the essence of the game has always stayed the same , the rules of Magic have undergone three major revisions with the release of the Revised Edition in 1994 , Classic Edition in 1999 , and Magic 2010 in July 2009 . With the release of the Eighth Edition in 2003 , Magic also received a major visual redesign . In 1996 , Wizards of the Coast established the " Pro Tour " , a circuit of tournaments where players can compete for sizeable cash prizes over the course of a single weekend @-@ long tournament . In 2009 the top prize at a single tournament was US $ 40 @,@ 000 . Sanctioned through the DCI , the tournaments added an element of prestige to the game by virtue of the cash payouts and media coverage from within the community . For a brief period of time , ESPN2 televised the tournaments . While unofficial methods of online play existed previously , Magic Online ( " MTGO " or " Modo " ) , an official online version of the game , was released in 2002 . A new , updated version of Magic Online was released in April 2008 . In January 2014 , Hasbro announced a franchise film deal with 20th Century Fox for Magic : The Gathering , saying that they wanted " to launch a massive franchise on the scale of Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings . " Simon Kinberg is serving as writer and producer for the project . In June 2014 , Fox hired screenwriter Bryan Cogman to write the script for the film . = = Reception = = A 2004 article in USA Today suggested that playing Magic might help improve the social and mental skills of some of the players . The article interviewed players ' parents who believe that the game , similar to sports , teaches children how to more gracefully win and lose . Magic also contains a great amount of strategy and vocabulary that children may not be exposed to on a regular basis . Parents also claimed that playing Magic helped keep their children out of trouble , such as using illegal drugs or joining criminal gangs . On the other hand , the article also briefly mentions that Magic can be highly addictive , leading to parents worried about the Magic obsession of their kids . In addition , until 2007 , some of the better players had opportunities to compete for a small number of scholarships . Jordan Weisman , an American game designer and entrepreneur , commented , " I love games that challenge and change our definition of adventure gaming , and Magic : The Gathering is definitely one of a very short list of titles that has accomplished that elusive goal . By combining the collecting and trading elements of baseball cards with the fantasy play dynamics of roleplaying games , Magic created a whole new genre of product that changed our industry forever . " = = Awards = = 1994 : Mensa Select Award winner 1994 : Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board game of 1993 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board game of 1993 1994 : Origins Award for the Legends expansion as Best Game Accessory 1995 : Deutscher Spiele Preis special award for new game mechanics 1995 : Italian Gaming Society Gioco dell 'Anno award winner 1996 : Super As d 'Or award for " Best New Game Concept and Genre Introduced in France " 1997 : InQuest Fan Award for Best CCG Expansion for the Weatherlight expansion 1998 : Origins Award for the Urza 's Saga expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year 1999 : Inducted alongside Richard Garfield into the Origins Hall of Fame 2003 : Games Magazine selected Magic for its Games Hall of Fame 2005 : Origins Award for the Ravnica : City of Guilds expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year 2009 : Origins Award for the Shards of Alara expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year 2012 : Origins Award for the Innistrad expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year 2015 : Origins Award for the Khans of Tarkir expansion as Best Collectible Card Game of the Year In addition several individuals including Richard Garfield and Donato Giancola won personal awards for their contributions to Magic . = = Gameplay = = A game of Magic involves two or more players who are engaged in a battle acting as powerful wizards called planeswalkers . Each player has their own deck , either one previously constructed or made from a limited pool of cards for the event . A player starts the game with twenty " life points " and loses the game when he or she is reduced to zero . A player can also lose if he or she must draw from an empty deck . In addition , some cards specify other ways to win or lose the game . Garfield has stated that two major influences in his creation of Magic : the Gathering were the games Cosmic Encounter , which first used the concept that normal rules could sometimes be overridden , and Dungeons & Dragons . The " Golden Rule of Magic " states that " Whenever a card 's text directly contradicts the rules , the card takes precedence . " The Comprehensive Rules , a detailed rulebook , exists to clarify conflicts . Players begin the game by shuffling their decks and then drawing seven cards . Players draw one card at the beginning of each of their turns , except the first player on their first turn . Players alternate turns . The two basic kinds of cards are " spells " and " lands " . Lands provide " mana " , or magical energy , which is used as magical fuel when the player attempts to cast spells . Players may only play one land per turn . More powerful spells cost more mana , so as the game progresses more mana becomes available , and the quantity and relative power of the spells played tends to increase . Spells come in several varieties : " sorceries " and " instants " have a single , one @-@ time effect before they go to the " graveyard " ( discard pile ) ; " enchantments " and " artifacts " are " permanents " that remain in play after being cast to provide a lasting magical effect ; " creature " spells ( also a type of permanent ) summon creatures that can attack and damage an opponent . The set Lorwyn introduced the new " planeswalker " card type , which represent powerful allies who fight with their own magic abilities . = = = Deck construction = = = In most tournament formats , decks are required to be a minimum of sixty cards , with no upper limit . Players may use no more than four copies of any named card , with the exception of " basic lands " , which act as a standard resource in Magic , and some specific cards that state otherwise . Certain formats such as Commander may limit the number of iterations of a single card players may have in their decks . In " limited " tournament formats a small number of cards are opened for play from booster packs or tournament packs , and a minimum deck size of forty cards is used . Depending on the type of play , some individual cards have been " restricted " ( the card is limited to a single copy per deck ) or " banned " ( the card is no longer legal for tournament play ) . These limitations are usually for balance of power reasons , but have been occasionally made because of gameplay mechanics . Deck building requires strategy as players must choose among thousands of cards which they want to play . This requires players to evaluate the power of their cards , as well as the possible synergies between them , and their possible interactions with the cards they expect to play against ( this " metagame " can vary in different locations or time periods ) . The choice of cards is usually narrowed by the player deciding which colors they want to include in the deck . This decision is a key part of creating a deck . In general , reducing the number of colors used increases the consistency of play and the probability of drawing the lands needed to cast one 's spells , at the expense of restricting the range of tactics available to the player . = = = Colors of Magic = = = Most spells come in one of five colors . The colors can be seen on the back of the cards , in a pentagonal design , called the " Color Wheel " or " Color Pie " . Clockwise from the top , they are : white , blue , black , red , and green . To play a spell of a given color , at least one mana of that color is required . This mana is normally generated by a basic land : plains for white , island for blue , swamp for black , mountain for red , and forest for green . The balances and distinctions among the five colors form one of the defining aspects of the game . Each color has strengths and weaknesses based on the " style " of magic it represents . White is the color of order , equality , righteousness , healing , law , community , peace , absolutism / totalitarianism , and light . White 's strengths are a roster of small creatures that are strong collectively ; protecting and enhancing those creatures with enchantments ; gaining life ; preventing damage to creatures or players ; imposing restrictions on players ; reducing the capabilities of opposing creatures , and powerful spells that " equalize " the playing field by destroying all cards of a given type . White creatures are known for their " Protection " from various other colors or even types of card , rendering them nearly impervious to harm from those things . White 's weaknesses include a focus on smaller creatures , its unwillingness to simply kill creatures outright ( instead hobbling them with restrictions that can be undone ) , and the fact that many of its most powerful spells affect all players equally — including the casting player . Blue is the color of intellect , reason , illusion , logic , knowledge , manipulation , and trickery , as well as the classical elements of air and water . Blue 's cards are best at letting a player draw additional cards ; permanently taking control of an opponent 's cards ; returning cards to their owner 's hand ; making cards go directly from a player 's deck to their graveyard ; and countering spells . Blue 's creatures tend to be weaker than creatures of other colors , but commonly have abilities and traits which make them difficult to damage or block . Blue 's weaknesses include having trouble permanently dealing with spells that have already been played , the reactive nature of most of its spells , and a small ( and expensive ) roster of creatures . Black is the color of power , ambition , greed , death , illness , corruption , selfishness , amorality , and sacrifice ; it is not necessarily evil , though many of its cards refer directly or indirectly to this concept . Black cards are best at destroying creatures , forcing players to discard cards from their hand , making players lose life , and returning creatures from the players ' graveyards . Furthermore , because Black seeks to win at all costs , it has limited access to many abilities or effects that are normally available only to one of the other colors ; but these abilities often require large sacrifices of life totals , creatures , cards in hand , cards in library , and other difficult @-@ to @-@ replace resources . Black 's main weaknesses are an almost complete inability to deal with enchantments and artifacts , its tendency to hurt itself almost as badly as it hurts the opponent , and difficulties in removing other Black creatures . Red is the color of freedom , chaos , passion , creativity , impulse , fury , warfare , lightning , the classical element of fire , and the non @-@ living geological aspects of the classical element earth . Red 's strengths include destroying opposing lands and artifacts , sacrificing permanent resources for temporary but great power , and playing spells that directly damage creatures or players . Red has a wide array of creatures , but with the exception of extremely powerful dragons , most are fast and weak , or with low toughness , rendering them easier to destroy . Some of Red 's cards can turn against or hurt their owner in return for being more powerful for their cost . Red also shares the trickery theme with Blue and can temporarily steal opponents ' creatures or divert spells , although generally not permanently . Many of Red 's most famous creatures have " Haste " which lets them attack and use many abilities as soon as they enter the battlefield . The ability to raise a creature 's power temporarily is also common among Red 's creatures . Red 's weaknesses include its inability to destroy enchantments , the self @-@ destructive nature of many of its spells , and the way in which it trades early @-@ game speed at the cost of late @-@ game staying power . Red also has the vast majority of cards that involve random chance . Green is the color of life , nature , reality , evolution / adaptability , ecology , interdependence , instinct , and indulgence . Green 's strengths are on the battlefield , usually winning through combat with creatures , of which it has a broad menagerie . These tend to be strong for their cost and have abilities that make them more survivable like Regenerate and Hexproof . Green creatures also often have " Trample " , an ability which allows them to deal attack damage to an opponent if blocked by a weaker creature . Many Green spells bolster its creatures ' power , either permanently or temporarily . Green spells often focus on growth , such as regaining life points , amassing large quantities of green mana , and getting land cards faster , thus allowing the player more resources and the capacity to get strong creatures on the battlefield faster . Green 's weakness is an inability to defend against indirect attacks . It has few cards that allow it to counterattack against the hand , library , or graveyard ; Green also has few defenses against creatures that bypass its own powerful creatures when attacking . The colors adjacent to each other on the pentagon are " allied " and often have similar , complementary abilities . For example , Blue has a relatively large number of flying creatures , as do White and Black , which are next to it . The two non @-@ adjacent colors to a particular color are " enemy " colors , and are thematically opposed . For instance , Red tends to be very aggressive , while White and Blue are often more defensive in nature . The Research and Development ( R & D ) team at Wizards of the Coast aims to balance power and abilities among the five colors by using the " Color Pie " to differentiate the strengths and weaknesses of each . This guideline lays out the capabilities , themes , and mechanics of each color and allows for every color to have its own distinct attributes and gameplay . The Color Pie is used to ensure new cards are thematically in the correct color and do not infringe on the territory of other colors . Multi @-@ color cards were introduced in the Legends set and typically use a gold frame to distinguish them from mono @-@ color cards . These cards require mana from two or more different colors to be played and count as belonging to each of the colors used to play them . Multi @-@ color cards typically combine the philosophy and mechanics of all the colors used in the spell 's cost , and tend to be proportionally more powerful compared to single @-@ color or hybrid cards , as requiring multiple colors of mana makes them harder to cast . More recently , two @-@ color " hybrid " cards were introduced in the Ravnica set , and appeared extensively throughout the Shadowmoor and Eventide sets . Hybrid cards are distinguished by a gradient frame with those two colors , and can be paid with either of the card 's colors ; for instance , a card with two hybrid @-@ red / white icons can be cast using two red mana , two white mana , or one of each . Several sets have made multi @-@ colored cards a theme , including Shards of Alara , both Ravnica blocks and others . Core sets do not typically include multi @-@ color cards in them , although the Core 2013 set was the first to do so . Colorless cards belong to no color , and most often appear in the form of Lands and Artifacts . Unlike the five colors , Colorless cards do not have a specific personality or style of play . Sometimes , colorless cards will imitate the mechanics of a particular color , though in a less @-@ efficient manner than a similar colored card . Often colorless cards are linked to one or more colors via their abilities , through story references , or through flavor text on the cards themselves . With the Rise of the Eldrazi expansion , however , colorless cards that are neither artifacts nor lands have been introduced for the first time in larger quantities . = = = Luck vs. skill = = = Magic , like many other games , combines chance and skill . One frequent complaint about the game involves the notion that there is too much luck involved , especially concerning possessing too many or too few lands . Early in the game especially , too many or too few lands could ruin a player 's chance at victory without the player having made a mistake . This in @-@ game statistical variance can be minimized by proper deck construction , as an appropriate land count can reduce mana problems . In Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 , the land count is automatically adjusted to 40 % of the total deck size . A " mulligan " rule was introduced into the game , first informally in casual play and then in the official game rules . The modern " Paris mulligan " allows players to shuffle an unsatisfactory opening hand back into the deck at the start of the game , draw a new hand with one fewer card , and repeat until satisfied , after which any player who has taken a mulligan may look at the top card of his or her deck and either return it or put it at the bottom of the deck . In multiplayer , a player may take one mulligan without penalty , while subsequent mulligans will still cost one card ( a rule known as " Partial Paris mulligan " ) . The original mulligan allowed a player a single redraw of seven new cards if that player 's initial hand contained seven or zero lands . A variation of this rule called a " forced mulligan " is still used in some casual play circles and in multiplayer formats on Magic Online , and allows a single " free " redraw of seven new cards if a player 's initial hand contains seven , six , one or zero lands . Confessing his love for games combining both luck and skill , Magic creator Richard Garfield admitted its influence in his design of Magic . In addressing the complaint about luck influencing a game , Dr. Garfield points out that new and casual players tend to appreciate luck as a leveling field , in which a random effect increases their chances of winning . Meanwhile , a player with higher skills appreciates a game with less chance , as the higher degree of control increases their chances of winning . According to Dr. Garfield , Magic has and would likely continue decreasing its degree of luck as the game matured . The " Mulligan rule " , as well as card design , past vs. present , are good examples of this trend . He feels that this is a universal trend for maturing games . Dr. Garfield explained using chess as an example , that unlike modern chess , in predecessors , players would use dice to determine which chess piece to move . = = = Gambling = = = The original set of rules prescribed that all games were to be played for ante . Garfield was partly inspired by the game of marbles and wanted folks to play with the cards rather than collect them . For Magic , each player removed a card at random from the deck they wished to play with and the two cards would be set aside as the ante . At the end of the match , the winner would take and keep both cards . Early sets included a few cards with rules designed to interact with this gambling aspect , allowing replacements of cards up for ante , adding more cards to the ante , or even permanently trading cards in play . The ante concept became controversial because many regions had restrictions on games of chance . The rule was later made optional because of these restrictions and because of players ' reluctance to possibly lose a card that they owned . The gambling rule is forbidden at sanctioned events and is now mostly a relic of the past , though it still sees occasional usage in friendly games as well as the " five color " format . The last card to mention ante was printed in the 1995 expansion set Homelands . = = = Variant rules = = = While the primary method of Magic play is one @-@ on @-@ one using standard deck construction rules , there are many alternative formats for playing the game . The most popular alternatives describe ways of playing with more than two players ( with teams or free @-@ for @-@ all ) or change the rules about how decks can be built . = = Organized play = = Magic tournaments regularly occur in gaming stores and other venues . Larger tournaments with hundreds of competitors from around the globe sponsored by Wizards of the Coast are arranged many times every year , with substantial cash prizes for the top finishers . A number of websites report on tournament news , give complete lists for the most currently popular decks , and feature articles on current issues of debate about the game . The DCI , which is owned and operated by Wizards of the Coast , is the organizing body for sanctioned Magic events . The two major categories of tournament play are " Constructed " and " Limited " . = = = Constructed = = = In " Constructed " tournaments , each player arrives with a pre @-@ built deck , which must have a minimum of sixty cards and follow other deck construction rules . The deck may also have up to a fifteen card sideboard , which allows players to modify their deck . Normally the first player to win two games is the winner of the match . Different formats of Constructed Magic exist , each allowing different cards . The DCI maintains a " Banned and Restricted List " for each format ; players may not use banned cards at all , and restricted cards are limited to one copy per deck . The DCI bans cards that it determines are damaging the health of a format ; it seeks to use this remedy as infrequently as possible , and only a handful of cards have been banned in recent years . Block Constructed formats are defined by the cycle of three sets of cards in a given block . For example , the Ravnica block format consists of Ravnica : City of Guilds , Guildpact , and Dissension . Only cards that were printed in one of the sets in the appropriate block can be used in these formats . Standard , formerly known as Type 2 , contains the current block and the last two completed blocks . The Standard card pool undergoes a " rotation " twice a year , in April and October , when the first set of the next block is released . As of April 8 , 2016 , the Standard card pool consists of Dragons of Tarkir , Magic Origins , Battle for Zendikar , Oath of the Gatewatch , and Shadows Over Innistrad . ( For Standard rotation purpose , Dragons of Tarkir and Magic Origins , released under the previous three @-@ set block / core set model , are considered to be a block . ) Modern is a format that was first played at the Magic Online 2011 Community Cup , a response to players ' desire for a non @-@ rotating format that is more accessible to newer players . Wizards of the Coast introduced Modern as a legal format on August 12 , 2011 , and saw its first paper magic play at Pro Tour Philadelphia 2011 . Modern consists of every block and core set using the modern card frame since the release of 8th Edition to the present . Certain cards that released in products that are not standard legal such as Planechase or Commander series cards , are not legal in Modern , even if they have the modern card frame . Legacy Is a format that allows every card ever printed except the Legacy banned list . It is distinguished from Vintage in that certain cards are banned for power reasons . Vintage , previously known as Type 1 , is an Eternal format . The only banned cards in Vintage are cards using the " ante " mechanic and a few other cards that the DCI considers inappropriate for competitive Magic . Because of the expense in acquiring the scarce old cards to play competitive Vintage , some unsanctioned Vintage tournaments permit players to proxy a certain number of cards . Currently , the only format with a Restricted List is Vintage . Proxy cards are forbidden in DCI @-@ sanctioned tournaments , except as replacements for damaged cards when created by the event judge . Commander ( originally known as Elder Dragon Highlander or EDH ) is a casual format , but can be played competitively . In this format each player constructs a 100 singleton deck that has a legendary creature that acts as a commander . The deck construction is limited to the colors that are represented by the chosen commander and there cannot be two or more cards with the same name with the exception of basic lands . The legendary creature chosen as commander is kept in a special " command zone " and may be cast at any time you can afford to cast the creature . If the commander card would enter any zone other than the battlefield from anywhere , its owner has the choice to return that card to the " command zone " , where it can be cast again for an additional two generic mana to its regular cost . The banned list and unique rules are governed by an independent body ( not by Wizards of the Coast ) . = = = Limited = = = In " Limited " tournaments , players construct decks using booster packs plus any additional basic lands of their choice . The decks in Limited tournaments must be a minimum of forty cards . All unused cards function as the sideboard , which , as in " Constructed " formats , can be freely exchanged between games of a match , as long as the deck continues to adhere to the forty card minimum . The rule that a player may use only four copies of any given card does not apply . Sealed Deck tournaments give each player six 15 @-@ card booster packs from which to build his or her deck . Booster Draft is usually played with eight players . The players are seated around a table and each player is given three booster packs . Each player opens a pack , selects a card from it , and passes the remaining cards to the next player . Each player then selects one of the remaining cards from the pack he or she just received , and passes the remaining cards again . This continues until all of the cards are depleted . Players pass left for the first and third packs , and right for the second . Players then build decks out of any of the cards that they selected during the drafting . Talking , signaling , and showing cards is forbidden during the drafting process , except for double faced cards from the Innistrad and Shadows over Innistrad blocks and " Magic Origins " , which cannot be hidden as each side of the physical card has a spell printed on it . = = = Other Formats = = = Players often create their own formats based on any number of criteria . Sometimes these can be based on limiting the financial value of a deck , mixing and matching different blocks or sets , or taking an existing format and modifying the DCI Banned List . Commander ( formerly EDH ) was one such format , before being officially supported by wizards . Tiny Leaders is a variant of Commander , that is not officially supported . One of the most popular player created formats for Limited is Cube Drafting . Similar in structure to Draft , players will instead use a collection of cards instead of random boosters to draft from . Since 2014 player created formats are allowed as Friday Night Magic events , so long as they follow basic Tournament Magic rules ( no fake cards , no gambling etc . ) = = = Tournament structure = = = The DCI maintains a set of rules for being able to sanction tournaments , as well as runs its own circuit . Local shops often offer " Friday Night Magic " tournaments as a stepping @-@ stone to more competitive play . The DCI runs the Pro Tour as a series of major tournaments to attract interest . The right to compete in a Pro Tour has to be earned by either winning a Pro Tour Qualifier Tournament or being successful in a previous tournament on a similar level . A Pro Tour is usually structured into two days of individual competition played in the Swiss format . On the final day , the top eight players compete with each other in an elimination format to select the winner . At the end of the competition in a Pro Tour , players are awarded Pro Points depending on their finishing place . If the player finishes high enough , they will also be awarded prize money . Frequent winners of these events have made names for themselves in the Magic community , such as Gabriel Nassif , Kai Budde and Jon Finkel . As a promotional tool , the DCI launched the Hall of Fame in 2005 to honor selected players . At the end of the year the Magic World Championship is held . The World Championship functions like a Pro Tour , except that competitors have to present their skill in three different formats ( usually Standard , booster draft and a second constructed format ) rather than one . Another difference is that invitation to the World Championship can be gained not through Pro Tour Qualifiers , but via the national championship of a country . Most countries send their top four players of the tournament as representatives , though nations with minor Magic playing communities may send just one player . The World Championship also has a team @-@ based competition , where the national teams compete with each other . At the beginning of the World Championship , new members are inducted into the Hall of Fame . The tournament also concludes the current season of tournament play and at the end of the event , the player who earned the most Pro Points during the year is awarded the title " Pro Player of the Year " . The player who earned the most Pro Points and did not compete in any previous season is awarded the title " Rookie of the Year " . Invitation to a Pro Tour , Pro Points and prize money can also be earned in lesser tournaments called Grand Prix that are open to the general public and are held more frequently throughout the year . Grand Prix events are usually the largest Magic tournaments , sometimes drawing more than 1 @,@ 000 players . The largest Magic tournament ever held was Grand Prix : Las Vegas in June 2013 with a total of 4 @,@ 500 players . = = Product and marketing = = Magic : The Gathering cards are produced in much the same way as normal playing cards . Each Magic card , approximately 63 × 88 mm in size ( 2 @.@ 5 by 3 @.@ 5 inches ) , has a face which displays the card 's name and rules text as well as an illustration appropriate to the card 's concept . 15 @,@ 919 unique cards have been produced for the game as of May 2016 , many of them with variant editions , artwork , or layouts , and 600 – 1000 new ones are added each year . The first Magic cards were printed exclusively in English , but current sets are also printed in Simplified Chinese , Traditional Chinese , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Portuguese , Russian , and Spanish . The overwhelming majority of Magic cards are issued and marketed in the form of sets . For the majority of its history there were two types : the Core Set and the themed expansion sets . Under Wizards of the Coast 's current production and marketing scheme , a new set is released quarterly . Various products are released with each set to appeal to different segments of the Magic playing community : The majority of cards are sold in booster packs , which contain fifteen cards normally divided into four rarities , which can be differentiated by the color of the expansion symbol . A fifteen @-@ card Booster Pack will typically contain one rare ( gold ) , three uncommons ( silver ) , ten commons ( black ) , and one basic land ( colored black , as Commons ) . Sets prior to Shards of Alara contained eleven commons instead of a basic land . Shards of Alara also debuted mythic rares ( red @-@ orange ) , which replace one in eight rare cards on average . There are also premium versions of every card with holographic foil , randomly inserted into some boosters in place of a common , which replace about one in seventy cards . Four to five Intro Packs are released with each set . An Intro Pack is a pre @-@ constructed deck aimed at newcomers that highlights one of the set 's mechanical themes . It comes with two booster packs from that set , a rulebook , and a fixed selection of cards , including one foil rare . This product will be replaced with Planeswalker Decks in Kaladesh , where there will be two 60 card preconstructed decks featuring a planeswalker from the set . Each set from Mirrodin Besieged to Gatecrash featured two Event Decks , which are pre @-@ constructed decks designed as an introduction to tournament play . Beginning with Dragon 's Maze , each set featured only one Event Deck . However , event decks were discontinued following the Khans of Tarkir block . Previously , cards were also sold in Tournament Packs typically containing three rares , ten uncommons , thirty @-@ two commons , and thirty basic lands . Tournament Packs were discontinued after Shards of Alara . Expansion sets are currently released in a two @-@ set block , starting with a large set and ending with a smaller one three months later . Prior to 2016 , expansion sets were released in a three @-@ set block ( again , beginning with a larger set followed by two smaller sets ) . These sets consist almost exclusively of newly designed cards . Contrasting with the wide @-@ ranging Core Set , each expansion is focused around a subset of mechanics and ties into a set storyline . Expansions also dedicate several cards to a handful of particular , often newly introduced , game mechanics . The Core Sets began to be released annually ( previously biennially ) in July 2009 coinciding with the name change from 10th Edition to Magic 2010 . This shift also introduced new , never before printed cards into the core set , something that previously had never been done . However , core sets were discontinued following the release of Magic Origins , on July 17 , 2015 , at the same time that two @-@ set blocks were introduced . In addition to the quarterly set releases , Magic cards are released in other products as well , such as the Planechase and Archenemy spin @-@ off games . These combine reprinted Magic cards with new , oversize cards with new functionality . Magic cards are also printed specifically for collectors , such as the From the Vault and Premium Deck Series sets , which contain exclusively premium foil cards . In 2003 , starting with the Eighth Edition Core Set , the game went through its biggest visual change since its creation — a new card frame layout was developed to allow more rules text and larger art on the cards , while reducing the thick , colored border to a minimum . The new frame design aimed to improve contrast and readability using black type instead of the previous white , a new font , and partitioned areas for the name , card type , and power and toughness . For the first few years of its production , Magic : The Gathering featured a small number of cards with names or artwork with demonic or occultist themes , in 1995 the company elected to remove such references from the game . In 2002 , believing that the depiction of demons was becoming less controversial and that the game had established itself sufficiently , Wizards of the Coast reversed this policy and resumed printing cards with " demon " in their names . = = = Spin @-@ offs = = = Magic : The Gathering video games , comics , and books have been produced under licensing or directly by Wizards of the Coast . While comics and books have mostly been supplements to develop a background story for the game , several video games have been produced which lean in varying degree on the original game . For the first computer games Wizards of the Coast had sold licenses to Acclaim and MicroProse roughly at the same time . While MicroProse 's Magic : The Gathering received favorable reviews , Acclaim 's Magic : The Gathering : BattleMage was mostly dismissed with negative reaction . With Magic : The Gathering Online , Wizards developed and released a computer version of the game themselves that allows players to compete online against other players using the original Magic cards and rules . The latest computer implementation of Magic is Magic : The Gathering – Duels of the Planeswalkers which was developed by Stainless Games and released for the Xbox 360 in June 2009 . The game was ported to Windows in June of the next year . Six months after the PC release of Duels of the Planeswalkers , the game was ported to the PlayStation 3 platform . The game was the most @-@ played Xbox Live title for two weeks after its release . In September 2011 , Hasbro and IDW Publishing accorded to make a 4 @-@ issue mini @-@ series about Magic : The Gathering with a new story but heavily based on MTG elements and with a new Planeswalker called Dack Fayden , which story is mainly developed in the planes of Ravnica and Innistrad . The ongoing series started in February 2012 . In 2015 Wizards of the Coast and Hasbro published Magic : The Gathering – Arena of the Planeswalkers . Arena of the Planeswalkers is a tactical boardgame where the players maneuver miniatures over a customizable board game , and the ruleset and terrain is based on Heroscape , but with an addition of spell cards and summoning . The original master set includes miniatures that represent the five planeswalkers Gideon , Jace , Liliana , Chandra , and Nissa as well as select creatures from the Magic : The Gathering universe . They later released an expansion Battle for Zendikar featuring muli @-@ color planeswalkers Kiora and Ob Nixilis and a colorless Eldrazi Ruiner , and a second master set Shadows Over Innistrad which has 4 new planeswalkers and also includes the addition of cryptoliths . = = = Film = = = In January 2014 , 20th Century Fox acquired the rights to produce a Magic : The Gathering movie with Simon Kinberg as producer . In April , 2016 , Enter the Battlefield , a documentary about life on the Magic Pro Tour was released . The film was written by Greg Collins , Nathan Holt , and Shawn Kornhauser . = = = Parodies = = = In 1998 , PGI Limited created Havic : The Bothering , which was a parody of Magic : The Gathering . Wizards of the Coast , which owned the rights to Magic : The Gathering , took active steps to hinder the distribution of the game and successfully shut out PGI Limited from attending GenCon in July 1998 . In an attempt to avoid breaching copyright and Richard Garfield 's patent , each starter deck of Havic had printed on the back side , " This is a Parody " , and on the bottom of the rule card was printed , " Do not have each player : construct their own library of predetermined number of game components by examining and selecting [ the ] game components from [ a ] reservoir of game components or you may infringe on U.S. Patent No. 5 @,@ 662 @,@ 332 to Garfield . " = = Secondary market = = There is an active secondary market in individual cards among players and game shops . Many physical and online stores sell single cards or " playsets " of four of a card . Common cards rarely sell for more than a few cents and are usually sold in bulk . Uncommon cards and weak rare cards typically sell from 10 ¢ up to $ 1 . The most expensive cards in standard tournament play are usually priced at $ 35 to $ 50 , although many commonly played cards in the modern and legacy formats sell for $ 60 to $ 180 . Foil versions of rare and mythic rare cards are typically priced at about twice as much as the regular versions . Some of the more sought @-@ after rare and mythic rare cards can have foil versions that cost up to three or four times more than the non @-@ foil versions . A few of the oldest cards , due to smaller printings and limited distribution , are highly valued and extremely rare . This is in part due to the " Reserve List " , a list of cards from the sets Alpha to Urza 's Destiny ( 1994 – 1999 ) that Wizards has promised never to reprint . The most expensive card that was in regular print ( as opposed to being a promotional or special printing ) is Black Lotus . In 2013 , a " Pristine 9 @.@ 5 grade " Beckett Grading Services graded Alpha Black Lotus was bought by an anonymous buyer , for a record $ 27 @,@ 302 . The secondary market started with comic book stores , and hobby shops displaying and selling cards , with the cards ' values determined somewhat arbitrarily by the employees of the store . With the expansion of the internet , prices of cards were determined by the amount of tournament deck lists a given card would appear in . If a card was played in a tournament more frequently , the cost of the card would be higher ( in addition to the market availability of the card ) . When eBay , Amazon , and other large online markets started to gain popularity , the Magic secondary market evolved substantially . Buying and selling Magic cards online became a source of income for people who learned how to manipulate the market . Today , the secondary market is so large and complex , it has become an area of study for consumer research , and some people make a career out of market manipulation , creating mathematical models to analyze the growth of cards ' worth , and predict the market value of both individual cards , and entire sets of cards . As of late 2013 , Wizards of the Coast has expressed concern over the increasing number of counterfeit cards in the secondary market . Wizards of the Coast has since made an effort to counteract the rise of counterfeits by introducing a new holofoil stamp on all rare and mythic rare cards as of Magic 2015 . = = Artwork = = Each card has an illustration to represent the flavor of the card , often reflecting the setting of the expansion for which it was designed . Much of Magic 's early artwork was commissioned with little specific direction or concern for visual cohesion . One infamous example was the printing of the creature Whippoorwill without the " flying " ability even though its art showed a bird in flight . The art direction team later decided to impose a few constraints so that the artistic vision more closely aligned with the design and development of the cards . Each block of cards now has its own style guide with sketches and descriptions of the various races and places featured in the setting . A few early sets experimented with alternate art for cards . However , Wizards came to believe that this impeded easy recognition of a card and that having multiple versions caused confusion when identifying a card at a glance . Consequently , alternate art is now only used sparingly and mostly for promotional cards . When older cards are reprinted in new sets , however , Wizards of the Coast has guaranteed that they will be printed with new art to make the older cards more collectible . Starting in 1995 , the copyright on all artwork commissioned is transferred to Wizards of the Coast once a contract is signed . However , the artist is allowed to sell the original piece and printed reproductions of it , and for established and prolific Magic artists , this can be a lucrative source of revenue . As Magic has expanded across the globe , its artwork has had to change for its international audience . Artwork has been edited or given alternate art to comply with the governmental standards . For example , the portrayal of skeletons and most undead in artwork was prohibited by the Chinese government until 2008 . = = Storyline = = The way Magic storylines are conceived and deployed has changed considerably over the years . The main premise of Magic is that countless possible worlds ( planes ) exist in the Multiverse , and only unique and rare beings called Planeswalkers are capable of traversing the Multiverse . This allows the game to frequently change worlds so as to renew its mechanical inspiration , while maintaining planeswalkers as recurrent , common elements across worlds . An intricate storyline underlies the cards released in each expansion and is shown in the art and flavor text of the cards , as well as in novels and anthologies published by Wizards of the Coast ( and formerly by Harper Prism ) . Important storyline characters , objects and locations often appear as cards in Magic sets , usually as " Legendary " creatures , artifacts , and lands , or as " Planeswalker " cards . The original Magic : The Gathering Limited Edition has no overarching storyline , and the cards only have unconnected bits of lore and trivia to give the cards some individual depth . In the early expansion sets until Visions there is usually no real story arc either . Instead , some of these sets are inspired from mythologies of various cultures . This is most apparent in Arabian Nights , that takes some of the One Thousand and One Nights characters and makes them into Magic cards . Norse mythological influences can be seen worked into Ice Age and African influences into Mirage . However , not all of the early sets can be linked as directly to earth mythology . Antiquities touches on an independent storyline about two warring brothers , Urza and Mishra . Homelands is the exception in that period . For this set , a back story was first conceived and the cards in the set were designed afterwards to fit the storyline . Beginning with the Weatherlight expansion there was a shift in the way Magic storylines were used . For the blocks Weatherlight through Apocalypse , the story was laid out in a character driven story , following the events of the Weatherlight ship and its crew . With help of the planeswalking capabilities of the Weatherlight , the protagonists travel through the multiverse to fight Yawgmoth and his army of Phyrexians . Odyssey through Scourge are an unconnected storyline set 100 years later on the Dominaria where multiple factions battle for control of the Mirari , a powerful magical artifact left by Karn . After Scourge , Magic storylines have mostly panned away from Dominaria . New planes were created to set the scene for new storylines . In contrast to the previous character driven stories , these releases focused on thematic worlds . This was the model from Mirrodin through Alara , a world split into five magically and culturally distinct " shards " but later reunited . After Alara , Magic visited Zendikar , a world used as a prison to entrap a race of interplanar parasitic monsters called the Eldrazi , which were inspired by H. P. Lovecraft 's Old Ones . Beginning with Zendikar the world @-@ centric storytelling was complemented by an overlying story layer . Planeswalker cards had been introduced in Lorwyn and these Planeswalker characters were used to give the overarching storyline a sense of continuity , despite the constant change of setting . The block following Zendikar , Scars of Mirrodin , revisited the plane of Mirrodin , where the Mirran natives battled against an invading Phyrexian corruption unwittilingly left by Karn ( again interconnecting various storylines ) . To further integrate the storyline into the gameplay , certain events for the second set , Mirrodin Besieged , encouraged players to affiliate themselves with either the Mirran or Phyrexian faction . Much of the recent focus has been on both integrating the play experience with the story line and on making mechanics and individual cards which represent pivotal points in the story . On Innistrad , a plane inspired heavily by gothic horror , its guardian angel has gone missing . Darkness has started to consume the plane , and the players must discover that the Helvault , a magical prison , has been holding the archangel Avacyn as well as demons . Thalia , a cathar of the Church of Avacyn , broke open the Helvault and released Avacyn as well as all of the demons . In the ′ ' Return to Ravnica block , players were encouraged to affiliate themselves with a guild and take control of the city of Ravnica by completing the maze discovered by Niv - Mizzet . Theros was a plane inspired by Greek mythology , containing many references to Greek mythological figures such as Prometheus and the pantheon of gods . Tarkir was a plane where dragons were long since dead . Through time travel , dragons took over the plane and ruled its people . Battle for Zendikar was a return to the plane of Zendikar , which had been ravaged by the Eldrazi horrors . This marks a change in Magic 's storytelling where it uses a team of planeswalkers , called the Gatewatch , to tell the story . Shadows Over Innistrad is a return to Innistrad , where Avacyn has been corrupted . The newest set , Eldritch Moon , focuses on the fact that Emrakul , the most powerful Eldrazi titan who had been missing from the Battle for Zendikar storyline , is now on Innistrad . Together , the Gatewatch must find a way to save the plane of Innistrad . This story also focuses on cosmic horror instead of the traditional gothic horror of old Innistrad . = = Academic research = = There are several examples of academic , peer @-@ reviewed research concerning different aspects of Magic : The Gathering . One example examined how players use their imaginations when playing . This research studied hobby players and showed how players sought to create and participate in an epic fantasy narrative . Another example used online auctions for Magic cards to test revenue outcomes for various auction types . A final example uses probability to examine Magic card @-@ collecting strategies . Using a specific set of cards in a specialized manner has shown Magic : The Gathering to be Turing complete .
= Gardermoen Line = The Gardermoen Line ( Norwegian : Gardermobanen ) is a high @-@ speed railway line between Oslo and Eidsvoll , Norway , running past Lillestrøm and Oslo Airport , Gardermoen . The line is 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) long and replaced the older Hoved Line as the main line north @-@ east of Oslo . The older Hoved Line now handles commuter and freight traffic , while the Gardermoen Line handles high @-@ speed passenger trains and freight trains laden with jet fuel for the airport . Both lines are owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration . The line was opened in 1998 , at the same time as the airport that gave the line its name . It is used by the Flytoget airport express train service as well as express trains by Norges Statsbaner . It is the only high @-@ speed railway in the kingdom , with a maximum permitted speed of 210 km / h ( 130 mph ) . Most of the line between Oslo and Lillestrøm is through the 14 @,@ 580 @-@ metre ( 47 @,@ 830 ft ) long Romeriksporten tunnel — the longest railway tunnel in Norway . The decision to build the line was made in 1992 ; construction started two years later . The line was subjected to severe criticism during construction when the Romerike Tunnel sprung severe leaks due to hurried construction . As a result , the tunnel was opened a year after the rest of the line . = = History = = When the Parliament of Norway decided on 8 October 1992 to build a new central airport for Eastern Norway , they also decided that the main mode of ground transport to the airport should be by railway . While the previous airport , Oslo Airport , Fornebu , was located just outside the city limits ; the new Oslo Airport , Gardermoen , would be located some 50 kilometers north of the city , outside the reach of the existing public transport systems . The political agreement to build the airport stated that the costs of construction should not be borne by the tax payers . As a result , the entire airport was financed with money borrowed through Oslo Lufthavn AS , a subsidiary of the Norwegian Airport Administration . The same principle was chosen for the airport rail link . The Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) created the subsidiary , NSB Gardermobanen AS , on 24 November 1992 to perform the construction of the line . This company would be able to charge train operators using the railway line ; and could use this income to cover its down payments and interest on the debt created to pay for the infrastructure investment . It was planned to give a profit margin of 7 @.@ 5 % . In 1996 NSB Gardermoen stated that they expected to charge commuter and intercity trains 100 million Norwegian krone per year to use the new line . County politicians in Akershus stated that it was not reasonable for commuters to have to pay for the new railway . Early estimates showed that this would almost double to price from Oslo to Eidsvoll , and that passengers would have different prices , depending on which route they followed . Stor @-@ Oslo Lokaltrafikk , which was responsible for buses in Akershus , stated that they had no way to influence NSB 's prices , but that they would consider starting a coach service along the route , which would not charge the surcharge . = = = Construction = = = Construction of the railway started on 1 August 1994 . Gardermoen is located about 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) north of Oslo , but is not located on the Hoved Line . A different right @-@ of @-@ way had to be chosen north of Kløfta . The Hoved Line has heavy traffic , with many small stops until Lillestrøm , and continues northwards from Lillestrøm as single track . Therefore , an all @-@ new railway would have to be built ; it would bypass the intermediate railway until Lillestrøm , running through a tunnel , and continue northwards to the airport and onwards to Eidsvoll . This northernmost part is 16 kilometres ( 10 mi ) used to allow trains operating on the Dovre Line to Lillehammer and Trondheim to use the Gardermoen Line . The Gardermoen Line was the second attempt to build a high @-@ speed railway in Norway . The first was the 35 km line from Ski to Moss on the Østfold Line . However , operational speeds in excess of 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) could not be achieved due to the short distances and limitations on rolling stock . The Gardermoen Line , therefore , became the first real high @-@ speed railway line in Norway . Due to the domination of single track in Norway , the 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) Gardermoen Line increased the total length of double track in the kingdom by more than 50 % . The projected costs of the railway line were NOK 4 @.@ 3 billion ± 20 % . Total costs ended at NOK 7 @.@ 7 billion , including 1 @.@ 3 billion extra used on extraordinary expenditures on the Romeriksporten . On 1 October 1996 it was decided that the construction company , NSB Gardermobanen , would also become the operator of the airport express train . However , due to limited profitability with the company , from 1 January 2001 the ownership of Gardermobanen was transferred to the Norwegian National Rail Administration , who also owns the rest of railway lines in Norway . The operating company changed its name to Flytoget AS . = = = Construction challenges = = = The most challenging part of the construction was the 14 @,@ 580 metres ( 47 @,@ 830 ft ) railway tunnel from Etterstad , just east of Oslo S , to Lillestrøm . Romeriksporten is the longest railway tunnel in Norway , and is underneath the recreational area Østmarka , in geologically highly unstable ground . During the construction in 1997 , the water level in some of the lakes above the tunnel , including Lutvann and Nordre Puttjern , fell dramatically . After they were discovered on 3 February 1997 sanctions were initiated by the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate requiring leakage prevention measures in the tunnel . At the worst , 3 @,@ 000 liters of water per minute leaked into the tunnel . The substance Rhoca @-@ Gil was used to fix the leakages , but the substance failed to work properly . Not only did it fail to polymerize and stop the leaks , it also contaminated the surroundings with acrylamide . The entire process of fixing the leak and cleaning up the toxicity delayed the process of building the tunnel by one year ; and it was first opened on 22 August 1999 . Further complications arose due to conflicts between NSB Gardermobanen and the construction company . Retrospective surveys showed a lack of control and reporting procedures during incidents that should have been addressed in 1995 , and were never taken seriously . About sixty houses received damage due to the construction of the tunnel . An evaluation performed by the Ministry of Transport and Communications showed that NOK 500 million was used on fixing the leaks ; however , the report claimed this was , to a large extent , a waste of money due to inefficient engineering procedures . The same report criticized the planning and organization of the entire construction of the railway . = = = Opening = = = When the new airport opened on 8 October 1998 , and the Flytoget airport express train service started operations with sixteen Type 71 multiple units . Trains had to use the old Hoved Line from Oslo S to Lillestrøm , but could use the new high @-@ speed line from Lillestrøm to Gardermoen . Regular operations using Romeriksporten started on 22 August 1999 . To be able to use the new Gardermoen Line infrastructure , Norges Statsbaner had to buy new trains capable of higher speeds . Twenty @-@ two locomotive designated El 18 , based on the Swiss lok 2000 , where delivered in 1996 . They are capable of speeds of up to 200 kilometres per hour ( 120 mph ) . However , the B7 passenger carriages used are not permitted to operate at more than 150 kilometres per hour ( 93 mph ) . Full speed utilization of long @-@ distance trains is only possible with the Type 73 units that started operation on Dovrebanen in 2000 . These trains are nearly identical to those used by the Flytoget airport express train company , and capable of 210 kilometres per hour ( 130 mph ) on the Gardermoen Line . They are equipped with tilting technology allowing quicker operation on the rest of the line to Trondheim . Other trains used on the line by NSB are only capable of 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) . = = = Future expansion = = = Plans for an expansion of the high @-@ speed line to Hamar have been launched , but have not been incorporated into any specific plans . This suggestion would increase the length of the high @-@ speed rail north of Oslo with 62 kilometres ( 39 mi ) — almost a doubling . The project may or may not incorporate a further high @-@ speed line to Trondheim . = = Operations = = The railway is used by both Norges Statsbaner , Flytoget and SJ for their passenger services , as well as freight trains with jet fuel for the airport . = = = Airport express train = = = The Flytoget airport express train service is the largest user of the Gardermoen Line , with six departures from Oslo Central to Oslo Airport per hour . The trains only use the line as far as Gardermoen , and not the northernmost sixteen kilometers . Service is provided using sixteen Type 71 three @-@ car units , which together transported 5 @.@ 4 million passengers in 2007 . Direct services to Oslo S take 19 minutes . Half of the services make an intermediate stop at Lillestrøm , and continue on past Oslo Central to Asker Station . Flytoget has a 34 % market share on ground transport to Oslo Airport . = = = Norges Statsbaner = = = NSB uses Gardermobanen for express and some regional trains north of Oslo . This includes five daily departures to Trondheim ( including one NSB Night Train ) . There are two regional services northbound along the railway , including the Type 70 service between Lillehammer and Vestfold , as well as Type 72 used between Eidsvoll and Kongsberg . Both these have one hour headway , and are only capable of 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) on the line due to limitations with the rolling stock . The southernmost part of the line is used by commuter trains heading to the Kongsvinger Line . These trains divert from the Gardermo Line at Lillestrøm . Also the commuter trains operating to Dal along the Hoved Line use the Gardermoen Line until Lillestrøm . = = = Other services = = = Because there is a parallel line , the Hoved Line running all the way from Oslo S to Eidsvoll , some trains can choose to use this line instead . This is primarily done by some commuter trains , as well as all freight trains . The only exception to this are trains hauling jet fuel to the airport , who have to use the Gardermoen Line from Kløfta . This service is provided by CargoNet . The Swedish state railways , SJ also operate on the southern part of Gardermoen on their intercity services X 2000 . This was for some years provided by Linx , a joint venture between SJ and NSB , using X2 stock , but the company was later dissolved . = = Stations = =
= Stephen I of Hungary = Stephen I , also known as King Saint Stephen ( Hungarian : Szent István király ; Latin : Sanctus Stephanus ; Slovak : Štefan I. or Štefan Veľký ; c . 975 – 15 August 1038 AD ) , was the last Grand Prince of the Hungarians between 997 and 1000 or 1001 , and the first King of Hungary from 1000 or 1001 until his death in 1038 . The year of his birth is uncertain , but many details of his life suggest that he was born in or after 975 in Esztergom . At his birth , he was given the pagan name Vajk . The date of his baptism is unknown . He was the only son of Grand Prince Géza and his wife , Sarolt , who was descended from the prominent family of the gyulas . Although both of his parents were baptized , Stephen was the first member of his family to become a devout Christian . He married Gisela of Bavaria , a scion of the imperial Ottonian dynasty . After succeeding his father in 997 , Stephen had to fight for the throne against his relative , Koppány , who was supported by large numbers of pagan warriors . He defeated Koppány mainly with the assistance of foreign knights , including Vecelin , Hont and Pázmány , but also with help from native lords . He was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001 with a crown sent by Pope Sylvester II . In a series of wars against semi @-@ independent tribes and chieftains — including the Black Hungarians and his uncle , Gyula the Younger — he unified the Carpathian Basin . He protected the independence of his kingdom by forcing the invading troops of Conrad II , Holy Roman Emperor , to withdraw from Hungary in 1030 . Stephen established at least one archbishopric , six bishoprics and three Benedictine monasteries ; thus the Church in Hungary developed independently of the archbishops of the Holy Roman Empire . He encouraged the spread of Christianity with severe punishments for ignoring Christian customs . His system of local administration was based on counties organized around fortresses and administered by royal officials . Hungary , which enjoyed a lasting period of peace during his reign , became a preferred route for pilgrims and merchants traveling between Western Europe and the Holy Land or Constantinople . He survived all of his children . He died on 15 August 1038 and was buried in his new basilica , built in Székesfehérvár and dedicated to the Holy Virgin . His death caused civil wars which lasted for decades . He was canonized by Pope Gregory VII , together with his son , Emeric , and Bishop Gerard of Csanád , in 1083 . Stephen is a popular saint in Hungary and the neighboring territories . In Hungary , his feast day ( celebrated on 20 August ) is also a public holiday commemorating the foundation of the state . = = Early years ( c . 975 – 997 ) = = Stephen 's birth date is uncertain because it was not recorded in contemporaneous documents . Hungarian and Polish chronicles written centuries later give three different years : 967 , 969 and 975 . The unanimous testimony of his three late 11th @-@ century or early 12th @-@ century hagiographies and other Hungarian sources , which state that Stephen was " still an adolescent " in 997 , substantiate the reliability of the later year ( 975 ) . Stephen 's Lesser Legend adds that he was born in Esztergom , which implies that he was born after 972 because his father , Géza , Grand Prince of the Hungarians , chose Esztergom as royal residence around that year . Géza promoted the spread of Christianity among his subjects by force , but never ceased worshipping pagan gods . Both his son 's Greater Legend and the nearly contemporaneous Thietmar of Merseburg described Géza as a cruel monarch , suggesting that he was a despot who mercilessly consolidated his authority over the rebellious Hungarian lords . Hungarian chronicles agree that Stephen 's mother was Sarolt , daughter of Gyula , a Hungarian chieftain with jurisdiction either in Transylvania or in the wider region of the confluence of the rivers Tisza and Maros . Many historians — including Pál Engel and Gyula Kristó — propose that her father was identical with " Gylas " , who had been baptized in Constantinople around 952 and " remained faithful to Christianity " , according to Byzantine chronicler John Skylitzes . However , this identification is not unanimously accepted ; historian György Györffy states that it was not Sarolt 's father , but his younger brother , who was baptized in the Byzantine capital . In contrast with all Hungarian sources , the Polish @-@ Hungarian Chronicle and later Polish sources state that Stephen 's mother was Adelhaid , an otherwise unknown sister of Duke Mieszko I of Poland , but the reliability of this report is not accepted by modern historians . Stephen was born as Vajk , a name derived from the Turkic word baj , meaning " hero " , " master " , " prince " or " rich " . Stephen 's Greater Legend narrates that he was baptized by the saintly Bishop Adalbert of Prague , who stayed in Géza 's court several times between 983 and 994 . However , Saint Adalbert 's nearly contemporaneous Legend , written by Bruno of Querfurt , does not mention this event . Accordingly , the date of Stephen 's baptism is unknown : Györffy argues that he was baptized soon after birth , while Kristó proposes that he only received baptism just before his father 's death in 997 . Stephen 's official hagiography , written by Bishop Hartvic and sanctioned by Pope Innocent III , narrates that he " was fully instructed in the knowledge of the grammatical art " in his childhood . This implies that he studied Latin , though some scepticism is warranted as few kings of this era were able to write . His two other late 11th @-@ century hagiographies do not mention any grammatical studies , stating only that he " was brought up by receiving an education appropriate for a little prince " . Kristó says that the latter remark only refers to Stephen 's physical training , including his participation in hunts and military actions . According to the Illuminated Chronicle , one of his tutors was a Count Deodatus from Italy , who later founded a monastery in Tata . According to Stephen 's legends , Grand Prince Géza convoked an assembly of the Hungarian chieftains and warriors when Stephen " ascended to the first stage of adolescence " , at the age of 14 or 15 . Géza nominated Stephen as his successor and all those present took an oath of loyalty to the young prince . Györffy also writes , without identifying his source , that Géza appointed his son to rule the " Nyitra ducate " around that time . Slovak historians , including Ján Steinhübel and Ján Lukačka , accept Györffy 's view and propose that Stephen administered Nyitra ( now Nitra , Slovakia ) from around 995 . Géza arranged Stephen 's marriage , to Gisela , daughter of Henry the Wrangler , Duke of Bavaria , in or after 995 . This marriage established the first family link between a Hungarian ruler and a Western European ruling house , as Gisela was closely related to the Ottonian dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors . According to popular tradition preserved in the Scheyern Abbey in Bavaria , the ceremony took place at the Scheyern castle and was celebrated by Saint Adalbert . Gisela was accompanied to her new home by Bavarian knights , many of whom received land grants from her husband and settled in Hungary , helping to strengthen Stephen 's military position . Györffy writes that Stephen and his wife " presumably " settled in Nyitra after their marriage . = = Reign ( 997 – 1038 ) = = = = = Grand Prince ( 997 – 1000 ) = = = Grand Prince Géza died in 997 . Stephen convoked an assembly at Esztergom where his supporters declared him grand prince . Initially , he only controlled the northwestern regions of the Carpathian Basin ; the rest of the territory was still dominated by tribal chieftains . Stephen 's ascension to the throne was in line with the principle of primogeniture , which prescribed that a father was succeeded by his son . On the other hand , it contradicted the traditional idea of seniority , according to which Géza should have been succeeded by the most senior member of the Árpád dynasty , which was Koppány at that time . Koppány , who held the title Duke of Somogy , had for many years administered the regions of Transdanubia south of Lake Balaton . Koppány proposed to Géza 's widow , Sarolt , in accordance with the pagan custom of levirate marriage . He also announced his claim to the throne . Although it is not impossible that Koppány had already been baptized , in 972 , most of his supporters were pagans , opponents of the Christianity represented by Stephen and his predominantly German retinue . A charter of 1002 for the Pannonhalma Archabbey writes of a war between " the Germans and the Hungarians " when referring to the armed conflicts between Stephen and Koppány . Even so , Györffy says that Oszlar ( " Alan " ) , Besenyő ( " Pecheneg " ) , Kér and other place names , referring to ethnic groups or Hungarian tribes in Transdanubia around the supposed borders of Koppány 's duchy , suggest that significant auxiliary units and groups of Hungarian warriors — who had been settled there by Grand Prince Géza — fought in Stephen 's army . Kristó states that the entire conflict between Stephen and Koppány was only a feud between two members of the Árpád dynasty , with no effect on other Hungarian tribal leaders . Koppány and his troops invaded the northern regions of Transdanubia , took many of Stephen 's forts and plundered his lands . Stephen , who according to the Illuminated Chronicle " was for the first time girded with his sword " , placed the brothers Hont and Pázmány at the head of his own guard and nominated Vecelin to lead the royal army . The latter was a German knight who had come to Hungary in the reign of Géza . Hont and Pázmány were , according to Simon of Kéza 's Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle , " knights of Swabian origin " who settled in Hungary either under Géza or in the first years of Stephen 's reign . On the other hand , Lukačka and other Slovak historians say that Hont and Pázmány were " Slovak " noblemen who had joined Stephen during his rule in Nyitra . Koppány was besieging Veszprém when he was informed of the arrival of Stephen 's army . In the ensuing battle , Stephen won a decisive victory over his enemies . Koppány was killed on the battlefield . His body was quartered and its parts were displayed at the gates of the forts of Esztergom , Győr , Gyulafehérvár ( Alba Iulia , Romania ) and Veszprém in order to threaten all of those who were conspiring against the young monarch . Stephen occupied Koppány 's duchy and granted large estates to his own partisans . He also prescribed that Koppány 's former subjects were to pay tithes to the Pannonhalma Archabbey , according to the deed of the foundation of this monastery which has been preserved in a manuscript containing interpolations . The same document declares that " there were no other bishoprics and monasteries in Hungary " at that time . On the other hand , the nearly contemporary Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg stated that Stephen " established bishoprics in his kingdom " before being crowned king . If the latter report is valid , the dioceses of Veszprém and Győr are the most probable candidates , according to historian Gábor Thoroczkay . = = = Coronation ( 1000 – 1001 ) = = = By ordering the display of one part of Koppány 's quartered corpse in Gyulafehérvár , the seat of his maternal uncle , Gyula the Younger , Stephen asserted his claim to reign all lands dominated by Hungarian lords . He also decided to strengthen his international status by adopting the title of king . However , the exact circumstances of his coronation and its political consequences are subject to scholarly debate . Thietmar of Merseburg writes that Stephen received the crown " with the favour and urging " of Emperor Otto III ( r . 996 – 1002 ) , implying that Stephen accepted the Emperor 's suzerainty before his coronation . On the other hand , all of Stephen 's legends emphasize that he received his crown from Pope Sylvester II ( r . 999 – 1003 ) . Kristó and other historians point out that Pope Sylvester and Emperor Otto were close allies , which implies that both reports are valid : Stephen " received the crown and consecration " from the Pope , but not without the Emperor 's consent . Around 75 years after the coronation , Pope Gregory VII ( r . 1075 – 1085 ) , who claimed suzerainty over Hungary , declared that Stephen had " offered and devotedly surrendered " Hungary " to Saint Peter " ( that is to the Holy See ) . In a contrasting report , Stephen 's Greater Legend states that the King offered Hungary to the Virgin Mary . Modern historians — including Pál Engel , and Miklós Molnár — write that Stephen always asserted his sovereignty and never accepted papal or imperial suzerainty . For instance , none of his charters were dated according to the years of the reign of the contemporary emperors , which would have been the case if he had been their vassal . Furthermore , Stephen declared in the preamble to his First Book of Laws that he governed his realm " by the will of God " . The exact date of Stephen 's coronation is unknown . According to later Hungarian tradition , he was crowned on the first day of the second millennium , which may refer either to 25 December 1000 or to 1 January 1001 . Details of Stephen 's coronation preserved in his Greater Legend suggest that the ceremony , which took place in Esztergom or Székesfehérvár followed the rite of the coronation of the German kings . Accordingly , Stephen was anointed with consecrated oil during the ceremony . Stephen 's portrait , preserved on his royal cloak from 1031 , shows that his crown , like the Holy Roman Emperor 's diadem , was a hoop crown decorated with gemstones . Besides his crown , Stephen regarded a spear with a flag as an important symbol of his sovereignty . For instance , his first coins bear the inscription LANCEA REGIS ( " the king 's spear " ) and depict an arm holding a spear with flag . According to the contemporaneous Adémar de Chabannes , a spear had been given to Stephen 's father by Emperor Otto III as a token of Géza 's right to " enjoy the most freedom in the possession of his country " . Stephen is styled in various ways — Ungarorum rex ( " king of the Hungarians " ) , Pannoniorum rex ( " king of the Pannonians " ) or Hungarie rex ( " king of Hungary " ) — in his charters . = = = Consolidation ( 1001 – c . 1009 ) = = = Although Stephen 's power did not rely on his coronation , the ceremony granted him the internationally accepted legitimacy of a Christian monarch who ruled his realm " by the Grace of God " . All his legends testify that he established an archbishopric with its see in Esztergom shortly after his coronation . This act ensured that the Church in Hungary became independent of the prelates of the Holy Roman Empire . The earliest reference to an archbishop of Esztergom , named Domokos , has been preserved in the deed of foundation of the Pannonhalma Archabbey from 1002 . According to historian Gábor Thoroczkay , Stephen also established the Diocese of Kalocsa in 1001 . Stephen invited foreign priests to Hungary to evangelize his kingdom . Associates of the late Adalbert of Prague , including Radla and Astrik , arrived in Hungary in the first years of his reign . The presence of an unnamed " Archbishop of the Hungarians " at the synod of 1007 of Frankfurt and the consecration of an altar in Bamberg in 1012 by Archbishop Astrik show that Stephen 's prelates maintained a good relationship with the clergy of the Holy Roman Empire . The transformation of Hungary into a Christian state was one of Stephen 's principal concerns throughout his reign . Although the Hungarians ' conversion had already begun in his father 's reign , it was only Stephen who systematically forced his subjects to give up their pagan rituals . His legislative activity was closely connected with Christianity . For example , his First Book of Laws from the first years of his reign includes several provisions prescribing the observance of feast days and the confession before death . His other laws protected property rights and the interests of widows and orphans , or regulated the status of serfs . If someone has such a hardened heart — God forbid it to any Christian — that he does not want to confess his faults according to the counsel of a priest , he shall lie without any divine service and alms like an infidel . If his relatives and neighbors fail to summon the priest , and therefore he should die unconfessed , prayers and alms should be offered , but his relatives shall wash away their negligence by fasting in accordance with the judgement of the priests . Those who die a sudden death shall be buried with all ecclesiastical honor ; for divine judgment is hidden from us and unknown . Many Hungarian lords refused to accept Stephen 's suzerainty even after his coronation . The new King first turned against his own uncle , Gyula the Younger , whose realm " was most wide and rich " , according to the Illuminated Chronicle . Stephen invaded Transylvania and seized Gyula and his family around 1002 or in 1003 . The contemporary Annals of Hildesheim adds that Stephen converted his uncle 's " country to the Christian faith by force " after its conquest . Accordingly , historians date the establishment of the Diocese of Transylvania to this period . If the identification , proposed by Kristó , Györffy and other Hungarian historians , of Gyula with one Prokui — who was Stephen 's uncle according to Thietmar of Merseburg — is valid , Gyula later escaped from captivity and fled to Boleslav the Brave , Duke of Poland ( r . 992 – 1025 ) . [ Duke Boleslav the Brave 's ] territory included a certain burg , located near the border with the Hungarians . Its guardian was lord Prokui , an uncle of the Hungarian king . Both in the past and more recently , Prokui had been driven from his lands by the king and his wife had been taken captive . When he was unable to free her , his nephew arranged for her unconditional release , even though he was Prokui 's enemy . I have never heard of anyone who showed such restraint towards a defeated foe . Because of this , God repeatedly granted him victory , not only in the burg mentioned above , but in others as well . About a hundred years later , the chronicler Gallus Anonymus also made mention of armed conflicts between Stephen and Boleslav , stating that the latter " defeated the Hungarians in battle and made himself master of all their lands as far as the Danube " . Györffy says that the chronicler 's report refers to the occupation of the valley of the river Morava — a tributary of the Danube — by the Poles in the 1010s . On the other hand , the Polish @-@ Hungarian Chronicle states that the Polish duke occupied large territories north of the Danube and east of the Morava as far as Esztergom in the early 11th century . According to Steinhübel , the latter source proves that a significant part of the lands that now form Slovakia were under Polish rule between 1002 and 1030 . In contrast with the Slovak historian , Györffy writes that this late chronicle " in which one absurdity follows another " contradicts all facts known from 11th @-@ century sources . The Illuminated Chronicle narrates that Stephen " led his army against Kean , Duke of the Bulgarians and Slavs whose lands are by their natural position most strongly fortified " following the occupation of Gyula 's country . According to a number of historians , including Zoltán Lenkey and Gábor Thoroczkay , Kean was the head of a small state located in the southern parts of Transylvania and Stephen occupied his country around 1003 . Other historians , including Györffy , say that the chronicle 's report preserved the memory of Stephen 's campaign against Bulgaria in the late 1010s . Likewise , the identification of the " Black Hungarians " — who were mentioned by Bruno of Querfurt and Adémar de Chabannes among the opponents of Stephen 's proselytizing policy — is uncertain . Györffy locates their lands to the east of the river Tisza ; while Thoroczkay says they live in the southern parts of Transdanubia . Bruno of Querfurt 's report of the Black Hungarians ' conversion by force suggests that Stephen conquered their lands at the latest in 1009 when " the first mission of Saint Peter " — a papal legate , Cardinal Azo — arrived in Hungary . The latter attended the meeting in Győr where the royal charter determining the borders of the newly established Bishopric of Pécs was issued on August 23 , 1009 . The Diocese of Eger was also set up around 1009 . According to Thoroczkay , " it is very probable " that the bishopric 's establishment was connected with the conversion of the Kabars — an ethnic group of Khazar origin — and their chieftain . The head of the Kabars — who was either Samuel Aba or his father — married Stephen 's unnamed younger sister on this occasion . The Aba clan was the most powerful among the native families who joined Stephen and supported him in his efforts to establish a Christian monarchy . The reports by Anonymus , Simon of Kéza and other Hungarian chroniclers of the Bár @-@ Kalán , Csák and other 13th @-@ century noble families descending from Hungarian chieftains suggest that other native families were also involved in the process . Stephen set up a territory @-@ based administrative system , establishing counties . Each county , headed by a royal official known as a count or ispán , was an administrative unit organized around a royal fortress . Most fortresses were earthworks in this period , but the castles at Esztergom , Székesfehérvár and Veszprém were built of stone . Forts serving as county seats also became the nuclei of Church organization . The settlements developing around them , where markets were held on each Sunday , were important local economic centers . = = = Wars with Poland and Bulgaria ( c . 1009 – 1018 ) = = = Stephen 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Henry II , became King of Germany in 1002 and Holy Roman Emperor in 1013 . Their friendly relationship ensured that the western borders of Hungary experienced a period of peace in the first decades of the 11th century . Even when Henry II 's discontented brother , Bruno , sought refuge in Hungary in 1004 , Stephen preserved the peace with Germany and negotiated a settlement between his two brothers @-@ in @-@ law . Around 1009 , he gave his younger sister in marriage to Otto Orseolo , Doge of Venice ( r . 1008 – 1026 ) , a close ally of the Byzantine Emperor , Basil II ( r . 976 – 1025 ) , which suggests that Hungary 's relationship with the Byzantine Empire was also peaceful . On the other hand , the alliance between Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire brought her into a war with Poland lasting from around 1014 until 1018 . The Poles occupied the Hungarian posts along the river Morava . Györffy and Kristó write that a Pecheneg incursion into Transylvania , the memory of which has been preserved in Stephen 's legends , also took place in this period , because the Pechenegs were close allies of the Polish duke 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Grand Prince Sviatopolk I of Kiev ( r . 1015 – 1019 ) . Poland and the Holy Roman Empire concluded the Peace of Bautzen in January 1018 . Later in the same year , 500 Hungarian horsemen accompanied Boleslav of Poland to Kiev , suggesting that Hungary had been included in the peace treaty . The historian Ferenc Makk says that the Peace of Bautzen obliged Boleslav to hand over all the territories he had occupied in the Morava valley to Stephen . According to Leodvin , the first known Bishop of Bihar ( r. c . 1050 – c . 1060 ) , Stephen allied with the Byzantines and led a military expedition to assist them against " barbarians " in the Balkan Peninsula . The Byzantine and Hungarian troops jointly took " Cesaries " which Györffy identifies as the present @-@ day town of Ohrid . Leodvin 's report suggests that Stephen joined the Byzantines in the war ending with their conquest of Bulgaria in 1018 . However , the exact date of his expedition is uncertain . Györffy argues that it was only in the last year of the war that Stephen led his troops against the Bulgarians . = = = Domestic policies ( 1018 – 1024 ) = = = Bishop Leodvin wrote that Stephen collected relics of a number of saints in " Cesaries " during his campaign in the Balkans , including Saint George and Saint Nicholas of Myra . He donated them to his new triple @-@ naved basilica dedicated to the Holy Virgin in Székesfehérvár , where he also set up a cathedral chapter and his new capital . His decision was influenced by the opening , in 1018 or 1019 , of a new pilgrimage route that bypassed his old capital , Esztergom . The new route connected Western Europe and the Holy Land through Hungary . Stephen often met the pilgrims , contributing to the spread of his fame throughout Europe . Abbot Odilo of Cluny , for example , wrote in a letter to Stephen that " those who have returned from the shrine of our Lord " testify to the king 's passion " towards the honour of our divine religion " . Stephen also established four hostels for pilgrims in Constantinople , Jerusalem , Ravenna and Rome . [ Almost ] all those from Italy and Gaul who wished to go to the Sepulchre of the Lord at Jerusalem abandoned the usual route , which was by sea , making their way through the country of King Stephen . He made the road safe for everyone , welcomed as brothers all he saw and gave them enormous gifts . This action led many people , nobles and commoners , to go to Jerusalem . In addition to pilgrims , merchants often used the safe route across Hungary when travelling between Constantinople and Western Europe . Stephen 's legends refer to 60 wealthy Pechenegs who travelled to Hungary , but were attacked by Hungarian border guards . The king sentenced his soldiers to death in order to demonstrate his determination to preserve internal peace . Regular minting of coinage began in Hungary in the 1020s . Stephen 's silver dinars bearing the inscriptions STEPHANUS REX ( " King Stephen " ) and REGIA CIVITAS ( " royal city " ) were popular in contemporary Europe , as demonstrated by counterfeited copies unearthed in Sweden . Stephen convinced some pilgrims and merchants to settle in Hungary . Gerard , a Benedictine monk who arrived in Hungary from the Republic of Venice between 1020 and 1026 , initially planned to continue his journey to the Holy Land , but decided to stay in the country after his meeting with the king . Stephen also established a number of Benedictine monasteries — including the abbeys at Pécsvárad , Zalavár and Bakonybél — in this period . The Long Life of Saint Gerard mentions Stephen 's conflict with Ajtony , a chieftain in the region of the river Maros . Many historians date their clash to the end of the 1020s , although Györffy and other scholars put it at least a decade earlier . The conflict arose when Ajtony , who " had taken his power from the Greeks " , according to Saint Gerard 's legend , levied tax on the salt transported to Stephen on the river . The king sent a large army led by Csanád against Ajtony , who was killed in battle . His lands were transformed into a Hungarian county and the king set up a new bishopric at Csanád ( Cenad , Romania ) , Ajtony 's former capital , which was renamed after the commander of the royal army . According to the Annales Posonienses , the Venetian Gerard was consecrated as the first bishop of the new diocese in 1030 . = = = Conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire ( 1024 – 1031 ) = = = Stephen 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Emperor Henry , died on 13 July 1024 . He was succeeded by a distant relative , Conrad II ( r . 1024 – 1039 ) , who adopted an offensive foreign policy . Conrad II expelled Doge Otto Orseolo — the husband of Stephen 's sister — from Venice in 1026 . He also persuaded the Bavarians to proclaim his own son , Henry , as their duke in 1027 , although Stephen 's son , Emeric had a strong claim to the Duchy of Bavaria through his mother . Emperor Conrad planned a marriage alliance with the Byzantine Empire and dispatched one of his advisors , Bishop Werner of Strasbourg , to Constantinople . In the autumn of 1027 , the bishop seemingly travelled as a pilgrim , but Stephen , who had been informed of his actual purpose , refused to let him enter into his country . Conrad II 's biographer Wipo of Burgundy narrated that the Bavarians incited skirmishes along the common borders of Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire in 1029 , causing a rapid deterioration in relations between the two countries . Emperor Conrad personally led his armies to Hungary in June 1030 and plundered the lands west of the River Rába . However , according to the Annals of Niederalteich , the emperor , suffering from consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarian army , returned to Germany " without an army and without achieving anything , because the army was threatened by starvation and was captured by the Hungarians at Vienna " . Peace was restored after Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers Lajta and Fischa to Hungary in the summer of 1031 . At this same time , dissensions arose between the Pannonian nation and the Bavarians , through the fault of the Bavarians . And , as a result , King [ Stephen ] of Hungary made many incursions and raids in the realm of the Norici ( that is , of the Bavarians ) . Disturbed on this account Emperor Conrad came upon the Hungarians with a great army . But King [ Stephen ] , whose forces were entirely insufficient to meet the Emperor , relied solely on the guardianship of the Lord , which he sought with prayers and fasts proclaimed through his whole realm . Since the Emperor was not able to enter a kingdom so fortified with rivers and forests , he returned , after he had sufficiently avenged his injury with lootings and burnings on the borders of the kingdom ; and it was his wish at a more opportune time to complete the things he had begun . His son , King Henry , however , still a young boy entrusted to the care of Eigilbert , bishop of Freising , received a legation of King [ Stephen ] which asked for peace ; and solely with the counsel of the princes of the realm , and without his father 's knowledge , he granted the favor of reconciliation . = = = Last years ( 1031 – 1038 ) = = = Stephen 's biographer , Hartvic , narrates that the King , whose children died one by one in infancy , " restrained the grief over their death by the solace on account of the love of his surviving son " , Emeric . However , Emeric was wounded in a hunting accident and died in 1031 . After the death of his son , the elderly King could never " fully regain his former health " , according to the Illuminated Chronicle . Kristó writes that the picture , which has been preserved in Stephen 's legends , of the king keeping the vigils and washing the feet of paupers , is connected with Stephen 's last years , following the death of his son . Emeric 's death jeopardized his father 's achievements in establishing a Christian state , because Stephen 's cousin , Vazul — who had the strongest claim to succeed him — was suspected of an inclination towards paganism . According to the Annals of Altaich Stephen disregarded his cousin 's claim and nominated his sister 's son , the Venetian Peter Orseolo , as his heir . The same source adds that Vazul was captured and blinded , and his three sons , Levente , Andrew and Béla , were expelled from Hungary . Stephen 's legends refer to an unsuccessful attempt upon the elderly king 's life by members of his court . According to Kristó , the legends refer to a plot in which Vazul participated and his mutilation was a punishment for this act . That Vazul 's ears were filled with molten lead was only recorded in later sources , including the Illuminated Chronicle . In the view of some historians , provisions in Stephen 's Second Book of Laws on the " conspiracy against the king and the kingdom " imply that the book was promulgated after Vazul 's unsuccessful plot against Stephen . However , this view has not been universally accepted . Györffy states that the law book was issued , not after 1031 , but around 1009 . Likewise , the authenticity of the decree on tithes is debated : according to Györffy , it was issued during Stephen 's reign , but Berend , Laszlovszky and Szakács argue that it " might be a later addition " . Stephen died on 15 August 1038 . He was buried in the basilica of Székesfehérvár . His reign was followed by a long period of civil wars , pagan uprisings and foreign invasions . The instability ended in 1077 when Ladislaus , a grandson of Vazul , ascended the throne . = = Family = = Stephen married Gisela , a daughter of Duke Henry the Wrangler of Bavaria , who was a nephew of Otto I , Holy Roman Emperor . Gisela 's mother was Gisela of Burgundy , a member of the Welf dynasty . Born around 985 , Gisela was younger than her husband , whom she survived . She left Hungary in 1045 and died as Abbess of the Niedernburg Abbey in Passau in Bavaria around 1060 . Although the Illuminated Chronicle states that Stephen " begot many sons " , only two of them , Otto and Emeric , are known by name . Otto , who was named after Otto III , seems to have been born before 1002 . He died as a child . Emeric , who received the name of his maternal uncle , Emperor Henry II , was born around 1007 . His Legend from the early 12th century describes him as a saintly prince who preserved his chastity even during his marriage . According to Györffy , Emeric 's wife was a kinswoman of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II . His premature death led to the series of conflicts leading to Vazul 's blinding and civil wars . Be obedient to me , my son . You are a child , descendant of rich parents , living among soft pillows , who has been caressed and brought up in all kinds of comforts ; you have had a part neither in the troubles of the campaigns nor in the various attacks of the pagans in which almost my whole life has been worn away . The following family tree presents Stephen 's ancestors and his relatives who are mentioned in the article . * A Khazar , Pecheneg or Volga Bulgarian lady . * * Györffy writes that she may have been a member of the Bulgarian Cometopuli dynasty . * * * Samuel Aba might have been the son of Stephen 's sister instead of her husband . = = Legacy = = = = = Founder of Hungary = = = Stephen has always been considered one of the most important statesmen in the history of Hungary . His main achievement was the establishment of a Christian state that ensured that the Hungarians survived in the Carpathian Basin , in contrast to the Huns , Avars and other peoples who had previously controlled the same territory . As Bryan Cartledge emphasizes , Stephen also gave his kingdom " forty years of relative peace and sound but unspectacular rule " . His successors , including those descended from Vazul , were eager to emphasize their devotion to Stephen 's achievements . Although Vazul 's son , Andrew I of Hungary , secured the throne due to a pagan uprising , he prohibited pagan rites and declared that his subjects should " live in all things according to the law which King St. Stephen had taught them " , according to the 14th @-@ century Illuminated Chronicle . In medieval Hungary , communities that claimed a privileged status or attempted to preserve their own " liberties " often declared that the origin of their special status was to be attributed to King Saint Stephen . An example is a 1347 letter from the people of Táp telling the king about their grievances against the Pannonhalma Archabbey and stating that the taxes levied upon them by the abbot contradicted " the liberty granted to them in the time of King Saint Stephen " . = = = Holy King = = = Stephen 's cult emerged after the long period of anarchy characterizing the rule of his immediate successors . However , there is no evidence that Stephen became an object of veneration before his canonization . For instance , the first member of the royal family to be named after him , Stephen II , was born in the early 12th century . Stephen 's canonization was initiated by Vazul 's grandson , King Ladislaus I of Hungary , who had consolidated his authority by capturing and imprisoning his cousin , Solomon . According to Bishop Hartvic , the canonization was " decreed by apostolic letter , by order of the Roman see " , suggesting that the ceremony was permitted by Pope Gregory VII . The ceremony started at Stephen 's tomb , where on 15 August 1083 masses of believers began three days of fasting and praying . Legend tells that Stephen 's coffin could not be opened until King Ladislaus held Solomon in captivity at Visegrád . The opening of Stephen 's tomb was followed by the occurrence of healing miracles , according to Stephen 's legends . Historian Kristó attributes the healings either to mass psychosis or deception . Stephen 's legends also say that his " balsam @-@ scented " remains were elevated from the coffin , which was filled with " rose @-@ colored water " , on 20 August . On the same day , Stephen 's son , Emeric , and the bishop of Csanád , Gerard , were also canonized . Having completed the office of Vespers the third day , everyone expected the favors of divine mercy through the merit of the blessed man ; suddenly with Christ visiting his masses , the signs of miracles poured forth from heaven throughout the whole of the holy house . Their multitude , which that night were too many to count , brings to mind the answer from the Gospel which the Savior of the world confided to John , who asked through messengers whether he was the one who was to come : the blind see , the lame walk , the deaf hear , the lepers are cleansed , the crippled are set straight , the paralyzed are cured ... Stephen 's first legend , the so @-@ called Greater Legend , was written between 1077 and 1083 . It provided an idealized portrait of the king , one who dedicated himself and his kingdom to the Virgin Mary . However , Stephen 's Lesser Legend — composed around 1100 , under King Coloman — emphasized Stephen 's severity . A third legend , also composed during King Coloman 's reign by Bishop Hartvic , was based on the two existing legends . Sanctioned in 1201 by Pope Innocent III , Hartvic 's work served as Stephen 's official legend . Gábor Klaniczay wrote that Stephen 's legends " opened a new chapter in the legends of holy rulers as a genre " , suggesting that a monarch can achieve sainthood through actively using his royal powers . Stephen was the first triumphant miles Christi ( " Christ 's soldier " ) among the canonized monarchs . He was also a " confessor king " , one who had not suffered martyrdom , whose cult was sanctioned , in contrast with earlier holy monarchs . Stephen 's cult spread beyond the borders of Hungary . Initially , he was primarily venerated in Scheyern and Bamberg , in Bavaria , but his relics were also taken to Aachen , Cologne , Montecassino and Namur . Upon the liberation of Buda from the Ottoman Turks , Pope Innocent XI expanded King Saint Stephen 's cult to the entire Roman Catholic Church in 1686 , and declared 2 September his feast day . As the feast of Saint Joachim was moved , in 1969 , from 16 August , the day immediately following the day of Stephen 's death , Stephen 's feast was moved to that date . Stephen is venerated as the patron saint of Hungary , and regarded as the protector of kings , masons , stonecutters , stonemasons and bricklayers , and also of children suffering from severe illnesses . His canonization was recognized by Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople in 2000 . In the calendar of the Hungarian Catholic Church , Stephen 's feast is observed on 20 August , the day on which his relics were translated . In addition , a separate feast day ( 30 May ) is dedicated to his " Holy Dexter " . = = = Holy Dexter = = = Stephen 's intact dexter , or right hand ( Hungarian : Szent Jobb ) , became the subject of a cult . A cleric named Mercurius stole it , but it was discovered on 30 May 1184 in Bihar County . The theft of sacred relics , or furta sacra , had by that time become a popular topic of saints ' biographies . Bishop Hartvic described the discovery of Stephen 's right hand in accordance with this tradition , referring to adventures and visions . An abbey erected in Bihar County ( now Sâniob , Romania ) was named after and dedicated to the veneration of the Holy Dexter . Why is it , brothers , that his other limbs having become disjointed and , his flesh having been reduced to dust , wholly separated , only the right hand , its skin and sinews adhering to the bones , preserved the beauty of wholeness ? I surmise that the inscrutability of divine judgement sought to proclaim by the extraordinary nature of this fact nothing less than that the work of love and alms surpasses the measure of all other virtues . ... The right hand of the blessed man was deservedly exempt from putrefaction , because always reflourishing from the flower of kindness it was never empty from giving gifts to nourish the poor . The Holy Dexter was kept for centuries in the Szentjobb Abbey , except during the Mongol invasion of 1241 and 1242 , when it was transferred to Ragusa ( now Dubrovnik , Croatia ) . The relic was then taken to Székesfehérvár around 1420 . Following the Ottoman occupation of the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary in the mid @-@ 16th century , it was guarded in many places , including Bosnia , Ragusa and Vienna . It was returned to Hungary in 1771 , when Queen Maria Theresa donated it to the cloister of the Sisters of Loreto in Buda . It was kept in Buda Castle 's St. Sigismund Chapel between around 1900 and 1944 , in a cave near Salzburg in 1944 and 1945 , and again by the Sisters of Loreto in Buda , between 1945 and 1950 . Finally , since 1950 , the Holy Dexter has been in St. Stephen 's Basilica in Budapest . An annual procession celebrating the relic was instituted in 1938 , and continued until 1950 , when the procession was forbidden by the Communist government . It was resumed in 1988 . = = = Admonitions = = = According to Stephen 's Greater Legend , the king " himself compiled a book for his son on moral education " . This work , now known as Admonitions or De institutione morum , was preserved in manuscripts written in the Late Middle Ages . Although scholars debate whether it can actually be attributed to the king or a cleric , most of them agree that it was composed in the first decades of the 11th century . The Admonitions argues that kingship is inseparably connected with the Catholic faith . Its author emphasized that a monarch is required to make donations to the Church and regularly consult his prelates , but is entitled to punish clergymen who do wrong . One of its basic ideas was that a sovereign has to cooperate with the " pillars of his rule " , meaning the prelates , aristocrats , ispáns and warriors . My dearest son , if you desire to honor the royal crown , I advise , I counsel , I urge you above all things to maintain the Catholic and Apostolic faith with such diligence and care that you may be an example for all those placed under you by God , and that all the clergy may rightly call you a man of true Christian profession . Failing to do this , you may be sure that you will not be called a Christian or a son of the Church . Indeed , in the royal palace , after the faith itself , the Church holds second place , first constituted and spread through the whole world by His members , the apostles and holy fathers , And though she always produced fresh offspring , nevertheless in certain places she is regarded as ancient . However , dearest son , even now in our kingdom the Church is proclaimed as young and newly planted ; and for that reason she needs more prudent and trustworthy guardians lest a benefit which the divine mercy bestowed on us undeservedly should be destroyed and annihilated through your idleness , indolence or neglect . = = = In arts = = = King St Stephen has been a popular theme in Hungarian poetry since the end of the 13th century . The earliest poems were religious hymns which portrayed the holy king as the apostle of the Hungarians . Secular poetry , especially poems written for his feast day , followed a similar pattern , emphasizing Stephen 's role as the first king of Hungary . Poets described Stephen as the symbol of national identity and independence and of the ability of the Hungarian nation to survive historical cataclysms during the Communist regime between 1949 and 1989 . A popular hymn , still sung in the churches , was first recorded in the late 18th century . It hails King St. Stephen as " radiant star of Hungarians " . Ludwig van Beethoven composed his King Stephen Overture for the inauguration of the Hungarian theatre in Pest in 1812 . According to musician James M. Keller , " [ t ] he descending unisons that open the King Stephen Overture would seem to prefigure the opening of the Ninth Symphony ; ... [ a ] nd then a later theme , introduced by flutes and clarinets , seems almost to be a variation ... of the famous Ode " To Joy " melody of the Ninth Symphony 's finale " . Hungarian composer Ferenc Erkel named his last complete opera from 1885 , István király ( " King Stephen " ) , after him . In 1938 , Zoltán Kodály wrote a choral piece titled Ének Szent István Királyhoz ( " Hymn to King Stephen " ) . In 1983 , Levente Szörényi and János Bródy composed a rock opera — István , a király ( " Stephen , the King " ) — about the early years of his reign . Seventeen years later , in 2000 , Szörényi composed a sequel called Veled , Uram ! ( " You , Sir " ) .
= Bembo = Bembo is a 1929 serif typeface created by the British branch of the Monotype Corporation and most commonly used for body text . It is a member of the " old @-@ style " of serif fonts , with a regular or roman style based on a design cut around 1495 by Francesco Griffo for Venetian printer Aldus Manutius , sometimes generically called the " Aldine roman " . Bembo is named for Manutius 's first publication with it , a small 1496 book by the poet and cleric Pietro Bembo . The italic is based on work by Giovanni Antonio Tagliente , a calligrapher who worked as a printer the 1520s , after the time of Manutius and Griffo . Monotype created Bembo during a period of renewed interest in the printing of the Italian Renaissance , under the influence of Monotype executive and printing historian Stanley Morison . It followed a previous more faithful revival of Manutius 's work , Poliphilus , whose reputation it largely eclipsed . Monotype also created a second , much more eccentric italic for it to the design of calligrapher Alfred Fairbank , which also did not receive the same attention as the normal version of Bembo . Since its creation , Bembo has enjoyed continuing popularity as an attractive , legible book typeface . Prominent users of Bembo have included Penguin Books , the Everyman 's Library series , Oxford University Press , Cambridge University Press , the National Gallery , Yale University Press and Edward Tufte . Bembo has been released in versions for phototypesetting and in several revivals as digital fonts by Monotype and other companies . = = History = = The regular ( roman ) style of Bembo is based on Griffo 's typeface for Manutius . Griffo , sometimes called Francesco da Bologna ( of Bologna ) , was an engraver who created designs by cutting punches in steel . These were used as a master to stamp matrices , the moulds used to cast metal type . Manutius at first printed works only in the Greek language . His first printing in the Latin alphabet , in February 1496 ( 1495 by the Venetian calendar ) , was a book entitled Petri Bembi de Aetna Angelum Chabrielem liber . This book , usually now called De Aetna , was a short 60 @-@ page text about a journey to Mount Etna , written by the young Italian humanist poet Pietro Bembo , later a Cardinal and secretary to Pope Leo X. Griffo was the one of the first punchcutters to fully express the character of the humanist hand that contemporaries preferred for manuscripts of classics and literary texts , in distinction to the book hand humanists dismissed as a gothic hand or the everyday chancery hand . One of the main characteristics that distinguished Griffo 's work from most of the earlier " Venetian " tradition of roman type by Nicolas Jenson and others is the horizontal cross @-@ stroke of the " e " , although he was not the first to introduce this style . Modern font designer Robert Slimbach described Griffo 's work as a breakthrough leading to an " ideal balance of beauty and functionality " . The style is sometimes known as the " Aldine roman " after Manutius ' name . In France , his work inspired many French printers and punchcutters such as Geoffroy Tory and Claude Garamond from 1530 onwards , even though the typeface of De Aetna with its original capitals was apparently used in only about twelve books between 1496 and 1499 . Historian Beatrice Warde suggested in the 1920s that this may have been due to the high quality of printing shown in the original De Aetna volume , perhaps created as a small pilot project . De Aetna was printed using a mixture of alternate characters , perhaps as an experiment , which included a lower @-@ case p in the same style as the capital letter with a flat top . In 1499 , Griffo recut the capitals , changing the appearance of the typeface slightly . This version was used to print Manutius ' famous illustrated volume Hypnerotomachia Poliphili . Griffo 's roman typeface , with several replacements of the capitals , continued to be used by Manutius 's company until the 1550s , when a refresh of its equipment brought in French typefaces which had been created by Garamond , Pierre Haultin and Robert Granjon under its influence . UCLA curators , who maintain a large collection of Manutius 's printing , have described this as a " wholesale change ... the press followed precedent ; popular in France , [ these ] types rapidly spread over western Europe " . Ultimately , old @-@ style fonts like all of these fell out of use with the arrival of the much more geometric Didone types of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . They returned to popularity later in the century , with the arrival of the Arts and Crafts movement . In 1500 , Manutius released the first books printed using italic type , again designed by Griffo . This was originally not intended as a complementary design , as is used today , but rather as an alternative , more condensed typeface suitable for small volumes . = = = Italic = = = Bembo 's italic is not based directly on the work of Griffo , but on the work of calligrapher and handwriting teacher Giovanni Antonio Tagliente ( sometimes written Giovannantonio ) . He published a writing manual , The True Art of Excellent Writing , in Venice in 1524 , after the time of Manutius and Griffo , with engravings and some text set in an italic typeface presumably based on his calligraphy . ( Tagliente did not only publish on handwriting , but also self @-@ help guides on learning to read , arithmetic , embroidery and a book of model love letters . ) It too was imitated in France , with imitations appearing from 1528 onwards . Another influential italic type created around this time was that of Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi , also a calligrapher who became involved in printing . His almost upright italic design was also imitated in France and would also become influential to twentieth @-@ century font designs . = = Monotype history = = Monotype Bembo is one of the most famous revivals of the Aldine typeface of 1495 . It was created under the influence of Monotype executive and printing historian Stanley Morison by the design team at the Monotype factory in Salfords , Surrey , south of London . Bembo 's development took place following a series of breakthroughs in printing technology which had occurred over the last fifty years without breaking from the use of metal type . Pantograph engraving had allowed punches to be precisely machined from large plan drawings . This gave a cleaner result than historic typefaces whose master punches had been hand @-@ carved out of steel at the exact size of the desired letter . It also allowed rapid development of a large range of sizes . In addition , hand printing had been superseded by the hot metal typesetting systems of the period , of which Monotype 's was one of the most popular ( in competition with that of Linotype 's ) . Both allowed metal type to be quickly cast under the control of a keyboard , eliminating the need to manually cast metal type and slot it into place into a printing press . With no need to keep type in stock , just the matrices used as moulds to cast the type , printers could use a wider range of fonts and there was increasing demand for varied typefaces . Artistically , meanwhile , the preference for using mechanical , geometric Didone fonts introduced in the eighteenth and nineteenth century was being displaced by a revival of interest in " old @-@ style " serif fonts developed before this , a change that has proved to be lasting . At the same time , hot metal typesetting had imposed new restrictions : in Monotype 's system ( while less restrictive than Linotype 's ) , in order to mechanically count the number of characters that could be fitted on a line , letters could only be certain widths , and care was needed to produce letters that looked harmonious in spite of this . Morison was interested in the history of the 15th century Italian printing , and had discussed the topic with his correspondent , the Italian @-@ based German printer Giovanni Mardersteig , in correspondence with whom he wrote a series of letters discussing Bembo 's development . He described the Aldine roman as " inspired not by writing , but by engraving ; not script but sculpture . " The design was executed by the highly experienced drawing office team , led and trained by American engineer Frank Hinman Pierpont and Fritz Steltzer , both of whom Monotype had recruited from the German printing industry , but with a staff that was disproportionately female and in many cases recruited from the local area , before being machined into metal punches . Monotype commissioned from the calligrapher Alfred Fairbank a nearly upright italic design based on the work of Arrighi , and considered using it as Bembo 's companion italic before deciding it was too eccentric for this purpose . Monotype created a more conventional design influenced by Tagliente 's typeface and sold Fairbank 's design as Bembo Condensed Italic . It was digitised as " Fairbank " in 2003 , and sold independently of Monotype 's Bembo digitisations . Morison wrote in his memoir that the Fairbank design " looked its best when given sole possession of the page " . Monotype 's publicity team described the italic as " fine , tranquil " in a 1931 showing , emphasising their desire to avoid a design that seemed too eccentric . As was normal in metal type fonts of the period from Monotype and other companies , the font was drawn differently at different sizes by modifying Griffo 's original design , a quite large letter at an approximate size of 15 points . Jonathan Seybold and Charles Bigelow have cited Bembo as an example of how such modifications were made , with looser spacing and a more solid colour of impression at smaller sizes , and a finer , more graceful and tightly spaced design at large sizes . = = Characteristics = = Among Bembo 's more distinctive characteristics , the capital " Q " ' s tail starts from the glyph 's centre , the uppercase " J " has a slight hook and the sides of the " M " splay outwards slightly . Many lowercase letters show subtle , sinuous curves ; the termination of the arm of both the r and the e flare slightly upward and outward . The lowercase " c " and " e " push slightly forwards . Characters " h " , " m " , and " n " are not quite vertical on their right @-@ hand stems , with a subtle curve towards the left going down the stroke . In italic , the k has an elegantly curved stroke in the lower @-@ right and descenders on the p , q and y end with a flat horizontal stroke . In the 1950s , Monotype noted that its features included : " serifs fine slab , fine @-@ bracketed and in l.c. prolonged to right along baseline . " This meant that many of the serifs ( especially the horizontals , for example on the W ) are fine lines of quite uniform width , rather than forming an obvious curve leading into the main form of the letter . The ascenders reach above the cap height . In metal type , Bembo includes two capital " R " s , one with a long , extended leg following Griffo , one with a more tucked @-@ in leg suitable for body text . Bembo does not attempt to strictly copy all the features of Renaissance printing , instead blending them with a twentieth @-@ century sensibility and the expectations of contemporary design . An eccentricity of Griffo 's first De Aetna capitals was an asymmetrical M that does not seem to have a serif at top right . So odd it has been suggested it may have been the result of faulty casting of type , it was nonetheless often copied in French imitations by Garamond and his contemporaries . Monotype 's revival declined to follow this , although it was recreated for a British Museum exhibition catalogue . Monotype also did not copy the curving capital Y used by Manutius in the tradition of the Greek letter upsilon which had been used in some versions of Poliphilus and Blado , although not in the digitisation of Poliphilus . Nesbitt has described the capitals as " a composite design in the spirit of [ Griffo 's ] type " . In the italic , the expansive ascenders of Tagliente 's type were shortened and the curl to the right replaced with more conventional serifs . Monotype also cut italic capitals sloped to match the lower @-@ case , whereas in the Renaissance italics were used with upright capital letters in the Roman inscriptional tradition . The bold ( Monotype 's invention , since Griffo and his contemporaries did not use bold type ) is extremely solid , providing a very clear contrast to the regular styles , and Monotype also added lining ( upper @-@ case height ) figures as well as the text figures ( at lower @-@ case height ) used in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries . Historian James Mosley suggests that the numerals of Bembo were based on those Monotype had already developed for the typeface Plantin . = = Related fonts = = = = = Poliphilus and Blado = = = Monotype had already designed two other types inspired by the same period of Italian printing and calligraphy , the roman Poliphilus and italic Blado ( both 1923 ) . Made more eccentric and irregular than the sleek lines of Bembo to evoke the feel of antique printing , these remained in Monotype 's catalogue and have been digitised , but are much less known today . Bembo can therefore be seen as an iteration of a preexisting design concept towards mass market appeal , taking the basic idea of the Griffo design and ( unlike Poliphilus ) updating its appearance to match the more sophisticated printing possible by the 1920s . Bembo 's original working name was " Poliphilus Modernised " . Poliphilus is named after the book Hypnerotomachia Poliphili , one of Manutius 's most famous books in the Latin alphabet , which was printed with the same roman as De Aetna but recut capitals ; it was made for a publisher who planned to create an English translation . Blado is named after the printer Antonio Blado , a colleague of Arrighi . Morison preferred Bembo 's roman and was somewhat dismissive of Poliphilus . He nevertheless noted that he felt the eccentricity of the Blado italic was more interesting than the smoothness of that on Bembo , as has Mosley more recently . Unlike Bembo , both in metal featured a Greek @-@ influenced Y with a curving head , as in the original . = = = Centaur = = = Monotype licensed and released the font Centaur around the same time as Bembo . It was drawn by the American book designer Bruce Rogers . Its roman is based on a slightly earlier period of Italian renaissance printing than Bembo , the work of Nicolas Jenson in Venice around 1470 ( the so @-@ called Venetian style ) . Like Bembo , its italic comes from the 1520s , being again loosely based on the work of Arrighi from around 1520 . Compared to Bembo it is somewhat lighter in structure , something particularly true in its digital facsimile . Penguin often used it for headings and titles of ' classic ' editions , particularly its capitals and italic ; its lower @-@ case does not so effectively harmonise with Bembo due to the different letter shapes . = = = Titling fonts = = = Monotype created several titling designs based on Renaissance printing that could be considered complementary to Bembo : Bembo Titling ( based directly on Bembo 's capitals , but more delicate to suit a larger text size ) and the more geometric Felix Titling in 1934 , inspired by humanist capitals drawn by Felice Feliciano in 1463 . In the hot metal type era Monotype also issued a titling version of Centaur , which was often used by Penguin ; Monotype 's digitisations of Centaur do not include it . = = Timeline = = = = = The Renaissance = = = 1496 Griffo 's roman 1501 Griffo 's italic ; development of italic type follows over the next fifty years . 1515 Death of Manutius . 1518 Death of Griffo . 1520s Tagliente publishes in Venice , Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi in Rome ( possibly also Venice ) . Both are former calligraphers who publish writing manuals . 1522 – 25 Tagliente publishes a writing manual The True Art of Excellent Writing , as does Arrighi , La Operina ... around the same time . Arrighi 's friend Gian Giorgio Trissino writes of Arrighi that " in calligraphy he has surpassed all other men of our age so [ he now does ] in print all that was formerly done with the pen , in his beautiful types he has gone beyond all other printers . " His contemporary Antonio Blado publishes in Rome in an italic apparently derived from Arrighi 's work . 1527 War in central Italy . Arrighi disappears from history ; he may have been killed in the Sack of Rome . 1528 Tagliente dies in Venice . 1535 Blado appointed printer to the papacy and remains in this role until his death in 1567 . 1530s – 1550s France becomes a centre of the typefounding industry under the influence of the work of Manutius and others . French typefaces replace old Italian designs at the Aldine Press in Venice . Tradition that italic capitals should slope like the lower case established . = = = 20th Century = = = 1910s The italic calligraphy style of the Italian renaissance is revived by calligraphers including Edward Johnston and Alfred Fairbank . 1923 Monotype releases Blado , an italic based on the work of Arrighi and Antonio Blado , and Poliphilus , a roman based on the work of Griffo . 1926 Edward Johnston develops a font based on his italic calligraphy , but it remains obscure . 1926 Frederic Warde creates an italic based on the work of Arrighi . It is now almost always used as the companion italic of the font Centaur , but initially had an independent existence . 1928 – 29 Monotype develops and releases Bembo , based on the work of Griffo but much smoother in texture . After considering releasing an italic by Fairbank @-@ based the work of Arrighi , Monotype abandons the idea , making Bembo 's default italic on the Tagliente model . 1929 Monotype releases Centaur and the Warde italic as a matching set . 1960s Monotype releases Bembo for phototypesetting . Other companies also release versions . = = Reception = = Bembo has been very popular in book publishing , particularly in Britain . It was also recommended by HMSO in its style guide for outsourced printing jobs . Cambridge University Press 's history describes Bembo as one of its most commonly used typefaces ; Morison was closely connected to Cambridge and his personal archive ( as well as much of Monotype 's ) went to the university after his death . Among reviews of typefaces , writing in the anthology Typographic Specimens : The Great Typefaces , Jeff Price commented that Bembo became noted for its ability to " provide a text that is extremely consistent in colour " , helping it to " remain one of the most popular book types since its release " . Modern font designer Nick Shinn has also commented , " Bembo has a sleek magnificence , born of high @-@ precision technology at the service of accomplished production skills , which honours the spirit of the original , and an exotic grace of line which humbles most new designs made more ostensibly for the new technology . " = = Digitisations and derivatives = = = = = Monotype digitisations = = = Monotype has released two separate digitisations named Bembo and more recently Bembo Book , as well as the more slender caps @-@ only display font Bembo Titling and the alternate italic design Fairbank . Bembo Book is considered to be superior by being thicker and more suitable for body text , as well as for offering the alternate shorter R for better @-@ spaced body text . Monotype 's original , early digitisation of Bembo was widely seen as unsuccessful . Two main problems have been cited with it : it was much lighter in type colour than the original metal type , perhaps through failure to anticipate the reduced ink spread on modern printing equipment . In addition , the digital Bembo was based on the 9 pt metal drawings , creating a font with different proportions to the metal type in the point sizes at which Bembo was most often used in books . This made the proportions of the digital font appear wrong , failing to match the subtlety of the metal type and phototype , which was released in three different optical sizes for different print sizes . Future Monotype executive Akira Kobayashi commented : " I got into a slight panic . None of the letters looked like Bembo ! For a moment I froze in front of the computer , thinking about writing a letter of complaint to the company for sending us the wrong font . After a while I checked the Bembo Italic and I slowly began to realise that the fonts were Bembo . I calmed down enough to recall that the typeface was originally designed for metal type , and most of the specimens and texts I saw were set in metal type in text size . That was why the images of the characters did not overlap . I knew that a metal typeface was cut or designed separately for each size , but a film composition or digital face is a kind of compromise having proportions designed for reduction and enlargement . I was overwhelmed to see the huge gap . Then I looked into the types used in Western offset @-@ litho prints to see the digital Bembo types in use ... the types that were originally designed for hot @-@ metal often looked too light and feeble ... Bembo Book is more or less what I expected . " While Bembo Book is considered the superior digitisation , the original continues to offer the advantages of two extra weights ( semi- and extra @-@ bold ) and infant styles with simplified a and g characters resembling handwriting ; its lighter appearance may also be of use on printing equipment with greater ink spread . Cross @-@ licensing has meant that it is sold by a range of vendors , often at very low prices . As an example of this , Fontsite obtained the rights to resell a derivative of the original digitisation , using the alternative name Borgia and Bergamo , upgrading it by additional OpenType features such as small capitals and historical alternate characters . Neither version includes digitisations of the larger size versions of Bembo , which had a more delicate and elegant design . = = = Other Griffo @-@ inspired fonts = = = A major professional competitor to Bembo is Agmena , created by Jovica Veljović and released by Linotype in 2014 . Intended as a unified serif design supporting Roman , Greek and a range of Cyrillic alphabets such as Serbian , it features a more calligraphic italic than Bembo with swash capitals and support for Greek ligatures . A looser interpretation of the Griffo designs is Iowan Old Style , designed by John Downer and also released by Bitstream . With a larger x @-@ height ( taller lower @-@ case letters ) than the print @-@ oriented Bembo and influences of signpainting ( Downer 's former profession ) , it was intended to be particularly clear for reading at distance , in displays and in signage . It is a default font in Apple 's iBooks application . Not explicitly influenced by Bembo but also influenced by Griffo is Minion by Slimbach . Released by Adobe , a 2008 survey ranked it as one of the most popular typefaces used in modern fine printing . Besides designs with similar inspiration , a number of unofficial releases and digitisations of Bembo have been made in the phototypesetting and digital periods , reflecting the lack of effective intellectual property protection for typefaces . Several unofficial versions were released during the phototypesetting period under alternate names ; for example one unofficial phototypesetting version was named " Biretta " after the hat worn by Roman Catholic clergy , and another by Erhard Kaiser was created for the East German printing concern Typoart , outside the reach of Western intellectual property laws . In the digital period , Rubicon created a version named " Bentley " intended for small sizes and Bitstream made a version under the name of " Aldine 401 " . Its licensee ParaType later created a set of Cyrillic characters for this in 2008 . The name " Bembo " remains a Monotype trademark and may not be used to describe such clones . = = = Free and open @-@ source fonts = = = Two open @-@ source designs based on Bembo are Cardo and ET Book . The Cardo fonts , developed by David J. Perry for use in classical scholarship and also including Greek and Hebrew , are freely available under the SIL Open Font License . Unimpressed by the first Bembo digitisation , statistician and designer Edward Tufte commissioned an alternative digitisation for his books in a limited range of styles and languages , sometimes called ' ET Bembo ' . He released it publicly as an open @-@ source font named ' ET Book ' in September 2015 . = = = Privately used fonts = = = Heathrow and other British airports used a highly divergent adaptation of Bembo for many years . Designed by Shelley Winters and named BAA Bembo or BAA Sign , it was very bold with a high x @-@ height . The National Gallery in London used Bembo , then its corporate font , as a plan for the carving of its name into its frontage . The Yale face , developed by Matthew Carter as a corporate font for Yale University , is based on Griffo 's work ; Yale commissioned a custom font from Carter , a member of the university faculty , after being dissatisfied with digital versions of Bembo . Carter commented on the design that " John Gambell , the Yale University printer who initiated and ran the project , also liked the idea of an Aldine face ... Monotype Bembo had been used for University printing at an earlier time , so there was a useful precedent . " It is available exclusively to " Yale students , employees , and authorized contractors for use in Yale publications and communications . It may not be used for personal or business purposes , and it may not be distributed to non @-@ Yale personnel . " In the pre @-@ digital period , IBM offered Aldine , a font inspired by Bembo , as a font for the IBM Composer . This was an ultra @-@ premium electric golfball typewriter system , intended for producing copy to be photographically enlarged for small @-@ scale printing projects , or for high @-@ quality office documents . Ultimately the system proved a transitional product , as it was displaced by cheaper phototypesetting , and then in the 1980s by word processors and general @-@ purpose computers .
= Action of 5 May 1794 = The Action of 5 May 1794 was a minor naval engagement fought in the Indian Ocean during the French Revolutionary Wars . A British squadron had been blockading the French island of Isle de France ( now Mauritius ) since early in the year , and early on 5 May discovered two ships approaching their position . As the strange vessels came closer , they were recognised as the French frigate Duguay Trouin , which had been captured from the East India Company the year before , and a small brig . Making use of a favourable wind , the British squadron gave chase to the new arrivals , which fled . The chase was short , as Duguay Trouin was a poor sailor with many of the crew sick and unable to report for duty . The British frigate HMS Orpheus was the first to arrive , and soon completely disabled the French frigate , successfully raking the wallowing ship . After an hour and twenty minutes the French captain surrendered , Captain Henry Newcome of Orpheus taking over the captured ship and bringing his prize back to port in India . = = Background = = Britain joined the French Revolutionary Wars in February 1793 , but the news did not reach the Indian Ocean for four months . The immediate priority of the British squadron under Commodore William Cornwallis in British India was the capture of the French colonies in India , especially their main port of Pondicherry . Once the British had completed this operation at the end of August 1793 , the squadron returned to Europe . This left British commerce in Eastern waters badly exposed , and privateers and warships operating from Isle de France captured a number of merchant vessels , including the large East Indiaman Princess Royal , which three privateer corvettes seized on 27 September in the Sunda Strait . Princess Royal was a well @-@ armed ship , carrying twenty @-@ six 12 @-@ pounder cannon and a number of smaller calibre guns on the maindeck . The French Navy immediately took her into service as the 34 @-@ gun frigate Duguay Trouin and attached her to the Isle de France squadron of the frigates Prudente and Cybèle , and the brig Vulcain under Captain Jean @-@ Marie Renaud . This force skirmished inconclusively with a squadron of East India Company ships in the Sunda Strait in January 1794 , before returning to Isle de France with the captured East Indiaman Pigot . By the early spring of 1794 , three vessels had come out from Britain - 32 @-@ gun frigate HMS Orpheus under Captain Henry Newcome , the 50 @-@ gun fifth rate HMS Centurion under Captain Samuel Osbourne , and the 44 @-@ gun HMS Resistance under Captain Edward Pakenham to replace Cornwallis 's squadron . These ships passed the French bases on Isle de France en route to India , and briefly blockaded the port with some success against French merchant vessels : Orpheus alone sent three officers and twenty men to India in captured merchant ships . The French too had ships at sea during this period , Duguay Trouin and Vulcain cruising together in the Indian Ocean during the spring before returning to Isle de France . = = Battle = = As the French vessels approached the island on 5 May they were sighted by lookouts on the British squadron . The British captains then waited for the French to get closer , launching a chase in the mid @-@ morning when they held the weather gage so that the wind was behind them . This allowed them to rapidly close with the French vessels whose efforts to escape were hampered by Duguay Trouin 's poor sailing qualities . At 11 : 45 , Orpheus was the first to reach the French frigate , firing on Duguay Trouin from long range . Within ten minutes the British ship had pulled closer to the former East Indiaman and although Duguay Trouin briefly returned fire , Orpheus was soon positioned across the starboard quarter of the French ship , allowing Newcome to pour raking fire into the Duguay Trouin without reply . By 13 : 15 , Duguay Trouin was a battered wreck , with the hull significantly damaged , the bowsprit shot away and heavy casualties among the crew . With his ship unmanageable and Centurion and Resistance now 3 nautical miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) away and approaching rapidly , the French captain struck his colours and surrendered . The brig Vulcain had taken the opportunity to escape as Duguay Trouin and Orpheus fought and later reached Isle de France . Newcome lost one midshipman killed and one officer and eight men wounded in the exchange from a crew of 194 . Losses on Duguay Trouin were far more severe : the French ship recorded 21 men killed and 60 wounded from a nominal complement of 403 . = = Aftermath = = Newcome initially took his prize to Mahé in the Seychelles , where he demanded fresh supplies , particularly water , for his prisoners . The French governors of the islands refused , and Newcome stormed and seized the town , taking all of the supplies and military stores . The wounded and sick prisoners were disembarked , and the contents of a small French brig were turned over to the inhabitants to replace the seized supplies . Newcome then returned to India with his prize , but the ship was not subsequently purchased by the Royal Navy . Historical reaction to the battle has focused on the significantly stronger British position in the encounter , with three large regular warships pitted against a hastily converted merchant vessel with a significant proportion of the crew suffering from illness . Duguay @-@ Trouin was also weakly built and weakly armed : early estimates that the Duguay Trouin 's main battery mounted twenty @-@ six 18 @-@ pounder long guns were revised to 12 @-@ pounders with eight smaller cannon on the upper deck . The British blockade of Isle de France continued throughout the year , with Centurion engaged in an inconclusive action against a French squadron in October . Although Isle de France remained in French hands throughout the conflict , the Indian Ocean was largely under British control by 1796 .
= Mash @-@ Up ( Glee ) = " Mash @-@ Up " is the eighth episode of the American television series Glee . The episode premiered on the Fox network on October 21 , 2009 . It was written by series co @-@ creator Ian Brennan and directed by Elodie Keene . The episode sees glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) attempt to create a wedding medley in the style of a mash @-@ up for his colleagues Emma ( Jayma Mays ) and Ken ( Patrick Gallagher ) . Students Finn ( Cory Monteith ) and Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) find that they are no longer considered popular , while glee club members Rachel ( Lea Michele ) and Puck ( Mark Salling ) become romantically involved , as do cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) and local news anchor Rod Remington ( Bill A. Jones ) . The episode features covers of five songs . Studio recordings of three of the songs were released as singles , available for digital download , and three are included on the album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 . Neil Diamond was hesitant about licensing his song " Sweet Caroline " to the show , but was convinced by series music producer P.J. Bloom and ultimately enjoyed the performance given by Salling . The episode was watched by 7 @.@ 24 million US viewers . Musical performances received mixed reviews from critics . The Wall Street Journal 's Raymund Flandez described " Mash @-@ Up " as a " turning point " for Glee , praising the episode for its character development . = = Plot = = Football coach Ken Tanaka ( Patrick Gallagher ) and guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) ask glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) to create a mash @-@ up for their wedding , using " Thong Song " and " I Could Have Danced All Night " from My Fair Lady . Ken senses that Emma would rather be with Will instead of him , so he gives the football @-@ playing glee club members an ultimatum by scheduling an extra football practice on the same day as glee rehearsals . Finn Hudson ( Cory Monteith ) and Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) have slushies thrown in their faces by other students , who want to take them down now that their high social status as football quarterback and head cheerleader has slipped because of Quinn 's pregnancy and their membership in the glee club . Puck 's ( Mark Salling ) mother ( Gina Hecht ) encourages him to date a Jewish girl , and he decides to court Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) . At first she excuses herself by saying she needs a strong male who can perform a solo . As a result , Puck sings " Sweet Caroline " as his first solo for the glee club , dedicating it to Rachel and sealing the relationship . The two ultimately break up as a result of Rachel 's feelings for Finn and Puck 's feelings for Quinn . Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) falls in love with Rod Remington ( Bill A. Jones ) , a television news anchor on the program where she has an opinion segment , and makes amends with Will . However , her relationship fails when she discovers that Rod is cheating on her and , returning to form , Sue removes Quinn from the cheerleading squad because of her pregnancy . Although Finn has chosen to stay on the football team , all the other dual members instead quit to remain in the glee club . Ken reverses his ultimatum after a conversation with a dismayed Finn and cancels the extra practice , allowing the football players to again do both activities . Meanwhile , Will and Emma spend more time together while Will prepares the mash @-@ up , and soon realize they have strong feelings for one another . Will decides to remove himself from the equation and later tells Emma and Ken that he will not be able to create their mash @-@ up . = = Production = = " Mash @-@ Up " was written by series creator Ian Brennan and directed by Elodie Keene . Recurring characters who appear in the episode are glee club members Brittany ( Heather Morris ) , Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) , Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) and Matt Rutherford ( Dijon Talton ) , athletes Lipoff ( Zack Lively ) , Dave Karofsky ( Max Adler ) and Azimio ( James Earl , III ) , football coach Ken Tanaka ( Gallagher ) , and local news anchors Rod Remington ( Jones ) and Andrea Carmichael ( Earlene Davis ) . Gina Hecht guest @-@ stars as Puck 's mother . The episode features covers of " Bust a Move " by Young MC , Sisqó 's " Thong Song " , Neil Diamond 's " Sweet Caroline " , " I Could Have Danced All Night " from the musical My Fair Lady , and " What a Girl Wants " by Christina Aguilera . An instrumental version of " Sing , Sing , Sing ( With a Swing ) " by Louis Prima is used in the scene which sees Will teach Sue how to swing dance . Diamond had some reluctance over licensing " Sweet Caroline " to the show , and retracted clearance after the performance had already been recorded . Glee 's music supervisor P.J. Bloom was able to convince him to reverse his decision , and Diamond went on to also license his song " Hello Again " for use on the show at a later date . Following the episode 's broadcast , Diamond posted his approval on the social networking website Twitter , writing : " Hey , so who 's this guy Puck singing " Sweet Caroline " so good , so good , so good on # Glee ? Loved it ! ! " Studio recordings of " Bust a Move " , " Thong Song " and " Sweet Caroline " were released as singles , available for digital download . " Bust a Move " charted at number 93 in the US and 78 in Canada , while " Sweet Caroline " charted at number 34 in the US , 22 in Canada and 37 in Australia . " Bust a Move " and " Sweet Caroline " are included on the album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 , with a studio recording of " I Could Have Danced All Night " included as a bonus track on discs purchased from Target . = = Reception = = " Mash @-@ Up " was watched by 7 @.@ 24 million US viewers , and attained a 3 @.@ 2 / 8 rating / share in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . It was the nineteenth most watched show in Canada for the week , with 1 @.@ 52 million viewers . In the UK , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 053 million viewers ( 1 @.@ 601 million on E4 , and 452 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 ) , becoming the most @-@ watched show on E4 and E4 + 1 for the week , and one of the most @-@ watched shows on cable for the week . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal described the episode as " a turning point for Glee " , commenting that although there had previously been criticism of many of the characters for being " one note " , this episode demonstrated that was not the case , showing that Will has a playful side , Sue has feelings , and Puck is able to " emerge from his bonehead @-@ punk exterior " . Andrea Reiher of Zap2it was glad that Will 's wife Terri did not appear in the episode , commenting : " I like Jessalyn Gilsig but that character drives me outhouse @-@ rat crazy . " Eric Goldman for IGN rated the episode 8 @.@ 2 / 10 , writing that he wished Sue 's relationship with Rod could have lasted more than one episode , as : " it would have been amusing to see happy , in love Sue a bit longer , before her inevitable return to evil . " Musical performances in " Mash @-@ Up " received mixed reviews . Joal Ryan for E ! Online criticized the show 's " overproduced soundtrack " , writing that Monteith was being edited to sound like Cher , and that when Morrison sang " The Thong Song " and " Bust a Move " , " he sounded like he was in a music video , not a suburban high school . " He enjoyed Michele 's " What a Girl Wants " , calling her singing " raw and lovely " . Entertainment Weekly 's Michael Slezak criticized the " Bust A Move " performance , writing that Morrison gave a " pale imitation " of the Young M.C. original . He was slightly more positive regarding the " Thong Song " performance , feeling that Morrison had " a slightly less overwrought vocal than Sisqó " , and observed that Salling did " more than a serviceable job " on " Sweet Caroline " . Fellow Entertainment Weekly writer Dan Snierson called Morrison 's performances " pretty impressive " , and MTV 's Aly Semigran also enjoyed them , writing : " We want more ! " . Goldman too was positive regarding Morrison 's performances , noting : " There is of course something completely dorky about seeing this guy perform these songs , but Morrison infuses Will with such enjoyment in what he 's doing , he completely sells it . " Glee 's writers have also been praised for the episode 's comedic content ; one particular joke ( performed by Lynch as Sue ) was called an " instant classic " by television writer / producer Jane Espenson . According to Espenson : " The beauty of the joke is that ... [ it ] WANTS you to get ahead of it , and then subverts your expectation . This is extremely hard to pull off because you have to make certain that the audience is going to get ahead of the joke , but you can 't be so obvious about it that you know they 're going to anticipate the switch @-@ up . This particular version is a thing of joy . I think a lot of what makes it work is the violence of the final image — you lose nothing of the force of the threat by not getting to any violence against the kitten . "
= The Unnatural ( The X @-@ Files ) = " The Unnatural " is the 19th episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files , which first aired on April 25 , 1999 , on the Fox network . Written and directed by lead actor David Duchovny , the episode is unconnected to the wider mythology of The X @-@ Files , and functions as a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story . " The Unnatural " earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 1 , and its first broadcast was watched by 16 @.@ 88 million people . The episode received positive reviews from critics , and was well @-@ liked by members of the cast and crew , including series creator Chris Carter and co @-@ star Gillian Anderson . The series centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called " X @-@ Files " . Mulder is a believer ; although the skeptical Scully was initially assigned to debunk his work , the two have developed a deep friendship . In this episode , Arthur Dales ( M. Emmet Walsh ) , the brother of a previously recurring retired FBI agent with the same name , tells Mulder the story of a black baseball player who played for the Roswell Grays in Roswell , New Mexico in 1947 under the pseudonym " Josh Exley " ( Jesse L. Martin ) . Exley was actually an alien with a love of baseball . Exley is later tracked down by the Alien Bounty Hunter ( Brian Thompson ) and executed for betraying his people . Among other things , the episode was inspired by the history of baseball in Roswell , as well as the infamous 1947 Roswell Incident . Jesse Martin was offered the lead guest role as Exley after Duchovny noticed him in a production of the musical Rent and an episode of Ally McBeal . Originally , Darren McGavin was cast as Arthur Dales , but after he suffered a stroke , he was replaced by Walsh . Many of the outdoor baseball scenes were filmed at Jay Littleton Ballfield , an all @-@ wood stadium located in Ontario , California . The episode has been critically examined for its use of literary motifs , its fairy tale @-@ like structure , and its themes concerning racism and alienation . = = Plot = = In 1947 , a mixed group of black and white men play baseball in Roswell , New Mexico . Suddenly , a group of Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) members arrive on horseback , seeking one of the players : Josh Exley ( Jesse L. Martin ) , a talented black baseball player . Men from the team fight back against the KKK , and when the mask of the clan 's leader is taken off , the leader is revealed to actually be an alien . In 1999 , FBI agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) look through Roswell newspapers from the 1940s . Mulder spots an article showing a young Arthur Dales ( Frederic Lane ) — the original investigator of the X @-@ Files division who had previously appeared in the fifth season episode " Travelers " and the sixth season episode " Agua Mala " — Josh Exley , and the shape @-@ shifting Alien Bounty Hunter ( Brian Thompson ) who has assisted the show 's antagonists throughout the series . Mulder seeks out Dales in Washington D.C. but finds that he still lives in Florida . Instead , Mulder meets Dales 's brother ( M. Emmet Walsh ) , who is also named Arthur . In flashback , Dales tells Mulder about first meeting Exley in 1947 . Dales ( portrayed as a young man by Frederic Lane ) , a member of the Roswell Police Department , has been assigned to protect a hesitant Exley . Dales travels with Exley and his teammates on their bus , and one night sees that the sleeping Exley is reflected in a window as an alien . The next day , during a game , Exley is hit by a pitch and starts making utterances in a strange language before returning to his senses . Afterwards , Dales notices that a mysterious green ooze appeared where Exley 's bleeding head had rested . Dales decides to investigate Exley 's hometown of Macon , Georgia , and discovers that a boy with Exley 's name had vanished about five years previously . That night at the hotel , Dales hears noises from Exley 's hotel room and breaks in , only to find Exley in his true form as an alien . Exley tells Dales that he was forbidden from intermingling with the human race but fell in love with the game of baseball and remained on Earth . Meanwhile , the Alien Bounty Hunter , who has been pursuing the renegade alien ever since he deserted his alien heritage , takes Exley 's form and murders a scientist who is investigating the green ooze that Dales found . After learning of the attack , Dales warns Exley that he is now wanted by the police , and Exley goes into hiding . The narrative returns to the events at the start of the episode . The KKK leader is revealed as the Alien Bounty Hunter , who has arrived to assassinate Exley . The Bounty Hunter demands that Exley revert to his true form before he dies . Exley refuses and the Bounty Hunter then kills him . However , Exley miraculously bleeds red , human blood . Back in 1999 , Mulder invites Scully to hit baseballs with him on an empty field . = = Production = = = = = Conception and writing = = = " The Unnatural " was the first episode of the series that Duchovny wrote by himself . He had previously co @-@ developed the stories for the second season episodes " Colony " and " Anasazi " - both with series creator Chris Carter , and received teleplay credits for the third season episodes " Avatar " and " Talitha Cumi " . As The X @-@ Files entered its sixth season , Duchovny decided that it was an appropriate time to try writing a full episode . Before then , he had felt that he did not have the skills necessary ; he said , " I didn 't have the surety , the confidence in my mind , that I could write a teleplay ... It took me to the sixth year of the show to actually sit down and write one of my ideas . " In late 1998 , Duchovny met with series creator Carter and they agreed that Duchovny would write a late @-@ season installment for the series . While both Duchovny and Carter had wanted to write an episode about baseball for several years , Duchovny first conceived the basic premise for " The Unnatural " during the home run race in 1998 between Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa when he read a newspaper report about Joe Bauman . Bauman was a baseball player who , despite hitting 72 home runs during the 1954 season — at the time , a record for a professional player — never made it to the Major Leagues . Duchovny immediately connected the story of Bauman , who played for the Roswell Rockets , with the 1947 Roswell Incident , saying " I just made the association ... What if this guy was an alien ? and I just started working on that idea . " Duchovny later said that " these happy chronological coincidences " facilitated the development of the story . Duchovny worked on his idea alone , later admitting that he was satisfied that he did not receive any help . Duchovny decided to make the lead guest character black and set the story before the integration of the baseball leagues , inspired by Jackie Robinson , the first black player who was accepted into the Major Leagues in the 1940s . After Duchovny finished his first draft , Carter added additional plot points , such as the inclusion of the Alien Bounty Hunter and retired FBI agent Arthur Dales . The episode title is a play on the novel and movie The Natural . The tagline that appears in the opening credits for this episode is " In the Big Inning " , which serves as a pun on the phrase , " In the beginning " . = = = Casting = = = Jesse L. Martin was the first actor considered to play the part of Exley . Duchovny had first noticed Martin in a production of the musical Rent , and noticed him again during a guest appearance on the Fox legal comedy @-@ drama Ally McBeal . Watching the latter performance , Duchovny decided that Martin had the " right feel " for the lead role . Duchovny later noted that he had little involvement with the casting process since a majority of the characters in the episode were recurring . Originally , Darren McGavin was set to reprise his role as Arthur Dales ; the character had previously appeared in the episodes " Travelers " and " Agua Mala " . Two days after filming began , McGavin suffered a stroke , forcing Duchovny and the producers to remove from the episode the few scenes he had shot , rewrite the script to explain his absence , and replace his character with M. Emmet Walsh . Because many of the scenes featuring a younger Dales had already been shot , Duchovny was forced to give Walsh 's character the same name as McGavin 's character ; this was justified in the episode as a quirk on behalf of the two brothers ' parents . The two scenes that were filmed with McGavin included the sequence in which Mulder asks Dales whether all great baseball players are aliens , and a scene in which Mulder asks Dales why he joined the FBI . McGavin , who eventually recovered , later allowed the scenes to be included on the sixth season DVD as bonus features . Executive producer Frank Spotnitz later called it a " great sorrow that " the show had to replace Darren McGavin because the series ' producers were " huge fans " of his role in the 1972 film The Night Stalker and television series of the same name . Actor Frederic Lane had previously appeared in " Travelers , " playing the younger version of McGavin 's character . Since McGavin was written out of the episode , Lane played the younger version of Walsh 's character . Los Angeles Dodgers radio announcer Vin Scully , whose name was the original inspiration for Dana Scully 's name , played the baseball announcer in this episode . The announcer was initially unable to appear owing to budgetary issues , but later agreed to record his part for free . Daniel Duchovny , David 's brother , appeared in this episode in a minor role as a bench jockey . = = = Filming and post @-@ production = = = " The Unnatural " was the first entry of the series to be directed by Duchovny . While Duchovny was working on plot points with Carter , the two agreed that the episode would serve as Duchovny 's directorial debut . As the episode did not heavily feature his character , since it is framed as a flashback , Duchovny was able to focus on pre @-@ production . This narratological method also gave Anderson a minor respite from her work . While Duchovny later expressed gratitude that " The Unnatural " enabled him to get a feel for directing , he also experienced severe anxiety during the production process because of the stress of both writing and directing . However , when the episode was finished , Duchovny was pleased , calling the results " great . " He later noted that his stress was largely uncalled for because the episode would have been made even " if [ he ] just showed up and drooled for 24 hours a day . " The first five seasons of the series were mainly filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , but production of the show 's sixth season was based in Los Angeles , California . Jay Littleton Ballfield , an all @-@ wood stadium located in Ontario , California , was used as the setting for the Roswell Baseball Stadium . The show 's producers advertised in local newspapers and on local radio for fans to attend the game dressed in 1940s clothing . During filming , a raffle was held between takes , and signed copies of the The X @-@ Files movie , soundtrack , and film poster were given away . The scene featuring Mulder teaching Scully how to play baseball was filmed at Cheviot Hills Park in Los Angeles . The park was later used in the eighth season episode " Three Words " and the ninth season episode " Lord of the Flies " . Costume designer Christine Peters crafted the episode 's baseball uniforms after visiting Sports Robe , a Hollywood costume house . Dena Green from the hair department gave extras haircuts so that they would be in the style of the 1940s . Car coordinator Kelly Padovich rented two 1947 model Flexible buses for the Roswell Greys on @-@ bus scenes , as well as various other 1930s- and 1940s @-@ era cars . Researcher Lee Smith worked with the Baseball Hall of Fame to ensure the accuracy of the statistics used in the episode . The props department developed from scratch the Peter Rosebud Bank that Dales shows Mulder ; it was one of the most expensive props of the season . The score by Mark Snow , the show 's composer , was recorded with musicians rather than synthesizers for the first time in the series ' history ; slide guitar player Nick Kirgo and harmonica performer Tommy Morgan assisted Snow with the music . = = Themes = = Near the beginning of the episode , Mulder uses one of William Blake 's " Proverbs of Hell " from his 18th century book The Marriage of Heaven and Hell in an argument with Scully : " The road to excess leads to the palace of wisdom . " Sharon R. Yang , in her essay " Weaving and Unweaving the Story , " writes that Mulder is using affluent literature to " justify his passionate dedication to questing for knowledge in arcane areas scorned by mainstream intellectual authority " . In addition , Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , argue that the episode functions as a fairy tale , and that its conclusion is an example of a happy ending ; Exley bleeds red blood as he lays dying , granting the alien his wish to become human . In addition , the two mused that the meta nature of the episode is similar to the way fans of the series reacted to new episodes of The X @-@ Files . Ideas of racism and segregation also permeate the episode . Sara Gwenllian @-@ Jones in her book Cult Television argues that , throughout the entry , " the blacks are equated with aliens , " turning them into a certain type of " other " that is " never allowed to fit in or feel safe " . Gwenllian @-@ Jones highlights the scene in which Dales , late one night on the team bus , wakes to see Exley 's sleeping body being reflected as an alien in a window as an example of the racial comparison . She points out that , despite coming to Earth , Exley has moved from one segregated society — that of the aliens — into another . She points out that Exley , after revealing his true form to Dales , says that " my people guard their privacy zealously . They don 't want our people to intermingle with your people " . This quote expresses a similar sentiment to the segregated mentality of the 1940s . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " The Unnatural " originally aired in the United States on the Fox network on April 25 , 1999 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on Sky 1 on July 4 , 1999 . In the U.S. , the episode was watched by 16 @.@ 88 million viewers , and ranked as the 17th most @-@ watched episode of any series on network TV for the week ending April 25 . It earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 1 , with a 15 share . Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the U.S. This means that roughly 10 @.@ 1 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 15 percent of households watching television , were watching the episode . In the U.K. , " The Unnatural " was seen by 870 @,@ 000 viewers , making it the channel 's second @-@ most watched program for that week after an episode of The Simpsons . On November 5 , 2002 , the episode was released on DVD as part of the complete sixth season . = = = Reviews = = = The cast and crew of the show were complimentary towards the finished episode . Carter said , " I think that David , a person who has a very intimate understanding of the show , made the best of his opportunity to tell a very different kind of X @-@ File , and expand the elastic show that it is . " Anderson was also pleased , saying , " I was proud of David for writing the script . I thought it was wonderful . He was kind and gentle and respectful and humble , and always tried to do his best . " Initial reviews were positive . Eric Mink from the New York Daily News , in a pre @-@ premiere review , said that it " ingeniously grafts classic X @-@ Files story elements and wry , self @-@ mocking wit onto a delightfully fresh premise " . The Lexington Herald @-@ Leader 's review mostly positive , complimenting the clever writing and noting that the " show was full of visual delights " . Sarah Stegall awarded the episode five points out of five , praising Duchovny 's analysis of " bigotry from two angles " and his ability to tie the " ongoing X @-@ Files conspiracy arc ... into a comic tragedy like this " . Stegall also called Duchovny 's direction " innovative and interesting " , and applauded a transition scene , in which the camera apparently moves through a television screen , as " a wonderful visual metaphor for The X @-@ Files itself " . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely positive review , awarding it four stars out of four . Vitaris was complimentary towards the episode 's exposition , and wrote , " above all , ' The Unnatural ' is about the power of storytelling . We don 't really know if Dales ' story is true or if it 's the liquor @-@ fueled ramblings of a broken @-@ down man , but in the end , this is irrelevant . " Melissa Runstrom from Michigan Daily called it a " charming independent story , " but that it " seems to say more about the human condition than about any extraterrestrial plot " . Tom Kessenich , in his book Examinations : An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6 – 9 of the X @-@ Files wrote , " In his entertaining debut as an X @-@ Files writer / director , Duchovny took us down a very familiar path this season : [ humor ] . But unlike some previous navigators , Duchovny stayed on course , made sure we saw all of the spectacular landmarks along the way and , when we reached our final destination , I found I thoroughly enjoyed the ride . " Recent reviews have also applauded the episode . Shearman and Pearson rated the episode five stars out of five , describing it as " [ a ] delightful ... comic fable " . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an " A – " and wrote that it " works because it takes this very silly idea and proceeds to take it seriously . " He criticized the program for its " corniness " and its reliance on the " magical black guy " stereotype , but concluded that " The Unnatural " was successful " because it embraces this side of the show ’ s profile [ that ] could do something sweet and lovely and moving " . VanDerWerff also complimented Martin 's performance , calling his acting " terrific " . Cynthia Fuchs from PopMatters wrote that Duchovny 's directing debut was excellent . Since its debut , the episode has been ranked as one of the best episodes of The X @-@ Files . Kessenich named it one of the " Top 25 Episode of All Time " of The X @-@ Files , ranking it at number six . The Vancouver Sun listed " The Unnatural " on their list of the best standalone episodes of the show , and said that the story was heartbreaking . In addition , the scene featuring Mulder teaching Scully to play baseball was well received by critics . Shearman and Pearson wrote that it " is especially delightful , and gives this sentimental episode an extra warm glow . " Jean Helms of The Mobile Register named it one of the " Top 10 X @-@ Files Clips We 'd Like to See in the Official Video of Bree Sharp 's ' David Duchovny ' " . Vitaris called the scene " one of the most charming finales in an X @-@ Files episode " due to its " utterly endearing " qualities and its " unspoken subtext " .
= Wet Hot Demonic Summer = " Wet Hot Demonic Summer " is the second season premiere of the American animated television series Ugly Americans , and the fifteenth overall episode of the series . It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 30 , 2011 . In the episode , Leonard Powers is about to retire as the Wizard of Social Services and give the job to his apprentice , Lionel , whom he abandoned fifty years prior . Meanwhile , Twayne Boneraper and Callie Maggotbone must infiltrate the compound where the wizards hold the initiation ritual , but their complicated strategy involves building a summer camp with Mark Lilly as the head counselor . The episode was written by Daniel Powell and directed by Aaron Augenblick . Powell was inspired to write the episode after reading a critic 's review of the series ; the critic referred to Leonard as having " omnipotence " , which spurred an idea involving the character having to take responsibility . " Wet Hot Demonic Summer " parodies the Harry Potter series , particularly the character design of Lionel . The Harry Potter elements were planned nine months in advance to coincide with the release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 , which premiered two weeks after the episode aired . " Wet Hot Demonic Summer " received generally positive reviews from television critics ; several commentators praised its cultural references and claimed that it showed similar quality to that of the series ' first season . According to Nielsen Media Research , " Wet Hot Demonic Summer " was watched by 1 @.@ 14 million viewers in its original airing and attracted less viewers than the series ' pilot episode . = = Plot = = Leonard Powers , the Wizard of Social Services , is about to retire and takes his apprentice to Mount Magic to complete the initiation ceremony . For a wizard to retire , they must hatch their apprentice from an egg and train them for fifty years . However , Leonard abandoned his apprentice , the Harry Potter @-@ like Lionel , in Chinatown and did not contact him until the ceremony . Later , it is revealed that to become a wizard , the apprentices must be circumcised . Meanwhile , the demons — the wizard 's enemies — are ready to attack Mount Magic , but a force field is keeping them out . Since Leonard still needs to sign his retirement forms , demons Twayne Boneraper and Callie Maggotbone decide to use Mark Lilly to lead them to Leonard . To get Mark to come along , they elect him as the camp leader for a summer camp ( originally a mining camp ) that they build nearby . Mark brings his students from the Department of Integration to the camp , and the devil , Aldermach , brings several demons to act like the camp 's visitors . The department 's police officer , Frank Grimes , also comes along , but runs away to live with bears as he thinks the camp is infested by vermin . Mark 's students and his roommate , the zombie Randall , begin to mine in an old silver mine . However , they get trapped inside , but Doug the koala begins to dig them out . At Mount Magic , Lionel is upset because Leonard abandoned him , and goes outside to the balcony , where he spots Callie swimming in the lake while wearing a bikini , and he declares that " she will be mine " . Mark arrives at the lake and sees Leonard from the balcony and tells him that he forgot to sign his retirement forms . Leonard explains how to come to the secret entrance to Mark , which the demons hear . Later , Mark meets Leonard and Lionel at the entrance , where he signs his forms and is ready to retire . Moments later , when initiation ceremony begins at Mount Magic , the demons invade the compound and a battle between wizards and demons commences , while Lionel runs away to be with Callie , who , being the camp 's " sexy counselor " , has sex with him before Mark interrupts . Grimes arrives with his army of bears and soon thereafter , Doug arrives in a hole that he dug ; the hole collapses the floor and all the demons and bears are consumed by it . As the battle ends , the sun goes down and it is too late for Lionel to be circumcised and take over as the Wizard of Social Services , so Leonard continues to work and begins to raise a new egg . = = Production = = " Wet Hot Demonic Summer " was written by Daniel Powell and directed by Aaron Augenblick . Series creator Devin Clark said that they planned on giving it a summer theme since they knew it would air in the summer . Clark further elaborated on the decision to incorporate summer and Harry Potter themes into the episode , stating : " We went , ' alright , those are two little nuggets of ideas we can incorporate into that . ' We can 't be as relevant to pop culture as some other shows , but it just means we have a little more of a challenge of making jokes that are a little more evergreen and poking fun of the genre in a much broader spectrum . " Screenwriter Powell explained that it is difficult for the series to do " topical stuff " as it takes up to nine months to complete an episode , but they were aware of the fact that the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 would premiere shortly after the episode was set to air . " So it would seem like we were hyper @-@ topical , even though we had a good nine months advance notice " , he said . Powell said that they included famous wizards from many other sources , including The Lord of the Rings and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . In an interview with Charles Webb of MTV , Clark elaborated : " We make it a hodgepodge of the wizard references and obviously the main one is , and the most prominent one and the one that 's most relevant to pop culture is the Harry Potter spoof that we 've thrown in there . The episode explores Leonard 's background and that he is " essentially a deadbeat dad " . In an interview with Matt Barone of the magazine Complex , Powell revealed that he was inspired to write the episode after reading a critic 's review which referred to Leonard as " basically [ having ] omnipotence " as he is able to conjure any magic he wants , but is too lazy to take advantage of his powers . The review spurred an idea for an episode where Leonard would be responsible for dealing with a kid . Powell called the episode 's mythology " very bizarre and surreal " , but said that they tried to keep the core themes relatable , such as Leonard 's relationship with his estranged son . The same day as the episode 's original broadcast , a deleted scene from " Wet Hot Demonic Summer " was made available on the official Ugly Americans website . In the half @-@ minute clip , Grimes is shown settling into living his life as a bear . = = Reception = = The episode originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 30 , 2011 , following the Futurama episode " Ghost in the Machines " . According to Nielsen Media Research , " Wet Hot Demonic Summer " was watched by 1 @.@ 14 million viewers , compared to the 1 @.@ 92 million who watched Futurama . The episode also acquired a 0 @.@ 5 rating among viewers between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that 0 @.@ 5 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds viewed the episode . It dropped in viewership compared to the series ' pilot episode , which attracted 2 @.@ 10 million viewers and acquired a 1 @.@ 1 rating . " Wet Demonic Summer " also marked a drop in ratings compared to the first season finale , " The Manbirds " , which received a 0 @.@ 7 rating . " Wet Hot Demonic Summer " received generally positive reviews from critics . David Hinckley of New York Daily News rated it four out of five stars and commented that although it may not make sense to some viewers , it is " equally possible they will keep watching anyway because the jokes work so well all by themselves " . Hinckley went on to remark that " Ugly Americans packs a lot into 21 or 22 minutes . Happily , its often droll and deadpan style makes it easy to watch even if some of the references are whizzing by unappreciated " . RedEye critic Curt Wagner rated it three stars out of four and wrote that that it includes " visual pizzazz " , cultural references and " so @-@ fast @-@ you 'll @-@ miss @-@ them jokes " that it might require multiple viewings . Wagner , however , meant that this was a rather positive feature , writing : " For example , you might be laughing so hard at what just happened that you miss a fun line ... " Lastly , Wagner observed that " Ugly Americans can be gross and bizarre , but everything makes sense in the world that it has created " . Josh Harrison of Ology deemed the episode a " good sign " that the second season will be " just as good , if not better " than the first season . He said , " The way it all works together in this episode ... is subtle and surprising but nevertheless convincing evidence that there 's method to the madness . Ugly Americans knows when to play this card ; at all other junctures , it 's got the right instinct when it shows us yet more madness . " Harrison praised the battle scene between the wizards and the demons , calling it " one of the best single sequences in the series so far " . In contrast , The Standard @-@ Times critic Kevin McDonough was more critical regarding the episode , noting that it " tries a tad too hard " . McDonough commented : " The efforts to meld 1980s summer @-@ camp fantasy comedies with the Harry Potter movies are more odd than amusing . Then again , that pretty much sums up Ugly Americans itself . "
= The Invisible Hand ( The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man ) = " The Invisible Hand " is the sixth episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man , which is based on the comic book character Spider @-@ Man created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko . The episode follows Spider @-@ Man as he faces the Rhino , who has an indestructible rhino @-@ like suit and super strength . In his personal life , as his alter ego Peter Parker , Spider @-@ Man tries to ask out Daily Bugle worker Betty Brant to the upcoming fall formal at his high school . " The Invisible Hand " was written by Matt Wayne and directed by Dave Bullock . Wayne had written one other episode for The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man before , and Bullock had directed the direct @-@ to @-@ video superhero film Justice League : The New Frontier . Clancy Brown voiced Rhino for the episode and was cast because the creators felt he could gracefully transition between the character 's personalities . It originally aired on April 12 , 2008 , on the Kids WB ! block for the CW Network and received generally positive reviews from television critics . = = Plot summary = = Dr. Otto Octavius is preparing to attach an exoskeleton onto Alex O 'Hirn 's body , modeled after that of a rhinoceros . Though Octavius is wary about going through with the experiment , Hammerhead forces him to activate it . O 'Hirn 's body is surgically attached to the suit and is given immeasurable strength . Meanwhile , Peter Parker is at the Daily Bugle trying to ask out Betty Brant to his school 's fall formal , despite their four @-@ year age difference ; she finally agrees to consider it and Peter hurries homeward , exhilarated , until he realizes he will need money for the date . He tells his best friend Harry about his plans at school the next day . Peter then receives a text message that his Aunt May is having lunch with Betty at the Bugle . Flash Thompson then gives Peter a noogie just before Peter runs off . O 'Hirn dubs himself the " Rhino " and storms through the Bugle main office , where Aunt May and Betty are having lunch , and demands that J. Jonah Jameson tells him where Peter is , as he knows Peter photographs Spider @-@ Man . Jameson spots Peter hiding after just arriving and lies to Rhino about not knowing where he is . Peter sneaks off and dons his Spider @-@ Man costume , then engages Rhino in a fight . He wonders what the " Big Man " has been up to with all the supervillains , like Rhino , he has been organizing . Spider @-@ Man has a large scale brawl through the city and soon realizes that Rhino needs to be constantly hydrated in order to fight . He lures him into a steam tunnel and breaks all the pipes , dehydrating Rhino into unconsciousness . As he passes out , Rhino accidentally mentions that " Big Man " is really a man named Mr. Lincoln . Peter goes back to the Bugle and claims to have been hiding the whole time . Betty pulls him aside and tells him that she is simply too old to date him and is sorry ; Peter , still downtrodden , remembers what the Rhino said and asks a reporter if he knows about anyone by that name . The reporter tells him about L. Thompson Lincoln , a philanthropist who is rumored to be a dangerous crime lord . That night Peter goes to Lincoln 's office as Spider @-@ Man to find out if the rumors are true . Lincoln prefers to be called " Tombstone " and wields incredible strength ; he pins him down and suggests that he work for him , fighting crime like usual but turning his head when it comes to his crimes . Spider @-@ Man refuses to do so and runs off . When Peter gets home , he is depressed . Aunt May insists that he gets dressed for the formal and explains that she has arranged for him to go with Mary Jane Watson . Peter thinks that she will turn out to be a plain girl due to the descriptions Aunt May has given him , but when she arrives he learns that she is an attractive girl and is flabbergasted . = = Production = = " The Invisible Hand " was written by Matt Wayne . Wayne had previously written the episode " Natural Selection " and went on to write " Persona " . Dave Bullock , who directed the animated feature film Justice League : The New Frontier , directed the episode . The title of the episode follows the " Education of Peter Parker " scheme Greg Weisman , a developer and producer for The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man , created . The naming scheme for the second story arc of season one refers to economics . There was a scene cut from the episode after it was written , recorded , and storyboarded . The scene featured Rhino looking in a phone book for individuals named " Peter Parker " in the tri @-@ state area . He storms into a " Peter James Parker " ( Kevin Michael Richardson ) , a blind , elderly African @-@ American bassoon player , accusing him of being the Peter Parker he is looking for . The man is outraged and asks him , " Do I look like I 'm a photographer ? " Rhino himself is furious as there are several Peter Parkers in the tri @-@ state area . Weisman was upset that it was removed and called it " just hilarious " . Weisman and casting director Jamie Thomason each easily picked out Clancy Brown for the role of Rhino . Weisman explains , " We knew Rhino would require a voice with strength and menace , but Rhino also isn 't the brightest bulb on the marquee , so we knew whoever we cast would also have to have the acting chops and comic timing to take the character beyond the usual dumb goon . " They each had worked with Brown previously and knew he would be able to " nail it " , as he is able to give a " tough , low voice " and " turn on a dime between dangerous and comedic characterizations . " Brown sought to reflect the Rhino 's simplistic thinking style in his voice . He believes " the quintessential ' thug ' was played by William Bendix in The Glass Key . The simpler the character , the simpler the thought process . That means Rhino 's ' motivation ' is never too complicated [ ... ] he 's very elemental . He 's mad or happy or angry or sad or hungry or whatever . And it never gets beyond his appetites or ego . " Brown considers that Bendix 's performance perfectly portrayed this type of character . = = Release and reception = = " The Invisible Hand " was originally broadcast on April 12 , 2008 , on the Kids WB ! block for the CW Network . A two @-@ week hiatus of The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man followed the airing . It is available on the DVDs The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man : Volume I , where it is paired with " Market Forces " and " Competition " , and The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man Animated Series : The Complete First Season . The episode received generally positive reviews from television critics . Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 0 / 10 , ( " Impressive " ) writing , " For an episode that began ho @-@ hum , things certainly got interesting in the last half , with two surprise introductions . " Goldman praised the fight sequences as well as the unveiling of Tombstone and Mary Jane . Goldman concluded his review by writing , " It 's a testament to this show that it has it exactly right that Peter Parker 's everyday , unmasked persona is so integral to the story , and that I actually am very curious how this dance goes . " Sean Elliot of iF Magazine gave the episode a " B + " and wrote that it was a " well @-@ thought out premise " . Elliot was " pleased " with the portrayal of Rhino as an unintelligent brute ; he also enjoyed the change of the " Big Man 's " identity from that of the comics - where he was a Bugle reporter named Frederic Foswell - and found it humorous to have Foswell be the reporter to tell Peter who the " Big Man " is rumored to be . Ultimate Disney reviewer Luke Bonanno did not include the episode among his top five episodes of The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man 's first season , but " feel [ s ] obligated to point out that the uniform excellence of the lot [ makes ] this a challenging task . "
= Hafnium = Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 . A lustrous , silvery gray , tetravalent transition metal , hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals . Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 , though it was not identified until 1923 , making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered ( rhenium was identified two years later ) . Hafnium is named after Hafnia , the Latin name for Copenhagen , where it was discovered . Hafnium is used in filaments and electrodes . Some semiconductor fabrication processes use its oxide for integrated circuits at 45 nm and smaller feature lengths . Some superalloys used for special applications contain hafnium in combination with niobium , titanium , or tungsten . Hafnium 's large neutron capture cross @-@ section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants , but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron @-@ transparent corrosion @-@ resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors . = = Characteristics = = = = = Physical characteristics = = = Hafnium is a shiny , silvery , ductile metal that is corrosion @-@ resistant and chemically similar to zirconium ( due to not only to its having the same number of valence electrons and being in the same group , but also to relativistic effects ) . The physical properties of hafnium metal samples are markedly affected by zirconium impurities , especially the nuclear properties , as these two elements are among the most difficult to separate because of their chemical similarity . A notable physical difference between these metals is their density , with zirconium having about one @-@ half the density of hafnium . The most notable nuclear properties of hafnium are its high thermal neutron @-@ capture cross @-@ section and that the nuclei of several different hafnium isotopes readily absorb two or more neutrons apiece . In contrast with this , zirconium is practically transparent to thermal neutrons , and it is commonly used for the metal components of nuclear reactors – especially the cladding of their nuclear fuel rods . = = = Chemical characteristics = = = Hafnium reacts in air to form a protective film that inhibits further corrosion . The metal is not readily attacked by acids but can be oxidized with halogens or it can be burnt in air . Like its sister metal zirconium , finely divided hafnium can ignite spontaneously in air , producing an effect similar to that obtained in Dragon 's Breath . The metal is resistant to concentrated alkalis . The chemistry of hafnium and zirconium is so similar that the two cannot be separated on the basis of differing chemical reactions . The melting points and boiling points of the compounds and the solubility in solvents are the major differences in the chemistry of these twin elements . = = = Isotopes = = = At least 34 isotopes of hafnium have been observed , ranging in mass number from 153 to 186 . The five stable isotopes are in the range of 176 to 180 . The radioactive isotopes ' half @-@ lives range from only 400 ms for 153Hf , to 2 @.@ 0 petayears ( 1015 years ) for the most stable one , 174Hf . The nuclear isomer 178m2Hf was at the center of a controversy for several years regarding its potential use as a weapon . = = = Occurrence = = = Hafnium is estimated to make up about 5 @.@ 8 ppm of the Earth 's upper crust by mass . It does not exist as a free element in nature , but is found combined in solid solution with zirconium in natural zirconium compounds such as zircon , ZrSiO4 , which usually has about 1 – 4 % of the Zr replaced by Hf . Rarely , the Hf / Zr ratio increases during crystallization to give the isostructural mineral " hafnon " ( Hf , Zr ) SiO4 , with atomic Hf > Zr . An old ( obsolete ) name for a variety of zircon containing unusually high Hf content is alvite . A major source of zircon ( and hence hafnium ) ores is heavy mineral sands ore deposits , pegmatites , particularly in Brazil and Malawi , and carbonatite intrusions , particularly the Crown Polymetallic Deposit at Mount Weld , Western Australia . A potential source of hafnium is trachyte tuffs containing rare zircon @-@ hafnium silicates eudialyte or armstrongite , at Dubbo in New South Wales , Australia . Hafnium reserves have been infamously estimated to last under 10 years by one source if the world population increases and demand grows . In reality , since hafnium occurs with zirconium , hafnium can always be a byproduct of zirconium extraction to the extent that the low demand requires . = = Production = = The heavy mineral sands ore deposits of the titanium ores ilmenite and rutile yield most of the mined zirconium , and therefore also most of the hafnium . Zirconium is a good nuclear fuel @-@ rod cladding metal , with the desirable properties of a very low neutron capture cross @-@ section and good chemical stability at high temperatures . However , because of hafnium 's neutron @-@ absorbing properties , hafnium impurities in zirconium would cause it to be far less useful for nuclear @-@ reactor applications . Thus , a nearly complete separation of zirconium and hafnium is necessary for their use in nuclear power . The production of hafnium @-@ free zirconium is the main source for hafnium . The chemical properties of hafnium and zirconium are nearly identical , which makes the two difficult to separate . The methods first used — fractional crystallization of ammonium fluoride salts or the fractionated distillation of the chloride — have not proven suitable for an industrial @-@ scale production . After zirconium was chosen as material for nuclear reactor programs in the 1940s , a separation method had to be developed . Liquid @-@ liquid extraction processes with a wide variety of solvents were developed and are still used for the production of hafnium . About half of all hafnium metal manufactured is produced as a by @-@ product of zirconium refinement . The end product of the separation is hafnium ( IV ) chloride . The purified hafnium ( IV ) chloride is converted to the metal by reduction with magnesium or sodium , as in the Kroll process . HfCl4 + 2 Mg ( 1100 ° C ) → 2 MgCl2 + Hf Further purification is effected by a chemical transport reaction developed by Arkel and de Boer : In a closed vessel , hafnium reacts with iodine at temperatures of 500 ° C , forming hafnium ( IV ) iodide ; at a tungsten filament of 1700 ° C the reverse reaction happens , and the iodine and hafnium are set free . The hafnium forms a solid coating at the tungsten filament , and the iodine can react with additional hafnium , resulting in a steady turn over . Hf + 2 I2 ( 500 ° C ) → HfI4 HfI4 ( 1700 ° C ) → Hf + 2 I2 = = Chemical compounds = = Hafnium and zirconium form nearly identical series of chemical compounds . Hafnium tends to form inorganic compounds in the oxidation state of + 4 . Halogens react with it to form hafnium tetrahalides . At higher temperatures , hafnium reacts with oxygen , nitrogen , carbon , boron , sulfur , and silicon . Due to the lanthanide contraction of the elements in the sixth period , zirconium and hafnium have nearly identical ionic radii . The ionic radius of Zr4 + is 0 @.@ 79 angstrom and that of Hf4 + is 0 @.@ 78 angstrom . Hafnium ( IV ) chloride and hafnium ( IV ) iodide have some applications in the production and purification of hafnium metal . They are volatile solids with polymeric structures . These tetrachlorides are precursors to various organohafnium compounds such as hafnocene dichloride and tetrabenzylhafnium . The white hafnium oxide ( HfO2 ) , with a melting point of 2812 ° C and a boiling point of roughly 5100 ° C , is very similar to zirconia , but slightly more basic . Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary compound known , with a melting point over 3890 ° C , and hafnium nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides , with a melting point of 3310 ° C. This has led to proposals that hafnium or its carbides might be useful as construction materials that are subjected to very high temperatures . The mixed carbide tantalum hafnium carbide ( Ta 4HfC 5 ) possesses the highest melting point of any currently known compound , 4215 ° C. Recent supercomputer simulations suggest a hafnium alloy with a melting point of 4400 K. = = History = = In his report on The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements , in 1869 , Dmitri Mendeleev had implicitly predicted the existence of a heavier analog of titanium and zirconium . At the time of his formulation in 1871 , Mendeleev believed that the elements were ordered by their atomic masses and placed lanthanum ( element 57 ) in the spot below zirconium . The exact placement of the elements and the location of missing elements was done by determining the specific weight of the elements and comparing the chemical and physical properties . The X @-@ ray spectroscopy done by Henry Moseley in 1914 showed a direct dependency between spectral line and effective nuclear charge . This led to the nuclear charge , or atomic number of an element , being used to ascertain its place within the periodic table . With this method , Moseley determined the number of lanthanides and showed the gaps in the atomic number sequence at numbers 43 , 61 , 72 , and 75 . The discovery of the gaps led to an extensive search for the missing elements . In 1914 , several people claimed the discovery after Henry Moseley predicted the gap in the periodic table for the then @-@ undiscovered element 72 . Georges Urbain asserted that he found element 72 in the rare earth elements in 1907 and published his results on celtium in 1911 . Neither the spectra nor the chemical behavior matched with the element found later , and therefore his claim was turned down after a long @-@ standing controversy . The controversy was partly because the chemists favored the chemical techniques which led to the discovery of celtium , while the physicists relied on the use of the new X @-@ ray spectroscopy method that proved that the substances discovered by Urbain did not contain element 72 . By early 1923 , several physicists and chemists such as Niels Bohr and Charles R. Bury suggested that element 72 should resemble zirconium and therefore was not part of the rare earth elements group . These suggestions were based on Bohr 's theories of the atom , the X @-@ ray spectroscopy of Mosley , and the chemical arguments of Friedrich Paneth . Encouraged by these suggestions and by the reappearance in 1922 of Urbain 's claims that element 72 was a rare earth element discovered in 1911 , Dirk Coster and Georg von Hevesy were motivated to search for the new element in zirconium ores . Hafnium was discovered by the two in 1923 in Copenhagen , Denmark , validating the original 1869 prediction of Mendeleev . It was ultimately found in zircon in Norway through X @-@ ray spectroscopy analysis . The place where the discovery took place led to the element being named for the Latin name for " Copenhagen " , Hafnia , the home town of Niels Bohr . Today , the Faculty of Science of the University of Copenhagen uses in its seal a stylized image of the hafnium atom . Hafnium was separated from zirconium through repeated recrystallization of the double ammonium or potassium fluorides by Valdemar Thal Jantzen and von Hevesey . Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer were the first to prepare metallic hafnium by passing hafnium tetraiodide vapor over a heated tungsten filament in 1924 . This process for differential purification of zirconium and hafnium is still in use today . In 1923 , four predicted elements were still missing from the periodic table : 43 ( technetium ) and 61 ( promethium ) are radioactive elements and are only present in trace amounts in the environment , thus making elements 75 ( rhenium ) and 72 ( hafnium ) the last two unknown non @-@ radioactive elements . Since rhenium was discovered in 1925 , hafnium was the next @-@ to @-@ last element with stable isotopes to be discovered . = = Applications = = Several details contribute to the fact that there are only a few technical uses for hafnium : First , the close similarity between hafnium and zirconium makes it possible to use zirconium for most of the applications ; second , hafnium was first available as pure metal after the use in the nuclear industry for hafnium @-@ free zirconium in the late 1950s . Furthermore , the low abundance and difficult separation techniques necessary make it a scarce commodity . Most of the hafnium produced is used in the production of control rods for nuclear reactors . = = = Nuclear reactors = = = The nuclei of several hafnium isotopes can each absorb multiple neutrons . This makes hafnium a good material for use in the control rods for nuclear reactors . Its neutron @-@ capture cross @-@ section is about 600 times that of zirconium . ( Other elements that are good neutron @-@ absorbers for control rods are cadmium and boron . ) Excellent mechanical properties and exceptional corrosion @-@ resistance properties allow its use in the harsh environment of pressurized water reactors . The German research reactor FRM II uses hafnium as a neutron absorber . It is also common in military reactors , particularity in US naval reactors , but seldom found in civilian ones , the first core of the Shippingport Atomic Power Station ( a conversion of a naval reactor ) being a notable exception . = = = Alloys = = = Hafnium is used in alloys with iron , titanium , niobium , tantalum , and other metals . An alloy used for liquid rocket thruster nozzles , for example the main engine of the Apollo Lunar Modules , is C103 which consists of 89 % niobium , 10 % hafnium and 1 % titanium . Small additions of hafnium increase the adherence of protective oxide scales on nickel @-@ based alloys . It improves thereby the corrosion resistance especially under cyclic temperature conditions that tend to break oxide scales by inducing thermal stresses between the bulk material and the oxide layer . = = = Microprocessors = = = Hafnium @-@ based compounds are employed in gate insulators in the 45 nm generation of integrated circuits from Intel , IBM and others . Hafnium oxide @-@ based compounds are practical high @-@ k dielectrics , allowing reduction of the gate leakage current which improves performance at such scales . = = = Isotope geochemistry = = = Isotopes of hafnium and lutetium ( along with ytterbium ) are also utilized in isotope geochemistry and geochronological applications . It is often used as a tracer of isotopic evolution of Earth ’ s mantle through time . This is because 176Lu decays to 176Hf with a half @-@ life of approximately 37 billion years . In most geologic materials , zircon is the dominant host of hafnium ( > 10 @,@ 000 ppm ) and is often the focus of hafnium studies in geology . Hafnium is readily substituted into the zircon crystal lattice , and is therefore very resistant to hafnium mobility and contamination . Zircon also has an extremely low Lu / Hf ratio , making any correction for initial lutetium minimal . Although the Lu / Hf system can be used to calculate a " model age " , i.e. the time at which it was derived from a given isotopic reservoir such as the depleted mantle , these " ages " do not carry the same geologic significance as do other geochronological techniques as the results often yield isotopic mixtures and thus provide an average age of the material from which it was derived . Garnet is another mineral that contains appreciable amounts of hafnium to act as a geochronometer . Given the high and variable Lu / Hf ratios found in garnet make it useful for dating metamorphic events . = = = Other uses = = = Due to its heat resistance and its affinity to oxygen and nitrogen , hafnium is a good scavenger for oxygen and nitrogen in gas @-@ filled and incandescent lamps . Hafnium is also used as the electrode in plasma cutting because of its ability to shed electrons into air . The high energy content of 178m2Hf was the concern of a DARPA @-@ funded program in the US . This program determined that the possibility of using a nuclear isomer of hafnium ( the above @-@ mentioned 178m2Hf ) to construct high @-@ yield weapons with X @-@ ray triggering mechanisms — an application of induced gamma emission — was infeasible because of its expense . See Hafnium controversy . = = Precautions = = Care needs to be taken when machining hafnium because it is pyrophoric — fine particles can spontaneously combust when exposed to air . Compounds that contain this metal are rarely encountered by most people . The pure metal is not considered toxic , but hafnium compounds should be handled as if they were toxic because the ionic forms of metals are normally at greatest risk for toxicity , and limited animal testing has been done for hafnium compounds . People can be exposed to hafnium in the workplace by breathing it in , swallowing it , skin contact , and eye contact . The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the legal limit ( Permissible exposure limit ) for exposure to hafnium and hafnium compounds in the workplace as TWA 0 @.@ 5 mg / m3 over an 8 @-@ hour workday . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set the same recommended exposure limit ( REL ) . At levels of 50 mg / m3 , hafnium is immediately dangerous to life and health .
= Tropical Storm Beryl ( 2006 ) = Tropical Storm Beryl was the third tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season . Developing from a tropical disturbance on July 18 , it tracked generally northward , and strengthened to attain peak winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) under generally favorable conditions . After turning to the northeast , Beryl weakened over cooler waters . On July 21 it struck the island of Nantucket , and shortly thereafter it became extratropical . The extratropical remnants continued northeastward through Nova Scotia , and on July 22 it merged with an approaching cold front . Beryl produced rough seas along the northeast United States coastline . In Massachusetts , its impact was limited to light rainfall and gusty winds , with no reported damage . Beryl later produced moderate rainfall and gusty winds across Atlantic Canada , resulting in some localized power outages though little damage . No deaths were reported . = = Meteorological history = = A cold front moved off the East Coast of the United States on July 16 and stalled off the coast of North Carolina . It gradually decayed into a surface low pressure trough , and developed into two disturbances ; one was centered 290 miles ( 490 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Cod and another was located 200 miles ( 320 km ) south of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . The first low quickly organized into an unnamed tropical storm , and the other area initially remained broad and ill @-@ defined . However , by July 18 , the system became much better organized with improved banding features , and the area developed into Tropical Depression Two while located 220 miles ( 355 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cape Hatteras . The depression moved slowly to the north @-@ northwest through a break in the subtropical ridge , and as convective banding features became more prominent the system intensified into Tropical Storm Beryl . Throughout much of its duration , the storm tracked through an environment with light vertical wind shear and well @-@ established upper @-@ level outflow . Shortly after becoming a tropical storm , the low @-@ level circulation of Beryl became exposed with limited deep convection , though deep convection re @-@ developed the following morning . Outflow continued to improve , and with warm sea surface temperatures Beryl gradually intensified to attain peak winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) early on July 20 while located about 120 miles ( 190 km ) east of Nags Head , North Carolina . Beryl maintained peak winds for about 18 hours as it paralleled the Mid @-@ Atlantic and New Jersey coasts , during which an eye @-@ like feature developed in the center of the convection . Late on July 20 , it began a slow weakening trend after passing over cooler waters . Steering winds ahead of an approaching mid @-@ level trough caused Beryl to accelerate northeastward , and early on July 21 the center of the storm crossed the island of Nantucket . The convection diminished as it moved through progressively colder waters , and shortly after 1200 UTC on July 21 Beryl became an extratropical cyclone a short distance east of Cape Cod . Hours later , it made landfall in southwestern Nova Scotia , and on July 22 the extratropical remnants of Beryl merged with an approaching cold front over Newfoundland . = = Preparations = = Forecasters initially predicted Beryl to brush the Carolinas ; as such , a tropical storm watch was issued for the eastern coast of North Carolina from Cape Lookout northward to Currituck Beach Lighthouse . When a more northeastward track became apparent , a tropical storm watch was issued about 33 hours prior to moving ashore from Woods Hole to Plymouth , Massachusetts , including Cape Cod , Nantucket , and Martha 's Vineyard . About 22 hours before landfall , the National Hurricane Center replaced the watch with a tropical storm warning for the same area , and also issued a tropical storm watch from Woods Hole , Massachusetts westward to New Haven , Connecticut and for the eastern portion of Long Island from east of Fire Island to Port Jefferson . In anticipation for the storm , the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency was activated as a trial run for the hurricane season . Local Red Cross chapters were opened , as well , with two volunteer teams placed on standby to assist . Across southeastern Massachusetts , police departments maintained extra staff in preparation for any potential problems from the storm . Many fishermen secured their boats , while some business owners boarded up windows to prevent storm damage . Several days prior to the passage of Beryl through Atlantic Canada , the Canadian Hurricane Centre issued gale warnings for the coastal waters off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland . In anticipation of heavy rainfall , the agency also issued heavy rainfall warnings for western Nova Scotia , including Halifax . = = Impact = = The storm caused high waves along the East Coast of the United States , with 19 @-@ foot seas ( 5 @.@ 97 m ) in the open ocean . Waves along the southern coast of Nantucket reached 10 feet ( 3 m ) in height as the storm approached the island , resulting in four people being rescued by lifeguards from rip currents . High surf also occurred along the southern coast of Massachusetts , prompting the closing of the ferry between Nantucket and Boston . Beryl produced a storm surge of 0 @.@ 9 feet ( .27 m ) on Nantucket . Winds across southeastern Massachusetts were fairly light , with no sustained tropical storm force winds and wind gusts peaking at 44 mph ( 71 km / h ) ; unofficially gusts reached 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) . Beryl dropped moderate precipitation just offshore , though the maximum precipitation total in the United States was only 0 @.@ 97 inches ( 24 @.@ 6 mm ) on Nantucket . Rainfall along southeastern Massachusetts reached 0 @.@ 33 inches ( 8 @.@ 38 mm ) at Chatham . The only reported damage were some downed telephone poles and fallen tree branches . Overall impact was minor ; there were no reported power outages , deaths , injuries , or maritime emergencies in association with the storm . The remnants of Beryl dropped moderate precipitation in Atlantic Canada , officially peaking at 2 @.@ 8 inches ( 71 mm ) in Scots Bay , Nova Scotia with an unofficially higher total of 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 88 mm ) ; in some locations 1 inch of rain fell in an hour . Additionally , a station in Fredericton , New Brunswick reported 1 @.@ 77 inches ( 45 mm ) in two hours . The rainfall caused some flooding , with some overflown streams flooding some streets . Moderate winds were reported along its path , which peaked at 60 mph ( 96 km / h ) in southern Nova Scotia . The winds downed some tree limbs and led to some power outages . Overall damage was minor .
= Weak interaction = In particle physics , the weak interaction , the weak force or weak nuclear force , is one of the four known fundamental interactions of nature , alongside the strong interaction , electromagnetism , and gravitation . The weak interaction is responsible for radioactive decay , which plays an essential role in nuclear fission . The theory of the weak interaction is sometimes called quantum flavordynamics ( QFD ) , in analogy with the terms QCD and QED , but the term is rarely used because the weak force is best understood in terms of electro @-@ weak theory ( EWT ) . In the Standard Model of particle physics , the weak interaction is caused by the emission or absorption of the force carriers , the W and Z bosons . All known fermions interact through the weak interaction . Fermions are particles that have half @-@ integer spin . Spin is one of the fundamental properties of particles . A fermion can be an elementary particle , such as the electron , or it can be a composite particle , such as the proton . The masses of W + , W − , and Z bosons are each far greater than that of interacting protons or neutrons , which is consistent with the short range of the weak force . The force is termed weak because its field strength over a given distance is typically several orders of magnitude less than that of the strong nuclear force and electromagnetic force . During the quark epoch of the early universe , the electroweak force separated into the electromagnetic and weak forces . Important examples of the weak interaction include beta decay , and the fusion of hydrogen into deuterium that powers the Sun 's thermonuclear process . Most fermions will decay by a weak interaction over time . Such decay makes radiocarbon dating possible , as carbon @-@ 14 decays through the weak interaction to nitrogen @-@ 14 . It can also create radioluminescence , commonly used in tritium illumination , and in the related field of betavoltaics . Quarks , which make up composite particles like neutrons and protons , come in six " flavours " – up , down , strange , charm , top and bottom – which give those composite particles their properties . The weak interaction is unique in that it allows for quarks to swap their flavour for another . The swapping of those properties is mediated by the force carrier bosons . For example , during beta minus decay , a down quark within a neutron is changed into an up quark , converting the neutron to a proton and resulting in the emission of an electron and an electron antineutrino . Also , the weak interaction is the only fundamental interaction that breaks parity @-@ symmetry , and similarly , the only one to break charge parity symmetry . = = History = = In 1933 , Enrico Fermi proposed the first theory of the weak interaction , known as Fermi 's interaction . He suggested that beta decay could be explained by a four @-@ fermion interaction , involving a contact force with no range . However , it is better described as a non @-@ contact force field having a finite range , albeit very short . In 1968 , Sheldon Glashow , Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg unified the electromagnetic force and the weak interaction by showing them to be two aspects of a single force , now termed the electro @-@ weak force . The existence of the W and Z bosons was not directly confirmed until 1983 . = = Properties = = The weak interaction is unique in a number of respects : It is the only interaction capable of changing the flavor of quarks ( i.e. , of changing one type of quark into another ) . It is the only interaction that violates P or parity @-@ symmetry . It is also the only one that violates CP symmetry . It is propagated by force carrier particles that have significant masses , an unusual feature which is explained in the Standard Model by the Higgs mechanism . Due to their large mass ( approximately 90 GeV / c2 ) these carrier particles , termed the W and Z bosons , are short @-@ lived with a lifetime of under 10 − 24 seconds . The weak interaction has a coupling constant ( an indicator of interaction strength ) of between 10 − 7 and 10 − 6 , compared to the strong interaction 's coupling constant of 1 and the electromagnetic coupling constant of about 10 − 2 ; consequently the weak interaction is weak in terms of strength . The weak interaction has a very short range ( around 10 − 17 to 10 − 16 m ) . At distances around 10 − 18 meters , the weak interaction has a strength of a similar magnitude to the electromagnetic force , but this starts to decrease exponentially with increasing distance . At distances of around 3 × 10 − 17 m , the weak interaction is 10 @,@ 000 times weaker than the electromagnetic . The weak interaction affects all the fermions of the Standard Model , as well as the Higgs boson ; neutrinos interact through gravity and the weak interaction only , and neutrinos were the original reason for the name weak force . The weak interaction does not produce bound states ( nor does it involve binding energy ) – something that gravity does on an astronomical scale , that the electromagnetic force does at the atomic level , and that the strong nuclear force does inside nuclei . Its most noticeable effect is due to its first unique feature : flavor changing . A neutron , for example , is heavier than a proton ( its sister nucleon ) , but it cannot decay into a proton without changing the flavor ( type ) of one of its two down quarks to an up quark . Neither the strong interaction nor electromagnetism permit flavour changing , so this proceeds by weak decay ; without weak decay , quark properties such as strangeness and charm ( associated with the quarks of the same name ) would also be conserved across all interactions . All mesons are unstable because of weak decay . In the process known as beta decay , a down quark in the neutron can change into an up quark by emitting a virtual W − boson which is then converted into an electron and an electron antineutrino . Another example is the electron capture , a common variant of radioactive decay , wherein a proton and an electron within an atom interact , and are changed to a neutron ( an up quark is changed to a down quark ) and an electron neutrino is emitted . Due to the large mass of a boson , weak decay occurs more slowly . Hence , weak decay is much less likely to occur before either strong or electromagnetic decay , as they proceed more rapidly . For example , a neutral pion ( which decays electromagnetically ) has a life of about 10 − 16 seconds , while a charged pion ( which decays through the weak interaction ) lives about 10 − 8 seconds , a hundred million times longer . In contrast , a free neutron ( which also decays through the weak interaction ) lives about 15 minutes . = = = Weak isospin and weak hypercharge = = = All particles have a property called weak isospin ( T3 ) , which serves as a quantum number and governs how that particle behaves in the weak interaction . Weak isospin plays the same role in the weak interaction as does electric charge in electromagnetism , and color charge in the strong interaction . All fermions have a weak isospin value of either + 1 ⁄ 2 or − 1 ⁄ 2 . For example , the up quark has a T3 of + 1 ⁄ 2 and the down quark − 1 ⁄ 2 . A quark never decays through the weak interaction into a quark of the same T3 : quarks with a T3 of + 1 ⁄ 2 decay into quarks with a T3 of − 1 ⁄ 2 and vice versa . In any given interaction , weak isospin is conserved : the sum of the weak isospin numbers of the particles entering the interaction equals the sum of the weak isospin numbers of the particles exiting that interaction . For example , a ( left @-@ handed ) π + , with a weak isospin of 1 normally decays into a ν μ ( + 1 / 2 ) and a μ + ( as a right @-@ handed antiparticle , + 1 / 2 ) . Following the development of the electroweak theory , another property , weak hypercharge , was developed . It is dependent on a particle 's electrical charge and weak isospin , and is defined as : <formula> where YW is the weak hypercharge of a given type of particle , Q is its electrical charge ( in elementary charge units ) and T3 is its weak isospin . Whereas some particles have a weak isospin of zero , all particles , except gluons , have non @-@ zero weak hypercharge . Weak hypercharge is the generator of the U ( 1 ) component of the electroweak gauge group . = = Interaction types = = There are two types of weak interaction ( called vertices ) . The first type is called the " charged @-@ current interaction " because it is mediated by particles that carry an electric charge ( the W + or W − bosons ) , and is responsible for the beta decay phenomenon . The second type is called the " neutral @-@ current interaction " because it is mediated by a neutral particle , the Z boson . = = = Charged @-@ current interaction = = = In one type of charged current interaction , a charged lepton ( such as an electron or a muon , having a charge of − 1 ) can absorb a W + boson ( a particle with a charge of + 1 ) and be thereby converted into a corresponding neutrino ( with a charge of 0 ) , where the type ( " flavour " ) of neutrino ( electron , muon or tau ) is the same as the type of lepton in the interaction , for example : <formula> Similarly , a down @-@ type quark ( d with a charge of − 1 ⁄ 3 ) can be converted into an up @-@ type quark ( u , with a charge of + 2 ⁄ 3 ) , by emitting a W − boson or by absorbing a W + boson . More precisely , the down @-@ type quark becomes a quantum superposition of up @-@ type quarks : that is to say , it has a possibility of becoming any one of the three up @-@ type quarks , with the probabilities given in the CKM matrix tables . Conversely , an up @-@ type quark can emit a W + boson , or absorb a W − boson , and thereby be converted into a down @-@ type quark , for example : <formula> The W boson is unstable so will rapidly decay , with a very short lifetime . For example : <formula> Decay of the W boson to other products can happen , with varying probabilities . In the so @-@ called beta decay of a neutron ( see picture , above ) , a down quark within the neutron emits a virtual W − boson and is thereby converted into an up quark , converting the neutron into a proton . Because of the energy involved in the process ( i.e. , the mass difference between the down quark and the up quark ) , the W − boson can only be converted into an electron and an electron @-@ antineutrino . At the quark level , the process can be represented as : <formula> = = = Neutral @-@ current interaction = = = In neutral current interactions , a quark or a lepton ( e.g. , an electron or a muon ) emits or absorbs a neutral Z boson . For example : <formula> Like the W boson , the Z boson also decays rapidly , for example : <formula> = = Electroweak theory = = The Standard Model of particle physics describes the electromagnetic interaction and the weak interaction as two different aspects of a single electroweak interaction , the theory of which was developed around 1968 by Sheldon Glashow , Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg . They were awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work . The Higgs mechanism provides an explanation for the presence of three massive gauge bosons ( the three carriers of the weak interaction ) and the massless photon of the electromagnetic interaction . According to the electroweak theory , at very high energies , the universe has four massless gauge boson fields similar to the photon and a complex scalar Higgs field doublet . However , at low energies , gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken down to the U ( 1 ) symmetry of electromagnetism ( one of the Higgs fields acquires a vacuum expectation value ) . This symmetry breaking would produce three massless bosons , but they become integrated by three photon @-@ like fields ( through the Higgs mechanism ) giving them mass . These three fields become the W + , W − and Z bosons of the weak interaction , while the fourth gauge field , which remains massless , is the photon of electromagnetism . This theory has made a number of predictions , including a prediction of the masses of the Z and W bosons before their discovery . On 4 July 2012 , the CMS and the ATLAS experimental teams at the Large Hadron Collider independently announced that they had confirmed the formal discovery of a previously unknown boson of mass between 125 – 127 GeV / c2 , whose behaviour so far was " consistent with " a Higgs boson , while adding a cautious note that further data and analysis were needed before positively identifying the new boson as being a Higgs boson of some type . By 14 March 2013 , the Higgs boson was tentatively confirmed to exist . = = Violation of symmetry = = The laws of nature were long thought to remain the same under mirror reflection . The results of an experiment viewed via a mirror were expected to be identical to the results of a mirror @-@ reflected copy of the experimental apparatus . This so @-@ called law of parity conservation was known to be respected by classical gravitation , electromagnetism and the strong interaction ; it was assumed to be a universal law . However , in the mid @-@ 1950s Chen Ning Yang and Tsung @-@ Dao Lee suggested that the weak interaction might violate this law . Chien Shiung Wu and collaborators in 1957 discovered that the weak interaction violates parity , earning Yang and Lee the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics . Although the weak interaction was once described by Fermi 's theory , the discovery of parity violation and renormalization theory suggested that a new approach was needed . In 1957 , Robert Marshak and George Sudarshan and , somewhat later , Richard Feynman and Murray Gell @-@ Mann proposed a V − A ( vector minus axial vector or left @-@ handed ) Lagrangian for weak interactions . In this theory , the weak interaction acts only on left @-@ handed particles ( and right @-@ handed antiparticles ) . Since the mirror reflection of a left @-@ handed particle is right @-@ handed , this explains the maximal violation of parity . Interestingly , the V − A theory was developed before the discovery of the Z boson , so it did not include the right @-@ handed fields that enter in the neutral current interaction . However , this theory allowed a compound symmetry CP to be conserved . CP combines parity P ( switching left to right ) with charge conjugation C ( switching particles with antiparticles ) . Physicists were again surprised when in 1964 , James Cronin and Val Fitch provided clear evidence in kaon decays that CP symmetry could be broken too , winning them the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics . In 1973 , Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa showed that CP violation in the weak interaction required more than two generations of particles , effectively predicting the existence of a then unknown third generation . This discovery earned them half of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics . Unlike parity violation , CP violation occurs in only a small number of instances , but remains widely held as an answer to the difference between the amount of matter and antimatter in the universe ; it thus forms one of Andrei Sakharov 's three conditions for baryogenesis . = = = General readers = = = R. Oerter ( 2006 ) . The Theory of Almost Everything : The Standard Model , the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics . Plume . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 13 @-@ 236678 @-@ 6 . B.A. Schumm ( 2004 ) . Deep Down Things : The Breathtaking Beauty of Particle Physics . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 8018 @-@ 7971 @-@ X. = = = Texts = = = D.A. Bromley ( 2000 ) . Gauge Theory of Weak Interactions . Springer . ISBN 3 @-@ 540 @-@ 67672 @-@ 4 . G.D. Coughlan ; J.E. Dodd ; B.M. Gripaios ( 2006 ) . The Ideas of Particle Physics : An Introduction for Scientists ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 67775 @-@ 2 . W. N. Cottingham ; D. A. Greenwood ( 2001 ) [ 1986 ] . An introduction to nuclear physics ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press. p . 30 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 65733 @-@ 4 . D.J. Griffiths ( 1987 ) . Introduction to Elementary Particles . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 @-@ 471 @-@ 60386 @-@ 4 . G.L. Kane ( 1987 ) . Modern Elementary Particle Physics . Perseus Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 201 @-@ 11749 @-@ 5 . D.H. Perkins ( 2000 ) . Introduction to High Energy Physics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 62196 @-@ 8 .
= Arizona State Route 88 = State Route 88 ( SR 88 ) is a 45 @.@ 67 mi ( 73 @.@ 50 km ) long state highway in the U.S. state of Arizona . It runs from U.S. Route 60 ( US 60 ) in Apache Junction through desert terrain to SR 188 near Roosevelt Dam . Following the Salt River for much of its length , the section east of Tortilla Flat is known as the Apache Trail and is part of the National Forest Scenic Byway system . The Apache Trail was built in the mid @-@ 1920s and the number 88 was assigned in 1927 . An eastern extension of SR 88 to Globe was redesignated as SR 188 in the late 1990s . = = Route description = = SR 88 begins at a diamond interchange with US 60 , the Superstition Freeway , in southern Apache Junction . The route follows Idaho Road northward through a residential area with four lanes . Following a junction with Old West Highway , SR 88 turns northeast onto Apache Trail and narrows to two lanes . The route exits the city limits of Apache Junction , entering desert terrain . Passing a ghost town known as Goldfield , Apache Trail enters Tonto National Forest just northwest of Lost Dutchman State Park . SR 88 nears Canyon Lake south of the Mormon Flat Dam and follows a part of the southern coast of Canyon Lake . Apache Trail heads away from the Salt River . It passes through the town of Tortilla Flat , becoming an unpaved dirt trail winding eastward through the Superstition Mountains . SR 88 again turns northeast and nears Apache Lake . The route follows the Salt River northeast to the Theodore Roosevelt Dam , near which the route is again paved . SR 88 intersects with SR 188 along the coast of Theodore Roosevelt Lake . The highway is maintained by the Arizona Department of Transportation ( ADOT ) , which is responsible for maintaining highways in the state , including SR 88 . As part of this role , ADOT periodically surveys traffic along its routes . These surveys are presented in the form of average annual daily traffic , which is the number of vehicles who use the route on any average day during the year . In 2009 , ADOT calculated that around as few as 400 vehicles used the route daily near the Roosevelt Dam and as many as 16 @,@ 000 daily at the US 60 interchange in Apache Junction . The section east of Canyon Lake is part of the Apache Trail National Forest Scenic Byway system . No part of the highway has been listed in the National Highway System , a system of roads in the United States important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . = = History = = The Apache Trail connected the Old Spanish Trail where Apache Junction is today and Roosevelt Lake with an unpaved road as early as 1925 , following much of the modern route . By the next year , SR 66 followed the Apache Trail and the Old Spanish Trail was numbered as US 80 . The number 88 was given to the route by 1927 , but continued past its current terminus east to US 180 west of Globe . US 60 and US 89 became concurrent with US 80 at the western terminus by 1935 , and the US 70 designation was added to the road by 1939 . The section of the route from Apache Junction to Canyon Lake was paved in the late 1940s . By 1958 , the section east of Roosevelt Dam was paved . The extra designations at SR 88 's western terminus were removed by 1971 , leaving only the US 60 designation . In 1999 , the section east of Roosevelt Dam was renumbered as SR 188 , cutting SR 88 back to its current terminus . = = Junction list = =
= The Great American Bash ( 2007 ) = The Great American Bash ( 2007 ) was the fourth annual Great American Bash professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was presented by Ziddio and took place on July 22 , 2007 from the HP Pavilion in San Jose , California and featured talent from the Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW brands . The main match on the Raw brand was John Cena versus Bobby Lashley for the WWE Championship , which Cena won by pinfall after executing an FU on Lashley from the second rope . The predominant match on the SmackDown ! brand was a Triple Threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship between The Great Khali , Batista and Kane . Khali won the match and retained the title after pinning Kane . The primary match on the ECW brand was John Morrison versus CM Punk for the ECW Championship , which Morrison won by pinfall after hitting Punk with both of his knees . The featured matches on the undercard included Montel Vontavious Porter versus Matt Hardy for the WWE United States Championship and Randy Orton versus Dusty Rhodes in a Texas Bullrope match . This was Dusty Rhodes final match . The event had 229 @,@ 000 buys , up slightly on the 2006 figure of 227 @,@ 000 buys . = = Background = = The main feud heading into The Great American Bash on the Raw brand was between John Cena and Bobby Lashley over the WWE Championship . The feud began on the June 11 , 2007 edition of Raw , when Lashley was drafted to the Raw brand and stripped of his ECW Championship . Three weeks later , on the July 2 edition of Raw , a " Beat the Clock " tournament was held to determine Cena 's opponent for the WWE Championship at The Great American Bash . The tournament matches included : Randy Orton versus Jeff Hardy , King Booker versus Val Venis , Mr. Kennedy versus Super Crazy , and Lashley versus Shelton Benjamin . Lashley ended up winning the tournament by defeating Benjamin in less than 5 minutes and therefore becoming the number one contender to the WWE Championship . The main feud on the SmackDown ! brand was between The Great Khali , Batista , and Kane , with the three battling over the World Heavyweight Championship . At the previous pay @-@ per @-@ view , Vengeance , then @-@ World Heavyweight Champion Edge defeated Batista in a " Last Chance " match to retain the World Heavyweight Championship . On the July 6 edition of SmackDown ! , SmackDown ! General Manager Theodore Long announced that Edge would be defending the World Heavyweight Championship against Kane at The Great American Bash . The next week on SmackDown ! , The Great Khali issued an open challenge for a match at The Great American Bash , which was accepted by Batista . Later that night , Edge legitimately injured his left pectoral muscle after Kane , who was disguised as a character , attacked Edge during his Mardi Gras celebration . On the July 20 edition of SmackDown ! , Edge was forced to vacate the World Heavyweight Championship due to his legit injury . Theodore Long then announced that there would be a 20 @-@ man Battle Royal later that night to determine a new World Heavyweight Champion . Khali ended up winning the Battle Royal by last eliminating Kane and Batista . That same night , Kane faced off against Batista to determine Khali 's opponent for The Great American Bash , which ended in a no @-@ contest after Khali interfered . Long finalized that both Kane and Batista would end up facing Khali for the championship at The Great American Bash . The main feud on the ECW brand was between John Morrison and CM Punk with the two battling over the ECW Championship . At Vengeance , Morrison ( then known as Johnny Nitro ) defeated Punk to win the ECW Championship , which was vacant since then @-@ champion Lashley had been drafted to the Raw brand . Nitro was a replacement for Chris Benoit , who was absent due to " personal reasons . " On the June 26 edition of ECW , CM Punk defeated Elijah Burke in a two out of three falls match to once again become the number one contender to the ECW Championship . = = Event = = Before the event started , Chuck Palumbo defeated Chris Masters in a dark match . = = = Preliminary matches = = = The first match of the event was between Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) and Matt Hardy for the WWE United States Championship . Hardy was in control early in the match but later MVP took control of the match and focused his attacks on Hardy 's head . MVP delivered a Playmaker to Hardy and pinned him to win the match and retain the United States Championship . The second match was a Cruiserweight Open match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship . Chavo Guerrero defended the title against Funaki , Jimmy Wang Yang , Shannon Moore and Jamie Noble . Hornswoggle , who wasn 't booked to be in the match , became a part of the match when he entered the ring as the bell rang . All the cruiserweights were out of the ring except Noble . Hornswoggle , who was under the ring for the match , entered- surprisingly and delivered a Tadpole Splash on Noble . Hornswoggle went on to pin Noble to get the victory and win the Cruiserweight Championship . The third match was a Singapore Cane on a Pole match between Carlito and Sandman . The rules of the match were that the one who retrieved the cane from the pole was allowed to use the cane . Sandman retrieved the cane , but before he could use it , Carlito delivered a Backstabber and pinned him to win the match . The fourth match was a Divas match between Candice Michelle and Melina for the WWE Women 's Championship . After a back and forth match , Candice executed a Candy Wrapper on Melina , and pinned her after to retain the title . The fifth match was between Umaga and Jeff Hardy for the WWE Intercontinental Championship . Hardy started the match attacking Umaga with moves such as dropkicks , inverted mule kicks and a Whisper in the Wind . Hardy had a chance to make the cover , but instead attempted to perform a Swanton Bomb . Umaga avoided the move and charged Hardy in the corner . Umaga then executed a Samoan Spike and pinned Hardy after to win the match . The sixth match was between John Morrison and CM Punk for the ECW World Championship . Punk was on the verge of winning the match until Morrison left the ring and took the belt . Morrison left the match , but Punk chased , tackled , and pushed him to the ring . Before Punk could attempt a slingshot maneuver , Morrison hit him with both of his knees . Morrison pinned Punk after to win the match and retain the ECW Championship . = = = Main event matches = = = The seventh match was a Texas Bullrope match between Randy Orton and Dusty Rhodes . Rhodes started the match by hitting Orton with a series of elbows on Orton 's head . Orton , however , took the advantage after hitting Rhodes ' head several times with the cowbell , which was in the middle of the rope connecting the two men . After a final hit to the head , Orton pinned Rhodes to win the match . After the match , Orton attempted to punt Rhodes in the head , but Rhodes ' son , Cody , made the save . The eighth match was a Triple Threat match for the World Heavyweight Championship between then World Heavyweight Champion The Great Khali , Batista , and Kane . In the beginning , Khali dominated most of the match , applying a nerve hold on Kane and beating down Batista . Khali also gave both of them separate Chokelslams , which led to both of them leaving the ring . In the outside they both tried to give Khali their separate finishers , Kane tried for the Chokeslam and Batista for the Batista Bomb , but Khali countered them both . Batista and Kane double @-@ teamed Khali after trying to put him down . Kane and Batista sent Khali crashing through an announce table following a double @-@ team spinebuster and chokeslam . While Khali was on the floor , Batista and Kane fought inside the ring , and after dominating for some time after different moves like flying clotheslines from the top rope , Kane delivered his dreaded Chokeslam to Batista , but Batista kicked out at two and a half . Kane then went out to bring in a steel chair to put Batista away , but Batista countered the chair shot headed his way with a swift and strong Spinebuster , and then Batista gave Kane a massive Batista Bomb . As Batista went for the pinfall , Khali pulled Batista outside the ring and smashed his head into the steel ring steps with a strong Irish Whip on the outside , keeping him down as Khali then went inside the ring and executed a Khali Bomb , or also called the Punjabi Plunge to Kane , who was already down after Batista 's massive Spinebuster and devastating Batista Bomb . Following the Punjabi Plunge , Khali pinned the fallen Kane , who didn 't have enough left in him to kick out , to win the match and retain his World Title . The main event was between John Cena and Bobby Lashley for the WWE Championship . In the beginning , Lashley performed a series of powerslams and spears to Cena . Cena also applied his STF , however , was unable to win through that . The match also saw Cena give Lashley a Five Knuckle Shuffle . Cena also performed the FU but couldn 't reach Lashley in time . Lashley also delivered a devastating Spear but Cena kicked out . After a back and forth match , Cena performed an FU from the second rope and pinned Lashley to retain his WWE Championship and after the match Cena and Lashley shook hands , this was Bobby Lashley 's final pay @-@ per @-@ view in WWE . = = Aftermath = = Montel Vontavious Porter ( MVP ) and Matt Hardy continued their feud over the WWE United States Championship . Hardy defeated MVP in an arm wrestling contest on August 3 edition of SmackDown ! . On August 18 edition of Saturday Night 's Main Event , Evander Holyfield replaced MVP against Matt Hardy in a boxing match , which Holyfield won . On August 24 edition of SmackDown ! , the two had a basketball challenge which was no contest because they were attacked by Deuce ' n Domino . At SummerSlam , Stone Cold Steve Austin replaced Matt Hardy in a Beer Drinking Contest against MVP which was a no contest because Austin delivered a Stone Cold Stunner to MVP . John Morrison and CM Punk continued to feud over the ECW Championship . On the July 31 edition of ECW , CM Punk defeated Elijah Burke and Tommy Dreamer in a Triple Threat match to earn a 15 Minutes of Fame match with Morrison the next week . On ECW the following week , Punk defeated Morrison in the 15 Minutes of Fame match he earned the previous week . As a result of winning , Punk became the number one contender to the ECW Championship at SummerSlam . At SummerSlam , Morrison defeated Punk to retain the ECW Championship . On the July 27 edition of SmackDown ! , Khali had his Championship Celebration which was interrupted by Batista . After Khali fled from the ring , Batista announced that he had challenged Khali to a match for the World Heavyweight Championship match . At SummerSlam , the two faced each other for the World Heavyweight Championship in a match which Batista won by disqualification after Khali hit him with a chair . Since a championship cannot change hands via countout or disqualification , Khali retained the title . On the July 23 edition of Raw , John Cena teamed with Candice Michelle in a 3 @-@ on @-@ 2 handicap match against Umaga , Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch . Cena and Candice went on to win the match . After the match , Randy Orton delivered an RKO to Cena . Orton was then made the number one contender to the WWE Championship . The two had a match at SummerSlam for the WWE Championship , which Cena won . = = Results = =
= High Speed 1 = High Speed 1 ( HS1 ) , legally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link ( CTRL ) , is a 109 @-@ kilometre ( 68 mi ) high @-@ speed railway between London and the United Kingdom end of the Channel Tunnel . The line carries international passenger traffic between the United Kingdom and Continental Europe ; it also carries domestic passenger traffic to and from stations in Kent and east London and Berne gauge freight traffic . The line crosses the River Medway and under the River Thames , terminating at St Pancras railway station on the north side of central London . It cost £ 5 @.@ 8 billion to build and opened on 14 November 2007 . Trains reach speeds of up to 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) on section 1 and up to 230 kilometres per hour ( 143 mph ) on section 2 . Intermediate stations are at Stratford International in London and Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent . International passenger services are provided by Eurostar , with journey times of London St Pancras to Paris Gare du Nord in 2 hours 15 minutes , and St Pancras to Brussels @-@ South in 1 hour 51 minutes . Eurostar uses a fleet of 27 Class 373 / 1 multi @-@ system trains capable of 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) and 320 kilometres per hour ( 199 mph ) Class 374 from November 2015 . Domestic high @-@ speed commuter services serving the intermediate stations and beyond began on 13 December 2009 . The fleet of 29 Class 395 passenger trains reach speeds of 225 kilometres per hour ( 140 mph ) . DB Cargo UK run freight services on High Speed 1 using adapted Class 92 locomotives , enabling flat wagons carrying continental @-@ size swap body containers to reach London for the first time . The CTRL project saw new bridges and tunnels built , with a combined length nearly as long as the Channel Tunnel itself , and significant archaeological research undertaken . In 2002 , the CTRL project was awarded the Major Project Award at the British Construction Industry Awards . The line was transferred to government ownership in 2009 , with a 30 @-@ year concession for its operation being put up for sale in June 2010 . The concession was awarded to a consortium of Borealis Infrastructure ( part of Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System ) and Ontario Teachers ' Pension Plan in November 2010 , but does not include the freehold or rights to any of the associated land . = = Early history = = A high @-@ speed rail line , LGV Nord , has been in operation between the Channel Tunnel and the outskirts of Paris since the Tunnel 's opening in 1994 . This has enabled Eurostar rail services to travel at 300 km / h ( 186 mph ) for this part of their journey . A similar high @-@ speed line in Belgium , from the French border to Brussels , HSL 1 , opened in 1997 . In Britain , Eurostar trains had to run at a maximum of 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) on existing tracks between London Waterloo and the Channel Tunnel . These tracks were shared with local traffic , limiting the number of services that could be run , and jeopardising reliability . The case for a high @-@ speed line similar to the continental part of the route was recognised by policymakers , and the construction of the line was authorised by Parliament with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996 , which was amended by the Channel Tunnel Rail Link ( Supplementary Provisions ) Act 2008 . An early plan conceived by British Rail in the early 1970s for a route passing through Tonbridge met considerable opposition on environmental and social grounds , especially from the Leigh Action Group and Surrey & Kent Action on Rail ( SKAR ) . A committee was set up to examine the proposal under Sir Alexander Cairncross ; but in due course environment minister Anthony Crosland announced that the project had been cancelled , together with the plan for the tunnel itself . The next plan for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link involved a tunnel reaching London from the south @-@ east , and an underground terminus in the vicinity of Kings Cross station . A late change in the plans , principally driven by the then Deputy Prime Minister Michael Heseltine 's desire for urban regeneration in east London , led to a change of route , with the new line approaching London from the east . This opened the possibility of reusing the underused St Pancras station as the terminus , with access via the North London Line that crosses the throat of the station . The idea of using the North London line proved illusory , and it was rejected in 1994 by the then Transport Secretary , John MacGregor , as too difficult to construct and environmentally damaging . The idea of using St Pancras station as the core of the new terminus was retained , albeit now linked by 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) of specially built tunnels to Dagenham via Stratford . London and Continental Railways ( LCR ) was chosen by the UK government in 1996 to build the line and to reconstruct St Pancras station as its terminus , and to take over the British share of the Eurostar operation , Eurostar ( UK ) . The original LCR consortium members were National Express Group , Virgin Group , S. G. Warburg & Co , Bechtel and London Electric . While the project was under development by British Rail it was managed by Union Railways , which became a wholly owned subsidiary of LCR . On 14 November 2006 , LCR adopted High Speed 1 as the brand name for the completed railway . Official legislation , documentation and line @-@ side signage have continued to refer to " CTRL " . = = The project = = As the 1987 Channel Tunnel Act made government funding for a Channel tunnel rail link unlawful , construction did not take place as it was not financially viable . Construction was delayed until passage of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996 which provided construction powers that ran for the following 10 years . The chief executive of the time Rob Holden stated that it was the " largest land acquisition programme since the Second World War " . The whole route was to have been built as a single project , but in 1998 serious financial difficulties arose , and extensive changes came with a British government rescue plan . To reduce risk , the line was split into two separate phases , to be managed by Union Railways ( South ) and Union Railways ( North ) . A recovery programme was agreed whereby LCR sold government @-@ backed bonds worth £ 1 @.@ 6 billion to pay for the construction of section 1 , with the future of section 2 still not settled . The original intention had been for the new railway , once completed , to be run by Union Railways as a separate line from the rest of the British railway network . As part of the 1998 rescue it was agreed that , following completion , section 1 would be purchased by Railtrack with an option to purchase section 2 . In return , Railtrack was committed to operate the whole route as well as St Pancras railway station , which , unlike all other former British Rail stations , had been transferred to LCR / Union Railways in 1996 . In 2001 , Railtrack announced that , due to its own financial problems , it would not undertake to purchase section 2 , triggering a second restructuring . The 2002 plan agreed that the two sections would have different owners ( Railtrack for section 1 , LCR for section 2 ) but with common Railtrack management . Following further financial problems at Railtrack , its interest was sold back to LCR , which then sold the operating rights for the completed line to Network Rail , Railtrack 's successor . Under this arrangement LCR became the sole owner of both sections of the CTRL and the St Pancras property , as per the original 1996 plan . Amendments were made in 2001 for the new station at Stratford International and connections to the West Coast Main Line . As a consequence of the restructuring , in 2006 the LCR consortium consisted of engineering consultants and construction firms Arup , Bechtel , Halcrow and Systra ( which form Rail Link Engineering ( RLE ) ) ; transport operators National Express Group and SNCF ( which operates the Eurostar ( UK ) share of the Eurostar service with the National Railway Company of Belgium and British Airways ) ; electricity company EDF ; and UBS Investment Bank . On completion of section 1 by RLE , the line was handed over to Union Railways ( South ) , which then handed it over to London & Continental Stations and Property ( LCSP ) , the long @-@ term owners of the line . Once section 2 of the line had been completed it was handed over to Union Railways ( North ) , which handed it over to LCSP . The entire line , including St Pancras , is managed , operated and maintained by Network Rail ( CTRL ) . In February 2006 there were rumours that a ' third party ' ( believed to be a consortium headed by banker Sir Adrian Montague ) had expressed an interest in buying out the present partners in the project . LCR shareholders rejected the proposal , and the government , which effectively could overrule shareholders ' decisions as a result of LCR 's reclassification as a state @-@ owned body , decided that discussions with shareholders would not take place imminently , effectively backing shareholders ' views on the proposed takeover . By May 2009 LCR had become insolvent and the government received agreement to use state aid to purchase the line and also to open it up to competition to allow other services to use it apart from Eurostar . LCR 's hitherto wholly owned subsidiary , HS1 Ltd , thus became the property of the Secretary of State for Transport . On 12 October 2009 a proposal was announced to sell £ 16 billion of state assets including HS1 Ltd in the following two years to cut UK public debt . The government announced on 5 November 2010 that a concession to operate the line for 30 years had been sold for £ 2 @.@ 1 billion to a consortium of Canadian investors . Under the concession , HS1 Ltd has the rights to sell access to track and to the four international stations ( St Pancras , Stratford , Ebbsfleet and Ashford ) on a commercial basis , under the scrutiny of the Office of Rail Regulation . At the end of 30 years , ownership of the assets will revert to government . = = Building cost = = The cost of construction , £ 80 million per mile , was much higher than other projects in other countries ; the French high speed line from Paris to Strasbourg , completed in 2007 , cost £ 22 million per mile . = = Route = = The high @-@ speed railway operates as a " seven @-@ day railway " , with full availability on all days . The line is closed for 40 minutes in the middle of the day shortly after noon for a " white period " ( French : période blanche ) and " daylight inspection period " . Any heavy maintenance is performed overnight . As of 2008 track access charges were capped at approximate £ 71 @.@ 35 per minute . In 2008 the cost of running a train along the full length of the line between St Pancras and the Channel Tunnel was £ 2 @,@ 244 ; with lower costs of £ 2 @,@ 192 for a domestic service to Ashford International , or £ 1 @,@ 044 for St Pancras to Ebbsfleet International . A discounted rate of £ 4 @.@ 00 per kilometre was made available for night @-@ time @-@ only railfreight operation until 31 March 2015 . = = = Section 1 = = = Section 1 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link , opened on 28 September 2003 , is a 74 @-@ kilometre ( 46 mi ) section of high @-@ speed track from the Channel Tunnel to Fawkham Junction in north Kent with a maximum speed of 300 kilometres per hour ( 186 mph ) . Its completion cut the London – Paris journey time by around 21 minutes , to 2 hours 35 minutes . The line includes the Medway Viaduct , a 1 @.@ 2 km ( ¾ mile ) bridge over the River Medway , and the North Downs Tunnel , a 3 @.@ 2 km ( 2 @.@ 0 mi ) long , 12 m ( 40 ft ) diameter tunnel . In safety testing on the section prior to opening , a new UK rail speed record of 334 @.@ 7 km / h ( 208 @.@ 0 mph ) was set . Much of the new line runs alongside the M2 and M20 motorways through Kent . After its completion , Eurostar trains continued to use suburban lines to enter London , arriving at Waterloo International . There were several deaths of employees working on the CTRL over the construction period . One occurred on 28 March 2003 near Folkestone when a worker came into contact with the energised power supply . Another death occurred two months later , in May 2003 , when a scaffolder fell seven metres at Thurrock , Essex . Three companies were found guilty of breaching health and safety legislation by omitting to provide barriers , resulting in Deverson Direct Ltd being ordered to pay a fine of £ 50 @,@ 000 , J Murphy and Sons Ltd £ 25 @,@ 000 , and Hochtief Aktiengesellschaft £ 25 @,@ 000 . Two more deaths relate to a fire on board a train carrying wires , one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) inside a tunnel under the Thames between Swanscombe , Kent , and Thurrock , Essex on 16 August 2005 . The train shunter died at the scene and the train driver later died in hospital . It has been suggested that a large amount of blame for accidents throughout the project lay with individual behaviour , becoming such a problem that an internal programme was launched to tackle behaviour problems during the construction . Unlike most LGV stations in France , the through tracks for Ashford International station are off to one side rather than going through , partly due to Ashford International predating the line . High Speed 1 approaches Ashford International from the north in a cut @-@ and @-@ cover " box " ; the southbound line rises out of this cutting and crosses over the main tracks to enter the station . The main tracks then rise out of the cutting and over a flyover . On leaving Ashford , southbound Eurostars return to the high @-@ speed line by travelling under this flyover and joining from the outside . The international platforms at Ashford are supplied with both overhead 25 kV and 3rd rail 750 V , avoiding the need to switch power supplies . = = = Section 2 = = = Section 2 of the project opened on 14 November 2007 and is a 39 @.@ 4 km ( 24 @.@ 5 mi ) stretch of track from the newly built Ebbsfleet station in Kent to London St Pancras with a maximum speed of 230 kilometres per hour ( 143 mph ) . Completion of the section cut journey times by a further 20 minutes ( London – Paris in 2h 15 m ; London – Brussels in 1h 51 m ) . The route starts with a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ kilometre ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) tunnel which dives under the Thames on the edge of Swanscombe , then runs alongside the London , Tilbury and Southend Railway as far as Dagenham , where it enters a 19 @-@ kilometre ( 12 mi ) tunnel ( 51 ° 31 ′ 36 @.@ 9 ″ N 0 ° 8 ′ 13 @.@ 9 ″ E ) , much of which is directly under the North London Line , before emerging over the East Coast Main Line near St Pancras . The tunnels are divided into London East and London West sections , between which a 1 @-@ kilometre stretch runs close to the surface to serve Stratford International and the Temple Mills Depot . The new depot at Temple Mills , to the north of Stratford , replaced the North Pole depot in the west of London . In testing , the first Eurostar train ran in St Pancras on 6 March 2007 . All CTRL connections are fully grade @-@ separated . This is achieved through use of viaducts , bridges , cuttings and in one case , the tunnel portal itself . = = Stations = = = = = Ashford International = = = This station was rebuilt as Ashford International during the early 1990s for international services from mainland Europe ; this included the addition of two platforms to the north of station ( the original down island platform had been taken over by international services ) . Unlike normal LGV stations in France , the through tracks for Ashford International railway station are off to one side rather than going through . The number of services was reduced after the opening of the Ebbsfleet station . A high @-@ speed domestic service operated by Southeastern to London St Pancras began on 29 June 2009 . = = = Ebbsfleet International = = = Ebbsfleet International railway station in the borough of Dartford , Kent is 10 mi ( 16 km ) outside the eastern boundary of Greater London and opened to the public on 19 November 2007 . It is now Eurostar 's main station in Kent . Two of the platforms are designed for international passenger trains and four for high @-@ speed domestic services . = = = St Pancras International = = = The terminus for the high @-@ speed line in London is St Pancras railway station . During the 2000s , towards the end of the construction of the CTRL , the entire station complex was renovated , expanded and rebranded as St Pancras International , with a new security @-@ sealed terminal area for Eurostar trains to continental Europe . In addition , it retained traditional domestic connections to the north and south of England . The new extension doubled the length of the central platforms now used for Eurostar services ; new platforms have been provided for existing domestic East Midlands Trains and the Southeastern high @-@ speed services that run along High Speed 1 to Kent . New platforms on the Thameslink line across London were built beneath the western margins of the station , and the station at King 's Cross Thameslink was closed . A complex junction has been built north of St Pancras with connections to the East Coast Main Line , North London Line ( for West Coast Main Line ) and Midland Main Line , allowing for a wide variety of potential destinations albeit on conventional rails . As part of the works , tunnels connecting the East Coast Main Line to the Thameslink route were also built in readiness for the forthcoming Thameslink Programme . = = = Stratford International = = = Stratford International railway station was not part of the original government plans for the CTRL . Despite its name , no international services call there . Completed in April 2006 , it opened on 30 November 2009 when the domestic preview Southeastern highspeed services started calling there . An extension of the Docklands Light Railway opened to Stratford International in August 2011 . It forms part of the complex of railway stations for the main site where the 2012 Summer Olympics were held . Temple Mills Depot in Leyton is used for storage and servicing of Eurostar trains and off @-@ peak berthing of Class 395 Southeastern high @-@ speed trains . = = Infrastructure = = The railway is maintained from Singlewell Infrastructure Maintenance Depot . Access to the railway is protected by over one thousand Assa Abloy padlocks , with a hierarchical system of master keys . = = = Track = = = Both track and signalling technology ( TVM @-@ 430 + KVB ) are based on or identical to the standards used on the French LGV high @-@ speed lines . The areas around St Pancras and Gare du Nord use colour light and KVB signalling with the whole of the high @-@ speed route to Paris ( CTRL , Channel Tunnel , LGV Nord ) using TVM @-@ 430 . Traffic is controlled from the Ashford signalling centre . Signalling tests before opening were performed by the SNCF @-@ owned " Lucie " test car . The track is 1 @,@ 435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ) standard gauge cleared to a larger modern European GC loading gauge enabling GC gauge freight as far as the yards at Barking . The line is electrified entirely using overhead lines with 25 kV AC railway electrification . = = = Tunnels = = = After local protests , early plans were modified to put more of the route into tunnels up until a point approximately 1 mile ( 2 km ) from St. Pancras . Previously the CTRL was planned to run on an elevated section alongside the North London Line on approach into the line 's terminus . The twin tunnels bored under London were driven from Stratford westwards towards St Pancras , eastwards towards Dagenham and from Dagenham westwards to connect with the tunnel from Stratford . The tunnel boring machines were 120 metres long and weighed 1 @,@ 100 tonnes . The depth of the tunnels varies from 24 metres to 50 metres . The construction works were complex , and many contractors were involved in delivering them . The CTRL Section 2 construction works had caused considerable disruption around the Kings Cross area of London ; in their wake redevelopment was stimulated . The large redevelopment area includes the run @-@ down areas of post @-@ industrial and ex @-@ railway land close to King 's Cross and St Pancras , a conservation area with many listed buildings ; this was promoted as one of the benefits for building the CTRL . It has been postulated that this development was actually suppressed by the construction project , and some affected districts were said still to be in a poor state in 2005 . = = = Connection line to Waterloo = = = A 4 @-@ kilometre ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) connecting line providing access for Waterloo railway station leaves High Speed 1 at Southfleet Junction using a grade @-@ separated junction ; the main CTRL tracks continue uninterrupted through to CTRL Section 2 underneath the southbound flyover . The connection joins the Chatham Main Line at Fawkham Junction with a flat crossing . The retention of Eurostar services to Waterloo after the line to St Pancras opened was ruled out on cost grounds . Waterloo International closed upon opening of the section two of the CTRL in November 2007 ; Eurostar now serves the refurbished St Pancras as its only London terminal , so this connecting line is no longer used in regular service , but can be used in emergencies by Class 395 passenger trains . = = Services = = High Speed 1 was built to allow eight trains per hour through to the Channel Tunnel . As of May 2014 , Eurostar runs two to three trains per hour in each direction between London and the Channel Tunnel . Southeastern runs in the high peak eight trains per hour between London and Ebbsfleet , two of these continuing to Ashford . During the 2012 Olympic Games , Southeastern provided the Olympic Javelin service with up to twelve trains per hour from Stratford into London . = = = Freight = = = The route was built with freight provision from the beginning . It has spurs leading to and from the freight terminal at Dollands Moor ( Folkestone ) and the freight depot at Barking ( Ripple Lane ) , north of the River Thames . Long passing loops to hold freight trains while passenger trains overtake them were built at Lenham Heath and Singlewell . Freight trains operated by EWS first ran over CTRL Section 1 , on the consecutive evenings of 3 – 4 April 2004 . Five freight trains that would have run via the classic lines were diverted to run over the Channel Tunnel Rail Link instead : three southbound intermodal trains on 3 April 2004 and two northbound intermodal trains on 4 April 2004 . = = Ownership = = In November 2010 , the HS1 concession was awarded for a duration of thirty years to an investment consortium bringing together two Canadian public pension funds : Ontario Municipal Employees Retirement System ( through its subsidiary Borealis Infrastructure ) and Ontario Teachers ' Pension Plan At the time , UK pension investors had generally limited interest for such long @-@ term , illiquid , ‘ infrastructure assets ’ = = Operators = = The railway is operated on an open access basis . Trains are operated by several organisations all operating over the same track . HS1 Ltd. is the network manager for the line , stations , and other infrastructure . = = = Network Rail ( High Speed ) Ltd = = = HS1 Ltd is responsible for overall managing and running of the line — along with the international railway stations at St Pancras , Stratford , Ashford and Ebbsfleet — with responsibility for the infrastructure itself sub @-@ contracted to Network Rail ( High Speed ) Ltd ( formerly known as Network Rail ( CTRL ) acting as the controller and infrastructure manager . Network Rail ( CTRL ) Limited was created as a subsidiary of Network Rail on 26 September 2003 for £ 57 million to take over the assets of the CTRL renewal and maintenance operations . Network Rail ( High Speed ) operates engineering , track maintenance machines , rescue locomotives , and infrastructure- and test trains . Eurotunnel 's subsidiary Europorte 2 operates its Eurotunnel Class 0001 ( Krupp / MaK 6400 ) rescue locomotives on the line when required . Various track recording trains run as necessary , including visits by the New Measurement Train . On the night of 4 / 5 May 2011 the SNCF TGV Iris 320 laboratory train took over , being hauled from Coquolles to St Pancras and back , towed by Eurotunnel Krupp locomotives numbers 4 and 5 . The Iris 320 runs for Network Rail ( High Speed ) are an extension of the 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) monitoring cycle already undertaken by SNCF International since December 2010 for Eurotunnel every two months . = = = Eurostar = = = The Eurostar service uses about 40 % of the capacity of High Speed 1 , which in November 2007 became the company 's route for all its services . Eurostar trains are for international traffic only , passing along the high @-@ speed line from London St Pancras railway station to the Channel Tunnel , with the majority terminating at either Paris Gare du Nord in France or Brussels @-@ South railway station in Belgium . Currently the trains operated by Eurostar are the only ones to make full use of the high speeds on the line ; a Eurostar train was used to set a new British rail speed record of 334 @.@ 7 km / h ( 208 mph ) on 30 July 2003 . Prior to the formation of Eurostar International Limited , the British component of the Eurostar grouping was owned by London and Continental Railways , which had also previously owned the High Speed 1 infrastructure . The fastest regular @-@ service Eurostar journeys on record are 2 hours , 3 minutes and 39 seconds from Paris Gare du Nord to St Pancras , set on 4 September 2007 ; and 1 hour 43 minutes from Brussels South to St. Pancras , set on 19 September 2007 . = = = Southeastern = = = Domestic high @-@ speed services on High Speed 1 are operated by Southeastern . Having been in planning since 2004 , a preview service of the British Rail Class 395 trains , popularly known as Javelins , started in June 2009 , and regular services began on 13 December 2009 . The quickest journey time from Ashford to London St Pancras is 35 minutes , compared with 80 minutes for the service to London Charing Cross via Tonbridge . This service on Section 2 of the CTRL , known previously as CTRL @-@ DS , was a factor in London 's successful 2012 Olympic Bid , promising a seven @-@ minute journey time from the Olympic Park at Stratford to the London terminus at St Pancras . Although the Class 395 has a maximum speed of 225 km / h ( 140 mph ) , for timetabling purposes a 10 % lower speed is assumed . These trains have faster acceleration than the Eurostar units . = = = DB Cargo UK = = = DB Cargo is a global freight operator with a large interest in freight over rail in Europe . While High Speed 1 was constructed with freight loops , no freight traffic had run upon the line since opening in 2003 . On 16 April 2009 DB Schenker signed an agreement with HS1 Ltd , the owner of High Speed 1 , for a partnership to develop TVM modifications for class 92 freight locomotives to run on the line . On 25 March 2011 for the first time a modified class 92 locomotive travelled from Dollands Moor to Singlewell using the TVM430 signalling system . A loaded container train ran for the first time on 27 May 2011 , to Novara in Italy . Following further trials with loaded wagons DB is to upgrade five Class 92 locomotives to allow them to run on High Speed 1 . From 11 November 2011 a weekly service using European @-@ sized swap body containers has run between London and Poland using High Speed 1 . = = = Future operations = = = At present , only Deutsche Bahn has applied for use of the line and in 2009 regulations were relaxed to allow its trains to use the Channel Tunnel . Other proposals are yet to be formalised . = = = = Deutsche Bahn = = = = In November 2007 , it was reported that Deutsche Bahn , Germany 's national train company , had applied to use the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 into London . This was denied by Deutsche Bahn , and the bi @-@ national Channel Tunnel Safety Authority confirmed that it had not received such an application . The plan was delayed by safety regulations as Deutsche Bahn 's fleet of ICE 3M high @-@ speed trains could not be divided in the tunnel in an emergency . In December 2008 , it was reported that Deutsche Bahn ( DB ) was interested in buying the British share in Eurostar , which in practice means buying Eurostar ( U.K. ) Ltd . , the 100 % subsidiary of London and Continental Railways ( LCR ) , which the British government intends to break up and sell just as it does the other rail @-@ related subsidiary of L & CR , HS1 Ltd . The buyer of EUKL would become the owner of the 11 British " Three Capitals " Class 373 trainsets plus all seven " North of London " sets , and would also be responsible for the operations of Eurostar traffic within Britain once the management contract with ICRR expires in 2010 . Guillaume Pépy , the president of SNCF , who held a press conference the same day , described DB 's interest as " premature , presumptuous and arrogant " . SNCF claims to own 62 % of the shares of Eurostar Group Ltd . Hartmut Mehdorn , then CEO of Deutsche Bahn , confirmed DB 's interest but insisted in a letter to Pépy that DB had only informally requested information and not made any official requests to Britain 's Department for Transport . In 2009 , Eurotunnel ( the owners of the Channel Tunnel ) announced that it was prepared to start relaxing the fire safety regulations , in order to permit other operators , such as Deutsche Bahn , to transport passengers via the Tunnel using other forms of rolling stock . Under the deregulation of European railway service , high @-@ speed lines were opened up to access by other operators on 1 January 2010 ; the Inter @-@ Governmental Commission on the Channel Tunnel ( IGC ) announced that it was considering relaxing the safety requirements concerning train splitting . LCR suggested that high @-@ speed rail services between London and Cologne could commence before the 2012 Olympics . In March 2010 Eurotunnel , HS1 Ltd , DB and other interested train operators formed a working group to discuss changes to the safety rules , including allowing 200 @-@ metre trains . The Intergovernmental Commission currently requires trains to be 400 m long . Deutsche Bahn carried out evacuation trials in the tunnel on 17 October 2010 with two 200m @-@ long ICE3 trains , and displayed one of them at St Pancras station on 19 October . The current Velaro ICE3 sets do not meet the fire safety requirements for passenger services through the tunnel , but the Siemens Velaro D sets on order include the necessary additional fire @-@ proofing . In March 2011 , the European Rail Agency decided to allow trains with distributed traction to operate in the Channel Tunnel . DB is planning three services a day to Frankfurt ( 5h from London ) , Rotterdam ( 3h ) and Amsterdam ( 4h ) via Brussels from 2015 . This had originally planned to be 2013 , but has been delayed due to the availability of the Channel Tunnel version of the Siemens Velaro D trains , high rental costs of the French rail network and border controls in their stations . As of 2016 , nothing yet has come to fruition , but the High Speed One website continues to state that " HS1 Ltd are working with Deutsche Bahn on plans to incorporate three additional international return journeys , between Frankfurt and London via Cologne , Brussels and Lille . This will include connections from Amsterdam via Rotterdam to London . " = = = = Veolia = = = = In September 2008 , Air France @-@ KLM indicated a desire to take advantage of the change in the law and apply to run rail services , in cooperation with Veolia , from London to Paris and from Paris to Amsterdam , in competition with Eurostar and Thalys respectively , with the intention of purchasing or leasing the new AGV multiple units currently being tested . In October 2009 Air France withdrew its interest . This led to Veolia looking for new partners , with the announcement that it would begin working on new proposals in cooperation with Trenitalia to run services from Paris to Strasbourg , London and Brussels . = = = = Renfe = = = = Spanish railway operator RENFE has also shown an interest in running AVE services from Spain to London via Paris , Lyon , Barcelona , Madrid and Lisbon ( using the Madrid – Barcelona high @-@ speed rail line ) once its AVE network is connected to France via the Barcelona to Figueres and Perpignan to Figueres lines in 2012 . = = = = Transmanche Metro = = = = In February 2010 , local councillors from Kent and Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais announced they were in talks to establish a frequent local rail service between the regional stations along the route . Trains would leave Lille and stop at Calais , Ashford and Stratford before reaching London St. Pancras . Currently , Ashford and Calais have an infrequent service and Eurostar trains do not call at Stratford . The initiative is part of Calais ' branding as part of the UK in order to benefit from the 2012 London Olympics but is supported on both sides of the channel to bring in more commuters .
= Felix of Burgundy = Felix of Burgundy , also known as Felix of Dunwich ( died 8 March 647 or 648 ) , was a saint and the first bishop of the East Angles . He is widely credited as the man who introduced Christianity to the kingdom of East Anglia . Almost all that is known about the saint originates from The Ecclesiastical History of the English People , completed by Bede in about 731 , and the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . Bede praised Felix for delivering " all the province of East Anglia from long @-@ standing unrighteousness and unhappiness " . Felix , who originated from the Frankish kingdom of Burgundy , may have been a priest at one of the monasteries in Francia founded by the Irish missionary Columbanus : the existence of a Bishop of Châlons with the same name may not be a coincidence . Felix travelled from his homeland of Burgundy to Canterbury before being sent by Honorius to Sigeberht of East Anglia 's kingdom in about 630 , ( by sea to Babingley in Norfolk , according to local legend ) . On arrival in East Anglia , Sigeberht gave him a see at Dommoc ( possibly Walton , Suffolk or Dunwich in Suffolk ) . According to Bede , Felix helped Sigeberht to establish a school in his kingdom " where boys could be taught letters " . He died on 8 March 647 or 648 , having been bishop for seventeen years . His relics were translated from Dommoc to Soham Abbey and then to the abbey at Ramsey . After his death , Felix was venerated as a saint : several English churches are dedicated to him . Felix 's feast date is 8 March . = = Background and early life = = Felix came from the Frankish kingdom of Burgundy , although his name prevents historians from conclusively identifying his nationality . According to Bede , he was ordained in Burgundy . It is possible that Felix was associated with Irish missionary activity in Francia , which was centred in Burgundy and was particularly associated with Columbanus and Luxeuil Abbey . Columbanus had arrived in Francia in about 590 , after leaving Bangor along with twelve companions and going into voluntary exile . Upon Columbanus 's arrival , he was encouraged to stay , and in about 592 settled at Annegay , but was then forced to find an alternative site for a monastery at Luxeuil , when lay people and the sick continually sought the counsel of himself and his fellow monks . The connection between the Wuffingas ruling dynasty and the abbess Burgundofara at Faremoutiers Abbey was an example of the associations that existed at the time between the Church in East Anglia and religious establishments in Francia . Such associations were partly due to the work of Columbanus and his disciples at Luxeuil : together with Eustasius , his successor , Columbanus inspired Burgundofara to found the abbey at Faremoutiers . It has been suggested that a connection between the disciples of Columbanus , ( who strongly influenced the Christians of Northern Burgundy ) and Felix , helps to explain how the Wuffingas dynasty established its links with Faremoutiers . Higham notes various suggestions for where Felix may have originated , including Luxeuil , Châlons or the area around Autun . Other historians have made connections between Felix and Dagobert I , who had contact with both King Sigeberht of East Anglia and Amandus , a disciple of Columbanus . McLure and Collins note that there was a bishop named Felix who held the see of Châlons in 626 or 627 . They suggest the possibility that Felix may have become a political fugitive as a result of losing his see at Châlons after the death of Chlothar II in 629 . = = Arrival in the kingdom of the East Angles = = Felix is mentioned in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , a collection of annals that was compiled in the late ninth century . The annal for 633 in ' Manuscript A ' of the Chronicle , states that Felix " preached the faith of Christ to the East Angles " . Another version of the Chronicle , ' Manuscript F ' , written in the eleventh century in both Old English and Latin , elaborates upon the short statement contained in the Manuscript A annal : " Here there came from the region of Burgundy a bishop who was called Felix , who preached the faith to the people of East Anglia ; called here by King Sigeberht ; he received a bishopric in Dommoc , in which he remained for seventeen years . " Bede describes how the exertions of King Sigeberht of East Anglia " were nobly promoted by Bishop Felix , who , coming to Honorius , the archbishop , from the parts of Burgundy , where he had been born and , ordained , and having told him what he desired , was sent by him to preach the Word of life to the aforesaid nation of the Angles " . Later sources tend to differ from the version of events described by Bede and the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . The Liber Eliensis , an English chronicle and history written at Ely Abbey in the 12th century , states that Felix came with Sigeberht from Francia and was then made Bishop of East Anglia . According to another version of the story , Felix travelled from Gaul and reached the hamlet of Babingley , via the River Babingley . He then made his way to Canterbury . He was ordained as a bishop in about 630 or 631 by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Honorius . Felix 's arrival in East Anglia seems to have coincided with the start of a new period of order established by Sigeberht , that had followed the assassination of Eorpwald and the three years of apostasy that followed Eorpwald 's murder . Sigeberht had become a devout Christian before returning from exile in Francia to become king . His accession may have been decisive in bringing Felix to East Anglia . Peter Hunter challenges the assertion by mediaeval sources that spoke of Felix and Sigeberht travelling together from Francia to England , as in his view Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People implied that Felix went to East Anglia because of Honorius at Canterbury . = = Bishop of the East Angles = = Soon after his arrival at Sigeberht 's court , Felix established a church at Dommoc , his episcopal see , which is widely taken to mean Dunwich , on the Suffolk coast . Dunwich has since been almost totally destroyed by the effects of coastal erosion . Other historians have suggested as an alternative site for Felix 's see the coastal Walton , Suffolk near Felixstowe , where there was once a Roman fort . A church and priory were dedicated to him there by Roger Bigod in 1105 . Bede related that Felix started a school , " where boys could be taught letters " , to provide Sigeberht with teachers . There is no evidence that Felix 's school was at Soham , as is maintained by later sources . Bede is unclear as to the origin of the teachers at the school that was established , who may have been from Kent itself or similar to those who were to be found in Kent . The Liber Eliensis mentioned that he also founded the abbey at Soham , in Cambridgeshire and a church at Reedham in Norfolk : " Indeed , one reads in an English source that St Felix was the original founder of the old monastery of Sehem and of the church at Redham " . According to Margaret Gallyon , the large size of the East Anglian diocese would have made the foundation of a second religious establishment at Soham " appear very probable " . During his years as bishop , the East Anglian Church was made still stronger when Fursey arrived from Ireland and founded a monastery , at Cnobheresburg , probably located at Burgh Castle , in Norfolk . = = Death and veneration = = Felix died in 647 or 648 , after he had been bishop for seventeen years . After his death , which probably occurred during the reign of Anna of East Anglia , Thomas , a Fenman , became the second Bishop of the East Angles . Felix was buried at Dommoc , but his relics were at a later date removed to Soham , according to the twelfth century English historian William of Malmesbury . His shrine was desecrated by the Vikings when the church was destroyed . Some time later , " the body of the saint was looked for and found , and buried at Ramsey Abbey " . Ramsey was noted for its enthusiasm for collecting saints ' relics , and in an apparent attempt to out @-@ compete their rivals from the abbey at Ely , the Ramsey monks escaped by rowing their boats through thick Fenland fog , carrying with them the bishop 's precious remains . Felix 's feast day is celebrated on 8 March . There are six churches dedicated to the saint , located in North Yorkshire and East Anglia . According to the mediaeval customary of Bury St Edmunds , known as the Liber Albus , Felix is said to have visited Babingley , in the north west of Norfolk , and ' maden ... ... the halige kirke ' – ' built the holy church ' . The village of Felixkirk ( in Yorkshire ) and the town of Felixstowe may both have been named after the saint , though an alternative meaning for Felixstowe , " the stow of Filica " , has been suggested . = = Fiction = = Gray , Arthur ; Swain , E. G. ( 2010 ) . " The Palladium " . Ancient Haunts : The Stoneground Ghost Tales / Tedious Brief Tales of Granta . Landisville : Coachwhip Publications. pp. 198 – 205 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 61646 @-@ 005 @-@ 1 .
= Shawnee on Delaware , Pennsylvania = Shawnee on Delaware is an unincorporated community on the Delaware River , part of Smithfield Township in Monroe County , Pennsylvania . It is situated just south of the foothills of the Pocono Mountains , 2 @.@ 6 miles ( 4 @.@ 2 km ) southwest of the Shawnee Mountain Ski Area and about 75 miles ( 121 km ) west of New York City . The first white settler , Nicholas Depuy , arrived from New Amsterdam in 1727 . His home was used as a fort during the French and Indian War ( 1754 – 1763 ) . In 1904 , Worthington Hall , later known as the Shawnee Playhouse , was built in the village . Shawnee is also the home of the Shawnee Inn and Golf Resort , originally built as the Buckwood Inn with a course designed by A. W. Tillinghast in the early 20th century . The largest red cedar tree in the state is situated at Shawnee Presbyterian Church Cemetery , standing 36 feet ( 11 m ) high and 67 inches ( 1 @.@ 7 m ) around the trunk . = = History = = Shawnee tribe refugees from Ohio settled in the area in 1692 . The first white settler was Nicholas Depuy , from New Amsterdam , New York , who arrived in 1727 and bought 3 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 200 ha ) of land from the local Minsi tribe of Lenape Indians . During the French and Indian War ( 1754 – 1763 ) his home was used as a fort , and became known as Fort Depuy . The village was given its name by a surveyor sent by William Penn , who mistakenly thought the local Indians were Shawnee . In 1736 , a ferry began to operate , traveling from Shawnee between Shawnee Island and Depuy Island , then across the Delaware River to New Jersey . By 1740 Aaron Depuy was operating a store , and in 1753 he built a stone and log church used by ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church . The cornerstone of this church remains , now part of the Shawnee Presbyterian Church . The farming community grew steadily , using the river to transport produce . A post office was built in 1843 , and a brick church was erected in 1853 on the foundation of the old stone and log church . Some of the original beams still remain , as well as the original sounding board . Judge J. Depue LeBar moved to Shawnee from Pahaquarry Township , New Jersey in about 1850 , and by the end of the decade he 'd opened a general store in the village . In 1888 the River School was built near Shawnee , made of stone and sporting a roof @-@ framing system with wood and iron truss members . Charles Campbell Worthington was a successful businessman , owner of the Worthington Pump and Machinery Corporation . In the late 1890s Worthington began to spend an increasing amount of time at his country home in Shawnee on Delaware , and in 1900 he retired to live in Shawnee . In 1904 he built Worthington Hall , later known as the Shawnee Playhouse . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 , but the building was de @-@ listed in 1986 after being demolished following a fire caused by arson on June 24 , 1985 . The playhouse was rebuilt with help from the people of Shawnee on Delaware , the Seabees , the Hughes Foundation , the National Endowment for the Arts , The National Trust , a Community Development Block Grant , and others . Charles Campbell Worthington also established the Worthington Society , a society dedicated to ornithology which was directed by Charles W. Miller . The society caught over 300 pigeons on the grounds in less than three months . = = Geography = = The village is just south of the foothills of the Pocono Mountains , and is 2 @.@ 6 miles ( 4 @.@ 2 km ) southwest of the Shawnee Mountain Ski Area along a forested valley route . It is about 75 miles ( 121 km ) to the west of New York City , and lies 5 @.@ 9 miles ( 9 @.@ 5 km ) to the northeast of Stroudsburg , Pennsylvania . The village is separated from the main channel of the Delaware River by Depuy Island . Just downstream from this island is Swanee Island , now the location of the Shawnee Inn golf course . About 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) upstream from Shawnee is Tocks Island , the site of a proposed controversial dam project following flooding on the river in 1955 . The largest red cedar tree in the state is situated at Shawnee Presbyterian Church Cemetery , standing 36 feet ( 11 m ) high and 67 inches ( 1 @.@ 7 m ) around the trunk , with a 36 feet ( 11 m ) crown . = = Government = = Although Shawnee on Delaware is an unincorporated community with no municipal or governmental structure of its own , it is subordinate to the local government of Smithfield Township and the county government of Monroe County , Pennsylvania . The Shawnee Preservation Society is a not @-@ for @-@ profit , voluntary organization , which functions under state law , dedicated to " preserving the quality of life in Shawnee @-@ On @-@ Delaware , Smithfield Township , and surrounding areas " . = = Economy = = Lime , produced by burning limestone , was used to neutralize acidity and improve the fertility of the soil in the Shawnee area . One of the local farmers built a lime kiln into a slope on his property ; the kiln on John Turn Farm is well @-@ preserved and is listed as a historic place . Hiram , son of Judge J. Depue LeBar , farmed about three hundreds across on Shawnee Island , which included land of the present day golf course . A barn , 110 feet ( 34 m ) long by 60 feet ( 18 m ) was built which could hold some hundred tons of grain when full , with room to store forty acres of wheat and twenty acres of oats . A stone mill was also built in the vicinity , the first flour mill in Smithfield Township , which would be ground and loaded onto boats and sold in Philadelphia . Worthington built the Buckwood Inn , an exclusive resort , with an eighteen @-@ hole golf course designed by A. W. Tillinghast . This later became the Shawnee Country Club . The course was completed around 1910 . In 1913 , John McDermott won the Shawnee Open golf tournament at Shawnee @-@ on @-@ Delaware , ahead of top Englishmen Harry Vardon and Ted Ray . After trying unsuccessfully to keep the fairways in shape by grazing sheep on them , Worthington designed the gang mower with three moving wheels . He launched the Shawnee Mower Factory to manufacture it . With the depression the inn 's business suffered , and the building was not properly maintained . Worthington 's family sold the inn in 1943 to Fred Waring , a famous choral master . Waring made the inn his base , and during the 1950s his radio programs featuring Fred Waring and his Pennsylvanians were broadcast from the Worthington Hall . During the 1940s and early 1950s , Waring and His Pennsylvanians produced a string of hits , selling millions of records . A few of his many choral hits include " Sleep , " " Battle Hymn of the Republic , " " Smoke Gets in Your Eyes , " " Button Up Your Overcoat , " " White Christmas , " " Give Me Your Tired , Your Poor " and " Dancing in the Dark . " Waring and some of his friends founded Words and Music Inc. in 1939 . In 1947 he moved the company to Shawnee and renamed it the Shawnee Press . The company became a major publisher of sacred and secular music . In 2009 it was acquired by the Hal Leonard Corporation . Many of Waring 's celebrity friends visited the inn and played golf . Among them were Bob Hope , Art Carney , George Goebel , Arnold Palmer , Lucille Ball , Ed Sullivan , Eddie Fisher , Perry Como , President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Jackie Gleason . The golf architect Bill Diddle expanded the course to 27 holes . Waring sold the inn in 1974 to Philadelphia real estate developer Karl Hope who expanded the operation and made it less exclusive , introducing timesharing and adding skiing and water activities . Hope established the Shawnee Mountain Ski Area which contributes to the income received in the Shawnee area , employing Olympic Gold medalist Jean @-@ Claude Killy as director of ski operations . = = Media = = WCSD @-@ LP ( 104 @.@ 9 FM ) is a low @-@ power FM radio station broadcasting a variety music format . The Federal Communications Commission issued a construction permit for the station on February 14 , 2003 . The station was assigned the WCSD @-@ LP call sign on March 18 , 2003 . It received its license to cover on November 4 , 2004 . Licensed to Shawnee @-@ on @-@ Delaware , the station serves the Stroudsburg , Pennsylvania area and is currently owned by Shawnee Presbyterian Church .
= Ontario Highway 80 = King 's Highway 80 , commonly referred to as Highway 80 , was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . It travelled in an east – west direction south of Sarnia from Courtright to Strathburn . Beginning at the St. Clair Parkway near the shores of the St. Clair River , the route travelled 69 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 43 @.@ 2 mi ) , intersecting Highway 40 , Highway 21 and Highway 79 before ending at Highway 2 . In addition to the towns at either terminus , Highway 80 serviced the communities of Brigden , Glencoe and Alvinston . The entire route was and remains two lanes wide . Highway 80 was first designated in 1937 , travelling east from Highway 79 in Alvinston to Highway 2 in Strathburn . Most of the original winding highway was bypassed in 1962 , and the route was extended west in 1963 to what was then Highway 40 , now the St. Clair Parkway . It remained this way for over 30 years before being decommissioned as a provincial highway entirely in the mass downloading of highways in 1997 . Today the route is known as County Road 80 . = = Route description = = Highway 80 was a two @-@ laned rural connector highway in Lambton and Middlesex Counties . The generally straight route followed Courtright Line and Dundonald Road , both concession roads created through statute labour during the 1800s . Beginning near the shore of the St. Clair River , at the St. Clair Parkway , the former highway travels east , encountering Highway 40 approximately 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) inshore . Between there and the community of Kimball , the route veers several times to avoid natural obstacles . It bisects the Brigden Crown Game Preserve , a Carolinian bird sanctuary , before entering the village of Brigden at the eastern boundary of the preserve . Between Brigden and former Highway 21 at Oil City , the route crosses a flat agricultural area and encounters the historic Sarnia Plank Road . East of Oil City , Highway 80 continues through a large swath of farmland , passing south of the communities of Glen Rae , Weidman and Inwood . Prior to crossing the Sydenham River and entering Middlesex County , the route encounters former Highway 79 south of the town of Alvinston . Within Middlesex County , the highway curves southeast onto Dundonald Road . It crosses both the CN and CP railways in the vicinity of Glencoe , which the route bisects . The final 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) of the highway travels through farmland before entering the community of Strathburn , where the route ends at former Highway 2 ( Longwoods Road ) . = = History = = Highway 80 was first established as a provincial highway on August 11 , 1937 , when the Department of Highways ( DHO ) , predecessor to the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario ( MTO ) , assumed the road between Alvinston and Strathburn , connecting Highway 2 and Highway 79 . In it original incarnation , Highway 80 met Highway 79 in Alvinston at the intersection of Nauvoo Road and Centre Street . From there it travelled east to River Street , where it jogged north to Sydenham Street . From there , the route crossed the Sydenham River and followed the Gardner Trail , Lobelia Street , Conservation Road and Calvert Drive to arrive at the more modern routing of the highway . The original length of Highway 80 was 13 @.@ 9 mi ( 22 @.@ 4 km ) . However , this winding route proved to be too dangerous and difficult for the explosion of vehicle traffic that occurred after World War II . Alvinston was originally reliant on the Canada Southern Railroad , which was taken over by the Michigan Central Railway and that by New York Central . However , by 1960 the use of the rails had declined so much that service was stopped . The tracks were lifted two years later . In response , the DHO sought to improve the connection between Alvinston and Glencoe . Courtright Line , which ended at Cameron Road and did not cross the Sydenham River , was chosen as an ideal route to extend east . This new route opened in May 1962 . In 1963 , Highway 80 was extended west to Highway 40 at Courtright , bringing it to its peak length of 69 @.@ 6 km ( 43 @.@ 2 mi ) . Prior to being renumbered , the DHO reconstructed the road , originally built through statute labour and improved slightly as a township road , and referred to it as Development Road 471 . There are conflicting dates as to when this extension became Highway 80 . The 1963 Annual report indicates both July 1 and August 12 as the assumption date . However , an annual average daily traffic log published in 1970 indicates that the extension was assumed on September 4 . The new extension was immediately paved , as it was a gravel road . The route remained unchanged for the next 34 years , until April 1 , 1997 , when it was transferred , or downloaded , to Lambton County and Middlesex County . The former highway is now known as County Road 80 throughout its length . = = Major intersections = = The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 80 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario .
= The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth = The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth is an adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role @-@ playing game . It was written by Gary Gygax and published by TSR in 1982 for the first edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons ( AD & D ) rules . The 64 @-@ page adventure bears the code " S4 " ( " S " for " special " ) and is set in the Greyhawk campaign setting . It is divided into two parts , a 32 @-@ page adventure , and a 32 @-@ page booklet of monsters and magic items . The plot involves the player characters investigating rumors of lost treasure . After traversing a wilderness and two levels of dungeons , the players face Drelzna , the vampiric daughter of long @-@ deceased archmage Iggwilv . The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth was published in 1982 and is a revised and expanded version of The Lost Caverns of Tsojconth , a tournament adventure that Gygax wrote for 1976 WinterCon V gaming convention . Gygax expanded the tournament adventure by adding a wilderness area , with part of it based on earlier work by Rob Kuntz . Work on the adventure delayed the completion of The Temple of Elemental Evil , another Gygax adventure . The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth was included in the 1987 supermodule Realms of Horror , and updated for v3.5 in an online edition in 2007 . It was well received by critics , ranked the 22nd greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004 . A White Dwarf reviewer gave the adventure 9 / 10 , noting its difficulty and rewards of powerful magic . It is part of a series along with S1 : Tomb of Horrors , S2 : White Plume Mountain , S3 : Expedition to the Barrier Peaks . It also has a loosely connected sequel : The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun . = = Plot summary = = The introduction , with instructions that the Dungeon Master read it aloud to the players , outlines that there is a treasure in the Yatil Mountains south of the Greyhawk realm of Perrenland . The player characters must investigate rumors of a lost treasure that scores of adventurers have perished attempting to find . The treasure is a remnant of the wealth amassed by the archmage Iggwilv , former ruler of Perrenland , prior to her presumed death at the hands of the demon Graz 'zt , whom she had " imprisoned and forced into servitude . " The players must first traverse a wilderness area with 20 numbered encounters before arriving at the caverns . The encounters have names such as " Border Patrol " ( encounter 1 ) and " Hill Giants " ( encounter 10 ) . After the wilderness are two lettered encounters : the " Gnome Vale " , which includes a map for their lair , and " The Craggy Dells " , where humans and orcs are capturing hippogriffs to sell . Next , the player characters reach the caverns . They consist of the " Lesser Caverns " with 22 encounters , and the " Greater Caverns " with 20 encounters , each with its own map . The lesser caverns include encounters such as " Stinking Cave " ( encounter 5 ) which contains four trolls and " Underground Lake " ( encounter 14 ) . The greater caverns include encounters such as " Uneven @-@ Floored Cavern " ( encounter 5 ) where the player characters face an umber hulk and " Canyon of Centaurs " ( encounter 9 ) . The 20th and final encounter is titled " The Inner Sphere " . Here , a " woman sleeps on an alabaster slab . " She is " armored from toe to neck in gold chased plate mail . " The woman is actually Drelzna , a fighter / vampire and the daughter of Iggwilv . After defeating Drelzna , the players are rewarded with treasure , and the adventure ends . = = Publication history = = The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth is a revised and expanded version of The Lost Caverns of Tsojconth , a tournament adventure that Gygax wrote for WinterCon V , a gaming convention sponsored by the Metro Detroit Gamers ( MDG ) in 1976 . It is based in part on one of Rob Kuntz 's dungeon levels , as Kuntz helped Gygax revise the tournament version . This original version consisted of eight loose sheets , an outer folder , and a zip @-@ locked bag ; only several hundred copies were printed . In the May 1980 issue of Dragon , Gygax said " Rob Kuntz has the reworked Lost Caverns module which must be finalized " and that " We want to get it into print as soon as possible . " Lawrence Schick later suggested that " there 's evidence that Gary considered Tsojcanth part of a longer Greyhawk campaign , placing the adventure between T1 – T4 The Temple of Elemental Evil and WG4 The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun . ( By this reckoning , The Village of Hommlet , The Temple of Elemental Evil , and Tsojcanth are thus the " lost " WG1 through WG3 modules . ) So , Tsojcanth was published in the S series because it got completed out of order , but was too good to delay . " In 1980 , Gygax began rewriting the adventure for first edition AD & D , expanding it to include outdoor encounters . The redevelopment of The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth was one of the major delays in the completion of The Temple of Elemental Evil . This version of the module was revised and expanded , and included two 32 @-@ page books , and an outer folder . In the November 1981 issue of Dragon , Gygax said that TSR needed a competition level module and that " the effort needed to finish the second hundred or so pages of Elemental Evil went into preparation of The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth . The scenario was initially done for a convention tournament , but the new product has an extensive outdoor adventure and a completely new series of encounters " . While in the middle of working on Temple of Elemental Evil , Gygax added a complete outdoor story arc to the original tournament story arc that leads to the caverns . The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth includes new spells , and many new monsters which were later featured in Monster Manual II . The Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun ( 1982 ) starts off from an event in The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth and features monsters from the Fiend Folio . In 1987 , The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth was revised and included in TSR 's " supermodule " Realms of Horror . In 2007 , it was updated to v3.5 and included as one of three parts in Iggwilv 's Legacy : The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth , an adventure available online from Wizards of the Coast . Both versions of the module included monsters that were later included other Dungeons & Dragons products . The monsters introduced in the original un @-@ published version were updated for AD & D rules and included in the first edition Monster Manual . Monsters appearing in the published version included the demon princes Baphomet , Fraz @-@ Urb 'luu , Graz 'zt , and Kostchtchie , who later appeared in the original Monster Manual II . The published module 's cover features an illustration of a behir by Erol Otus . All four modules of the S @-@ series were included as part of the Dungeons of Dread hardcover collection , released on March 19 , 2013 . Lawrence Schick writes in the foreword that " S4 The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth marked the end of the S series — and rightly so , because despite being based on a gilded @-@ hole dungeon originally designed for a tournament in 1976 , its updated version really belonged more to the ' 80s campaign @-@ setting school of design than to the wild @-@ and @-@ woolly ' 70s . S1 through S3 were standalone modules that could be easily dropped into any DM 's campaign , but Tsojcanth is firmly based in Gary 's World of Greyhawk . " = = Reception = = The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth was favorably received by critics . Lawrence Schick , in his 1991 book Heroic Worlds , described the adventure as " A monster @-@ filled labyrinth in the classic mode : kill ' em , rob ' em , and leave . " It was ranked the 22nd @-@ greatest Dungeons & Dragons adventure of all time by Dungeon magazine in 2004 , on the 30th anniversary of the Dungeons & Dragons game . Dungeon 's editors felt that the " pedestrian character of the caverns echoes the adventure 's primordial nature " , while its complicated wilderness setting and large second booklet set it apart from other adventures of the time . The booklet introduced 30 new creatures , including the derro and the demon lords Baphomet and Graz 'zt . The reviewers felt that the adventure 's defining moment was when the players find Iggwilv 's " fabled treasure " : her vampire daughter Drelzna . Jim Bambra reviewed the adventure for White Dwarf . He gave it 9 / 10 overall , with 9 / 10 for presentation , rules , playability , enjoyment , skill , and complexity . Bambra noted that the module ended a long time off for Gary Gygax , and was " very tough " and that good play was stressed in the introduction . Sub par play quickly ended the story , but the rewards of powerful magic and the satisfaction of completing a difficult task made it worthwhile . He also noted that the adventure came with a 32 @-@ page booklet with 30 new monsters and a small amount of new magic . Not all the new creatures are featured in the plot , but they can be used by the DM in other adventures . Also , magical diagrams are given an in @-@ depth treatment , including their creation and effectiveness . James Jacobs credits Gary Gygax 's work on The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth for inspiration on Jacobs 's work on the " Demonomicon of Iggwilv " column in Dragon magazine .
= Flocke = Flocke ( German pronunciation : [ ˈflɔkə ] ) is a female polar bear who was born in captivity at the Nuremberg Zoo in Nuremberg , Germany on 11 December 2007 . A few weeks after her birth , she was removed from her mother 's care after concerns were raised for her safety . Although the zoo had established a strict non @-@ interference policy with its animals , officials chose to raise the cub by hand . This decision came at a time when the zoo was receiving negative attention from the media after another female polar bear reportedly ate her newly born cubs . Like Knut , a captive @-@ born and handraised polar bear at the Berlin Zoo , Flocke ( " flake " in German ) quickly became a media sensation . After she made her debut to the public on 8 April 2008 , her name was trademarked by the zoo and her image appeared on toys and in advertisements throughout the city . The zoo announced in May 2008 that United Nations Environment Program chief Achim Steiner would be Flocke 's official patron with the hope of using the bear as an ambassador to encourage awareness of climate change . In late 2008 , a Russian @-@ born male polar bear named Rasputin was introduced to Flocke 's enclosure in the hopes that she would gain valuable socializing skills with a member of her own species . In April 2010 , both bears were relocated to Marineland in southern France . = = Infancy and controversy = = Flocke was born at the Nuremberg Zoo on 11 December 2007 to Vera ( born 2002 in Moscow ) and Felix ( born 2001 in Vienna ) . Felix also mated with Vera 's sister Vilma , who gave birth some weeks earlier in November to what officials thought were two cubs . Zookeepers , enforcing a strict non @-@ interference policy , were not able to determine exactly how many cubs were born . The zoo reportedly did not wish to create a media circus similar to the one that surrounded Knut , an orphaned polar bear at the Berlin Zoo who became an international celebrity the previous year . Days after the zoo reaffirmed its non @-@ interference policy , mass circulation daily Bild ran a story with a headline reading " Why Won 't Anyone Save the Cute Baby Knuts in Nuremberg Zoo ? " At the beginning of January , zoo keepers noticed that Vilma appeared nervous ; she was seen agitatedly scratching at her feedbox , and there was no further sign of her cubs . It is believed that she devoured them . When asked for a reason , Nuremberg zoo director Dag Encke stated that they could have been ill , a circumstance under which polar bears in the wild often eat their young . The zoo quickly faced harsh criticism throughout Germany and from the worldwide media for appearing to allow the cubs ' death . The director of the German Animal Protection Society said the zoo had acted irresponsibly and that " it was the ethical responsibility of the management to give the polar bear cubs a chance of life . Using the argument ' That 's Nature ' as an excuse for intervening far too late is cynical and inappropriate . " Angry visitors gathered in front of the polar bear enclosure and shouted " Rabenmutter " ( literally , " raven mother , " meaning " evil mother " ) every time Vilma appeared . Meanwhile , Vera was seen emerging from her den for the first time ; her single cub , helpless at only four weeks old , appeared to be in good health . A couple of days after the media backlash that followed Vilma 's missing cubs , Vera began displaying strange behavior such as carrying her then @-@ unnamed cub around the enclosure and repeatedly dropping it on the hard rock floor . Concerned for the cub 's safety , the Nuremberg Zoo made a controversial decision to remove her from her mother 's care and raise her by hand . = = Fame = = Less than a week after Vera 's cub was removed from the polar bear enclosure , the zoo dedicated a website to the cub . It provided frequent updates on her health and development , as well as exclusive photographs and videos . The website also showcased a competition in which fans could vote for the cub 's name . The official name was announced on 18 January 2008 by Ulrich Maly , mayor of Nuremberg , and broadcast live on television . Despite the overwhelming number of e @-@ mailed suggestions from across the world ( including " Stella " , " Knutschi " , " Sissi " and " Yuki Chan " ) , the zoo officially named her Flocke , German for " flake " , as in " snowflake " . " Flocke " , used widely by the media previous to her official naming , was the nickname originally given to her by zookeepers because of her white fur . Flocke 's growth was carefully reported by the media during her first few months . Four zookeepers took turns bottle @-@ feeding the cub with 140 milliliters of artificial milk every four hours and news of her eyes opening for the first time made headlines a few days before she was officially named . At five weeks old , she was referred to by the publication Bild as " Mrs. Knut " , suggesting that the two German @-@ born polar bears might become mates when they mature . As she grew , Flocke 's diet was enriched with dog food , and boiled bones were supplied for her to chew on when she was three months old . She was soon taken to the zoo 's beginners ' pool to practice her swimming skills . The zoo had previously stated that they were seeking another orphaned polar or brown bear cub to raise alongside Flocke in order to improve her development . On 8 April 2008 , Flocke made her first public appearance in the polar bear enclosure that had once been home to Vilma ; the adult polar bear had been relocated to another zoo . The four @-@ month @-@ old cub was greeted by more than 160 journalists and a half @-@ dozen international camera crews on the first day . During the first week , Flocke was displayed for short intervals with breaks at midday . Expecting a peak of 20 @,@ 000 visitors , the zoo built a viewing platform , capable of holding 500 people at a time , in front of the enclosure , but attendance by zoo patrons was initially lower than expected . The zoo uses a video transmission and recording system from Bosch Security Systems to transmit TV @-@ quality live images of the cub to a pair of 46 @-@ inch ( 1 @,@ 200 mm ) large @-@ format screens . This system , which includes one screen outside the enclosure , was implemented to help the zoo meet the demands of visitors wanting to catch a glimpse of Flocke . Shortly after her debut , however , Flocke became the focus of controversy when prominent animal conservationist Jürgen Ortmüller , chairman of the Whale and Dolphin Protection Forum , hired a lawyer to stop Nuremberg Zoo 's exploitation of the polar bear cub . Claiming that Flocke 's public exposure would have damaging effects and that the zoo was only concerned about earning money , Ortmüller recruited high @-@ profile lawyer Rolf Bossi to challenge them in court . = = Merchandising and branding = = Soon after Flocke was rescued in January , the city secured branding rights to her name . An official logo was subsequently released by the zoo . Flocke became part of a major publicity campaign in Nuremberg when she was depicted along with the phrase " Knut war gestern " ( Knut is yesterday 's bear ) on posters for the city 's metropolitan region . These posters were displayed at numerous bus and train stops all over the city . Dubbed " Flocke fever " by the press ( similar to the " Knutmania " from the previous year ) , the cub 's popularity soared in early 2008 . Her image has been used for games , diaries , soft toys , DVDs , postcards and other items . The first product released , a Flocke @-@ based board game that was released in February , was made by the Fuerth @-@ based firm Noris @-@ Spiele , a unit of Georg Reulein GmbH & Co . KG . The well @-@ known toy company Steiff began selling a variety of Flocke stuffed animals the following May . The income from the merchandise is currently going towards the zoo and to species survival programs . = = Later publicity = = In April 2008 , the zoo decreased human interaction with the cub , hoping that one day she could coexist with members of her species and not be dependent on humans . Becoming more independent from her keepers , Flocke was reported often playing happily on her own . She was given a plastic " dummy " , similar to a child 's teething ring , tied to the bars on the inside of her stable door to suckle on while resting . This suckling caused the cub 's nose to appear bent ; her muzzle remained in this shape for some time before returning to normal . At the age of six months , it was reported that Flocke , whose diet at the time consisted mostly of a kilogram of beef , assorted vegetables and a liter of puppy milk a day , was at the correct weight for her development at 45 kilograms ( 99 lb ) . The zoo 's vet , Bernhard Neurohr , also remarked upon the bear 's sweet tooth , stating that " Flocke is very enthusiastic about grapes , melon , kiwi fruit and pears " , with a particular fondness for bananas . United Nations Environment Program chief Achim Steiner became Flocke 's official patron in May 2008 . By assuming this role , Steiner acknowledged Nuremberg Zoo 's efforts towards local climate protection , stating " I am happy to have been asked to become ' godfather ' to Nuremberg 's polar bear cub Flocke . I sincerely hope that during her lifetime we will be able to implement a global green economy . " In June 2008 , a new poster campaign featuring Flocke was announced ; its goal was strengthening public awareness of individuals ' ability to protect Earth 's climate . Sponsored by the Nuremberg Zoo in conjunction with the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region , the poster showed Flocke and the phrase " Klimaschutz beginnt vor Ort " ( " Climate Protection Begins At Home " ) . The zoo also published a pocket @-@ sized brochure featuring Flocke . Entitled " Little Guide to Climate Protection " , it taught visitors how to decrease their carbon dioxide emissions . The Nuremberg Zoo announced in September that it had reached its one millionth visitor for 2008 — two months earlier than last year . Although ticket sales for the year increased due to Flocke 's popularity , the numbers did not match high expectations . The same month it was announced that the cub , now weighing 60 kilograms ( 130 lb ) , would no longer have lunchtime breaks in her stable , and would remain in the enclosure throughout the day . = = Rasputin and move to France = = In late November 2008 , Flocke 's mother Vera gave birth to two cubs , who were fathered by Flocke 's father , Felix . Although Vera was able to care for the new cubs without assistance from zoo keepers , Director Dag Encke initially stated that the cubs had a 50 percent chance of survival . Three weeks after their birth was reported , both cubs died of natural causes within one week of each other . Encke expressed regret after the second cub 's death , stating that " Vera nursed regularly and the young animal always slept well afterwards , so it seemed certain that it received enough milk . The reason that the young animal wasted away so quickly is not known . " A male polar bear cub named Rasputin was relocated from Moscow to the Nuremberg Zoo in December 2008 for what was thought to be an extended stay before his permanent move to the Zoo Aquarium de Madrid . Originally meant to remain in Germany for only a year , the male bear — called " Raspi " by fans — shared Flocke 's enclosure . The zoo hoped that Rasputin , who unlike Flocke was raised by his mother , would teach their celebrity bear how to interact with those of her own species . According to a statement given by the city , the bears " get along famously " . On 21 October 2009 , the city of Nuremberg announced that Flocke and Rasputin would move together to a newly constructed enclosure at Marineland , located in Antibes , France , at the beginning of 2010 . Due to the close relationship between the two adolescent bears , officials from the European Conservation Breeding Program ( Europäischen Erhaltungszucht @-@ Programms , or " EEP " ) decided that the two bears should remain together despite earlier plans for Rasputin to relocate to Madrid alone . The enclosure they are vacating in Nuremberg will be utilized by Flocke 's parents , Vera and Felix , in the hopes that they will produce more cubs . Despite last minute efforts by the animal right 's group PETA to halt the move based on concerns for Flocke and Rasputin 's well @-@ being , the two bears arrived safely in France on 22 April 2010 . On 26 November 2014 , Flocke gave birth to her own cub named Hope , fathered by Rasputin .
= Australian cricket team in England in 1948 = The Australian cricket team in England in 1948 was captained by Don Bradman , who was making his fourth and final tour of England . The team is famous for being the first Test match side to play an entire tour of England without losing a match . This feat earned them the nickname of The Invincibles , and they are regarded as one of the greatest cricket teams of all time . According to the Australian federal government the team " is one of Australia 's most cherished sporting legends " . Including five Test matches , Australia played a total of 31 first @-@ class fixtures , plus three other games , two of the non @-@ first @-@ class matches being played in Scotland . They had a busy schedule , with 112 days of play scheduled in 144 days , meaning that they often played every day of the week except Sunday . Their record in the first @-@ class games was 23 won and 8 drawn ; in all matches , they won 25 and drew 9 ; many of the victories were by large margins . They won the Test series 4 – 0 with one draw . The strength of the Australian team was based around its formidable batting line @-@ up , which included Bradman , Arthur Morris , vice @-@ captain Lindsay Hassett , Neil Harvey and Sid Barnes , and the hostile fast bowling of Ray Lindwall , Keith Miller and Bill Johnston . Due to the popularity of Bradman , generally regarded as the greatest batsman of all time , and the fact that he had announced that it was his farewell international tour , the Australians were greeted with much fanfare across the country , and many records for match attendances were broken . The record for Test attendance at a match in England was broken three times , in the Second , Third and Fourth Tests , and stands to this day . = = Touring party = = = = Significance = = The 1948 Australian team has great significance in cricket history as it is the only side to tour England unbeaten , earning the sobriquet The Invincibles . The tour was captain Donald Bradman 's last Test series , and the immediate postwar team was the most successful that Bradman appeared in . It has been claimed that English cricket suffered more heavily from the effects of World War II than the Australians . Even so , various commentators have rated the 1948 Australians as one of the best cricket teams ever , and it is often compared to other great outfits such as the 1902 Australian touring team , Warwick Armstrong 's Australian side of just after World War I , the West Indies team of the 1980s and the Australian team of the 1990s and 2000s . This was not a view shared by Jack Fingleton , Bradman 's batting rival from the 1930s , who wrote ' the 1948 Australian side to England , side that some critics , ignoring the apparent lack of strength in English cricket that season , dubbed the " best Australian team ever " – which was just moonshine . Yorkshire almost beat the Australians of 1948 ' , but his view is very much in the minority . The high regard with which The Invincibles are held in the annals of Australian and world cricket is reflected in the various honours accorded to the players . Bradman , Lindwall and Miller were among the ten inaugural inductees into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 1996 . Hassett , Morris and Harvey were later inducted , so that 20 % of the inductees are from the 1948 team . Of these six , all except Hassett were selected in Australia 's Team of the Century , with Bradman as captain and Miller his deputy . Bradman , Lindwall , Miller and Harvey are among a group of only 14 Australians in a total of 60 players who have been inducted into the International Cricket Council 's Hall of Fame . In The Ten Greatest Test Teams by Tom Graveney with Norman Miller ten teams were compared by a computer and the 1948 Australians emerged second behind the 1984 West Indians . Graveney strongly disagreed with the result , writing ' there has not been a better team in my lifetime than Don Bradman 's Australian tourists of 1948 ' . The computer regarded Sam Loxton as a member of the team as he played more Tests in the series than Neil Harvey , if Harvey had been picked the Australians would have been the superior team . = = Preparations = = Since the resumption of cricket following World War II , Australia had played 11 Tests and had been unbeaten . In 1946 – 47 , they won the five @-@ Test series against England 3 – 0 , and followed this with a 4 – 0 series win over India in the following season . Australia were regarded as an extremely strong team in the lead @-@ up to the tour of England , and their captain Donald Bradman publicly expressed his desire to achieve the unprecedented feat of going through the five @-@ month tour without defeat . The committee that selected the touring party was Bradman , Jack Ryder and Chappie Dwyer . They held their final meeting on Wednesday 11 February and announced the team that day . The team was chosen with a dual emphasis on strong batting and fast bowling . This was in large part because England had agreed to make a new ball available after 55 six @-@ ball overs in the Tests ; a new ball was generally taken after every 200 runs , which usually takes more than 55 overs to accumulate , the rule change meant that a new ball was more frequently available . A new ball is more helpful to fast bowling , so this move favoured the team with the better pace attack , in this case Australia . Australia had injury concerns to key players ahead of the tour . Chronic knee injuries had begun to hamper medium @-@ pacer Toshack , and he only made the trip after a 3 – 2 vote by a medical panel , despite being one of the first players chosen by the selectors on cricketing merit . Leading paceman Lindwall had been playing with an injured leg tendon . In addition , his foot drag during the delivery stride led to speculation about the legality of his bowling action . The injury was worked on ahead of the tour , while Bradman advised Lindwall on how to rectify any suspicion over his bowling action . The Australian captain advised his bowler to ensure that his foot was further behind the line than usual to avoid being no @-@ balled , and to operate below full speed until the umpires were satisfied . Bradman 's counsel was effective , as Lindwall did not have a no @-@ ball problem during the tour . Bill Jeanes , who was secretary of the Australian Board of Control and had managed the previous Australian tour of England in 1938 , was offered the job of managing the 1948 team , but turned it down . Jeanes had become increasingly unpopular among the players because of an approach that cricket historian Gideon Haigh has called " increasingly officious and liverish " . He was replaced by Keith Johnson , the New South Wales delegate to the Australian Board of Control . Johnson had previously managed the Australian Services team — which included Keith Miller and Lindsay Hassett — in the Victory Tests that took place in 1945 at the conclusion of the Second World War in Europe . = = = Warm @-@ up matches in Australia = = = Before they sailed for England , Australia played three warm @-@ up matches . The first two were two @-@ day games against Tasmania in Hobart and at the Northern Tasmanian Cricket Association Ground , Launceston ; the third was a three @-@ day match against Western Australia in Perth . In Hobart , Australia scored 538 / 5 declared with centuries by Barnes , Hassett and Harvey in reply to 122 . Using a mixture of pace and spin , they reduced Tasmania to 186 / 7 when time ran out . In Launceston , Australia won by an innings and 49 runs . Toshack took 5 / 24 as Tasmania fell for 123 . Australia then scored 288 before five bowlers shared the wickets as Tasmania fell for just 116 , Barnes taking 3 / 1 . Four days later , on Saturday 13 March , the Australians were at the WACA Ground where they found a tougher test from Western Australia . Western Australia scored 348 as Wally Langdon made 112 , while five bowlers took two wickets each . Australia replied with 442 / 7 declared , including 115 apiece by Morris and Bradman . Western Australia only had time to reach 62 / 3 and the game was drawn . The match attracted a total crowd of 30 @,@ 500 . = = Voyage and stopover in Ceylon = = The team set sail on board RMS Strathaird from Fremantle on Friday 19 March . En route to England , the Australians berthed in Colombo where they played a one @-@ day single @-@ innings match — not limited overs — against the Ceylon national team at the Colombo Cricket Club Ground . The local newspaper The Islander ran a headline of " Bradman Will Definitely Play " and this guaranteed a crowd of more than 20 @,@ 000 . Australia batted first and became suspicious about the pitch as the morning went on . At lunch , Ian Johnson demanded that the pitch be measured and it was found to be only 20 yards ( 18 m ) long . After that , the bowlers delivered from two yards behind the crease . Australia made 184 / 8 declared ( Barnes 49 , Miller 46 ) before a monsoon ended the match with Ceylon at 46 / 2 in reply . The party docked at Tilbury on Friday 16 April to a resounding welcome . Bradman announced the delivery of 17 @,@ 000 food parcels as a gift to the British people from the State of Victoria . Great Britain was still in the throes of rationing and post @-@ war austerity . = = Popularity = = Despite Australia 's ruthless on @-@ field dominance and a succession of one @-@ sided victories , the touring team drew unprecedented levels of spectator and media interest . Bradman 's dominant cricketing stature was a key factor in his team 's popularity with the public , especially as it was known that it would be his last international campaign . A leading cricket writer of the time , R. C. Robertson @-@ Glasgow , said " we want him to do well . We feel we have a share in him . He is more than Australian . He is a world batsman . " The Australian journalist Andy Flanagan said that " cities , towns and hotels are beflagged , carpets set down , and dignitaries wait to extend an official welcome . He is the Prince of Cricketers . " Writing later , Haigh opined that " perhaps no touring cricketer ... has been as feted as Bradman in that northern summer " . Bradman received hundreds of personal letters every day , and one of his dinner speeches was broadcast live , causing the British Broadcasting Corporation to postpone the news bulletin . Of Bradman 's retirement , Robertson @-@ Glasgow said in the 1949 Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack : " ... a miracle has been removed from among us ... So must ancient Italy have felt when she heard of the death of Hannibal . " As a team , the Australians were greeted by record crowds and gate receipts across the country , even when wet weather curtailed the matches . The record attendance for a Test match in England was broken three times , in the Second Test at Lord 's , the Third Test at Old Trafford , and the Fourth Test at Headingley . The 158 @,@ 000 spectators that watched the proceedings at Headingley remain a record for a Test on English soil . Off the field , the Australians were inundated with requests for social functions , including appointments with government officials and members of the royal family , and they had to juggle a plethora of off @-@ field engagements , with 112 days of scheduled cricket in the space of 144 days . Three @-@ day matches were often held consecutively with only the traditional Sunday rest day , although their dominance ended several matches prematurely and earned them extra rest days . Team manager Keith Johnson , the only administrator in the touring party , was flooded with phone calls and letters . Bradman later said he was worried that Johnson 's tireless work would cause health problems and that " it was the tribute to a bulldog determination to see the job through " . Wisden said " Indebtedness for the smooth running of the tour and general harmony of the team was due largely to the manager , Mr Keith Johnson , hard @-@ working and always genial ... Paying tribute to the loyalty of the players , Mr Johnson said there had not been a discordant note in the party throughout the tour . " Bradman said that " no side could have wished for a better manager " . = = Bradman 's role = = Bradman 's position as a selector gave him more power than previous Australian captains , who did not have an explicit vote in team selection . This was further magnified by Bradman being a member of the Board of Control while still an active player , a threefold combination that he alone has occupied in Australian cricket history . According to Haigh , he " was the dominant figure in Australian cricket " , and an " unimpeachable figure " . At the age of 40 , Bradman was by four years the oldest player on the team ; three quarters of his team were 32 or younger , and some viewed him as a father figure . Bradman wrote that this was the most personally fulfilling period of his playing days , as the divisiveness of the 1930s had passed . He wrote : Knowing the personnel , I was confident that here at last was the great opportunity which I had longed for . A team of cricketers whose respect and loyalty were unquestioned , who would regard me in a fatherly sense and listen to my advice , follow my guidance and not question my handling of affairs ... there are no longer any fears that they will query the wisdom of what you do . The result is a sense of freedom to give full reign to your own creative ability and personal judgment . However , some players expressed displeasure at Bradman 's ruthless obsession towards annihilating the opposition . Miller deliberately allowed himself to be bowled first ball for a duck in a protest against Australia 's world record of 721 runs in one day against Essex . He also deplored Bradman 's hard @-@ nosed attitude in fixtures nominally designated as " festival matches " . Feeling that Bradman was needlessly batting Australia far beyond impregnability , Miller played with reckless aggression , rather than a measured style in line with his captain 's aim of remaining undefeated . Bradman 's letters in later life , published posthumously , revealed his hostility towards Miller . Sid Barnes later criticised Bradman for his reluctance to allow Ron Hamence — one of the reserve batsmen — to partake in meaningful matchplay due to captain 's reluctance to risk Australia 's unbeaten run . = = Roles and strategy = = As matches often started the day after the previous fixture , sometimes amounting to six days of cricket a week — Sunday was always a rest day — Australia employed a rotation policy in order to allow the players to recuperate , except for the Tests and matches against Worcestershire , the Marylebone Cricket Club and the Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI , when they chose their strongest team . As a result , no member of the squad — Bradman included — played in more than 23 of the first @-@ class matches . Thus , the vice @-@ captain Hassett led the Australians in nine tour matches while Bradman was rested , and maintained the unbeaten run in all of them . Wisden opined that " in addition to his playing ability Hassett 's cheerfulness and leadership , which extended to off @-@ the @-@ field relaxation as well as in the more exacting part of the programme , combined to make him an ideal vice @-@ captain able to lift a considerable load off Bradman 's busy shoulders " . Likewise , the batting was regularly rotated . The three openers Barnes , Morris and Brown took turns sitting out , while the middle @-@ order was changed frequently and the wicket @-@ keeping duties divided between Tallon and Saggers . Australia 's bowling attack was led by Lindwall and Miller , who took the new ball in the Tests . Bradman used the pair in short and fiery bursts with the new ball . English cricket administrators had agreed to make a new ball available every 55 overs ; at the time , the norm was to allow a new ball for every 200 runs scored , something that usually took longer than 55 overs . The new regulation played directly into the hands of the Australians , as a new ball is ideal for fast bowling and the tourists had a vastly superior pace attack . Bradman thus wanted to preserve his two first @-@ choice pacemen for a vigorous attack on the English batsmen every 55 overs . As a result , Australia 's third fast bowler Bill Johnston bowled the most overs , and the left arm seamer Ernie Toshack also had a heavy workload until a knee injury ended his campaign . The new ball rule also meant that spin bowling was less effective in the Tests , so Australia only used one full @-@ time spinner in the Tests , off spinner Johnson , until his omission in favour of leg spinner Ring . Together they took only eight wickets . Things were different in the county matches . As Bradman wanted to keep Lindwall and Miller fresh for the Tests , he generally gave them a lighter workload against the weaker opposition in the county matches , and the three spinners Ring , Johnson and McCool did more of the work , especially as the 55 @-@ over rule did not apply outside the Tests . Ring did the second @-@ most bowling outside the Tests , despite not being in Bradman 's first @-@ choice team . Bradman even used Hamence , a reserve batsman , to open the bowling at times , in order to rest his bowlers , and in the second match against Yorkshire , decided to bat for an extended period instead of going for a win , so that his bowlers could recuperate . = = Ashes Test matches = = The five @-@ Test Ashes series was won convincingly by Australia 4 – 0 . England was captained by Norman Yardley and their batting was strong on paper , the first four in the order generally being Len Hutton , Cyril Washbrook , Bill Edrich and Denis Compton . They were supported by the likes of Joe Hardstaff junior , Tom Dollery , Charlie Barnett , Jack Crapp , John Dewes , Allan Watkins , Yardley and wicket @-@ keeper Godfrey Evans . However , they found the fast bowling trio of Lindwall , Miller and Johnston — supported by the medium pace of Toshack — a real handful , especially with the 55 @-@ over new ball rule . Lindwall and Miller were groundbreaking fast bowlers , with high pace and the ability to deliver menacing short @-@ pitched bowling at the upper body of the batsmen . Prior to World War II , pace bowlers were generally much slower and rarely bowled at the body . England were yet to develop similar bowlers , and as a result , Australia were able to pepper the upper body of the opposition without fear of retaliation . At one stage , the Australian short @-@ pitched barrage prompted the English selectors to drop leading batsman Hutton , something that provoked great controversy . Lindwall and Johnston dominated the home batsmen and took 27 wickets apiece , at averages of 19 @.@ 62 and 23 @.@ 33 respectively , while the injury @-@ prone Miller took 13 at 23 @.@ 15 . For England , the batsman emerging with most credit was Compton , who scored 562 runs at 62 @.@ 44 . Washbrook ( 356 runs at 50 @.@ 85 ) was the only other player to average beyond 45 . In contrast , Australia 's batsmen had relatively little difficulty against the hosts ' attack . England 's bowling was largely reliant on Alec Bedser and against a powerful Australian batting line @-@ up he managed only 18 wickets at 38 @.@ 22 . Alec Coxon , Dick Pollard , Edrich , Barnett and Yardley provided his seam support . Jim Laker , Jack Young , Eric Hollies and Doug Wright were the spinners in action . Bedser was the only English bowler to take more than nine wickets . Morris led the runscoring and century @-@ making with 696 runs at 87 @.@ 00 and three triple @-@ figure scores , supported by Bradman ( 508 at 72 @.@ 57 ) and Barnes ( 329 at 82 @.@ 25 ) . With the first three batsmen in such form , Australia regularly made strong starts to their innings , averaging more than 120 for their first two wickets . The resounding Australian victories gave the England selectors many problems as they sought to find a combination that could challenge the tourists ' superiority . As a result , England used 21 players in all , while Australia only used 15 , one of which was forced by injury . Australia had ten players who competed in four or more Tests , while England only had seven such players . = = = First Test = = = Since the Second World War , Australia had played 11 Tests and had been unbeaten . In 1946 – 47 , they won the five @-@ Test series against England 3 – 0 , and followed this with a 4 – 0 series win over India in the following season . Australia were regarded as an extremely strong team in the lead @-@ up to the tour of England , and Bradman publicly expressed his desire to achieve the unprecedented feat of going through the five @-@ month tour without defeat . Prior to the First Test , Australia had played 12 first @-@ class matches , winning ten and drawing two . Eight of the victories were by an innings , and another was by eight wickets . It was thought that Bradman would play Ring , but he changed his mind on the first morning of the First Test when rain was forecast . Johnston was played in the hope of exploiting a wet wicket and he amply rewarded his captain by taking the most wickets of any bowler in the match . Yardley won the toss and elected to bat . The first innings set the pattern of the series as the England top @-@ order struggled against Australia 's pace attack . Only twenty minutes of play was possible before the lunch break due to inclement weather , but it was enough for Miller to bowl Hutton . During the interval , heavy rain made the ball skid through upon resumption . Washbrook was caught attempting to hook Lindwall . At 15 / 2 , Compton came in , and together with Edrich , they took the score to 46 before left arm paceman Johnston bowled the latter . Two balls later , Johnston removed Hardstaff without scoring , leaving England at 46 / 4 . Two runs later , Compton was bowled by Miller and half the English team were out with only 48 runs on the board . Lindwall was forced to leave the field mid @-@ innings due to a groin injury and did not bowl again . Johnston bowled Barnett and when Evans and Yardley were both dismissed with the score on 74 , England only had two wickets left . Laker and Bedser scored more than half of England 's total , adding 89 runs in only 73 minutes . Both fell within two runs , ending England 's innings at 165 . Laker top @-@ scored with 63 . Johnston ended with 5 / 36 , a display characterised with accuracy and variations in pace and swing . Miller took 3 / 38 and a catch . Australia 's openers Morris and Barnes successfully negotiated the new ball by Edrich and Bedser to reach stumps with 17 without loss after 15 minutes . Ideal batting conditions greeted the players on the second day . Barnes and Morris took the score to 73 before Laker removed Morris . Bradman came in and the score progressed to 121 before Barnes was caught by wicket @-@ keeper Evans with a one @-@ handed diving effort for 62 . Miller was then dismissed for a duck by Laker . Australia scored slowly , as Yardley employed leg theory to slow the scoring . Brown came in at No. 5 , but he had played most of his career as an opening batsman and appeared uncomfortable before falling for 24 . Hassett came in and Australia reached stumps at 293 / 4 , a lead of 128 . Bradman reached his 28th Test century in over 210 minutes , with the last 29 runs taking 70 minutes . It was one of his slower innings as Yardley focused on stopping runs . On the third morning , Bradman added only eight before falling for 138 when he leg glanced an inswinger from Bedser to Hutton at short fine leg . Johnson and Tallon came and went , failing to pass 21 . The scoring was slow during this passage of play — Young delivered 11 consecutive maiden overs . Lindwall came out to bat at 365 / 7 and he added 107 runs with Hassett for the eighth wicket . Hassett reached his century and proceeded to 137 in almost six hours of batting . Both fell in quick succession , but Australia 's last @-@ wicket pair of Johnston and Toshack wagged a further 33 runs in only 18 minutes before Bedser ended the innings on 509 , leaving the tourists with a 344 @-@ run lead . Yardley placed the majority of the bowling load on his spinners , with Young ( 1 / 79 ) and Laker ( 4 / 138 ) bowling 60 and 55 overs respectively . Bedser bowled 44 @.@ 2 overs , taking 3 / 113 . At the start of England 's second innings , Washbrook and Edrich fell early , leaving England at 39 / 2 . This brought together England 's leading batsmen , Hutton and Compton , who took the score to 121 without further loss by stumps on the third day . Miller battled with Hutton and Compton through the afternoon , delivering five bouncers in the last over of the day . One of these struck Hutton high on his left arm . The batsmen survived , but Miller received a hostile reaction from the crowd . The English had the better of the late afternoon period , scoring 82 runs together in 70 minutes . Hutton resumed on 63 and he and Compton progressed before the light deteriorated and a thunderstorm stopped proceedings . Shortly after the resumption , Miller bowled Hutton with an off cutter in the dark conditions , ending a 111 @-@ run partnership at 150 / 3 . The innings was then repeatedly interrupted by poor light . Wisden opined that " rarely can a Test Match have been played under such appalling conditions as on this day " . Hardstaff supported Compton in a partnership of 93 before being removed by Toshack , and Barnett followed soon after at 264 / 5 . Compton brought up his third consecutive century at Trent Bridge , aided by a 57 @-@ run partnership with his captain before Johnston dismissed Yardley for 22 . England reached stumps at 345 / 6 , just one run ahead , with Compton on 154 . Compton and Evans continued to resist the Australians on the final morning , which was briefly interrupted twice by rain . After the resumption , Compton was out hit wicket for 184 after attempting to hook Miller . He had batted for 413 minutes and hit 19 fours . Wisden opined that " No praise could be too high for the manner in which Compton carried the side 's responsibilities and defied a first @-@ class attack in such trying circumstances " . Compton 's fall at 405 / 7 exposed the bowlers and Australia quickly finished off the innings within half an hour . England finished at 441 , leaving Australia a target of 98 . Lindwall 's absence meant that the remaining four frontline bowlers had to bowl more than 32 overs each — Johnston bowled 59 and ended with 4 / 147 while Miller took 4 / 125 from 44 overs . Australia progressed steadily to 38 before Bedser bowled Morris for nine and then dismissed Bradman for a duck , again caught by Hutton at short fine leg . This left Australia 48 / 2 . Hassett joined Barnes and they reached the target without further loss . Barnes ended on 64 with 11 boundaries . = = = Second Test = = = Australia retained the same XI from the First Test at Trent Bridge . On the other hand , England made three changes ; the leg spinner Wright had regained fitness and replaced the left arm orthodox of Young , all rounder Coxon made his Test debut in place of Barnett and Dollery replaced Hardstaff as the No. 5 @.@ batsman . Following his injury in the previous Test , Lindwall was subjected to a thorough fitness test on the first morning and was only included after protesting to Bradman , who gambled on his inclusion . Australia won the toss and elected to bat . Miller played , but was unfit to bowl . Barnes fell for a duck , and Morris and Bradman rebuilt the innings , slowly taking the score to 87 before Bradman was caught for the third consecutive time by Hutton in the leg trap off Bedser . In the meantime , Morris , after a slow start , made 105 runs out of a total of 166 scored while he was at the wicket , including 14 fours and one six . His innings was noted for powerful , well @-@ placed cover drives . His dismissal left Australia at 166 / 3 , quickly followed by Miller , left Australia at 173 / 4 . Hassett and Brown rebuilt the innings slowly , taking more than three and half minutes on average for each run . Hassett was dropped three times before Yardley removed him and Brown in the space of nine runs to leave Australia 225 / 6 . Johnson fell soon after and England were well placed when Australia ended the day on 258 / 7 . Australia 's lower order batted the tourists into control on the second morning . Tallon batted on , supported by Johnston and Toshack , who scored their highest Test scores . Australia 's wicket @-@ keeper put on 45 with Johnston — who scored 29 . Toshack then joined Johnston and the last pair put on 30 more runs before Johnston fell . Bedser was the most successful of the bowlers , ending with 4 / 100 from 43 overs , while debutant Coxon took 2 / 90 from 35 overs . Lindwall took the new ball and felt pain in his groin again after delivering his first ball . He persevered through the pain and removed Washbrook in his fourth over . Hutton then fell to Johnson to leave England at 32 / 2 . Lindwall then clean bowled Edrich before doing the same to Dollery for a duck two balls later . England were 46 / 4 and Australia were firmly in control . Compton was joined by his skipper Yardley and the pair rebuilt the innings , scoring 87 runs together in 100 minutes . After the tea break , Lindwall and Johnston returned with the new ball . Compton edged Johnston to be out for 53 . One run later , Lindwall bowled Yardley to leave England at 134 / 6 with their skipper dismissed for 44 . Johnson then removed Evans for nine , before Coxon and Laker added 41 for the eighth wicket . After 85 minutes of resistance , Johnston removed both . England 's last pair added ten runs to close at stumps on 9 / 207 . On the third morning , Lindwall removed Bedser , ending England 's innings at 215 , giving Australia a 135 first innings lead . Lindwall ended with 5 / 70 . The weather was fine as Australia started their second innings . Barnes was given an early life and he took advantage to combine with Morris in an opening stand of 122 before Morris was bowled for 62 . Bradman joined Barnes at the crease and they amassed 174 runs for the second wicket . Barnes accelerated after reaching his half @-@ century . Once he reached his century , Barnes became particularly aggressive . He dispatched one Laker over for 21 runs , including two successive sixes before finally falling for 141 , caught on the boundary from Yardley . He had struck 14 boundaries and two sixes in his innings . The speed of his batting had allowed Australia to be 296 / 2 after 277 minutes when he departed . Hassett was bowled first ball , so Miller came to the crease at 296 / 3 to face Yardley 's hat @-@ trick ball . Miller survived a loud leg before wicket appeal on the hat @-@ trick ball . Bradman fell to Bedser again , this time for 89 . Brown joined Miller at 329 / 4 and Australia reached stumps at 343 , without further loss . After the rest day , the fourth morning was punctuated by three rain stoppages . In 88 minutes of play , Australia added a further 117 runs . Brown was caught behind from Coxon for 32 after an 87 @-@ run partnership with Miller , who was out for 74 , followed by Lindwall for 25 . Bradman declared with Australia at 460 / 7 , 595 runs ahead . Yardley and Laker had been the only multiple wicket @-@ takers , with two each . Further showers breathed extra life into the pitch , and Lindwall and Johnston extracted steep bounce with the new ball , troubling the English batsmen . Hutton was dropped before he had scored and played and missed multiple times . Hutton and Washbrook took the score to 42 , before Hutton edged Lindwall and was out for 13 . Toshack removed Edrich and Washbrook in quick succession to leave England at 65 / 3 . However , Compton and Dollery added 41 to have England close at 106 / 3 . The final day started poorly for England , with Compton being caught off Johnston from the second ball of the day . Yardley and Dollery took the score to 133 before Toshack took two wickets in the same over . Eight runs later , Dollery was bowled from a Lindwall bouncer that stayed low . Lindwall bowled Laker for a duck later in the same over to leave England at 141 / 8 . England were bowled out for 186 , ceding a 409 @-@ run victory . Toshack ended the innings with 5 / 40 , while Lindwall and Johnston took three and two respectively . The gross attendance was 132 @,@ 000 and receipts were £ 43 @,@ 000 — a record for a Test in England . = = = Third Test = = = When the teams reconvened at Old Trafford for the Third Test , Hutton had been dropped . The reason was said to be Hutton 's struggles with Lindwall 's short @-@ pitched bowling . The omission generated considerable controversy. and the Australians were pleased , feeling that Hutton was England 's best batsman . Hutton 's opening position was taken by debutant Emmett . England made three further changes . Young and Pollard replaced Wright and Laker in the bowling department . Coxon was replaced by debutant batsman Jack Crapp . Australia dropped Brown , who had scored 73 runs at 24 @.@ 33 in three innings , for the all rounder Loxton . Yardley won the toss and elected to bat . The change in England 's opening pair did not result in better results . A run out was narrowly avoided from the first ball , and Washbrook and Emmett appeared to be uncomfortable on a surface that helped the bowlers . Both fell early , leaving England 28 / 2 . Edrich eschewed attacking strokeplay as he and Compton attempted to establish themselves . Compton attempted to hook a Lindwall bouncer , but edged it into his face . This forced him to leave the field with a bloodied eyebrow with the score at 33 / 2 . Edrich and Crapp then engaged in grim defensive batting , resulting in one 25 @-@ minute period where only one run was added . They reached lunch at 57 / 2 . Upon the resumption , Crapp accelerated , hitting a six and three boundaries from Johnson . Australia took the new ball and Lindwall trapped Crapp lbw for 37 . Dollery then fell for one . England had lost two wickets for one run to be 97 / 4 . After 170 minutes of slow batting , Edrich fell to Lindwall . At 119 / 5 , Compton returned to the field , his wound having been stitched . Yardley fell for 22 with the score at 141 / 6 , bringing Evans to the crease . Compton and Evans added 75 runs , before Lindwall removed the latter to leave England at 216 / 7 . England resumed on the second day at 231 / 7 and Australia was unable to break through with the new ball . Bedser defied the Australians for 145 minutes , adding 37 and featuring in a 121 @-@ run partnership with Compton . Soon after , Pollard pulled a ball from Johnson into the ribs of Barnes , who was standing at short leg , forcing him into hospital . The last two wickets fell and England were bowled out for 363 . Compton was unbeaten on 145 in 324 minutes of batting , having struck 16 fours . Lindwall took 4 / 99 and Johnston 3 / 67 . Barnes 's injury left Australia with only Morris as a specialist opener . Johnson was deployed as Australia 's makeshift second opener , but made only one , and Bradman fell for seven to leave Australia at 13 / 2 . Morris and Hassett rebuilt the innings , adding 69 for the third wicket in 101 minutes before Hassett fell . Miller joined Morris and they took the score to 126 / 3 at stumps . Australia had added only nine runs on the third morning when Miller fell for 31 . Four runs later , Morris fell for 51 , leaving Australia 139 / 5 . Barnes came in , despite having collapsed in the nets due to the lingering effects of the blow to his chest . He made a painful single before the pain forced him back to hospital . Tallon and Loxton added a further 43 before Tallon fell . Lindwall came into bat at 172 / 6 with Australia facing the prospect of the follow on . Loxton and Lindwall added a further 36 before the former was bowled , leaving Australia 208 / 7 , five runs behind the follow @-@ on mark . Johnston helped Lindwall advance Australia beyond the follow on before Bedser removed both and Australia were bowled out for 221 , giving England a lead of 142 runs . During his innings , Lindwall was given a series of bouncers by Edrich . One of the short @-@ pitched balls hit Lindwall in the hand , evoking cheers from the crowd . Bedser and Pollard were the most successful bowlers , taking 4 / 81 and 3 / 53 respectively . Lindwall removed Emmett for a duck at the start of the second innings , bringing his tormentor Edrich to the crease . Lindwall did not bounce Edrich , but Miller did , earning the ire of the crowd . Edrich and Washbrook settled and put together a 124 @-@ run partnership in only 138 minutes . This was aided three dropped catches from Washbrook . Edrich struck eight boundaries and brought up his fifty with a six , but was immediately run out by Morris with a direct hit . Crapp joined Washbrook and helped see off the new ball , as England reached 174 / 3 at the close , with Washbrook unbeaten on 85 . The rest day was followed by the fourth day , which was abandoned due to persistent rain . Yardley declared at the start of the fifth day , leaving Australia a victory target of 317 , but the rain meant that the entire first session was lost . The tourists batted in a defensive manner to ensure a draw . They ended at 92 / 1 in 61 overs . Morris finished unbeaten on 54 , his fourth consecutive half @-@ century of the Test series . The attendance of 133 @,@ 740 exceeded the previous Test . = = = Fourth Test = = = Australia made two changes for the Test . Harvey replaced the injured Barnes , while Saggers replaced the injured Tallon behind the stumps . England made three changes . Emmett was dropped and Hutton was recalled to take his opening position . Laker replaced his left arm finger spinning colleague Young . Dollery , who had made only 38 in three innings , was replaced by all @-@ rounder Cranston . England won the toss and elected to bat on an ideal batting pitch . Hutton and Washbrook put on an opening partnership of 168 , the best by England in the series . Washbrook refrained from the hook shot , which had caused him to lose his wicket on earlier occasions in the series . The partnership was ended when Hutton was bowled by Lindwall . Washbrook reached his century and joined by Edrich , the pair batted until late in the first day , when Washbrook was dismissed by Johnston for 143 in the last over of the day . His innings had included 22 boundaries and ended a second @-@ wicket partnership that yielded exactly 100 runs . Bedser was sent in as the nightwatchman and survived as England closed at 268 / 2 , with Edrich on 41 . The next day , Bedser batted on in steady support of Edrich . The pair saw England to lunch without further loss , and 155 runs were added for the third wicket before Bedser was out after almost three hours of batting for 79 . Bedser had struck eight fours and two sixes . Edrich fell three runs later at 426 / 4 for 111 . With two new batsmen at the crease , Australia quickly made further inroads to leave England at 473 / 6 . Loxton then successively removed Cranston , Evans and Laker as England fell from 486 / 6 to 496 / 9 , before Miller bowled Yardley to end England 's innings at 496 . The home team had lost their last eight wickets for the addition of 73 runs . Loxton took 3 / 55 while Lindwall and Johnson both took two . Australia lost the services of Toshack after he broke down with a knee injury . With Barnes injured , Hassett was moved from the middle order to open the innings with Morris . Morris fell for six , before Bradman and Hassett saw the tourists to stumps at 63 / 1 . Bradman did the majority of the scoring , finishing unbeaten on 31 . On the third morning , England made the ideal start when Pollard removed Hassett for 13 and Bradman for 33 in the same over . This left Australia struggling at 68 / 3 . Harvey , playing his first Ashes Test , joined Miller at the crease . Australia were more than 400 behind and Harvey told his senior partner " Let 's get stuck into ' em " . If England were to remove the pair , they would expose Australia 's lower order and give themselves an opportunity to win by taking a substantial lead . The pair launched a counterattack , with Miller taking the lead with many lofted boundaries . This allowed Australia to seize the initiative , with Harvey joining in and hitting consecutive boundaries against Laker . Miller was dismissed by Yardley for 58 while attempting another six , but the partnership had yielded 121 runs in 90 minutes , prompting Wisden to liken it to a " hurricane " . Harvey then shared another century stand with Loxton which yielded 105 in only 95 minutes . Harvey ended with a century on his Ashes debut , scoring 112 from 183 balls in an innings noted for powerful driving on both sides of the wicket . The high rate of scoring during the innings freed the match from England 's firm control . Loxton was particularly severe on Laker , lifting his deliveries into the crowd for five sixes in addition to nine fours . At the other end , Harvey and Johnson fell to Laker in quick succession to leave the score at 329 / 6 . Australia was still some way behind when Lindwall replaced Johnson , and 15 runs later , Yardley bowled Loxton for 93 , while Saggers only managed five , leaving Australia at 355 / 8 with only Johnston and Toshack remaining . Lindwall hit out , scoring 77 in an innings marked by powerful driving and pulling , dominating stands of 48 and 55 with Johnston and Toshack respectively . He was the last man out at 458 , leaving Australia 38 runs in arrears on the first innings . Bedser took the final wicket to end with 3 / 92 . Laker took 3 / 113 , while Pollard and Yardley ended with two wickets each . England set about extending their first innings lead for the remainder of the fourth day . For the second time in the match , Washbrook and Hutton put on a century opening partnership . Washbrook made 65 and Hutton 57 , leaving England at 129 / 2 . Edrich and Compton continued where the openers had left off , adding 103 before Lindwall trapped Edrich lbw for 54 . England lost wickets at regular intervals late in the day to be 278 / 6 . When Johnston removed Compton for 66 , England were 7 / 293 with no recognised batsmen remaining , having lost 4 / 33 . Wicket @-@ keeper Evans led a rearguard action as England reached 362 / 8 at the close of the fourth day . England batted on for five minutes on the final morning , adding three runs in two overs before Yardley declared at 365 / 8 , with Evans on 47 not out . Johnston had the pick of the bowling figures , with 4 / 95 . Batting into the final day allowed Yardley to ask the groundsman to use a heavy roller , which would help to break up the wicket and make the surface more likely to spin . This left Australia a target of 404 runs for victory . At the time , this would have been the highest ever fourth innings score to result in a Test victory for the batting side . Australia had only 345 minutes to reach the target , and the local press wrote them off , predicting that they would be dismissed by lunchtime on a deteriorating wicket expected to favor the spin bowlers . Morris and Hassett started slowly on a pitch that offered spin and bounce . Only 44 runs came in the first hour . Just 13 runs were added in the next 28 minutes before Hassett was dismissed by Compton 's left arm unorthodox spin for 17 with the score at 57 . Bradman joined Morris with 347 runs needed in 257 minutes and they began to attack ; Morris hit three consecutive fours off Len Hutton 's bowling as Australia reached lunch at 121 / 1 . In the half hour preceding the interval , Australia had added 64 runs . Both had given chances , but England fumbled them . Upon resumption , Morris severely attacked Compton , who had been bowling in an attempt to exploit the spin , aided by a series of full tosses and long hops that were easily dispatched for runs . This prompted Yardley to take the new ball . Australia reached 202 , halfway to the required total , with 165 minutes left . Morris passed his century , and was then dropped on 126 . Bradman was given another life at 108 when Evans missed a stumping opportunity . Australia reached tea at 288 / 1 with Morris on 150 . The pair had added 167 during the session . Morris was eventually dismissed by Yardley for 182 , having partnered Bradman in a stand of 301 in 217 minutes . He struck 33 fours in 290 minutes of batting . This brought Miller to the crease with 46 runs still required . He fell with eight runs still needed . Harvey came in and got off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs . Australia had won by seven wickets , setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run @-@ chase , with Bradman unbeaten on 173 in only 255 minutes with 29 fours . The attendance of 158 @,@ 000 was the highest for any cricket match on English soil and the takings were 34 @,@ 000 pounds . The attendance remains a record for a Test in England . = = = Fifth Test = = = With the series already lost , England made four changes to their team . Dewes replaced the injured Washbrook , while Watkins replaced Cranston as an all @-@ rounder . Both Dewes and Watkins were making their Test debut . England played two spinners ; Young replaced fellow finger spinner Laker , while the leg spin of Hollies replaced Pollard 's pace . The selectors were widely condemned for their incessant changes . Australia made three changes . Off spinner Johnson was replaced by the leg spin of Ring . Australia 's second change was forced on them ; the injured seamer Toshack was replaced by the recovered batsman Barnes . The final change was the return of wicket @-@ keeper Tallon from injury . The match saw Lindwall at his best . English skipper Yardley won the toss and elected to bat on a rain @-@ affected pitch . Precipitation during the week meant that the start of the Test was delayed until the afternoon . The humid conditions , along with the rain , assisted the bowlers , with Lindwall in particular managing to make the ball bounce at variable heights . Miller bowled Dewes for one with his second ball to leave England at 2 / 1 , before Johnston removed Edrich for three to leave England at 10 / 2 . Lindwall dismissed Compton after Morris had taken a diving catch , and Miller then removed Crapp , who failed to score in his 23 @-@ ball innings , leaving England at 23 / 4 . After the lunch break , England had struggled to 35 / 4 , before Lindwall bowled Yardley with a swinging yorker . The debutant Watkins then batted for 16 balls without scoring before Johnston dismissed him for a duck to leave England at 42 / 6 . Watkins also collected a bruise on the shoulder that inhibited his bowling later in the match . Lindwall then removed Evans , Bedser and Young , all yorked in the space of two runs . The innings ended at 52 when Hutton leg glanced and was caught by wicket @-@ keeper Tallon , who grasped the ball one @-@ handed at full stretch to his left . In his post @-@ lunch spell , Lindwall bowled 8 @.@ 1 overs , taking five wickets for eight runs , finishing with 6 / 20 in 16 @.@ 1 overs . Bradman described the spell as " the most devastating and one of the fastest I ever saw in Test cricket " . Hutton was the only batsman to resist , scoring 30 in 124 minutes from 147 deliveries . No other player passed seven . Miller and Johnston took 2 / 5 and 2 / 20 respectively , and Ring was not needed to bowl . In contrast , Australia batted with apparent ease , and Morris and Barnes passed England 's first innings total by themselves . The score had reached 117 before Barnes fell to Hollies for 61 , ending a partnership that had taken only 126 minutes . This brought Bradman to the crease late on the first day . As Bradman had announced that the tour was his last at international level , the innings would be his last at Test level if Australia batted only once . The crowd gave him a standing ovation as he walked out to bat . Yardley led his team in giving Bradman three cheers . With 6996 Test career runs , he only needed four runs to average 100 in Test cricket , but Hollies bowled him second ball for a duck with a googly . Hassett came in at 117 / 2 and Australia closed at 153 / 2 . Morris was unbeaten on 77 . On the second morning , Hassett and Morris took the score to 226 before their 109 @-@ run stand ended with Hassett 's fall for 37 . The following four batsmen were unable to establish themselves at the crease and none passed 20 . Morris was finally removed for 196 , ending an innings noted for his hooking and off @-@ driving ; it took a run out to remove Morris . Australia were eventually out for 389 . Morris had scored more than half the runs as the rest of the team struggled against the leg spin of Hollies , who took 5 / 131 . England had relied heavily on spin ; two thirds of the overs were delivered by the two spinners . England started their second innings 337 runs in arrears . Lindwall made the early breakthrough , and Edrich joined Hutton and the pair consolidated the innings to close at the end of the second day on 54 / 1 . Early on the third day , Lindwall bowled Edrich for 28 , before Compton and Hutton consolidated the innings with a partnership of 61 in 110 minutes . On 39 , Compton fell to a reflex catch by Lindwall . Hutton managed to continue resisting before edging Miller to Tallon for 64 , having top @-@ scored in both innings , to leave England at 153 / 4 . Thereafter , England collapsed in the fading light , . prompting the umpires to call off play . The ground was then hit by rain , resulting in a premature end to the day 's play . England had lost four wickets for 25 runs to end at 178 / 7 . England resumed on the fourth morning and Johnston quickly removed the last three wickets to seal an Australian victory by an innings and 149 runs . Johnston ended with 4 / 40 and Lindwall 3 / 50 . This result sealed the series 4 – 0 in favour of Australia . The match was followed by a series of congratulatory speeches . = = Other matches in Great Britain = = = = = v Worcestershire = = = At Worcester , 28 , 29 , 30 April . Worcestershire ( 233 and 212 ) lost to the Australians ( 462 / 8 declared ) by an innings and 17 runs . The pitch was slow , and the weather was cold and showery for the traditional tour opener against Worcestershire . Worcester attracted a record attendance of 32 @,@ 000 with takings of more than ₤ 4000 . The hosts elected to bat , and started strongly as a century second @-@ wicket stand took them to 137 / 1 after 133 minutes . However , the dismissal of Charles Palmer , who top @-@ scored with 85 , precipitated a collapse and they lost their last nine wickets in two hours to be all out for 233 . Five Australian bowlers shared the wickets , with Johnson taking 3 / 52 . In their sole innings , Australia took the initiative from the outset through a 166 @-@ run second @-@ wicket stand between Morris ( 138 ) and Bradman ( 107 ) . This took them to 265 / 1 , before they declared at 462 / 8 after Miller had hit an unbeaten 50 in faster than even time . Off spinner Peter Jackson took 6 / 135 for the locals . In their second innings Worcestershire were bowled out by Australia for 212 runs , with 70 minutes to spare . McCool took 4 / 29 as the spinners took eight of the wickets . = = = v Leicestershire = = = At Leicester , 1 , 3 , 4 May . The Australians ( 448 ) defeated Leicestershire ( 130 and 147 ) by an innings and 171 runs . Australia elected to bat , and Miller , who had been promoted to No. 3 , shared century partnerships with Barnes ( 78 ) and Bradman ( 81 ) . A middle @-@ order collapse then ensued as the remaining Australians struggled against the local spin attack , but last man Johnston managed to hold up his end in a 37 @-@ run last @-@ wicket partnership that allowed Miller to reach his double century . He ended on 202 not out as Australia were dismissed for 448 . The Australian @-@ born slow bowler Vic Jackson was the best Leicestershire bowler , taking 5 / 91 . Leicestershire scored only 130 in their first innings ; another Australian expatriate , Jack Walsh , top @-@ scored with 33 . Ring took 5 / 34 and the hosts hampered their batting efforts with two run outs . Australia enforced the follow on and Leicestershire faced the prospect of being bowled out twice in a day after Johnson took the first wickets to have them 5 / 83 . After a rain delay Australia took the final five wickets for 34 runs in an hour on the final day ; Leicestershire were all out for 147 in an innings defeat . Johnson ended with 7 / 42 . = = = v Yorkshire = = = At Bradford , 5 , 6 May . Yorkshire ( 71 and 89 ) lost to the Australians ( 101 and 63 / 6 ) by four wickets . This low @-@ scoring game was the closest that Australia came to defeat on the tour . The game was played in cold , blustery , overcast and wet conditions that suited spin bowlers . Yorkshire made only 71 in their first innings . Miller mixed medium @-@ paced off @-@ breaks with his fast bowling and this combination returned him 6 / 42 . At the other end Johnston bowled his left arm orthodox spin and took 4 / 22 from 26 overs . Together the pair bowled almost unchanged , delivering 49 @.@ 3 of 54 @.@ 3 overs . Australia struggled in reply and stumps were called when they fell to 4 / 38 . Miller came in at the start of the second day 's play and scored 34 of the next 48 runs added , before falling at 7 / 86 , part of a collapse of 5 / 27 . He hit two sixes in his innings , including one from the first ball that he faced , feeling that a defensive strategy would be almost impossible in the difficult conditions . Australia ended at 101 , and Loxton was unable to bat due to injury . Frank Smailes had the best bowling figures for Yorkshire , 6 / 51 . Yorkshire scored 89 in their second innings , which followed a similar pattern to their first effort . Wickets fell steadily as Johnston ( 6 / 18 ) and Miller ( 3 / 49 ) bowled 31 @.@ 2 of the 36 @.@ 2 overs . Australia were set a target of 60 runs for victory , and Hassett elected to not have the pitch rolled . Former Australian Test batsman Jack Fingleton said that Hassett " might have made an initial mistake in not having the pitch rolled because whenever there was rain about in England the heavy roller seemed to knock any nonsense [ erratic bounce and sideways movement ] out of the pitch " . Hassett and Hamence both fell with the score on 20 to leave Australia five down . Australia slumped to 6 / 31 , effectively seven down with Loxton incapacitated by injury , but scraped home without further loss with Harvey and Tallon at the crease . Harvey was given two chances , once when he was on one , and Tallon was also missed . It would have been their first defeat against an English county since 1912 , but Harvey won the game with a straight drive over the fence . Wickets had fallen at less than 10 runs apiece , and at the rate of every four overs . = = = v Surrey = = = At The Oval , 8 , 10 , 11 May . The Australians ( 632 ) defeated Surrey ( 141 and 195 ) by an innings and 296 runs . Australia won the toss and Barnes and Morris put on 136 for the opening stand before the latter fell for 65 . Barnes and Bradman then added 207 for the second wicket . Barnes ' 176 came in 255 minutes and Bradman made 146 in 165 minutes . After Bradman departed at 403 / 3 , wickets began to fall more regularly , but Hassett held up his end and made 110 , while Tallon remained unbeaten on 50 . Surrey 's Test paceman Alec Bedser took 4 / 104 . On the second afternoon , Surrey scored 141 runs in three hours in their first innings . Johnson took 5 / 53 and Laurie Fishlock carried his bat for 81 not out , but received little support , the next highest scores being 15 and 10 . Australia enforced the follow on and took two early wickets before stumps on the second day . They made continual inroads on the final day , and Surrey were all out for 195 to complete an innings win . Johnston took 4 / 40 and Johnson 3 / 40 . = = = v Cambridge University = = = At Fenner 's , Cambridge , 12 , 13 , 14 May . Cambridge University ( 167 and 196 ) lost to the Australians ( 414 / 4 declared ) by an innings and 51 runs . Cambridge elected to bat and wickets fell regularly . No player made over 33 and the hosts were out in the second session of the first day for 167 . Miller was prominent with the ball and in the field , taking 5 / 46 and two catches for his fellow bowlers . In reply , Australia were already 184 / 1 at stumps , with Brown heading for a consecutive century . He put on 176 for the second wicket with Hamence , who made 92 . Brown reached 200 and was out immediately thereafter , prompting stand @-@ in skipper Hassett to declare midway through the second day at 414 / 4 , having reached 61 not out himself . In their second innings Cambridge failed to cope with the leg @-@ spin of McCool , who took 7 / 78 as the match ended early on the third morning . Attendance over the three days was nearly 25 @,@ 000 . = = = v Essex = = = At Southend , 15 , 17 May . The Australians ( 721 ) defeated Essex ( 83 and 187 ) by an innings and 451 runs . After electing to bat , Australia made history on the first day by breaking the record for the most runs scored in a first @-@ class match in a day . Ironically , it was the only time they were dismissed in a single day on the entire tour . With centuries from Brown ( 153 ) , Bradman ( 187 ) , Loxton ( 120 ) and Saggers ( 104 * ) , Australia 's first innings totalled 721 ; they were dismissed on the close of the first day 's play . Bradman 's 187 came in 155 minutes and Brown 's 153 lasted three hours ; the pair put on 219 in 90 minutes after Barnes fell for 79 at 145 / 1 . Bradman came in and seized the initiative , reaching 42 in the 20 minutes before lunch , including five fours from one over by Frank Vigar which subsequently entered Essex club folklore . Bradman and Brown were parted when the latter fell at 364 / 2 only halfway through the day 's play . Miller then famously deliberately allowed himself to be bowled first ball as a protest against Australia 's merciless crushing of their hosts , something that angered his captain and batting partner Bradman . Miller later told Dickie Bird that he had wanted to go to the local horse races , but this was refused by Bradman . The all rounder therefore made his duck in protest , but still did not get to go to the races . Later , Loxton and Saggers made 166 in 65 minutes for the sixth wicket , before an late @-@ order collapse saw Australia lose 5 / 57 , leaving Saggers unbeaten , but not before he reached the only first @-@ class century of his career . After being demoralised by the Australian batsmen on the first day , Essex made only 83 in their first innings , capitulating within 37 overs . Toshack took 5 / 31 and Miller 3 / 14 , and Australia enforced the follow @-@ on . Essex 's second innings appeared to be heading the same way when four early wickets to Johnson had them at 46 / 6 . However , a partnership of 133 between Tom Pearce and Peter Smith for the seventh wicket salvaged some respectability before they were out for 187 . Johnson ended with 6 / 37 as the Australians dismissed their hosts twice in a single day . The ground attendance of 32 @,@ 000 was a record . = = = v Oxford University = = = At Oxford , 19 , 20 , 21 May . The Australians ( 431 ) defeated Oxford University ( 185 and 156 ) by an innings and 90 runs . Australia batted first after Hassett won the toss , and the opening pair of Brown and Morris put on 139 . Brown scored his third century in succession , before being out lbw to Indian Test player Abdul Hafeez Kardar for 108 . Morris , Loxton , McCool and Ring all reached 50 as the Australians posted 431 . Oxford 's best batting performance came in the form of a 75 @-@ run partnership between Geoffrey Keighley and Kardar in their first innings , resisting the spin bowlers on the dry wicket . Despite Kardar 's innings of 54 and 29 , the top @-@ score in both innings , Australia won by an innings and 90 runs as wickets fell steadily . The wickets were spread evenly among the tourists ; Toshack took three in each innings , while Johnston and McCool totalled four for the match . = = = v Marylebone Cricket Club = = = At Lord 's , 22 , 24 , 25 May . The Australians ( 552 ) defeated Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) ( 189 and 205 ) by an innings and 158 runs . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , and with two other capped players , were basically a full strength Test team , as were Australia , who fielded their first @-@ choice team . Barring one change in the bowling department , the same team lined up for Australia in the First Test , with the top six batsmen in the same position . It was a chance to gain a psychological advantage . After winning the toss , Australia batted first . After the loss of Morris early , Barnes ( 81 ) and Bradman ( 98 ) set about regaining the ascendancy with a 160 @-@ run stand . Bradman scored eleven fours in his 98 , which took two hours , and Hassett then took over and added 51 . Miller then saw Australia to stumps at 407 / 5 . He continued the next day and Australia 's highest scorer with 163 , and Johnson supported him with 80 . Despite a collapse which saw the last five wickets fall for 54 runs following the pair 's departure , Australia reached 552 . Bradman 's batsmen gained a psychological advantage ahead of the Tests by attacking the off spin of Jim Laker . They hit nine sixes from the English Test representative on the second morning . Miller and Lindwall then sought to gain an advantage over England 's leading batsmen — Hutton and Compton — before the Tests . The MCC side , composed almost entirely of Test players , reached 91 / 2 , Toshack removed Compton and Hutton in quick succession to reduce the hosts to 104 / 5 . He took three more wickets to end with 6 / 51 as the MCC were eventually dismissed for 189 , conceding a first innings lead of 363 runs . Some English observers decried Toshack 's leg stump attack as being negative , but former Australian Test batsman Jack Fingleton said that Toshack 's line was close enough to leg stump that most balls had to be played . Bradman opted to enforce the follow on , and his spinners did most of the damage , McCool taking 4 / 35 and Johnson 3 / 37 . Only Len Hutton of the locals batsmen passed 26 during the match , scoring 52 and 64 , and Australia had taken a key psychological victory ahead of the Tests with an innings victory . The total attendance was 60 @,@ 000 . = = = v Lancashire = = = At Manchester , 26 , 27 , 28 May . The Australians ( 204 and 259 / 4 ) drew with Lancashire ( 182 ) . The first day was abandoned due to rain . Australia lost the toss and were sent in to bat on a drying pitch . The 19 @-@ year @-@ old Lancashire spin bowler Malcolm Hilton took Bradman 's wicket twice in the match , causing a media sensation . Hilton bowled Bradman with an arm ball for 11 , the Australian captain 's first score on tour below 80 . The Australian batsmen failed to capitalise on their starts as six were dismissed between 20 and 40 . Australia looked set to concede a lead for the first time on tour as the hosts reached 3 / 129 , but Johnston ( 5 / 49 ) took five of the last seven wickets for 28 runs in Lancashire 's only innings , which ended on the third morning . With a result impossible , Australia had time for batting practice . Bradman reached 43 , and when Hilton came on , the Australian captain , perhaps perturbed by earlier events , attempted to hit the spinner out of the attack . After missing the first two balls , Bradman charged the third , swung and missed , fell over and was stumped . Harvey ( 76 * ) and Hamence ( 49 * ) shared an unbeaten fifth @-@ wicket partnership of 122 after Loxton made 52 . = = = v Nottinghamshire = = = At Nottingham , 29 , 31 May 1 June . Nottinghamshire ( 179 and 299 / 8 ) drew with the Australians ( 400 ) . In Nottinghamshire 's first innings , Ray Lindwall took 6 / 14 from 15 @.@ 1 overs , with only 10 scoring strokes being made off him . Reg Simpson made 74 and Joe Hardstaff junior 48 , but only one other batsman reached double figures . After their 98 @-@ run third @-@ wicket stand was broken , Australia took 8 / 68 to bowl the hosts out for 179 . Lindwall , conceded less than a run per over . Only ten of his balls were scored from and not a single run was taken from his last 30 balls . Fingleton said that Lindwall " absolutely paralysed " the batsmen , with some of his bowling " in the real Larwood manner " . Australia only batted once , and Brown top @-@ scored with 122 in 3 hours 45 minutes , while Bradman added 86 . The Australia middle @-@ order fell away and the tourists lost their last six wickets for 74 runs . In the county 's second innings , Keeton was hit in the chest by one of Lindwall 's deliveries and took no further part in the match . On the final day , Hardstaff hit the first century against the Australians on the tour , 107 , and Simpson again batted well , making 70 . Lindwall and the Australian pacemen were less incisive in the second innings , and Ring and Johnson took four and three wickets respectively . = = = v Hampshire = = = At Southampton , 2 , 3 , 4 June . Hampshire ( 195 and 103 ) lost to the Australians ( 117 and 182 / 2 ) by eight wickets . Hampshire won the toss and elected to bat against the Australians , who were led by Hassett while Bradman rested . The Australians were behind on the first innings for the first time on the tour and the match remained in the balance until the third afternoon . On a drying pitch , the hosts reached 116 / 3 before losing their remaining wickets for 79 to be all out for 195 , while Johnston took 6 / 74 . In reply , Australia fared worse and collapsed from 2 / 70 and made only 117 . Charles Knott 's off spin proved challenging for the Australians , but Miller scored three successive sixes from him before the collapse , top @-@ scoring with 39 . In their second innings , both Miller and Johnston took five Hampshire wickets . John Arnold top @-@ scored for the hosts in both innings , with 48 and 42 . Australia needed 182 runs in 175 minutes to win . Barnes went for a duck but Johnson , sent in five minutes before lunch , hit 74 out of a second @-@ wicket partnership of 105 , including three sixes and seven fours . Brown , with 81 not out , and Hassett saw the Australians through to victory . = = = v Sussex = = = At Hove , 5 , 7 June . Sussex ( 86 and 138 ) lost to the Australians ( 549 / 5 declared ) by an innings and 325 runs . Lindwall won the match for the Australians with his bowling , taking 11 / 59 . After winning the toss , the Sussex batsmen struggled with his length and variation of pace , and he hit the off @-@ stump five times in the first innings alone to end with 6 / 34 . Loxton also bowled well in the first innings , taking 3 / 13 . Australia replied to Sussex 's 86 strongly , and were already 254 / 1 by the end of the first day . Powered by Morris 's 184 and with centuries too for Bradman ( 109 ) and Harvey ( 100 * ) , Australia added a further 295 runs on the second day to declare at 549 / 5 . They then still had time to send down 63 @.@ 3 overs , enough to finish the match within two days . In Sussex 's second innings Lindwall took two wickets in the first over . Harry Parks made 61 , but Sussex were all out for 138 , losing their last seven wickets for 59 . In all , eight of Lindwall 's wickets were bowled , five these by swinging yorkers , the batsmen unable to counter the swerving deliveries . Fingleton said that " Lindwall bundled the stumps over in all directions " as Sussex " crumpled completely ... in as depressing a batting performance as the tour knew " . At the other end , Toshack helped to pin down the batsmen for Lindwall . He delivered 17 overs that yielded only three scoring shots for a total of six runs . = = = v Northamptonshire = = = At Northampton , 16 , 17 , 18 June . Northamptonshire ( 119 and 169 ) lost to the Australians ( 352 / 8 declared ) by an innings and 64 runs . Starting the day after the First Test , the Northamptonshire match was interrupted by rain . Northamptonshire batted first and collapsed to 7 / 61 before some tail @-@ end resistance took them to 119 ; Johnston and Johnson took three wickets each . The Australians passed the locals ' score on the first afternoon , and their innings was built around Hassett 's 127 , which included 17 fours . Morris and McCool also made fifties . Northamptonshire made 169 runs in their second innings , Johnston and Ring taking four wickets each . In neither of the county innings did any player reach 50 . = = = v Yorkshire = = = At Sheffield , 19 , 21 , 22 June . The Australians ( 249 and 285 / 5 declared ) drew with Yorkshire ( 206 and 85 / 4 ) . The Australians were made to work hard for their 249 , with only Bradman reaching 50 . Harvey and Hamence passed 40 but could not convert their starts into large scores . Alec Coxon took 4 / 66 for the hosts and was selected for the Second Test . Yorkshire made 206 in reply , Toshack taking 7 / 81 and Johnston 3 / 101 : together , they bowled 81 @.@ 1 of the 90 @.@ 1 overs in the innings . Like the Australians , the local batsmen struggled to make the most of their starts ; eight batsmen reached double figures but none passed 40 . Not wanting to tire his bowlers ahead of the Second Test , Bradman declared Australia 's second innings with a lead of 328 runs and only seventy minutes of play remaining . Brown hit 113 and Bradman himself 86 , putting on 154 for the second wicket . Yardley expressed his displeasure by bowling his part @-@ timers and then promoting tailenders to the upper half of the order in the second innings . The Australians batted in leisurely fashion with no urgency to force a result . Bradman then allowed his second @-@ string bowlers to deliver 24 of the 27 overs as the match petered into a draw . The Australians were booed from the field by the spectators . = = = v Surrey = = = At The Oval , 30 June , 1 – 2 July . Surrey ( 221 and 289 ) lost to The Australians ( 389 and 122 / 0 ) by 10 wickets . Australia won the toss and sent Surrey in to bat . They made 221 , and Jack Parker top @-@ scored with 76 in an uneven effort in which there were six single @-@ figure scores . As the match started the day after the Second Test , Bradman let most of his second @-@ string bowlers do the work to rest his first @-@ choice bowlers , and Ring took three wickets , while the Test players only took two in total . Hamence opened the batting for Australia — Brown injured a finger while fielding — but he was out for a duck . Hassett ( 139 ) and Bradman ( 128 ) then put on 231 , Bradman making his sixth century of the tour . However , the Australians lost wickets steadily thereafter to be all out for 389 . Surrey made 289 in their second innings , with McCool taking 6 / 113 after bowling more than 40 % of the overs . The hosts batted steadily with three fifties , but wickets fell regularly and only one partnership greater than 40 materialised . The tourists wanted to finish the run @-@ chase quickly so they could watch fellow Australian John Bromwich play in the Wimbledon tennis final . Harvey and Loxton volunteered and chased down the 122 runs needed for victory in just 58 minutes to complete a 10 @-@ wicket win in just 20 @.@ 1 overs . Harvey ended unbeaten on 73 and the Australians arrived at Wimbledon in time . = = = v Gloucestershire = = = At Bristol , 3 , 5 , 6 July . The Australians ( 774 / 7 declared ) defeated Gloucestershire ( 279 and 132 ) by an innings and 363 runs . The Australians elected to bat and made the highest score of the tour , and it was also the second biggest score by an Australian team in England ( the 1893 team made 843 against a " Oxford and Cambridge Universities Past and Present " at Portsmouth ) , and the highest score by an Australian team versus an English county . Morris 's 290 , made from 466 balls in five hours , was the highest individual score of the tour , and he featured in century stands with Barnes , Miller and Harvey . Loxton made 159 not out , Harvey 95 and McCool 76 . This match preceded the Third Test , and off spinner Tom Goddard was regarded as a candidate for England selection after strong performances in county cricket . However , Morris and Loxton 's aggressive attack gave Goddard figures of 0 / 186 from 32 overs , effectively ending his chances of selection . Former English Test paceman Maurice Tate said " Tom [ Goddard ] is not used to batsmen using their feet to him ... the county batsmen diddle and diddle [ shuffle about indecisively instead of quickly moving into position and attacking ] to him and that gets him many wickets . " Instead , it was Loxton who forced his way into the Third Test . Gloucestershire replied with an innings of 279 , in which Jack Crapp made 100 not out , while Johnson took 6 / 68 . Made to follow on during the final day , the hosts made only 132 , losing their last eight wickets for 60 . Johnson took 5 / 32 to end with 11 / 100 for the match , while Ring took 5 / 47 to end with seven for the match . Australia 's spinners took 19 wickets . = = = v Middlesex = = = At Lord 's , 17 , 19 , 20 July . Middlesex ( 203 and 135 ) lost to the Australians ( 317 and 22 / 0 ) by ten wickets . Denis Compton hit a cautious 62 , but Middlesex lost wickets regularly to fall from 1 / 78 to 203 all out . Five bowlers shared the wickets , Johnston and Loxton taking three apiece . At one stage , Australia were 53 / 3 , but Morris ( 109 ) and Loxton ( 123 ) put on a partnership of 172 . No other batsman bettered Hamence 's 30 , and Jim Sims took 6 / 65 as the Australians collapsed and lost their last six wickets for 46 . Middlesex scored 135 in their second innings , with only John Dewes ( 51 ) and Leslie Compton resisting the tourists , while eight managed only single figures . Five bowlers shared the wickets , and McCool was the only one to take three . McCool and Ring made the 22 required for victory in four overs . = = = v Derbyshire = = = At Derby , 28 , 29 , 30 July . The Australians ( 456 ) defeated Derbyshire ( 240 and 182 ) by an innings and 34 runs . The Australians chose to bat first , and Brown top scored with 140 , his first 50 taking three hours . He shared century stands with Bradman , who made 62 , and Miller ( 57 ) . Loxton later made 51 as the Australians fell away late in the innings , losing 7 / 142 . Derbyshire made 240 in their first innings with the future Test umpire Charlie Elliott top @-@ scoring with 57 , while Miller , Johnston and Ring taking three wicket apiece . The county followed on 216 behind after losing their last six wickets for 64 runs . In their second innings they made 182 , with Denis Smith making 88 , the highest individual score ever made by a Derbyshire player against the Australians . However , only one other player reached double figures , as McCool precipitated a collapse of 9 / 72 , taking 6 / 77 , while Loxton took 3 / 16 . There was a Derbyshire record attendance of 17 @,@ 000 on the first day . = = = v Glamorgan = = = At Swansea , 31 July , 2 – 3 August . Glamorgan ( 197 ) drew with the Australians ( 215 / 3 ) . Rain prevented play after 3pm on the second day . No one scored more than 40 as Glamorgan elected to bat and made 197 , with the four Australian bowlers , Lindwall , Miller , Johnson and Ring sharing the wickets . The Australians ' 215 / 3 was based on an aggressive 84 from Miller , with five sixes and seven fours , and a partnership of 126 with stand @-@ in Hassett , who was 71 not out when the rain came . The attendance on the two days of play totalled 50 @,@ 000 . = = = v Warwickshire = = = At Birmingham , 4 , 5 , 6 August . Warwickshire ( 138 and 155 ) lost to the Australians ( 254 and 41 / 1 ) by nine wickets . Bradman put Warwickshire in to bat on a wet pitch and the hosts struggled to 138 in an innings that lasted almost 80 overs . Martin Donnelly ( 28 ) was the only batsman to pass 20 , and Lindwall and Johnson took three wickets each . Australia scored 254 in reply ; Hassett top @-@ scored with 68 , Lindwall made 45 , and the pair 's partnership of 70 was the highest of the match . Three other batsmen reached 30 , but most of the Australians were uncomfortable against the leg spin of Eric Hollies , who opened the bowling and took 8 / 107 , the best innings analysis against the Australians on the whole tour . This performance earned the Warwickshire bowler a call @-@ up for the fifth and final Test . In their second innings Warwickshire made 155 runs , Johnston and McCool taking four wickets each , the former conceding only 32 from 39 overs . Australia made the required 41 by lunch on the third day . = = = v Lancashire = = = At Old Trafford , Manchester , 7 , 9 , 10 August . The Australians ( 321 and 265 / 3 declared ) drew with Lancashire ( 130 and 199 / 7 ) . Cyril Washbrook 's benefit match brought him a then record sum , £ 14 @,@ 000 , but it was a mixed experience because he injured his right thumb whilst facing Lindwall and withdrew from the England team for the Fifth Test . The Australians scored 321 in their first innings with only Barnes ( 67 ) reaching 50 . Nine of the Australians made a start , reaching 14 , but could not capitalise on their opportunities , and they lost wickets at regular intervals after an opening stand of 123 . The slow left @-@ arm bowler William Roberts took 6 / 73 . Lancashire replied with 130 of which Washbrook made 38 , while Lindwall and Johnson took three wickets apiece , but the Australians did not enforce the follow on . Australia made 265 / 5 declared and Bradman scored an unbeaten 133 , his highest at Old Trafford , with 90 for Barnes . Bradman declared at lunch on the third day after batting the hosts out of the match , but they held on with three wickets in hand after losing two late in the day . Ikin had reached 99 after being repeatedly hit by bouncers . Bradman took the second new ball and gave it to Miller , who refused to bowl , saying that he felt Ikin deserved a century . Lindwall ( 4 / 27 ) was then given the ball and promptly removed Ikin one run short of his century . = = = v Durham = = = At Sunderland , 11 , 12 August . The Australians ( 282 ) drew with Durham ( 73 / 5 ) . In the absence of the resting Bradman , Hassett won the toss and elected to bat . Attendance was 17 @,@ 000 on the first day of this two @-@ day non @-@ first @-@ class match . Rain prevented any play on the second day . After a poor start that saw them fall to 22 / 3 , McCool ( 64 ) and Miller ( 55 ) made half @-@ centuries for the Australians . Many of the Australians made starts and six scores passed 20 , but none went on . Paceman Keith Jackson took 5 / 76 for the hosts . Five Australian bowlers each took one wicket and Jackson top @-@ scored with 23 before rain ended the match . = = = v Kent = = = At Canterbury , 21 , 23 August . The Australians ( 361 ) defeated Kent ( 51 and 124 ) by an innings and 186 runs . Australia elected to bat first and Brown made 106 , while Bradman ( 65 ) and Harvey ( 60 ) both scored half @-@ centuries . Kent collapsed to the lowest score of the tour in the first innings , succumbing in only 23 overs . Johnston and Loxton both took 3 / 10 , and six local batsmen made ducks . Forced to follow on , half the Kent side were out for 45 in the second innings . Tony Pawson and Godfrey Evans added 71 , but the match , held in front of record crowds for the ground , ended inside two days , soon after Evans was run out . It took the Australians less than 56 overs to get 20 wickets . Lindwall took 4 / 37 in the second innings ; all his wickets were top @-@ order batsmen . = = = v Gentlemen of England = = = At Lord 's , 25 , 26 , 27 August . The Australians ( 610 / 5 declared ) defeated the Gentlemen of England ( 245 and 284 ) by an innings and 81 runs . In his last match at Lord 's , Bradman won the toss and made his ninth century ( 150 ) of the tour against a side composed almost entirely of Test players . Brown ( 120 ) and Hassett ( 200 * ) also scored centuries , and Miller made 69 . Bradman elected to bat into the second day . The Gentlemen responded with 242 of which Reg Simpson made 60 and , following on , 284 , with Bill Edrich making 128 . There were no other scores beyond 30 in either innings . Ring took 5 / 70 for the innings and eight for the match , while Johnson secured seven wickets . The Victorian spin duo bowled the majority of the overs in both innings . = = = v Somerset = = = At Taunton , 28 , 30 August . The Australians ( 560 / 5 declared ) defeated Somerset ( 115 and 71 ) by an innings and 374 runs . After winning the toss , the Australians made all their runs on the first day , with centuries for Hassett ( 103 ) , Harvey ( 126 ) and Johnson ( 113 * ) and 99 for Hamence . The Australians put on 255 for the second wicket , through Hassett and Barnes , who was replaced by Harvey after retiring ill . The other Australian batsmen had all made centuries , and were keen to see Hamence do the same . The rest of the team left their card games in readiness to applaud his impending milestone , only to see him stumped for 99 , his highest score for the season . On the Monday , the second day , on a pitch that was taking spin , Somerset collapsed twice inside four hours and less than 82 overs in total . McCool took 4 / 21 and 4 / 23 , and Johnston also took eight , including 5 / 34 in the second innings . He took the last two wickets of the Somerset first innings as a spinner , and then had Harold Gimblett lbw with the second ball of the second innings as a fast @-@ medium bowler to take three wickets in four balls . = = = v South of England = = = At Hastings , 1 , 2 , 3 September . The Australians ( 522 / 7 declared ) drew with the South of England ( 298 ) . The tourists elected to bat and after losing the openers early , Hassett top scored with 151 , his third consecutive century . He was supported by Bradman ( 143 ) and Harvey ( 110 ) , whose quick scoring enabled the Australians to declare with a large total . Hassett shared partnerships in excess of 150 with both Bradman and Harvey . Harvey 's century took only 90 minutes and Loxton hit 67 in 75 minutes on the second day . The second and third days were continually interrupted by rain , and Compton made 82 in the showers . Bradman gave his regular bowlers a light workload and Brown took 4 / 16 in 4 @.@ 1 overs to finish off the tail , the only time he bowled in first @-@ class matches on the entire tour . There was no time left for the second innings . = = = v HDG Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI = = = At Scarborough , 8 , 9 , 10 September . HDG Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI ( 177 and 75 / 2 ) drew with the Australians ( 489 / 8 declared ) . This was the final match for Bradman in England , and the ground was crowded despite rain interruptions . It was Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches . During the last Australian campaign in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted that only six current England Test players be allowed to play . Bradman then fielded a full @-@ strength team , with the only difference from the Fifth Test line @-@ up being the inclusion of Johnson at the expense of Ring . The host captain Walter Robins won the toss and decided to bat , but Lindwall took 6 / 59 in an innings that lasted into the second day , bowling four of his victims and taking five of the last six wickets to fall as the hosts lost their last six wickets for 57 runs . Bradman and Barnes made 153 and 151 respectively , sharing a second @-@ wicket partnership of 225 after Morris was out for 62 . Loxton hit a ball from Freddie Brown into his own face , breaking his nose . Australia reached 2 / 407 on the third and final afternoon before collapsing to 8 / 469 before Bradman declared without attempting to force a result . Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI played out time , with Bradman bowling the last over . = = = v Scotland = = = At Edinburgh , 13 , 14 September . The Australians ( 236 ) defeated Scotland ( 85 and 111 ) by an innings and 40 runs . The match against Scotland was a two @-@ day fixture that did not have first @-@ class status . Australia elected to bat and Morris top @-@ scored with 112 , and McCool made 52 , but all struggled against the leg @-@ spin of William Laidlaw , who took 5 / 51 . The Australians collapsed at the end , losing their last six wickets for 36 runs , and only three made double figures . Scotland collapsed against Johnston and Johnson , who took 6 / 15 and 3 / 18 respectively . Forced to follow on , a second innings opening stand of 50 preceded a second collapse , this time Ring and Morris took 4 / 20 and 5 / 10 . Only three Scottish players passed double figures in either innings . = = = v Scotland = = = At Aberdeen , 17 , 18 September . Scotland ( 178 and 142 ) lost to the Australians ( 407 / 6 declared ) by an innings and 87 runs . In another two @-@ day non @-@ first @-@ class match , Scotland batted better than in Edinburgh after being sent in to bat , but still lost . Tom Crosskey top @-@ scored with 49 in the hosts ' 178 , before Bradman top @-@ scored with 123 in his last match in Britain and McCool , promoted to open , made 108 , while Johnson made 95 after being promoted to No. 5 . Scotland then made 142 in some light @-@ hearted cricket in which wicketkeeper Tallon took two wickets and stand @-@ in gloveman Johnson stumped a Scottish batsman off Ring . Bradman allowed his non @-@ regular bowlers opportunities with the ball , and the wickets were shared , with nobody taking more than four .
= Hurricane Isis ( 1998 ) = Hurricane Isis was the deadliest tropical cyclone and only hurricane to make landfall during the 1998 Pacific hurricane season . The ninth tropical storm and sixth hurricane of the season , Isis developed on September 1 from an interaction between a tropical wave and a large surface circulation to the southwest of Mexico . It moved northward , striking the extreme southeastern portion of the Baja California peninsula before attaining hurricane status in the Gulf of California . Isis made landfall at Topolobampo in the Mexican state of Sinaloa on September 3 , and quickly lost its low @-@ level circulation . The remnants persisted for several days before dissipating in the U.S. state of Idaho . In Mexico , Isis destroyed over 700 houses and killed 14 people ; this is primarily due to its heavy rainfall which peaked at over 20 inches ( 500 mm ) in southern Baja California Sur . The rainfall caused widespread damage to roads and railways , stranding thousands of people . Moisture from the remnants of Isis extended into the southwestern United States , resulting in light rainfall , dozens of traffic accidents , and power outages to thousands of residents in San Diego County , California . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 14 , 1998 . It traveled westward , and on August 19 spawned the tropical depression that eventually became Hurricane Bonnie . The wave continued westward across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea , and crossed Central America into the eastern Pacific Ocean on August 25 . The wave decreased its forward speed while approaching a large low @-@ level circulation over southern Mexico . A broad area of disturbed weather formed in association with the wave and the low @-@ level circulation , and after persisting for several days developed a smaller low @-@ level circulation on August 29 about 575 miles ( 925 km ) south @-@ southeast of Cabo San Lucas . On August 31 , the two primary areas of convection were well @-@ removed from the center . By early on September 1 , despite a lack of convective organization , the low @-@ cloud circulation was sufficiently well @-@ defined that the National Hurricane Center designated it as Tropical Depression Ten @-@ E , or the tenth tropical depression of the season , about 350 miles ( 565 km ) south of Cabo San Lucas . In real time , the National Hurricane Center first upgraded the system 21 hours later . The depression initially tracked slowly north @-@ northwestward and gradually strengthened . Late on September 1 it intensified into Tropical Storm Isis while located about 200 miles ( 320 km ) south of Cabo San Lucas . Upon becoming a tropical storm , the deep convection was not organized , causing one forecaster to describe Isis as a large monsoon @-@ like system . A mid @-@ level trough extending southward from the Arizona / California border caused the storm to accelerate northward . The storm quickly strengthened ; six hours after Isis became a tropical storm it reached winds of 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) . Very deep , symmetrical convection developed over the poorly defined center of circulation while banding features began to form , although ill @-@ defined outflow and land interaction with the Baja California Peninsula initially prevented further strengthening . At 1200 UTC on September 2 , Isis made landfall on extreme southeastern Baja California Sur as a strong tropical storm , and subsequently turned to the north @-@ northeast . After entering the Gulf of California , an eye began to become apparent on visible satellite imagery , and it is estimated Isis attained hurricane status late on September 2 . Continuing northward , it struck Topolobampo in the state of Sinaloa early on September 3 as a minimal hurricane . Isis weakened to a tropical storm a few hours after landfall , and subsequent to turning to the north @-@ northwest the low @-@ level circulation dissipated over Sierra Madre Occidental . The remnants entered southern Arizona on September 4 and tracked around an upper @-@ level low . After entering Nevada on September 5 , the remnants of Isis passed into Oregon before dissipating in Idaho on September 8 . = = Preparations = = Coinciding with the National Hurricane Center 's first advisory on Isis , the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning from Dolores to Puerto Cortés along the Baja California Peninsula . This helped some of the residents get an early start.Early on September 2 , the warning was extended from Santa Rosalía to Punta Abreojos , while an additional tropical storm warning was issued from El Dorado to Guaymas . After Isis became a hurricane , officials issued a hurricane warning from Dolores to Punta San Gabriel on the Baja California Peninsula and from El Dorado to Bahía Kino on the mainland . In Baja California Sur , 2 @,@ 500 residents were evacuated to emergency shelters . Officials closed the port at Mazatlán and recommended fisherman along the coast of the Gulf of California to remain at port . Officials set up 49 shelters on the mainland to provide evacuees with food , clothing and medical attention . The Mexican Army assisted residents in evacuation , and the Navy provided medical aid and assistance to boat owners . More than 24 @,@ 000 people were sheltered during the storm . = = Impact = = = = = Mexico = = = Isis first affected Baja California Sur on September 2 as a tropical storm . Shortly after making landfall , a weather reporting station at San José del Cabo recorded sustained winds of 26 mph ( 42 km / h ) , and gusts reaching up to 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) . A station on the Islas Marías also reported sustained winds of 54 mph ( 87 km / h ) . The winds left widespread areas without power or telephone . The storm produced heavy rainfall in the southern portion of the peninsula , including a 24 ‑ hour total of 12 @.@ 99 inches ( 330 mm ) at Los Cabos and a peak rainfall total of 24 @.@ 02 inches ( 610 mm ) at Santiago . A married couple was killed after attempting to cross a flooded stream in Los Cabos . Initially , reports indicated a family was missing in La Paz , though they were later proven false . Flooding from the storm closed all roads to the north of Los Cabos and caused damage to the roads in the area . Mudslides from the rain buried at least 120 cars in the area . Rainfall reached over 10 inches ( 250 mm ) in the coastal region of Jalisco , and lighter amounts of precipitation extended further to the southeast and northeast . One person was reported missing in Jalisco . The heaviest 24 ‑ hour rainfall total in the state of Sinaloa was 8 @.@ 66 inches ( 220 mm ) , whereas in Sonora a maximum of 4 @.@ 72 inches ( 120 mm ) of rain were recorded . Strong waves from the hurricane struck the Mexican mainland , with four people injured at Mazatlán when their boat washed onto rocks and was destroyed . Rainfall from the storm flooded 15 communities in and around Mazatlán , and the Army assisted residents in emergency evacuations . At Los Mochis , near the point where Isis made landfall , the hurricane resulted in the destruction of 300 homes , as well as in seven fatalities . Throughout the city , strong winds from the hurricane downed street posts , tree limbs , and power lines , with one person seriously injured from a downed power line . Additionally , the roof of a gas station collapsed from the winds . More than 1 @,@ 200 bus passengers in Sinaloa were stranded due to road closures from the hurricane , including the closure of the coastal highway in the southern portion of Sinaloa as it had been washed out due to floodwaters . Rainfall from the storm caused severe river flooding in some locations , and authorities advised those living along the Fuerte River to be prepared for a possible evacuation . The winds from Isis left about 120 @,@ 000 people in the municipality of Ahome without power . Throughout Mexico , the passage of Hurricane Isis resulted in 14 deaths and the loss of 769 homes , with property damage estimates totaling over $ 5 million ( 1998 USD , 50 million 1998 MXN , $ 6 @.@ 3 million 2007 USD ) . According to a speech by President Ernesto Zedillo , Isis damaged the water systems in 173 localities ; it also damaged 154 primary schools and nine high schools , minor in most cases , causing most schools to be closed for around a week . A total of 730 miles ( 1175 km ) of railroad track was damaged by mudslides or flooding , with one bridge entirely destroyed and another four damaged . = = = United States = = = Thunderstorms from the remnants of Isis dropped more than two inches ( 50 mm ) of rainfall across southern Arizona , resulting in some flash flood warnings and flooding on roadways . The heaviest precipitation fell across the Santa Catalina and Rincon Mountains near Tucson , which saw precipitation amounts of up to three inches ( 75 mm ) . Otherwise , no flooding was reported in the Tucson area , and the Tucson International Airport reported only 1 @.@ 1 inches ( 28 mm ) as a result of the storm . The moisture extended into southern California and produced moderate precipitation across the region . Bakersfield reported a one @-@ day rainfall record on September 4 with 0 @.@ 23 inches ( 5 @.@ 8 mm ) of precipitation , breaking the previous record of 0 @.@ 17 inches ( 4 @.@ 3 mm ) set in 1963 . Rainfall amounts at Frazier Park peaked at 1 @.@ 53 inches ( 39 mm ) . Agricultural losses , primarily from vintners and raisin growers , rose up to $ 5 million in damage ( 1998 USD , $ 6 @.@ 33 million 2007 USD ) , either directly due to rain or indirectly due to the additional steps to treat the increase in fungus activity on produce . Slick roads from the rain resulted in nearly 80 traffic accidents in San Diego County , ranging from fender benders to moderate injuries . Thunderstorms from the remnants of Isis damaged a San Diego Gas & Electric substation at Kearny Mesa , leaving 10 @,@ 000 customers without power ; the outage was short lived and completely restored within two hours . About 1 @,@ 000 homes and businesses were temporarily without power in Escondido , and another 2 @,@ 700 customers lost electricity in Rancho Bernardo . Rainfall in and around San Diego reached a maximum of 0 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 mm ) at La Mesa . Heavy clouds from Isis produced scattered rainfall and temporary relief to severe heat conditions in the Los Angeles area . Moisture from the remnants of Isis spread across the southwestern United States , and rainfall reached over 0 @.@ 75 inches ( 19 mm ) in Nevada and Utah . Low @-@ level moisture dissipated as it continued inland , due to dry air , although upper @-@ level moisture produced light rain across the Northwestern United States ; Pocatello , Idaho recorded 0 @.@ 59 inches ( 15 mm ) , while Missoula , Montana recorded 0 @.@ 39 inches ( 10 mm ) . = = Aftermath = = Aid programs began immediately after Isis moved ashore and dissipated to provide support to the affected population . The Comisión Nacional del Agua distributed 1 @.@ 6 million U.S. gallons ( 1 @.@ 3 million imp gal / 6 million L ) of water and provided repair equipment to the 173 localities whose water systems were damaged . More than 650 health workers worked to combat the spread of diseases , including monitoring sanitary conditions of water and foods , and sprayed nearly 9 @,@ 900 acres ( 40 km2 ) of land to prevent the breeding of mosquitoes . The force also disinfected more than 6 @,@ 600 latrines and removed more than 850 short tons ( 770 t ) of sewage to prevent the spread of epidemic . No medical @-@ related deaths occurred as a result of this attention . Twenty @-@ four hours after the passage of the hurricane , workers had restored power to 70 % of the affected residents in Sinaloa , and by six days after the storm , electrical service was completely restored . The damage to the federal highway between Culiacán and Los Mochis along the coastal region of Sinaloa was restored about 48 hours after the passage of the hurricane . The rehabilitation of the agricultural infrastructure began immediately , and most of the drainage networks were repaired by about two weeks after the hurricane . About half of the damaged railways were repaired by about a month after the storm . The total cost for reconstruction and aid amounted to about $ 18 @.@ 5 million ( 1998 USD , 175 million 1998 MXN , $ 23 @.@ 3 million 2007 USD ) , about 94 % from federal funds and the rest from state funding . A portion of the funding was allocated to assist the reconstruction of destroyed houses .
= Thomas Bewick = Thomas Bewick ( c . 11 August 1753 – 8 November 1828 ) was an English engraver and natural history author . Early in his career he took on all kinds of work such as engraving cutlery , making the wood blocks for advertisements , and illustrating children 's books . Gradually he turned to illustrating , writing and publishing his own books , gaining an adult audience for the fine illustrations in A History of Quadrupeds . His career began when he was apprenticed to engraver Ralph Beilby in Newcastle upon Tyne . He became a partner in the business and eventually took it over . Apprentices whom Bewick trained include John Anderson , Luke Clennell , and William Harvey , who in their turn became well known as painters and engravers . Bewick is best known for his A History of British Birds , which is admired today mainly for its wood engravings , especially the small , sharply observed , and often humorous vignettes known as tail @-@ pieces ; the book was the forerunner of all modern field guides . He notably illustrated editions of Aesop 's Fables throughout his life . He is credited with popularising a technical innovation in the printing of illustrations using wood . He adopted metal @-@ engraving tools to cut hard boxwood across the grain , producing printing blocks that could be integrated with metal type , but were much more durable than traditional woodcuts . The result was high quality illustration at a low price . = = Life = = Bewick was born at Cherryburn , a house in the village of Mickley , Northumberland , near Newcastle upon Tyne on 10 or 11 August 1753 , although his birthday was always celebrated on the 12th . His parents were tenant farmers : his father John had been married before his union with Jane , and was in his forties when Thomas , the eldest of eight , was born . John rented a small colliery at Mickley Bank , which employed perhaps six men . Bewick attended school in the nearby village of Ovingham . Bewick did not flourish at schoolwork , but at a very early age showed a talent for drawing . He had no lessons in art . At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to Ralph Beilby , an engraver in Newcastle , where he learnt how to engrave on wood and metal , for example marking jewellery and cutlery with family names and coats of arms . In Beilby 's workshop Bewick engraved a series of diagrams on wood for Charles Hutton , illustrating a treatise on measurement . He seems thereafter to have devoted himself entirely to engraving on wood , and in 1775 he received a prize from the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts , Manufactures and Commerce for a wood engraving of the " Huntsman and the Old Hound " from Select Fables by the late Mr Gay , which he was illustrating . In 1776 Bewick became a partner in Beilby 's workshop . The joint business prospered , becoming Newcastle 's leading engraving service with an enviable reputation for high quality work and good service . In September 1776 he went to London for eight months , finding the city rude , deceitful and cruel , and much disliking the unfairness of extreme wealth and poverty side by side . He returned to his beloved Newcastle as soon as he could , but his time in the capital gave him a wider reputation , business experience , and an awareness of new movements in art . In 1786 , when he was financially secure , he married Isabella Elliott from Ovingham ; she had been a friend when they were children . They had four children , Robert , Jane , Isabella , and Elizabeth ; the daughters worked on their father 's memoir after his death . At that period in his life he was described by the Newcastle artist Thomas Sword Good as " a man of athletic make , nearly 6 feet high and proportionally stout . He possessed great personal courage and in his younger years was not slow to repay an insult with personal chastisement . On one occasion , being assaulted by two pitmen on returning from a visit to Cherryburn , he resolutely turned upon the aggressors , and as he said , ' paid them both well ' . " Bewick was also noted as having a strong moral sense and was an early campaigner for fair treatment of animals . He objected to the docking of horses ' tails , the mistreatment of performing animals such as bears , and cruelty to dogs . Above all , he thought war utterly pointless . All these themes recur in his engravings , which echo Hogarth 's attention to moral themes . For example , he shows wounded soldiers with wooden legs , back from the wars , and animals with a gallows in the background . Bewick had at least 30 pupils who worked for him and Beilby as apprentices , the first of which was his younger brother John . Several gained distinction as engravers , including John Anderson , Luke Clennell , Charlton Nesbit , William Harvey , Robert Johnson , and his son and later partner Robert Elliot Bewick . In 1790 the partners published their History of Quadrupeds in 1790 , intended for children but reaching an adult readership , and its success encouraged them to consider a more serious work of natural history . In preparation for this Bewick spent several years engraving the wood blocks for Land Birds , the first volume of A History of British Birds . Given his detailed knowledge of the birds of Northumberland , Bewick prepared the illustrations , so Beilby was given the task of assembling the text , which he struggled to do . Bewick ended up writing most of the text , which led to a dispute over authorship ; Bewick refused to have Beilby named as the author , and in the end only Bewick 's name appeared on the title page , along with a paragraph of explanation at the end of the preface . It may be proper to observe , that while one of the editors of this work was engaged in preparing the Engravings , the compilation of the descriptions was undertaken by the other , subject , however , to the corrections of his friend , whose habits led him to a more intimate acquaintance with this branch of Natural History . – Land Birds , Preface . The book was an immediate success when published – by Beilby and Bewick themselves – in 1797 . Bewick started work at once on the second volume , Water Birds , but the disagreement over authorship led to a final split with Beilby . Bewick was unable to control his feelings and resolve issues quietly , so the partnership ended , turbulently and expensively , leaving Bewick with his own workshop . Bewick had to pay £ 20 , equivalent to about £ 20 @,@ 400 as of 2011 , in lawyer 's fees , and more than £ 21 for Beilby 's share of the workshop equipment . With the assistance of his apprentices Bewick brought out the second volume , Water Birds , in 1804 , as the sole author . He found the task of managing the printers continually troublesome , but the book met with as much success as the first volume . In April 1827 , the American naturalist and bird painter John James Audubon came to Britain to find a suitable printer for his enormous Birds of America . Bewick , still lively at age 74 , showed him the woodcut he was working on , a dog afraid of tree stumps that seem in the dark to be devilish figures , and gave Audubon a copy of his Quadrupeds for his children . Bewick was fond of the music of Northumberland , and of the Northumbrian smallpipes in particular . He especially wanted to promote the Northumbrian smallpipes , and to support the piper John Peacock , so he encouraged Peacock to teach pupils to become masters of this kind of music . One of these pupils was Thomas 's son , Robert , whose surviving manuscript tunebooks give a picture of a piper 's repertoire in the 1820s . Bewick 's last wood engraving , Waiting for Death , was of an old bony workhorse , standing forlorn by a tree stump , which he had seen and sketched as an apprentice ; the work echoes William Hogarth 's last work , The Bathos , which shows the fallen artist by a broken column . He died after a few days ' illness on 8 November 1828 , at his home . He was buried in Ovingham churchyard , beside his wife Isabella , who had died two years earlier , and not far from his parents and his brother John . = = Work = = = = = Technique = = = Bewick 's art is considered the pinnacle of his medium , now called wood engraving . This is due both to his skill and to the method , which unlike the wood cut technique of his predecessors , carves against the grain , in hard box wood , using fine tools normally favoured by metal engravers . Boxwood cut across the end @-@ grain is hard enough for fine engraving , allowing greater detail than in normal woodcutting . This been the dominant method used since Bewick 's time . In addition , since a wood engraving is inked on the face , it requires only low pressure to print an image , so the blocks last for many thousands of prints , and importantly can be assembled into a page of metal type for ordinary printing in a single run . In contrast , a copper plate engraving is inked in the engraved grooves , the face being wiped clean of ink before printing , so much higher pressure is required , and images must be printed separately from the text , at far greater expense . Bewick made use of his close observation of nature , his remarkable visual memory , and his sharp eyesight to create accurate and extremely small details in his wood engravings , which proved to be both a strength and a weakness . If properly printed and closely examined , his prints could be seen to convey subtle clues to the character of his natural subjects , with humour and feeling . This was achieved by carefully varying the depth of the engraved grooves to provide actual greys , not only black and white , as well as the pattern of the marks to provide texture . But this subtlety of engraving created a serious technical difficulty for his printers ; they needed to ink his blocks with just the right amount of ink , mixed so as to be of exactly the right thickness , and to press the block to the paper slowly and carefully , to obtain a result that would satisfy Bewick . Not surprisingly , this made printing slow and expensive . It also created a problem for Bewick 's readers ; if they lacked his excellent eyesight , they needed a magnifying glass to study his prints , especially the miniature tail @-@ pieces . But the effect was transformative , and wood engraving became the main method of illustrating books for a century . The quality of Bewick 's engravings attracted a far wider readership to his books than he had expected : his Fables and Quadrupeds were at the outset intended for children . Bewick ran his workshop collaboratively , developing the skills of his apprentices , so while he did not complete every task for every illustration himself , he was always closely involved , as John Rayner explains : some blocks would be drawn by one brother and cut by the other , the rough work would be done by pupils , who would also , if they showed aptitude , draw and finish designs – on the same principle as the schools of Renaissance painters ; and we cannot ... be sure in all cases that the engravings ... are the work of Thomas Bewick from first to last , but he had a hand to a great extent in nearly all , and certainly had the last word in all of them . = = = = Major works = = = = Works using his wood engraving technique , for which he became well known , include the engravings for Oliver Goldsmith 's Traveller and The Deserted Village , for Thomas Parnell 's Hermit , and for William Somervile 's Chase . But " the best known of all Bewick 's prints " is said by The Bewick Society to be The Chillingham Bull , executed by Bewick on an exceptionally large woodblock for Marmaduke Tunstall , a gentleman who owned an estate at Wycliffe in the North Riding of Yorkshire . = = = = Tail @-@ pieces = = = = The tail- or tale @-@ pieces , a Bewick speciality , are small engravings chosen to fill gaps such as those at the ends of the species articles in British Birds , each bird 's description beginning on a new page . The images are full of life and movement , often with a moral , sometimes with humour , always with sympathy and precise observation , so the images tell a tale as well as being at the tail ends of articles . For example , the runaway cart , at the end of " The Sparrow @-@ Hawk " , fills what would otherwise be a 5 cm ( 2 in ) high gap . Hugh Dixon explains : The runaway cart is a wonderful mixture of action and danger . The boys have been playing in the cart and the horse has bolted ; perhaps the dog 's barking was the cause . The drawing of the wheel – an extraordinary depiction for its time – shows that the cart has gathered speed . One boy has already fallen and probably hurt himself . The others hang on shouting with fear . And why has it all happened ? The carter with his tankard in his hand runs too late from the inn . Has he been distracted by the shapely girl ? And is it an accident that the inn sign looks a little like a gallows ? = = = = Bookplates = = = = The workshop of Beilby , Bewick , and son produced many ephemeral materials such as letterhead stationery , shop advertisement cards , and other business materials . Of these ephemeral productions , " bookplates have survived the best " . Bewick 's bookplates were illustrations made from engravings , containing the name or initials of the book 's owner . = = = Aesop 's Fables = = = The various editions of Aesop 's Fables illustrated by Bewick span almost his entire creative life . The first was created for the Newcastle bookseller Thomas Saint during his apprentice years , an edition of Robert Dodsley 's Select Fables published in 1776 . With his brother John he later contributed to a three @-@ volume edition for the same publisher in 1784 , reusing some pictures from the 1776 edition . Bewick went on to produce a third edition of the fables . While convalescing from a dangerous illness in 1812 , he turned his attention to a long @-@ cherished venture , a large three @-@ volume edition of The Fables of Aesop and Others , eventually published in 1818 . The work is divided into three sections : the first has some of Dodsley 's fables prefaced by a short prose moral ; the second has " Fables with Reflections " , in which each story is followed by a prose and a verse moral and then a lengthy prose reflection ; the third , " Fables in Verse " , includes fables from other sources in poems by several unnamed authors . Engravings were initially designed on the wood by Bewick and then cut by his apprentices under close supervision , refined where necessary by himself . This edition used a method that Bewick had pioneered , " white @-@ line " engraving , a dark @-@ to @-@ light technique in which the lines to remain white are cut out of the woodblock . = = = A General History of Quadrupeds = = = A General History of Quadrupeds appeared in 1790 . It deals with 260 mammals from across the world , including animals from " Adive " to " Zorilla " . It is particularly thorough on some of the domestic animals : the first entry describes the horse . Beilby and Bewick had difficulty deciding what to include , and especially on how to organise the entries . They had hoped to arrange the animals systematically , but they found that the rival systems of Linnaeus , Buffon and John Ray conflicted , and in Linnaeus 's case at least changed with every edition of his work . They decided to put useful animals first " which so materially contribute to the strength , the wealth , and the happiness of this kingdom " . The book 's coverage is erratic , a direct result of the sources that Bewick consulted : his own knowledge of British animals , the available scholarly sources , combined with George Culley 's 1786 Observations on Livestock and the antique John Caius 's 1576 On English Dogs . Bewick had to hand the Swedish naturalist Anders Sparrman 's account of his visit to the Cape of Good Hope on Cook 's expedition of 1772 to 1776 , and animals from the Southern Cape figure largely in the book . It was an energetic muddle , but it was at once greeted with enthusiasm by the British public . They liked the combination of vigorous woodcuts , simple and accurate descriptions , and all kinds of exotic animals alongside things they knew . = = = A History of British Birds = = = A History of British Birds , Bewick 's great achievement and with which his name is inseparably associated , was published in two volumes : History and Description of Land Birds in 1797 and History and Description of Water Birds in 1804 , with a supplement in 1821 . The Birds is specifically British , but is the forerunner of all modern field guides . Bewick was helped by his intimate knowledge of the habits of animals acquired during his frequent excursions into the country . He also recounts information passed to him by acquaintances and local gentry , and that obtained in natural history works of his time , including those by Thomas Pennant and Gilbert White , as well as the translation of Buffon 's Histoire naturelle . Many of the illustrations that have most frequently been reproduced in other books and as decorations are the small tailpieces that Bewick had placed at the bottoms of the pages of the original . The worlds depicted are so small that a magnifying glass is necessary to examine their detail ; each scene , as Adrian Searle writes , " is a small and often comic revelation " , each tiny image giving " enormous pleasure " ; Bewick " was as inventive as he was observant , as funny and bleak as he was exacting and faithful to the things he saw around him . " Bewick 's biographer , Jenny Uglow , writes that Bewick appears to have had a faultless sense of exactly what line was needed , and above all where to stop , as if there were no pause for analysis or reflection between the image in the mind and the hand on the wood . This skill , which has made later generations of engravers pause in awe , could be explained as an innate talent , the je @-@ ne @-@ sais @-@ quoi of " genius " . But it also came from the constant habit of drawing as a child , the painstaking learning of technique as an apprentice ... Bewick sometimes used his fingerprint as a form of signature , ( accompanied by the words " Thomas Bewick his mark " ) , as well as engraving it in one of his tail @-@ pieces as if it had clouded the tiny image of a rustic scene with a cottage by mistake . Uglow notes one critic 's suggestion that Bewick may have meant we are looking at the scene through a playfully smudged window , as well as drawing our attention to Bewick , the maker . Adrian Searle , writing in The Guardian , describes the tiny work as " A visual equivalent to the sorts of authorial gags Laurence Sterne played in Tristram Shandy , it is a marvellous , timeless , magical joke " . = = Tributes and portraits = = Poetical tributes came to Bewick even during his lifetime . William Wordsworth began his anecdotal poem “ The Two Thieves ” , composed in 1798 , with the line “ O now that the genius of Bewick were mine ” , in which case he would give up writing , he declared . In 1823 , Bewick 's friend the Reverend J. F. M. Dovaston dedicated a sonnet to him with the lines Xylographer I name thee , Bewick , taught By thy wood @-@ Art , that from rock , flood , and tree Home to our hearths , all lively , light and free In suited scene each living thing has brought As life elastic , animate with thought . Four years after his death , his sixteen @-@ year @-@ old admirer Charlotte Bronte wrote a poem of 20 quatrains titled “ Lines on the celebrated Bewick ” which describe the various scenes she comes across while leafing through the books illustrated by him . Later still , the poet Alfred Tennyson left his own tribute on the flyleaf of a copy of Bewick 's History of British Birds found in Lord Ravenscroft 's library : A gate and field half ploughed , A solitary cow , A child with a broken slate , And a titmarsh in the bough . But where , alack , is Bewick To tell the meaning now ? Each in their own way is making the same point , that Bewick 's work is more than mere illustration . Its liveliness and truth to experience appeals to the imagination of the reader and calls forth an individual response that goes beyond the text . As noted at the end of the article on him in the Dictionary of National Biography , there is a rich collection of Bewick portraits , beginning with that of Newcastle painter George Gray ( 1758 @-@ 1819 ) , from about 1780 and long owned by Bewick 's family , that is now in the Laing Art Gallery . Several are by James Ramsay , including the one at the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne , in which he sits holding spectacles , one in middle @-@ age , held by the Natural History Society of Northumbria , and one in old age in the National Portrait Gallery . Bewick also appears among the figures on the left in Ramsay 's " The Lost Child " ( 1823 ) , where he is standing next to Ramsay and his wife in the street leading up to St Nicholas ' Church . John Henry Frederick Bacon was to draw on this small figure to create his 1852 print of Bewick , in which he has been transferred from the urban to a rural setting , with the city and the Tyne in the background . Other portraits include one by William Nicholson dating from 1814 in which Bewick sits with a pencil in his hand and a dog beside his chair ; the one at his birthplace ; and the full @-@ length seated portrait of 1827 by Thomas Sword Good ( see above ) . Another painting by Sword in the National Portrait Gallery is now no longer thought to be of Bewick . An unsigned painting supposedly of him in the Yale Center for British Art is equally dubious . A marble portrait bust of Bewick was commissioned from Edward Hodges Baily in 1825 by the Literary and Philosophical Society , of which there are several copies beside the one still at the Society itself . According to Jenny Uglow , his recent biographer , when he came to sit for the sculptor , he “ stoutly refused to be portrayed in a toga . Instead he wore his ordinary coat and waistcoat with neckcloth and ruffled shirt , and even asked for some of his smallpox scars to be shown . " Baily was so taken with him that he presented Bewick with a plaster model of the finished bust . A bronze copy now rests in a niche of the building that replaced his workshop in the churchyard of Saint Nicholas ( see above ) and still another is at the British Museum . There is also a full length statue of him at the top left of the former chemist 's shop designed by M.V.Treleaven at 45 Northumberland Street in the city . = = Legacy = = Bewick 's fame , already nationwide across Britain for his Birds , grew during the nineteenth century . In 1830 , William Yarrell named Bewick 's swan in his honour and Bewick 's son Robert engraved the bird for later editions of British Birds . Bewick 's wren also took his name . The critic John Ruskin compared the subtlety of his drawing to that of Holbein , J. M. W. Turner , and Paolo Veronese writing that the way Bewick had engraved the feathers of his birds was " the most masterly thing ever done in woodcutting " . His fame faded as illustration became more widespread and more mechanical , but twentieth @-@ century artists such as Gwen Raverat ( née Darwin ) continued to admire his skill , and work by artists such as Paul Nash and Eric Ravilious has been described as reminiscent of Bewick . Hugh Dixon , reflecting on Bewick and the landscape of North @-@ East England , wrote that Bewick 's illustrated books , admired since they first appeared , gave him some celebrity in his own lifetime . His Memoir , published a generation after his death , brought about a new interest and a widening respect which has continued to grow ever since . The attraction to his contemporaries of Bewick 's observations lay in their accuracy and amusement . Two centuries later these qualities are still recognised ; but so , too , is the wealth and rarity of the historical information they have to offer . Thomas Bewick Primary School , in Newcastle upon Tyne , is named after him . Bewick 's works are held in collections including the Victoria and Albert Museum . Bewick is also memorialised elsewhere around Newcastle city , and Gateshead town , centres . These include streets named after him , blue ( and other ) plaques marking former homes and workshops .
= Swiss peasant war of 1653 = The Swiss peasant war of 1653 was a popular revolt in the Old Swiss Confederacy at the time of the Ancien Régime . A devaluation of Bernese money caused a tax revolt that spread from the Entlebuch valley in the Canton of Lucerne to the Emmental valley in the Canton of Bern and then to the cantons of Solothurn and Basel and also to the Aargau . The population of the countryside demanded fiscal relief from their ruling authorities , the city councils of these cantons ' capitals . When their demands were dismissed by the cities , the peasants organized themselves and threatened to blockade the cities . After initial compromises mediated by other cantons had failed , the peasants united under the treaty of Huttwil , forming the " League of Huttwil " . Their movement became more radical , going beyond the initially purely fiscal demands . The Huttwil League considered itself a political entity equal to and independent from the city authorities , and it assumed full military and political sovereignty in its territories . The peasants laid siege on Bern and Lucerne , whereupon the cities negotiated a peace agreement with the peasant leader Niklaus Leuenberger , the so @-@ called peace on the Murifeld . The peasant armies retreated . The Tagsatzung , the federal council of the Old Swiss Confederacy , then sent an army from Zürich to definitely end the rebellion , and after the Battle of Wohlenschwil , the Huttwil League was forcibly annulled in the peace of Mellingen . The last resistance in the Entlebuch valley was broken by the end of June . After their victory , the city authorities took drastic punitive measures . The Huttwil League and the peace of the Murifeld were declared null and void by the city council of Bern . Many exponents of the insurrection were captured , tortured , and finally received heavy sentences . Niklaus Leuenberger was beheaded and quartered in Bern on September 6 , 1653 . Although the military victory of the absolutist city authorities was complete , the war had also shown them that they depended very much on their rural subjects . Soon after the war , the ruling aristocrats instituted a series of reforms and even lowered some taxes , thus fulfilling some of the peasants ' original fiscal demands . In the long term , the peasant war of 1653 prevented Switzerland from an excessive implementation of absolutism as occurred in France during the reign of Louis XIV . = = Background = = The Old Swiss Confederacy in the 17th century was a federation of thirteen largely independent cantons . The federation comprised rural cantons as well as city states that had expanded their territories into the countryside by political and military means at the cost of the previously ruling liege lords . The cities just took over the preexisting administrative structures . In these city cantons , the city councils ruled the countryside ; they held the judicial rights and also appointed the district sheriffs ( Landvögte ) . Rural and urban cantons had the same standing in the federation . Each canton was sovereign within its territory , pursuing its own foreign policy and also minting its own money . The diet and central council of the federation , the Tagsatzung , held no real power and served more as an instrument of coordination . The reformation in the early 16th century had led to a confessional division amongst the cantons : the central Swiss cantons including Lucerne had remained Catholic , while Zürich , Bern , Basel , Schaffhausen , and also the city of St. Gallen had become Protestant . The Tagsatzung was often paralysed by disagreements between the equally strong factions of the Catholic and Protestant sides . Territories that had been conquered since the early 15th century were governed as condominiums by the cantons . Reeves for these territories were assigned by the Tagsatzung for a period of two years ; the posts changed bi @-@ annually between the cantons . The Aargau had been annexed in 1415 . The western part belonged to Bern , while the eastern part comprised the two condominiums of the former County of Baden in the north and the Freie Ämter ( " Free Districts " ) in the south . The Free Districts had been forcibly recatholized after the Reformation in Switzerland , and the Catholic cantons , especially Lucerne , Zug , and Uri considered these districts part of their sphere of influence and the reeves typically came from these cantons . The Thurgau , which had been annexed in 1460 , was also a condominium of the Confederacy . = = Causes of the conflict = = At its root , the peasant war of 1653 was caused by the rapidly changing economic circumstances after the end of the Thirty Years ' War . The Swiss Confederacy had been spared from all belligerent action ; the Swiss peasants generally had profited from the wartime economy as they had been able to export their agrarian products at higher prices than before . After the Peace of Westphalia , the southern German economy recovered quickly , the Swiss exports dwindled , and the prices for agrarian products dropped . Many Swiss peasants , who had raised mortgages during the boom at wartime , suddenly faced financial problems . At the same time the war had since the 1620s caused significant expenses for the cities , e.g. for building better defenses such as new bastions . A significant source of income for the cantons ran dry : their financial means exhausted by the war , France and Spain no longer paid the Pensions , the agreed sums in return for the cantons providing them with mercenary regiments . The city authorities tried to compensate for this and to cover their expenses on the one hand by increasing the taxes or inventing new ones and on the other hand by minting less valuable copper coins called Batzen that had the same face value as the previously minted silver money . The population began hoarding the silver coins , and the cheap copper money that remained in circulation continually lost in purchasing power . Zürich , Basel , and the central Swiss cantons therefore began already in 1623 to mint more valuable coins again . Bern and also Solothurn and Fribourg set a compulsory fixed exchange rate between copper and silver money instead , but this measure did not break the de facto devaluation . At the end of the war , the population thus faced both a postwar depression and a high inflation , combined with high taxes . This financial crisis led to a series of tax revolts in several cantons of the Confederacy , for instance 1629 – 36 in Lucerne , 1641 in Bern , or 1645 / 46 in Zürich . The uprising in 1653 continued this series , but would take the conflict to an unprecedented level . Since the 15th century , the political power in the city cantons had become more and more concentrated in the hands of a few urban families , who increasingly saw their public offices as hereditary positions and who developed aristocratic and absolutist attitudes . Slowly , an urban oligarchy of magistrates had formed . This concentration of power in the city cantons in a small urban élite caused a veritable " participatory crisis " ( Suter ) . The rural population increasingly was subject to decrees issued without their consent that restricted their rights of old and also their social and cultural freedom . = = Outbreak of the rebellion = = At the beginning of December 1652 , Bern devalued its copper Batzen by 50 % to adjust its face value to its intrinsic value to combat the inflation . The authorities set a term of only three days to exchange the copper coins at the old rate against more stable gold or silver money . Not many people could thus take advantage of this exchange offer , and for most — and in particular the rural population — half their fortunes just vanished . The other cantons soon followed suit and similarly devalued the Bernese copper money . The situation was most dire in the Lucerne Entlebuch valley , where the Bernese Batzen were in widespread usage . The financial situation of many a peasant became unsustainable . Insider deals of the ruling magistrates of Lucerne furthered the unrest among the population . The peasants of the Entlebuch valley , led by Hans Emmenegger from Schüpfheim and Christian Schybi from Escholzmatt , sent a delegation to Lucerne to demand remedies , but the city council refused to even hear them . The enraged peasants organized a general assembly ( Landsgemeinde ) of the population of the valley at Heiligkreuz , in spite of such assemblies being illegal as the authorities ' laws of the time denied the freedom of assembly . The assembly , which took place after the mass on February 10 , 1653 , decided to suspend all tax payments until the authorities in Lucerne fulfilled their demands by reducing taxes and abolishing some of them altogether , such as the taxes on salt , cattle , and horse trades . The authorities of Lucerne were not willing to grant the population 's demands , but neither did they manage to subdue this insurrection . The large majority of the rural districts of the canton of Lucerne sided with the peasants of the Entlebuch valley in an alliance concluded at Wolhusen on February 26 , 1653 . At the beginning of March , the people of the neighbouring Bernese Emmental valley joined their cause , addressing similar demands at the Bernese authorities . Both cantons called upon the other uninvolved members of the Old Swiss Confederacy to mediate in the conflict , but at the same time , the Tagsatzung , the diet of the cantons ' governments , also began to prepare for a military resolution . Troops from Schaffhausen and Basel were sent towards the Aargau , but this immediately solicited an armed resistance amongst the population such that the troops had to withdraw . On March 18 , 1653 , the mediating Catholic central Swiss cantons proposed in Lucerne a resolution that fulfilled most of the peasants ' demands , especially the fiscal ones . In Bern , a similar compromise was proposed by a Protestant delegation from Zürich under the direction of the mayor of Zürich , Johann Heinrich Waser , on April 4 , 1653 . The Bernese Emmental and most of the districts of the canton of Lucerne accepted these resolutions and their representatives swore new oaths of fealty . But the people in the Entlebuch valley did not accept the authorities ' terms , as these — besides offering some tax reliefs — criminalized the insurrection and called for the punishment of the leaders . At a meeting at Signau on April 10 , 1653 , the delegates from the Entlebuch convinced their neighbours in the Emmental : the assembly decided not to honor the new oaths its representatives had sworn in Bern . = = Formation of the Huttwil League = = The negotiations between the city authorities and the peasants were not continued . While the authorities debated at the Tagsatzung how to deal with the insurrection , the peasants worked to gain support for their cause amongst the rural population of other regions and lobbied for a formal alliance . A peasant delegation sent to Zürich was turned back promptly : the city authorities , who had put down local unrests in their territory already in 1645 and again in 1646 , had already recognized the danger of the agitation . On April 23 , 1653 , representatives of the people of the countryside of Lucerne , Bern , Basel , and Solothurn met at Sumiswald and concluded an alliance to help each other to achieve their goals . A week later , they met again at Huttwil , where they renewed that alliance and elected Niklaus Leuenberger from Rüderswil in the Emmental as their leader . On May 14 , 1653 , the peasants met again at a Landsgemeinde at Huttwil and formalized their alliance as the " League of Huttwil " by signing a written contract in the style of the old Bundesbriefe of the Old Swiss Confederacy . The treaty clearly established the league as a separate political entity that considered itself equal to and independent from the cities . The tax revolt had become an independence movement , based ideologically on the traditional Swiss founding legends , especially on the legend of William Tell . Legally , the peasants justified their assemblies and their union by the rights of old and in particular the Stanser Verkommnis of 1481 , one of the important coalition treaties of the Old Swiss Confederacy . The peasants by then had assumed full sovereignty over the territory they controlled . They refused to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the city authorities and also had the military control over the area . The Huttwil League openly declared its intention to expand until it encompassed the rural population in the whole Confederacy . The majority of the rural population supported the rebellion ; the dissenting minority was silenced by threats of violence and sometimes violence indeed . Communications between the cities were interrupted , official envoys were shaken down and ships on the rivers were captured . The peasants even sent a letter to the French ambassador at Solothurn assuring the French king Louis XIV of their good intentions . The confessional conflicts that dominated the relations between the ruling city authorities were only secondary to the peasants of the Huttwil league . The peasant alliance bridged the confessional divide , uniting Catholic people from the Entlebuch and from Solothurn with Protestant peasants from the Emmental and from Basel . The treaty of Huttwil explicitly recognized this biconfessionalism . The cities remained in all their manoeuvring and negotiations for military support within their respective confessional spheres : Catholic Lucerne had requested mediation and then military help from the Catholic central Swiss cantons , while Protestant Bern had turned to Protestant Zürich for help . The distrust between the authorities of the Catholic and Protestant cantons was so deep that none would allow troops of the other confession to operate on their territories . = = Military confrontation = = Both sides began to prepare openly for an armed conflict . The cities faced the problem that their armies were militias , recruited from the rural population of their subject territories , but that precisely this rural population had turned against them . Bern began raising troops in the Vaud and the Bernese Oberland , two regions unaffected by the uprising . The authorities of Bern and Lucerne were supported by the other cantons at the Tagsatzung . In a dispatch from Zürich , the uprising was termed for the first time a " revolution " . On May 18 , 1653 , the peasants delivered ultimatums to Bern and Lucerne and raised 16 @,@ 000 troops . When the city of Bern replied with a protest note , the peasants marched to Bern under the leadership of Leuenberger , arriving on May 22 , 1653 . A second army led by Emmenegger laid siege to Lucerne . The city authorities were unprepared for an armed conflict and immediately engaged in negotiations . Within days , peace agreements were concluded . In the peace on the Murifeld ( Murifeldfrieden , named after the field just outside Bern where the peasant army 's camp lay ) signed by Leuenberger and the mayor of Bern , Niklaus Dachselhofer , the city council of Bern promised on May 28 , 1653 , to fulfill the peasants ' fiscal demands in return for the dissolution of the Huttwil League . In view of this development , the city of Lucerne and the besieging peasants agreed on a truce . Leuenberger 's army lifted the siege of Bern and retreated , but the people refused to follow their leaders and objected to dissolving the Huttwil League . On May 30 , 1653 , following an earlier resolution of the Tagsatzung and earlier Bernese demands , Zürich assembled an army with recruits from its own territories , from the Thurgau , and from Schaffhausen under the command of Conrad Werdmüller with the task to break any armed resistance once and for all times . Some 8 @,@ 000 men with 800 horses and 18 cannons marched towards the Aargau . Already three days later , Werdmüller 's army controlled the important crossing of the river Reuss at Mellingen . In the hills around the nearby villages Wohlenschwil and Othmarsingen a peasant army of some 24 @,@ 000 men assembled , led by Leuenberger and Schybi . A peasant delegation tried to negotiate with Werdmüller , showing him the peace treaty concluded on the Murifeld . Werdmüller , who had been until then unaware of this treaty that had been signed only days before , refused to acknowledge the validity of the contract and demanded the unconditional surrender of the peasants . Thus rebutted , the peasants attacked Werdmüller 's troops on June 3 , 1653 , but being poorly equipped and lacking any artillery , they were defeated decisively in the Battle of Wohlenschwil . The peasants were forced to agree to the peace of Mellingen , which annulled the Huttwil League . The peasant troops returned home and an amnesty was declared , except for the leaders of the movement . Bernese troops under the command of Sigmund von Erlach then advanced from Bern to the Aargau to meet the forces of Zürich . Under this double pressure , the peasants ' resistance collapsed . Von Erlach 's troops numbered about 6 @,@ 000 men and 19 cannons . The operation was a veritable punitive expedition : the troops plundered the villages along their way and even razed the defenses of the small town of Wiedlisbach , which lost its town privileges and was declared a village again . On June 7 , 1653 , the Bernese army met with a troop of about 2 @,@ 000 men of Leuenberger 's army who were on their way back from Wohlenschwil . The peasants retreated to Herzogenbuchsee , where they were defeated by von Erlach 's troops ; the little town went up in flames in the course of the battle . Niklaus Leuenberger fled and went hiding , but he was betrayed by a neighbour and was apprehended by the Bernese district sheriff Samuel Tribolet on June 9 , 1653 . The Entlebuch valley , where the revolt had begun , resisted a little longer . Peasant troops under the command of Schybi tried in vain on June 5 , 1653 , to gain the bridge at Gisikon , held by a joint army of the city of Lucerne and the central Swiss cantons commanded by Sebastian Peregrin Zwyer of Uri . In the following weeks , Zwyer 's troops slowly advanced through the valley , until they controlled it completely by June 20 , 1653 . Schybi was captured a few days later and incarcerated at Sursee . = = Aftermath = = The city authorities proceeded to punish severely the leaders of the Huttwil League . Bern did not accept the terms of the peace of Melligen with its amnesty , claiming the treaty was invalid on its territory , and cracked down hard on the rural population . The peasants were fined large sums and were made to cover the expenses for the military operations . The peace of the Murifeld was declared null and void by the Bernese city council , as was the Huttwil League . The rural population was disarmed . Many of the exponents of the movement were incarcerated , tortured , and finally sentenced to death or to hard labour on galleys , or exiled . Christian Schybi was executed at Sursee on July 9 , 1653 . Niklaus Leuenberger was beheaded and quartered at Bern on September 6 , 1653 ; his head was nailed at the gallows together with one of the four copies of the Bundesbrief of the Huttwil League . Punishment was hardest in the canton of Bern , where 23 death sentences were handed down and numerous other prominent peasants were executed in courts @-@ martial by von Erlach 's army , compared to eight and seven death sentences in Lucerne and Basel , respectively . Although the authorities had won a total military victory , they refrained from inflicting further draconian measures on the general population . The whole affair had clearly demonstrated that the cities depended on the support of their rural subjects . Putting down the insurrection had been achieved only with difficulties , and only with the help of troops from Zürich and Uri . Had the peasants succeeded to extend the Huttwil League to encompass the countryside of Zürich , the outcome of the conflict might have been different . The city authorities were well aware of their essentially lucky escape , and their actions in the following years reflect it . While they took steps to disempower the rural population politically , they also fulfilled many of the peasants original fiscal demands , alleviating the economic pressure on them . Tax reforms were passed , to the point that for instance in the canton of Lucerne the overall taxation of the population decreased in the second half of the 17th century . Suter even concludes that the peasant war of 1653 thwarted a further advancement of absolutist trends in Switzerland and prevented a development like it occurred in France following the Fronde . The authorities of the Swiss cantons had to act much more carefully and were forced to respect their rural subjects . The Bernese for instance instructed their district sheriffs to employ a far less pompous and less authoritarian attitude to minimize the conflict potential . The city council even opened legal procedures against a few of its district sheriffs against whom there were many complaints from the rural population , accusing them of corruption , incompetence , and unjustified enrichment . The district sheriff of Trachselwald , the same Samuel Tribolet who had captured Niklaus Leuenberger , was dismissed , tried , and exiled in early 1654 . Abraham Stanyan , who had been ambassador of England in Bern from 1705 to 1713 , published in 1714 an extensive treatise entitled An account of Switzerland , in which he described the authorities ' rule as particularly mild , mentioning explicitly the low taxation in comparison to other European states and giving as the reason for the comparatively soft @-@ gloved government the fear of rebellions . = = Historiography = = In the decades following the peasant war the city authorities tried to suppress the memory of this nearly successful revolt . Resistance symbols like the flags or the weapons used by the peasants , in particular their typical clubs with nails on the hitting end ( called ( Bauern- ) Knüttel ) , were outlawed , confiscated , and destroyed . Documents such as the Bundesbriefe of Huttwil were stashed away in the vaults of the city archives . Any public remembrances or pilgrimages to the places where the leaders had been executed were forbidden and carried the death penalty , as did the singing of the peasants ' war songs . Bern was particularly active in trying to censor the memories of the event and also tried to suppress images of the peasant leaders . Historic texts written during the Ancien Régime of Switzerland generally follow the official diction and mention the peasant war , if they do so at all , only briefly and in negative terms . Works with differing viewpoints were often prohibited . The censorship was not entirely successful ; in private , the rural population kept the memories of 1653 alive , and various accounts of the events were printed in Germany . In the 19th century , the official view was increasingly questioned . The aristocratic Ancien Régime had been weakened severely during the Napoleonic Wars , when the Confederacy had been a French satellite state . The episode of the Helvetic Republic , short @-@ lived as it had been , had instilled democratic ideals in the population . The restauration of the Ancien Régime after the end of the Napoleonic era proved to be only temporary , until Switzerland became a federal state in 1848 when its first democratic constitution was passed . During the restoration , democratic publishers instrumented and interpreted the history of the peasant war as an allegory on the then current struggle for democracy , seeing the peasant war of 1653 as an early precursor of their own efforts to overcome the authoritarian regime . Well @-@ known examples are the illustrations by Martin Disteli from 1839 / 40 , who used scenes from the peasant war in such allegoric ways . The official view remained ambivalent at best , though . A scene devoted to the peasant war of 1653 in a theatre production for the Swiss sexacentennial celebrations in 1891 , for instance , was cut on the demands of the organizers . The first statues to honor the peasants of 1653 and their leaders were erected in 1903 on the occasion of the 250th anniversary of the peasant war . A monument honoring Schybi and Emmenegger was unveiled at Escholzmatt on July 26 , 1903 , at Rüderswil , a statue in honor of Leuenberger was erected the same year , and at Liestal an obelisk honoring the peasant victims of the war was inaugurated on September 25 , 1904 . More statues and plaques were installed in various other places at the tricentennial of the war in 1953 , for instance a relief showing Schybi in a chapel at Sursee , where the peasant leader had been incarcerated . Ideological instrumentalizations of the peasant war occurred even in the 20th century . Hans Mühlestein , a Swiss Marxist historian , interpreted the events of 1653 in the 1940s and 1950s as an early bourgeois revolution of a progressive bourgeoisie , fitting the Marxist concept of " class struggle " ; a view considered untenable by many later historians . Modern historians generally agree that the peasant war was an important event in Swiss history , and also in comparison to other popular revolts in late medieval Europe . Such revolts were rather common at the time and often were motivated by excessive taxation . The peasant war of 1653 stands out as a culminative end point in Switzerland for three reasons : The revolt spread quickly to cover several cantons , whereas previous uprisings in the Confederacy had invariably been local affairs . The peasants were well organized and for the only time mobilized veritable armies against their rulers , which hadn 't happened before . The peasant leaders had clearly learned from previous unsuccessful smaller revolts they had been involved in . The peasants ' goals for the first time went beyond a pure restoration of rights of old and tax relief : the Huttwil League radically denied the authorities ' hitherto unquestioned entitlement to rule . In 2003 , the city of Bern celebrated the 650th anniversary of its adherence to the Old Swiss Confederacy with many events , including a dedicated exposition at the Historical Museum that ran for several months and the publication of the history schoolbook Berns mutige Zeit . The simultaneous 350 @-@ year anniversary of the peasant war was reflected in the city only in a few newspaper articles , but it was widely celebrated in the coutryside with speeches , colloquia , and an ambitious and very successful open @-@ air theatre production at Eggiwil in the Emmental .
= M2 light tank = The Light Tank M2 was an American pre @-@ World War II light tank which saw limited use during World War II . The most common model , the M2A4 , was equipped with one 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) M5 gun , one .50 M2 Browning machine gun , and five .30 cal M1919 Browning machine guns . It was originally developed from the prototype T2 tank built by Rock Island Arsenal , which had a Vickers @-@ type leaf spring suspension . The suspension was replaced by the superior vertical volute system in the T2E1 series of 1935 . This was put into production with minor modifications as the M2A1 in 1936 , with ten produced . The main pre @-@ war version was the M2A2 , with 239 produced , becoming the main tank in the US Army infantry units in the pre @-@ world @-@ war @-@ II period . The Spanish Civil War showed that tanks armed only with machine guns were ineffective . This led to the M2A4 with a 37 mm gun as the main armament . 375 were delivered , the last ten as late as April 1942 . Its only combat use in American units was with the US Marine Corps 1st Tank Battalion during the Pacific War in 1942 . However , it is believed that M2A4s served in Burma and India with the British 7th Hussars and 2nd Royal Tank Regiment during their engagements with the Imperial Japanese Army 's 14th Tank Regiment . The M2A4 light tank led to the M3 Stuart light tank , the M2 Medium Tank and M4 Tractor artillery tower . The M3 Stuart saw widespread use throughout the war , the M2 Medium Tank , though another unsuccessful design , led to the M3 Lee and thence the M4 Sherman medium tanks . = = Development history = = US Army infantry tank design started with the Light Tank , T1 during the 1920s , which developed into a series of experimental designs which didn 't enter production . The T2 concept , starting five years later , incorporated several design lessons from the T1 , but used a new suspension system copied from the British Vickers 6 @-@ Ton tank . The first prototype was delivered in 1933 . The Defense Act of 1920 had defined tanks to be used in support of the infantry . Through the 1920s a number of theorists outlined an independent role for the tank that required it to move at high speed into the rear areas , a modern version of the cavalry . The British referred to these designs as cruiser tanks , but similar high @-@ speed designs were developed under a variety of names . As the Defense Act limited tank development to the infantry , the United States Cavalry began tank development under the name " combat car " . In keeping with the high @-@ speed role , the new T5 Combat Car introduced the new vertical volute spring suspension ( VVSS ) system , which proved clearly superior to the Vickers leaf spring system . This led to a second prototype of the T2 , the T2E1 in April 1934 , adopting VVSS from the T5 . The T2E1 was armed with one .30 cal ( 7 @.@ 62 mm ) and one .50 inch ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) Browning machine gun mounted in a fixed turret ; another .30 cal Browning was mounted on the hull front . The T2E1 was selected for production in 1935 as the M2 , which mounted only the M2 Browning in a small one @-@ man turret , and the .30 cal in the hull . After only 10 units were delivered , the Infantry Branch decided to switch to a twin turret configuration in the M2E2 , with a .30 @-@ caliber ( 7 @.@ 62 mm ) machine gun in a second turret . These early twin @-@ turret tanks were given the nickname " Mae West " by the troops , after the popular busty movie star . The twin @-@ turret layout was inefficient , but was a common feature of 1930s light tanks derived from the Vickers , such as the Soviet T @-@ 26 and Polish 7TP . Further refinements to the M2A2 produced the A3 model , which incorporated a modified suspension system that reduced the tank 's ground pressure . The weight increased to 10 tons . Following the Spanish Civil War , most armies , including the U.S. Army , realized that they needed tanks armed with cannon and not merely with machine guns . The Cavalry had already opted for a single , larger turret on its nearly identical M1 Combat Car . In December 1938 , OCM # 14844 directed that a single M2A3 be removed from the assembly line and modified with heavier armor and weapons , to meet the standards of the U.S. Infantry . This vehicle , after conversion , was re @-@ designated as the M2A4 . It was equipped with an M5 37 mm main gun , 1 inch ( 25 mm ) thick armor , and a seven @-@ cylinder gasoline engine . Other upgrades included improved suspension , improved transmission , and better engine cooling . Production of the M2A4 began in May 1940 at the American Car and Foundry Company , and continued through March 1941 ; an additional ten M2A4s were assembled in April 1942 , for a total production run of 375 M2A4 light tanks . The US Army sent out press photos still showing the M2A4 being assembled in July 1941 after the assembly line had been changed over to the M3 . = = = Successor vehicles = = = The M2 Light Tank led to the US M3 @-@ series and M5 @-@ series light tanks . The Ordnance Department viewed the M2A4 as a stopgap tank ; work to improve it further began in June 1940 . The first M3 Stuart tanks began to be produced in March 1941 ; the original riveted M3s closely resembled the M2A4 , and the two types occasionally served in the same units ; the easiest recognition feature is the aft ( rear ) idler wheel . On the M2A4 , the idler is raised ; on the M3 it trails on the ground , increasing the flotation of the heavier vehicle . The M3 retained the same Continental W @-@ 670 engine , but incorporated ½ -inch thicker ( 1 ½ inch total thickness ) armor ; weight increased to 14 tons . The tank initially kept the same 37 mm gun and the forward firing hull machine guns , but the turret incorporated improvements . Eventually over 4 @,@ 500 examples of all variants were produced . = = Operational use = = By December 1941 , the M2A1 , M2A2 and M2A3 were used for training only . The majority of M2A4s , which went to the US Army , were also used only for training between 1940 and 1942 . The U.S. Marine Corps ordered M3 Stuart tanks to outfit its armored units in 1940 , but as the new tank was not yet in production , it received 36 M2A4s , after which point production of the M3 had come on line . Many of these tanks were deployed during the Battle of Guadalcanal while assigned to A Company , 1st Tank Battalion , where they and M3 Stuarts were typically spread out among infantry units . Their use was generally limited to providing mobile fire support to the Marines , either in disabling Japanese bunkers or using canister shot against Japanese attacks . In defensive engagements , the M2A4s and Stuarts would deploy in pairs , so they could cover each other with machine gun fire against Japanese soldiers armed with satchel charges . Ultimately , the Marine Corps determined that the 37 mm gun of the M2s and M3s was not powerful enough to defeat Japanese bunkers , and so they would be replaced with tanks armed with 75 mm guns . Following the end of the Guadalcanal campaign , A Company returned to Australia , where the M2A4s were replaced with the new M4 Shermans in preparation for the Battle of Cape Gloucester in December 1943 . They remained in service in some areas of the Pacific Theater until 1943 . After they served in the Pacific , they were used for training . Britain ordered 100 M2A4s in early 1941 . After 36 of them were delivered , the order was canceled in favor of an improved M3 Stuart . The fate of these vehicles is unclear . There is evidence that indicates those 36 M2A4s were shipped off from North Africa as part of the British Army 's 7th Hussars and 2nd Royal Tank Regiment , fighting in the India and Burma campaigns against the Japanese 14th Tank Regiment . However , according to historian Mike Green , the tanks were never issued to combat units . = = Design = = Besides the machine gun mounted coaxially to the main gun , there were three .30 cal. machine guns on the front hull of the M2 . One was mounted in a ball mount in front of the bow gunner . The other two were mounted in a fixed orientation in the upper hull near the sides of the tank . The machine guns were fired by the driver with the triggers on his steering levers . Troops could also mount another .30 cal machine gun on the top of the turret for anti @-@ aircraft defense . The 37 mm M5 gun had a manually operated breechblock . The tank commander doubled as loader , like many other tanks of the time . There was no turret basket in the M2A4 light tank ; the commander stood on the right side , while the gunner stood on the left side . The commander turned the turret onto the general direction of target . The gunner would then bring the target into the M5 telescopic sight . The M20 combination mount had 20 ° of traverse ; this could either be by a handwheel driving the rack and pinion traverse gear mechanism or pressure on the gunners shoulder rest overcoming the friction in the mechanism . Depression and elevation of the gun was either through a geared mechanism or , with the gears disengaged , free through movement of the gunner 's shoulder rest . = = Variants = = M2A1 ( 1935 ) . Initial production type with single fixed turret containing one .50 cal machine gun . 17 units were produced . M2A2 ( 1935 ) . Twin turrets with single .50 machine gun in each ; the turrets partly obstructed each other limiting fields of fire . Dubbed " Mae West " . 239 units produced from 1936 – 37 . M2A3 ( 1938 ) . Twin turrets with two machine guns , thicker armor , slightly lengthened hull , improved engine access , increased gear ratios , better engine cooling , improved suspension , and other minor detail changes . 72 units produced . M2A4 ( 1939 ) . Single turret with 37mm gun . Thicker armor . 375 units produced . Orders went to the American Car & Foundry in October 1939 upon request by the Ordnance Department . Used in the early Pacific campaigns and training . Only service was in Guadalcanal . Used for training after December 1941 . = = Specifications = = The M2A4 was 14 ft 6 in ( 4 @.@ 42 m ) long , 8 ft 1 in ( 2 @.@ 46 m ) wide , 8 ft 8 in ( 2 @.@ 64 m ) high , and weighed 11 @.@ 6 t ( 26 @,@ 000 lb ) . It had a vertical volute spring suspension and had a speed of 36 mph ( 58 km / h ) , and had a range of 200 mi ( 320 km ) . It had one M5 37 mm gun ( with 103 rounds ) , one .50 cal ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) M2 Browning heavy machine guns ( with 1800 rounds ) and five .30 cal M1919 Browning machine guns ( with 8 @,@ 470 rounds ) with 6 to 25 mm of armor . It had an 250 hp ( 190 kW ) Continental W @-@ 670 9A seven @-@ cylinder radial engine . The vehicle was operated by a crew of four ( commander / loader , gunner , driver , and co @-@ driver ) .
= Central American squirrel monkey = The Central American squirrel monkey ( Saimiri oerstedii ) is a squirrel monkey species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama . It is restricted to the northwestern tip of Panama near the border with Costa Rica , and the central and southern Pacific coast of Costa Rica , primarily in Manuel Antonio and Corcovado National Parks . It is a small monkey with an orange back and a distinctive white and black facial mask . It has an omnivorous diet , eating fruits , other plant materials , invertebrates and some small vertebrates . In turn , it has a number of predators , including raptors , cats and snakes . It lives in large groups that typically contain between 20 and 75 monkeys . It has one of the most egalitarian social structures of all monkeys . Females do not form dominance hierarchies , and males do so only at breeding season . Females become sexually mature at 2 ½ years , and males at 4 to 5 years . Sexually mature females leave the natal group , but males can remain with their natal group their entire life . The Central American squirrel monkey can live for more than 15 years . The Central American squirrel monkey population declined precipitously after the 1970s . This decline is believed to be caused by deforestation , hunting , and capture to be kept as pets . Efforts are underway to preserve the species . Despite the threats to the population , in 2008 the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) upgraded its conservation status from " endangered " to " vulnerable " . = = Taxonomy = = The Central American squirrel monkey is a member of the family Cebidae , the family of New World monkeys containing squirrel monkeys , capuchin monkeys , tamarins and marmosets . Within the family Cebidae , it is a member of the subfamily Saimiriinae , the subfamily containing squirrel monkeys . It is one of five recognized species of squirrel monkey , and the only species occurring outside South America . The Central American Squirrel Monkey is placed in genus Saimiri ( Voigt , 1831 ) along with all the other squirrel monkey species . Among the squirrel monkeys , the Central American squirrel monkey is most closely related to the common squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ) and the bare @-@ eared squirrel monkey ( Saimiri ustus ) and these three species form the S. sciureus species group . The binomial name Saimiri oerstedii was given by Johannes Theodor Reinhardt in honor of his fellow Danish biologist Anders Sandøe Ørsted . There are two subspecies of the Central American squirrel monkey : Black @-@ crowned Central American squirrel monkey , Saimiri oerstedii oerstedii Grey @-@ crowned Central American squirrel monkey , Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus S. o. oerstedii lives in the western Pacific portion of Panama and the Osa Peninsula area of Costa Rica ( including Corcovado National Park ) , while S. o. citrinellus lives in the Central Pacific portion of Costa Rica . The largest estimate ( most recently in 2003 ) is that the remaining wild population of S. o. citrinellus is only 1 @,@ 300 to 1 @,@ 800 individuals . = = Physical description = = The Central American squirrel monkey differs in coloration from South American squirrel monkeys . While South American squirrel monkeys tend to be primarily greenish in color , the Central American species has an orange back with olive shoulders , hips and tail and white undersides . The hands and feet are also orange . There is a black cap at the top of the head , and a black tip at the end of the tail . Males generally have lighter caps than females . The face is white with black rims around the eyes and black around the nose and mouth . The two subspecies are similar in coloration , but differ in the shade of the cap . The northern subspecies , living in Central Pacific Costa Rica , has a lighter cap than the southern subspecies , which lives in Panama and in parts of Costa Rica near Panama . The southern subspecies also has more yellowish limbs and underparts . Adults reach a length of between 266 and 291 millimetres ( 10 @.@ 5 and 11 @.@ 5 in ) , excluding tail , and a weight between 600 and 950 grams ( 21 and 34 oz ) . The tail is longer than the body , and between 362 and 389 mm ( 14 @.@ 3 and 15 @.@ 3 in ) in length . As with other squirrel monkeys , there is considerable sexual dimorphism . On average , males weigh 16 % more than females . Males have an average body weight of 829 g ( 29 @.@ 2 oz ) and females average 695 g ( 24 @.@ 5 oz ) . Squirrel monkeys have the largest brains of all primates relative to their body size ; the Central American squirrel monkey 's brain weighs about 25 @.@ 7 g ( 0 @.@ 91 oz ) , or about 4 % of its body weight . Unlike larger relatives , such as the capuchin , spider and howler monkeys , Central American squirrel monkeys do not have a fully prehensile tail , except as newborn infants , and the tail is primarily used to help with balance . = = Behavior = = = = = Social structure = = = The Central American squirrel monkey is arboreal and diurnal , and most often moves through the trees on four legs ( quadrupedal locomotion ) . It lives in groups containing several adult males , adult females and juveniles . The group size tends to be smaller than that of South American squirrel monkeys , but is still larger than for many other New World monkey species . The group generally numbers between 20 and 75 monkeys , with a mean of 41 monkeys . Groups in excess of 100 sometimes occur , but these are believed to be temporary mergers of two groups . On average , groups contain about 60 % more females than males . The squirrel monkey groups have a home range of between 35 and 63 hectares ( 86 to 156 acres ) . Group ranges can overlap , especially in large , protected areas such as Manuel Antonio National Park . Less overlap occurs in more fragmented areas . Groups can travel between 2 @,@ 500 and 4 @,@ 200 m ( 8 @,@ 200 and 13 @,@ 800 ft ) per day . Unlike some other monkey species , the group does not split into separate foraging groups during the day . Individual monkeys may separate for the main group to engage in different activities for periods of time , and thus the group may be dispersed over an area of up to three acres ( 1 @.@ 2 hectares ) at any given time . The group tends to sleep in the same trees every night for months at a time , unlike other squirrel monkeys . There are no dominance hierarchies among the females , and the females do not form coalitions . Males in the group are generally related to each other and thus tend to form strong affiliations , and only form dominance hierarchies during the breeding season . This is especially the case among males of the same age . Neither males nor females are dominant over each other , an egalitarian social system that is unique to Central American squirrel monkeys . In South American species , either the females ( S. boliviensis ) or males ( S. sciureus ) are dominant over the other sex , and both sexes form stable dominance hierarchies . Groups of Central American squirrel monkeys generally do not compete or fight with each other . Male Costa Rican squirrel monkeys are known to have very close bonds with each other . Although South American species of squirrel monkeys often travel with and feed together with capuchin monkeys , the Central American squirrel monkey only rarely associates with the white @-@ headed capuchin . This appears to be related to the fact that the food the Central American squirrel monkey eats is distributed in smaller , more dispersed patches than that of South American squirrel monkeys . As a result of the different food distribution , associating with capuchin monkeys would impose higher foraging costs for the Central American squirrel monkey than for their South American counterparts . In addition , while male white @-@ headed capuchins are alert to predators , they devote more attention to detecting rival males than to detecting predators , and relatively less time to detecting predators than their South American counterparts . Therefore , associating with capuchins would provide less predator detection benefits and impose higher foraging costs on the Central American squirrel monkey than on South American squirrel monkeys . Certain bird species associate with the Central American squirrel monkey . The birds follow the monkeys in an attempt to prey on insects and small vertebrates that the monkeys flush out . At Corcovado National Park , bird species known to regularly follow squirrel monkeys include the double @-@ toothed kite , the grey @-@ headed tanager and the tawny @-@ winged woodcreeper , but other woodcreepers and such species as motmots and trogons do so as well . This activity increases during the wet season , when arthropods are harder to find . = = = Diet = = = The Central American squirrel monkey is omnivorous . Its diet includes insects and insect larvae ( especially grasshoppers and caterpillars ) , spiders , fruit , leaves , bark , flowers and nectar . It also eats small vertebrates , including bats , birds , lizards and tree frogs . It finds its food foraging through the lower and middle levels of the forest , typically between fifteen and thirty feet high . Two @-@ thirds to three @-@ quarters of each day is spent foraging for food . It has difficulty finding its desired food late in the wet season , when fewer arthropods are available . It has a unique method of capturing tent @-@ making bats . It looks for roosting bats by looking for their tents ( which are made of a folded leaf ) . When it finds a bat it climbs to a higher level and jumps onto the tent from above , attempting to dislodge the bat . If the fallen bat does not fly away in time , the monkey pounces on it on the ground and eats it . The Central American squirrel monkey is an important seed disperser and a pollinator of certain flowers , including the passion flower . While it is not a significant agricultural pest , it does sometimes eat corn , coffee , bananas and mangos . Other fruits eaten include cecropias , legumes , figs , palms , cerillo , quiubra , yayo flaco and wild cashew fruits . = = = Communication = = = The Central American squirrel monkey is noisy . It makes many squeals , whistles and chirps . It also travels through the forest noisily , disturbing vegetation as it moves through . It has four main calls , which have been described as a " smooth chuck " , a " bent mask chuck " , a " peep " and a " twitter " . = = = Predators = = = Predators of the Central American squirrel monkey include birds of prey , cats and snakes . Constricting and venomous snakes both prey on squirrel monkeys . Raptors are particularly effective predators of Central American squirrel monkeys . The oldest males bear most of the responsibility for detecting predators . When a Central American squirrel monkey detects a raptor , it gives a high @-@ pitched alarm peep and dives for cover . All other squirrel monkeys that hear the alarm call also dive for cover . The monkeys are particularly cautious about raptors , and give alarms when they detect any raptor @-@ like object , including small airplanes and even falling branches and large leaves . Predator detection by the males becomes particularly important during the period when the infants are born . Raptors spend significantly more time near the squirrel monkey troops during this period , and prey on a significant number of the newborn infants . Other animals that prey on Central American squirrel monkey infants include toucans , tayras , opossums , coatis , snakes , and even spider monkeys . = = Reproduction = = The breeding season for the Central American squirrel monkey is in September . All females come into estrus at virtually the same time . A month or two before the breeding season begins , males become larger . This is not due to extra muscle , but to altered water balance within the male 's body . This is caused by conversion of the male hormone testosterone into estrogen ; thus the more testosterone a male produces , the more he grows in advance of the breeding season . Since males within a group have not been observed fighting over access to females during breeding season , nor attempting to force females to copulate with them , it is believed that female choice determines which males get to breed with females . Females tend to prefer the males that expand the most in advance of breeding season . This may be because the most enlarged males are generally the oldest and the most effective at detecting predators , or it may be a case of runaway intersexual selection . Males sometimes leave their group for short periods of time during the breeding season in order to try to mate with females from neighboring groups . Females are receptive to males from other groups , although resident males attempt to repel the intruders . The gestation period is six months , and the infants are born within a single week during February and March . Typically , a single infant is born . Only 50 % of infants survive more than six months , largely due to predation by birds . The infant remains dependent on its mother for about one year . Females give birth every 12 months , so the prior infant becomes independent at about the same time the new infant is born . Females become sexually mature at 2 ½ years old , while males become sexually mature at between 4 and 5 years old . The females leave their natal group upon reaching sexual maturity , while males usually remain with their group for their entire lives . This is different from South American squirrel monkey species , where either males disperse from their natal group or both sexes disperse . Males of the same age tend to associate with each other in age cohorts . Upon reaching sexual maturity , an age cohort may choose to leave the group and attempt to oust the males from another group in order to attain increased reproductive opportunities . The lifespan of the Central American squirrel monkey in the wild is unknown , but captive specimens have been known to live more than 15 years . Other squirrel monkey species are known to be able to live more than 20 years . = = Distribution and habitat = = The Central American squirrel monkey has a restricted distribution in Costa Rica and Panama . It lives only near the Pacific coast . Its range covers Central Pacific Costa Rica in the north through western Panama . It lives in two of Costa Rica 's national parks — Manuel Antonio National Park and Corcovado National Park — where it can be seen by visitors , but it is not as commonly seen in these parks as the white @-@ headed capuchin or the mantled howler monkeys . It lives in lowland forests and is restricted to secondary forests and primary forests which have been partially logged . It requires forests with abundant low and mid @-@ level vegetation and has difficulty surviving in tall , mature , undisturbed forests that lack such vegetation . = = Conservation status = = It was once believed that the Central American squirrel monkey was just a population of a South American species of squirrel monkey brought to Central America by humans . Evidence for this theory included the very small range of the Central American squirrel monkey and the large gap from the range of any other squirrel monkey species . A study of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA demonstrated that the Central American squirrel monkey is indeed a separate species that apparently diverged from the South American species long ago – at least 260 @,@ 000 years ago and possibly more than 4 million years ago . One popular theory is that squirrel monkeys did live in Colombia during the late Miocene or Pliocene and these squirrel monkeys migrated to Central America , becoming the ancestors of the current Central American species . According to this theory , the Guatemalan black howler migrated to Central America around the same time . Passage through the isthmus of Panama later closed due to rising oceans , and eventually opened up to another wave of migration about 2 million years ago . These later migrants , ancestors to modern populations of white @-@ headed capuchins , mantled howlers and Geoffroy 's spider monkeys , out @-@ competed the earlier migrants , leading to the small range of the Central American squirrel monkey and Guatemalan black howler . The population density has been estimated at 36 monkeys per square kilometer ( 93 per square mile ) in Costa Rica and 130 monkeys per square kilometer ( 337 per square mile ) in Panama . It has been estimated that the population of the Central American squirrel monkey has been reduced from about 200 @,@ 000 in the 1970s to less than 5 @,@ 000 . This is believed to be largely due to deforestation , hunting , and capture for the pet trade . There are significant efforts within Costa Rica to try to preserve this monkey from extinction . A reforestation project within Panama tries to preserve the vanishing population of the Chiriqui Province . As of 2008 , the Central American squirrel monkey is listed as " vulnerable " from a conservation standpoint by the IUCN . This is due to the fact that its range encompasses just 8 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 3 @,@ 100 sq mi ) , its range is fragmented , and it suffers from ongoing habitat loss . This assessment is an improvement from the 2003 assessment , in which the Central American squirrel monkey was listed as " endangered " .
= California State Route 188 = State Route 188 ( SR 188 ) is a two @-@ mile ( 3 km ) route that connects State Route 94 with the Mexico – United States border . Its southern terminus is at the border near Tecate , Baja California and its northern terminus is near Tecate , California with SR 94 . The route was assigned in the area in 1972 , and has remained intact since . = = Route description = = State Route 188 or Tecate Road begins at the U.S.-Mexico border in the community of Tecate , Baja California ; this border crossing handled roughly four percent of all traffic in between Baja California and California during 2008 . The route progresses northward , passing through a large commercial district in Tecate , California . The highway heads to an intersection with Thing Road , where it turns to the northeast and out of the commercial district . The route continues to the northeast , intersecting with Humphries Road , where the surroundings become highly undeveloped . SR 188 continues to an intersection with SR 94 a short distance out of Potrero , where the designation ends and right @-@ of @-@ way merges into SR 94 . The entire route is in the National Highway System , a network of roadways important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . In 2013 , SR 188 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 5 @,@ 600 at the northern terminus , and 5 @,@ 900 at the southern terminus , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway . = = History = = The original alignment of SR 188 , when routes where first assigned , was designated as Legislative Route 94 . In the 1964 state highway renumbering , SR 188 was officially defined as " the south end of Fallen Leaf Lake to Route 89 near Camp Richardson " ; this was later removed in 1965 . A road from the town of Potrero to Tecate existed by 1917 . The Tecate border crossing originally opened in 1932 . In 1938 , the San Diego County board of supervisors proposed moving rerouting the road to be shorter and on more level ground , although there was opposition from local residents and businesses who favored the old road . However , the route of the road to Tecate has remained the same since then . The current routing of SR 188 was assigned in 1972 . The route has remained virtually unchanged since . The Tecate border crossing expanded through the opening of the Tecate Commercial Vehicle Enforcement Facility , including truck scales ; this was completed in 2008 , with past expansions to the crossing having been completed in 2004 and 2005 . = = Future = = Improvements are being planned to connect the two ports of entry with a truck bypass to improve security ; these are scheduled for completion by 2015 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in San Diego County .
= Roy 's Wedding = " Roy 's Wedding " is the second episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show 's 178th episode overall . The episode originally aired on NBC on September 27 , 2012 . The episode guest stars David Denman as Roy Anderson , Michael Patrick McGill as his brother Kenny , Robert R. Shafer as Bob Vance , and Ameenah Kaplan as Val . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) are invited to the wedding of Roy Anderson ( Denman ) — Pam 's former fiancé . Roy 's wedding toast later leads to Pam and Jim searching their relationships for any secrets that the other might not know about . Jim , however , hides the fact that he has started a company with a college friend , and Pam grows more and more suspicious . Meanwhile , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) reacts to Nellie Bertram 's ( Catherine Tate ) mandatory charity initiative by announcing he will donate to the Taliban . " Roy 's Wedding " saw the return of Denman as Roy , who was a regular character in the show 's first three seasons . The episode received moderately positive reviews from critics . Many applauded the emotional drama in Pam and Jim 's storyline . However , many reviews gave the episode 's two subplots mixed reviews . " Roy 's Wedding " was viewed by an estimated 4 @.@ 13 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 1 rating / 6 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot and was also the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night . = = Plot = = In the cold open Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) creates a chore wheel after the office janitor is on vacation , but after everyone else in the office notes that the wheel is no fun , Pam changes the wheel so that it barely relates to chores or work at all , which goes over well . Pam and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) are invited to Pam 's former fiancé Roy Anderson 's ( David Denman ) wedding , which takes place at 8 AM before work . They are both surprised by Roy 's beautiful home and the elegant wedding details , and Roy tells them he runs a very successful gravel company . During his wedding toast , Roy stuns his lovely bride by performing " She 's Got a Way " by Billy Joel on the piano , saying that he told her he was taking boxing lessons as a cover for learning some music for her instead . Pam and Jim , convinced they already know everything about one another but stunned by Roy 's transformation , try to find things about themselves the other does not know . This is exacerbated by Jim 's frequent calls about a new business he is starting with a friend , because Jim and Pam agreed that the venture was not right for them , but Jim then signed onto it without telling his wife he 'd done so . Pam tries unsuccessfully to bait Jim to find out what the secret is and becomes increasingly annoyed that her husband is lying to her . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) reacts to Nellie Bertram 's ( Catherine Tate ) mandatory charity initiative by maintaining that he will donate the money he raises to the Global Relief Foundation , a front for the Taliban . Nellie then makes Dwight sign a contract in " a ridiculous font " to live by Taliban rules in the office . Subsequently , Nellie steals Dwight 's pen and challenges him to cut her hand off for doing so , hoping he will capitulate and pick a legitimate charity . Dwight spends an inordinate amount of time preparing to do so before the two end up watching 127 Hours together upon the advice of Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) . Clark ( Clark Duke ) hits on Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) by dangling a fake newscaster job . After receiving some not @-@ so @-@ helpful advice from her coworkers ( especially Andy and Darryl , who is now assistant regional manager ) , Clark invites Erin to his apartment for the fake audition . However , Pete ( Jake Lacy ) , who has come to dislike Clark , invites himself and Andy along under the pretense of helping with the audition , ruining Clark 's seduction plan . Andy ends up throwing himself into the fake plan and more or less dismissing Erin , who in turns goes out for dinner with Pete and appears to be enjoying time spent with him . = = Production = = " Roy 's Wedding " was written by co @-@ executive producer Allison Silverman , marking her second writing credit after joining the series the previous season and writing the episode , " Pam 's Replacement " . The episode was directed by series cinematographer Matt Sohn , marking his sixth director 's credit for the series . This episode sees the return of David Denman as Roy Anderson . Roy was a regular character in the show 's first three seasons . Denman 's character was written out of the show near the end of the series ' third season , although he did have small cameos in the fifth season episode " Crime Aid " and in the seventh season episode " Threat Level Midnight " . On Twitter , Denman later called the episode " Roy 's best episode ! " The episode 's subplot was announced by showrunner Greg Daniels early on via a press release ; he noted that Dwight would be trying to spite Nellie by trying to donate to the Taliban . The official website of The Office included several cut scenes from " Roy 's Wedding " within a week of the episode 's release . In the first 57 @-@ second clip , Darryl talks about his relationship with Roy , and Pam talks to Roy 's parents , who make subtle barbs about her lack of loyalty . In the second 84 @-@ second clip , Oscar notes that he is supporting a charity that supports the " homo @-@ hispanic community " , and Toby notes that he wants to support a charity that helps " inconspicuous creatures " like moths . = = Cultural references = = Andy chooses Darryl to be consigliere , a reference to the 1972 crime film The Godfather ; one brief scene in the episode in which Darryl accepts the position parallels the final scene of The Godfather . Darryl later notes that he likes The Godfather because he is a " cinephile " , but that he likes the 1983 film Scarface because he is black . Clark tries to start up a conversation with Erin about Newsweek . Later , while discussing news anchors , Meredith mentions how attractive she found Walter Cronkite . Dwight and Nellie watch 127 Hours , a 2010 biographical survival drama film starring James Franco as real @-@ life canyoneer Aron Ralston , who became trapped by a boulder in an isolated slot canyon in Blue John Canyon , southeastern Utah , in April 2003 , and was eventually forced to amputate his own right arm in order to free himself . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Roy 's Wedding " originally aired on NBC on September 27 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by 4 @.@ 13 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 1 / 6 percent share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 1 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . The episode stayed consistent when compared to the season opener " New Guys " . The Office finished fourth in its time slot , being beaten by an episode of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 4 @.@ 4 / 12 percent rating ; an entry of the CBS drama Person of Interest , which received a 2 @.@ 9 / 8 percent rating ; and an installment Fox series Glee , which received a 2 @.@ 4 / 7 percent rating . " Roy 's Wedding " , however , finished ahead of repeats of the The CW show The Next . The Office was also the highest @-@ rated NBC television program of the night . = = = Critical response = = = " Roy 's Wedding " received moderately positive reviews from critics . Many applauded the emotional drama in Pam and Jim 's storyline . However , many reviews gave the episode 's two subplots mixed reviews . The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt praised the Jim @-@ Pam storyline and Daniels for using the previous seasons of Jim and Pam 's " boring storylines " to create greater drama for this episode and for the season as a whole . He also complimented the change of dynamic the episode caused , saying that by " allowing Jim and Pam to serve as the point of dramatic interest , the rest of the characters are loosened up to simply riff off of one another , a dynamic that felt bogged down by Andy ’ s ascension to the leadership position last season " . He ultimately rated the episode a " B " . New York writer Michael Tedder praised the writers for going back to the show 's early style of ongoing plotlines and the suspense in the Jim @-@ Pam arc . Mark Trammell of TV Equals wrote that the episode " was not as good an episode as the premiere [ but ] the seeds were being sown for other payoffs down the line in the season . " Bonnie Stiernberg of Paste was not so positive , saying the whole episode and season storyline was " predictable " and a " wasted opportunity " , and that it ultimately didn 't live up to the producers ' promise to " shake things up in Scranton " . Stiernberg later rated the episode a 6 @.@ 8 out of 10 . The episode 's subplots , however , received mixed reviews . McNutt wrote that , while Tate had given a " rather subtle and charming performance " , the Nellie @-@ Dwight subplot felt like " a leftover idea " from the previous season . Tedder , on the other hand , liked the Dwight @-@ Nellie subplot for its silliness , concluding that " ongoing plotlines are great , but it 's still the little things on this show " . Trammell felt that the joke involving font was " cute " , but he did not enjoy the rest , writing that " the resulting antics just weren ’ t that funny " . McNutt was not pleased with the characterization of Andy in the episode , calling him " insufferable " and " plain unlikeable " . He also noted that Clark and Pete 's prominence in the subplot , while enjoyable , seemed " weird for one part of the show to be invested in exploring characters ’ lives when another part of the show is deploying newly introduced characters " . Tedder complimented the Erin @-@ Clark subplot , for examining and introducing Pete and Clark further , and called Clark the " New Ryan " . Mark Trammell enjoyed Duke 's acting , writing " few do nervous geek @-@ ery better than [ him ] these days . Well played , sir . " Stiernberg , on the other hand , considered the whole plot to be " too icky and unfunny " and that the aftermath of Pete and Erin 's dinner together was " predictable " .
= Julia Lennon = Julia Lennon ( née Stanley ; 12 March 1914 – 15 July 1958 ) was the mother of English musician John Lennon , who was born during her marriage to Alfred Lennon . After complaints to Liverpool 's Social Services by her eldest sister , Mimi Smith ( née Stanley ) , she handed over the care of her son to her sister . She later had one daughter after an affair with a Welsh soldier , but the baby was given up for adoption after pressure from her family . She then had two daughters , Julia and Jackie , with John ' Bobby ' Dykins . She never divorced her husband , preferring to live as the common @-@ law wife of Dykins for the rest of her life . She was known as being high @-@ spirited and impulsive , musical , and having a strong sense of humour . She taught her son how to play the banjo and ukulele . She kept in almost daily contact with Lennon , and when he was in his teens he often stayed overnight at her and Dykins ' house . On 15 July 1958 , she was struck down and killed by a car driven by an off @-@ duty policeman , close to her sister 's house at 251 Menlove Avenue . Lennon was traumatised by her death and wrote several songs about her , including " Julia " and " Mother " . Biographer Ian MacDonald wrote that she was , " to a great extent ... her son 's muse " . = = Background = = Julia Stanley , later known by the family as Judy , was born at 8 Head Street , Toxteth , South Liverpool in 1914 , and was the fourth of five sisters . Her mother , Annie Jane ( née Millward ) , gave birth to a boy and then a girl , both of whom died shortly after birth . She then had Mary , known as ' Mimi ' ( 1906 – 91 ) , Elizabeth ' Mater ' ( 1908 – 76 ) , Anne ' Nanny ' ( 1911 – 88 ) , Julia ' Judy ' ( 1914 – 58 ) , and Harriet ' Harrie ' ( 1916 – 72 ) . John Lennon would later comment that the ' Stanley girls ' were " five , fantastic , strong , beautiful , and intelligent women " . Their father , George Ernest Stanley , retired from the Merchant Navy and found a job with the Liverpool & Glasgow Salvage Association as an insurance investigator . He moved his family to the suburb of Woolton , where they lived in a small terraced house at 9 Newcastle Road near to Penny Lane . Her mother died in 1945 , and Julia had to take care of her father with help from her oldest sister . = = Marriage to Alf Lennon = = Alfred ' Freddie ' Lennon — always called ' Alf ' by his family — was always joking but never held a job for very long , preferring to visit Liverpool 's many vaudeville theatres and cinemas , where he knew the usherettes by name . At the Trocadero club , a converted cinema on Camden Road , Liverpool , he first saw an " auburn @-@ haired girl with a bright smile and high cheekbones " ; Julia Stanley . He saw her again in Sefton Park , where he had gone with a friend to meet girls . Lennon , who was dressed in a bowler hat and with a cigarette holder in hand , saw " this little waif " sitting on a wrought @-@ iron bench . Julia ( 14 years old ) said that his hat looked " silly " , to which the 15 @-@ year @-@ old Alf replied that she looked " lovely " , and sat down next to her . She asked him to take off his hat , so he promptly threw it straight into the Sefton Park lake . Despite standing only five feet two inches ( 157 cm ) tall in heels , she often caught the gaze of men in the street , being attractive and full @-@ figured . She was always well @-@ dressed and even went to bed with make @-@ up on so as to " look beautiful when she woke up " . A nephew later said that she could " make a joke out of nothing " , and could have " walked out of a burning house with a smile and a joke " . She frequented Liverpool 's dance halls and clubs where she was often asked to dance in jitterbug competitions with dockers , soldiers , sailors , and waiters . It was remarked that she could be as humorous as any man and would sing the popular songs of the day at any time of day or night . Her voice sounded similar to Vera Lynn 's , whilst Lennon specialised in impersonating Louis Armstrong and Al Jolson . She played the ukulele , the piano accordion , and the banjo ( as did Lennon ) , although neither pursued music professionally . They spent their days together walking around Liverpool and talking of what they would do in the future : opening a shop , a pub , a cafe , or a club . On 3 December 1938 , 11 years after they had first met , she married Alf Lennon after she had proposed to him . They were married in the Bolton Street Registry office , although none of her family were present as she had not informed them about the wedding . She wrote ' cinema usherette ' as her occupation on the marriage certificate , even though she had never been one . They spent their honeymoon eating at Reece 's restaurant in Clayton Square ( which is where their son would later celebrate after his marriage to Cynthia Powell ) , and then went to a cinema . She walked into 9 Newcastle Road waving the marriage licence and said to her family , " There ! — I 've married him . " It was an act of defiance against her father , who had threatened to disown her if she ever cohabitated with a lover . On their wedding night , she stayed at her parents ' house , and Lennon went back to his boarding house . The next day , he went back to sea for three months , on a ship bound for the West Indies . The Stanley family completely ignored her husband at first , believing him to be of " no use to anyone — certainly not our Julia " . Her father demanded that Lennon present something concrete to show that he could financially support his daughter , but Lennon signed on as a Merchant Navy steward on a ship bound for the Mediterranean . He returned after a few months at sea and moved into the Stanley home . He auditioned for local theatre managers as an entertainer but had no success . Julia found out that she was pregnant ( with John ) in January 1940 , but as the war had started her husband continued to serve as a merchant seaman during World War II , sending money home regularly . The payments stopped after Alf deserted in 1943 . = = = John = = = Julia gave birth to John Winston Lennon on 9 October 1940 , in the second @-@ floor ward of the Oxford Street Maternity Hospital in Liverpool , during World War II . Her eldest sister , Mimi , phoned the hospital and was told that she had given birth to a boy . Mimi would later claim that she went straight to the hospital during the middle of an air raid and was forced to hide in doorways to avoid the shrapnel from falling bombs , but in actuality , there had been no attack on Liverpool that night . Alf was not present at their son 's birth , as he was at sea . The infant Lennon started at his first school in November 1945 — Mosspits , on Mosspits Lane , Wavertree — so she found a part @-@ time job at a café near the school . After numerous criticisms from the Stanley family about their ( still @-@ married ) daughter ' living in sin ' with John Dykins , and considerable pressure from Mimi — who twice contacted Liverpool 's Social Services to complain about the infant Lennon sleeping in the same bed as Julia and Dykins — she reluctantly handed the care of Lennon over to Mimi and her husband , George Smith . In July 1946 , Alf visited Mimi 's house , ' Mendips ' at 251 Menlove Avenue , and took Lennon to Blackpool for a long holiday , but he was secretly intending to emigrate to New Zealand with him . Julia and Dykins found out and followed them to Blackpool . Alf asked Julia to go with them both to New Zealand , but she refused . After a heated argument , Alf said their five @-@ year @-@ old child had to choose between his mother or him . He chose Alf ( twice ) so Julia walked away , but in the end her son ( crying ) followed her . Alf lost contact with the family until Beatlemania , when he and his son met again . She took John back to her house and enrolled him in a local school , but after few weeks she handed him back to Mimi . Various reasons have been suggested for her decision , such as Dykins ' unwillingness to raise the young boy , Julia 's inability to cope with the responsibility , or a punishment forced on her by Mimi and her father for " living in sin " . Lennon blamed himself , saying later , " My mother ... couldn 't cope with me . " He then lived continuously at ' Mendips ' , in the smallest bedroom above the front door , with Mimi determined to give him a " proper upbringing " . Julia later bought Lennon his first guitar for £ 5 / 10- ( five pounds , ten shillings ) after Lennon had pestered her incessantly for weeks , but insisted it had to be delivered to her house , not her sister 's . As Lennon had difficulty learning chords , she taught him banjo and ukulele chords , which were simpler , and later taught Lennon how to play the piano accordion . Julia 's banjo was the first instrument that John learned to play ' sitting there with endless patience until I managed to work out all the chords . ' After Julia 's untimely death the instrument was never seen again and its whereabouts remains a mystery . As Mimi refused to have a record player in her house , Lennon learned how to play his favourite songs by going to Julia 's house . She played Elvis records to Lennon and would dance around her kitchen with him . In 1957 , when The Quarrymen played at St. Barnabas Hall , Penny Lane , Julia turned up to watch . After each song she would clap and whistle louder than everyone else and was seen " swaying and dancing " throughout the whole concert . Lennon frequently visited her house during that period , detailing his anxieties and problems , where she gave him encouragement to continue with music over Mimi 's objection = = = Victoria = = = During 1942 – 1943 , Julia lived with her son at The Dairy Cottage ; 120a Allerton Road , Woolton . The cottage was owned by Mimi 's husband , and Mimi wanted Julia to live there because they would be closer to her house and also out of the Stanley house . As Alf was often away at sea , Julia started going out to dance halls . In 1942 , she met a Welsh soldier named ' Taffy ' Williams who was stationed in the barracks at Mossley Hill . Alf later blamed himself for this , as he had written letters telling her that because there was a war on , she should go out and enjoy herself . After an evening out , she would often give her young son a piece of chocolate or shortcrust pastry the next morning for breakfast . She became pregnant by Williams in late 1944 , though first claiming that she had been raped by an unknown soldier . Williams refused to live with Julia — who was still married to Alf — until she gave up John , which she refused to do . When Alf eventually came home in 1944 , he offered to look after his wife , their son , and the expected baby , but she rejected the idea . Alf took John to his brother Sydney 's house , in the Liverpool suburb of Maghull , a few months before Julia came to term . Julia 's daughter , Victoria Elizabeth , born in the Elmswood Nursing Home on 19 June 1945 , was subsequently given up for adoption to a Norwegian Salvation Army Captain and his wife ( Peder and Margaret Pedersen ) after intense pressure from the Stanley family . John Lennon was informed by his Aunt Harriet of her existence in 1964 . John was so overcome by emotion , wanting to find his sister that he placed an ad in the paper , and hired detectives to look for her . They searched Norway for Victoria , and came up empty handed , and John never found her . He died never knowing her . = = = John ' Bobby ' Dykins = = = Julia started seeing Dykins a year after Victoria 's birth ( although they had known each other before ) when she was working in the café near Lennon 's primary school ; Mosspits . Dykins was a good @-@ looking , well @-@ dressed man who worked at the Adelphi Hotel in Liverpool as a wine steward . She later moved into a small flat in Gateacre with Dykins . He enjoyed luxuries , and had access to rationed goods like alcohol , chocolate , silk stockings and cigarettes , which was what initially attracted her . The Stanley sisters called him " Spiv " , because of his pencil @-@ thin moustache , margarine @-@ coated hair , and pork @-@ pie hat , and the young Lennon called him " Twitchy " because of a physical tic / nervous cough . Julia 's family and friends remembered that he also had a fiery temperament , which could result in his being violent when drunk . Lennon remembered seeing his mother during a visit to Mimi 's , when her face was bleeding after being hit by Dykins . Paul McCartney later stated that Julia living in sin with Dykins while she was still married was a point of social ostracization for Lennon , as it was often used as a " cheap shot " against him . Although Julia never divorced Alf , she was considered to be the common @-@ law wife of Dykins . She wanted Lennon to live with them both , but he was passed between the Stanley sisters and often ran away to Mimi 's , where she would open the door to find Lennon standing there , " his face covered in tears " . Julia was accused by the family of being frivolous and unreliable — she never enjoyed household chores — and was once seen sweeping the kitchen floor with a pair of knickers on her head . Her cooking methods were also haphazard , as she would mix things " like a mad scientist " , and even put tea " or anything else that came to hand " in a stew . A favourite joke would be to wear a pair of spectacles that had no glass in them , and then to scratch her eye through the empty frame . Dykins later managed several bars in Liverpool , which allowed Julia to stay at home and look after their two daughters ( Julia and Jackie ) and Lennon , who often visited and stayed overnight , at 1 Blomfield Road , Liverpool . Lennon and McCartney would rehearse in the bathroom of the house where the acoustics " sounded like a recording studio " . Dykins used to give Lennon weekly pocket money ( one shilling ) for doing odd jobs , on top of the five shillings that Mimi gave him . In December 1965 , Dykins was killed in a car crash at the bottom of Penny Lane , but Lennon was not told about his death for months afterwards , as it was " not [ Stanley ] family business " . = = = Julia and Jackie = = = Julia had two daughters with Dykins : Julia Baird ( née Dykins - b . 5 March 1947 ) and Jacqueline ( Jackie ) Dykins ( b . 26 October 1949 ) . As Jackie was born prematurely , her mother visited the hospital every day to see her . When Lennon was 11 years old , he started to visit the Dykins ' house , and often stayed overnight . Baird would give up her bed to him , then share her sister 's bed . Baird remembered that after Lennon had visited them , her mother would often play a record called , My Son John , To Me You Are So Wonderful , " by some old crooner , and sit and listen to it " . [ Baird probably meant " My Son John " — sung by David Whitfield — which was released in 1956 ] . After Julia 's death , the two girls ( aged eleven and eight ) were sent to stay in Edinburgh at Aunt Mater 's and were only told two months later by Norman Birch ( Lennon 's uncle ) that their mother had died . The commercial success of the Beatles allowed Lennon to buy a 4 @-@ bedroomed house in Gateacre Park Drive , Liverpool , for Baird and Jackie to live in with Lennon 's Aunt Harriet and Birch . They had previously been made legal guardians of the two girls ; Dykins ' parentage had been disregarded as he had never legally married Julia . After Lennon 's death and Harriet died , Lennon 's wife , Yoko Ono , wanted to sell the house — as it was still in Lennon 's name — but she later gave it to the Salvation Army on 2 November 1993 , even though Lennon had once written a letter , stating : " I always thought of the house he 's in [ Birch ] as my contribution towards looking after Julia [ Baird ] and Jackie . I would prefer the girls to use it . " Baird and Jackie later met their half @-@ sister , Victoria / Ingrid , when they were present at the ceremony to place a Blue Heritage plaque on Mimi 's house to commemorate the fact that Lennon had lived there . Stanley Parkes ( Lennon 's cousin ) was on the ladder fixing the plaque to the wall and said , " I think I can see Ingrid " [ walking towards the house ] . Baird and her sister were surprised , as it meant that Parkes had seen Ingrid before , even though Baird and Jackie never had . When all three finally met for the first time Baird was shocked that Ingrid did not look anything like the Stanley family , as she had " pale blue eyes and fair hair " . = = Death = = Julia visited Mimi 's house nearly every day , where they would chat over tea and cakes in the morning room or stand in the garden when it was warm . On the evening of 15 July 1958 , Nigel Walley went to visit Lennon and found Julia and Mimi talking by the front gate . Lennon was not there , as he was at the Blomfield Road house . Walley accompanied Julia to the bus stop further north along Menlove Avenue , with her telling jokes along the way . At about 9 : 30 , Walley left her to walk up Vale Road and she crossed Menlove Avenue to the central reservation between two traffic lanes , which was lined with hedges that covered disused tram tracks . Five seconds later , Walley heard " a loud thud " , and turned to see her body " flying through the air " — which landed about 100 feet ( 30 m ) from where she had been hit . He ran back to get Mimi and they waited for the ambulance , with Mimi crying hysterically . Julia was struck and killed by a Standard Vanguard car , driven by an off @-@ duty constable , PC Eric Clague , who was a learner @-@ driver . Clague was acquitted of all charges and given a short suspension from duty . When Mimi heard the verdict she was so incensed that she shouted " Murderer ! " at Clague . Clague later left the police force and became a postman . Lennon could not bring himself to look at his mother 's corpse when he was taken to the Sefton General Hospital , and was so distraught that he put his head on Mimi 's lap throughout the funeral service . Lennon refused to talk to Walley for months afterwards , and Walley felt that Lennon somehow held him responsible . Julia was buried in Allerton Cemetery , in Liverpool . Her gravesite was for some time unmarked , but it was later identified as " CE ( Church of England ) 38 @-@ 805 " . The graveyard 's location is approx . 1 @.@ 19 miles east of 1 Blomfield Road . Baird said that the Stanley family hoped to finally put a headstone on her mother 's grave , which she hoped " will be a private affair for the family and not for the public " . A headstone was subsequently placed on Julia 's grave ( replacing a wooden cross ) , with the words " Mummy , John , Victoria , Julia , Jackie " inscribed . = = Effect on Lennon = = Her death traumatised the teenage Lennon and , for the next two years , he drank heavily and frequently got into fights , consumed by a " blind rage " . It contributed to the emotional difficulties that haunted him for much of his life , but also served to draw him closer to McCartney , who had also lost his mother at an early age . Julia 's memory inspired songs such as the 1968 Beatles song " Julia " , with its dreamlike imagery of " hair of floating sky glimmering " , recalling Lennon 's boyhood memories of his mother . Lennon remarked that the song " was sort of a combination of Yoko [ Ono ] and my mother blended into one " . " Mother " and " My Mummy 's Dead " were both written under the influence of Arthur Janov 's " Primal Scream " therapy , and released on his solo album John Lennon / Plastic Ono Band in 1970 . Lennon 's first son , Julian , born in 1963 , was named after her . = = Portrayals on film = = She was portrayed by Christine Kavanagh in In His Life : The John Lennon Story ( 2000 ) , and by Anne @-@ Marie Duff in Nowhere Boy ( 2009 ) .
= Hurricane Sergio ( 2006 ) = Hurricane Sergio was the third strongest Pacific hurricane in the month of November on record . The nineteenth named storm and eleventh hurricane of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season , Sergio developed from a tropical wave on November 13 about 460 miles ( 740 km ) south of Manzanillo , Mexico , and steadily intensified as it tracked southeastward . It reached peak winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) on November 15 , and subsequently began to weaken due to increased wind shear as it turned to the north . Sergio later turned to the west , remaining well off the coast of Mexico , and dissipated on November 20 about 320 miles ( 515 km ) west @-@ northwest of it originally formed . Sergio produced light rainfall along the coast of Mexico , though its effects were minimal . The formation of Sergio marked the 2006 season as the busiest in 12 years and the first season in which more than one tropical storm formed in November . Sergio , in addition to being the strongest hurricane after November 1 , was also the longest @-@ lived Pacific tropical cyclone in November , lasting a total of seven days . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave crossed Central America and entered the eastern Pacific Ocean on November 7 . An area of convection along the wave tracked westward to the south of Central America and Mexico , and became more concentrated on November 12 while located about 400 miles ( 645 km ) south of Acapulco . Later that day , Dvorak classification began on the disturbance , and the convection continued to organize . Early on November 13 , the National Hurricane Center indicated the possibility of the system developing into a tropical depression . Thunderstorm activity briefly decreased , though late on November 13 the system acquired enough circulation and organized convection for it to be designated Tropical Depression Twenty @-@ One @-@ E while located about 460 miles ( 740 km ) south of Manzanillo , Mexico . Operationally , the depression was not upgraded until eleven hours later . Initially , the tropical depression tracked to the northwest , and was forecast to peak as a 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) tropical storm while continuing on a northwest motion . Located within an area of weak wind shear , deep convection increased near the center , and banding features became more pronounced . Anticyclonic flow aloft and a moist troposphere allowed the depression to intensity into Tropical Storm Sergio on November 14 . Shortly after becoming a tropical storm , Sergio turned to the southeast , believed to be due to the flow associated with a mid- to upper @-@ level trough to its northeast . It steadily intensified , and Sergio attained hurricane status on November 15 while located about 420 miles ( 675 km ) southwest of Acapulco . With a small , distinct eye located in the center of the deep convection , Sergio rapidly intensified to attain peak winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) about 6 hours after becoming a hurricane . Upon reaching peak strength , forecasters at the National Hurricane Center predicted Hurricane Sergio to intensify further to reach winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) . Shortly after peaking , the hurricane turned to the north and gradually weakened as wind shear from an upper @-@ level trough to its northwest increased . By early on November 17 , the low @-@ cloud circulation became partially exposed on the west side of the deep convection , and it is estimated that Sergio weakened to a tropical storm later that day . A ridge to its north and northeast turned the storm to the northwest and later to the west as Sergio gradually weakened . Deep convection reformed near the center on November 18 , resulting in a slight increase in winds , though vertical shear quickly weakened it again . Later that day , the storm made its closest approach to land , about 225 miles ( 360 km ) southwest of Michoacán . Early on November 20 it degenerated into a tropical depression , and later that day Sergio dissipated about 360 miles ( 580 km ) southwest of Manzanillo , Mexico , or about 320 miles ( 515 km ) west @-@ northwest of where it originally formed . The remnants of Sergio continued westward for about a day before the minimal amount of convection diminished . = = Impact and records = = No tropical cyclone warnings or watches were issued in relation to Sergio . Several storm advisories indicated a slight threat to coastal regions of Mexico ; the National Hurricane Center assessed a 29 % probability of tropical storm @-@ force winds affecting Barra de Navidad in Jalisco . From November 16 and 17 , the outer rainbands of the hurricane dropped light precipitation along the Mexican coastline , peaking at 1 @.@ 97 inches ( 50 mm ) at Tierra Colorada in Guerrero . Sergio contributed to November 2006 being the most active November since Pacific hurricane records began , based on using the accumulated cyclone energy index . This record later became tied with another season nine years later . After Rosa formed a few days before Sergio , November 2006 became the first since 1961 to have more than one storm in the month . The hurricane is currently the third strongest in the month , as well as the longest @-@ lasting .
= Roy of the Rovers = Roy of the Rovers is a British comic strip about the life and times of a fictional footballer named Roy Race , who played for Melchester Rovers . The strip first appeared in the Tiger in 1954 , before giving its name to a weekly ( and later monthly ) comic magazine , published by IPC and Fleetway from 1976 until 1995 , in which it was the main feature . The weekly strip ran until 1993 , following Roy 's playing career until its conclusion after he lost his left foot in a helicopter crash . When the monthly comic was launched later that year the focus switched to Roy 's son Rocky , who also played for Melchester . This publication was short @-@ lived , and folded after only 19 issues . The adventures of the Race family were subsequently featured in the monthly Match of the Day football magazine , in which father and son were reunited as manager and player respectively . These strips began in 1997 and continued until the magazine 's closure in May 2001 . Football @-@ themed stories were a staple of British comics for boys from the 1950s onwards , and Roy of the Rovers was the most popular . To keep the strip exciting , Melchester was almost every year either competing for major honours or struggling against relegation to a lower division ; a normal , uneventful season of mid @-@ table mediocrity was unknown at Melchester Rovers . The strip followed the structure of the actual English football season , thus there were several months each year in summer when there was no league football . By far the most common summer storyline saw Melchester touring a fictional country in an exotic part of the world , often South America , where they would invariably be kidnapped and held to ransom . The average reader probably stayed with the comic regularly for only three or four years , therefore storylines were sometimes recycled ; during the first ten years of his playing career , Roy was kidnapped at least four times . Roy also made numerous appearances for England , depicted playing alongside actual players such as Malcolm Macdonald and Trevor Francis . The stock media phrase " real ' Roy of the Rovers ' stuff " is often used by football writers , commentators and fans when describing displays of great skill , or surprising results that go against the odds , in reference to the dramatic storylines that were the strip 's trademark . = = Publication history = = Roy of the Rovers first appeared on 11 September 1954 , as a weekly feature in the comic magazine Tiger , debuting on the front page of the first issue . After 22 years of continued popularity , the strip was judged successful enough to sustain its own weekly comic , the eponymous Roy of the Rovers , launched on 25 September 1976 . The comic ran for 851 issues , until 20 March 1993 , and included other football strips and features . At the peak of the comic 's success about 450 @,@ 000 copies were sold each week . There were also hardback annuals and holiday specials featuring a mix of reprinted and original content , and for a brief period , starting in 1986 , Roy of the Rovers was serialised in the now defunct Today newspaper . These were all @-@ new strips , focusing largely on the relationship between Roy and his wife Penny , rather than the action on the pitch . Between 1988 and 1993 , a Best of Roy of the Rovers monthly comic was published , reprinting older stories . Following the closure of the weekly title in 1993 , the strip appeared in a relaunched monthly publication in September that year , with grittier storylines intended to attract teen and young adult fans who had read the weekly comic in their youth . Between January 1994 and January 1995 , the monthly strips were mirrored by a weekly edition in Shoot magazine , which had in the late 1980s published a parody called Ray of the Rangers . The comic strip was resurrected in July 1997 , printed as short ( usually two @-@ page ) features in the BBC 's monthly Match of the Day magazine . These strips ran until the magazine 's demise in May 2001 . By then the strip 's wholesome tone , often espousing the virtues of fair play and strong moral character , was beginning to seem old @-@ fashioned . The editor of Roy of the Rovers comic , Barrie Tomlinson , has commented that " everyone seemed to be growing up a bit more quickly , and they wanted stories that were more realistic " . There has been no new material since 2001 , but reprints of the strip have appeared online and in print . The Roy of the Rovers website has archived all of the Match of the Day years ' material , in addition to excerpts from other classic strips . In October 2007 , Setanta bought the original strips , which they featured on their web site . The present rights holder , Egmont , published a 64 @-@ page " collectors edition " of the comic strip in April 2009 , gathering together a number of 1980 's era Roy of the Rovers stories in addition to other backup strips from the comic . Two Best of Roy of the Rovers books , featuring successive runs of strips from the 1980s and 1970s , were published in June 2008 and 2009 respectively . = = Plot = = For more information on the fictional career of the Race family , see Melchester Rovers The story followed Roy Race , a striker for the fictional football team Melchester Rovers , based in a town of the same name in an unspecified part of England , where Roy lived with his family . In the first episode , a teenaged Roy and his best friend , Blackie Gray , signed for the Rovers after being spotted playing for a youth club team . Eight months later , Roy and Blackie made their first @-@ team debuts against Elbury Wanderers in a game that ended in a 3 – 3 draw , with Roy scoring twice . He soon became a star , leading the team to either the Football League title or a cup almost every season . In January 1975 he was made player @-@ manager , a position he retained for most of the next 20 years . Although the strip followed the Rovers through nearly 40 seasons , Roy did not age at the same rate and appeared to be at most in his late thirties by the time the weekly comic ended . This unrealistic longevity was never remarked upon by the weekly comic , although the monthly comic attempted to address the anomaly by explaining that more than one Roy Race had played for Melchester over the years . Roy won a number of trophies during his career with Rovers , including nine league titles , eight FA Cups , three League Cups , three European Cups , one UEFA Cup , and four Cup Winners ' Cups , and he also made several appearances for England . He married club secretary Penny Laine at the end of the 1975 – 76 season , with whom he had three children : Roy Jr . ( later known as Rocky ) , Melinda , and Diana . Penny left Roy in the early 1980s , in a high @-@ profile storyline that was covered on national television news . The following year Roy was shot in his office by a mystery gunman , in an incident clearly mirroring the shooting of J. R. Ewing in the hit television series Dallas the previous year . Roy lay in a coma for several weeks . The culprit was eventually revealed to be Elton Blake , an actor who had been cast as Roy in a television series about the Rovers , but who blamed him for his dismissal . In early 1983 Roy swapped Melchester Rovers for ambitious London side Walford Rovers after a fallout with the Melchester directors , but his stint away was short @-@ lived and he was back at his spiritual home by the end of the year . In July 1986 eight members of the Rovers team were killed during a club tour of the fictional middle @-@ eastern country of Basran , when terrorists accidentally crashed a bomb @-@ laden car into the team bus . Roy escaped with a dislocated shoulder . Author Mick Collins has commented that " Even as youngsters , we knew that this certainly bordered on bad taste , and probably overstepped the mark . " The final incident of Roy 's playing career came in the closing pages of the last weekly issue , in March 1993 , when he lost control of his helicopter and crashed into a field . Thus the weekly strip ended its 39 @-@ year unbroken run on a downbeat and unresolved cliffhanger , as Roy was taken into hospital while fans , the media and his family awaited news on his condition . The mystery of whether or not Roy had survived his crash was unresolved until the first issue of the new Roy of the Rovers Monthly in September 1993 , in which readers discovered that the accident had resulted in the amputation of his famous left foot , ending his playing career and resulting in his move to Italy as the manager of Serie A side AC Monza ( a fictional top @-@ level Italian club , rather than the real club of the same name ) . Reconciling the continuity of the monthly strip with the stories that preceded and followed it presented difficulties , forcing the story 's writers to alter its history in a number of ways , a technique known as retroactive continuity . Significantly , the strip rewrote various parts of Melchester 's history , and shortened Roy Sr. ' s recorded playing career to a more realistic level . By the time the strip ended in March 1995 Melchester were in dire straits , on the verge of bankruptcy , and their long @-@ term future far from certain . When the strip returned in Match of the Day magazine in May 1997 , much of the monthly comic 's new continuity was ignored , although the basic thread of the club having struggled against relegation and being severely in debt was continued . It was revealed in the first strip that in the intervening years , while Rovers had managed to survive the threat of bankruptcy , a bribery scandal had caused a mass exodus of players and eventual relegation to Division One . Rocky , meanwhile , was playing for fierce local rivals Melborough , after a bitter falling @-@ out with his father over a car accident in Italy in which his mother , Penny , had been killed . Roy , who had quit football as a result , was blamed by some ( including his son ) for the accident , even though he had no memory of it , and the precise circumstances surrounding the event were never resolved . Roy was persuaded to rejoin Melchester as manager and part @-@ owner , backed by the unscrupulous Vinter brothers , and he arrived just in time to save the club from relegation . The following season , Roy and Rocky resolved their differences . Rocky rejoined Melchester , and the club was promoted back into the Premier League at the end of the year . When the magazine closed in 2001 , Rovers were attempting to achieve a league placing that would secure them UEFA Champions League football , giving them financial security . Although this storyline was never resolved , there was nevertheless a certain sense of closure as , shortly beforehand , Roy Sr. had wrested full control of the club from the Vinters , thus completing his 44 @-@ year progression from player to owner . = = Recurring characteristics = = Over the years , the strip became famous for its employment of certain types of storyline and stylistic storytelling devices . For example , despite the fast @-@ paced nature of a football match , exposition would be provided by members of the crowd apparently commenting to one another . Fans made lengthy comments in the short time it took the ball to travel through the air ; as the ball was struck towards the goal a member of the crowd might be seen saying " Racey 's had a shot ! " , followed by another responding " The ' keeper won 't make it ! " . Nonetheless , loyal readers would usually suspend disbelief , a characteristic later parodied by Viz magazine 's Billy the Fish , a fish with a human head who plays in goal for Fulchester United . In the interests of keeping the strip exciting , it seemed that no season for Melchester Rovers could ever consist of mid @-@ table obscurity . Almost every year , the club was either competing for the major honours at the top of the domestic and European game , or struggling against relegation to lower divisions . Often , such spells of good and bad fortune and form would directly succeed one another — a Rovers team that won the European Cup one year could find itself struggling to stay in Division One the next . Storylines often centred on new signings who were unable to settle easily in the Melchester team , either because they refused to change their style of play and expected the Rovers to play around them , such as the uncomprisingly tough defender Duncan McKay , or had personal characteristics that made it difficult for the other players to accept them , such as ex @-@ circus ball juggler Sammy Spangler . As the average reader probably stayed with the comic for only three or four years , many storylines were recycled . For instance , during the first ten years of his playing career Roy was kidnapped at least five times . When playing foreign teams , particularly in the European club competitions , the opposition would often cynically employ overt gamesmanship or downright dirty tactics . Continental sides were considered to be " sneaky " : If they went ahead , they didn 't try to extend their lead , like proper footballers , but defended , like blackguards and cowards . It was , Roy always believed , something of a character defect , probably caused by the pencil @-@ thin moustaches they wore , in order to distinguish themselves as foreign . The strip followed the structure of the football season , thus there were several months each year when the Rovers were not playing football , but the strip needed to depict something more exciting than the players going on holiday and then reporting for pre @-@ season training . As a result , the players tended to spend their summers involved in activities such as competing in charity cricket tournaments , but by far the most common summer storyline saw the Rovers go on tour to a fictional country in an exotic part of the world , normally South America , where they would invariably be kidnapped and held to ransom . " Melchester played more pre @-@ season games at gunpoint deep in the jungle than they ever did in more mundane settings . " The summer would often also see Roy fending off lucrative offers to leave Melchester , as in 1978 , when the Sheik of Basran , an oil @-@ rich Middle @-@ Eastern state , offered him £ 1 million to coach the national team . Especially during the 1980s , real @-@ life personalities often made appearances . Former Division One stars Bob Wilson and Emlyn Hughes were brought out of retirement to play for Melchester in 1985 , along with longtime fans of the strip Martin Kemp and Steve Norman , of the pop group Spandau Ballet . Geoff Boycott served for several years as Melchester 's chairman , and Sir Alf Ramsey had briefly taken over as manager of Melchester in 1982 , while Roy lay in his coma . Players such as Malcolm Macdonald and Trevor Francis would sometimes line up alongside Roy in England matches , despite the fact that the clubs they played for in real life were never featured in the strip . The concept of TV pundits and anchormen making appearances was a later development . When Roy announced his resignation as Rovers manager in 1992 , he did so live on Sky Sports in front of shocked presenters Richard Keys and Andy Gray . = = Creators = = = = = Writers = = = Roy was created by the author Frank S. Pepper , who had created the similar strip , Danny of the Dazzlers , but he only wrote four instalments of Roy of the Rovers , because of his commitments to another of his characters , Captain Condor . His role was taken by the strip 's first artist Joe Colquhoun , who used the pen @-@ name " Stewart Colwyn " . He was replaced after four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years by Derek Birnage , the editor of Tiger , who had commissioned the strip . In 1960 , in an attempt to whip up publicity , it was announced that the footballer Bobby Charlton had taken over as writer , although in reality it was still written by Birnage ( who claimed that he did consult with Charlton occasionally for story ideas ) . The longest @-@ serving writer of the strip was Tom Tully , who began in 1969 on an intermittent basis and then continuously from 1974 until the end of the weekly comic in 1993 . Ian Rimmer became the main writer for the strip during the Match of the Day years , until the magazine 's closure in May 2001 . = = = Artists = = = After Joe Colquhoun departed , he was succeeded first by Paul Trevillion , then by Yvonne Hutton , who illustrated from 1967 to 1974 , before David Sque took over in 1975 . Despite reportedly not being a football fan , he was responsible for one of the strip 's more definitive looks in its early ' 80s period . He was replaced in 1986 by former 2000 AD artist Mike White , who gave Roy a more muscular look and the strip a more modern feel . Barrie Mitchell took over in 1992 , with a style quite similar to White 's . A number of artists worked on the monthly comic , such as David Jukes , Sean Longcroft and Garry Marshall , in contrast to the lengthy tenures of the weekly strip 's creative team . Tony Harding often illustrated Roy for the Roy of the Rovers annuals and also drew the Roy 's Action Replay strip that appeared in All Action Monthly in the late eighties ( Fleetway ) . Mitchell returned in 1997 as the sole artist of the Match of the Day strips for all four years . Filmmakers Luke Dormehl and Tom Atkinson , released a documentary called " Roy " in 2008 , featuring interviews with some of the key members of the Roy of the Rovers creative team . The film was shown at The End of the Pier International Film Festival in 2009 , where it won the prize for Best Documentary Short . = = Cultural impact = = The phrase " Roy of the Rovers " has become a trope familiar to generations of British football fans and sports commentators , used to describe a memorable sporting achievement such as winning against the odds , or an unexpected comeback . The Guardian newspaper of 10 April 1995 , for instance , described future England captain Alan Shearer as " the classic working class sporting hero ... everything legend demands an English centre @-@ forward should be ... As a striker he comes closer to fitting the Roy of the Rovers fantasy than anyone else lately admired by English crowds " . Shearer was at that time the leading goal @-@ scorer for " unfashionable " Blackburn Rovers F.C. , who were on the verge of winning the Premiership title . Comparisons have been drawn between the fictional Roy Race and the captain of England 's 1966 World Cup winning team , Bobby Moore , whose playing career spanned a similar time @-@ scale to that of Roy 's . Moore 's death in 1993 , just days after the last edition of the Roy of the Rovers comic was published , produced a " literature of tribute " , framed around themes " remarkably similar to those at the center of the Roy Race fiction and ideology ... there was a clear sense of mourning for the loss of an age " . Reading Roy of the Rovers and reflecting on the response to the death of sporting heroes such as Bobby Moore , demonstrates how children 's popular cultural experiences , and the recollections of them in later life , traverse the boundaries of , and fuse , the fictional and the real ... The world of representation in the comic strip is mobilized as an everyday trope , tapping into modes of thinking within the reality of football discourse ; and in turn , football discourse draws upon the narratives , conventions , and myths of football fictions . = = Spin @-@ offs and merchandise = = Roy of the Rovers Annuals were produced every year from 1958 until 1994 , and again in 2000 . A number of tie @-@ in books were also published , including a handful of paperback prose storybooks in 1977 and 1993 , and two football quiz books in 1978 and 1979 . Roy of the Rovers never made the leap from page to screen , although he did make an appearance on the BBC comedy sports quiz They Think It 's All Over in 1999 , in the form of a cardboard cut @-@ out . A Roy of the Rovers computer game was released , on the Commodore 64 , Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum in 1988 . It was split into two parts : the first an adventure game , in which – taking the role of Roy Race – the player had to find and rescue the kidnapped Melchester team , before then playing the second part , which consisted of a charity match to raise funds for the club . The fewer players recovered before the match began , then the smaller the team who could take part . In the extreme , Roy would be the only player for Melchester . The game received mixed reactions ; the Spectrum version received 7 / 10 from Your Sinclair , but only 3 / 10 from Sinclair User . A number of official Melchester Rovers Subbuteo teams were produced in the 1980s and 1990s . There was also an officially licensed board game in the 1980s , which saw players take on the role of Roy Race and manage the club . The Old Fashioned Football Shirt Company now makes officially licensed replica shirts . In 1990 , " Roy Race " and footballer Gary Lineker released a single , " Europe United " , described in the comic as " a hot rocking heavy metal rap " , which failed to chart in the UK Top 40 . The confectionery company McCowans produced a pineapple @-@ flavoured " Roy of the Rovers " chew bar in the 1990s . = = Collected editions = = On 29 February 2008 it was announced that Titan Books had acquired worldwide book publishing rights to a range of Egmont 's comic strips , including Roy of the Rovers . The first of their compilations of Roy 's playing days , The Best of Roy of the Rovers : The 1980s was released in May 2008 and included the " Relegation " and " Who Shot Roy " story arcs . The Bumper Book of Roy of the Rovers was published in October 2008 , and reprinted strips , articles , short stories and features taken from Roy annuals dated from 1957 to 1971 . Two further titles were released in 2009 , The Best of the 1970s and The Second Bumper Book , and a third Best of , focusing on the World Cup , was released in 2010 . All five of the titles were edited and compiled by David Leach . The trade paperbacks : The Best of Roy of the Rovers : The 1980s ( 208 pages , June 2008 , ISBN 1 @-@ 84576 @-@ 948 @-@ 1 ) The Best of Roy of the Rovers : The 1970s ( 208 pages , June 2009 , ISBN 1 @-@ 84856 @-@ 024 @-@ 9 ) Roy of the Rovers : World Cup Special ( 208 pages , June 2010 , ISBN 1 @-@ 84856 @-@ 671 @-@ 9 ) The hardcovers : The Bumper Book of Roy of the Rovers ( 112 pages , October 2008 , ISBN 1 @-@ 84576 @-@ 958 @-@ 9 ) The Second Bumper Book of Roy of the Rovers ( 112 pages , October 2009 , ISBN 1 @-@ 84856 @-@ 443 @-@ 0 )
= The Bart Wants What It Wants = " The Bart Wants What it Wants " is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons ' thirteenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 17 , 2002 . In the episode , Bart befriends Rainier Wolfcastle 's daughter , Greta . While Greta falls in love with him , Bart only accompanies her because she owns a lot of entertaining things . " The Bart Wants What it Wants " was written by John Frink and Don Payne while Michael Polcino served as director . Although the episode 's first draft was written by Frink and Payne , the idea for the episode was pitched by staff writer Matt Selman . Because the Simpsons visit Toronto in the episode , the Fox network wanted to promote it by having the city of Toronto declare February 17 " The Simpsons day " , and award the Simpsons family a key to the city . Because the city does not allow for @-@ profit companies to receive a key , the request was turned down . " The Bart Wants What it Wants " also features guest stars Reese Witherspoon as Greta and Wolfgang Puck as himself . It also features references to Scrabble , Seinfeld and Whassup ? , an advertisement campaign for Budweiser beer . In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 6 @.@ 4 million viewers , finishing in 27th place in the ratings the week it aired . Following its broadcast , the episode received mixed reviews from critics . = = Plot = = At the beginning of the episode , the Simpsons are seen in their car being chased by Olympic administrators in a helicopter . It turns out that Homer has stolen the Olympic torch because the television broadcast of the Olympics preempts his favorite shows once again . When Marge finally gives the torch to the administrators , the sight of its flame causes them to crash ( The administrators survive the crash , but the Olympic flame is gone ) . On their way home , the family go to a private school @-@ held fair , where Bart meets Greta , Rainier Wolfcastle 's daughter . Greta develops a crush on the oblivious Bart , and the whole family begins enjoying the royal treatment her father , Rainier , provides them . However , Lisa discovers Bart not taking Greta seriously , after skipping her school dance to watch Principal Skinner bomb at an open mic comedy night . Upon Lisa 's advice , Bart breaks up with Greta , who does not take it well . After losing her , Bart discovers that he actually wanted to be with Greta and goes to her house to ask her to come back to him . To his surprise , Greta has already started a new relationship with Milhouse . Greta goes to Canada with Milhouse during her father 's movie shooting , and Bart follows her to Toronto with his family . At the movie set , Bart confronts Milhouse and they get into a fight , crashing into sets and ruining props . They end up in front of Greta , demanding her to choose between them , and Greta turns both boys down due to loss of interest in the two . The episode ends with the boys reconciling and joining Canada 's basketball team . = = Production = = " The Bart Wants What It Wants " was directed by Michael Polcino and written by John Frink and Don Payne . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 17 , 2002 . Although the episode was written by Frink and Payne , the idea for the episode was conceived by staff writer Matt Selman , who pitched an episode in which Bart likes a girl because she has " awesome things " , while the girl likes him for his personality . Because the Simpsons visit Toronto in the episode , the Fox network decided to promote it as the episode 's main focus , even though Canada is not mentioned before the third act . To help promote the episode , Fox requested that the city of Toronto declare February 17 , 2002 , the day the episode first aired , to be " The Simpsons Day " and award the Simpson family a key to the city . However , the request was turned down because the city does not allow for @-@ profit companies to receive a key . According to executive producer and current showrunner Al Jean , Fox 's request " upset " Canada , and a " sternly worded " editorial in The Toronto Star criticized the network 's ways of promoting the episode . The newspaper also credited Canadian The Simpsons staff writers Joel H. Cohen and Tim Long for pitching the episode , but this was refuted in the episode 's DVD commentary . While " The Bart Wants What It Wants " features the Simpsons ' first travel to Canada , the family would return in two later episodes : season sixteen 's " Midnight Rx " , where Homer and Grampa visited Winnipeg so they could smuggle cheap medication ; and season 21 's " Boy Meets Curl " , where Marge and Homer travel to Vancouver , so they can participate in the 2010 Winter Olympics . The beginning of the episode shows the Simpsons being chased by Olympic employees . The scene was included because the staff knew that the episode would air during the 2002 Winter Olympics . In order to avoid a lawsuit from the International Olympic Committee , the animators slightly altered the design of the Olympic rings , which can be seen on Olympic employees ' helicopters . At one point in the episode , the Simpsons visit the Springfield Preparatory School fair , where Lisa notices how much more developed the school is in comparison to Springfield Elementary School . Jealous , Springfield Elementary principal Skinner breaks in and steals some school equipment . Shocked , Lisa asks Skinner why he stole the equipment , to which he replies " welcome to Dick Cheney 's America " . Originally , he would say " welcome to George W. Bush 's America " , but because none of the series ' regular cast members could do an impression of him , and because the staff found it to be in bad taste , they decided to change it . When Lisa scolds Bart for being oblivious to Greta 's feelings , he replies " Hey , I didn 't lead her on . I always played it light and breezy . " The line was written by Frink and , according to Selman , it became very popular with the staff writers , having " stayed with [ them ] for years " . The song that plays while the Simpsons visit the Skydome in Toronto is " Take Off " by the fictional comedy duo Bob and Doug McKenzie , the chorus of which was sung by Geddy Lee , the lead vocalist and bassist of the Canadian rock band Rush . The episode features American actress Reese Witherspoon as Rainier Wolfcastle 's daughter , Greta . Jean stated that Witherspoon was " brilliant " , and noted that she was " very young @-@ looking " . The episode also features Austrian @-@ American celebrity chef Wolfgang Puck as himself . = = Cultural references = = When first meeting Greta , Milhouse greets her by saying Whassup ? . The scene is a reference to an advertisement campaign for the American Budweiser beer , in which several characters are seen calling each other and saying " Whassup ? " . In Moe 's bar , Wolfcastle receives several questions from bar customers , prompting him to send in his " authorized look @-@ alike " to give answers . In the DVD commentary for the episode , Jean stated that the scene was written at a time when celebrity look @-@ alikes were making " excellent livings " . At one point in the episode , Bart and Greta are seen playing Scrabble , a word game manufactured by Hasbro . The music cue that plays before and after Skinner 's comedy routine is based on the intro music from the American television sitcom Seinfeld . = = Release = = In its original American broadcast , " The Bart Wants What It Wants " received a 6 @.@ 1 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 6 @.@ 4 million viewers . The episode finished in 27th place in the ratings for the week of February 11 @-@ 17 , 2002 , making it the third most watched program on the network . Later that year , the episode was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award in the Animation category , but it ultimately lost to the Futurama episode " Godfellas " . On August 24 , 2010 , " The Bart Wants What It Wants " was released as part of The Simpsons : The Complete Thirteenth Season DVD and Blu @-@ ray set . Al Jean , Matt Selman , Tim Long , John Frink , Don Payne , Tom Gammill , Max Pross , Joel H. Cohen , Pamela Hayden , Michael Polcino , Steven Dean Moore and Bill Freiberger participated in the audio commentary of the episode . Following its broadcast , " The Bart Wants What It Wants " received mixed reviews from critics . Giving the episode a positive review , Ben Rayner of the Toronto Star wrote , " Fortunately , the episode is on par with this season 's best , boasting a reasonably unscattered plotline and , where the main romantic storyline is concerned , a touch of the childlike sweetness Simpsons writers have brought to previous ' crush ' episodes . " Casey Broadwater of Blu @-@ ray.com gave a positive review as well , describing it as a " strong character @-@ centric episode . " Although he enjoyed most episodes of the thirteenth season , Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide wrote that " Half @-@ Decent Proposal " and " The Bart Wants What It Wants " " forces [ him ] to rethink that opinion . " He continued , " Like ' Proposal ' , ' Wants ' isn ’ t a bad program , but it feels stale and rehashed . " He particularly disliked a joke about poor mileage , which he stated was " identical " to a gag from an earlier episode . He concluded his review by writing that the episode is " mediocre [ ... ] at best . " Nate Boss of Project @-@ Blu wrote that , while it featured Rainier Wolfcastle , which he considered to be " one of the funniest characters in Simpsons lore , " the episode " doesn 't tread ground that hasn 't been tread a few times before . " He continued , " Throw in Canada , and a few Mountie jokes , and bam , you have an episode . " 411Mania 's Ron Martin also found it to be unoriginal , describing the episode as a " yearly episode just with different tempters each time . " Hannah Sung , also of the Toronto Star , felt the episode was disappointing , writing that it " wasn 't entirely bad , but the payoff didn 't match the hype " . She said that the third act in the city of Toronto was a disappointment and " really just a sloppy amalgamation of every Canadian joke we 've ever been told by Americans that lose their punch after the millionth time . "
= Cryptograms ( album ) = Cryptograms is the second album from Atlanta , Georgia @-@ based indie rock group Deerhunter , released through Kranky Records on January 29 , 2007 on CD and vinyl . Following the 2005 release of its first full @-@ length album Turn It Up Faggot , Deerhunter began recording material for its next record at Rare Book Room studio in New York . This initial recording session failed , due to the physical and mental state of lead singer Bradford Cox , as well as malfunctioning equipment in the studio . The band returned to Atlanta , only giving recording a second try after encouragement from members of the band Liars . The final version of Cryptograms was recorded in two separate day @-@ long sessions , months apart , resulting in two musically distinct parts — the first includes more ambient music while the second contains more pop music elements . Cox sang most of the record 's lyrics in a stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness manner ; they include themes of death , companionship , and Cox 's experiences with his genetic disorder Marfan syndrome . Cryptograms was generally well received by critics , and several publications placed the album on their lists of the top albums of 2007 . = = Recording = = Deerhunter first attempted to record their second album in 2005 with folk musician Samara Lubelski at Rare Book Room studios in New York . This recording session failed , due in part to the physical and mental state of lead singer Bradford Cox , who had influenza and walking pneumonia at the time . The group was also working with malfunctioning equipment , including an out @-@ of @-@ tune piano and an uncalibrated tape recorder . Cox later described the results of these sessions as sounding like " if you listen to Loveless on mushrooms , and I mean that in not a complimentary way " . In an interview with Pitchfork Media , Cox said that the music was " on a scratched CD @-@ R under my bed " , which " nobody will ever hear " . These tracks were later made available , in mixtape form , on the Deerhunter blog . Following the failed session Deerhunter returned to Atlanta . The group became acquainted with punk band Liars , who encouraged them to give recording a second try . For their second attempt , Deerhunter returned to the same rural Georgia studio in which they had recorded their debut album Turn It Up Faggot . This time successful , the album was recorded in two parts : the first half was recorded over one day @-@ long session , completely filling the reel of tape the band had brought with them . The last song of this recording session , " Red Ink " , ends with the tape spinning off the reel . The second half , recorded months later over a single day in November , begins with the song " Spring Hall Convert " . During this recording session Cox had the flu , and his congestion caused his voice on the album 's pop tracks to sound " really weird [ … ] I always thought I would go back and redo them , but we never did . " Cryptograms was followed four months later by a four @-@ track extended play , Fluorescent Grey , which was recorded while Cryptograms was being mixed . Cox indicated that each new track was worthy of being a single ; one music critic characterized the EP as being less " dreamy " than Cryptograms . When Cryptograms was released on vinyl as a double album , the Fluorescent Grey tracks took up the fourth side . = = Music and lyrics = = Cryptograms is more " subdued and introverted " musically , according to Cox , than Deerhunter 's first release Turn It Up Faggot . Cox has shown disdain for that record in interviews , saying it " sounds like 2002 — angry , post @-@ hardcore dance punk . We were really young and angry . " In contrast , Deerhunter 's new album is " not the punk attitude " characteristic of Turn It Up Faggot . While Cox does not consider Cryptograms a " reaction " to its predecessor , he noted in an interview with Stylus Magazine that the group 's new record " developed out of different circumstances , altogether . " Deerhunter 's two recording sessions produced two halves of the album with distinct musical styles . The first half of the album is more ambient in style and includes four ambient instrumental tracks . With the song " Providence " , the band aimed to create a feeling of solitude . The idea for the song came about when , while in Providence , Rhode Island during a 2005 tour , Cox had an argument with other members of the band . Having left his bandmates to cool off , Cox " walked around Providence at dusk " feeling " totally alone " , while admiring his " meditative " surroundings . In the instrumental track " Red Ink " , Cox and drummer Moses Archuleta worked to create an atmosphere in which the listener is dreaming he or she is dead and the experience of death feels like reality . The second part of the album , which begins with " Spring Hall Convert " , contains more elements of psychedelic and pop music . In an interview with L.A. Record , Archuleta remarked that the band often received letters from fans who had listened to their music while stoned . He noted the negative connotations that come with being called a " psychedelic " band , and considered the group to be " pretty clean … [ and ] sober " in contrast , adding , " That ’ s funny that that ’ s people ’ s idea of what we ’ re into . " " Spring Hall Convert " originates from a demo Cox first recorded in October 1998 when he was sixteen . On the Deerhunter blog , Cox wrote of two girls he knew from his school as one day being " bathed in this golden spring light in the hallway " . He described himself feeling as close to them as if they were his sisters . The same day he recorded " Spring Hall Convert " on a karaoke machine ; Cox wanted the song to reflect the " acid trip " he experienced seeing his friends in this light . He calls the song 's drum track characteristic of his " stonedness " at the time , adding that " Hydrocodone was [ also ] a factor . " The lyrics of the track reflect Cox 's experiences with his genetic disorder Marfan syndrome . As a teenager he underwent " extensive " surgeries for his chest , ribs , and back . The lyrics reflect the experience of someone moving in and out of consciousness during chemotherapy , while missing their friends and memories of a normal life . The original lyrics of the song written in 1998 were not changed when the track was re @-@ recorded for Cryptograms . In " Octet " , Cox sings " I was the corpse that spiraled out into phantom hallways " . The imagery of this song was inspired by the cover art of the Grove paperback edition of the Dennis Cooper novel Closer . In the album ’ s closing track , " Heatherwood " , Cox tells of the house he was born in , where he believes he will return to die . " Strange Lights " is a song about " companionship , and facing uncertainty with someone " . The song was written by guitarist Lockett Pundt , and is based on a dream he had in which himself , Cox , and a third person " walked into the sun together , knowing it was going to kill us " , as described by Cox . The idea for the song " Lake Somerset " came from a trip Cox took to the zoo while hung over , during which he saw a turtle eating carrots . " It was cool and adorable … It had this cute neck and was very small . It chewed slowly . " When video producer James Sumner approached the band to make a music video for " Lake Somerset " , Cox told Sumner he " wanted a video of a turtle eating a piece of pizza . " Several days later , Sumner posted his video to YouTube ; it consists of a man in a turtle suit eating pizza for four straight minutes . Cox has said that the band 's greatest achievement with Cryptograms was " evoking a feeling of someone who 's woken up after being strung out one too many nights … It 's the feeling of being lovesick and very spaced @-@ out . " = = Reception = = Cryptograms received positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 77 , based on 17 reviews , indicating " Generally Favorable Reviews " . Pitchfork Media awarded the album the publication 's " Best New Music " accolade , and later placed it fourteenth on a list of the fifty best albums of 2007 . Pitchfork staff writer Marc Hogan wrote that Cryptograms " is alternately murky ... ethereal , amorphous and incisive " , calling the second half of the album " vastly more accessible " than the first . Mike Diver of Drowned in Sound found the album 's two halves " absolutely coherent ; the sequencing allows the listener space to breathe at the most opportune moments , and its leaps from ambiance into adrenaline @-@ soaked enthusiasm ... are worthy of celebration . " Tiny Mix Tapes 's Paul Haney enjoyed the " psych @-@ crazed pop " found in the second half of Cryptograms , citing " Spring Hall Convert " , " Heatherwood " , and " Strange Lights " as exemplary tracks . Nick Sylvester of The Phoenix considered the first half of the album to be irregular in style and quality , but found that this gave the transition between its two halves " a black @-@ and @-@ white @-@ to @-@ Technicolor moment ( or TV to HDTV , if you prefer ) : " Spring Hall Convert " combines Deerhunter 's come @-@ up and come @-@ down into the most uplifting rock song I 've heard in a while , an explosion of gritty Velvet downstrums and swirling vocal harmonies . " The first half of Cryptograms was called " the problem child " by Kevin Elliott of Stylus Magazine , characterizing this child as having been " medicated at a young age to subdue constant anxiety and the fear of death , overly mired in thoughts of regret and anguish , overwhelmed with ideas and insight . " Mike Schiller of PopMatters found that because the second half of Cryptograms " fixate [ s ] on examples of Deerhunter 's songcraft , which is actually somewhat average " , the use of delay effects " mask [ s ] whatever deficiencies in musicianship Deerhunter might choose to hide " . He believes the potential seen in the first half of the album is lost in the second . Allmusic writer Marisa Brown felt the band 's ambient music is used to the extent that it becomes " commonplace , despite its avant @-@ garde leanings . " The writer found that when Deerhunter " aims for the provocative and the esoteric " , the band often " overreach [ es ] and end [ s ] up hitting something much more ordinary , predictably " experimental " … in a genre that 's supposed to be anything but . " Dom Sinacola of Cokemachineglow stated that all of Cryptograms " sounds , as a whole , too coherently cold " , the tracks " Providence " and " Heatherwood " being exceptions . The album placed high on lists of the best albums of 2007 of several publications , earning spots in the top twenty with Tiny Mix Tapes , The Phoenix , and Drowned in Sound . An article by Pitchfork Media gave musicians the opportunity to publicize their favorite records from 2007 . Cryptograms received praise from Ed Droste of Grizzly Bear , ranking the album as his third favorite of 2007 . Klaxons 's James Righton and Black Lips 's Cole Alexander placed the album on their own top tens as well . = = Track listing = = Music written by Moses Archuleta , Bradford Cox , Josh Fauver , Colin Mee and Lockett Pundt , except where noted . Lyrics by Bradford Cox . " Intro " – 2 : 50 " Cryptograms " – 4 : 17 " White Ink " – 4 : 59 " Lake Somerset " – 3 : 49 " Providence " – 4 : 08 " Octet " – 7 : 50 " Red Ink " – 3 : 40 " Spring Hall Convert " – 4 : 29 " Strange Lights " – 3 : 38 ( music by Lockett Pundt ) " Hazel St. " – 3 : 48 " Tape Hiss Orchid " – 1 : 12 " Heatherwood " – 3 : 37 = = Personnel = = Deerhunter Moses Archuleta — synth / pads , drums , electronics , treatments Bradford Cox — vocals , electronics , tapes , drum , acoustic slide guitar , bell set , accordion , electric guitar Josh Fauver — tremolo bass , bass guitar , reverse guitar , vocals Colin Mee — guitar , tapes , electric guitar Lockett Pundt — synth bells , guitar , acoustic slide guitar , hammond organ , vocals Production Susan Archie — layout design Chris Bishop — production , engineering Jennifer Munson — mastering L. Somerset — author Nicolas Vernhes — mixing
= Fred VanVleet = Fred VanVleet ( born February 25 , 1994 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . At Auburn High School in Rockford , Illinois , he was an All @-@ State player who was mostly recruited by mid @-@ major basketball programs . In college , he has contributed to a resurgence of Wichita State Shockers basketball that included a final four run in the 2013 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by the 2012 – 13 Shocker team as a freshman and an undefeated regular season by the 2013 – 14 team as a sophomore . By his sophomore year , he was on midseason watchlists for most major awards . He was named as a 2014 NCAA Men 's Basketball All @-@ American by a variety of media outlets . As a junior for the 2014 – 15 Shockers , he was an All @-@ Missouri Valley Conference first team selection and received All @-@ American honorable mention recognition from the Associated Press . He is the Wichita State career assists leader . He was named Missouri Valley Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year as both a sophomore and a senior . = = High school career = = VanVleet played for Auburn High School in Rockford , Illinois , where he was an All @-@ State first team selection by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times ( Class 4A ) , Associated Press ( Class 4A ) , and Chicago Tribune as a senior in 2012 . In 2012 , VanVleet helped lead Auburn to a 22 @-@ game winning streak which resulted in the school 's first Illinois High School Association ( IHSA ) final four since 1975 . He led the Knights to a 3rd @-@ place finish in the IHSA state tournament . Van Vleet remained loyal to his local Rockford Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) club team rather than accept offers to more high profile teams in Chicago . Van Vleet did not feel it would make a difference in his recruiting : " As long as you 're leading whoever you 're playing with , the coaches are going to see that . If they see you competing and winning with guys maybe I shouldn 't be winning with , that 's maybe even an advantage for me . " He received basketball scholarship offers from Colorado State , Northern Illinois , Southern Illinois , Drake , Detroit and Kent State . His stepfather felt that he was being overlooked by many Chicago metropolitan area schools because of his decision not to join a Chicago AAU team . He cut his list down to Kent State , Northern Illinois and Wichita State . When he accepted an offer to play for Wichita State , he became the only member of the national class of 2012 Rivals.com top 150 to attend a Missouri Valley Conference school . = = College career = = = = = Freshman year = = = As a freshman , VanVleet contributed double digit scoring twice ( versus Gonzaga and Ohio State ) in the 2013 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament from off the bench as the 2012 – 13 Shockers team reached the final four . Against Gonzaga , his 13 points included basket with 1 : 28 remaining that helped the Shockers secure only the fifth sweet sixteen appearance by a number 9 seed since the tournament went to 64 teams in 1985 . His 12 points against Ohio State included a late basket that helped the Shockers become the fifth team with a seeding higher than eight to make it to the final four since 1979 when seeding began . = = = Sophomore year = = = He broke out as a sophomore , as expected . On January 8 , he posted 10 assists against Illinois State . On January 23 , 2014 , he was selected to the 23 @-@ man Oscar Robertson Award midseason watchlist by the United States Basketball Writers Association . On February 13 , he was named one of the 30 finalists for Naismith College Player of the Year . On February 17 , Vanvleet was selected as one of 23 finalists for the Bob Cousy Award . When the Rockford native returned to the Chicago metropolitan area on February 19 to lead Wichita State against Loyola , he went 6 @-@ for @-@ 6 from the field and 10 @-@ for @-@ 10 on his free throw attempts for a game @-@ high 22 points and added 8 rebounds and 6 assists to help Wichita State raise its record to 28 – 0 . On February 28 , he was named one of the 10 semi @-@ finalists for the Naismith Award . VanVleet helped lead the 2013 – 14 team to the first 31 – 0 regular season in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history . As a result , he was named to the Missouri Valley Conference All @-@ Conference first team and selected as the Missouri Valley Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year . He was also selected to the 2014 Missouri Valley Conference Most @-@ Improved Team . Following the 2014 Missouri Valley Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament , VanVleet was a 2014 NCAA Men 's Basketball All @-@ American second team selection by Sports Illustrated and Bleacher Report , third @-@ team selection by the Sporting News and the NABC . He earned honorable mention recognition from the Associated Press . On March 11 VanVleet was named to the all @-@ District VI ( IA , MO , KS , OK , NE , ND , SD ) team by the United States Basketball Writers Association ( USBWA ) . VanVleet was listed on the National Association of Basketball Coaches Division I All ‐ District 16 first team on March 12 . VanVleet was named as one of six finalists for the Cousy Award ( along with Kyle Anderson , Aaron Craft , Tyler Ennis , Shabazz Napier and Marcus Paige ) . Following his sophomore season , he delivered the commencement address at his high school alma mater and became a highly demanded public speaker . = = = Junior year = = = VanVleet was Preseason All @-@ American first team selection by USA Today , Blue Ribbon College Basketball Yearbook , Bleacher Report , CBSSports.com , Sports Illustrated , and Associated Press . He was a second team selection by Athlon Sports , SB Nation , and NBCSports.com. In its preseason top 100 player ranking , VanVleet was listed at number 5 by ESPN . VanVleet was named to the 36 @-@ man Bob Cousy Award Preseason Watch List . He was also listed as a John R. Wooden Award Preseason Top 50 candidate and a Oscar Robertson Trophy Watch List selection . VanVleet was also included in the early December Naismith Award top 50 watch list . On November 14 VanVleet tallied 7 steals in the opener against New Mexico State , which tied a school record . On December 3 , against # 25 Utah VanVleet , helped Wichita State recover from a 9 @-@ point deficit in the final 2 : 45 of regulation with 8 points ( including two three @-@ point shots in the final 1 : 15 ) and an assist on a three @-@ point shot , but with 7 seconds remaining in overtime and Wichita trailing by one , he missed the front end of a one and one . In his return visit to Chicago and the Gentile Center to play Loyola on January 11 , he again was perfect from the field with a 5 @-@ for @-@ 5 performance and added a career @-@ high tying 10 assists ( as well as 6 rebounds and 3 steals ) for his first career double @-@ double . VanVleet , however , snapped his perfect streak of 20 free throws made in his home state with a 3 @-@ for @-@ 4 performance . In the rematch against Loyola on January 28 , VanVleet posted a career @-@ high 27 points . On February 7 , VanVleet posted the first triple double for Wichita State Shockers men 's basketball in 43 years with a 10 @-@ point 10 @-@ rebound 11 @-@ assist 4 @-@ steal performance against Missouri State . On February 16 , VanVleet was Missouri Valley Conference Co @-@ Player of the Week ( with Seth Tuttle ) . On February 26 , VanVleet broke the all @-@ time Wichita State career assist record against Evansville with 431 assists , surpassing Warren Armstrong who had 429 and Toure Murry who had 430 . VanVleet was one of 17 finalists for the Cousy Award . The Shockers defeated Northern Iowa on February 28 to win the Missouri Valley Conference regular season title . In the opening game of the 2015 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament for the Shockers , VanVleet matched a career high with 27 points against Indiana . He finished the tournament with 17 @-@ point and 25 @-@ point performances against # 2 @-@ seeded Kansas and # 3 @-@ seeded Notre Dame , respectively . VanVleet was named an All @-@ MVC first team selection following the regular season . He was also recognized by the Associated Press as an honorable mention selection for its All @-@ America team . = = = Senior year = = = VanVleet was a selection to the 20 @-@ man Bob Cousy Award preseason watchlist , and the 30 @-@ man Lute Olson Award preseason watchlist . He was a second team selection to the Sporting News , Sports Illustrated and Athlon Sports preseason All @-@ American teams . He was a third team selection to the CBS Sports , USA Today and NBC Sports preseason All @-@ American teams . Lindy 's Sports did not name an All @-@ America team , but did rank all college basketball players by position and presented a top 25 list at each position . It included VanVleet as its second best point guard . In preseason top 100 player rankings Van Vleet was ranked 14 by ESPN and 17 by NBC Sports . He made the initial 50 @-@ man John R. Wooden Award watch list on November 17 . On December 2 , VanVleet earned recognition on the 50 @-@ man Naismith College Player of the Year watchlist and 33 @-@ man Robertson Trophy watchlists . VanVleet , who was dealing with hamstring issues , rolled his right ankle and saw only 3 minutes of action in the season opener against the Charleston Southern Buccaneers on November 13 . Although he played in the next game against Tulsa , he aggravated his hamstring in the game and was expected to miss the next few games . Without a healthy VanVleet , Witchita State fell to two games below .500 for the first time since the 2008 – 09 Shockers team and endured their first three @-@ game losing streak since VanVleet was coming off the bench as a freshman for the 2012 – 13 Shockers as well as the worst start to a season ( 2 – 4 ) since the 2007 – 08 team . VanVleet returned to the lineup on December 5 against St. Louis to stop the losing streak . His 13 @.@ 5 points , 5 @.@ 0 assists and 4 @.@ 0 rebounds averages in wins on December 9 over UNLV and on December 12 win over # 25 Utah earned him Missouri Valley Player of the Week honors on December 14 . He again earned Player of the Week honors on January 11 when he led the Shockers to victories over conference co @-@ leading Evansville on January 6 and Southern Illinois on January 9 with 11 @.@ 0 points , 8 @.@ 5 rebounds , 7 @.@ 5 assists and 2 @.@ 5 steals averages . His 12 rebounds against Southern Illinois was a career high . VanVleet was named to the January 25 20 @-@ man Oscar Robertson Trophy midseason watch list . On January 31 , VanVleet made all 15 of his free throw attempts on his way to a career high 32 points against Evansville . The following day , he earned his third MVC Player of the Week honor . On February 3 in the 1500th victory in Wichita State Shockers men 's basketball history and in head coach Gregg Marshall 's school record @-@ setting 221st victory , VanVleet notched a double @-@ double with 12 points and a career high @-@ tying 11 assists against Southern Illinois . He was named to the 35 @-@ man midseason watchlist for the Naismith Trophy on February 11 . VanVleet was included in the Wooden Award Late season Top 20 Watch List on February 12 . In the 2016 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament , VanVleet led the team to victories over Vanderbilt and Arizona . Against Vanderbilt in the First Four round , he and fellow senior Ron Baker led an 11 – 0 run to break a 30 – 30 tie on March 15 . The pair scored all 11 points in the run and tied with a game @-@ high 14 points . On March 17 , VanVleet and Baker led 11 @-@ seed Wichita State to a victory over 6 @-@ seed and AP Poll 17th @-@ ranked Arizona . VanVleet posted a game @-@ high 16 points , 5 steals and 4 rebounds . Following the regular season , VanVleet was named to the Missouri Valley Conference all @-@ league first team ( for the third consecutive season ) and the MVC Larry Bird Trophy Player of the Year for the second time in three years . VanVleet was also an AP All @-@ America honorable mention . = = Professional career = = VanVleet was not selected in the 2016 NBA draft after declining two offers to agree to play in the NBA Development League at $ 20 @,@ 000 for two years by teams interested in drafting him in the second round . VanVleet signed to play in the 2016 NBA Summer League with the Toronto Raptors with the expectation that he will be in the Raptors ' training camp . His summer league contract had a guarantee of three game appearances . On July 18 , he signed a multi @-@ year deal with the Raptors . At the time of his signing , the Raptors had 14 players entering training camp on guaranteed contracts , including point guards Kyle Lowry , Cory Joseph , and Delon Wright . = = National team career = = VanVleet was among the 22 players selected to try out for the 12 @-@ man Team USA at the 2015 Pan American Games . He was among the 16 finalists for the team , but he did not make the final 12 @-@ man team . = = Personal = = VanVleet is the son of Fred Manning , who was shot dead in 1999 . Manning had played basketball at Guilford High School in Rockford . VanVleet 's mother is named Susan . VanVleet has a brother named Darnell . VanVleet 's stepfather is Joe Danforth . He is a sociology major at Wichita State .
= Nature = Nature , in the broadest sense , is the natural , physical , or material world or universe . " Nature " can refer to the phenomena of the physical world , and also to life in general . The study of nature is a large part of science . Although humans are part of nature , human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena . The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura , or " essential qualities , innate disposition " , and in ancient times , literally meant " birth " . Natura is a Latin translation of the Greek word physis ( φύσις ) , which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants , animals , and other features of the world develop of their own accord . The concept of nature as a whole , the physical universe , is one of several expansions of the original notion ; it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre @-@ Socratic philosophers , and has steadily gained currency ever since . This usage continued during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries . Within the various uses of the word today , " nature " often refers to geology and wildlife . Nature can refer to the general realm of living plants and animals , and in some cases to the processes associated with inanimate objects – the way that particular types of things exist and change of their own accord , such as the weather and geology of the Earth . It is often taken to mean the " natural environment " or wilderness – wild animals , rocks , forest , and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention , or which persist despite human intervention . For example , manufactured objects and human interaction generally are not considered part of nature , unless qualified as , for example , " human nature " or " the whole of nature " . This more traditional concept of natural things which can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial , with the artificial being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human consciousness or a human mind . Depending on the particular context , the term " natural " might also be distinguished from the unnatural or the supernatural . = = Earth = = Earth is the only planet known to support life , and its natural features are the subject of many fields of scientific research . Within the solar system , it is third closest to the sun ; it is the largest terrestrial planet and the fifth largest overall . Its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions , two relatively narrow temperate zones , and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region . Precipitation varies widely with location , from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre . 71 percent of the Earth 's surface is covered by salt @-@ water oceans . The remainder consists of continents and islands , with most of the inhabited land in the Northern Hemisphere . Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions . The outer surface is divided into several gradually migrating tectonic plates . The interior remains active , with a thick layer of plastic mantle and an iron @-@ filled core that generates a magnetic field . This iron core is composed of a solid inner phase , and a fluid outer phase . Convective motion in the core generates electric currents through dynamo action , and these , in turn , generate the geomagnetic field . The atmospheric conditions have been significantly altered from the original conditions by the presence of life @-@ forms , which create an ecological balance that stabilizes the surface conditions . Despite the wide regional variations in climate by latitude and other geographic factors , the long @-@ term average global climate is quite stable during interglacial periods , and variations of a degree or two of average global temperature have historically had major effects on the ecological balance , and on the actual geography of the Earth . = = = Geology = = = Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth . The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition , structure , physical properties , dynamics , and history of Earth materials , and the processes by which they are formed , moved , and changed . The field is a major academic discipline , and is also important for mineral and hydrocarbon extraction , knowledge about and mitigation of natural hazards , some Geotechnical engineering fields , and understanding past climates and environments . = = = = Geological evolution = = = = The geology of an area evolves through time as rock units are deposited and inserted and deformational processes change their shapes and locations . Rock units are first emplaced either by deposition onto the surface or intrude into the overlying rock . Deposition can occur when sediments settle onto the surface of the Earth and later lithify into sedimentary rock , or when as volcanic material such as volcanic ash or lava flows , blanket the surface . Igneous intrusions such as batholiths , laccoliths , dikes , and sills , push upwards into the overlying rock , and crystallize as they intrude . After the initial sequence of rocks has been deposited , the rock units can be deformed and / or metamorphosed . Deformation typically occurs as a result of horizontal shortening , horizontal extension , or side @-@ to @-@ side ( strike @-@ slip ) motion . These structural regimes broadly relate to convergent boundaries , divergent boundaries , and transform boundaries , respectively , between tectonic plates . = = = Historical perspective = = = Earth is estimated to have formed 4 @.@ 54 billion years ago from the solar nebula , along with the Sun and other planets . The moon formed roughly 20 million years later . Initially molten , the outer layer of the Earth cooled , resulting in the solid crust . Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere . Condensing water vapor , most or all of which came from ice delivered by comets , produced the oceans and other water sources . The highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self @-@ replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago . Continents formed , then broke up and reformed as the surface of Earth reshaped over hundreds of millions of years , occasionally combining to make a supercontinent . Roughly 750 million years ago , the earliest known supercontinent Rodinia , began to break apart . The continents later recombined to form Pannotia which broke apart about 540 million years ago , then finally Pangaea , which broke apart about 180 million years ago . During the Neoproterozoic era covered much of the Earth in glaciers and ice sheets . This hypothesis has been termed the " Snowball Earth " , and it is of particular interest as it precedes the Cambrian explosion in which multicellular life forms began to proliferate about 530 – 540 million years ago . Since the Cambrian explosion there have been five distinctly identifiable mass extinctions . The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago , when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non @-@ avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles , but spared small animals such as mammals . Over the past 66 million years , mammalian life diversified . Several million years ago , a species of small African ape gained the ability to stand upright . The subsequent advent of human life , and the development of agriculture and further civilization allowed humans to affect the Earth more rapidly than any previous life form , affecting both the nature and quantity of other organisms as well as global climate . By comparison , the Great Oxygenation Event , produced by the proliferation of algae during the Siderian period , required about 300 million years to culminate . The present era is classified as part of a mass extinction event , the Holocene extinction event , the fastest ever to have occurred . Some , such as E. O. Wilson of Harvard University , predict that human destruction of the biosphere could cause the extinction of one @-@ half of all species in the next 100 years . The extent of the current extinction event is still being researched , debated and calculated by biologists . = = Atmosphere , climate , and weather = = The Earth 's atmosphere is a key factor in sustaining the ecosystem . The thin layer of gases that envelops the Earth is held in place by gravity . Air is mostly nitrogen , oxygen , water vapor , with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide , argon , etc . The atmospheric pressure declines steadily with altitude . The ozone layer plays an important role in depleting the amount of ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation that reaches the surface . As DNA is readily damaged by UV light , this serves to protect life at the surface . The atmosphere also retains heat during the night , thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes . Terrestrial weather occurs almost exclusively in the lower part of the atmosphere , and serves as a convective system for redistributing heat . Ocean currents are another important factor in determining climate , particularly the major underwater thermohaline circulation which distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions . These currents help to moderate the differences in temperature between winter and summer in the temperate zones . Also , without the redistributions of heat energy by the ocean currents and atmosphere , the tropics would be much hotter , and the polar regions much colder . Weather can have both beneficial and harmful effects . Extremes in weather , such as tornadoes or hurricanes and cyclones , can expend large amounts of energy along their paths , and produce devastation . Surface vegetation has evolved a dependence on the seasonal variation of the weather , and sudden changes lasting only a few years can have a dramatic effect , both on the vegetation and on the animals which depend on its growth for their food . Climate is a measure of the long @-@ term trends in the weather . Various factors are known to influence the climate , including ocean currents , surface albedo , greenhouse gases , variations in the solar luminosity , and changes to the Earth 's orbit . Based on historical records , the Earth is known to have undergone drastic climate changes in the past , including ice ages . The climate of a region depends on a number of factors , especially latitude . A latitudinal band of the surface with similar climatic attributes forms a climate region . There are a number of such regions , ranging from the tropical climate at the equator to the polar climate in the northern and southern extremes . Weather is also influenced by the seasons , which result from the Earth 's axis being tilted relative to its orbital plane . Thus , at any given time during the summer or winter , one part of the Earth is more directly exposed to the rays of the sun . This exposure alternates as the Earth revolves in its orbit . At any given time , regardless of season , the northern and southern hemispheres experience opposite seasons . Weather is a chaotic system that is readily modified by small changes to the environment , so accurate weather forecasting is limited to only a few days . Overall , two things are happening worldwide : ( 1 ) temperature is increasing on the average ; and ( 2 ) regional climates have been undergoing noticeable changes . = = Water on Earth = = Water is a chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life . In typical usage , water refers only to its liquid form or state , but the substance also has a solid state , ice , and a gaseous state , water vapor , or steam . Water covers 71 % of the Earth 's surface . On Earth , it is found mostly in oceans and other large water bodies , with 1 @.@ 6 % of water below ground in aquifers and 0 @.@ 001 % in the air as vapor , clouds , and precipitation . Oceans hold 97 % of surface water , glaciers , and polar ice caps 2 @.@ 4 % , and other land surface water such as rivers , lakes , and ponds 0 @.@ 6 % . Additionally , a minute amount of the Earth 's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products . = = = Oceans = = = An ocean is a major body of saline water , and a principal component of the hydrosphere . Approximately 71 % of the Earth 's surface ( an area of some 361 million square kilometers ) is covered by ocean , a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas . More than half of this area is over 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 9 @,@ 800 feet ) deep . Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand ( ppt ) ( 3 @.@ 5 % ) , and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt . Though generally recognized as several ' separate ' oceans , these waters comprise one global , interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean . This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography . The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents , various archipelagos , and other criteria : these divisions are ( in descending order of size ) the Pacific Ocean , the Atlantic Ocean , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and the Arctic Ocean . Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas , gulfs , bays and other names . There are also salt lakes , which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are not interconnected with the World Ocean . Two notable examples of salt lakes are the Aral Sea and the Great Salt Lake . = = = Lakes = = = A lake ( from Latin lacus ) is a terrain feature ( or physical feature ) , a body of liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the bottom of basin ( another type of landform or terrain feature ; that is , it is not global ) and moves slowly if it moves at all . On Earth , a body of water is considered a lake when it is inland , not part of the ocean , is larger and deeper than a pond , and is fed by a river . The only world other than Earth known to harbor lakes is Titan , Saturn 's largest moon , which has lakes of ethane , most likely mixed with methane . It is not known if Titan 's lakes are fed by rivers , though Titan 's surface is carved by numerous river beds . Natural lakes on Earth are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing or recent glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world , there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them . = = = = Ponds = = = = A pond is a body of standing water , either natural or man @-@ made , that is usually smaller than a lake . A wide variety of man @-@ made bodies of water are classified as ponds , including water gardens designed for aesthetic ornamentation , fish ponds designed for commercial fish breeding , and solar ponds designed to store thermal energy . Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams via current speed . While currents in streams are easily observed , ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro @-@ currents and moderate wind driven currents . These features distinguish a pond from many other aquatic terrain features , such as stream pools and tide pools . = = = Rivers = = = A river is a natural watercourse , usually freshwater , flowing toward an ocean , a lake , a sea or another river . In a few cases , a river simply flows into the ground or dries up completely before reaching another body of water . Small rivers may also be called by several other names , including stream , creek , brook , rivulet , and rill ; there is no general rule that defines what can be called a river . Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location ; one example is Burn in Scotland and North @-@ east England . Sometimes a river is said to be larger than a creek , but this is not always the case , due to vagueness in the language . A river is part of the hydrological cycle . Water within a river is generally collected from precipitation through surface runoff , groundwater recharge , springs , and the release of stored water in natural ice and snowpacks ( i.e. , from glaciers ) . = = = Streams = = = A stream is a flowing body of water with a current , confined within a bed and stream banks . In the United States , a stream is classified as a watercourse less than 60 feet ( 18 metres ) wide . Streams are important as conduits in the water cycle , instruments in groundwater recharge , and they serve as corridors for fish and wildlife migration . The biological habitat in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone . Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction , streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity . The study of streams and waterways in general involves many branches of inter @-@ disciplinary natural science and engineering , including hydrology , fluvial geomorphology , aquatic ecology , fish biology , riparian ecology , and others . = = Ecosystems = = Ecosystems are composed of a variety of abiotic and biotic components that function in an interrelated way . The structure and composition is determined by various environmental factors that are interrelated . Variations of these factors will initiate dynamic modifications to the ecosystem . Some of the more important components are : soil , atmosphere , radiation from the sun , water , and living organisms . Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms interact with every other element in their local environment . Eugene Odum , a founder of ecology , stated : " Any unit that includes all of the organisms ( ie : the " community " ) in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure , biotic diversity , and material cycles ( i.e. : exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts ) within the system is an ecosystem . " Within the ecosystem , species are connected and dependent upon one another in the food chain , and exchange energy and matter between themselves as well as with their environment . The human ecosystem concept is grounded in the deconstruction of the human / nature dichotomy and the premise that all species are ecologically integrated with each other , as well as with the abiotic constituents of their biotope . A smaller unit of size is called a microecosystem . For example , a microsystem can be a stone and all the life under it . A macroecosystem might involve a whole ecoregion , with its drainage basin . = = = Wilderness = = = Wilderness is generally defined as areas that have not been significantly modified by human activity . Wilderness areas can be found in preserves , estates , farms , conservation preserves , ranches , national forests , national parks , and even in urban areas along rivers , gulches , or otherwise undeveloped areas . Wilderness areas and protected parks are considered important for the survival of certain species , ecological studies , conservation , solitude , and recreation . Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity , and some Ecologists consider wilderness areas to be an integral part of the Earth 's self @-@ sustaining natural ecosystem ( the biosphere ) . They may also preserve historic genetic traits and that they provide habitat for wild flora and fauna that may be difficult to recreate in zoos , arboretums , or laboratories . = = Life = = Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life , scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization , metabolism , growth , adaptation , and response to stimuli and reproduction . Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms . Properties common to terrestrial organisms ( plants , animals , fungi , protists , archaea , and bacteria ) are that they are cellular , carbon @-@ and @-@ water @-@ based with complex organization , having a metabolism , a capacity to grow , respond to stimuli , and reproduce . An entity with these properties is generally considered life . However , not every definition of life considers all of these properties to be essential . Human @-@ made analogs of life may also be considered to be life . The biosphere is the part of Earth 's outer shell – including land , surface rocks , water , air and the atmosphere – within which life occurs , and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform . From the broadest geophysiological point of view , the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships , including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere ( rocks ) , hydrosphere ( water ) , and atmosphere ( air ) . The entire Earth contains over 75 billion tons ( 150 trillion pounds or about 6 @.@ 8 × 1013 kilograms ) of biomass ( life ) , which lives within various environments within the biosphere . Over nine @-@ tenths of the total biomass on Earth is plant life , on which animal life depends very heavily for its existence . More than 2 million species of plant and animal life have been identified to date , and estimates of the actual number of existing species range from several million to well over 50 million . The number of individual species of life is constantly in some degree of flux , with new species appearing and others ceasing to exist on a continual basis . The total number of species is in rapid decline . = = = Evolution = = = The origin of life on Earth is not well understood , but it is known to have occurred at least 3 @.@ 5 billion years ago , during the hadean or archean eons on a primordial Earth that had a substantially different environment than is found at present . These life forms possessed the basic traits of self @-@ replication and inheritable traits . Once life had appeared , the process of evolution by natural selection resulted in the development of ever @-@ more diverse life forms . Species that were unable to adapt to the changing environment and competition from other life forms became extinct . However , the fossil record retains evidence of many of these older species . Current fossil and DNA evidence shows that all existing species can trace a continual ancestry back to the first primitive life forms . The advent of photosynthesis in very basic forms of plant life worldwide allowed the sun 's energy to be harvested to create conditions allowing for more complex life . The resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer . The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of yet more complex cells called eukaryotes . Cells within colonies became increasingly specialized , resulting in true multicellular organisms . With the ozone layer absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation , life colonized the surface of Earth . = = = Microbes = = = The first form of life to develop on the Earth were microbes , and they remained the only form of life until about a billion years ago when multi @-@ cellular organisms began to appear . Microorganisms are single @-@ celled organisms that are generally microscopic , and smaller than the human eye can see . They include Bacteria , Fungi , Archaea , and Protista . These life forms are found in almost every location on the Earth where there is liquid water , including in the Earth 's interior . Their reproduction is both rapid and profuse . The combination of a high mutation rate and a horizontal gene transfer ability makes them highly adaptable , and able to survive in new environments , including outer space . They form an essential part of the planetary ecosystem . However , some microorganisms are pathogenic and can post health risk to other organisms . = = = Plants and animals = = = Originally Aristotle divided all living things between plants , which generally do not move fast enough for humans to notice , and animals . In Linnaeus ' system , these became the kingdoms Vegetabilia ( later Plantae ) and Animalia . Since then , it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups , and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms . However , these are still often considered plants in many contexts . Bacterial life is sometimes included in flora , and some classifications use the term bacterial flora separately from plant flora . Among the many ways of classifying plants are by regional floras , which , depending on the purpose of study , can also include fossil flora , remnants of plant life from a previous era . People in many regions and countries take great pride in their individual arrays of characteristic flora , which can vary widely across the globe due to differences in climate and terrain . Regional floras commonly are divided into categories such as native flora and agricultural and garden flora , the lastly mentioned of which are intentionally grown and cultivated . Some types of " native flora " actually have been introduced centuries ago by people migrating from one region or continent to another , and become an integral part of the native , or natural flora of the place to which they were introduced . This is an example of how human interaction with nature can blur the boundary of what is considered nature . Another category of plant has historically been carved out for weeds . Though the term has fallen into disfavor among botanists as a formal way to categorize " useless " plants , the informal use of the word " weeds " to describe those plants that are deemed worthy of elimination is illustrative of the general tendency of people and societies to seek to alter or shape the course of nature . Similarly , animals are often categorized in ways such as domestic , farm animals , wild animals , pests , etc. according to their relationship to human life . Animals as a category have several characteristics that generally set them apart from other living things . Animals are eukaryotic and usually multicellular ( although see Myxozoa ) , which separates them from bacteria , archaea , and most protists . They are heterotrophic , generally digesting food in an internal chamber , which separates them from plants and algae . They are also distinguished from plants , algae , and fungi by lacking cell walls . With a few exceptions , most notably the sponges ( Phylum Porifera ) , animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues . These include muscles , which are able to contract and control locomotion , and a nervous system , which sends and processes signals . There is also typically an internal digestive chamber . The eukaryotic cells possessed by all animals are surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins . This may be calcified to form structures like shells , bones , and spicules , a framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized during development and maturation , and which supports the complex anatomy required for mobility . = = Human interrelationship = = Although humans comprise only a minuscule proportion of the total living biomass on Earth , the human effect on nature is disproportionately large . Because of the extent of human influence , the boundaries between what humans regard as nature and " made environments " is not clear cut except at the extremes . Even at the extremes , the amount of natural environment that is free of discernible human influence is diminishing at an increasingly rapid pace . The development of technology by the human race has allowed the greater exploitation of natural resources and has helped to alleviate some of the risk from natural hazards . In spite of this progress , however , the fate of human civilization remains closely linked to changes in the environment . There exists a highly complex feedback loop between the use of advanced technology and changes to the environment that are only slowly becoming understood . Man @-@ made threats to the Earth 's natural environment include pollution , deforestation , and disasters such as oil spills . Humans have contributed to the extinction of many plants and animals . Humans employ nature for both leisure and economic activities . The acquisition of natural resources for industrial use remains the primary component of the world 's economic system . Some activities , such as hunting and fishing , are used for both sustenance and leisure , often by different people . Agriculture was first adopted around the 9th millennium BCE . Ranging from food production to energy , nature influences economic wealth . Although early humans gathered uncultivated plant materials for food and employed the medicinal properties of vegetation for healing , most modern human use of plants is through agriculture . The clearance of large tracts of land for crop growth has led to a significant reduction in the amount available of forestation and wetlands , resulting in the loss of habitat for many plant and animal species as well as increased erosion . = = = Aesthetics and beauty = = = Beauty in nature has historically been a prevalent theme in art and books , filling large sections of libraries and bookstores . That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much art , photography , poetry , and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty . Reasons why this association exists , and what the association consists of , are studied by the branch of philosophy called aesthetics . Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful , the opinions are virtually endless . Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various eras of world history . An early tradition of landscape art began in China during the Tang Dynasty ( 618 – 907 ) . The tradition of representing nature as it is became one of the aims of Chinese painting and was a significant influence in Asian art . Although natural wonders are celebrated in the Psalms and the Book of Job , wilderness portrayals in art became more prevalent in the 1800s , especially in the works of the Romantic movement . British artists John Constable and J. M. W. Turner turned their attention to capturing the beauty of the natural world in their paintings . Before that , paintings had been primarily of religious scenes or of human beings . William Wordsworth 's poetry described the wonder of the natural world , which had formerly been viewed as a threatening place . Increasingly the valuing of nature became an aspect of Western culture . This artistic movement also coincided with the Transcendentalist movement in the Western world . A common classical idea of beautiful art involves the word mimesis , the imitation of nature . Also in the realm of ideas about beauty in nature is that the perfect is implied through perfect mathematical forms and more generally by patterns in nature . As David Rothenburg writes , " The beautiful is the root of science and the goal of art , the highest possibility that humanity can ever hope to see " . = = Matter and energy = = Some fields of science see nature as matter in motion , obeying certain laws of nature which science seeks to understand . For this reason the most fundamental science is generally understood to be " physics " – the name for which is still recognizable as meaning that it is the study of nature . Matter is commonly defined as the substance of which physical objects are composed . It constitutes the observable universe . The visible components of the universe are now believed to compose only 4 @.@ 9 percent of the total mass . The remainder is believed to consist of 26 @.@ 8 percent cold dark matter and 68 @.@ 3 percent dark energy . The exact arrangement of these components is still unknown and is under intensive investigation by physicists . The behavior of matter and energy throughout the observable universe appears to follow well @-@ defined physical laws . These laws have been employed to produce cosmological models that successfully explain the structure and the evolution of the universe we can observe . The mathematical expressions of the laws of physics employ a set of twenty physical constants that appear to be static across the observable universe . The values of these constants have been carefully measured , but the reason for their specific values remains a mystery . = = Beyond Earth = = Outer space , also simply called space , refers to the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the atmospheres of celestial bodies . Outer space is used to distinguish it from airspace ( and terrestrial locations ) . There is no discrete boundary between the Earth 's atmosphere and space , as the atmosphere gradually attenuates with increasing altitude . Outer space within the Solar System is called interplanetary space , which passes over into interstellar space at what is known as the heliopause . Outer space is sparsely filled with several dozen types of organic molecules discovered to date by microwave spectroscopy , blackbody radiation left over from the big bang and the origin of the universe , and cosmic rays , which include ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles . There is also some gas , plasma and dust , and small meteors . Additionally , there are signs of human life in outer space today , such as material left over from previous manned and unmanned launches which are a potential hazard to spacecraft . Some of this debris re @-@ enters the atmosphere periodically . Although the Earth is the only body within the solar system known to support life , evidence suggests that in the distant past the planet Mars possessed bodies of liquid water on the surface . For a brief period in Mars ' history , it may have also been capable of forming life . At present though , most of the water remaining on Mars is frozen . If life exists at all on Mars , it is most likely to be located underground where liquid water can still exist . Conditions on the other terrestrial planets , Mercury and Venus , appear to be too harsh to support life as we know it . But it has been conjectured that Europa , the fourth @-@ largest moon of Jupiter , may possess a sub @-@ surface ocean of liquid water and could potentially host life . Astronomers have started to discover extrasolar Earth analogs – planets that lie in the habitable zone of space surrounding a star , and therefore could possibly host life as we know it .
= First Persian invasion of Greece = The first Persian invasion of Greece , during the Persian Wars , began in 492 BC , and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC . The invasion , consisting of two distinct campaigns , was ordered by the Persian king Darius I primarily in order to punish the city @-@ states of Athens and Eretria . These cities had supported the cities of Ionia during their revolt against Persian rule , thus incurring the wrath of Darius . Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe , and to secure its western frontier . The first campaign in 492 BC , led by Mardonius , re @-@ subjugated Thrace and forced Macedon to become a fully subordinate client kingdom part of Persia , after being a vassal to Persia as early as the late 6th century BC . However , further progress was prevented when Mardonius 's fleet was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Mount Athos . The following year , having demonstrated his intentions , Darius sent ambassadors to all parts of Greece , demanding their submission . He received it from almost all of them , except Athens and Sparta , both of whom executed the ambassadors . With Athens still defiant , and Sparta now effectively at war with him , Darius ordered a further military campaign for the following year . The second Persian campaign , in 490 BC , was under the command of Datis and Artaphernes . The expedition headed first to the island Naxos , which it captured and burnt . It then island @-@ hopped between the rest of the Cycladic Islands , annexing each into the Persian empire . Reaching Greece , the expedition landed at Eretria , which it besieged , and after a brief time , captured . Eretria was razed and its citizens enslaved . Finally , the task force headed to Attica , landing at Marathon , en route for Athens . There , it was met by a smaller Athenian army , which nevertheless proceeded to win a remarkable victory at the Battle of Marathon . This defeat prevented the successful conclusion of the campaign , and the task force returned to Asia . Nevertheless , the expedition had fulfilled most of its aims , punishing Naxos and Eretria , and bringing much of the Aegean under Persian rule , as well as the full inclusion of Macedon . The unfinished business from this campaign led Darius to prepare for a much larger invasion of Greece , to firmly subjugate it , and to punish Athens and Sparta . However , internal strife within the empire delayed this expedition , and Darius then died of old age . It was thus left to his son Xerxes I to lead the second Persian invasion of Greece , beginning in 480 BC . = = Background = = The first Persian invasion of Greece had its immediate roots in the Ionian Revolt , the earliest phase of the Greco @-@ Persian Wars . However , it was also the result of the longer @-@ term interaction between the Greeks and Persians . In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionist , but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples . Moreover , the Persian king Darius was a usurper , and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule . Even before the Ionian Revolt , Darius had begun to expand the Empire into Europe , subjugating Thrace , expanding past the Danube river , conquering Paeonia , and forcing Macedon to become a client kingdom to Persia ; though the latter retaining an amount of autonomy up to 492 BC . Attempts at further expansion into the politically fractious world of Ancient Greece may have been inevitable . However , the Ionian Revolt had directly threatened the integrity of the Persian empire , and the states of mainland Greece remained a potential menace to its future stability . Darius thus resolved to subjugate and pacify Greece and the Aegean , and to punish those involved in the Ionian Revolt . The Ionian revolt had begun with an unsuccessful expedition against Naxos , a joint venture between the Persian satrap Artaphernes and the Miletus tyrant Aristagoras . In the aftermath , Artaphernes decided to remove Aristagoras from power , but before he could do so , Aristagoras abdicated , and declared Miletus a democracy . The other Ionian cities , ripe for rebellion , followed suit , ejecting their Persian @-@ appointed tyrants , and declaring themselves democracies . Artistagoras then appealed to the states of Mainland Greece for support , but only Athens and Eretria offered to send troops . The involvement of Athens in the Ionian Revolt arose from a complex set of circumstances , beginning with the establishment of the Athenian Democracy in the late 6th century BC In 510 BC , with the aid of Cleomenes I , King of Sparta , the Athenian people had expelled Hippias , the tyrant ruler of Athens . With Hippias 's father Peisistratus , the family had ruled for 36 out of the previous 50 years and fully intended to continue Hippias 's rule . Hippias fled to Sardis to the court of the Persian satrap , Artaphernes and promised control of Athens to the Persians if they were to help restore him . In the meantime , Cleomenes helped install a pro @-@ Spartan tyranny under Isagoras in Athens , in opposition to Cleisthenes , the leader of the traditionally powerful Alcmaeonidae family , who considered themselves the natural heirs to the rule of Athens . In a daring response , Cleisthenes proposed to the Athenian people that he would establish a ' democracy ' in Athens , much to the horror of the rest of the aristocracy . Cleisthenes 's reasons for suggesting such a radical course of action , which would remove much of his own family 's power , are unclear ; perhaps he perceived that days of aristocratic rule were coming to an end anyway ; certainly he wished to prevent Athens becoming a puppet of Sparta by whatever means necessary . However , as a result of this proposal , Cleisthenes and his family were exiled from Athens , in addition to other dissenting elements , by Isagoras . Having been promised democracy however , the Athenian people seized the moment and revolted , expelling Cleomenes and Isagoras . Cleisthenes was thus restored to Athens ( 507 BC ) , and at breakneck speed began to establish democratic government . The establishment of democracy revolutionised Athens , which henceforth became one of the leading cities in Greece . The new @-@ found freedom and self @-@ governance of the Athenians meant that they were thereafter exceptionally hostile to the return of the tyranny of Hippias , or any form of outside subjugation ; by Sparta , Persia or anyone else . Cleomenes , unsurprisingly , was not pleased with events , and marched on Athens with the Spartan army . Cleomenes 's attempts to restore Isagoras to Athens ended in a debacle , but fearing the worst , the Athenians had by this point already sent an embassy to Artaphernes in Sardis , to request aid from the Persian Empire . Artaphernes requested that the Athenians give him a ' earth and water ' , a traditional token of submission , which the Athenian ambassadors acquiesced to . However , they were severely censured for this when they returned to Athens . At some point later Cleomenes instigated a plot to restore Hippias to the rule of Athens . This failed and Hippias again fled to Sardis and tried to persuade the Persians to subjugate Athens . The Athenians dispatched ambassadors to Artaphernes to dissuade him from taking action , but Artaphernes merely instructed the Athenians to take Hippias back as tyrant . Needless to say , the Athenians balked at this , and resolved instead to be openly at war with Persia . Having thus become the enemy of Persia , Athens was already in a position to support the Ionian cities when they began their revolt . The fact that the Ionian democracies were inspired by the example of Athens no doubt further persuaded the Athenians to support the Ionian Revolt ; especially since the cities of Ionia were ( supposedly ) originally Athenian colonies . The city of Eretria also sent assistance to the Ionians for reasons that are not completely clear . Possibly commercial reasons were a factor ; Eretria was a mercantile city , whose trade was threatened by Persian dominance of the Aegean . Herodotus suggests that the Eretrians supported the revolt in order to repay the support the Milesians had given Eretria in a past war against Chalcis . The Athenians and Eretrians sent a task force of 25 triremes to Asia Minor . Whilst there , the Greek army surprised and outmaneuvered Artaphernes , marching to Sardis and there burning the lower city . However , this was as much as the Greeks achieved , and they were then pursued back to the coast by Persian horsemen , losing many men in the process . Despite the fact their actions were ultimately fruitless , the Eretrians and in particular the Athenians had earned Darius 's lasting enmity , and he vowed to punish both cities . The Persian naval victory at the Battle of Lade ( 494 BC ) all but ended the Ionian Revolt , and by 493 BC , the last hold @-@ outs were vanquished by the Persian fleet . The revolt was used as an opportunity by Darius to extend the empire 's border to the islands of the East Aegean and the Propontis , which had not been part of the Persian dominions before . The completion of the pacification of Ionia allowed the Persians to begin planning their next moves ; to extinguish the threat to the empire from Greece , and to punish Athens and Eretria . = = 492 BC : Mardonius 's campaign = = In the spring of 492 BC an expeditionary force , to be commanded by Darius 's son @-@ in @-@ law Mardonius was assembled , consisting of a fleet and a land army . Whilst the ultimate aim was to punish Athens and Eretria , the expedition also aimed to subdue as many of the Greek cities as possible . Departing from Cilicia , Mardonius sent the army to march to the Hellespont , whilst he travelled with the fleet . He sailed round the coast of Asia Minor to Ionia , where he spent a short time abolishing the tyrannies that ruled the cities of Ionia . Ironically , since the establishment of democracies had been a key factor in the Ionian Revolt , he replaced the tyrannies with democracies . From thence the fleet continued on to the Hellespont , and when all was ready , shipped the land forces across to Europe . The army then marched through Thrace , re @-@ subjugating it , since these lands had already been added to the Persian empire in 512 BC , during Darius 's campaign against the Scythians . Upon reaching Macedon , the Persians forced Macedonia to become a fully subordinate part of the Persians ; they had been vassals of the Persians since the late 6th century BC , but retained their general autonomy . Meanwhile , the fleet crossed to Thassos , resulting in the Thasians submitting to the Persians . The fleet then rounded the coastline as far as Acanthus in Chalcidice , before attempting to round the headland of Mount Athos . However , they were caught in a violent storm , which drove them against the coastline of Athos , wrecking ( according to Herodotus ) 300 ships , with the loss of 20 @,@ 000 men . Then , whilst the army was camped in Macedon , the Brygians , a local Thracian tribe , launched a night raid against the Persian camp , killing many of the Persians , and wounding Mardonius . Despite his injury , Mardonius made sure that the Brygians were defeated and subjugated , before leading his army back to the Hellespont ; the remnants of the navy also retreated to Asia . Although this campaign ended ingloriously , the land approaches to Greece had been secured , and the Greeks had no doubt been made aware of Darius 's intentions for them . = = 491 BC : Diplomacy = = Perhaps reasoning that the expedition of the previous year may have made his plans for Greece obvious , and weakened the resolve of the Greek cities , Darius turned to diplomacy in 491 BC . He sent ambassadors to all the Greek city states , asking for " earth and water " , a traditional token of submission . The vast majority of cities did as asked , fearing the wrath of Darius . In Athens , however , the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed ; in Sparta , they were simply thrown down a well . This firmly and finally drew the battle @-@ lines for the coming conflict ; Sparta and Athens , despite their recent enmity , would together fight the Persians . However , Sparta was then thrown into disarray by internal machinations . The citizens of Aegina had submitted to the Persian ambassadors , and the Athenians , troubled by the possibility of Persia using Aegina as a naval base , asked Sparta to intervene . Cleomenes travelled to Aegina to confront the Aeginetans personally , but they appealed to Cleomenes 's fellow king Demaratus , who supported their stance . Cleomenes responded by having Demaratus declared illegitimate , with the help of the priests at Delphi ( whom he bribed ) ; Demaratus was replaced by his cousin Leotychides . Now faced with two Spartan kings , the Aeginetans capitulated , and handed over hostages to the Athenians as a guarantee of their good behaviour . However , in Sparta news emerged of the bribes Cleomenes had given at Delphi , and he was expelled from the city . He then sought to rally the northern Peloponnesus to his cause , at which the Spartans relented , and invited him back to the city . By 491 BC though , Cleomenes was widely considered insane and was sentenced to prison where he was found dead the following day . Cleomenes was succeeded by his half @-@ brother Leonidas I. = = 490 BC : Datis and Artaphernes ' campaign = = Taking advantage of the chaos in Sparta , which effectively left Athens isolated , Darius decided to launch an amphibious expedition to finally punish Athens and Eretria . An army was assembled in Susa , and marched into Cilicia , where a fleet had been gathered . Command of the expedition was given to Datis the Mede and Artaphernes , son of the satrap Artaphernes . = = = Size of the Persian force = = = According to Herodotus , the fleet sent by Darius consisted of 600 triremes . There is no indication in the historical sources of how many transport ships accompanied them , if any . Herodotus claimed that 3 @,@ 000 transport ships accompanied 1 @,@ 207 triremes during Xerxes 's invasion in 480 BC . Amongst modern historians , some have accepted this number of ships as reasonable ; it has been suggested either that the number 600 represents the combined number of triremes and transport ships , or that there were horse transports in addition to 600 triremes . Herodotus does not estimate the size of the Persian army , only saying that they formed a " large infantry that was well packed " . Among other ancient sources , the poet Simonides , a near @-@ contemporary , says the campaign force numbered 200 @,@ 000 , while a later writer , the Roman Cornelius Nepos estimates 200 @,@ 000 infantry and 10 @,@ 000 cavalry . Plutarch and Pausanias both independently give 300 @,@ 000 , as does the Suda dictionary ; Plato and Lysias assert 500 @,@ 000 ; and Justin 600 @,@ 000 . Modern historians generally dismiss these numbers as exaggerations . One approach to estimate the number of troops is to calculate the number of marines carried by 600 triremes . Herodotus tells us that each trireme in the second invasion of Greece carried 30 extra marines , in addition to a probable 14 standard marines . Thus , 600 triremes could easily have carried 18 @,@ 000 – 26 @,@ 000 infantry . Numbers proposed for the Persian infantry are in the range 18 @,@ 000 – 100 @,@ 000 . However , the consensus is around 25 @,@ 000 . The Persian infantry used in the invasion was probably a heterogeneous group drawn from across the empire . However , according to Herodotus , there was at least a general conformity in the type of armour and style of fighting . The troops were , generally speaking , armed with a bow , ' short spear ' and sword , carried a wicker shield , and wore at most a leather jerkin . The one exception to this may have been the ethnic Persian troops , who may have worn a corslet of scaled armour . Some of contingents would have been armed somewhat differently ; for instance , the Saka were renowned axemen . The ' elite ' contingents of the Persian infantry seem to have been the ethnic Persians , Medians , Cissians and the Saka ; Herodotus specifically mentions the presence of Persians and Saka at Marathon . The style of fighting used by the Persians was probably to stand off from an enemy , using their bows ( or equivalent ) to wear down the enemy before closing in to deliver the coup de grace with spear and sword . Estimates for the cavalry are usually in the 1 @,@ 000 – 3 @,@ 000 range . The Persian cavalry was usually provided by the ethnic Persians , Bactrians , Medes , Cissians , and Saka ; most of these probably fought as lightly armed missile cavalry . The fleet must have had at least some proportion of transport ships , since the cavalry was carried by ship ; whilst Herodotus claims the cavalry was carried in the triremes , this is improbable . Lazenby estimates 30 – 40 transport ships would be required to carry 1 @,@ 000 cavalry . = = = Lindos = = = Once assembled , the Persian force sailed from Cilicia firstly to the island of Rhodes . A Lindian Temple Chronicle records that Datis besieged the city of Lindos , but was unsuccessful . = = = Naxos = = = The fleet then moved north along the Ionian coast towards Samos , before abruptly turning west into the Aegean Sea . The fleet sailed next to Naxos , in order to punish the Naxians for their resistance to the failed expedition that the Persians had mounted there a decade earlier . Many of the inhabitants fled to the mountains ; those that the Persians caught were enslaved . The Persians then burnt the city and temples of the Naxians . = = = The Cyclades = = = Moving on , the Persian fleet approached Delos , whereupon the Delians also fled from their homes . Having demonstrated Persian power at Naxos , Datis now intended to show clemency to the other islands , if they submitted to him . He sent a herald to the Delians , proclaiming : " Holy men , why have you fled away , and so misjudged my intent ? It is my own desire , and the king 's command to me , to do no harm to the land where the two gods were born , neither to the land itself nor to its inhabitants . So return now to your homes and dwell on your island . " Datis then burned 300 talents of frankincense on the altar of Apollo on Delos , to show his respect for one of the gods of the island . The fleet then proceeded to island @-@ hop across the rest of Aegean on its way to Eretria , taking hostages and troops from each island . = = = Karystos = = = The Persians finally arrived off the southern tip of Euboea , at Karystos . The citizens of Karystos refused to give hostages to the Persians , so they were besieged , and their land ravaged , until they submitted to the Persians . = = = Siege of Eretria = = = The task force then sailed around Euboea to the first major target , Eretria . According to Herodotus , the Eretrians were divided amongst themselves as to the best course of action ; whether to flee to the highlands , or undergo a siege , or to submit to the Persians . In the event , the majority decision was to remain in the city . The Eretrians made no attempt to stop the Persians landing , or advancing , and thus allowed themselves to be besieged . For six days the Persians attacked the walls , with losses on both sides ; however , on the seventh day two reputable Eretrians opened the gates and betrayed the city to the Persians . The city was razed , and temples and shrines were looted and burned . Furthermore , according to Darius 's commands , the Persians enslaved all the remaining townspeople . = = = Battle of Marathon = = = The Persian fleet next headed south down the coast of Attica , landing at the bay of Marathon , roughly 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Athens , on the advice of Hippias , son of the former tyrant of Athens , Peisistratus . The Athenians , joined by a small force from Plataea , marched to Marathon , and succeeded in blocking the two exits from the plain of Marathon . At the same time , Athens ' greatest runner , Pheidippides ( or Philippides ) was sent to Sparta to request that the Spartan army march to Athens ' aid . Pheidippides arrived during the festival of Carneia , a sacrosanct period of peace , and was informed that the Spartan army could not march to war until the full moon rose ; Athens could not expect reinforcement for at least ten days . They decided to hold out at Marathon for the time being , and they were reinforced by a contingent of hoplites from Plataea . Stalemate ensued for five days , before the Athenians ( for reasons that are not completely clear ) decided to attack the Persians . Despite the numerical advantage of the Persians , the hoplites proved devastatingly effective , routing the Persians wings before turning in on the centre of the Persian line ; the remnants of the Persian army left the battle and fled to their ships . Herodotus records that 6 @,@ 400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield ; the Athenians lost just 192 men and the Plataeans 11 . In the immediate aftermath of the battle , Herodotus says that the Persian fleet sailed around Cape Sunium to attack Athens directly , although some modern historians place this attempt just before the battle . Either way , the Athenians evidently realised that their city was still under threat , and marched as quickly as possible back to Athens . The Athenians arrived in time to prevent the Persians from securing a landing , and seeing that the opportunity was lost , the Persians turned about and returned to Asia . On the next day , the Spartan army arrived , having covered the 220 kilometers ( 140 mi ) in only three days . The Spartans toured the battlefield at Marathon , and agreed that the Athenians had won a great victory . = = Aftermath = = The defeat at Marathon ended for the time being the Persian invasion of Greece . However , Thrace and the Cycladic islands had been resubjugated into the Persian empire , and Macedon reduced to a subordinate kingdom part of the empire ; since the late 6th century BC they had been vassals of the Persians , but remained having a broad scope of autonomy . Darius was still fully intent on conquering Greece , to secure the western part of his empire . Moreover , Athens remained unpunished for its role in the Ionian Revolt , and both Athens and Sparta were unpunished for their treatment of the Persian ambassadors . Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition . Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt , and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt , and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece . This expedition was finally ready by 480 BC , and the second Persian invasion of Greece thereby began , under the command of Xerxes himself . = = Significance = = For the Persians , the two expeditions to Greece had been largely successful ; new territories had been added to their empire and Eretria had been punished . It was only a minor setback that the invasion had met defeat at Marathon ; that defeat barely dented the enormous resources of the Persian empire . Yet , for the Greeks , it was an enormously significant victory . It was the first time that Greeks had beaten the Persians , and showed them that the Persians were not invincible , and that resistance , rather than subjugation , was possible . The victory at Marathon was a defining moment for the young Athenian democracy , showing what might be achieved through unity and self @-@ belief ; indeed , the battle effectively marks the start of a ' golden age ' for Athens . This was also applicable to Greece as a whole ; " their victory endowed the Greeks with a faith in their destiny that was to endure for three centuries , during which western culture was born " . John Stuart Mill 's famous opinion was that " the Battle of Marathon , even as an event in British history , is more important than the Battle of Hastings " . Militarily , a major lesson for the Greeks was the potential of the hoplite phalanx . This style had developed during internecine warfare amongst the Greeks ; since each city @-@ state fought in the same way , the advantages and disadvantages of the hoplite phalanx had not been obvious . Marathon was the first time a phalanx faced more lightly armed troops , and revealed how devastating the hoplites could be in battle . The phalanx formation was still vulnerable to cavalry ( the cause of much caution by the Greek forces at the Battle of Plataea ) , but used in the right circumstances , it was now shown to be a potentially devastating weapon . The Persians seem to have more @-@ or @-@ less disregarded the military lessons of Marathon . The composition of infantry for the second invasion seems to have been the same as during the first , despite the availability of hoplites and other heavy infantry in Persian @-@ ruled lands . Having won battles against hoplites previously , the Persians may simply have regarded Marathon as an aberration . = = = Ancient sources = = = Herodotus , The Histories Thucydides , History of The Peloponnesian Wars Diodorus Siculus , Library Lysias , Funeral Oration Plato , Menexenus Xenophon Anabasis Cornelius Nepos Lives of the Eminent Commanders ( Miltiades ) Plutarch Parallel Lives ( Aristides , Themistocles ) , On the Malice of Herodotus Pausanias , Description of Greece Marcus Junianus Justinus Epitome of the Phillipic History of Pompeius Trogus Photius , Bibliotheca or Myriobiblon : Epitome of Persica by Ctesias Suda lexicon = = = Modern sources = = = Green , Peter ( 1996 ) . The Greco @-@ Persian Wars . University of California Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 20313 @-@ 5 . Holland , Tom ( 2006 ) . Persian Fire : The First World Empire and the Battle for the West . Abacus . ISBN 0 @-@ 385 @-@ 51311 @-@ 9 . Lazenby , JF . The Defence of Greece 490 – 479 BC . Aris & Phillips Ltd . , 1993 ( ISBN 0 @-@ 85668 @-@ 591 @-@ 7 ) Lloyd , Alan . Marathon : The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy . Souvenir Press , 2004 . ( ISBN 0 @-@ 285 @-@ 63688 @-@ X ) Davis , Paul . 100 Decisive Battles . Oxford University Press , 1999 . ISBN 1 @-@ 57607 @-@ 075 @-@ 1 Higbie , C. The Lindian Chronicle and the Greek Creation of their Past . Oxford University Press , 2003 . Powell J. , Blakeley D.W. , Powell , T. Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences : The Nineteenth Century , 1800 @-@ 1914 . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2001 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 313 @-@ 30422 @-@ 4 Fuller , J.F.C. A Military History of the Western World . Funk & Wagnalls , 1954 . Fine , JVA . The Ancient Greeks : A Critical History . Harvard University Press , 1983 ( ISBN 0 @-@ 674 @-@ 03314 @-@ 0 ) . Fehling , D. Herodotus and His " Sources " : Citation , Invention , and Narrative Art . Translated by J.G. Howie . Leeds : Francis Cairns , 1989 . Finley , Moses ( 1972 ) . " Introduction " . Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War ( translated by Rex Warner ) . Penguin . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 044039 @-@ 9 . Howe , Timothy ; Reames , Jeanne ( 2008 ) . Macedonian Legacies : Studies in Ancient Macedonian History and Culture in Honor of Eugene N. Borza . Regina Books . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 930 @-@ 05356 @-@ 4 . Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( History of the Greek nation volume Β ) , Athens 1971 Kampouris , M. ( 2000 ) . Η Μάχη του Μαραθώνα , το λυκαυγές της κλασσικής Ελλάδος ( The battle of Marathon , the dawn of classical Greece ) . Πόλεμος και ιστορία ( War and History magazine ) , no . 26 , January 2000 , Communications Editions , Athens . Stecchini , Livio . " The Persian Wars " . Retrieved 2007 @-@ 10 @-@ 17 . Roisman , Joseph ; Worthington , Ian ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Ancient Macedonia . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 44 @-@ 435163 @-@ 7 .
= Fire Emblem : Radiant Dawn = Fire Emblem : Radiant Dawn , known in Japan as Fire Emblem : Akatsuki no Megami , is a tactical role @-@ playing game developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Wii home console . It is the tenth entry in the Fire Emblem series , and acts as a direct sequel to the 2005 GameCube title Fire Emblem : Path of Radiance . It released in 2007 in Japan and North America , and 2008 in Europe and Australia . Radiant Dawn 's plot begins in war @-@ torn Daein with the main character Micaiah and her allies rebelling against the oppressive Begnion army . The story is divided into four parts , and changes perspective between different factions within the continent of Tellius . The gameplay is similar to Path of Radiance and previous Fire Emblem titles , with units moving across a grid @-@ based map in turn @-@ based battles , and characters unrelated to the core plot being subject to permanent death if defeated . Radiant Dawn began development in 2005 for the Wii after the success of Path of Radiance . Continuing the trend of developing for home consoles after a period on portable devices , it was intended to release close to the Wii hardware 's release so as to boost sales for both game and hardware . Radiant Dawn has been positively received by critics , many of whom criticised only the game 's high difficulty . = = Gameplay = = Radiant Dawn retains the gameplay mechanics of Fire Emblem : Path of Radiance , with turn @-@ based battles taking place on a square @-@ based grid . Most of the Path of Radiance cast returns , including all of its playable characters ( except Largo ) , as well as figures new to Tellius . Data from a completed Path of Radiance save file can be transferred to Radiant Dawn via a Nintendo GameCube memory card , which can lead to characters obtaining statistical gains . Support conversations from Path of Radiance can also be accessed and viewed using this method . In Radiant Dawn , the " support " system has been altered so that a unit can support any other unit , although units can only have one support relationship each . A secondary support known as a " bond " is also available , which is active by default or obtained when two units have attained an " A " support level in Path of Radiance . Radiant Dawn 's multifaceted plot and lack of a permanent main character leads to the player controlling different factions in the game . In the later stages of the game , the player 's units will battle against a previously playable set of enemy units ; despite the " permanent death " feature common to the Fire Emblem series , some partner units and previously playable enemy units defeated in battle will still be playable later in the game . Radiant Dawn introduced new features relating to unit development , such as double promotion for beorcs , which grants the unit a special skill dependent on the unit 's class . New features have also been added to the laguz units , including a maximum level increased to 40 , the ability to fight untransformed , and the presence of the wolf laguz . There are also modifications to combat , including an elevation advantage which grants units at a greater altitude with more power and accuracy . Radiant Dawn introduces the highest level of weaponry , known as " SS " , which requires a unit to have used a particular weapon type many times . In previous Fire Emblem games , archers could not attack adjacent units , but the crossbow , as well as a few other bows , allows such units to attack both adjacent and distant units . Dark magic , omitted from Path of Radiance but present in earlier games , was reintroduced to form a second magical trinity ( akin to the rock @-@ paper @-@ scissors system ) alongside the one in Path of Radiance . = = Plot = = Radiant Dawn is divided into four parts , each of which begins with a prologue chapter that introduces the situation , followed by a series of chapters that is resolved with an " Endgame " chapter . Three years after the Mad King 's War , detailed in Path of Radiance , Daein , the war 's instigator and eventual loser , and the victorious nation Crimea are still in the process of rebuilding . Although Crimea is ruled by Queen Elincia , Daein lacks a proper successor and is instead ruled by the occupation forces of the Begnion Empire . The Daein people are oppressed by the corrupt senate and imperial soldiers . A group of Daein rebels named the Dawn Brigade , headed by Micaiah and Sothe , act as vigilantes to provide some measure of hope . After being driven from the capital , they locate and ally with the late King Ashnard 's orphan son Pelleas , his scheming and ruthless adviser Izuka , the heron prince Rafiel who was long presumed dead , the wolf queen Nailah , and the former general of Daein known as the Black Knight . The group launches a guerrilla war against the occupation army , and word of their plight eventually reaches Empress Sanaki of Begnion . The senate disavows and scapegoats occupation leader Jarod , who is overthrown and killed by the liberation army . Unbeknownst to them all , Izuka tricks Pelleas into signing a contract known as a blood pact with the head of the Begnion senate , Lekain , which will kill increasingly large amounts of Daein citizens when triggered . Word of Pelleas ' ascension reaches Crimea , and Queen Elincia 's recognition of Pelleas as Daein 's rightful ruler outrages the Crimean nobility . A Crimean noble named Ludveck takes advantage of the tension to organize a rebellion in order to claim Crimea for himself . Ludveck 's troops siege Elincia 's castle , but they are repelled and Ludveck is captured . He attempts to force Elincia to release him by holding her friend Lucia hostage , but she is rescued by Ike and the Greil Mercenaries . Before Ike leaves , Elincia reveals the Black Knight 's return . When Ike returns to his headquarters , he is hired by the Laguz Alliance , consisting of the hawk nation of Pheonicis , the raven nation of Kilvas , and the beast nation of Gallia . Their representative , Ranulf , explains that Rafiel has revealed that the Begnion senate was responsible for assassinating the previous apostle of Begnion and framing the heron clans for it , resulting in their near annihilation . This has led to the Laguz Alliance declaring war on Begnion . The situation quickly escalates , threatening to become a world war that will awaken the god of chaos Yune who will supposedly destroy the world . Begnion coerces Daein into joining the war on their side with the blood pact and uses another blood pact to force Kilvas to betray the Laguz Alliance . Nailah and Prince Kurthnaga of the dragon nation of Goldoa learn of Daein 's plight and also side with them . Meanwhile , Begnion begins raiding Crimean villages for supplies , drawing Crimea into the conflict on the Laguz Alliance 's side , and Empress Sanaki escapes the senate 's clutches and joins the Alliance along with the faction of Begnion soldiers loyal to her . A massive battle ensues , and the chaos begins to awaken Yune ; Micaiah is forced to prematurely awaken her with the galdr of release . Yune 's awakening also awakens the goddess of order Ashera . As punishment for bringing the world into chaos , Ashera subsequently petrifies Tellius ; only the most powerful warriors and human @-@ laguz half @-@ breeds survive . She decides that humankind is unworthy of survival and must be eradicated , and recruits the Begnion senate to this end . Guided by Yune , who sides with humanity , Ike , Micaiah , and King Tibarn of Pheonicis lead three groups in an assault on the Tower of Guidance where Ashera lies . They confront the senators and Izuka , who reveal that Pelleas was not Ashnard 's son , but an unwitting dupe used to place Daein further under Begnion 's thumb . Ike also learns that the Black Knight 's true identity is the Begnion general Zelgius , and defeats him in a duel . At the entrance to Ashera 's chambers , the group encounters Sanaki 's trusted adviser Sephiran , who reveals himself to be the ancient heron Lehran . Sephiran admits that the massacre of the heron clans destroyed his faith in humanity , and that he has since engineered both the Mad King 's War and the Laguz @-@ Begnion conflict in order to destroy the world . After defeating him , Yune empowers Ike with godlike power , and he defeats Ashera and restores peace to Tellius . Hundreds of years later , Yune and Ashera combine to again become the goddess Ashunera , creator of Tellius . = = Development = = By 2005 , when Radiant Dawn 's predecessor Path of Radiance was release , the Fire Emblem series had successfully established itself overseas first with the release of Fire Emblem for the Game Boy Advance and then Path of Radiance for the Gamecube . The developers at Intelligent Systems wanted to continue the story of Path of Radiance on home consoles , but they decided not to release on the Gamecube as it was becoming a redundant system . Instead , as they had see the Fire Emblem series ' ability to sell hardware , they chose to develop the next title for the then @-@ in @-@ development Wii . Development began in May 2005 , the same time the Wii was first announced under its codename " Revolution " . The reason development began so early was because they wanted to release Radiant Dawn as close as possible to the console 's release , so it would boost both hardware and software sales : this was the first time in the series ' history the developers had attempted anything like that . They also decided to make it a Wii exclusive rather than making versions for both Wii and Gamecube , as the new graphics meant the game could not run on Gamecube . The wish to keep the series on home consoles rather than developing for the new portable Nintendo DS after its absence from them between the releases of Path of Radiance and Fire Emblem : Thracia 776 . The Wii 's motion controls options were not implemented into the gameplay as it felt unnecessary to the design . Wi @-@ Fi compatibility had been considered , with features such as downloadable battle maps and units , although difficulties relating to balance and difficulty prevented the idea from developing . As with the previous game , the CGI cutscenes were created by Digital Frontier . The staff numbers , including those working on the cutscenes , went from around one hundred for Path of Radiance to around 200 for Radiant Dawn : half the staff worked on the game itself , while the other half worked on the cutscenes . For the cutscenes , Digital Frontier were asked to show a more epic scope rather than just focusing on the characters , a trend from Path of Radiance the developers felt was wrong . All of the character movements in cutscenes were mapped using motion capture , with between 100 and 150 animations per character to implement . The scenario was a continuation of the narrative of Path of Radiance , even though that game was not given an intentional cliffhanger ending . So the story would be comprehensible for people who had not played Path of Radiance , the story was split up into four segments divided between the game 's various factions . The team initially thought of a three @-@ part structure , then settled on the current format . Their aim from the beginning was to create a large @-@ scale , intricate world for players to enjoy . It was the first time the developers had incorporated such a structure into a Fire Emblem game . The dialogue for characters was made slightly rougher based on feedback from Path of Radiance , where character dialogue remained calm and cultured even in battle situations . The total number of characters increased by approximately 1 @.@ 5 times compared to Path of Radiance . So players could keep track of how characters interacted with each other , the team introduced a character relationship flow chart . The game 's Japanese subtitle made reference to both a key character and the way Telleus came to be . They also wanted to continue to portray the themes of conflict explored in Path of Radiance . The game 's thematic color , expressed in its artwork and presentation , was red , as opposed to the use of blue in Path of Radiance . Senri Kita , the character designer for Path of Radiance , returned in that capacity for Radiant Dawn . = = Reception = = Radiant Dawn hold a score of 78 / 100 on the review aggregator Metacritic , indicating generally favorable reviews . GameSpot 's Lark Anderson noted that , although players can save mid @-@ battle , the difficulty " will easily overwhelm even experienced tacticians . " Eurogamer 's Keza MacDonald appreciated the depth and refinement of the game , but proceeded to note a lack of accessibility due to greater complication and difficulty as Radiant Dawn progresses . Some reviewers were also critical of the developers ' choice not to use the Wii 's motion controls , although RPGamer 's Bryan Boulette commented that " the game thankfully delivers a traditional experience that isn 't changed just for the sake of changing it . " In general , critics praised the gameplay system recognized in previous Fire Emblem games , but noted that the game felt too similar to its GameCube predecessor , with ONM 's Chandra Nair commenting that Radiant Dawn has " refused to move forward . " Hyper 's Yuri Spadeface commends the game for its " deep strategy and for being hard " . However , he criticises it for being " unforgiving " , noting that it features " permanent death and is not really a Wii game " . Reviewers praised refinements of gameplay aspects present in Path of Radiance , such as the weapon forging system , which ONM thought was simpler to control in Radiant Dawn . Despite this , other changes , such as those to the support system , were not as welcome , with GameSpot commenting that support conversations " have been reduced to mere battlefield chatter . " 1UP 's Michael Donahoe praised the game 's length and range of characters , but stated that the laguz " still aren 't very useful . " Although Fire Emblem games have been praised for their plot and characterisation in the past , GameSpot described the story as " laughable " and the game 's villains as clichéd and " one @-@ dimensional . " Conversely , RPGamer lauded the alterations in perspective by use of different protagonists , which Boulette felt " makes the overall story feel so much broader and more expansive in scope . " The game 's presentation received a mixed response , with IGN 's Mark Bozon lauding the use of FMV and accompanying voice acting , although he commented that these were too infrequent , and that voice acting should have been used for the entirety of the game . The game 's music received a positive response , with GameSpy crediting the work of series composer Yuka Tsujiyoko as " Remarkably good . " However , multiple reviewers noted that the game 's visuals were very similar to its predecessor 's , with GameSpot rating them as " little to no improvement graphically " from Path of Radiance . GameSpy noted that the game 's visuals " aren 't mindblowing , " but welcomed Radiant Dawn 's interface and camera , stating that " A strategy game should often focus on function before form , but Radiant Dawn nails both . "
= Escape from Tomorrow = Escape from Tomorrow is a 2013 American black @-@ and @-@ white independent fantasy horror film , the debut of writer and director Randy Moore . It follows an unemployed father having increasingly bizarre experiences and disturbing visions on the last day of a family vacation at the Walt Disney World Resort . It premiered in January at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival and was later a personal selection of Roger Ebert , shown at his 15th annual film festival in Champaign , Illinois . The film was a 2012 official selection of the PollyGrind Film Festival , but at the time filmmakers were still working on some legal issues and asked that it not be screened . It drew attention because Moore had shot most of it on location at both Walt Disney World and Disneyland without permission from The Walt Disney Company , owner and operator of both parks . Due to Disney 's reputation of being protective of its intellectual property , the cast and crew used guerrilla filmmaking techniques to avoid attracting attention , such as keeping their scripts on their iPhones and shooting on handheld video cameras similar to those used by park visitors . After principal photography was complete , Moore was so determined to keep the project a secret from Disney that he edited it in South Korea . Sundance similarly declined to discuss the film in detail before it was shown . It was called " the ultimate guerrilla film " . It has been compared to the work of Roman Polanski and David Lynch . However , many who saw it expressed strong doubts that the film would be shown to a wider audience due to the legal issues involved and the negative depiction of the parks . At the time of its premiere , Disney said that it was " aware " of the film ; since then the online supplement to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia has included an entry for the film . Rather than suppressing the film , Disney chose to ignore it . Escape from Tomorrow was released simultaneously to theaters and video on @-@ demand on October 11 , 2013 , through PDA , a Cinetic Media company . = = Plot = = A montage shows visitors on the rides at Walt Disney World Resort and the many visuals and animatronics that accompany the rides . It ends with a man losing his head while riding Big Thunder Mountain Railroad . On the last day of a family vacation at Walt Disney World , Jim White ( Roy Abramsohn ) gets fired by his boss during a phone call on the balcony of the Contemporary Resort Hotel with his family . He keeps the news to himself to avoid spoiling their vacation . During the call , he finds a white van pulling up to the hotel . Behind him , his son Elliot ( Jack Dalton ) locks the balcony door and Jim calls his wife Emily ( Elena Schuber ) to let him back in . The family leaves their room and takes the monorail to the park , alongside two French teenagers , Isabelle ( Annet Mahendru ) and Sophie ( Danielle Safady ) . As chance encounters with the girls increase interests and Jim begins to pursue them , he has disturbing visions during the rides , such as the evil faces of audio @-@ animatronic characters and his family talking badly . After fighting with Emily and springing from decision to take Elliot on Space Mountain ( which gives Elliot motion sickness ) to keep chasing after the French girls , Jim takes his daughter Sara ( Katelyn Rodriguez ) to the Magic Kingdom and keeps tracking the girls , while his wife and son return to the hotel . Later , the son of a wheelchair @-@ bound man , whom Jim spotted earlier , shoves Sara , who scrapes her knee . Jim takes her to the park nurse , who while treating his daughter , seems extremely unsettled by the " cat flu " apparently spreading among the parks ' patrons , noting " You could be a host and not even know it . " Jim and Sara meet a mysterious woman with a glimmering amulet necklace which hypnotizes Jim . He blacks out and regains consciousness mid @-@ coitus with the woman in her room . Afterwards , she claims that the parks ' wholesome , costumed princesses are actually part of a secret prostitution ring that services " rich Asian businessmen " . Increasingly unnerved , he makes an awkward exit with Sara and eventually joins his wife and son at the pool , where he sees the French girls . He swims closer to converse with them , but his wife sees and berates him . His family returns to Epcot , where the tension between Jim and Emily comes to a head after a drunk Jim vomits while on the Gran Fiesta Tour . Spotting the French girls , Emily argues with Jim about his obvious interest in them and slaps Sara . Embarrassed , she returns to the hotel with Elliot , leaving Jim and Sara to ride on the Soarin ' attraction , where Jim imagines a beautiful topless woman ( Zan Naar ) superimposed over the ride 's video footage of landscapes , who promises they will be together soon . After the ride and spotting the French girls once again , Sophie approaches and invites Jim to come with them , but he refuses after having a brief vision of Spaceship Earth crumbling and exploding . After Sophie spits on Jim 's face and she walks off , Jim notices that Sara disappears and searches frantically for her , but the park guards knock him unconscious , electrocuting him in the testicles with a Taser . Jim awakes in a secret detention facility under Epcot 's Spaceship Earth , where the pictures of the woman he imagined on the Soarin ' ride and video screens display images of events that happened earlier . A scientist activates a Spaceship Earth resembling helmet which covers Jim 's head and scans him while images of what the scientist calls " the real Jim " appear on the screens , being himself dressed differently and apparently part of another family . The scientist discusses Jim 's flights of fantasy and imagination that he is part of the experiment by the Siemens Corporation , since he first went to the theme park as a child with his father , his boss is in on the conspiracy and his firing was all part of the plan , and the closure of the Buzz Lightyear ride just as he and Elliot approached the boarding area , much to his son 's distress . The scientists also tells Jim that he had turned in Elliot to them , like Jim 's father had done to him as a child . After damaging the instrument panel with a medical ointment and decapitating the scientist which turns out to be an android , Jim escapes from the laboratory through the sewer . While searching for Sara , Jim trips next to the wheelchair @-@ bound man , suspects and attacks him . After realizing that he caused a scene and doubts the man 's involvement , he returns to the room of the woman , where he discovers she has captured Sara , now wearing a Snow White costume . The woman rambles about her time as a character princess and tells him how bad things happen everywhere , including the decapitation at the park . She again hypnotizes Jim with the necklace , but Sara pulls it off and smashes it , freeing Jim from her spell . He returns to his hotel room and puts his family to bed . Jim suffers with digestive distress , vomits up a large amount of blood and hairballs , which he recognizes as symptoms of the cat flu . He begins to panic and bleed uncontrollably in the bathroom . Elliot enters and Jim begs him for help , but he closes the door on him . The next morning , Emily finds Jim 's corpse , which now has cat eyes and a grinning face . Disney cleaning staff arrive to remove proof of death and fill Elliot 's head with false memories of riding the Buzz Lightyear attraction . They take Jim 's body to the unmarked white van from the opening . Meanwhile , the valet from the video screens greets the " real Jim " , accompanied by the fantasy woman and a young girl , before they check into the hotel as the valet watches the van drive away . = = Cast = = Roy Abramsohn as Jim White , a repressed middle @-@ aged father of two Elena Schuber as Emily , Jim 's frustrated wife Katelynn Rodriguez as Sara , Jim and Emily 's daughter Jack Dalton as Elliott , Jim and Emily 's son Danielle Safady and Annet Mahendru as Sophie and Isabelle , the two French teen girls Alison Lees @-@ Taylor as the Other Woman Lee Armstrong as the Man on Scooter Amy Lucas as the Nurse Zan Naar as the Fantasy Woman / New Wife Stass Klassen as The Scientist Trevor McCune as Valet = = Background = = Moore , a native of Lake Bluff , Illinois , frequently visited his father in Orlando following his parents ' divorce . The two often spent time together at Walt Disney World nearby . " It was a special , physical place , and it became an emotional space , " he told Filmmaker . " Obviously , I have a lot of father issues that I can 't separate from that place . " Later , their relationship deteriorated . He decided to pursue a career in film . After attending two other film schools , he graduated from Full Sail University in another Central Florida town , Winter Park , as the class valedictorian . He moved to Southern California and began working as a story editor , primarily doing uncredited rewrites . In Hollywood , he married and started a family . Much like his own father , he frequently took his own children to Disneyland . " It wasn 't until our first family trip together that this very visceral emotional landscape of my past , that I had by now nearly all but forgotten , hit me again like [ a ] bullet . " On the family 's first trip to Walt Disney World , the emotions grew stronger . " [ I ] t was like he was there as a ghost . We were going on the same rides I used to go on with him , but now we 're no longer talking anymore . " His wife , a native of the former Soviet Union who had no memories or expectations like his , saw things with fresh eyes . " She 's a nurse and goes between floors at hospitals . At one point she turned to me at some princess fair or something and said , ' This is worse than working the psych [ ward ] at the hospital . ' " He read Neal Gabler 's biography of Walt Disney and took the children to Disneyland more frequently . " I became obsessed with finding a connection , " he recalled later . He wrote the screenplay for Escape from Tomorrow in a month along with two others . An inheritance from his grandparents provided the bulk of the film 's budget , which he put at around $ 650 @,@ 000 , triple what he had originally planned . = = Production = = " There was nowhere else to do it , " Moore says of his decision to use Disney World as a setting and shoot at the parks . Disney , which has a reputation for aggressively protecting its intellectual property , has been tolerant of visitors uploading videos of their visits to YouTube and elsewhere since most of those user @-@ created videos project a positive image of the parks . But Moore did not expect to get permission from Disney to shoot there given his negative , surrealistic portrayal of the park . Instead he used guerrilla filmmaking techniques , which sometimes call for using locations without getting permission . Escape from Tomorrow is not the first film made in whole , or part , this way at the Disney parks . In 2010 , the British street artist Banksy shot a scene for Exit Through the Gift Shop in one of the parks with his collaborator Mr. Brainwash . They managed to smuggle the footage out after being detained and questioned by park security . The following year , a viral found footage short , Missing in the Mansion , filmed in the Haunted Mansion , was distributed online without interference from Disney . Extensive pre @-@ production was necessary . The unique nature of the film shoot dictated steps not normally taken in filmmaking , such as charting the position of the sun weeks in advance since they could not use lighting equipment . Scenes were rehearsed and blocked in hotel rooms , rather than the actual locations . " We must have walked through the entire movie at least eight or nine times during multiple scouting trips before we ever rolled camera , " Moore says . Before principal photography , the cast and crew bought season passes to both the Disneyland and Walt Disney World resorts . They spent ten days in Florida , then returned to California for two weeks at Disneyland , making the parks depicted in the film a combination of both resorts . Actors and crew entered the parks in small groups to avoid attracting attention . " At one point , I even made the camera department shave off their facial hair and dress in tourist attire , which almost provoked a mutiny , " says Moore . Despite the actors wearing the same clothes for days on end , Moore told the Los Angeles Times , no one at the gates seemed to suspect anything , save for one day near the end of filming when Disneyland security thought they were paparazzi harassing a celebrity family . The film was shot using the video mode of two Canon EOS 5D Mark II and one Canon EOS 1D Mark IV digital single @-@ lens reflex cameras , which helped the filmmakers look more like typical park visitors . To compensate for their inability to control the lighting , the film was shot in monochrome mode . " [ W ] e were shooting with really fast lenses wide open , so our depth of field was razor thin . Black and white helped us enormously with focus and composition , since we were doing almost everything in camera and didn 't use a focus puller , " Moore recalled . It was an irreversible choice . " [ B ] ecause the 5D doesn 't shoot RAW , we customized settings in its monochromatic mode and couldn 't go back to color , even if we had wanted to . " Moore was comfortable with the result because of the surrealistic , dreamlike quality it created , forcing viewers to see the familiar sights of the Disney parks in a new way . Actors and crew used their iPhones to communicate and store information such as the script — that way , they looked like guests casually using their phones . The phones were also used to record sound , in addition to digital recorders taped to each actor 's body that were left running all day . For day scenes , Moore felt comfortable risking only three or four takes of each scene , but found he could do more at night . Scenes involved riding on eight recognizable attractions in the parks . One required waiting in a long line for the Buzz Lightyear ride at Disneyland , and the actors rode It 's a Small World at least 12 times to get the scene right . " I was surprised the ride operators weren 't a little more savvy , " Moore told The New York Times . For a scene where two characters pass on the People Mover , Moore had the actors ride it for hours while he worked out the timing . After the location filming , production went back to soundstages for interiors . Some scenes were shot against a green screen background for second unit footage of other locations to be substituted , allowing the use of crane shots . With the photography done , Moore took the film to South Korea to edit to prevent Disney from finding out ; he also refused to tell most of his close friends what he was doing . Visual effects were done by the same company there that had done them for the 2006 South Korean monster film , The Host . The post @-@ production tasks were as challenging as the production itself . Sound editors had to listen to the entire uncut tracks from the recorders taped to the actors ' bodies in order to find the dialogue . Content proprietary to Disney , such as the lyrics to " It 's a Small World " and footage from Soarin ' , was removed from the film to avoid copyright infringement . Composer Abel Korzeniowski contributed a light , airy score similar to those used in Hollywood 's Golden Age . = = Sundance = = Moore submitted the completed film to the Sundance Film Festival , where many independent films seek distributors . He had little hope that it would be accepted due to the festival 's corporate sponsors . But Trevor Groth , the festival 's new director of programming , was " blown away " by Escape from Tomorrow , and accepted it for the festival 's non @-@ competitive " Next " category , for films that transcend the limitations of the low budgets common to most independent films . When the 2013 festival began in Park City , Utah , the secrecy about the movie continued . The festival 's website only identified the setting as a theme park . Nan Chalat @-@ Noaker , critic for the Park Record , recalls that the festival and even the film 's publicist were unwilling to share further details about the film , but strongly urged critics to see it . In her review , she declined to identify the setting of the film by name , although she dropped broad hints , out of fear it would alert Disney 's lawyers . The premiere , on the festival 's first night , was not fully attended ; when word got out to the attendees , all the other shows were effectively sold out . = = Reception = = Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 56 % based on 78 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads : " Conceptually audacious but only intermittently successful in execution , Escape From Tomorrow is nonetheless visually inventive and darkly surreal . " On Metacritic , the film has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . Before the Martin Luther King Day weekend was over , Escape from Tomorrow was being widely discussed by festival attendees . The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times both ran articles about the film and Moore . Much of the attention focused on the audacity of the filmmaking . Movies.com reported that people were already calling it " the ultimate guerrilla film " . On the night of the premiere , Drew McWeeny wrote : It is not possible that this film exists . It is not possible that they shot long scripted sequences on the actual rides . It is not possible that I just saw a film in which it is suggested and then shown that the various Disney princesses all work as high @-@ priced hookers who sell their wares to wealthy Asian businessmen . It simply cannot be true . I grew up in Florida , and I have been going to Walt Disney World my entire life . I worked at that park . I 've been there as a child , as a teenager , as an employee , and as a parent . I 've done Disney sitting on my father 's shoulders , and I 've done the Disney parks with my kids sitting on my shoulders . It is a huge part of my DNA , and I can tell you that there is no way Randy Moore pulled off what I saw tonight . It is a film that should not exist by any rational definition . And yet ... not only does it exist , but it 's fascinating . He allowed that it was " undisciplined at times , rough around the edges in places , technically uneven , and there 's no sense of pacing to it at all . Even so , " he concluded , " there is a sort of naive charm that makes it impossible to look away . " Other critics concurred that the film had artistic merit . " [ W ] atching Moore 's noir tale is like being super @-@ glued to your seat while getting poked in the eye , " Chalat @-@ Noaker wrote . " It 's both fascinating and repelling . " Stephen Zeitchik of the Los Angeles Times called it " one of the strangest and most provocative movies this reporter has seen in eight years attending the Sundance Film Festival " . At Indiewire , Eric Kohn wrote that " Moore portrays Disney World as the ultimate horror show – and gets the point across in nearly every scene " . While they conceded the film 's audacious production made it worth their time to watch , other critics found flaws . " It 's not a great film . The story has some good ideas , but the execution is uneven , " wrote Peter Sciretta at / Film , while still recommending it as " unlike anything you 've seen before [ or will ] see again " . Similarly , CraveOnline 's William Bibbiani " wouldn 't have missed it for the world " but qualified it by noting that the film often lacked " cohesion and clarity " . Musician and comedian Tony Goldmark , on his Channel Awesome produced webseries " Some Jerk With A Camera " ( which also films on @-@ site at the Disney parks ) , criticized the film in a three part review , saying " Half of it bores me , half of it confuses me , and all of it pisses me off . It 's not even pretentious . You need ambition to be pretentious . This is just fucking inept . " Goldmark also stated in his review that he is " not the least bit surprised " that Disney didn 't push legal action against the film , claiming that " They would have Streisand Effected themselves into a laughingstock . " Despite his dissenting opinion on the film , Goldmark also claimed that the film 's existence shows what anybody can do with modern technology , Saying : Drew McWeeny couldn 't have been more wrong . This film wasn 't just possible , It was inevitable . No matter what some soulless YouTube bot on the wrong side of history may tell you , no one needs anyone 's permission to make stuff anymore . We never did really , we just thought we did because they had all the resources . But now , we all have HD cameras in our pockets and worldwide distribution at our fingertips . And the very existence of Escape From Tomorrow means more symbolically than its content ever could , but its content is borderline unwatchable . Like a less racist Birth Of A Nation . Kyle Smith of the New York Post had the most negative assessment , calling it " more fun to discuss than to sit through " . While he found the guerilla filmmaking aspect of it " intriguing " , all it amounted to for him was " a couple of amusingly surreal moments " that could have taken place at any sufficiently large amusement park : " Even Disney @-@ hating hipsters are going to be disappointed ; the film is a pure festival play that is more or less unreleasable unless theater owners start selling weed along with popcorn . " = = Legal issues = = Every reviewer at Sundance who saw the film speculated that it was likely that Disney would take legal action to prevent the film from being shown outside the festival , or perhaps even during it . " Disney 's lawyers are probably climbing onto helicopters and planning a raid on Park City right now , " wrote McWeeny . Reviewers urged others present to see it before it was too late , and expressed regret that their readers elsewhere would likely be denied a chance to see the film for themselves . However , it was unclear what the basis of such a legal claim on Disney 's part could be . Moore took care to avoid direct copyright infringement of songs or films played as part of attractions , and intellectual property law is less clear on the other aspects of the film . Science fiction writer Cory Doctorow , who distributed his first novel , Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom , set in a 22nd @-@ century Disney World , under a Creative Commons license , believes there 's at most " a possible trademark claim , and I suppose that Disney could conceivabl [ y ] bring suit for violating the park 's terms of use , but these are much harder cases to make than copyright . " Columbia Law School professor Tim Wu does not think Disney would have any defensible intellectual property claim . " Though the filmmakers may have committed trespass when they broke Disney World 's rules and if it violated the terms of entry on their tickets , the film itself is a different matter , " he wrote on The New Yorker 's blog . " As commentary on the social ideals of Disney World , it seems to clearly fall within a well @-@ recognized category of fair use , and therefore probably will not be stopped by a court using copyright or trademark laws . " Despite the film 's repeated use of Disney 's characters and iconography , Wu explained , trademark law was not sufficient . " Disney does not have some kind of general intellectual @-@ property right in Disney World itself . " To make a trademark @-@ infringement case against Moore , he continued , Disney would have to convince a court that the use of its protected imagery in the movie could reasonably lead viewers to believe that it had a role in the film 's production , and he did not think that was a plausible argument . " The scene where a Disney Princess attempts to crush a child seems to eliminate that possibility . " As for copyright , Wu sees Moore 's use of the Disney parks as transformative : ... [ H ] is use of Disney World is not as simple window dressing ; he transforms it into something gruesome and disturbing — a place where , for example , guests are sometimes tasered and have their imaginations purged ... It might be a violation if Moore had made a film designed for viewers who wanted to see Disney World but were too lazy to go to Florida . Escape from Tomorrow , however , is clearly no substitute for buying a ticket . As such , he sees the film as offering artistic commentary on the cultural impact of Disney , and thus clearly falling under fair use . Wu likens it to a 1990s case brought by Mattel against artist Thomas Forsythe , after he sold some of his photographs depicting another American icon , Barbie , being eaten by vintage appliances as a way of calling attention to the toy doll 's role in promoting the objectification of women in American culture . Not only did the court dismiss Mattel 's complaint , " [ t ] he judges were so annoyed by the lawsuits that they awarded attorney 's fees of nearly two million dollars to the artist ... A judge has to think of the First Amendment when asked to ban art work . " In his / Film review , Sciretta raised another issue : Intellectual property and copyrights aside , many people appear in this film who have never signed a release . Real families and children are seen in the background of almost every shot . None of them gave permission or knew they were being filmed for a feature film . At Slate , Aisha Harris allowed that this was a possibility , especially if children were filmed without their parents ' consent , but noted " the law on that issue is not black and white either . " = = = Response by Disney = = = Disney did not return reporters ' calls or emails for comment , nor took any legal action during the festival , although it confirmed to CNN that it was " aware " of the movie . Despite critical apprehension that the film would never be shown outside the festival , some observers saw the situation as more complex . Were Disney to attempt to forcefully suppress the film , that effort could serve to draw even more attention to it , a phenomenon known as the Streisand effect . Even if Disney were to successfully prevent official distribution , the film could easily be pirated and distributed over the Internet . In his Post review , Smith suggested that Disney prevent this by taking the opposite course , simply ignoring Escape from Tomorrow and letting the attention dissipate by itself . Michael Ryan , director of The YoungCuts Film Festival , noted that there was a precedent for the film in the Air Pirates lawsuit , in which Disney spent eight years in court with some underground cartoonists who had published an underground comix parody in which Mickey Mouse and the other Disney characters engaged in explicit sex and used illegal drugs , among other behavior they avoided in Disney 's own narratives . He suggested that Disney buy the rights and release the film itself , which it could easily do as its announced interest would guarantee it a monopsony on the film since no other distributor would want to match Disney 's deep pockets or its feared legal response . As a Disney release , Escape from Tomorrow would have a large potential audience of both Disney enthusiasts and antagonists , Disney would be making money from property it already owns instead of someone else and the company 's apparent willingness to go in the joke would take some of the satiric edge off . Moore expressed hope that the film could be shown and released , even if it meant a legal battle . It depends on how good a case lawyers can make for it . If they say I have a chance , I 'll definitely fight for it . I worked on it really hard for three years and it took a lot out of me . Just to let it disappear would be a waste of time . Since the film 's release Disney has discreetly acknowledged it in another way . The online supplement to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia includes an entry for Escape from Tomorrow , describing it as " An independent surrealistic cult film surreptitiously filmed at Walt Disney World and Disneyland . " According to The Hollywood Reporter , Disney chose to avoid responding to the film altogether , rather than seeking legal action , in an effort to prevent increased publicity .
= Battle of Elephant Point = The Battle of Elephant Point was an airborne operation conducted by a composite Gurkha airborne battalion that took place on 1 May 1945 . In March 1945 , plans were made for an assault on Rangoon , the capital of Burma , as a stepping @-@ stone on the way to recapturing Malaya and Singapore . Initial plans for the assault on the city had called for a purely land @-@ based approach by British Fourteenth Army , but concerns about heavy Japanese resistance led to this being modified with the addition of a joint amphibious @-@ airborne assault . This assault , led by 26th Indian Division , would sail up the Rangoon River , but before it could do so , the river would have to be cleared of Japanese and British mines . In order to achieve this , coastal defences along the river would have to be neutralized , including a battery at Elephant Point . This task was given to 44th Indian Airborne Division , but the division was in the middle of a reorganization , and as such a composite battalion was formed from two Gurkha parachute battalions . The battalion assembled and then trained throughout April , and then early in the morning of 1 May was dropped near Elephant Point . As it advanced towards the battery one of the battalion 's companies was attacked by American bombers , causing a number of casualties . Despite this , and torrential rain , the battalion successfully assaulted Elephant Point and neutralized the battery there after a fierce firefight . It remained around Elephant Point until 2 May , when 26th Indian Division conducted its amphibious assault and secured Rangoon . = = Background = = On 22 March , as the joint battles of Meiktila and Mandalay were drawing to a close , a conference was held at Monywa in Burma , attended by senior Allied military figures including Admiral Lord Mountbatten , the commander in chief of the Allied South East Asia Command , and General William Slim , commander of Fourteenth Army . The object of the conference was to discuss future Allied strategy in South East Asia in the aftermath of Meiktila and Mandalay , including the reconquest of Burma and the retaking of Malaya and then Singapore . In order to secure these objectives however , Rangoon , the capital of Burma , would have to be captured before the onset of the monsoon rains , which would impede any Allied advance over land ; the Allied Chiefs of Staff worked on the assumption that this would occur before June . After Rangoon had fallen , a force of between four and five divisions would be landed in Western Malaya in an operation code @-@ named Zipper , which would itself be followed by Mailfist , the capture of Singapore . To accommodate all of these goals , Mountbatten insisted that Rangoon be taken by May . Slim had initially planned to take the city in a pincer movement , with XXXIII Corps advancing towards the city down the east bank of the Irrawaddy river via Hlegu , and IV Corps taking a shorter route along the Sittang River valley to the east . Slim believed that the Japanese had insufficient forces to block both thrusts , and one of the corps would therefore be able to capture Rangoon . However , Mountbatten was unsure that a purely overland advance would be successful , and that a joint airborne @-@ amphibious assault would therefore be the better option . Slim and others , such as Slim 's superior , General Oliver Leese ( commander of Allied Land Forces , South East Asia ) , initially opposed such an operation , fearing that it would divert vital resources from Fourteenth Army . By the time of the meeting at Monywa , however , Slim had come around to Mountbatten 's way of thinking , fearing that a purely overland advance would meet fierce Japanese resistance , as it had at Meiktila , and be delayed at the end of an overextended supply line . As such , a combined airborne and amphibious assault would be ideal as Fourteenth Army neared Rangoon , Slim arguing that it would be " a hammering at the back door while I burst in at the front . " On 2 April orders were issued for the operation to go ahead , with the proviso that Rangoon be in Allied hands by 5 May at the latest . = = = Planning = = = The joint operation was christened Dracula , and its schedule was decided by the Royal Navy , under the command of Admiral Arthur Power , who was responsible for the amphibious portion of the assault on Rangoon . Several problems had to be overcome during the planning for the operation . The first , and the least likely , was that the amphibious assault would be intercepted by elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy as it neared Rangoon . To ensure that the amphibious elements would remain unmolested , 21 Carrier Squadron , commanded by Commodore G.N. Oliver was attached to provide fight cover for the landings ; the squadron consisted of four escort carriers , two cruisers and four destroyers . Operating further out would be 3rd Battle Squadron , commanded by Vice Admiral Walker , which was formed of two battleships , HMS Queen Elizabeth and the Free French battleship Richelieu , as well another two escort carriers , four cruisers and six destroyers . Two days prior to Dracula taking place , this " massive naval screen " bombed several ports and airfields , and also engaged a Japanese troop convoy transporting more than one thousand Japanese troops to nearby Moulmein , sinking all the vessels . The Royal Air Force would provide support in the form of two RAF long @-@ range fighter Wings , and the United States Army Air Forces with eight B @-@ 24 Liberator and four B @-@ 25 Mitchell bomber squadrons . More of a concern to Dracula 's planners , however , were the land @-@ based threats to the landing craft carrying the assault troops of 26th Indian Division . Air support was deemed to be vital to the operation 's success , and a number of Japanese airfields around Toungoo were captured in the days leading up to Dracula . There was also the problem of the defences in and around the River Rangoon , up which the landing craft were to sail . The river itself was heavily mined , a result of Japanese defensive measures as well as RAF offensive operations earlier in the conflict , and it would have to be swept and cleared of mines before any amphibious assault could take place . Before this could occur , however , the coastal defences along the banks of the river would have to be neutralized ; a particular worry was the presence of an artillery battery at Elephant Point on the west bank of the river . The geography of the area ensured that the battery could not be destroyed through artillery bombardment or airstrikes , and weather conditions precluded an early amphibious assault . As such , it was decided that a day before Dracula began on 2 May , a parachute battalion would be dropped near Elephant Point with the task of assaulting and destroying the battery . The task was given to 44th Indian Airborne Division , but this presented several problems . The division was in the middle of a reorganization , and many of its officers were on leave , as were two Gurkha airborne battalions ; another , the 3rd Gurkha Parachute Battalion , was about to transfer to 77th Indian Parachute Brigade . With no one unit available , a composite force was put together for the operation . The Headquarters Company was formed of men from 2nd and 3rd Gurkha Parachute Battalions , and each battalion provided a further two companies – A and B from 2nd Gurkha Parachute Battalion and C and D from 3rd Gurkha Parachute Battalion . A mortar platoon and machine gun platoon augmented the ad hoc formation . The battalion was formed in early April , and came under the command of Major Jack Newland . After its initial formation it transferred to Chaklala , where its strength was augmented by Field Ambulance and Indian Engineers sections and it undertook training for the operation . When was this was completed it was transported to Midnapore , where for ten days it assembled its equipment and conducted a rehearsal exercise . Finally , on 29 April it was flown to Akyab on the Burmese coast , approximately 200 miles north of Rangoon , and was soon joined by a 200 @-@ strong reserve force formed of men from both Gurkha battalions and the 152nd Indian Parachute Battalion . The battalion would be transported in 40 C @-@ 47 Skytrain transport aircraft belonging to 1st and 2nd United States Air Commando Group . = = Battle = = At 02 : 30 on 1 May , a C @-@ 47 of 317 Tactical Control Squadron USAAF departed for Rangoon carrying a twenty @-@ man pathfinder team , followed by a CCG plane carrying a pair of VCP , to mark and defend the landing zone at Tawhai . The rest of the composite battalion boarded thirty @-@ eight Dakotas and took off thirty minutes later , and at 05 : 45 jumped over the drop zone ; there were only a few casualties , one being a medical officer attached to the battalion . It encountered no Japanese opposition , and after it had rallied , advanced towards Elephant Point and the artillery battery . It halted 3 @,@ 000 yards in front of the battery to allow B @-@ 24 Liberators from the USAAF to carry out a preliminary bombing attack on the battery . Unfortunately , despite officers and other ranks wearing yellow recognition panels and carrying orange umbrellas to identify themselves , C Company was bombed and strafed by the bombers , causing a number of casualties . As a result , a Forward Air Controller attached to the battalion ordered a halt to all further bombing runs on the battery . After moving through torrential rain , the battalion reached Elephant Point at 16 : 00 , and close @-@ quarters fighting then took place , with flame @-@ throwers being used against several Japanese bunkers guarding the battery . About forty Japanese soldiers and gunners were killed during the assault , and the battalion also sustained several casualties . After the battery had been secured the battalion dug in around Elephant Point and awaited the arrival of the relief force , which landed at Thaungang at 15 : 30 , with a supply drop following it several minutes later . As it neared the position of the battalion , the surgical team accompanying the relief force was accidentally fired upon by the Gurkhas , causing four members of the team to be wounded . The battalion remained where it was through the night , although high tides submerged a number of trenches and forced the battalion to higher ground . By the dawn of 2 May , after it had cleared a number of nearby bunkers , the battalion was able to watch as minesweepers cleared the Rangoon river for the columns of landing craft following behind them . = = Aftermath = = Operation Dracula was a complete success , as Japanese forces had actually vacated Rangoon several days prior to the amphibious landing ; 36th Indian Infantry Brigade was able to occupy the city without encountering any Japanese opposition . Shortly after Rangoon 's occupation Japanese forces called for a cease @-@ fire , and plans for the amphibious landing in Western Malaya and an advance into Singapore were cancelled . Instead , British and Commonwealth forces landed unopposed and liberated those areas , and also temporarily occupied Thailand . On 3 May the composite battalion moved to Sadainghmut , and two days later , leaving one company behind , it was transferred to Rangoon where it conducted anti @-@ looting operations and also searched for Japanese stragglers remaining in the city . It left the city on 16 May and travelled to India by ship , where it rejoined 44th Indian Airborne Division . It had been the division 's first major airborne operation . The 2nd Air Commando Group 's C @-@ 47s , which had transported the parachute battalion , returned to Kalaikunda and then moved to Comilla . The 317th Tactical Control Squadron spent the next two weeks supplying XV Corps who were engaged with Japanese forces northeast of Rangoon and returned to Kalaikunda on 19 May . The group 's fighter squadrons provided air cover for Rangoon until 9 May when they too returned to home station .
= Tooms = " Tooms " is the twenty @-@ first episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on April 22 , 1994 . " Tooms " was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by David Nutter . The episode featured Mitch Pileggi 's first appearance as Assistant Director Walter Skinner , and saw Doug Hutchison and William B. Davis reprise their roles as Eugene Victor Tooms and The Smoking Man , respectively . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Tooms " earned a Nielsen household rating of 8 @.@ 6 , being watched by 8 @.@ 1 million households in its initial broadcast ; and received positive reviews from critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . When mutant serial killer Eugene Tooms , last seen in " Squeeze " , is released from prison , Mulder and Scully try to stop him from resuming his killing spree . Tooms , however , sets out to frame Mulder for assault before the agent can apprehend him . After seeing men working on an open escalator in a mall around Christmas time , Glen Morgan decided to revisit the character of Eugene Victor Tooms , from the first episode he and co @-@ writer James Wong wrote for the series , " Squeeze " . " Tooms " introduced the character of Walter Skinner , although this would be his only appearance in the first season . The character had been conceived as playing against the stereotypical bureaucratic " paper @-@ pusher " , being instead someone more " quietly dynamic " . = = Plot = = After the events of " Squeeze " , Eugene Victor Tooms has been placed in a sanatorium in Baltimore . He attempts to escape by squeezing his arm through the food slot of his cell door , but is forced to abort when he is visited by his psychologist , Dr. Aaron Monte . Dana Scully is called before FBI assistant director Walter Skinner , who is accompanied by the Smoking Man . Despite the success of the X @-@ Files investigations , Skinner criticizes their unconventionalism and wants both Scully and Fox Mulder to do by @-@ the @-@ book work . The agents attend a release hearing for Tooms , where Monte claims that Tooms ' attack on Scully was due to being falsely accused of murder . Mulder tries to point out the physical evidence of Tooms ' physiology and crimes , but is ignored by the hearing 's panel . Tooms is released into the care of an elderly couple , and is ordered to continue his treatment with Dr. Monte . Scully meets with Frank Briggs , the detective who investigated Tooms ' 1933 murders . Briggs claims that the body of one of the victims from that spree was never discovered . Scully and Briggs visit a chemical plant where a piece of the victim 's liver was found , ultimately discovering a skeleton encased in concrete . Meanwhile , Mulder harasses Tooms at work as he stalks a would @-@ be victim . Later that night , Mulder follows him when he tries to break into a man 's house . Tooms flees without attacking anyone . A researcher examining the skeleton identifies it as the missing victim from 1933 . However , there seems to be no substantial evidence proving that Tooms was the murderer . Scully relieves Mulder , who is watching Tooms ' new residence ; they are unaware that Tooms is hiding in the trunk of Mulder 's car . He manages to break into Mulder 's apartment , where he injures himself and imprints Mulder 's shoe print on his face . Tooms ' frameup leads to Mulder being questioned by the police . Skinner forbids Mulder from contacting Tooms . Further research on the skeleton reveals bite marks matching Tooms ' teeth . When the old couple watching Tooms depart and Tooms is visited by Monte , he kills him and consumes the final liver he needs before his thirty @-@ year hibernation . After discovering Monte 's body , Mulder and Scully head to Tooms ' former residence at 66 Exeter Street , which has been demolished and replaced with a shopping mall . Inside , Mulder crawls below an escalator and finds Tooms ' nest . Tooms bursts out , covered in bile , and pursues Mulder , who makes it to the surface and activates the escalator , trapping and killing Tooms . Skinner reads Scully 's final report on the Tooms case and asks the Smoking Man if he believes it , to which he replies , " Of course I do . " Outside , Scully finds Mulder , who is observing a caterpillar 's cocoon . Mulder predicts that change is coming to the X @-@ Files . = = Production = = Devising a sequel to " Squeeze " posed a challenge for writers Glen Morgan and James Wong , who had never written a follow @-@ up to any of their work previously . Morgan felt that the primary difficulty was in moving the story forward while still leaving room to recap what had happened previously for the benefit of viewers who had not seen the first episode ; this led to the use of the courtroom scene as a means to repeat any necessary information . Morgan also felt that Harry Longstreet , the initial director for " Squeeze " , had been " a problem " , and a second episode allowed for the use of scenes which Longstreet had failed to film for the earlier episode . To this end , the episode was helmed by David Nutter , who series creator Chris Carter considered the " best " director working on the series . Morgan was inspired to write this episode after seeing men working on an open escalator in a mall around Christmas time . He thought of the scare factor from a creature living underneath the escalator , and felt Tooms would be the perfect choice for the creature . Tooms was the first villain in the show 's history to make an appearance in a second episode . It was actor Doug Hutchison 's idea to play Tooms nude during the escalator sequence , a decision which Carter felt " caused a little discomfort " , but that " actually added to the scene " . The bile @-@ like substance coating Tooms and his nest was actually a yellow piping gel , which the cast found would stick to their skin and pull out hair upon removal . Tooms framing Mulder for assault seems to have been inspired by a similar plot point in the film Dirty Harry . " Tooms " introduced the character of Walter Skinner , although this would be his only appearance in the first season . The character had been conceived as playing against the stereotypical bureaucratic " paper @-@ pusher " , being instead someone more " quietly dynamic " . Actor Mitch Pileggi had auditioned unsuccessfully for several other parts on the series before being cast as Skinner . At first , the fact that he was asked back to audition for the role had puzzled him , until he discovered the reason he had not cast for the previous parts — Chris Carter had been unable to imagine Pileggi as any of those characters , due to the fact that the actor had been shaving his head . When Pileggi attended the audition for Skinner , he had been in a grumpy mood and had allowed his small amount of hair to grow back . Pileggi 's attitude fit well with the character of Skinner , causing Carter to assume that the actor was only pretending to be grumpy . After successfully auditioning for the role , Pileggi thought he had been lucky that he had not been cast in one of the earlier roles , as he believed he would have appeared in only a single episode and would have missed the opportunity to play the recurring role of Skinner . The episode 's climactic scene in the shopping mall where Tooms had made his nest was filmed in City Square Mall , Vancouver . Shooting at the location required the permission of every store owner on the premises , and care was taken to ensure that the stage blood used for the escalator scene did not seep into the escalator 's motor to avoid possible damage . " Tooms " includes The Smoking Man 's first line of dialogue in the series , and his only lines of the first season . Carter was initially unsure that the character would ever receive any dialogue , feeling that he would seem " more forbidding " if he remained silent . However , he described actor William B. Davis as " an extremely competent actor " , noting the character 's increasing popularity . = = Reception = = " Tooms " premiered on the Fox network on April 22 , 1994 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on February 16 , 1995 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 6 , with a 15 share , meaning that roughly 8 @.@ 6 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 15 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 8 @.@ 1 million households . In a retrospective of the first season in Entertainment Weekly , " Tooms " was rated an A , with the Hutchison 's appearance being noted as " another sublimely slimy performance " , whilst Pileggi 's performance was said to have an " engagingly steely presence " . Zack Handlen , writing for The A.V. Club , called the episode " a richly rewarding one " , finding the interaction between the characters of Mulder and Scully to have been a highlight of the episode . However , Handlen felt that some of the episode 's plot development was ultimately needless , and found the motives of several characters to have been unexplained and baffling . Matt Haigh , writing for Den of Geek , felt that the plot thread of Tooms framing Mulder for assault " never really amounts to much " , though he felt that the episode showed Tooms to be a creepier villain than his previous appearance in " Squeeze " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , finding it to be a better instalment than " Squeeze " . Shearman felt that the episode featured very little plotting , consisting simply of " a series of set pieces " , but considered its wit and character development to adequately compensate for this . The character of Eugene Tooms has also attracted positive criticism . Author Neil Gaiman listed the character of Eugene Tooms as one of his favourite monsters in a guest column for Entertainment Weekly 's 1000th issue ; whilst UGO Networks listed the character as one of their " Best TV Serial Killers " , describing Hutchison 's acting as " uber @-@ creepy " . Writing for Den of Geek , John Moore listed Eugene Tooms as his " Top 10 X @-@ Files Baddies " , noting that the popularity of both " Squeeze " and " Tooms " proved to be " largely responsible for shifting the emphasis of the show " away from dwelling solely on alien conspiracy @-@ based mythology episodes .
= SMS König Wilhelm = SMS König Wilhelm ( King William ) was an armored frigate of the Prussian and later the German Imperial Navy . The ship was laid down in 1865 at the Thames Ironworks shipyard in London , originally under the name Fatih for the Ottoman Empire . She was purchased by Prussia in February 1867 , launched in April 1868 , and commissioned into the Prussian Navy in February 1869 . The ship was the fifth ironclad ordered by the Prussian Navy , after Arminius , Prinz Adalbert , Friedrich Carl , and Kronprinz . She was built as an armored frigate , armed with a main battery of sixteen 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) and five 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns ; several smaller guns and torpedo tubes were added later in her career . The ship was for a time the largest and most powerful warship in the German navy ; she served as its flagship during the Franco @-@ Prussian War in 1870 – 1871 , though engine troubles prevented the ship from seeing action . In 1878 , the ship accidentally rammed and sank the ironclad Grosser Kurfürst , with great loss of life . König Wilhelm was converted into an armored cruiser in 1895 – 1896 ; by early 1904 , however , she had been superseded by newer vessels . In May of that year , she was placed out of active service and used as a floating barracks and training ship , a role she held through World War I. In 1921 , the ship was ultimately broken up for scrap , after a career spanning 52 years and three German states . = = Design = = = = = General characteristics and machinery = = = König Wilhelm was 108 @.@ 60 meters ( 356 @.@ 3 ft ) long at the waterline and 112 @.@ 20 m ( 368 @.@ 1 ft ) long overall . She had a beam of 18 @.@ 30 m ( 60 @.@ 0 ft ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 56 m ( 28 @.@ 1 ft ) forward and 8 @.@ 12 m ( 26 @.@ 6 ft ) aft . The ship was designed to displace 9 @,@ 757 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 603 long tons ; 10 @,@ 755 short tons ) at a normal loading , and up to 10 @,@ 761 t ( 10 @,@ 591 long tons ; 11 @,@ 862 short tons ) with a combat load . The ship 's hull was constructed with transverse and longitudinal iron frames . It contained eleven watertight compartments and a double bottom that ran for 70 percent of the length of the vessel . König Wilhelm was noted by the German navy as having had " satisfactory sea @-@ keeping qualities " ; the ship was responsive to commands from the helm and had a moderate turning radius . She suffered from severe roll but little pitch . The ship 's crew numbered 36 officers and 694 enlisted men , and while serving as a flagship , the crew was augmented with a command staff composed of 9 officers and 47 enlisted men . König Wilhelm carried a number of smaller boats , including two picket boats , two launches , a pinnace , two cutters , two yawls , and one dinghy . A horizontal two @-@ cylinder single expansion steam engine , built by Maudslay , Son & Field of London , powered the ship . It drove a four @-@ bladed screw 7 m ( 23 ft ) in diameter . J Penn & Sons of Greenwich built eight trunk boilers for the ship . These were divided into two boiler rooms with twenty fireboxes in each , supplied steam to the engine at 2 standard atmospheres ( 200 kPa ) . The propulsion system was rated at 8 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 000 kW ) and a top speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) , though on trials König Wilhelm managed to make 8 @,@ 440 ihp ( 6 @,@ 290 kW ) and 14 @.@ 7 knots ( 27 @.@ 2 km / h ; 16 @.@ 9 mph ) . The ship carried 750 t ( 740 long tons ; 830 short tons ) of coal , which enabled a maximum range of 1 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 400 km ; 1 @,@ 500 mi ) at a cruising speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . A ship rig with a surface area of 2 @,@ 600 square meters ( 28 @,@ 000 sq ft ) supplemented the steam engine , though in service they added little to the ship 's performance . Steering was controlled with a single rudder . = = = Armament and armor = = = As built , König Wilhelm was equipped with thirty @-@ three rifled 72 @-@ pounder cannon . After her delivery to Germany , these guns were replaced with eighteen 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) L / 20 guns , supplied with a total of 1 @,@ 440 rounds of ammunition . These guns were mounted in a central battery , with nine on either broadside . The guns could depress to − 4 ° and elevate to 7 @.@ 5 ° ; at maximum elevation , the guns could reach targets out to 4 @,@ 500 m ( 14 @,@ 800 ft ) . The ship 's armament was rounded out by five 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns , which could depress to − 5 ° and elevate to 13 ° . Their maximum range was 5 @,@ 900 m ( 19 @,@ 400 ft ) . König Wilhelm was reconstructed into an armored cruiser in 1895 – 1896 and rearmed with twenty @-@ two 24 cm L / 20 guns , a single 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) L / 30 gun with 109 rounds mounted in the stern , and eighteen 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) quick @-@ firing guns on the upper deck , nine on each broadside . The 15 cm gun had a range of 8 @,@ 900 m ( 29 @,@ 200 ft ) . Five 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes were also installed ; two were placed in the bow , one on both broadsides , and one in the stern , all above water . The torpedo tubes were supplied with a total of 13 rounds . Following her conversion into a training ship , most of her armament was removed . The ship only carried sixteen 8 @.@ 8 cm L / 30 guns , and in 1915 , twelve of these were removed . As built , the ship was protected by wrought iron plating mounted over teak backing . Protection at the waterline was thickest amidships , with an outer layer of iron armor 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) thick , an inner layer of 178 mm ( 7 @.@ 0 in ) thick iron , and 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) of teak behind the iron . The outer layer was reduced to 152 mm ( 6 @.@ 0 in ) in the stern but did not extend to the bow . The inner layer was 127 mm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) thick in both the bow and stern , and the teak backing was 90 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) for both ends of the ship . The main battery was protected with 150 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick plating and capped on either end with 150 mm thick transverse bulkheads . During her reconstruction into an armored cruiser , the iron armor was cut away and replaced with stronger steel armor . The conning tower received armor protection during the refit as well . The sides were 50 to 100 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sloped plates , with a 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick roof . = = Service history = = Laid down at the Thames Ironworks shipyard in London , England in 1865 , the ship was originally ordered by the Ottoman Empire as the Fatikh . The ship was built to a design created by the British naval architect Edward Reed . Before her launch , the Prussian Navy purchased the ship on 6 February 1867 and initially renamed it Wilhelm I. On 14 December 1867 , the ship was renamed again , as König Wilhelm . She was launched on 25 April 1868 and commissioned less than a year later , on 20 February 1869 . The ship 's first commander was Kapitän zur See Ludwig von Henk . The ship was the largest and most powerful vessel in the Prussian fleet , and served as its flagship . Indeed , König Wilhelm remained the largest German vessel until 1891 . This was in part due to the fact that Germany laid down only one small ironclad between 1876 and 1888 ; the four Brandenburg @-@ class battleships , launched in 1891 and 1892 , were the first ships to surpass König Wilhelm in size . = = = Franco @-@ Prussian War = = = At the outbreak of the Franco @-@ Prussian War in 1870 , the greatly numerically inferior Prussian Navy assumed a defensive posture against a naval blockade imposed by the French Navy . König Wilhelm and the broadside ironclads Friedrich Carl and Kronprinz , along with the small ironclad ram Prinz Adalbert , had been steaming in the English Channel before the French declared war ; they had left Plymouth on 10 July with the intention of steaming to Fayal in the Azores . On the 13th , however , they put into port and learned of the rising tension between France and Prussia . The ships therefore returned to Wilhelmshaven immediately , arriving on 16 July . France declared war on Prussia three days later on 19 July . König Wilhelm , Friedrich Carl , and Kronprinz were concentrated in the North Sea at the port of Wilhelmshaven.They were subsequently joined there by the turret ship Arminius , which had been stationed in Kiel . Despite the great French naval superiority , the French had conducted insufficient pre @-@ war planning for an assault on the Prussian naval installations , and concluded that it would only be possible with Danish assistance , which was not forthcoming . The four ships , under the command of Vice Admiral Jachmann , made an offensive sortie in early August 1870 out to the Dogger Bank , though they encountered no French warships . König Wilhelm and the other two broadside ironclads thereafter suffered from chronic engine trouble , which left Arminius alone to conduct operations . König Wilhelm , Friedrich Carl , and Kronprinz stood off the island of Wangerooge for the majority of the conflict , while Arminius was stationed in the mouth of the Elbe river . On 11 September , the three broadside ironclads were again ready for action ; they joined Arminius for another major operation into the North Sea . It too did not encounter French opposition , as the French Navy had by this time returned to France . After the war , the Prussian Navy became the Imperial Navy , and resumed its peacetime training routines . General Albrecht von Stosch became the chief of the Imperial Navy , and organized the fleet for coastal defense . = = = Collision with Grosser Kurfürst = = = While steaming in the Straits of Dover on 31 May 1878 , König Wilhelm accidentally collided with the newly commissioned turret ironclad Grosser Kurfürst . The two ships , along with Preussen , had left Wilhelmshaven on the 29th . König Wilhelm and Preussen steamed in a line , with Grosser Kurfürst off to starboard . On the morning of the 31st , the three ships encountered a pair of sailing vessels off Folkestone . Grosser Kurfürst turned to port to avoid the boats while König Wilhelm sought to pass the two boats , but there was not enough distance between her and Grosser Kurfürst . She therefore turned hard to port to avoid Grosser Kurfürst , but the action was not taken quickly enough , and König Wilhelm found herself pointed directly at Grosser Kurfürst . König Wilhelm 's ram bow tore a hole in Grosser Kurfürst . A failure to adequately seal the watertight bulkheads aboard Grosser Kurfürst caused the ship to sink rapidly , in the span of about eight minutes . Out of a crew of 500 men , 269 died in the accident . König Wilhelm was also badly damaged in the collision , with severe flooding forward . König Wilhelm 's captain initially planned on beaching the ship to prevent it from sinking , but determined that the ship 's pumps could hold the flooding to an acceptable level . The ship made for Portsmouth , where temporary repairs could be effected to allow the ship to return to Germany . In the aftermath of the collision , the German navy held a court martial for Rear Admiral Batsch , the squadron commander , and Captains Monts and Kuehne , the commanders of the two ships , along with Lieutenant Clausa , the first officer aboard Grosser Kurfürst , to investigate the sinking . The damage to König Wilhelm necessitated a lengthy period of repairs from 1878 to 1882 . The work was carried out at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven , and also included reboilering and replacement of the ship 's ram . Torpedo nets were fitted to the ship from 1885 to 1897 . = = = Later service = = = By 1893 , König Wilhelm had been assigned as the flagship for the II Division of the German fleet ; the four Sachsen @-@ class armored corvettes composed the I Squadron . The ship flew the flag of Admiral Otto von Diederichs , and was based in Wilhelmshaven . On 20 February 1894 , a special ceremony was held on board the ship to commemorate the 25th anniversary of her commissioning . Kaiser Wilhelm II attended the ceremony , as did Ludwig von Henk , who had by that time retired as a Vizeadmiral . In April 1894 , the II Division conducted a training cruise to prepare for the annual summer maneuvers . During the cruise , König Wilhelm ran aground on a mud bank off the Frisian coast . Deutschland and Friedrich der Grosse quickly pulled the ship free with minimal damage . The ships then proceeded to Scotland via Oslo and Bergen . The division returned to Kiel at the end of May to replenish its stocks of coal and provisions for the summer exercises . During the 1894 maneuvers , von Diederich 's II Division acted as the opposing force in the Baltic , simulating a Russian fleet attacking Germany 's Baltic coast . Following the conclusion of maneuvers in September , Admiral Diederichs left the squadron and was replaced by Admiral Karl Barandon . In 1895 , König Wilhelm went into drydock at the Blohm and Voss shipyard in Hamburg for an extensive reconstruction into an armored cruiser . The vessel 's armament was increased , the ship rig was removed , and new fighting masts were installed in place of the old masts . The ship 's crew was dramatically increased , to 38 officers and 1 @,@ 120 enlisted men . Work lasted through 1896 , and the ship was returned to the fleet in her new guise on 25 January 1897 . On 26 June , she represented Germany at the Fleet Review for Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee . She served with the fleet until 1904 , when she was removed from active duty . Starting on 3 May 1904 , she became a harbor ship . She was then used barracks ship and training vessel for naval cadets , based in Kiel , starting on 1 October 1907 . Two years later , König Wilhelm was moved to the Naval Academy at Mürwik , where she continued in these duties . Starting in 1910 , the old corvette Charlotte served as a support vessel for the ship . The light cruiser Medusa replaced Charlotte as König Wilhelm 's auxiliary vessel in 1917 . König Wilhelm served through World War I , until 1921 , after Germany 's defeat . On 4 January 1921 , the ship was stricken from the naval register and broken up for scrap in Rönnebeck .
= William Murray , 1st Earl of Mansfield = William Murray , 1st Earl of Mansfield , SL , PC ( 2 March 1705 – 20 March 1793 ) was a British barrister , politician and judge noted for his reform of English law . Born to Scottish nobility , he was educated in Perth , Scotland , before moving to London at the age of 13 to take up a place at Westminster School . He was accepted into Christ Church , Oxford , in May 1723 , and graduated four years later . Returning to London from Oxford , he was called to the Bar by Lincoln 's Inn on 23 November 1730 , and quickly gained a reputation as an excellent barrister . He became involved in politics in 1742 , beginning with his election as a Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge , and appointment as Solicitor General . In the absence of a strong Attorney General , he became the main spokesman for the government in the House of Commons , and was noted for his " great powers of eloquence " and described as " beyond comparison the best speaker " in the House of Commons . With the promotion of Sir Dudley Ryder to Lord Chief Justice in 1754 , he became Attorney General , and when Ryder unexpectedly died several months later , he took his place as Chief Justice . The most powerful British jurist of the century , his decisions reflected the Age of Enlightenment and moved England on the path to abolishing slavery and the slave trade . He advanced commercial law in ways that helped establish the nation as the world leader in industry , finance and trade . He modernised both English law and the English courts system ; he sped up the system for submitting motions and reformed the way judgments were given to reduce time and expense for the parties . For his work in Carter v Boehm and Pillans v Van Mierop , he has been called the founder of English commercial law . He is perhaps best known for his judgment in Somersett 's Case ( 1772 ) , where he held that slavery had no basis in common law and had never been established by positive law ( legislation ) in England , and therefore was not binding law ( although this did not end slave trafficking altogether ) . = = Early life and education = = Murray was born on 2 March 1705 , at Scone Palace in Perthshire , Scotland , the fourth son of the 5th Viscount of Stormont and his wife , Margaret , née Scott , and one of eleven children . Both his parents were strong supporters of the Jacobite cause , and his older brother James followed " The Old Pretender " into exile . The Jacobite sympathies of Murray 's family were glossed over by contemporaries , who claimed that he had been educated at Lichfield Grammar School with many other members of the English judiciary . This was incorrect , as Murray was educated at Perth Grammar School , where he was taught Latin , English grammar , and essay writing skills . He later said that this gave him a great advantage at university , as those students educated in England had been taught Greek and Latin , but not how to write properly in English . While at Perth Grammar School , it became apparent that Murray was particularly intelligent , and in 1718 , his father and older brother James decided to send him to Westminster School , as James knew the Dean , Francis Atterbury . The distance from Perth to London was around 400 miles ( 640 km ) , and the journey took Murray 54 days . Murray flourished at Westminster and was made a King 's Scholar on 21 May 1719 . After an examination in May 1723 , Murray was accepted into Christ Church , Oxford , having scored higher in the examination than any other King 's Scholar that year . He was admitted as a commoner on 15 June 1723 , and matriculated on 18 June ; the records say that he came from Bath rather than Perth , because the person recording the names of the new students was unable to understand his Scottish accent . His older brother James was a barrister in Scotland , and his family decided that a career as a barrister was best for Murray . The Scottish Bar at the time was overcrowded , which made it difficult for a young barrister to build a reputation , yet qualifying for the English Bar was extremely expensive . Thanks to the patronage of Thomas Foley , 1st Baron Foley , who gave Murray £ 200 a year to live on , Murray could afford to study at the bar , and became a member of Lincoln 's Inn on 23 April 1724 . After George I died on 11 June 1727 , Murray entered and won a competition to write a Latin poem titled " The Death of the King " . His actions were seen as a show of support for the House of Hanover and the political status quo , something odd considering the strong Jacobite sympathies of his family . He probably did this because , having no private income , he wished to secure patronage to help him advance politically . Another entrant was William Pitt , who was a constant rival to Murray until Pitt 's death in 1778 . There is very little information about Murray 's time at Oxford ; it is known that he studied ancient and modern history , became fluent in French and gained a good understanding of Roman Law . He also became fluent in Latin , translating Cicero 's works into English and then back into Latin . He gained his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1727 , and travelled to London to train as a barrister . = = Family life = = Murray married Elizabeth Finch . They did not have children and took on care of their niece , Lady Elizabeth Murray ( b . 1760 ) , after her mother died . When Mansfield 's nephew Captain Sir John Lindsay returned to Britain in 1765 following the Seven Years ' War and his assignment in the West Indies , he brought his natural daughter Elizabeth . Of half African descent , she was born into slavery in 1761 , the daughter of Maria Bell , an enslaved woman . Lindsay asked Murray to take on her care and education , and she was baptized Dido Elizabeth Belle in 1766 in London . = = At the English bar = = Murray 's first contact when he moved to London was William Hamilton , a Scottish @-@ born barrister who was said to be the first Scot to practise at the English Bar , and one of the few people who was qualified to act as a barrister in both England and Scotland . Hamilton had been one of Murray 's sponsors when he joined Lincoln 's Inn in 1724 , and when Murray came to London , Hamilton helped find him a set of chambers at No. 1 Old Square . At this time , there was no formal legal education , and the only requirement for a person to be called to the Bar was for him to have eaten five dinners a term at Lincoln 's Inn , and to have read the first sentence of a paper prepared for him by the steward . Thus , most of Murray 's practical training came from reading the papers in Hamilton 's chambers and listening to Lord Raymond speak in court , along with tutoring by Thomas Denison on how to write special pleadings . Murray also studied various texts , including the French Ordinance de la Marine ( a predecessor to the Napoleonic Commercial Code ) , the works of Bracton and Littleton and " crabbed and uncouth compositions " on municipal law . Murray was called to the Bar on 23 November 1730 , taking a set of chambers at 5 King 's Bench Walk . He was introduced to Alexander Pope around this time , and through his friendship met members of the aristocracy , some of whom later became his clients , including Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough . Pope also taught him oratory , which helped him enormously in court . His first two cases were in the English Court of Sessions in 1733 , where he was led by Charles Talbot and opposed by Philip Yorke . The support of Talbot and Yorke allowed him to gain a respectable practice in the Court of Chancery . The 1707 Acts of Union had merged the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into one national entity , but they retained separate legal systems . However , the House of Lords became the highest court of appeal in both English and Scottish law , and as a result , from 1707 Scottish cases on appeal from the Court of Session were sent there . To deal with these cases , a barrister had to be familiar with both Scottish and English law , and Murray found his niche , acting in Scottish cases in the House of Lords as early as 1733 . His work in Moncrieff v Moncrieff in 1734 established Murray as a brilliant young barrister praised for his performance by Lords Cowper and Parker . After Moncrieff , Murray was involved in almost every case in the House of Lords , whether it had been appealed from a Scottish court or not . In 1737 , Murray acted as Counsel for the City of Edinburgh in the aftermath of the death of Captain John Porteous . In Edinburgh , it was traditional for criminals sentenced to death to be allowed to visit a church near the city jail the Sunday before the execution . Two criminals named Wilson and Robertson took this as an opportunity to escape , and although Wilson did not make it out of the church , Robertson escaped completely . Wilson had been a smuggler who supplied his fellow citizens with goods , and because of this and the unpopularity of the city guard , public opinion was firmly on his side . Porteous was the captain of the Edinburgh city guard , and angry with Wilson 's attempt to escape and aware of the possibility of an attempt to free him . Porteous ordered a guard of 80 men to be placed around the gallows for Wilson 's execution . When a man attempted to cut Wilson 's body down after the execution , Porteous ordered his troops to fire on the crowd , and seven people were killed . Porteous was initially sentenced to death for murder , and when the execution was delayed , a mob of citizens rushed the city jail and lynched him . As a result , a bill was proposed in the House of Commons that sought to punish the City of Edinburgh for the behaviour of its citizens by disenfranchising the city . Murray represented the City in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords , and eventually whittled down the bill so much that by the time it was voted on , it simply proposed to fine the city and disqualify the Provost . In exchange for his work , the citizens of Edinburgh gave him the Freedom of the City and a diamond , which is still in the possession of his family . Murray 's reputation continued to grow ; in 1738 , he was involved in 11 of the 16 cases heard in the House of Lords , and in 1739 and 1740 he acted as legal counsel in 30 cases there . On 20 September 1738 , he married Lady Elizabeth Finch , the daughter of Daniel Finch , 2nd Earl of Nottingham , at Raby Castle in Durham . Her sister Mary was married to Thomas Watson @-@ Wentworth , 1st Marquess of Rockingham . Murray 's connection with the Marquess had a positive , significant influence on his future career . After a short holiday , Murray returned to his work as a barrister . = = Member of Parliament = = Murray had repeatedly refused to become a Member of Parliament , saying he had no interest in politics . In 1742 , however , the government of Sir Robert Walpole fell , and Murray 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , the Earl of Nottingham , became First Lord of the Admiralty in the new Cabinet . With this added political influence , Murray hoped to be appointed to a government office , and when Sir John Strange resigned as Solicitor General , Murray was made a Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge on 15 December 1742 and immediately succeeded Strange as Solicitor General . Although the Solicitor General was the lowest legal appointment , a successful one could be appointed Attorney General , and by custom , the Attorney General was allowed to become Lord Chief Justice of the King 's Bench if a vacancy arose . Although many barristers were not good politicians , Murray became a successful Member of Parliament , and one noted for his oratorical skills and logical arguments . In 1745 , Murray defended the actions of the government in hiring 16 @,@ 000 Hanoverian troops to help fight in the War of the Austrian Succession . His argument ( that it was the prerogative of the King to decide how a war should be fought , and he should not be second @-@ guessed by politicians with no experience of warfare ) defeated the motion to cease employing the Hanoverian troops by 231 votes to 181 . Murray became popular with both the government and George II as a result , and in the absence of a strong Attorney General , Murray spoke for the government in most matters . In 1747 , he helped Lord Hardwicke write and pass an act to abolish the old hereditary positions in Scotland . In 1751 he drafted the government response to an attempt by the King of Prussia to frustrate neutral shipping , which Lord Stowell called " the foundation of the modern law of neutrality " , and Montesquieu described it as a " résponse sans réplique " ( response without a reply ) . The death of Frederick , the heir to the British throne on 20 March 1751 , caused constitutional chaos ; George II wished to appoint his favourite son Prince William , Duke of Cumberland , as Regent ( since the heir apparent , George III , was only a child ) , while the public favoured the child 's mother Princess Augusta . In an attempt to reach a compromise the government introduced a bill to Parliament declaring that Augusta was to be a regent along with a council of others , and that George would become the heir when he reached maturity . Murray made a speech supporting the government 's proposal , but despite this , Parliament was not convinced that a council was necessary . On 6 March 1754 , the Prime Minister Henry Pelham died , and this necessitated a Cabinet reshuffle . The Attorney General , Sir Dudley Ryder , became Lord Chief Justice of the King 's Bench , and Murray became Attorney General in his place . A few months later the Master of the Rolls died , and Murray was asked to replace him ; he declined , however , as he " did not want to leave His Majesty 's service " . After Ryder died unexpectedly on 25 May 1756 , however , Murray could not turn down the opportunity , and immediately applied to replace him as Lord Chief Justice . He was accepted , and although his appointment delighted Murray , the government was very concerned at the loss of a good Attorney General . In an attempt to persuade him to stay , the new Prime Minister , the Duke of Newcastle offered him the Duchy of Lancaster , in addition to the position of Attorney General , an extra £ 6 @,@ 000 a year , and a pension , and finally attempted to blackmail him by saying that if he accepted the office of Lord Chief Justice , the government would refuse to grant him a peerage . It was customary for all Lord Chief Justices to be given a peerage , and Murray responded by saying that in that situation he would refuse to become either Lord Chief Justice or Attorney General . Newcastle gave in , and promised to allow him to become Lord Chief Justice and to recommend him for a peerage . This was seen as an excellent result by Murray , who had no interest in politics except as a stepping stone to become a member of the judiciary . Murray was not suited to politics , as he was far too calculating and independent of thought to accept any one party 's doctrine . His Scottish and Jacobite roots also allowed for endless insinuation and controversy — in 1753 he was accused by the Bishop of Gloucester of " having drunk the health of the Old Pretender on his knees " . Although the story was proven to be false , it embarrassed Murray , and was used to taunt him as late as 1770 . His rivalry with William Pitt highlighted his unsuitability for politics - unlike other politicians such as Philip Yorke and Edward Thurlow , he did not have the temperament to resist " the vehemence of Pitt 's invective " . It was widely felt that he could have become Prime Minister after the death of Henry Pelham , but it would have " set [ his genius ] in a false environment " , and he declined all opportunities to return to politics except as Lord Chief Justice . = = Lord Chief Justice = = Anyone wishing to become a judge was required to be a Serjeant @-@ at @-@ law , which Murray was not ; as such , he left Lincoln 's Inn to join Serjeant 's Inn . He qualified as a Serjeant @-@ at @-@ law on 8 November 1756 , and was sworn in as Lord Chief Justice at the house of the Lord Chancellor that evening . Immediately afterwards he was created Baron Mansfield . On 19 November , he was sworn in as a Privy Counsellor . He suspended his duties temporarily on 5 April 1757 , when appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer , due to an old custom that the Lord Chief Justice took the position when it was empty . He only served until 8 April , and there is no evidence of his performing anything more than the standard day @-@ to @-@ day duties . He became a cabinet minister in 1757 , still serving as Lord Chief Justice , and stayed until 1765 . = = = Reform = = = Mansfield first sat in court on 11 November 1756 , and at the time had " a very low estimate of the Common Law of England which he was to administer " . The legal system had been put together in the period immediately after the Norman conquest of England , and was completely unsuited to the 18th century , when Britain was " the greatest manufacturing and commercial country in the world " . Mansfield immediately began to reform the way the law and courts worked . One of his first acts as Lord Chief Justice was to change the system for submitting motions . Every day the court was in session , all barristers were invited to submit motions , in order of their seniority as barristers . Because they were allowed to submit as many motions as they wanted , by the time junior barristers were allowed to submit their motions , it was normally the end of the day . This meant that almost all the work went to the senior barristers , who were so overworked that they often did not have time to prepare properly before going to court . In addition it meant that work for junior barristers was scarce , hindering their careers . Mansfield changed the system so that barristers were allowed to submit only one motion a day , and if not all barristers had been heard by the end of the day , they could continue where they left off the next morning . At the time it was also traditional for all judgments to be reserved . Although in a small number of cases this was useful , in the majority of cases it simply made coming to court more expensive and wasted time . As soon as Mansfield became Lord Chief Justice , he changed the rules so that , unless the court had doubts over the evidence presented to them , a judgment was to be made immediately . This had a far @-@ reaching effect on the English courts . Judges from the Court of Appeal and High Court of Justice now give reserved judgments in only a minority of cases . His reforms led to the Court of King 's Bench becoming one of the most active courts , at the expense of the Court of Common Pleas , which was described as the " sleepy hollow " . = = = Mercantile law changes = = = In the eighteenth century , English merchant law was still based on the Lex mercatoria , a medieval series of customs and principles used to regulate trading . Other countries in Europe had reformed and modernised their law , resulting in English merchant law being about a century behind mercantile law of other European countries . A merchant was , by his very nature , international , and the inconsistencies between English law and the law of other nations made business difficult . Mansfield made a great effort to bring English merchant law up to the same standards as that of other European nations , defining his position by saying that " the daily negotiations and property of merchants ought not to depend on subtleties and niceties , but upon rules easily learned and easily retained because they are dictates of common sense drawn from the truth of the case " . In most European countries , the principle was that a merchant was bound by his promises , not just his signed legal documents , while English lawyers maintained that a merchant could only be legally bound by documents that he signed . The European principle was based on the assumption of good faith on the part of the merchants , or uberrima fides , something completely lacking in English law . In Carter v Boehm [ 1766 ] 3 Burr 1905 Mansfield got a chance to reform the law relating to the assumption of good faith . Carter was the Governor of Fort Marlborough ( now Bengkulu ) , which was built by the British East India Company in Sumatra , Indonesia . He took out an insurance policy with Boehm against the fort 's being taken by a foreign enemy . A witness called Captain Tryon testified that Carter knew the fort was built to resist attacks from natives but not European enemies , and the French were likely to attack . The French did attack , and Boehm refused to fulfil the insurance claim . Mansfield decided in favour of Boehm , saying that Carter had failed his duty of uberrima fides . In his judgment Mansfield said that : Insurance is a contract based upon speculation . The special facts , upon which the contingent chance is to be computed , lie most commonly in the knowledge of the insured only ; the underwriter trusts to his representation and proceeds upon the confidence that he does not keep back any circumstance in his knowledge , to mislead the underwriter into a belief that the circumstance does not exist , and to induce him to estimate the risque as if it did not exist . Good faith forbids either party by concealing what he privately knows , to draw the other into a bargain from his ignorance of that fact , and his believing the contrary . This was an attempt by Mansfield to introduce the assumption of good faith into English law , and although it failed for the most part ( as most areas of English commercial law no longer use uberrima fides ) , it is still used in insurance contracts . In insurance agreements , the insuree inevitably knows more about the risk involved than the insurer ; without the requirement for pre @-@ contractual " good faith , " the insuree would have no reason to tell the truth , and insurance companies would be loath to make contracts . In the earlier case of Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins [ 1765 ] 3 Burr 1663 , Mansfield had tried to challenge the doctrine of Consideration . In English law , " Consideration " is a vital part of the contract ; without valid consideration , almost any contract is void . But , Mansfield argued in his judgment that it should only be treated as evidence of a contract , not as a vital element . Mansfield failed to make clear that he was referring only to consideration in commercial contracts , not general contracts , and as a result his judgment read that consideration was not required for any contract . His judgment has been much criticised by legal academics , and was effectively overruled by the House of Lords in Rann v Hughes [ 1778 ] 7 T. R. 350 . Mansfield also enforced a previous judgement of the Court of King 's Bench made in 1645 , in which they allowed a special jury of merchants to sit in cases involving commercial law . He built up a special corps of these jurymen , some of whom , such as Edward Vaux , became noted experts on commercial law . " Lord Mansfield 's jurymen " acted as an effective liaison between the merchants and the courts . Mansfield was personally a supporter of free trade who was heavily influenced by Roman law and ancient Roman and Greek writers such as Cicero and Xenophon . In 1783 , Mansfield heard the case of Gregson v. Gilbert , regarding the payment of an insurance claim for slaves killed when thrown overboard by the captain of a slave @-@ ship — an event now known as the Zong massacre . Mansfield , in summing up the jury 's verdict , said " The Case of Slaves was the same as if Horses had been thrown over board " , and endeavoured to uphold the notion that slaves were property which could be destroyed in situations of " absolute necessity " . But , new information was introduced in the case , and he ruled against the owners of the ship . In doing this , he achieved his aim of preventing maritime insurance law from becoming more complicated . = = = Copyright law = = = Mansfield made another notable judgment in Millar v Taylor [ 1769 ] KB , in relation to copyright law . Andrew Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the publishing rights to James Thomson 's poem " The Seasons " . After the term of the exclusive rights granted under the Statute of Anne expired , Robert Taylor began publishing his own competing publication , which contained Thomson 's poem . Mansfield , sitting with three other judges , concluded that despite the Statute of Anne there was a perpetual common law copyright , and therefore that no works can ever be considered public domain . This was a massive victory for booksellers and publishers , as it meant that they could effectively make it impossible for new companies to compete , as in the absence of new texts , there was nothing they could print . Mansfield 's judgment was finally overruled by the House of Lords in Donaldson v Beckett in 1774 . Mansfield 's judgment has been criticised as being unusually short @-@ sighted because he failed to see that while his decision was correct for that particular case , the precedent it would set would create an unfair monopoly for the booksellers and publishers . This was one of only a small number of cases in which Mansfield was overruled ; in his entire career only six of his judgments were overturned by a higher court . Mansfield 's judgement here has been seen as part of a wider agenda ; along with other legal figures such as Sir William Blackstone , he was personally in favour of a perpetual copyright . = = = Junius = = = In 1695 Parliament failed to renew the Licensing Acts , and as a result , the press were free to print material attacking the government . Although there were eight attempts to force a new Licensing Act through Parliament between 1697 and 1713 , none of them succeeded . Despite the freedom of the press from censorship by the government , the judiciary held a different view ; it regularly tried people for seditious libel if they printed material attacking the government . From 21 November 1768 , letters written by a man under the pseudonym of Junius were published in the Public Advertiser , a London newspaper run by Henry Sampson Woodfall . In them , Junius attacked many political leaders , including Lord Granby and Mansfield . As his letters were wildly popular , the circulation of the Public Advertiser doubled in just five months . On 19 December 1769 , Junius wrote a letter attacking the King , and incensed at this , the government ordered several people to be arrested and tried for seditious libel , including Woodfall for publishing the letters , John Almon for selling them , and John Miller for republishing them . Almon 's case was heard at Westminster Hall by Mansfield and a jury on 2 June 1770 . He was found guilty , although it is unclear in what fashion he was punished , if at all . Woodfall was tried on 13 June 1770 , by Mansfield and a jury . While Mansfield believed that the language used was libellous , the jury disagreed , and held that he was " guilty of printing and publishing only " , and innocent of seditious libel . Miller was tried on 13 July 1770 , and after six hours of discussion , the jury found him innocent . As a result of these two trials , it became clear that no jury would convict a printer for printing these letters , leaving Junius free to continue publishing them . On 14 November 1770 , a letter by Junius directed at Mansfield was published by the Public Advertiser and the London Evening Post , a newspaper run by John Miller . In it , Junius attacked Mansfield , first for being Scottish , then for being a lapsed Jacobite , and finally for attempting to suppress the freedom of the press . In a response to Junius ' letter dated 16 November 1770 , Mansfield made the following threat : " Sir , if in future you indulge the ill @-@ founded asperity of your Pen , [ you ] may be called to answer for your Conduct , in a way that may cause you to regret that ever you was born , or , at least , that Nature has given you Abilities , which , if guided by Discretion , would have made you as much a Blessing , as you are now a Curse to Mankind . " Although the Attorney General , William de Grey , advised that the publishers should again be prosecuted , Mansfield disagreed , saying that if they failed to respond to Junius , he would become bored and stop writing . Mansfield was evidently correct , because other than a letter printed on 5 October 1771 , Junius ceased to write at the beginning of 1772 . = = = Somersett 's Case = = = Mansfield is best known for his judgment in Somersett 's Case on the legality of keeping slaves in England . The English had been involved in the slave trade since 1553 , and by 1768 , ships registered in Liverpool , Bristol and London carried more than half the slaves shipped in the world . James Somersett was a slave owned by Charles Stewart , an American customs officer who sailed to Britain for business , landing on 10 November 1769 . A few days later Somersett attempted to escape . He was recaptured in November and imprisoned on the ship Ann and Mary , owned by Captain John Knowles and bound for the British colony of Jamaica . Stewart intended to sell him there . However , three people claiming to be Somersett 's godparents , John Marlow , Thomas Walkin and Elizabeth Cade , made an application before the Court of King 's Bench for a writ of habeas corpus , and Captain Knowles was ordered to produce Somersett before the Court of King 's Bench , which would determine whether his imprisonment was legal . Mansfield ordered a hearing for 22 January 1772 . Following an adjournment , the case was not heard until 7 February 1772 . In the meantime , the case had attracted a great deal of attention in the press , and members of the public were forthcoming with donations to fund lawyers for both sides of the argument . An activist layman , Granville Sharp , who continually sought test cases against the legal justifications for slavery , was Somersett 's real backer . When the case was heard , no fewer than five advocates appeared for the slave , speaking at three separate hearings between February and May . These lawyers included William Davy SL , John Glynn SL , James Mansfield and Francis Hargrave , who was later to become a noted barrister based on his work in this case . Charles Stewart was represented by John Dunning and James Wallace . On behalf of Somersett , it was argued that while colonial laws might permit slavery , neither the common law of England , nor any law made by Parliament recognised the existence of slavery , and slavery was therefore illegal . Moreover , English contract law did not allow for any person to enslave himself , nor could any contract be binding without the person 's consent . The arguments thus focused on legal details rather than humanitarian principles . A law passed in 1765 said that all lands , forts and slaves owned by the Africa Company were a property of the Crown , which could be interpreted to mean that the Crown accepted slavery . When the two lawyers for Charles Stewart put their case , they argued that a contract for the sale of a slave was recognised in England , and therefore the existence of slaves must be legally valid . After the attorneys for both sides had given their arguments , Mansfield called a recess , saying that " [ the case ] required ... [ a ] consultation ... among the twelve Judges " . Finally , on 22 June 1772 Mansfield gave his judgment , which ruled that a master could not carry his slave out of England by force , and concluded : The state of slavery is of such a nature , that it is incapable of being introduced on any reasons , moral or political ; but only positive law , which preserves its force long after the reasons , occasion , and time itself from whence it was created , is erased from memory : it 's so odious , that nothing can be suffered to support it , but positive law . Whatever inconveniences , therefore , may follow from a decision , I cannot say this case is allowed or approved by the law of England ; and therefore the black must be discharged . This was not an end to slavery , as this only confirmed it was illegal in England and Wales , not in the rest of the British Empire . As a result of Mansfield 's decision , between 14 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 slaves were immediately freed in England , some of whom remained with their masters as paid employees . The decision was apparently not immediately followed ; Africans were still hunted and kidnapped in London , Liverpool and Bristol to be sold elsewhere . ( Such an incident was recounted by Olaudah Equiano in 1774 in his autobiography , An Interesting Narrative ( 1789 ) . ) Mansfield was so uncertain about how it would be applied that he specified in his 1793 will that his " mulatto " great @-@ niece Dido Elizabeth Belle was to be considered a free woman . ( She had been born into slavery as the illegitimate daughter of his nephew in the West Indies but lived with him and his wife for 30 years . ) In addition , advertisements from the 1770s show that slaves continued to be bought and sold in England . Mansfield referred to slaves in his judgment in a later case . Although slavery was not completely abolished in the British Empire until 1834 , Mansfield 's decision is considered to have been a significant step in recognising the illegality of slavery . = = Lord Mansfield 's Rule = = Lord Mansfield 's name is frequently mentioned in modern legal settings as the originator of " Lord Mansfield 's Rule " , in his own words : " ... the law of England is clear , that the declarations of a father or mother , cannot be admitted to bastardize the issue born after marriage . " This quote comes from Mansfield 's appellate decision in Goodright v. Moss . The primary legal question in the case was not this preexisting principle , which applies only to children " born after marriage " , but rather whether the child had been born before the marriage . The question was whether statements the child 's parents allegedly made before their deaths could be introduced as evidence that the child had been born before their marriage and was thus illegitimate . Mansfield ruled to admit the testimony against the child 's legitimacy and grant a new trial . The term " Lord Mansfield 's Rule " is often used in a slightly different sense to denote the principle still applied in several jurisdictions that marriage creates a conclusive presumption of a husband 's paternity of his wife 's child . = = House of Lords = = After the formation of the Fox @-@ North Coalition , Mansfield agreed to act as Speaker of the House of Lords , taking up his post in February 1783 . The main item of debate during the Coalition Ministry was the East India Bill , which provoked bitter arguments in both the House of Lords and House of Commons . In an attempt to speed up the process of passing the bill , Mansfield left his position as Speaker to debate directly on 15 December ; when this failed to help he returned to the Woolsack the next day . The failure of the bill caused the government to be immediately dismissed , and Mansfield left his position on 23 December 1783 . Mansfield had been made Earl of Mansfield , in the County of Nottingham , on 31 October 1776 . He attended the Lords as Lord Speaker , and the last record of him attending ( other than his presence at the state opening of Parliament on 23 March 1784 ) was in December 1783 . = = Retirement = = Despite failing health , Mansfield refused to officially leave his post as Lord Chief Justice because George III was opposed to the appointment of Mansfield 's protégé Francis Buller to the position after Mansfield resigned . The government of the time instead suggested Lloyd Kenyon as a possible successor . Mansfield clung to office until 1788 , ( despite not sitting in court for two years ) in the hope that the government would fall before he was forced to retire . This was not to be , and on 3 June , he wrote a letter of resignation effective the next day . Mansfield spent the remainder of his life at Kenwood House . Most of his time was spent maintaining the grounds . In the summer , he was visited by groups of barristers who informed him of the goings @-@ on at court . On 1 August 1792 he was made Earl of Mansfield , in the County of Middlesex . On 10 March 1793 , he complained of feeling sleepy , and although he recovered the next day , by 12 March , he was again complaining of a need for sleep . He went to bed early and remained asleep until 18 March , when he finally died . His body was buried in the North Transept of Westminster Abbey . Mansfield left a large amount of money after his death , including land worth £ 26 @,@ 000 . He gave £ 2 @,@ 000 to Francis Buller . = = Legacy = = English law saw significant changes during Mansfield 's career . As Lord Chief Justice , Mansfield had done much to reform the way the courts worked , making it easier for people to gain access to legal aid , and also making the process much less expensive . He was also noted for his insistence that equity should be applied by all courts , not just the Court of Chancery , a view that provoked much disagreement during his lifetime , but was eventually confirmed by Parliament in the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 , which allowed all courts to take cases of equity . He also established the principle that rather than blindly following precedent , judges should seek to find loopholes in rules that were no longer applicable , something that later received the support of Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr . , who said , " It is revolting to have no better reason for a rule of law than that so it was laid down in the time of Henry IV . It is more revolting still if the grounds upon which it was laid down have vanished long since , and the rule simply persists from blind imitation of the past . " He made his judgements on the principle that " as the usages of society alter , the law must adapt itself to the various situations of mankind " , leading John Baker to describe him as " one of the boldest of judicial spirits " . His most important contributions were to commercial , merchant and common law . Mansfield spent much time bringing the law of England on par with that of other countries , particularly in cases such as Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins [ 1765 ] 3 Burr 1663 , and Carter v Boehm [ 1766 ] 3 Burr 1905 . As a result of his work , he was described by a later judge as " the founder of the commercial law of this country " . He was , however , criticised for his resistance to the freedom of the press and his refusal to go against the King , as well as for blatant nepotism — highlighted by his attempts to have Francis Buller made Lord Chief Justice after his retirement . He was also criticised as a politician for his support of a government antagonistic to the colonies ; in 1829 John Quincy Adams described him as " more responsible for the Revolution than any other man " . Scholars such as John Chipman Gray have questioned his reputation as a universally successful judge , saying that " the reputation of Lord Mansfield as a commercial lawyer should not blind us to the fact that he was not equally great in the law of real property " . Opinion over Mansfield 's intention in his ruling in Somerset 's Case is mixed , with the current prevailing view being that he did not intend to free the slaves . The judgment was particularly narrow , as it ruled only that a master could not carry his slave out of England by force , not that slaves who came to England were emancipated . This is seen as particularly telling because this was the primary argument of Davy and Hargrave . If Murray had wanted to emancipate the slaves completely , there were various bits of judicial precedent he could have based his decision on , such as Smith v Gould or Shanley v Harvey , but he did not . Various comments he made before and during the case also suggest that complete emancipation was not his intent ; in a preliminary judgment he said that " the setting 14 @,@ 000 or 15 @,@ 000 men at once free loose by a solemn opinion , is much disagreeable in the effect it threatens ” , which one modern legal scholar interprets as indicative of his reluctance to make a decision for fear of economic consequences . Various comments he made to Thomas Hutchinson in private letters , along with his comments about the Somersett decision in R. v Inhabitants of Thames Ditton , also suggest that emancipation was not his goal . Mansfield 's marriage to Lady Finch was barren . His title , which succeeds to this day , passed to his nephew , David Murray , 2nd Earl of Mansfield . = = Honours = = Mansfield is immortalised in St Stephen 's Hall , where he and other notable Parliamentarians look on at visitors to Parliament . In 1801 a marble monument to him by John Flaxman was installed in Westminster Abbey ; it shows Murray flanked by the personifications of Wisdom and Justice , with an inscription that reads : " ' Here Murray long enough his country ’ s pride is now no more than Tully or than Hyde ' . Foretold by Ar . Pope and fulfilled in the year 1793 when William Earl of Mansfield died full of years and of honours : of honours he declined many : those which he accepted were the following : he was appointed Solicitor General 1742 , Attorney General 1754 , Lord Chief Justice and Baron Mansfield 1756 , Earl of Mansfield 1776 . From the love which he bore to the place of his early education , he desired to be buried in this cathedral ( privately ) and would have forbidden that instance of human vanity , the erecting a monument to his memory , but a sum which with the interest has amounted to two thousand five hundred pounds was left for that purpose by A. Bailey Esqr. of Lyon ’ s Inn , which at least well meant mark of esteem he had no previous knowledge or suspicion of and had no power to prevent being executed . He was the fourth son of David , fifth Viscount Stormont , and married the Lady Elizabeth Finch , daughter to Daniel , Earl of Nottingham by whom he had no issue . Born at Scone 2nd March 1704 . Died at Kenwood 20th March 1793 . " The town of Mansfield , Massachusetts is apparently named for him . Due to his reputation as a barrister , Lincoln 's Inn offer a series of scholarship for the Bar Vocational Course named the Lord Mansfield Scholarship . Mansfield has been portrayed as a character several times in television and film - in The Fight Against Slavery ( 1975 ) by John Richmond , The British ( 2012 ) by Timothy West , Belle ( 2013 ) by Tom Wilkinson and The Scandalous Lady W ( 2015 ) by David Calder . = = Character = = Mansfield was noted at the Bar , in Parliament , and while sitting as a judge , for his eloquence and skill as a speaker ; in particular Lord Chesterfield described him as " beyond comparison the best speaker " in the House of Commons . He was also a hard worker ; he would sometimes do court paperwork himself , as well as do his judicial duties , in an attempt to speed up the legal process . He was summarised by Gareth Jones as " Conservative , urbane , silver @-@ tongued , energetic , cultivated and well read ; a highly imaginative lawyer who looked to reason and was not overawed by the legacy of the past " . Edmund Burke , a contemporary , said that " he had some superiors in force , some equals in persuasion ; but in insinuation he was without a rival . He excelled in the statement of a case . This , of itself , was worth the argument of any other man " . The comment by Samuel Johnson that " Much may be made of a [ Scotsman ] , if he be caught young " was directed at Mansfield , and Johnson also described him as " more than a mere lawyer " , while Edward Coke , who is considered one of the most important lawyers in the history of English law , was " only a lawyer " . Unlike other barristers , Mansfield was noted for always keeping a cool head and being " prudent to the point of timidity " . He was criticised for being " moderate and dispassionate " , unlike more aggressive barristers such as Edward Coke ; when asked about this he replied that " I would not have made Sir Edward Coke 's speech to gain all Sir Edward Coke 's estates and all his reputation " . There are conflicting reports about his temperament and attitude as a judge ; William Pitt described him as " a very bad judge , proud , haughty to the Bar and hasty in his determinations " , and Charles Yorke said he was " offensive and unpopular " . Both opinions are suspect , however ; Pitt 's because he was a constant rival to Mansfield and Yorke 's because he was attempting to beat Mansfield to the position of Lord Chancellor at the time . Edward Foss said that " there has never been a judge more venerated by his contemporaries , nor whose memory is regarded with greater respect and affection " , and described him as " the great oracle of law " . Mansfield has been called " the legal genius of his generation " , and compared favourably with Joseph Story , a judge of the Supreme Court of the United States noted for his brilliance . Other Americans such as Julian S. Waterman , the founder of the University of Arkansas School of Law , described him as " not only the greatest common law judge but the greatest judge in Anglo @-@ American legal history " , while Joseph Story himself said that Mansfield " broke down the narrow barrier of the common law , redeemed it from feudal selfishness and barbarity " and that " he was one of those great men raised up by Providence , at a fortunate moment , to effect a salutary revolution in the world " .
= Paul Reinhart = Paul Gerard Reinhart ( born January 6 , 1960 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Atlanta Flames , Calgary Flames and Vancouver Canucks in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was a first round selection by the Flames , 12th overall , at the 1979 NHL Entry Draft with whom he immediately broke into the NHL . He relocated with the franchise to Calgary in 1980 , playing a total of nine seasons with the Flames franchise until he was traded to Vancouver in 1988 . He was a two @-@ time all @-@ star and played with Team Canada on three occasions , winning bronze medals at the World Championships in 1982 and 1983 . Chronic back problems plagued him throughout his career and forced his retirement in 1990 . Settling in Vancouver following his playing career , Reinhart became a stock market financier and investor . He was briefly involved with the Vancouver Ravens of the National Lacrosse League in the early 2000s . = = Playing career = = = = = Junior = = = Reinhart began his junior career with his hometown Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League ( OMJHL ) in 1975 – 76 , scoring 39 points in 53 games . He had been a protected player of the Rangers — signed directly by the team without his having to go through the league 's draft — but when the OMJHL eliminated the rules allowing teams to protect midget @-@ aged players following the season , he was made eligible for the 1976 draft . The Peterborough Petes claimed him with the third overall selection in the June 1976 draft , despite the fact that Reinhart and his family made it known he would refuse to play for any team other than Kitchener . His agent , Alan Eagleson , threatened to take the team and league to court in a bid to force them to respect Reinhart 's wishes . The dispute was not settled until November when the Petes traded Reinhart to Kitchener as part of a three @-@ team trade that involved the Oshawa Generals . The league had to rescind a rule prohibiting teams from trading first round draft picks to allow the deal to pass and to avoid the threat of litigation by Eagleson . On the ice , Reinhart scored a total of 104 points as a defenceman with the Rangers between 1975 and 1978 before breaking out offensively in the 1978 – 79 season after moving centre for the majority of the campaign . He scored 51 goals and 78 assists for 129 points in 66 games to finish fifth overall in OMJHL scoring . The team 's captain in his final year , Reinhart won numerous team honours during his four years in Kitchener including three awards for having the " best defensive ability " on the team . = = = Professional = = = The Atlanta Flames selected Reinhart with their first round selection , 12th overall , at the 1979 NHL Entry Draft . Though he had been set to join Team Canada for the 1980 Winter Olympics , the Flames convinced Reinhart to sign with the team and begin his professional career instead . Joining the Flames for the 1979 – 80 NHL season , the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Reinhart became the youngest player to appear for the team at that point in franchise history . He appeared in 79 games for Atlanta , finishing as the team 's highest scoring defenceman . His total of 47 points was second to Ray Bourque for the overall lead amongst rookie defencemen . Transferring to Calgary along with the franchise in 1980 – 81 , Reinhart improved to 67 points during the regular season and tied for the league lead in playoff assists with 14 . He was named to the Canadian entry for the 1981 Canada Cup tournament , but suffered an ankle injury and appeared in only two games . He remained an offensive catalyst for the team , scoring 61 points in 1981 – 82 and set a franchise record for points by a defenceman with 75 in 1982 – 83 . His career total of 250 points also set a Flames franchise record for a defenceman . He returned to Team Canada following both seasons to play in the World Championships . He won bronze medals with the team in both 1982 and 1983 , and was named Team Canada 's top defenceman in 1983 . Reinhart suffered a serious injury midway through the 1983 – 84 season . Skating behind his net during a game against the Winnipeg Jets , his skate caught a rut and he twisted his back as he fell . He had to be carried off the ice on a stretcher , and was initially diagnosed with back spasms . He was later diagnosed as having suffered a herniated disc . He missed 51 games as a result of the injury , but scored a goal and an assist on his return , a 4 – 1 victory over the Hartford Whalers . Despite missing the majority of the season , Reinhart was the Flames ' offensive leader in the 1984 playoffs , leading the team and finishing first amongst all players who did not reach the finals with 17 points . Though he turned down an offer to play with Team Canada at the 1984 Canada Cup due to his back , Reinhart remained healthy for the 1984 – 85 season , scoring a career high 23 goals to go with 67 points in 75 games . He also appeared in his first NHL All @-@ Star Game , playing in front of his home fans at the 1985 game in Calgary . Recurring back spasms again forced him to miss much of the 1985 – 86 season ; he was limited to 32 games . Reinhart remained healthy in 1986 – 87 , finishing fourth in the league amongst defencemen with 69 points . He scored his 100th career goal , playing at centre , while recording a hat trick in a 6 – 5 win over the Edmonton Oilers on November 24 , 1986 . His chronic back issues worsened in 1987 – 88 , as he played only 14 games for the Flames , scoring four points . Between his back issues and the team 's desire to promote some of its younger defencemen to more prominent roles within the team , the Flames chose to trade Reinhart on September 6 , 1988 , along with Steve Bozek , to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for a third round selection at the 1989 NHL Entry Draft . Reinhart played the majority of two seasons in Vancouver , though he missed 29 games between 1988 and 1990 . He was named an All @-@ Star for the second time in his career in 1989 , and was an offensive leader for the Canucks . He scored 57 points in both 1988 – 89 and 1989 – 90 , and was named the recipient of the Babe Pratt Trophy as the Canucks ' top defenceman in both seasons . However , chronic back pain forced him out of the game following that season . Reinhart announced his retirement at the age of 29 . = = Playing style = = Though his position for the majority of his career was in defence , his offensive ability and speed meant that his teams occasionally played him at forward . At times , the Flames had him playing 30 minutes per game as he was often used at centre while also taking regular shifts at defence . He claimed in 1982 to prefer playing forward , but realized that the organization needed him on defence to act as a quarterback for the team 's offence . Bob Johnson , his coach for the majority of his time in Calgary , said that Reinhart was the type of player that could be a " cornerstone " for a franchise . = = Personal = = Reinhart and his wife Theresa have three children , all of whom play hockey . Their eldest son , Maxwell , made his NHL debut with the Flames in 2013 . His middle son , Griffin Reinhart was drafted 4th overall in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft by the New York Islanders , and currently plays for the Edmonton Oilers . His youngest son , Sam , was selected 2nd overall in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft by the Buffalo Sabres , where he currently plays . Paul and his wife spent their summers in Calgary during his playing days , where he often played with the team 's summer charity softball team , but settled in West Vancouver following the end of his NHL career . Flames ' co @-@ owner Doc Seaman introduced Reinhart to investing and finance while he was playing with the team . He also owned a restaurant in Calgary . He now makes his living investing in start @-@ up companies . Reinhart 's investments have focused on resource exploration and medical companies and in 2011 joined the management of Vancouver @-@ based Bearing Resources Ltd . He was involved with the Vancouver Ravens franchise in the National Lacrosse League for a time , but walked away from the franchise in 2003 after claiming losses in excess of $ 1 million . In 2014 , Reinhart partnered with another former Vancouver Canuck , Bret Hedican , investing over $ 1 million in a sports team management start @-@ up , RosterBot , based in Vancouver . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = =
= Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg = Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg ( 10 November 1547 – 21 May 1601 ) was Archbishop @-@ Elector of Cologne . After pursuing an ecclesiastical career , he won a close election in the Cathedral chapter of Cologne over Ernst of Bavaria . After his election , he fell in love with and later married Agnes von Mansfeld @-@ Eisleben , a Protestant Canoness at the Abbey of Gerresheim . His conversion to Calvinism and announcement of religious parity in the Electorate triggered the Cologne War . On 19 December 1582 , a proclamation in his name established parity for Catholics and Calvinists in the Electorate of Cologne , causing a scandal in the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire , and after his marriage in February 1583 , he sought to convert the Electorate into a dynastic dignity . For the next six years , his supporters fought those of the Catholic cathedral chapter for the right to hold the electorship and the archdiocese in the so @-@ called Cologne War or Seneschal War . After brutal fighting , plundering of villages , cities , and abbeys throughout the Electorate , Gebhard surrendered his claim on the electorate and retired to Strasbourg . He died there in 1601 and was buried in the Cathedral . Gebhard 's conversion and marriage was the first major test of the principle of ecclesiastical reservation established in the Peace of Augsburg , 1555 . His loss of the Electorate strengthened the Catholic counter reformation in the northern German states , gave the Jesuits a stronghold in Cologne , and expanded the Wittelsbach family influence in imperial politics . = = Family and early career = = Gebhard was born in the Fürstenburg fortress of Heiligenberg , the second son of William , known as the younger , ( 6 March 1518 – 17 January 1566 ) , Freiherr and Seneschal of Waldburg and an Imperial Councilor , and his wife , Johanna v. Fürstenberg ( 1529 – 1589 ) . His family was an old Swabian house and he was descended from the Jacobin line of the House : Jakob I Truchseß von Waldburg , also known as the Golden Knight ( for his blond hair ) . The family owned extensive properties that bordered on the Abbey of Kempten and various Habsburg territories in present @-@ day southwestern Bavaria ; In 1429 and 1463 , the three surviving sons of Johann II , Jakob , Everhard , and George , and their surviving sister Ursula , concluded a covenant of inheritance to protect the family property . In the future , they would occupy and own the property as one ; the inheritance of the daughters could not exceed 4000 gulden . They guaranteed each other the right of first refusal on potential property sales . Gebhard 's grandfather had been a commander for the Swabian League army in 1531 ; a cousin of his grandfather , Jörg Truchsess von Waldburg , also known as Bauernjörg , had been a commander of the imperial army in the Peasant Wars ( 1525 ) . His uncle , Otto ( 1514 – 73 ) , was the bishop of Augsburg , later a Cardinal , and founded University of Dillingen in Augsburg . His younger brother , Karl ( 1548 – 1593 ) , trained for a military career ; a second younger brother , Ferdinand , died at the siege at ' s @-@ Hertogenbosch in 1585 . As a younger son , Gebhard was prepared early for an ecclesiastical career . He received a broad , Humanist education , learned several languages , including Latin , Italian , French , and German , and studied history and theology . After studying at the universities of Dillingen , Ingolstadt , Perugia , Louvain and elsewhere , he began his ecclesiastical career in 1560 at Augsburg , serving as prebendary in the Cathedral church . His life at Augsburg caused some scandal ; Uncle Otto , the archbishop , petitioned the Duke of Bavaria to remonstrate with Gebhard about his conduct , which apparently led to some improvement in his behavior . In 1561 , he became a deacon at the cathedral in Cologne ( 1561 – 77 ) , a canon of St. Gereon in Köln ( 1562 – 67 ) , a canon in Strassburg ( 1567 ) , in Ellwangen ( 1567 – 83 ) , and in Würzburg ( 1569 – 70 ) . In 1571 , he became deacon of the Strassburg Cathedral , a position he held until his death in 1601 . In 1576 , by papal nomination , he became provost of the Cathedral in Augsburg . He would have drawn a stipend from all these positions . In December 1577 , he was chosen elector of Cologne after a contest with Ernst of Bavaria , the youngest brother of the ruling Duke . He won the election by two votes . Although it was not required of him , Gebhard agreed to be ordained a priest , which his predecessor had not done . The initial years of his office were relatively uneventful . Gebhard continued some of the work of his predecessor , Salentin , chiefly in the reconstruction of the Arnsberg castle in Westphalia . = = Archbishop goes to war = = Gebhard is chiefly noted for his conversion to the reformed doctrines , and for his marriage with the reportedly beautiful Agnes von Mansfeld @-@ Eisleben , a canoness of Gerresheim . After living in concubinage with Agnes for two years , he decided , perhaps by the persuasion of her brothers , to marry her , doubtless intending at the same time to resign his see . Other counsels , however , prevailed . Encouraged by Protestant supporters , including several in the Cathedral chapter , he declared he would retain the electorate , and in December 1582 , he formally announced his conversion to the reformed faith and the parity of Calvinism with Catholicism in the Electorate and archdiocese of Cologne . The marriage with Agnes was celebrated on 4 February 1583 , and afterward Gebhard remained in possession of the see . This affair created a stir in the Holy Roman Empire . The clause concerning ecclesiastical reservation in the religious Peace of Augsburg was interpreted in one way by his friends , and in another way by his foes ; the former held that he could retain his office , the latter insisted that he resign . The conversion of the ecclesiastic see to one ruled by a Calvinist prince challenged the principle of ecclesiastical reservation . Hermann von Wied , a previous prince @-@ elector and archbishop had also converted to Protestantism , but had resigned from his office ; Gebhard 's predecessor , Salentin von Isenburg @-@ Grenzau , had resigned from the office upon his marriage , necessary to perpetuate his house . Unlike his predecessors , Gebhard proclaimed the Reformation , in the style of Calvinism , from the cathedral , angering Cologne 's Catholic leadership and alienating the Cathedral chapter . He placed the evangelical confession on parity with the Catholic one ; furthermore , Gebhard adhered not to the teachings of Martin Luther , but to those of John Calvin , a form of religious observation not approved of in the Augsburg conventions of 1555 . Anticipating events , Gebhard had collected some troops and had taken measures to convert his subjects to Protestantism . In April 1583 , he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory XIII ; the unsuccessful candidate of 1577 , Ernest , who was also bishop of Liège , Freising and Hildesheim , was chosen as the new elector . Initially , Gebhard was supported by Adolf von Neuenar and his own brother , Karl , who commanded most of his troops . Although he sought assistance from several of the Lutheran princes of Germany , especially Augustus I , elector of Saxony , these princes were not enthusiastic to support Gebhard 's cause ; his association with the Calvinists was not to their liking . Henry of Navarre , later Henry IV of France , tried to form a coalition to aid Gebhard , but the only assistance which he obtained came from John Casimir , who took command of Gebhard 's troops in the spring of 1583 . Later that summer , after fruitlessly marching the troops up and down the Rhine , a process of intimidation , he disbanded his army to administer the Palatinate of the Rhine for his ten @-@ year @-@ old nephew , the new Elector Palatine , Frederick IV . Ernest had the support of the previous Elector , now Salentin IX of Isenburg @-@ Grenzau , Frederick , Duke of Saxe @-@ Lauenburg , and , probably most important , several thousand Spanish troops hired by the pope . While representatives from the Cathedral chapter , the seven imperial electors , the emperor , and the pope tried to resolve differences around the negotiating table , first in Frankfurt am Main , and then in Muhlhausen in Westphalia , the armies of both sides rampaged throughout the southern portion of the Electorate , called the Oberstift , plundering abbeys and convents , burning villages and small cities , and destroying crops , bridges , and roads . None of the combatants were prepared to commit their troops in a fixed battle ; it was far more lucrative , and safer as well , to use them in a show of force , intimidating the peasantry , besieging walled towns and small cities , and limiting trade and the sale of food @-@ stuffs in the marketplaces . By the end of March , Salentin , Frederick , and the few thousand Spanish troops drove Gebhard from Bonn , then from Bad Godesberg ; he and his wife took refuge into Vest Recklinghausen , a fiefdom of the electorate . There , he and Agnes encouraged a spurt of iconoclasm by their troops , alienating many heretofore supporters , including Hermann von Hatzfeld , seneschal of Balve . Ferdinand , the brother of the rival archbishop , drove Gebhard and Agnes into the Netherlands ; they escaped with approximately 1000 cavalry and some infantry . Initially , they sought refuge in Delft , with William I of Orange . Living in the Netherlands , they became acquainted with Elizabeth 's envoy , Robert Dudley , 1st Earl of Leicester , and entered into lengthy negotiations with Elizabeth 's Court to obtain support for his cause ; these efforts failed to garner assistance for renewing the war either from the English queen or in any other quarter . By 1588 , Gebhard 's joint pain ( Gelenkenschmerz ) prevented him from riding a horse ; the climate of Cologne , damp and cold , made his condition worse , so he relinquished his claim on the Electorate to the protection of Adolf von Neuenahr and Martin Schenck , which they pursued until their deaths later that year . In the summer 1588 , Gebhard established his residence at Strassburg , where he had held the office of dean of the cathedral since 1574 and had maintained it concurrently with his position in Cologne . = = = Consequences of Gebhard 's conversion and marriage = = = Gebhard 's conversion and marriage were exceptionally costly , in terms of lives and property , and historians have made no actual estimate of its actual cost , although 19th century historians tend to criticize him for acting rashly . Perhaps its greater cost , however , lay in the impact his actions had on Protestantism and Catholicism in the northern territories of the German states . Although fighting continued until 1589 , by early 1588 , Ernst controlled most of the Electorate . Gebhard 's defeat was a serious blow to Protestantism in northern Germany , and marks a critical stage in the history of the Reformation . Bavarian Jesuits went to the Electoral territories to bring the population back to Catholicism , a process rife with violence and coercion . Gebhard also opened the doors for Spanish incursions into the Rhineland ; blocked from water access to the rebellious Dutch , Spanish military commanders sought a land route to the Dutch Provinces and by providing troop support for Ernst , they established valuable bridgeheads in the Rhine valley . Finally , the Cologne War marks the beginning of the " internationalization " of the German religious question , which was not resolved until 1650 , after the disasters of the Thirty Years Wars . = = Later years = = In 1589 , Gebhard and his wife moved to Strasbourg , where he had held a prebendary position in the Cathedral chapter since 1574 , and had maintained concurrently with his position in Cologne . Before his arrival some trouble had arisen in the chapter when three excommunicated canons , refugees from the Cologne strife , persisted in retaining their offices after they had accepted the reformed doctrines . He joined this party , which was strongly supported in the city , and took part in a double election to the bishopric in 1592 . Despite some opposition , he retained his office until his death in 1601 . Shortly after his marriage in 1583 , Gebhard had written his Testament in which he left his estate to his brother , Karl , and a life @-@ time annuity to Agnes , and charging Karl with her safety and protection . Karl died on 18 June 1593 , and was buried in the Strasbourg cathedral ; Gebhard wrote a codicil leaving Agnes to the care and protection of the Duke of Württemberg . He spent his last years diseased and crippled , and he died on 21 May 1601 . With great pomp and ceremony was buried in a grave with Karl on 8 June 1601 . = = Historical assessments = = Historians have not been kind to Gebhard . E.A. Benians , in the Cambridge Modern History , was perhaps the most generous : " Few men personally insignificant have made more stir in the world . " Walter Goetz described him in less complimentary terms : he " was impelled by no great idea , nor could he claim through virile activity the title to any high striving ambition " and was " wanting in both depth and tenacity " . Goetz was not particularly kind to Ernst either : Ernst was not Gebhard 's superior ; the victory that placed him in the Electorate belonged to his brothers ' influence and to that of the Curia ( papacy ) , not to his own striving ambition ; Ernst was , fundamentally , riding on the Counter Reformation tide that lifted all boats . Philip Motley described Gebhard thus : despite his swearing an oath to renounce his See if he should marry , " the love of Truchsess for Agnes Mansfeld had created disaster , not only for himself but for all of Germany . " Like Goetz , he describes both Gebhard and Ernst as cut from the same cloth : " two pauper Archbishops without men or means of their own were pushed back and forth , like puppets , by the highwaymen " on either side , while murder and robbery , in the name of Catholicism and Protestantism , were the " for a time the only motive or result of the contest . " = = Family = = Genealogy Sibling connections Friedrich ( 4 August 1546 – 22 December 1570 ) , Imperial Legal Chambers President . Married in 1568 to Johanna , Countess of Helfenstein @-@ Gundelfingen ( 1540 – 1572 ) , daughter of George II , Count of Helfenstein von and zu Gundelfingen , and Marie de Bowert de Gomignies . Karl ( 7 August 1548 – † 18 June 1593 ) , Freiherr and Truchseß von Waldburg in Trauchburg ( 1580 ) , Imperial Legal Chambers President , buried in Strassburg , Münster ; married in Sigmaringen on 6 May 1572 to Countess Eleonore von Hohenzollern ( 15 February 1551 – after 1605 ) , daughter of Charles I , Count of Hohenzollern , and Anna Mark @-@ countess of Baden @-@ Durlach . Christoph ( 24 August 1551 – 28 February 1612 ) , Freiherr and Truchseß von Waldburg in Friedberg und Scheer ( 1580 ) . Married in 1577 to Countess Anna Maria von Fürstenberg @-@ Heiligenberg ( 3 February 1562 – December 1611 ) . Anna , died 5 October 1607 ; 1m : 1565 Heinrich IV Count of Lupfen , Landgrave of Stühlingen ( 6 October 1543 – 26 December 1582 ) , no issue , and upon his death his line became extinct ; 2m : 10 February 1592 to Peter Freiherr von Mörsperg ( before 1555 – 1594 ) . Sibylle , born before 1548 – died 5 August 1585 . Margarete , died 30 May 1612 ; m . 1570 Georg Leo Freiherr Staufen ( died 23 April 1602 ) . Ferdinand , Deacon in Cologne ( 1575 – 83 ) , in Straßburg ( 1578 – 85 ) , canon of St. Gereon in Cologne ( 1578 – 82 ) , Deacon in Würzburg ( 1582 – 85 ) , born 1554 , † Siege of ' s @-@ Hertogenbosch , 19 – 20 January 1585 Eleonore , died 29 August 1609 ; married in 1573 Melchior Hannibal Freiherr von Wolkenstein 1537 – 1596 .
= Thornback guitarfish = The thornback guitarfish ( Platyrhinoidis triseriata ) is a species of ray in the family Platyrhinidae , and the only member of its genus . Despite its name and appearance , it is more closely related to stingrays than to true guitarfishes of the family Rhinobatidae . This species ranges from Tomales Bay to the Gulf of California , generally in inshore waters no deeper than 6 m ( 20 ft ) . It can be found on or buried in sand or mud , or in and near kelp beds . Reaching 91 cm ( 36 in ) in length , the thornback guitarfish has a heart @-@ shaped pectoral fin disc and a long , robust tail bearing two posteriorly positioned dorsal fins and a well @-@ developed caudal fin . The most distinctive traits of this plain @-@ colored ray are the three parallel rows of large , hooked thorns that start from the middle of the back and run onto the tail . Encountered singly or in groups , the thornback guitarfish feeds on small , benthic invertebrates and bony fishes . It is aplacental viviparous , with the developing young drawing sustenance from a yolk sac . Females give birth to 1 – 15 pups annually in late summer , following a roughly year @-@ long gestation period . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed the thornback guitarfish under Least Concern because the majority of its range lies within United States waters , where it is common since it has no commercial value and is not heavily fished commercially or recreationally . The status of this species in Mexican waters is inadequately known but may be more precarious . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The thornback guitarfish was scientifically described by American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert in an 1880 issue of the scientific journal Proceedings of the United States National Museum . They assigned it to the genus Platyrhina , and named it triseriata from the Latin tres ( " three " ) and series ( " row " ) , in reference to the three rows of thorns on its back . One year later in the same journal , Samuel Garman placed this species in a newly created genus , Platyrhinoidis . The type specimen is an adult male caught off Santa Barbara on February 8 , 1880 . Other common names for this species include banjo shark ( not to be confused with the Australian banjo sharks , Trygonorrhina ) , California thornback , guitarfish , round skate , shovelnose , thornback , and thornback ray . Based on morphology , John McEachran and Neil Aschliman determined in a 2004 phylogenetic study that Platyrhinoidis and Platyrhina together form the most basal clade of the order Myliobatiformes , and are thus the sister group to all other members of the order ( encompassing stingrays and their relatives ) . This finding affirmed that the thornback guitarfish is not closely related to the true guitarfishes of the family Rhinobatidae , a possibility that had long been considered by taxonomists . = = Description = = The pectoral fin disc of the thornback guitarfish is heart @-@ shaped , slightly longer than it is wide , and thick towards the front . The snout is short and broad , with a blunt tip protruding slightly from the disc . The eyes are small and widely spaced ; the spiracles are larger than the eyes and lie closely behind . The wide nostrils are preceded by moderately large , broad flaps of skin . The mouth is wide and gently arched ; there are a pair of creases running from the mouth corners to the nostrils , enclosing a roughly trapezoidal area . The lower lip is inscribed by a deep furrow that wraps around the mouth corners . The small teeth have low crowns that may be sharp to blunt , and are arranged in 68 – 82 rows in the upper jaw and 64 – 78 rows in the lower jaw . The five pairs of gill slits are small and located beneath the disc . The pelvic fins have curved outer margins and angular rear tips ; males have long claspers . The tail is robust and much longer than the disc , with lateral skin folds running along either side . The two dorsal fins are similar in size and shape , being longer than tall with rounded posterior margins . The first dorsal fin lies closer to the caudal fin than the pelvic fins . The caudal fin is well @-@ developed and almost elliptical , without a distinct lower lobe . The skin is entirely covered by tiny dermal denticles ; additionally there are large recurved thorns in two or three rows along the leading margin of the disc , in small groups on the snout tip , around the eyes , and on the " shoulders " , and most distinctively in three rows running from the middle of the back to the second dorsal fin . This species is plain olive to grayish brown above and off @-@ white below . The snout and disc margins are barely translucent . It grows up to 91 cm ( 36 in ) long . = = Distribution and habitat = = Endemic to the northeastern Pacific Ocean , the thornback guitarfish is found from Tomales Bay to Magdalena Bay , with additional isolated populations in the Gulf of California . It is reportedly very abundant in some coastal waters off California and Baja California , such as in Elkhorn Slough , and uncommon north of Monterey and in the Gulf of California . Bottom @-@ dwelling in nature , this species is typically found close to shore in less than 6 m ( 20 ft ) of water , though it has been recorded from as deep as 137 m ( 449 ft ) . It inhabits coastal habitats with muddy or sandy bottoms , including bays , sloughs , beaches , and lagoons , and can also be found in kelp beds and adjacent areas . = = Biology and ecology = = During the day , the thornback guitarfish spends much time partially buried in sediment . It may be encountered singly , in small groups , or in large aggregations that form seasonally in particular bays and sloughs . The diet of this ray consists of polychaete worms , crustaceans ( including crabs , shrimps , and isopods ) , squids , and small bony fishes ( including anchovies , sardines , gobies , sculpins , and surfperches ) . It can detect prey with its electroreceptive ampullae of Lorenzini , which are most sensitive to electric fields with a frequency of 5 – 15 Hz . In turn , the thornback guitarfish is preyed upon by sharks and the northern elephant seal ( Mirounga angustirostris ) . Known parasites of this species include the tapeworm Echinobothrium californiense and the nematode Proleptus acutus . Thornback guitarfish mate in late summer , and females give birth the following year at around the same time , peaking in August . It is aplacental viviparous , with developing embryos sustained until birth by yolk . Females bear litters of 1 – 15 pups every year ; the newborn rays measure about 11 cm ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) long . Males and females reach sexual maturity at 37 and 48 cm ( 15 and 19 in ) long respectively . = = Human interactions = = Harmless and docile , the thornback guitarfish can be readily approached underwater , and fares well in public aquariums . Off the United States , this ray is common and faces no substantial threats : it is only occasionally caught incidentally by commercial and recreational fishers , and has no economic value . As most of its range lies within US waters , the species has been assessed as Least Concern overall by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . However , in Mexican waters the thornback guitarfish population is small and fragmented , and the degree to which it is affected by fishing is uncertain . There , the IUCN has listed it locally under Data Deficient while noting its susceptibility to inshore lagoon fisheries and shrimp trawlers , and the urgent need for additional information to ensure its long @-@ term regional survival .
= Ypsilanti Heritage Festival = The Ypsilanti Heritage Festival is a festival in Ypsilanti , Michigan . Held each year on a late @-@ August weekend , the festival sprawls across Frog Island Park , Riverside Park , Depot Town , and downtown Ypsilanti . The festival includes events such as a parade , vintage base ball , a bed race , a hot dog eating contest , a rubber duck race , and a spoof of the Woodward Dream Cruise called the " Nightmare Cruise " . = = History = = The festival was first held on Saturday , July 15 , 1978 , " from noon ' til nightfall " . The sidewalks and streets in Depot Town had just been re @-@ paved , and the Depot Town Association held a " Sidewalk Celebration " . The poster advertised a noon sidewalk promenade led by the Honorable George Goodman " Hizzoner " the mayor of Ypsilanti and exciting ribbon cutting ceremonies , dedications and plain or fancy walkin ' . The Sidewalk Celebration was such a success that a decision was made to repeat the event , to be known as the " Ypsilanti Yesteryear Heritage Festival " . According to other reports , a motivating factor was the desire to establish a historic district in Ypsilanti , to prevent the city from replacing historic buildings on North Huron Street and in Depot Town with new construction . A group of Ypsilantians applied to the state for funding to publish a guidebook to the city 's historic homes , and were told that no money was available for that purpose , but that there was funding available to stage a festival . A $ 15 @,@ 000 grant from the state helped to fund the 1979 Ypsilanti Yesteryear Heritage Festival . In 1979 , the festival drew 50 @,@ 000 attendees , continued to grow quickly in subsequent years , and the name was soon shortened to the present name . By the mid @-@ 1980s the festival was attracting attention from non @-@ local newspapers — a June 1985 edition of the Toledo Blade referred to it as an " Old time circus , arts and crafts , and historic home tour " — and later that decade the festival was drawing more than 250 @,@ 000 attendees a year , though attendance subsequently declined , and in recent years the festival has drawn about 100 @,@ 000 attendees . = = Activities = = The Ypsilanti Heritage Festival includes and has included a wide variety of activities and events . The Ypsilanti Historic Home Tour , held annually during the Ypsilanti Heritage Festival , began , like the festival proper , in 1979 . A beer garden and gambling tent anchored the center of the festival from 1979 through 2010 . In 2011 the gambling was eliminated for financial reasons , while the beer garden continued with an expanded food and drink selection ; however , in January , 2012 , new festival director Andrew Clock announced that " the casino will be back , set up right next to the beer tent , where it belongs . " A bed race through downtown Ypsilanti was added as an annual event beginning in 2009 . The Ypsilanti Heritage Festival Parade began in 1979 , and has been held every year . In 2007 , the parade attracted wider attention when parade organizers approved the inclusion of a group protesting a proposed city income tax and subsequently revoked the permission . Festival coordinators explained that their rule was to exclude groups marching to represent controversial or political issues , and that the initial approval was an error . Because the Ypsilanti Heritage Festival has often been the same weekend as the Woodward Dream Cruise , festival coordinators " decided it would be a blast to have something that was the direct opposite of the Dream Cruise " , and the Nightmare Cruise , a spoof of the Woodward Dream Cruise , was born in 2005 . The only rules are that " [ t ] he car has to be legally driveable , and fluid leaks should be at a minimum . " Other events have included a pole vault competition sanctioned by USA Track & Field , live theater , antique cars and fire engines , vintage base ball sponsored by Greenfield Village , " Precious Pets " and " Beautiful Babies " contests , a rubber duck race , a living history encampment , a high wire performance by one of The Flying Wallendas , and a circus . = = = " The Game That Never Was " = = = In 1973 , Carolyn King , with support from the Ypsilanti City Council , became one of the first girls in the country to play Little League Baseball . When they found out that she was playing , Little League International officials pulled the Ypsilanti American Little League 's charter , and the 1973 All @-@ Star game between the rival Ypsilanti American and National Little Leagues was never played . Thirty @-@ seven years later , with most of the participants aged 48 to 50 , the game , billed as " The Game That Never Was " , was held in Frog Island Park as part of the 2010 festival . The American League All @-@ Stars won .
= Chelsea ( song ) = " Chelsea " is the debut song recorded by American pop rock band Stefy . It was released as the lead single from their debut album , The Orange Album ( 2006 ) . It was sent to mainstream radio in June 2006 and was made available as a CD single and digital download by Wind @-@ up Records on July 18 . The song features a melody that is similar to The Eurythmics ' " Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) " . " Chelsea " was written by Jimmy Harry , Greg Kurstin and Stefy Rae , while production was handled by Harry . The song received mixed reviews from music critics , who favorably compared it to the works of Gwen Stefani and Blondie , but found it to be a " weak " debut single . The song was moderately successful after its release , peaking at number 15 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play , and playing a prominent role in the video game 2006 FIFA World Cup ( 2006 ) . = = Background and release = = " Chelsea " was written and produced during recording sessions in Los Angeles , California at 320 Studios and Bombshelter Studios . Sessions for Stefy 's debut album , The Orange Album , began when lead singer Stefy Rae was " look [ ing ] for [ a ] sense of uniqueness " in the music industry . Rae stated that she was inspired to write " Chelsea " after another woman stole her boyfriend . The single was written by Stefy lead singer Stefy Rae , Greg Kurstin , and Jimmy Harry , while production was handled solely by Harry . The track was released in 2006 as a CD single and digital download by Wind @-@ up Records . The CD single version of " Chelsea " came with B @-@ side track " Cover Up " . The single was later issued to mainstream radio in June 2006 , where it received modest success and significant airplay , charting on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play for nine consecutive weeks . = = Composition and reception = = Musically , " Chelsea " is a bubblegum pop and new wave track , referencing the music of the 1980s and 1990s . Chris Carle , writing for IGN , described the single as an " ode to jealousy " that started " with [ a ] Eurhythmics @-@ style synth before launching into a snarling , almost @-@ tough chorus . " Marcus Duke for the Daily Express also noted the " sly sampling " of Eurhythmics , and stated " Stefy Rae has definitely been influenced by Gwen Stefani . " Francis Petruziello of Domain Cleveland Entertainment wrote an album review of The Orange Album and stated " ' Chelsea ' kicks off [ the ] album with the pixie @-@ like vocals of Stefy Rae singing about a boyfriend leaving her for another woman . " " Chelsea " received generally mixed reviews from music critics . Chris Carle of IGN praised the song for being a " standout track " and a " great blend of playful and painful " . Similarly , Marcus Dunk of the Daily Express wrote that " Chelsea " was a highlight for Stefy . Francis Petruziello , writing for Domain Cleveland Entertainment , enjoyed the " danceable " qualities of the song . A reviewer of Billboard enjoyed the single , comparing it to Gwen Stefani and Blondie 's work , but considered it " hardly a proper intro " on The Orange Album , however , the reviewer praised it for being a " delectably bubble gum " song . A critic from CMJ New Music Monthly was displeased with " Chelsea " , stating that it 's a " pale imitation of [ a ] classic decade @-@ of @-@ decadence act " , referencing the song 's sampling of " Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) " . = = Commercial performance = = " Chelsea " was moderately successful . Due to strong airplay on mainstream radio , the single managed to peak at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play ; it remained on the charts for nine weeks before departing the chart on October 7 , 2006 . It also peaked at number eighteen on the Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart , where it lasted for four weeks . In Europe , the single also fared moderately well . In the United Kingdom , the track debuted and peaked at number eighty @-@ two on the Official Charts Company . In Ireland , " Chelsea " debuted and peaked at number ninety @-@ six . = = Music video = = The official music video for " Chelsea " was first released on September 1 , 2006 via YouTube , before being made available for purchase on September 13 . The video was directed by Nigel Dick and features a guest appearance by Adam West as the judge of a court case . The video begins with Rae arriving at the scene of the case , surrounded by West and a group of female jurors who clap along to the song 's melody . Presumably , Rae is trying to convict her ex @-@ boyfriend of cheating on her . Various scenes include Rae performing at a school 's gymnasium and picking a fight with a female antagonist named Chelsea . The video concludes with Rae winning the court case and walking away from the scene . = = Track listings and formats = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits and personnel adapted from The Orange Album liner notes Recording Recorded at 3 : 20 Studios and Bombshelter Studios , Los Angeles Personnel = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Seychelles women 's national football team = The Seychelles women 's national football team is the national team of the Seychelles . It does not officially exist and has not played in a FIFA recognised match . The national team has played in two eighty @-@ minute long games in 2005 in a tournament hosted by Mauritius , with the Seychelles losing both matches . An official under @-@ 17 national team exists and had regular training sessions in 2006 . The sport faces several development problems inside the country including a lack of popularity for the sport , and few female players and teams . Women have gained football leadership positions in the country with one coaching a men 's team and another umpiring international matches . There are other development issues for the sport that are ones facing the whole of Africa . = = Background and development = = The Seychelles Football Federation was founded in 1979 , and became a FIFA affiliate in 1986 . Women 's football is represented in the federation by specific mandate and currently they employee one full @-@ time employee to look after the women 's game . Football is the third most popular women 's sport in the country . In 2006 there were overall 185 registered female players ( 100 adult players and 85 youth players ) . There are also a few women 's club , eight senior women 's club as of 2009 and a national competition takes place yearly . Girl 's football was not played in school based competitions in 2006 , but started in 2009 . The first woman 's football tournament occurred in the late 1990s , with the first tournaments being seven @-@ a @-@ side football before an eleven @-@ a @-@ side tournament started . The Patron 's Cup , the major women 's competition in the country that is the final for the national league , was won by Olympia Coast in 2001 , 2002 , 2003 and 2005 . The cup was won by Dolphins in 2004 . The competition and some of the teams underwent a name change with United Sisters becoming the Lioness and the Patron 's Cup becoming the Federation Cup . In 2007 , 2009 and 2011 , the Lioness won the Federation Cup . In 2002 , Cynthia Sanders became the first woman from the country to attain an assistant referee international license . Rights to broadcast the 2011 Women 's World Cup in the country were bought by the African Union of Broadcasting and Supersport International . In 2011 , Sanders became the first woman from the country to referee an international match when she officiated a match between Malawi and Zimbabwe in Harare , Zimbabwe . In 2012 , the country had their first woman sign a contract for and coach a men 's team . Early development of the women 's game at the time colonial powers brought football to the African continent was limited , as colonial powers in the region tended to make concepts of patriarchy and women 's participation in sports was limited as a result . The lack of later development of the national teams on a wider international level is symptomatic of most of African teams and a result of several factors , including limited access to education , poverty amongst women in the wider society , and fundamental inequality present in the society that occasionally allows for female specific human rights abuses . When quality female football players are developed , they tend to leave for greater opportunities abroad . Continent wide , funding is also an issue , with most development money coming from FIFA , not the national football association . Future success for women 's football in Africa is dependent on improved facilities and access by women to these facilities . Attempting to commercialise the game and make it commercially viable is not the solution , as demonstrated by the current existence of many youth and women 's football camps held throughout the continent . = = The team = = In 1985 , almost no country in the world had a women 's national football team including the Seychelles who did play in a single FIFA sanctioned match between 1950 and June 2012 . In 2006 , the country did not have an official FIFA recognised senior a team , a situation unchanged by 2009 . In 2005 , they competed in a three nation tournament hosted by Mauritius , where all games were 80 minutes in length . They lost to Mauritius 1 – 4 . They lost to Réunion 0 – 9 . Overall , they finished last , scoring only one goal in the competition . In 2005 , Zambia was supposed to host a regional COSAFA women 's football tournament , with ten teams agreeing to send teams including South Africa , Zimbabwe , Mozambique , Malawi , Seychelles , Mauritius , Madagascar , Zambia , Botswana , Namibia , Lesotho and Swaziland . Seychelles did not record a match in the event . The country did not have a team competing in the 2010 African Women 's Championships. or at the 2011 All Africa Games . In March 2012 , the team was not ranked in the world by FIFA . The country has an official under @-@ 17 team , the Seychelle women 's national under @-@ 17 football team . In 2006 , they had two training sessions a week but had yet to record an official FIFA recognised match .
= 1933 Trinidad hurricane = The 1933 Trinidad hurricane was one of three North Atlantic tropical cyclones on record to produce hurricane @-@ force winds in Venezuela . The second tropical storm and first hurricane of the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season , the system formed on June 24 to the east of the Lesser Antilles . It moved westward and attained hurricane status before striking Trinidad on June 27 . The storm caused heavy damage on the island , estimated at around $ 3 million . The strong winds downed trees and destroyed hundreds of houses , leaving about 1 @,@ 000 people homeless . Later , the hurricane crossed the northeastern portion of Venezuela , where power outages and damaged houses were reported . After entering the Caribbean Sea , the hurricane maintained a northwest trajectory . It passed south of Jamaica on July 1 , where heavy rainfall flooded roads and railways . The hurricane crossed western Cuba on July 3 . High winds on the island destroyed hundreds of houses , and the storm 's rainfall damaged the tobacco crop . Upon entering the Gulf of Mexico , the hurricane turned to the west and attained peak winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) on July 5 . It struck northeastern Mexico on July 8 and quickly dissipated . Upon its final landfall , the storm caused heavy damage in Mexico , and in southern Texas the storm ended a prolonged drought . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical wave was first observed near 40 ° W on June 23 . The next day , a ship in the region observed a closed circulation , suggesting that the tropical wave spawned a tropical depression about 1300 mi ( 2090 km ) east of Trinidad . The storm moved westward and gradually intensified . By June 27 , it attained hurricane status about 175 mi ( 280 km ) east of Trinidad , based on a ship report of a barometric pressure of 991 mbar ( 29 @.@ 27 inHg ) ; it was the first of 11 hurricanes during the season . At around 2100 UTC on June 27 , the hurricane made landfall on extreme southern Trinidad with winds of about 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) . After crossing the island , the hurricane struck the Paria Peninsula of northern Venezuela at the same intensity at 0200 UTC on June 28 . The 1933 Monthly Weather Review summary of the season noted that the hurricane was the " earliest known in [ the ] general area also the only one in a record of nearly 50 years to pass south of the Island of Trinidad and over the northeast corner of Venezuela . " About two hours after striking Venezuela , the hurricane entered the southeastern Caribbean Sea . For the next few days it maintained its intensity while tracking to the northwest . A ship on June 30 reported a pressure of 982 mb ( 29 @.@ 0 inHg ) , suggesting winds of about 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . The next day , the hurricane passed south of Jamaica and turned more to the west before resuming a northwest motion . At around 0600 UTC on July 3 , the hurricane made landfall on western Cuba with winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . It weakened while crossing the island , although it maintained hurricane status upon entering the Gulf of Mexico . On July 4 , a strong high pressure area over the eastern United States turned the hurricane to the west . After restrengthening , the storm attained peak winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) on July 5 , based on a ship report of a pressure of 965 mbar ( 28 @.@ 5 inHg ) . It maintained that intensity for about 18 hours , and during that time the hurricane turned to the southwest . At 0100 UTC on July 8 , the hurricane made its final landfall near La Pesca , about halfway between Tampico , Tamaulipas and Brownsville , Texas . The intensity at landfall was estimated at around 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) . After moving ashore , the hurricane rapidly weakened over the high terrain of northeastern Mexico , and the storm dissipated at around 1200 UTC on July 8 . = = Impact = = Throughout its path , the hurricane killed at least 35 people collectively in Trinidad , Venezuela , Jamaica , and Cuba . The hurricane first affected Trinidad , causing about $ 3 million in damage in the southern portion of the island . The storm destroyed 300 houses in one village , and thousands were left homeless . Trees across the island fell down and blocked many roads , including one that struck a car and seriously injured one man . Heavy damage was also reported to the cocoa industry . High winds destroyed about 60 oil derricks , and an 11 mi ( 18 km ) oil supply line was disrupted due to fallen trees . This represented a significant loss to the island 's oil industry , one of two such events in the 1930s . High winds downed power lines across the island , which were repaired by three days after the storm struck . The storm also dropped heavy rainfall and destroyed the roofs of many houses . Little damage occurred in the capital city of Port of Spain . There were 13 deaths in Trinidad , some of whom drowned after their boats sank . After the storm , medical assistance and relief supplies were sent via boat to Cedros , which was one of the most significantly affected areas . After affecting Trinidad , the hurricane struck northeastern Venezuela , where damage was heaviest in Carúpano , Río Caribe , and Isla Margarita . High winds cut telephone and telegraph lines for several days . The storm destroyed several houses and fishing boats , resulting in several million bolívares in damage . Officials reported that there were " a number of lives lost " due to the hurricane . Striking with winds of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) , the storm was one of only three Atlantic tropical cyclones on record at the time to affect the country with hurricane @-@ force winds as of 2015 , after hurricanes in 1877 and 1892 . After moving across the Caribbean , the hurricane affected Jamaica . High winds downed about 200 @,@ 000 banana trees , while flooding in the western portion of the island affected roads and railways . Later , the hurricane crossed western Cuba , killing 22 people and causing $ 4 million in damage . The hurricane destroyed about 100 houses in Pinar del Río Province from the combination of strong winds and flooding from heavy rainfall . One person died after her house collapsed in the province . The rainfall caused four rivers to exceed their banks , and the storm @-@ related flooding left serious damage to the tobacco industry . The storm also damaged crops in the region . High winds downed telephone and telegraph lines in western Cuba . Little damage was reported in the capital city of Havana , despite the report of a peak wind gust of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . After the storm , Cuban President Gerardo Machado utilized the military to assist in relief operations and prevent looting . The threat of the storm prompted the United States Weather Bureau to issue southeast storm warnings for Key West , Florida . Light rainfall from the storm was reported in Miami . Before the storm made its final landfall , the Weather Bureau issued northeast storm warnings from Brownsville to Port O 'Connor , Texas on July 5 . That same day , a hurricane warning was also issued for Brownsville . The hurricane ultimately struck a sparsely @-@ populated area of northeastern Mexico , causing several deaths and heavy damage in the country . High winds downed trees and power lines , and damaged the roofs of several houses . Along the beach near Tampico , high tides damaged coastal structures and flooded some cars . The effects extended into Texas , and Brazos Island , Port Isabel , and Port Aransas were flooded due to the storm surge . High tides damaged ten piers in Port Isabel , and there was damage to buildings along the coast . The storm damaged the cotton and fruit crops in south Texas from high winds and rainfall . Rains from the storm ended an extended drought in the Brownsville area .
= Zaion : I Wish You Were Here = Zaion : I Wish You Were Here ( Japanese : あなたがここにいてほしい , Hepburn : Anata ga koko ni Itehoshii ) is a four @-@ episode Japanese science fiction original video animation ( OVA ) released by Gonzo in 2001 . The story is set in the near future , when a spaceborne virus threatens Earth by turning humans into violent creatures . Enhanced soldiers fight a losing war against these creatures to ensure the survival of the human race . The series was directed by Seiji Mizushima and written by Natsuko Takahashi . Music for the series was composed by Kenji Kawai . Zaion has been licensed for English @-@ language release in North America , the United Kingdom , and Australia . = = Plot = = The story of Zaion is set in 2004 , four years after the American CDC discovers a meteorite @-@ introduced virus that irreversibly alters the molecular structure of the human body and turns its victims into violent creatures . In an effort to eradicate the infestation that has claimed 3 percent of the human population , the World Health Organization of the United Nations establish a secret internal organization , the Committee of the Universal Resolution of Ecocatastrophe ( CURE ) in 2002 with several international branches , and creates a unit of soldiers whose bodies have been introduced with nanomachines . These soldiers , wearing Nano Osmolar Armor ( NOA ) , engage the victims in direct combat . They also establish units of unmanned , remote mech units known as Multi @-@ purpose Operative Beings ( MOB ) to assist the NOA . As the missions begin to take a toll on the NOA 's ranks , NOA soldier Yuuji Tamiya ( 田宮ユウジ , Tamiya Yūji ) ( voiced by Joe Odagiri in Japanese and Joey Hood in English ) becomes angry at learning that CURE has been working on a secret weapon project , known as UNIT , and not employing it . The Japanese Branch 's weapon , UNIT @-@ i , is a girl named Ai ( アイ ) ( voiced by Yukari Tamura in Japanese and Christa Kimlicko Jones in English ) who is able to create a projected being that can destroy the creatures . During the next outbreak , victims of the virus fuse together into a larger creature and overwhelm the soldiers . CURE decides to put Ai 's ability to the test , and the projected being destroys the creature . Yuuji is quarantined after coming in contact with one of the creatures but is released when he recovers from his injuries . However , his blood tests later indicate that the virus has evolved and is attacking the nanomachines in his body . CURE orders for Yuuji 's arrest , but he escapes and takes Ai hostage . When his condition worsens during the journey , Ai heals him with her powers . The other NOA soldiers catch up to the two and help them escape , but they are soon found by CURE units . Unwilling to see Yuuji and the others hurt , Ai decides to leave with the CURE soldiers . At the NOA facility , the infected soldiers become victims of the virus as the nanomachines are destroyed . Yuuji is forced to fight them and the CURE units sent to kill them at the same time . Ai finds out that Yuuji is in danger and asks that she be taken to the facility . She realizes her feelings for Yuuji and projects them with her powers to eliminate the virus . A larger outbreak occurs elsewhere in the city , and the virus further evolves to mimic the nanomachines ' abilities . Yuuji delays the creatures ' advance as Ai creates the projected being once again . She uses all her power to purge the infected area of the virus , but this causes her to collapse in exhaustion . Yuuji runs to her , fearing that she is dead , but she is still alive . Unfortunately , the seemingly defeated virus resists , and Yuuji desperately rushes towards the creatures to fight them . In the end it is revealed that Ai had lost her ability and she and Yuuji had left the organization . In the epilogue it shows Ai and Yuuji spending time together , happy to be free from their duties at last . = = Media = = The first episode of Zaion was published on the Internet on October 4 , 2001 . It was one of the few instances of a new series being introduced on the Internet before it was broadcast on television . The first two episodes aired later that day on the Kids Station television network . The network also aired the final episodes of the series on November 3 , 2001 . The ending theme song for the series is " Lunatic Trance : Shizuka naru Zekkyō " ( Lunatic Trance ～静かなる絶叫～ ) , which was released as a maxi single on November 21 , 2001 . The song was later included in Gonzo 's compilation release of music from its anime works in 2006 . The series did not have an opening theme . Each episode of Zaion was released monthly on DVD by Japanese distributor Media Factory . The first episode was released on February 22 , 2002 , and the final episode was released on May 31 , 2002 . ADV Films licensed the series for the English language and released the episodes in pairs in 2003 . It then repackaged the series into one set , released on February 3 , 2009 . Madman Entertainment licensed Zaion for distribution in Australia and New Zealand and released its boxed set on July 26 , 2006 . = = Reception = = Critical reception of Zaion : I Wish You Were Here was mixed . " On the surface , it may appear to be merely another sci @-@ fi mecha action show " , Patrick King of Anime Fringe wrote . However , Zaion introduced apocalyptic themes similar those found in Michael Crichton 's novel Andromeda Strain and the film 28 Days Later . According to King , the real story of Zaion occurs when Yuuji and Ai develop their relationship , and " we begin to think less of the nanomachine technology and viral invasion of the planet and focus more upon the potential love between these two lonely people , trapped in a labyrinth devoid of an exit " . The series was produced with high audio and visual qualities and was designed with " plausible technical details " . King also praised the fitting soundtrack , which was composed by Kenji Kawai and incorporated the sounds of progressive rock . On the contrary , Jason Bustard of THEM Anime rated the series one out of five stars and accused Gonzo of attempting to " rip off Power Rangers as a last resort " . He also pointed out the seemingly oblivious general population of the world in Zaion that are not at all concerned about the invasion . " If they were trying for some sort of grand social statement here , they succeeded instead in making the vast majority of Japan simply look stupid " , Bustard charged . Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network also rated Zaion below average . Although he criticized the series as a " woefully undercooked and dull bit of science fiction claptrap " , he also admitted that it " wouldn 't be quite so miserable if the design wasn 't as poorly handled as it is " . Gonzo , which was known for incorporating experimental animation into its productions , mismanaged the show 's 3D computer animation and produced a result that " could have been rendered many years ago in some ancient MS @-@ DOS modeling program " . Despite his criticisms , Bertschy called the soundtrack " a truck stop of pleasure on the highway of pain " and praised the professional English @-@ language dub released by ADV Films . Mania.com 's Chris Beveridge noted that character development between Yuuji and Ai was not consistent . " Yuuji comes across as little more than a blank sheet for the most part with just the scribble of ' angst ' on him " , Beveridge observed . Overall , Gonzo 's experimentation with computer animation " look highly fake and out of place " .
= Vincent Clarkson = Vincent Clarkson , also known by the alter ego Valerie Davis , is a fictional character on the American soap opera Passions , which aired on NBC from 1999 to 2007 and on DirecTV in 2007 – 08 . Passions followed the romantic and supernatural adventures in the fictional New England coastal town of Harmony . Created by the soap 's founder and head writer James E. Reilly , the role was portrayed by Phillip Jeanmarie from 2006 – 2008 . Valerie Davis was played by Daphnée Duplaix from 2004 – 2008 , and temporarily by Siena Goines in 2007 . Jeanmarie originally auditioned for the role of a peeping tom before the role was expanded as the show progressed . Jeanmarie and Duplaix were both unaware that Vincent and Valerie were the same character until receiving the script . Goines was temporarily cast as Valerie during Duplaix 's maternity leave . At the end of the show , several props and costumes related to Vincent were sold at an auction , along with other items from the show . Vincent is a member of the Russell family and the Crane family . The long @-@ lost son of Julian Crane and Eve Russell , he was portrayed as mentally unstable and violent . He appeared initially under the alias Valerie Davis , but his later persona as the " Blackmailer " , and his criminal actions , would dominate the show in its later years . He received further prominence for his incestuous affair with Chad Harris @-@ Crane , sexual identity as intersex , and pregnancy with his father 's child . The character made daytime television history for having the first instance in a soap opera of two men simulating sex ; he is also notable for being an intersex character . Vincent has received mixed feedback from critics , with some praising Jeanmarie 's acting while others criticized and parodied the character 's relationship with Chad . Jeanmarie cited the role as inspiration for future soap operas to address LGBT issues . = = Background = = = = = Casting and creation = = = Phillip Jeanmarie originally auditioned for the part of a peeping tom unaware that the role would be expanded into the character of Vincent Clarkson . Jeanmarie praised James E. Reilly for taking a risk by creating an intersex villain while also staying true to his " tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek approach to his storytelling " . Jeanmarie stated that he enjoyed playing " the bad guy " and felt that Vincent was " surprising and challenging " to portray given the twists in his narrative . Reilly , and the show 's writers , did not inform Jeanmarie of their plans for Vincent 's storylines until the read @-@ through and the shooting of the scenes . Jeanmarie said this decision prevented him from overthinking the character and allowed him to act on his instinct . He equated his time on the soap opera to acting school . Daphnée Duplaix stated she was unaware that Valerie was Vincent 's split personality ; she said the cast did not know their future storylines : " until [ they ] ha [ d ] the script in [ their ] hand [ s ] " . From January 20 , 2007 to March 29 , 2007 , Siena Goines temporarily played the part during Duplaix 's maternity leave . = = = Characterization and cast response = = = Jeanmarie stated that he portrayed Vincent as a character in constant pursuit of love . He called his character " horribly scarred " from the abuse by his grandfather Alistair Crane and opined that his criminal and immoral behavior was meant to cover up his desire for acceptance . Jeanmarie viewed Vincent as a part of the larger history of the representation of LGBT persons on daytime television . He cited the role as inspiration for future soap operas to address LGBT issues . Other Passions cast members had a more negative perception of the character . Tracey Ross , who played Russell family matriarch Eve Russell , reacted negatively to Vincent 's involvement in Eve 's storylines . She said that Vincent giving birth to his father 's child made her " physically nauseous " and she could only complete the birth scenes after the show 's acting coach , Maria O 'Brien , convinced her of " [ their ] comedic possibilities " . Vincent 's manipulation of Eve to incorrectly reattach Julian 's penis was criticized by co @-@ star McKenzie Westmore ( " This has got to be the worst storyline ever done , what are they doing ? " ) , who cited it as a reason for the show 's cancellation . Kim Johnston Ulrich , who played Ivy Winthrop , said she was confused by Vincent and never fully understood his storyline . = = Appearances = = = = = 2001 : Hidden Passions : Secrets from the Diaries of Tabitha Lenox = = = The 2001 novel Hidden Passions : Secrets from the Diaries of Tabitha Lenox was published by HarperEntertainment as a tie @-@ innovelization to expand the backstories of prominent characters from the show , such as revealing more information regarding Eve Russell 's child with Julian Crane . It was promoted as being written by the character Tabitha Lenox ( it was in reality composed by writers Alice Alfonsi and James E. Reilly ) and was heavily featured on the show . The novel reveals that Vincent was born on Christmas day . It states that Alistair Crane arranged for Vincent 's death , but instead the hitman , Jack , placed the baby with social services without his knowledge . The series changed Alistair 's involvement in Vincent 's life ; Alistair abuses and manipulates Vincent as a tool for his plans to maintain power over Harmony . Despite the book 's billing as canonical when it was published , the show contradicts much of its information with the most prominent aspect being the alterations to Eve 's family . = = = 2004 – 08 : Passions = = = Vincent first appears in the December 16 , 2004 episode as his alter @-@ ego Valerie Davis . While working as an executive assistant to Crane Industries ' vice president Theresa Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald , Valerie is characterized by her connection with the Crane family and past sexual encounter with Chad Harris @-@ Crane . Vincent fabricates a backstory for Valerie ; she joined Crane Industries to change its lack of minority employees . Valerie is initially a minor character , appearing to help Ivy Winthrop in her attempts to break up Fox Crane and Kay Bennett and support Chad during work . But she gains more prominence when Eve catches her having sex with Crane Industries ' CEO Julian Crane . Valerie engages in a catfight with Eve after she is accused of using sex to climb the corporate ladder . During this time , Whitney Russell suspects that Valerie is having an affair with Chad . Vincent is first seen outside of his split @-@ personality when he introduces himself as a tabloid reporter at Chad and Whitney 's wedding on December 26 , 2006 . Whitney sets up Vincent and Valerie as a couple without knowing they are in fact the same person . From 2006 to 2007 , Vincent adopts the disguise of the " Blackmailer " to rape , murder , and blackmail several of the show 's characters . Alistair ( who was presumed dead at the time ) , manipulated Vincent into performing these criminal actions . Daytime Confidential 's Jamey Giddens described the storyline as a " reign of terror [ that ] dominated the last few years of the series " and called Vincent a : " seemingly omnipotent , omnipresent force " . Vincent 's first act as the " Blackmailer " is to repeatedly rape his paternal half @-@ sister Fancy Crane ; he frames Fancy 's boyfriend Luis Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald for the rapes by planting his semen inside her . After his maternal half @-@ sister Simone Russell 's girlfriend Rae Thomas learns the truth behind Fancy 's rapes , he murders her and frames Luis for the crime . As the storyline progresses , Vincent begins to harbor an obsession with Theresa 's love interest Ethan Winthrop and blackmails Judge JE Reilly into sentencing Luis to death by lethal injection . Vincent 's aunt Sheridan Crane was the only person to identify him as the " Blackmailer " ; she keeps his secret on the condition that he bring her niece Pretty Crane back to Harmony to destroy Fancy 's relationship with Luis . Vincent convinces Sheridan to kill Theresa with an electric chair , but she is interrupted by Theresa 's rival Gwen Hotchkiss . In February 2007 , Vincent is revealed to have been engaging in an incestuous and adulterous affair with Chad ( who was simultaneously Vincent 's half @-@ uncle , adoptive half @-@ cousin , and half @-@ brother @-@ in @-@ law ) ; the affair was cited as starting prior to the show 's storyline in Rome in the summer of 2006 . Vincent blackmails Chad with secret videos of their sexual encounters . Furious with Chad for continuing to sleep with Whitney , Vincent engineers a scenario in which Whitney sees Vincent and Chad having sex in the back of a gay bar ; Whitney immediately leaves Chad and Chad distances himself from Vincent . Chad informs Valerie of Vincent 's infidelity after overhearing the two fight ; Chad , as well as the viewer , is unaware that Vincent and Valerie are the same person . As the incest storyline progresses , Vincent reveals to Julian and Eve his secret identities as the " Blackmailer " and their son . For most of the series , Eve and Julian 's child is believed to be Chad , who is later shown to be Eve 's adoptive sister Liz 's child from her rape by Alistair . Despite Julian 's insistence that they protect their son and the Crane name , Eve tells the police that Vincent is the " Blackmailer " and Luis is set free moments before his execution . Vincent is arrested and placed in psychiatric care . Alistair helps Vincent to escape , but hires assassin Spike Lester to murder him . Vincent is rescued by Sheridan and they escape Harmony by car while being pursued by Spike . Vincent and Spike fall over the side of a cliff . Sheridan can save only one of the two men and chooses to save Spike after he reveals her son Marty is still alive . Vincent plummets to his ( apparent ) death on August 30 , 2007 . A few episodes later , Vincent emerges from the ocean and goes to Valerie 's house to attack her off @-@ screen for exposing his secrets . In the show 's final episode on NBC on September 7 , 2007 , Valerie removes her mask to reveal she is in fact Vincent ; it is strongly implied that Vincent has dissociative identity disorder . In November 2007 , Vincent runs a blood test on himself after experiencing what appears to be symptoms of morning sickness and discovers he is pregnant . Eve inspects Vincent ( who is dressed as Valerie ) on November 22 , 2007 and discovers his pregnancy and his true gender identity as intersex . Vincent torments Eve out of revenge for her failure to prevent his abduction when he was born and to prevent her from telling anyone that he was still alive and pregnant with Julian 's child . After his psychopathic accomplice Viki Chatsworth severs Julian 's penis , Vincent plies Eve with drugs and alcohol so she botches her attempt to surgically reattach Julian 's penis ; she reattaches it upside @-@ down , and an erection might kill him . In May 2008 , Eve and Julian assist Vincent with the birth of his son on the Russells ' kitchen table after Eve explains everything about Vincent and Valerie to Julian . Eve plans to form a relationship again with Vincent ( believing that motherhood has mellowed him ) , and convinces Julian not to turn him in to the police . During the rehearsal dinner for the joint weddings of Luis Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald and Fancy Crane , Noah Bennett and Paloma Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald , Miguel Lopez @-@ Fitzgerald and Kay Bennett , and Edna Wallace and Norma Bates , Vincent and Viki kill all the guests with a poison mushroom sauce . Witch Tabitha Lenox gives up her powers and becomes a born again Christian in order to resurrect everyone . Vincent is last seen being arrested by Chief of Police Sam Bennett . Since T. C. Russell , Whitney , and Simone moved to New Orleans in 2007 , Vincent and Eve are the only two Russells in the final episode . = = Impact and reception = = Throughout his run on Passions , he received mixed feedback from critics . Jamey Giddens of Daytime Confidential praised Jeanmarie 's performance for making all of Vincent 's storylines believable , writing : " If anyone on that show could have won an Emmy it was him " . Giddens felt the fact that Vincent and Chad was the first instance in a soap opera of two men simulating sex should have received more media attention compared to that given Luke Snyder and Noah Mayer from the CBS soap opera As the World Turns and Oliver Fish and Kyle Lewis from the ABC soap opera One Life to Live . Soap opera journalist Roger Newcomb of the website We Love Soaps included Vincent in his review of gay , lesbian , and bisexual characters in the history of daytime television . Josh Robertson of Complex called Duplaix one of the most successful soap actresses , who had been a Playboy Playmate , for her performances as Valerie in thirty @-@ four episodes of Passions , along with her portrayal of Rachel Gannon in ninety @-@ five episodes of One Life to Live . After the show 's cancellation , the character was frequently referenced as a prime example of its outrageous storylines . BuzzFeed 's community member Top40DJ included Valerie and Vincent on the list - Crazy Ladies of Daytime Soaps . Following James E. Reilly 's death on October 12 , 2008 , Gawker 's Kyle Buchanan listed the " insanely convoluted incest storylines " involving Vincent as one of : " the most insane things that have ever happened on television " . An article in Soap Opera Digest included the revelations that Vincent was the blackmailer , Eve and Julian 's son , and Valerie on the list of Passions ' most shocking secrets . Herndon L. Davis of Windy City Times was critical of the character 's development , saying the soap opera " recklessly wrote a down @-@ low storyline which involved an African @-@ American man but eventually turned it into an outrageous intersex serial killer storyline " . Mike Perigard of the Boston Herald criticized the storylines involving the rapist as " just vile " . Joel McHale from E ! ' s weekly television series The Soup turned a scene in which Chad insisted he was " not gay " , despite his affair with Vincent , into a running gag by referring to the character as " Not Gay Chad " . During the show 's season five premiere , Charles Divins ( who was the principal actor to play Chad during the storylines focusing on the character 's sexuality ) made a cameo to explain to McHale that he was not his character and was neither dead nor gay . After Divins leaves the shot , McHale asks : " so your character sleeps with transsexuals ? " in reference to the reveal that Vincent was intersex . Following DirecTV 's decision to not renew the show , Passions partnered with Premiere Props to hold a public two @-@ day estate sale of props and costumes from the show . Stacey Ward , a director of NBCUniversal , pitched the auction as : " an opportunity to own a piece of their favorite show " . Several Vincent @-@ related items were offered for sale , including his disguise as the " Blackmailer " ( without the mask ) and several of Valerie 's outfits .
= Ear = The ear is the organ of hearing and , in mammals , balance . In mammals , the ear is usually described as having three parts — the outer ear , middle ear and the inner ear . The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal . Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals , the word " ear " often refers to the external part alone . The middle ear includes the tympanic cavity and the three ossicles . The inner ear sits in the bony labyrinth , and contains structures which are key to several senses : the semicircular canals , which enable balance and eye tracking when moving ; the utricle and saccule , which enable balance when stationary ; and the cochlea , which enables hearing . The ears of vertebrates are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head , an arrangement that aids sound localisation . The ear develops from the first pharyngeal pouch and six small swellings that develop in the early embryo called otic placodes , which are derived from ectoderm . The ear may be affected by disease , including infection and traumatic damage . Diseases of the ear may lead to hearing loss , tinnitus and balance disorders such as vertigo , although many of these conditions may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear . The ear has been adorned by earrings and other jewellery in numerous cultures for thousands of years , and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations . = = Structure = = The human ear consists of three parts — the outer ear , middle ear and inner ear . The ear canal of the outer ear is separated from the air @-@ filled tympanic cavity of the middle ear by the eardrum . The middle ear contains the three small bones — the ossicles — involved in the transmission of sound , and is connected to the throat at the nasopharynx , via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube . The inner ear contains the otolith organs — the utricle and saccule — and the semicircular canals belonging to the vestibular system , as well as the cochlea of the auditory system . = = = Outer ear = = = The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible pinna ( also called the auricle ) , the ear canal , and the outer layer of the eardrum ( also called the tympanic membrane ) . The pinna consists of the curving outer rim called the helix , the inner curved rim called the antihelix , and opens into the ear canal . The tragus protrudes and partially obscures the ear canal , as does the facing antitragus . The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha . The ear canal stretches for about 1 inch ( 2 @.@ 5 cm ) . The first part of the canal is surrounded by cartilage , while the second part near the eardrum is surrounded by bone . This bony part is known as the auditory bulla and is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone . The skin surrounding the ear canal contains ceruminous and sebaceous glands that produce protective ear wax . The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum . Two sets of muscles are associated with the outer ear : the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles . In some mammals , these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna . In humans , these muscles have little or no effect . The ear muscles are supplied by the facial nerve , which also supplies sensation to the skin of the ear itself , as well as to the external ear cavity . The great auricular nerve , auricular nerve , auriculotemporal nerve , and lesser and greater occipital nerves of the cervical plexus all supply sensation to parts of the outer ear and the surrounding skin . The pinna consists of a single piece of elastic cartilage with a complicated relief on its inner surface and a fairly smooth configuration on its posterior surface . A tubercle , known as Darwin 's tubercle , is sometimes present , lying in the descending part of the helix and corresponding to the ear @-@ tip of mammals . The earlobe consists of areola and adipose tissue . The symmetrical arrangement of the two ears allows for the localisation of sound . The brain accomplishes this by comparing arrival @-@ times and intensities from each ear , in circuits located in the superior olivary complex and the trapezoid bodies which are connected via pathways to both ears . = = = Middle ear = = = The middle ear lies between the outer ear and the inner ear . It consists of an air @-@ filled cavity called the tympanic cavity and includes the three ossicles and their attaching ligaments ; the auditory tube ; and the round and oval windows . The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive , amplify , and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear . The ossicles are the malleus ( hammer ) , incus ( anvil ) , and the stapes ( stirrup ) . The stapes is the smallest named bone in the body . The middle ear also connects to the upper throat at the nasopharynx via the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube . The three ossicles transmit sound from the outer ear to the inner ear . The malleus receives vibrations from sound pressure on the eardrum , where it is connected at its longest part ( the manubrium or handle ) by a ligament . It transmits vibrations to the incus , which in turn transmits the vibrations to the small stapes bone . The wide base of the stapes rests on the oval window . As the stapes vibrates , vibrations are transmitted through the oval window , causing movement of fluid within the cochlea . The round window allows for the fluid within the inner ear to move . As the stapes pushes the secondary tympanic membrane , fluid in the inner ear moves and pushes the membrane of the round window out by a corresponding amount into the middle ear . The ossicles help amplify sound waves by nearly 15 – 20 times . = = = Inner ear = = = The inner ear sits within the temporal bone in a complex cavity called the bony labyrinth . A central area known as the vestibule contains two small fluid @-@ filled recesses , the utricle and saccule . These connect to the semicircular canals and the cochlea . There are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic balance . The cochlea is a spiral shell @-@ shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing . These structures together create the membranous labyrinth . The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains the membranous labyrinth , contained within the temporal bone . The inner ear structurally begins at the oval window , which receives vibrations from the incus of the middle ear . Vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid called endolymph , which fills the membranous labyrinth . The endolymph is situated in two vestibules , the utricle and saccule , and eventually transmits to the cochlea , a spiral @-@ shaped structure . The cochlea consists of three fluid @-@ filled spaces : the vestibular duct , the cochlear duct , and the tympanic duct . Hair cells responsible for transduction — changing mechanical changes into electrical stimuli are present in the organ of Corti in the cochlea . = = = Blood supply = = = The blood supply of the ear differs according to each part of the ear . The outer ear is supplied by a number of arteries . The posterior auricular artery provides the majority of the blood supply . The anterior auricular arteries provide some supply to the outer rim of the ear and scalp behind it . The posterior auricular artery is a direct branch of the external carotid artery , and the anterior auricular arteries are branches from the superficial temporal artery . The occipital artery also plays a role . The middle ear is supplied by the mastoid branch of either the occipital or posterior auricular arteries and the deep auricular artery , a branch of the maxillary artery . Other arteries which are present but play a smaller role include branches of the middle meningeal artery , ascending pharyngeal artery , internal carotid artery , and the artery of the pterygoid canal . The inner ear is supplied by the anterior tympanic branch of the maxillary artery ; the stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery ; the petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery ; and the labyrinthine artery , arising from either the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or the basilar artery . = = Function = = = = = Hearing = = = Sound waves travel through the outer ear , are modulated by the middle ear , and are transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve in the inner ear . This nerve transmits information to the temporal lobe of the brain , where it is registered as sound . Sound that travels through the outer ear impacts on the eardrum , and causes it to vibrate . The three ossicles bones transmit this sound to a second window ( the oval window ) which protects the fluid @-@ filled inner ear . In detail , the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a sound , which impacts on the eardrum . The malleus rests on the membrane , and receives the vibration . This vibration is transmitted along the incus and stapes to the oval window . Two small muscles , the tensor tympani and stapedius , also help modulate noise . The two muscles reflexively contract to dampen excessive vibrations . Vibration of the oval window causes vibration of the endolymph within the vestibule and the cochlea . The inner ear houses the apparatus necessary to change the vibrations transmitted from the outside world via the middle ear into signals passed along the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain . The hollow channels of the inner ear are filled with liquid , and contain a sensory epithelium that is studded with hair cells . The microscopic " hairs " of these cells are structural protein filaments that project out into the fluid . The hair cells are mechanoreceptors that release a chemical neurotransmitter when stimulated . Sound waves moving through fluid flows against the receptor cells of the organ of Corti . The fluid pushes the filaments of individual cells ; movement of the filaments causes receptor cells to become open to receive the potassium @-@ rich endolymph . This causes the cell to depolarise , and creates an action potential that is transmitted along the spiral ganglion , which sends information through the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the temporal lobe of the brain . The human ear can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20 kHz ( the audio range ) . Sounds outside this range are considered infrasound ( below 20 Hz ) or ultrasound ( above 20 kHz ) Although hearing requires an intact and functioning auditory portion of the central nervous system as well as a working ear , human deafness ( extreme insensitivity to sound ) most commonly occurs because of abnormalities of the inner ear , rather than in the nerves or tracts of the central auditory system . = = = Balance = = = Providing balance , when moving or stationary , is also a central function of the ear . The ear facilitates two types of balance : static balance , which allows a person to feel the effects of gravity , and dynamic balance , which allows a person to sense acceleration . Static balance is provided by two ventricles , the utricle and the saccule . Cells lining the walls of these ventricles contain fine filaments , and the cells are covered with a fine gelatinous layer . Each cell has 50 – 70 small filaments , and one large filament , the kinocilium . Within the gelatinous layer lie otoliths , tiny formations of calcium carbonate . When a person moves , these otoliths shift position . This shift alters the positions of the filaments , which opens ion channels within the cell membranes , creating depolarisation and an action potential that is transmitted to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve . Dynamic balance is provided through the three semicircular canals . These three canals are orthogonal ( at right angles ) to each other . At the end of each canal is a slight enlargement , known as the ampulla , which contains numerous cells with filaments in a central area called the cupula . The fluid in these canals rotates according to the momentum of the head . When a person changes acceleration , the inertia of the fluid changes . This affects the pressure on the cupula , and results in the opening of ion channels . This causes depolarisation , which is passed as a signal to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve . Dynamic balance also helps maintain eye tracking when moving , via the vestibulo – ocular reflex . = = Development = = During embryogenesis the ear develops as three distinct structures : the inner ear , the middle ear and the outer ear . Each structure originates from a different germ layer : the ectoderm , endoderm and mesenchyme . = = = Inner ear = = = After implantation , around the second to third week the developing embryo consists of three layers : endoderm , mesoderm and ectoderm . The first part of the ear to develop is the inner ear , which begins to form from the ectoderm around the 22nd day of the embryo ’ s development . Specifically , the inner ear derives from two thickenings called otic placodes on either side of the head . Each otic placode recedes below the ectoderm , forms an otic pit and then an otic vesicle . This entire mass will eventually become surrounded by mesenchyme to form the bony labyrinth . Around the 33rd day of development , the vesicles begin to differentiate . Closer to the back of the embryo , they form what will become the utricle and semicircular canals . Closer to the front of the embryo , the vesicles differentiate into a rudimentary saccule , which will eventually become the saccule and cochlea . Part of the saccule will eventually give rise and connect to the cochlear duct . This duct appears approximately during the sixth week and connects to the saccule through the ductus reuniens . As the cochlear duct ’ s mesenchyme begins to differentiate , three cavities are formed : the scala vestibuli , the scala tympani and the scala media . Both the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani contain an extracellular fluid called perilymph . The scala media contains endolymph . A set of membranes called the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane develop to separate the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct , respectively . Parts of the otic vesicle in turn form the vestibulocochlear nerve . These form bipolar neurons which supply sensation to parts of the inner ear ( namely the sensory parts of the semicircular canals , macular of the utricle and saccule , and organ of Corti ) . The nerve begins to form around the 28th day . Molecular regulation Most of the genes responsible for the regulation of inner ear formation and its morphogenesis are members of the homeobox gene family such as Pax , Msx and Otx homeobox genes . The development of inner ear structures such as the cochlea is regulated by Dlx5 / Dlx6 , Otx1 / Otx2 and Pax2 , which in turn are controlled by the master gene Shh . Shh is secreted by the notochord . = = = Middle ear = = = The middle ear and its components develop from the first and second pharyngeal arches . The tympanic cavity and auditory tube develop from the first part of the pharyngeal pouch between the first two arches in an area which will also go on to develop the pharynx . This develops as a structure called the tubotympanic recess . The ossicles ( malleus , incus and stapes ) normally appear during the first half of fetal development . The first two ( malleus and incus ) derive from the first pharyngeal arch and the stapes derives from the second . All three ossicles develop from the neural crest . Eventually cells from the tissue surrounding the ossicles will experience apoptosis and a new layer of endodermal epithelial will constitute the formation of the tympanic cavity wall . = = = Outer ear = = = Unlike structures of the inner and middle ear , which develop from pharyngeal pouches , the ear canal originates from the dorsal portion of the first pharyngeal cleft . It is fully expanded by the end of the 18th week of development . The eardrum is made up of three layers ( ectoderm , endoderm and connective tissue ) . The pinna originates as a fusion of six hillocks . The first three hillocks are derived from the lower part of the first pharyngeal arch and form the tragus , crus of the helix , and helix , respectively . The final three hillocks are derived from the upper part of the second pharyngeal arch and form the antihelix , antitragus , and earlobe . The outer ears develop in the lower neck . As the mandible forms they move towards their final position level with the eyes . = = Clinical significance = = = = = Hearing loss = = = Hearing loss may be either partial or total . This may be a result of injury or damage , congenital disease , or physiological causes . When hearing loss is a result of injury or damage to the outer ear or middle ear , it is known as conductive hearing loss . When deafness is a result of injury or damage to the inner ear , vestibulochoclear nerve , or brain , it is known as sensorineural hearing loss . Causes of conductive hearing loss include an ear canal blocked by ear wax , ossicles that are fixed together or absent , or holes in the eardrum . Conductive hearing loss may also result from middle ear inflammation causing fluid build @-@ up in the normally air @-@ filled space , such as by otitis media . Tympanoplasty is the general name of the operation to repair the middle ear 's eardrum and ossicles . Grafts from muscle fascia are ordinarily used to rebuild an intact eardrum . Sometimes artificial ear bones are placed to substitute for damaged ones , or a disrupted ossicular chain is rebuilt in order to conduct sound effectively . Hearing aids or cochlear implants may be used if the hearing loss is severe or prolonged . Hearing aids work by amplifying the sound of the local environment and are best suited to conductive hearing loss . Cochlear implants transmit the sound that is heard as if it were a nervous signal , bypassing the cochlea . = = = Congenital abnormalities = = = Anomalies and malformations of the pinna are common . These anomalies include chromosome syndromes such as ring 18 . Children may also present cases of abnormal ear canals and low ear implantation . In rare cases no pinna is formed ( atresia ) , or is extremely small ( microtia ) . Small pinnae can develop when the auricular hillocks do not develop properly . The ear canal can fail to develop if it does not channelise properly or if there is an obstruction . Reconstructive surgery to treat hearing loss is considered as an option for children older than five , with a cosmetic surgical procedure to reduce the size or change the shape of the ear is called an otoplasty . The initial medical intervention is aimed at assessing the baby 's hearing and the condition of the ear canal , as well as the middle and inner ear . Depending on the results of tests , reconstruction of the outer ear is done in stages , with planning for any possible repairs of the rest of the ear . Approximately one out of one thousand children suffer some type of congenital deafness related to the development of the inner ear . Inner ear congenital anomalies are related to sensorineural hearing loss and are generally diagnosed with a computed tomography ( CT ) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) scan . Hearing loss problems also derive from inner ear anomalies because its development is separate from that of the middle and external ear . Middle ear anomalies can occur because of errors during head and neck development . The first pharyngeal pouch syndrome associates middle ear anomalies to the malleus and incus structures as well as to the non @-@ differentiation of the annular stapedial ligament . Temporal bone and ear canal anomalies are also related to this structure of the ear and are known to be associated with sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss . = = = Vertigo = = = Vertigo refers to the inappropriate perception of motion . This is due to dysfunction of the vestibular system . One common type of vertigo is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo , when an otolith is displaced from the ventricles to the semicircular canal . The displaced otolith rests on the cupola , causing a sensation of movement when there is none . Ménière 's disease , labyrinthitis , strokes , and other infective and congenital diseases may also result in the perception of vertigo . = = = Injury = = = Outer ear Injuries to the external ear occur fairly frequently , and can leave minor to major deformity . Injuries include : laceration , avulsion injuries , burn and repeated twisting or pulling of an ear , for discipline or torture . Chronic damage to the ears can cause cauliflower ear , a common condition in boxers and wrestlers in which the cartilage around the ears becomes lumpy and distorted owing to persistence of a haematoma around the perichondrium , which can impair blood supply and healing . Owing to its exposed position , the external ear is susceptible to frostbite as well as skin cancers , including squamous @-@ cell carcinoma and basal @-@ cell carcinomas . Middle ear The ear drum may become perforated in the event of a large sound or explosion , when diving or flying ( called barotrauma ) , or by objects inserted into the ear . Another common cause of injury is due to an infection such as otitis media . These may cause a discharge from the ear called otorrhea , and are often investigated by otoscopy and audiometry . Treatment may include watchful waiting , antibiotics and possibly surgery , if the injury is prolonged or the position of the ossicles is affected . Skull fractures that go through the part of the skull containing the ear structures ( the temporal bone ) can also cause damage to the middle ear . A cholesteatoma is a cyst of squamous skin cells that may develop from birth or secondary to other causes such as chronic ear infections . It may impair hearing or cause dizziness or vertigo , and is usually investigated by otoscopy and may require a CT scan . The treatment for cholesteatoma is surgery . Inner ear There are two principal damage mechanisms to the inner ear in industrialised society , and both injure hair cells . The first is exposure to elevated sound levels ( noise trauma ) , and the second is exposure to drugs and other substances ( ototoxicity ) . A large number of people are exposed to sound levels on a daily basis that are likely to lead to significant hearing loss . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has recently published research on the estimated numbers of persons with hearing difficulty ( 11 % ) and the percentage of those that can be attributed to occupational noise exposure ( 24 % ) . Furthermore , according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) , approximately twenty @-@ two million ( 17 % ) US workers reported exposure to hazardous workplace noise . Workers exposed to hazardous noise further exacerbate the potential for developing noise @-@ induced hearing loss when they do not wear hearing protection . = = = Tinnitus = = = Tinnitus is the hearing of sound when no external sound is present . While often described as a ringing , it may also sound like a clicking , hiss or roaring . Rarely , unclear voices or music are heard . The sound may be soft or loud , low pitched or high pitched and appear to be coming from one ear or both . Most of the time , it comes on gradually . In some people , the sound causes depression , anxiety , or concentration difficulties . Tinnitus is not a disease but a symptom that can result from a number of underlying causes . One of the most common causes is noise @-@ induced hearing loss . Other causes include : ear infections , disease of the heart or blood vessels , Ménière 's disease , brain tumors , emotional stress , exposure to certain medications , a previous head injury , and earwax . It is more common in those with depression . = = Society and culture = = The ears have been ornamented with jewelry for thousands of years , traditionally by piercing of the earlobe . In ancient and modern cultures , ornaments have been placed to stretch and enlarge the earlobes , allowing for larger plugs to be slid into a large fleshy gap in the lobe . Tearing of the earlobe from the weight of heavy earrings , or from traumatic pull of an earring ( for example , by snagging on a sweater ) , is fairly common . Injury to the ears has been present since Roman times as a method of reprimand or punishment - " In Roman times , when a dispute arose that could not be settled amicably , the injured party cited the name of the person thought to be responsible before the Praetor ; if the offender did not appear within the specified time limit , the complainant summoned witnesses to make statements . If they refused , as often happened , the injured party was allowed to drag them by the ear and to pinch them hard if they resisted . Hence the French expression " se faire tirer l ’ oreille " , of which the literal meaning is " to have one 's ear pulled " and the figurative meaning " to take a lot of persuading " . We use the expression " to tweak ( or pull ) someone 's ears " to mean " inflict a punishment " . " The pinnae have an effect on facial appearance . In Western societies , protruding ears ( present in about 5 % of ethnic Europeans ) have been considered unattractive , particularly if asymmetric . The first surgery to reduce the projection of prominent ears was published in the medical literature by Ernst Dieffenbach in 1845 , and the first case report in 1881 . Pointy ears are a characteristic of some creatures in folklore such as the French croquemitaine , Brazilian curupira or Japanese earth spider . It has been a feature of characters on art as old as that of Ancient Greece and medieval Europe . Pointy ears are a common characteristic of many creatures in the fantasy genre , including elves , faeries , pixies , hobbits , or orcs . They are a characteristic of creatures in the horror genre , such as vampires . Pointy ears are also found in the science fiction genre ; for example among the Vulcan and Romulan races of the Star Trek universe and the Nightcrawler character from the X @-@ Men universe . Georg von Békésy was a Hungarian biophysicist born in Budapest , Hungary . In 1961 , he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the function of the cochlea in the mammalian hearing organ . The Vacanti mouse was a laboratory mouse that had what looked like a human ear grown on its back . The " ear " was actually an ear @-@ shaped cartilage structure grown by seeding cow cartilage cells into a biodegradable ear @-@ shaped mold and then implanted under the skin of the mouse ; then the cartilage naturally grew by itself . It was developed as an alternative to ear repair or grafting procedures and the results met with much publicity and controversy in 1997 . = = Other animals = = The pinna helps direct sound through the ear canal to the eardrum . The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of some mammalian ears helps to sharply focus sounds produced by prey , using echolocation signals . These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a fresnel lens , and may be seen in a wide range of animals , including the bat , aye @-@ aye , lesser galago , bat @-@ eared fox , mouse lemur and others . Some large primates such as gorillas and orang @-@ utans ( and also humans ) have undeveloped ear muscles that are non @-@ functional vestigial structures , yet are still large enough to be easily identified . An ear muscle that cannot move the ear , for whatever reason , has lost that biological function . This serves as evidence of homology between related species . In humans , there is variability in these muscles , such that some people are able to move their ears in various directions , and it has been said that it may be possible for others to gain such movement by repeated trials . In such primates , the inability to move the ear is compensated for mainly by the ability to easily turn the head on a horizontal plane , an ability which is not common to most monkeys — a function once provided by one structure is now replaced by another . In some animals with mobile pinnae ( like the horse ) , each pinna can be aimed independently to better receive the sound . For these animals , the pinnae help localise the direction of the sound source . = = = Invertebrates = = = Only vertebrate animals have ears , though many invertebrates detect sound using other kinds of sense organs . In insects , tympanal organs are used to hear distant sounds . They are located either on the head or elsewhere , depending on the insect family . The tympanal organs of some insects are extremely sensitive , offering acute hearing beyond that of most other animals . The female cricket fly Ormia ochracea has tympanal organs on each side of her abdomen . They are connected by a thin bridge of exoskeleton and they function like a tiny pair of eardrums , but , because they are linked , they provide acute directional information . The fly uses her " ears " to detect the call of her host , a male cricket . Depending on where the song of the cricket is coming from , the fly 's hearing organs will reverberate at slightly different frequencies . This difference may be as little as 50 billionths of a second , but it is enough to allow the fly to home in directly on a singing male cricket and parasitise it . Simpler structures allow other arthropods to detect near @-@ field sounds . Spiders and cockroaches , for example , have hairs on their legs which are used for detecting sound . Caterpillars may also have hairs on their body that perceive vibrations and allow them to respond to sound .
= Battle of Constantinople ( 922 ) = The Battle of Constantinople was fought in June 922 at the outskirts of the capital of the Byzantine Empire , Constantinople , between the forces of the First Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantines during the Byzantine – Bulgarian war of 913 – 927 . In the summer the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos sent troops under the commander Saktikios to repel another Bulgarian raid at the outskirts of the Byzantine capital . The Byzantines stormed the Bulgarian camp but were defeated when they confronted the main Bulgarian forces . During his flight from the battlefield Saktikios was mortally wounded and died the following night . The Bulgarians , who by 922 were in control of most of the Balkans , continued to ravage the Byzantine countryside virtually unopposed . However , they lacked the maritime power to conduct a successful siege of Constantinople . The subsequent attempts to negotiate a Bulgarian – Arab alliance for a joint assault of Constantinople were discovered by the Byzantines and successfully countered . The strategic situation in the Balkans remained unchanged until both sides signed a peace treaty in 927 , which recognized the imperial title of the Bulgarian monarchs and the complete independence of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as an autocephalous Patriarchate . The primary sources for the battle are the continuation of George Hamartolos ' Chronicle and John Skylitzes ' Synopsis of Histories . = = Background = = During his short reign the Byzantine emperor Alexander ( r . 912 – 913 ) provoked a conflict with the Bulgarian monarch Simeon I ( r . 893 – 927 ) . Simeon I , who had long harboured ambitions to claim an imperial title for himself , took the opportunity to wage war . With the Byzantine Empire in disarray following Alexander 's death in June 913 , the Bulgarians reached Constantinople unopposed and forced the regency of the infant Constantine VII ( r . 913 – 959 ) to recognize Simeon I as emperor ( in Bulgarian , Tsar ) . Following a palace coup in 914 , the new Byzantine regency revoked the concessions to the Bulgarians and summoned the whole army , including the troops in Asia Minor , to deal with the Bulgarian threat once and all . In the decisive battle of Achelous in 917 the Byzantine forces were completely annihilated , leaving the Bulgarians in charge of the Balkans . Their annual campaigns reached the walls of Constantinople and the Isthmus of Corinth . All subsequent attempts to confront the Bulgarian army at Katasyrtai , Aquae Calidae and Pegae ended in defeat . Despite his military supremacy over land , Simeon I was aware that he needed naval assistance in order to seize Constantinople . In 922 he clandestinely sent envoys to the Fatimid caliph Ubayd Allah al @-@ Mahdi Billah in Mahdia to negotiate the assistance of the powerful Arab navy . Simeon I proposed to divide equally all spoils ; the Bulgarians were to keep Constantinople and the Fatimids would gain the Byzantine territories in Sicily and South Italy . = = The battle = = To distract the Byzantine attention from the secret negotiations with the Arabs , in the summer of 922 the Bulgarians launched a campaign in Eastern Thrace . They captured and garrisoned a number of fortified towns in the region , including Bizye . In June they reached the outskirts of Constantinople and burned the Palace of Theodora , situated on the shores of the Golden Horn . In response , emperor Romanos I Lekapenos ( r . 920 – 944 ) summoned the commanders of the tagmata on a feast and urged them to confront the Bulgarians . The following day one of them , Saktikios , led the assault against the Bulgarians . While most of the Bulgarian soldiers were dispersed to loot the countryside , the Byzantines attacked the Bulgarian camp and slaughtered the few defenders left there . When the main Bulgarian forces were informed about the attack , they headed back to the camp to engage the opponents . In the ensuing heavy struggle the Bulgarians prevailed and forced the Byzantines to flee despite the personal courage of Saktikios , who the Byzantine chroniclers claim to have " killed many " . During the flight , the horse of Saktikios got stuck in the mud of a river and the Byzantine commander was wounded in the seat and the thigh . His soldiers managed to free the horse from the mud and to bring him to the Blachernae alive . Saktikios was laid in the Church of St. Mary of Blachernae , where he died the following night . = = Aftermath = = After the victory Simeon I sent letters to the Ecumenical Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos and Romanos ' co @-@ emperor Constantine VII to propose peace negotiations . However , his intention was to prolong the negotiations until the return of his envoys to the Fatimids . While Simeon I and Nicholas Mystikos exchanged letters the military actions continued . In a few weeks the Bulgarian army captured Adrianople , the most important city in Byzantine Thrace . The fall of Adrianople raised fears in Constantinople that a Bulgarian assault of the city was imminent . The Byzantines tried to intimidate Simeon I by threatening to incite the Magyars , the Pechenegs and Kievan Rus ' to attack Bulgaria from the north @-@ east , as they had done in the war of 894 – 896 . Simeon I knew that these were empty words because the Byzantine Empire was in no position to carry out these threats . In the meantime , the Bulgarian envoys received a warm welcome by al @-@ Mahdi . The Fatimid caliph accepted the Bulgarian terms and sent his own emissaries to Simeon I. However , on the way back their ship was captured by the Byzantines , who managed to outbid the Bulgarians and distract a Fatimid attack . The Bulgarians remained in control of most of the Balkans , annexing Byzantium 's ally Serbia in 924 , but without naval support were unable to launch a decisive attack on Constantinople . The war continued until the death of Simeon I in 927 , when his son Peter I ( r . 927 – 969 ) concluded a peace treaty with the Byzantines , who recognized the imperial title of the Bulgarian monarchs and the complete independence of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as an autocephalous Patriarchate in return for most of Simeon I 's conquests in Thrace after 917 .
= Big Butte Creek = Big Butte Creek is a 12 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 19 km ) tributary of the Rogue River in the U.S. state of Oregon . It drains approximately 245 square miles ( 635 km2 ) of Jackson County . Its two forks , the North Fork and the South Fork , both begin high in the Cascade Range near Mount McLoughlin . Flowing predominantly west , they meet near the city of Butte Falls . The main stem flows generally northwest until it empties into the Rogue Falls was incorporated in 1911 , and remains the only incorporated town within the watershed 's boundaries . Big Butte Springs , located in the watershed , provides clean drinking water to more than 115 @,@ 000 residents of the Rogue Valley . It emits over 26 million US gallons ( 98 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 L ) of water per day . Water from Big Butte Creek is also diverted for irrigation at several other locations . The water quality of the Big Butte Creek watershed is generally high , and it supports several species of trout and salmon . The watershed is also home to more than 152 species of birds , 63 species of mammals , 19 species of reptiles , and numerous plants . The Poverty Flats region was designated an Area of Critical Environmental Concern by the Bureau of Land Management in 1995 to protect several rare species of plants . = = Course = = Big Butte Creek begins in the Cascade Range near Butte Falls . It flows generally northwest over approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) to its confluence with the Rogue River . The two main forks of Big Butte Creek , the North Fork and the South Fork , merge at 2 @,@ 244 feet ( 684 m ) above sea level , while the creek 's mouth is located at an elevation of 1 @,@ 562 feet ( 476 @.@ 1 m ) . The North Fork 's headwaters are located on the slopes of the 6 @,@ 207 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 1 @,@ 892 m ) Rustler Peak . It flows southwest , receiving many small tributaries such as Jackass , Eighty Acre , and Friese creeks . Turning west , it flows just north of Butte Falls before merging with the South Fork . The South Fork begins at the confluence of two of its tributaries , Twincheria and Rancheria creeks . It flows southwest , receiving Fourbit Creek on the left . Fourbit Creek begins near Mount McLoughlin , where massive faults may allow water to seep into it from nearby Fourmile Lake in the Klamath River watershed . The South Fork turns west and receives Willow Creek on the left . Big Butte Springs are located on Willow Creek , and the Medford Aqueduct , which carries drinking water to cities in the Rogue Valley , parallels the South Fork from there all the way to Butte Falls . The South Fork flows over the 15 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) Butte Falls — the nearby city 's namesake — and merges with the North Fork about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) downstream . Big Butte Creek travels northwest , gathering McNeil Creek on the left and Clark Creek on the right , along with many other minor tributaries . This region contains many Class II and III rapids , as rated on the International Scale of River Difficulty . The stream is crossed by Cobleigh Road at river mile ( RM ) 9 @.@ 5 or river kilometer ( RK ) 15 , and Netherlands Road at RM 3 ( RK 4 @.@ 8 ) . About 0 @.@ 6 miles ( 1 km ) before its mouth , Big Butte Creek cascades over Crowfoot Falls and is crossed by Crowfoot Road . It then flows into the Rogue River 155 miles ( 249 km ) from its mouth at the Pacific Ocean . Big Butte Creek 's mouth is about one mile southwest of William L. Jess Dam , and Oregon Route 62 passes just north of it . = = = Discharge = = = The United States Geological Survey monitors the flow of Big Butte Creek at three different stream gauges : two on the South Fork , and one on the main stem . Both South Fork gauges were shut down in 1991 , but the gauge located near the mouth of Big Butte Creek continues to operate . The main stem often discharges less water than the South Fork alone in the summer months because of numerous diversions . = = Watershed = = Big Butte Creek drains approximately 245 square miles ( 635 km2 ) of southern Oregon . Elevations range from 1 @,@ 562 feet ( 476 @.@ 1 m ) at the creek 's mouth to 9 @,@ 495 feet ( 2 @,@ 894 m ) at the summit of Mount McLoughlin , with an average of 3 @,@ 528 feet ( 1 @,@ 075 m ) . About 56 percent is federally owned by the Bureau of Land Management and the United States Forest Service , 44 percent is privately owned , and a small fraction belongs to the City of Medford . The Big Butte Creek watershed experiences a Mediterranean climate . Temperatures range from 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) in the winter to 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) in the summer . Precipitation averages between 35 and 80 inches ( 890 and 2 @,@ 000 mm ) annually . Most precipitation occurs between November and March . Nine percent of the watershed 's surface runoff is collected from rain , 35 percent from rain on snow , and 56 percent from snow . The watershed contains the largest groundwater source in the entire Rogue River basin ; one major outlet is at Big Butte Springs . The watershed is split into two geographic regions : the High Cascades and the Western Cascades , both volcanic in origin . The Western Cascades compose the western two thirds of the watershed . This region is highly eroded , being between 17 and 38 million years old . Its unstable slopes are primarily made of pyroclastic rock . Due to the rock 's high ability to absorb moisture , earthflows are common . The High Cascades are much younger , around three to seven million years old . Mount McLoughlin is the most prominent High Cascade volcano in the watershed , last erupting between 20 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 years ago . Basalt and andesite are the most common rock types in this region . Nearby watersheds include Little Butte Creek to the south , small Klamath River tributaries such as Fourmile Creek to the east , the South Fork Rogue River to the east and north , and minor tributaries of the Rogue River including Reese and Indian creeks to the west . = = Flora and fauna = = Some of the most common trees that grow in the Big Butte Creek watershed include four species of fir , two species of pine , incense cedar , and western hemlock . The understory contains plants such as Pacific yew , Pacific madrone , chinquapin , and vine maple . Several invasive species have been reported in the Big Butte Creek watershed , such as Kentucky bluegrass , common bent , drooping brome , and redtop . The spread of these species is most likely due to overgrazing . Sensitive species that grow in the watershed include Howell 's yampah , Egg Lake monkeyflower , clustered lady 's slipper , green @-@ flowered ginger , Mount Mazama collomia , and Detling 's microseris . Mallow and popcorn flower have also been discovered in riparian zones . The Poverty Flats Area of Critical Environmental Concern ( ACEC ) is home to several rare species of plants , including Bellinger 's meadowfoam , Howell 's yampah , and Rocky Mountain woodsia . Over 152 species of birds are known or suspected to live in the Big Butte Creek watershed , including the northern goshawk and the northern spotted owl , a vulnerable species . Bald eagles nest around Willow Lake . Amphibians such as the vulnerable Oregon spotted frog and the near threatened Cascades frog inhabit some regions of the watershed . Black @-@ tailed deer , Roosevelt elk , cougars , and black bears are the most common of the 63 species of mammals found in the watershed . Fishers and American martens have also been spotted . The gray wolf and the vulnerable grizzly bear once lived in the watershed , but are now considered extirpated . Nineteen species of reptiles live in the area . Other sensitive species include the wolverine , the western pond turtle , the sandhill crane , and Townsend 's big @-@ eared bat . Rainbow trout , chinook and coho salmon , and Pacific Lamprey are the most common anadromous fish that inhabit Big Butte Creek . They travel as far as Butte Falls , sometimes passing over it during high flows . Because of the cold , sterile conditions of the water and the difficulty of jumping over the waterfall , streams above Butte Falls have very low populations of anadromous fish . Native , resident fish in this area include coastal cutthroat and rainbow trout . Willow Lake contains largemouth bass and rainbow , cutthroat , and brook trout . Overall , the number of fish in the Big Butte Creek watershed has declined in recent years , possibly due to the clearing of riparian zones and rising water temperatures . = = History = = Humans have lived in the Big Butte Creek area for at least 8 @,@ 000 years . The Klamath , Upper Umpqua , Takelma , and Latgawa tribes of Native Americans inhabited the watershed until they were driven out in the Rogue River Wars of the 1850s . On Christmas Eve , December 24 , 1855 , Captain E. A. Rice along with 34 other men attacked a Native American encampment near the creek 's mouth . Eighteen Native American men were killed , all the women and children were captured , and the camp was burned to the ground . Most were relocated to Indian reservations . Non @-@ indigenous settlers first arrived in the early 1860s , and agriculture , ranching , and logging industries quickly developed . Big Butte Creek was named by early settlers for its close proximity to Mount McLoughlin ( also known as Snowy Butte ) , as was nearby Little Butte Creek . In 1904 , a water @-@ powered sawmill was constructed at Butte Falls . The town of Butte Falls was established in 1906 , and incorporated in 1911 . The Pacific and Eastern Railway was constructed to Butte Falls in 1910 . Butte Falls also received water rights to Ginger Springs , providing high quality drinking water for the town . The Cat Hill Burn destroyed 30 @,@ 000 acres ( 120 km2 ) of forest on Rustler Peak in 1910 . In 1915 , the Eagle Point Irrigation Canal was constructed , diverting approximately 100 cubic feet per second ( 2 @.@ 83 m3 / s ) of water for irrigation in the Little Butte Creek watershed . The canal begins just below Butte Falls . The Butte Falls Fish Hatchery was also constructed in 1915 . Originally , the hatchery impounded water from Ginger Creek , however in 1923 a canal was built transferring 15 @.@ 5 cubic feet per second ( 0 @.@ 439 m3 / s ) of water from the South Fork of Big Butte Creek . The Medford Aqueduct , a 31 @-@ inch @-@ wide ( 79 cm ) pipeline , was constructed in 1927 . It delivers about 40 cubic feet per second ( 1 @.@ 1 m3 / s ) of drinking water from Big Butte Springs south to the Bear Creek watershed . In 1951 , a second pipeline was added , and Willow Dam was constructed , creating Willow Lake . The springs serve over 115 @,@ 000 customers throughout the Rogue Valley . Loggers felled massive amounts of forest in the 1920s and 1930s . Reforestation efforts began in the 1940s because natural regeneration could not keep pace with the rate of logging . In 1962 , the Columbus Day Storm knocked many more large trees to the ground . Today , old @-@ growth forest covers only about five percent of the watershed . In 1995 , the Poverty Flats region was designated an Area of Critical Environmental Concern ( ACEC ) by the Bureau of Land Management . Located about 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) west of Butte Falls , the ACEC is home to several rare species of plants . It was fenced off in 1996 to protect the area from roaming cattle . The Butte Falls Fish Hatchery was scheduled to be closed by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in July 2009 as part of a statewide effort to decrease the department 's budget , but on July 3 it was announced that the hatchery would continue to operate with only one employee . However , the hatchery was closed permanently in October 2010 . A 160 @-@ foot ( 49 m ) portion of the Eagle Point Irrigation Canal failed on October 2 , 2011 , sending 86 cubic feet per second ( 2 @.@ 4 m3 / s ) of muddy water down a hillside , across a road , and into lower Big Butte Creek , a vital salmon spawning area . A stream gauge on the Rogue River about 15 miles ( 24 km ) downstream reported turbidity levels twenty times higher than before the breach . The canal was repaired by October 28 . = = Pollution = = The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality ( DEQ ) has monitored Big Butte Creek for eight different parameters that affect water quality : temperature , oxygen saturation , pH , nutrients , bacteria , chemical contaminants such as pesticides and metals , turbidity , and alkalinity . Streams that exceed the standard level are placed on the DEQ 303d list in accordance with the Clean Water Act . About 54 @.@ 2 miles ( 87 @.@ 2 km ) of the streams in the Big Butte Creek watershed were listed on the 2004 / 2006 DEQ 303d list . The entire main stem exceeded the standard level for temperature , oxygen saturation , and E. coli , a type of bacteria . The lower 13 @.@ 9 miles ( 22 @.@ 4 km ) of the North Fork were listed for high temperature , along with many other minor tributaries . The South Fork was not listed , although some of its tributaries were . Overall , water quality in the Big Butte Creek watershed is generally high , however road construction and logging can cause severe erosion , leading to high levels of sedimentation and turbidity . The Willow Creek region often experiences high turbidity , but Willow Lake traps the sediment before it can travel downstream . Big Butte Springs provides clean water that requires minimal treatment to meet water quality standards . Water from the springs has very little chemical pollution , low turbidity , and temperatures averaging between 44 and 46 ° F ( 6 @.@ 7 and 7 @.@ 8 ° C ) . = = Recreation = = Popular recreational activities in the Big Butte Creek watershed include hunting , camping , hiking , and horseback riding . Many tourists also come to sight @-@ see . The most heavily used trail in the area is the Blue Canyon Trail , leading to the Sky Lakes Wilderness , and ultimately the larger Pacific Crest Trail . The city of Butte Falls has organized the Butte Falls Discovery Loop Tour , a half @-@ day @-@ long drive through the Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest . The loop starts in Butte Falls , and has several stops for hiking and viewing the landscape , including Mount McLoughlin . Water recreation on Willow Lake includes boating , swimming , fishing , and waterskiing . Fishing is also popular in other streams , especially Fourbit Creek . Cross @-@ country skiing and snowmobiling are popular in the winter .
= U.S. Route 206 = U.S. Route 206 ( US 206 ) is a 130 @.@ 23 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 209 @.@ 58 km ) north – south United States highway in New Jersey and Pennsylvania , United States . Only about a half a mile ( 800 m ) of its length is in Pennsylvania ; the Milford @-@ Montague Toll Bridge carries it over the Delaware River into New Jersey , where it is the remainder of the route . The highway 's northern terminus is near Milford , Pennsylvania at an intersection with US 209 ; some sources and signs show an overlap with US 209 to end at its parent route US 6 . Its southern terminus is in Hammonton , New Jersey at an intersection with Route 54 and US 30 . For much of its length , US 206 is a rural two @-@ lane undivided road that passes through the Pine Barrens , agricultural areas , and the Appalachian Mountains of northwestern New Jersey , with some urban and suburban areas . The route connects several cities and towns , including Bordentown , Trenton , Princeton , Somerville , Netcong , and Newton . The road is known as the Disabled American Veterans Highway for much of its length . What is now US 206 in New Jersey was designated as part of several state routes prior to 1927 , including Pre @-@ 1927 Route 2 between Bordentown and Trenton in 1916 , pre @-@ 1927 Route 13 between Trenton and Princeton in 1917 , and pre @-@ 1927 Route 16 between Princeton and Bedminster Township in 1921 . The current routing along pre @-@ 1927 Route 2 became a part of US 130 in 1926 . In 1927 , current US 206 became Route 39 between Hammonton and White Horse , Route 37 between White Horse and Trenton , Route 27 between Trenton and Princeton , Route 31 between Princeton and Newton , and Route S31 between Newton and the Delaware River . In the later 1930s , US 206 was designated to connect US 30 in Hammonton north to US 6 and US 209 in Milford ; the northern terminus was moved to its current location in the 1940s . The state highways running concurrent with US 206 in New Jersey were removed in 1953 . In the 1960s , two separate freeways were proposed for US 206 but never built . The first freeway was to connect Hammonton south along the Route 54 corridor toward Route 55 and the planned Route 60 in Vineland and Millville . The other US 206 freeway was planned in northwestern New Jersey , connecting I @-@ 80 in Netcong north to Montague Township . Construction has begun for a bypass of US 206 around Hillsborough in 2010 after being planned since 1974 . The NJDOT is currently widening the route in Byram Township to alleviate congestion , with completion in 2013 . = = Route description = = = = = New Jersey = = = = = = = Atlantic County = = = = US 206 begins at US 30 in the town of Hammonton in Atlantic County , New Jersey , heading north @-@ northeast on the two @-@ lane , undivided Disabled American Veterans Highway . South of this intersection , the road continues as Route 54 . From its southern terminus , US 206 runs through farmland , which eventually gives way to the heavily forested Pine Barrens . Within this area , the route continues through the Wharton State Forest . Here , the road comes to the eastern terminus of CR 536 . = = = = Burlington County = = = = US 206 continues into Shamong Township , Burlington County , passing through more of the Pine Barrens . In Shamong Township , the road makes a turn to the north and passes by Atsion Lake . After running northwest , CR 541 splits to the left . After this intersection , US 206 heads north out of the Wharton State Forest and into more agricultural areas . At the intersection with CR 648 , the route briefly widens into a four @-@ lane undivided road before narrowing back to two lanes . Upon intersecting CR 622 , US 206 enters Tabernacle Township . Here , CR 532 crosses the route at a signalized intersection . Following CR 532 , residential development increases along the route as it continues into Southampton Township . US 206 becomes a three @-@ lane road with one northbound lane and two southbound lanes as it comes to the Red Lion Circle with Route 70 . Past the Red Lion Circle , the route becomes two lanes again and passes more rural surroundings with some development . US 206 comes to a junction with the eastern terminus of Route 38 and the western terminus of CR 530 . A short distance after the Route 38 / CR 530 intersection , the route becomes the border between Eastampton Township to the west and Southampton Township to the east before running between Eastampton Township and Pemberton Township . Along this portion , it passes through Ewansville . Continuing entirely into Springfield Township , the route crosses CR 537 . Past this intersection , US 206 widens into a four @-@ lane undivided road . The route briefly gains a wide painted median before crossing the Assicunk Creek into Mansfield Township In Mansfield Township , US 206 becomes a divided highway as it bypasses the community of Columbus to the west , with CR 690 continuing through Columbus . On the bypass of Columbus , the route has an interchange with CR 543 . Past Columbus , US 206 becomes undivided again , with residential development increasing . It becomes a divided highway again and merges with Route 68 , the main access road to the Fort Dix entity of Joint Base McGuire @-@ Dix @-@ Lakehurst , at a directional intersection . After this intersection , US 206 enters Bordentown Township and reaches an interchange with the New Jersey Turnpike ( I @-@ 95 ) in a commercial area . Following this interchange , the route crosses over CR 545 . A short distance later , US 206 merges into US 130 at a directional interchange to form a concurrency . The two roads continue north on a six @-@ lane divided highway , briefly entering the eastern edge of Bordentown at the intersection with CR 528 . Back in Bordentown Township , US 130 and US 206 split at another directional interchange . Past US 130 , US 206 crosses under a Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad line and heads through development as a four @-@ lane divided highway , making a slight northwest bend before resuming north . = = = = Mercer County = = = = US 206 crosses the Crosswicks Creek and enters Hamilton Township , Mercer County . Immediately after the Crosswicks Creek , there is an interchange with I @-@ 195 . Past I @-@ 195 , the route reaches the White Horse Circle , where it intersects CR 524 and CR 533 . At this point , US 206 turns west @-@ northwest to run along four @-@ lane divided locally maintained Broad Street . Passing through White Horse , the road briefly becomes five lanes with a center left @-@ turn lane before becoming a four @-@ lane divided highway again as it crosses over I @-@ 295 without an interchange . Running into more urban areas of development , the route enters Trenton at the crossing of CR 650 After entering Trenton , US 206 narrows into a two @-@ lane undivided street . As the road heads toward downtown Trenton , it crosses New Jersey Transit ’ s River Line immediately before interchanging with Route 129 . From here , the road turns more to the northwest with four lanes and passes by the Sun National Bank Center before crossing over Amtrak ’ s Northeast Corridor and the US 1 freeway simultaneously . US 206 enters the commercial downtown area , narrowing back to two lanes before reaching Warren Street , where US 206 splits into a one @-@ way pair following Broad Street northbound and Warren Street southbound . This one – way pairing , which carries two lanes in each direction , curves north and continues through downtown Trenton . At the Trenton Battle Monument , the road reaches an intersection with the southern terminus of Route 31 and US 206 turns northeast onto another one @-@ way pairing that follows Brunswick Avenue northbound and Martin Luther King Jr . Boulevard southbound , with each road being two @-@ way but only carrying one direction of US 206 . The road continues through neighborhoods , with southbound US 206 forming the border between Ewing Township to the northwest and Trenton to the southeast as a county @-@ maintained road at the Calhoun Street intersection . At this point , southbound US 206 becomes concurrent with CR 583 . At the junction with Spruce Street , northbound US 206 becomes the border between Lawrence Township and Trenton , becoming state @-@ maintained , while southbound US 206 / CR 583 fully crosses into Lawrence Township . Northbound US 206 widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway as it comes to the Brunswick Circle with US 1 Business . At this point , US 1 Business continues northeast on Brunswick Pike while northbound US 206 heads north as a two @-@ lane undivided road called Lawrence Road . CR 645 links the Brunswick Circle to southbound US 206 / CR 583 . At this point , both directions of US 206 are in Lawrence Township and rejoin , with US 206 continuing north as a two @-@ lane undivided road and CR 583 heading to the northeast . US 206 continues through suburban residential areas within Lawrence Township . The route makes a turn to the northeast before heading north again and passing to the east of Rider University . A short distance later , the road has a cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 95 prior to an intersection with CR 546 . In this area , US 206 is briefly a two @-@ lane divided highway . Past CR 546 , the route becomes two @-@ lane undivided Main Street and heads north @-@ northeast through Lawrenceville , passing development . Upon leaving Lawrenceville , US 206 turns more to the east though rural surroundings , forming a short concurrency with CR 569 . From this point , the route continues northeast and enters Princeton . 4 In Princeton , CR 533 intersects US 206 , and the two routes form a concurrency . The road becomes Stockton Street , passing by the Drumthwacket Governor 's mansion . US 206 turns north onto Bayard Lane , with Route 27 continuing northeast into downtown Princeton on Nassau Street , which provides access to Princeton University . The stretch from Lawrenceville until the intersection with Nassau Street in Princeton is part of the King 's Highway Historic District . Bayard Lane carries the route past more wooded developed areas , eventually curving northeast through a park . Here , US 206 becomes State Road and turns north again . Continuing to the north , the amount of development adjacent to the road decreases . = = = = Somerset County = = = = US 206 enters Montgomery Township in Somerset County , where the name of the road becomes Van Horne Memorial Highway . In Montgomery Township , the route runs to the east of Princeton Airport and crosses CR 518 . Following this intersection , CR 533 splits from US 206 by heading northeast , and US 206 continues north @-@ northwest through a mix of suburban and rural areas . The road passes through the community of Harlingen before widening to four lanes and reaching Belle Mead . In this area , US 206 passes over CSX ’ s Trenton Subdivision before making a turn to the northeast and then to the north , narrowing back to two lanes . The road enters Hillsborough Township , where the Van Horne Memorial Highway designation ends . It crosses an abandoned railroad line leading to the Belle Mead General Depot before continuing into residential and commercial areas of Hillsborough . The road comes to a junction with CR 514 in this area . Past the CR 514 intersection , US 206 makes a curve northeast before heading north again . Leaving the center of Hillsborough , the road runs northeast past more wooded areas as it crosses under Norfolk Southern 's Lehigh Line . The route passes more development as it widens into a four lane divided highway with jughandles , turning to the north and passing Duke Gardens . US 206 briefly becomes six lanes wide at the CR 608 intersection before narrowing back to four lanes as it crosses the Raritan River into Somerville . In Somerville , the road runs northwest parallel to the Raritan River prior to turning north into commercial areas and entering Raritan . US 206 runs under New Jersey Transit ’ s Raritan Valley Line before making a turn to the north @-@ northwest . US 206 comes to the modified Somerville Circle , where it meets US 202 and Route 28 . At this modified traffic circle , US 206 and Route 28 run through it while US 202 passes over it with ramp access . US 206 forms a concurrency with US 202 at this point and the two routes continue north into Bridgewater Township , briefly entering Somerville . The road features an interchange with US 22 and heads north with the Bridgewater Commons shopping mall on the east side of the road and the Somerset Corporate Center on the west side of the road . An interchange with Commons Way provides access to both these places . Past Commons Way , the road passes under Garrettson Road and comes to an interchange with I @-@ 287 that also provides access to I @-@ 78 . Past the I @-@ 287 interchange , US 202 / 206 continue north as a two @-@ lane undivided road past suburban areas . The road crosses Chambers Brook into Bedminster Township , where it soon passes under I @-@ 78 . Shortly after I @-@ 78 , it widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway with a Jersey barrier . US 202 / 206 come to another interchange with I @-@ 287 , pass over the North Branch Raritan River , and come to an intersection where the two routes split . After the US 202 split , US 206 continues north as a four @-@ lane divided highway through commercial areas , with the grass median becoming replaced by a painted median as it comes to a junction with CR 523 in downtown Bedminster . Following this intersection , the route narrows into a two @-@ lane undivided road that runs through less development . US 206 enters Peapack @-@ Gladstone , where it runs a short distance to the west of New Jersey Transit ’ s Gladstone Branch . In Peapack @-@ Gladstone , the road briefly becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway as it has an interchange with Pfizer Way , a road that provides access to a Pfizer facility . Past this point , US 206 becomes a two @-@ lane undivided road that runs northwest through rural areas , with CR 512 crossing the road . Just after this intersection , the route enters Bedminster Township again , turning to the north . = = = = Morris County = = = = The route continues north into Chester Township , Morris County . In Chester Township , US 206 passes through forested areas , with the northbound direction briefly gaining a second lane . As the road comes into Chester Borough , it widens to four lanes and passes shopping areas including the Streets of Chester . In the center of Chester , the route crosses CR 513 . Past this intersection , US 206 continues into woodland development , with the northbound direction narrowing back into one lane as the route heads back into Chester Township . The road narrows back to two total lanes as it enters more rural surroundings , coming into Mount Olive Township . Further north , residential development near the road starts to increase . As US 206 reaches an intersection with CR 613 , the surroundings becomes commercial before the route passes under Morristown & Erie Railway 's High Bridge Branch . After this area , the road turns north @-@ northeast and runs through forested areas as a three lane road with two northbound lanes and one southbound lane , eventually entering Roxbury Township . Business in the area of the road increase before US 206 widens to four total lanes and comes to a modified cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 80 and the southern terminus of Route 183 . At this point , the road continues north into Netcong as Route 183 while US 206 heads west along I @-@ 80 , a six @-@ lane freeway that continues into Mount Olive Township . The freeway continues northwest , running through a small corner of Netcong before coming back into Mount Olive Township and interchanging with US 46 . Immediately after US 46 , the highway passes over New Jersey Transit ’ s Morristown Line / Montclair @-@ Boonton Line before turning north and reaching a trumpet interchange where US 206 splits from I @-@ 80 . Following this split , US 206 is a four @-@ lane freeway that heads northeast , crossing under Waterloo Valley Road and an abandoned railroad line before coming to an interchange with International Drive . = = = = Sussex County = = = = After the International Drive interchange , US 206 crosses the Musconetcong River and enters Stanhope , Sussex County . Immediately following the river crossing , the freeway merges with the northern terminus of Route 183 at an interchange on the border between Byram Township to the west and Stanhope to the east . Past Route 183 , US 206 continues north as a four @-@ lane divided surface road past development , fully entering Stanhope again before crossing into Byram Township . Upon entering Byram Township , the route becomes a two @-@ lane undivided road . Upon turning northwest , the surroundings become more forested as US 206 crosses a mountain , with the northbound direction gaining a second lane for a distance . There are a few businesses along the road as it runs north past wooded areas near Cranberry Lake and Panther Lake . The route continues into Andover , where it becomes Main Street and passes under the abandoned Lackawanna Cut @-@ Off . US 206 forms a brief concurrency with CR 517 in the commercial downtown area . Past CR 517 , US 206 bends northwest and enters Andover Township . Here , the road runs back into forested areas , passing by Whites Pond and running near Kittatinny Valley State Park . After a curve to the north , the route enters a mix of development and rural areas , passing to the west of Newton Airport prior to entering Newton . In Newton , the road is known as Main Street and is lined by homes as it turns north . Upon reaching the downtown area , US 206 meets Route 94 and CR 519 at the Park Place square . At this point , US 206 forms a concurrency with Route 94 / CR 519 , and all three routes run concurrent north on four @-@ lane undivided Water Street for a short distance . CR 519 splits from the road by turning north on Mill Street while US 206 and Route 94 continue north as a three @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane , crossing Paulins Kill before coming to a shopping district as the road leaves Newton for Hampton Township . The road narrows back to two lanes and heads into areas of farmland , becoming Hampton House Road . Route 94 splits from US 206 by making a right turn to continue east . After this intersection , US 206 turns northeast and enters Frankford Township . After crossing the Paulins Kill , Route 15 and CR 565 end at a traffic light with US 206 , with the route making a turn to the northwest on an unnamed road . After this intersection , the route passes near Skylands Stadium before passing more farmland and reaching the community of Augusta . After Augusta , US 206 turns north @-@ northwest through more rural areas before entering Branchville . Here , the route bypasses the center of town to the south as a four @-@ lane divided highway before crossing CR 519 . Past CR 519 , the median ends and US 206 continues to the west @-@ northwest . After crossing back into Frankford Township , the route continues through forested areas . Turning more to the north , US 206 runs a short distance to the west of Culver 's Lake prior to intersecting CR 521 and forming a concurrency with that route . The concurrent US 206 and CR 521 heads into Sandyston Township , where it crosses the Appalachian Trail at Culvers Gap in Kittatinny Mountain and passes through the mountainous Stokes State Forest . After heading north with a three @-@ lane stretch that has two southbound lanes and one northbound lane , the two @-@ lane road reaches a junction with CR 560 . After this intersection , the road leaves the state forest and continues through wooded areas with some commercial establishments . US 206 / CR 521 reaches the community of Hainesville , where it passes through more agricultural surroundings with some development . Leaving Hainesville , the road continues into Montague Township . Near the community of Montague , CR 521 splits from US 206 by heading to the northeast . Meanwhile , US 206 turns to the northwest to run through wooded areas of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area , where it comes to the Milford @-@ Montague Toll Bridge over the Delaware River that is maintained by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission . = = = Pennsylvania = = = After crossing the river on the Milford @-@ Montague Toll Bridge , US 206 continues north into Dingman Township in Pike County , Pennsylvania . A short distance after the bridge , the route comes to a northbound toll plaza , where it becomes a two @-@ lane divided highway . US 206 officially ends at an intersection with US 209 not far after the toll plaza for the bridge . Even though this intersection marks the end of US 206 , a few signs show the route heading concurrent with US 209 to continue north to US 6 in Milford . = = History = = Prior to 1927 , what is now US 206 in New Jersey was legislated as part of several routes . Between Bordentown and Trenton , the current alignment was designated as a part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 2 in 1916 . Between Trenton and Princeton , present @-@ day US 206 became the southernmost part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 13 in 1917 . In 1921 , the current route from Princeton north to Bedminster Township was legislated as part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 16 . After the U.S. Highway System was created in 1926 , the route between Bordentown and Trenton became the northernmost part of US 130 while it became a part of US 1 between Trenton and Princeton . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , several state highways were legislated along present @-@ day US 206 . Route 39 followed the route from Hammonton to White Horse , while Route 37 was designated along it between White Horse and Trenton . From Trenton north to Princeton , pre @-@ 1927 Route 13 was replaced by Route 27 . Present @-@ day US 206 between Princeton and Newton became part of Route 31 , a route that was to go past Newton to the New York border near Unionville , while the portion north of Newton to the Delaware River in Montague became Route S31 , a spur of Route 31 . Another spur of Route 31 , Route 31A , was legislated in 1941 to run from Route 31 in Princeton to Route 33 in Hightstown ; only a small portion of this was built over the Northeast Corridor railroad line and is now Route 64 . US 206 was designated in the later 1930s , running from US 30 in Hammonton , New Jersey north to US 6 and US 209 in Milford , Pennsylvania . By this time , the US 1 and US 130 designations were removed from the route onto new alignments . In 1938 , US 206 / Route 31 was designated to bypass Somerville , the former alignment was known as Route 177 from the 1960s until 1974 . In the 1940s , US 206 / Route 39 was realigned to the south of White Horse ; the former alignment was known as Route 160 between the 1960s and the 1980s . Also in the 1940s , the northern terminus of US 206 was moved to its current location at US 209 in Dingman Township , Pennsylvania . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , the state highways running concurrent with US 206 were removed . When US 206 's current alignment bypassing Columbus was built by the 1960s , the designation of Route 170 was given to the old alignment through Columbus ; this road was turned over to Burlington County in the 1980s and is now CR 690 . In the late 1960s , a freeway was proposed for the US 206 / Route 54 corridor , running from US 30 in Hammonton south to Route 55 and the proposed Route 60 near Vineland and Millville . Originally , a parkway had been planned in 1932 to serve the US 206 corridor between Hammonton and Trenton , but never materialized . The freeway between Vineland / Millville and Hammonton was to cost $ 47 million and was intended to provide a better route between the two areas than the existing two @-@ lane roads . However , it was never built due to environmental and financial issues . A freeway was also proposed for US 206 in northwestern New Jersey during the 1960s . In 1964 , a Route 94 freeway was planned to follow US 206 between Netcong and Newton on its way to the proposed Route 23 freeway in Hamburg . The Tri @-@ State Transportation Commission proposed a longer US 206 freeway that was to connect I @-@ 78 and I @-@ 287 in Bedminster Township north to Newton , incorporating the southern portion of the Route 94 proposal . This freeway was intended to relieve traffic on existing roads and provide access to recreation areas . By the late 1960s , the US 206 freeway would be planned by the NJDOT to connect I @-@ 80 in Netcong north to Montague . This freeway was proposed to provide access to proposed national recreation area along the Delaware River that would have been built in conjunction with the controversial Tocks Island Dam project as well as alleviating traffic on the existing road . However , like the US 206 freeway proposal in southern New Jersey , it was not built . Since 1974 , a bypass has been planned for the congested part of US 206 through Hillsborough . In 2002 , the NJDOT modified plans for the bypass . The bypass is to be mostly four lanes wide and run to the east of Hillsborough , with the southernmost portion only being two lanes ; one interchange was planned with CR 514 . The road is to meet a Smart Growth goal by preserving land and eliminating two planned interchanges that would have increased congestion . In July 2009 , it was announced that construction of the US 206 Hillsborough bypass , which is projected to cost $ 148 million , would start in 2010 . On June 24 , 2010 , a contract was given to Carbro Constructors Corporation to build the first phase between CR 514 and Hillsborough Road . Construction on this portion , planned to cost $ 43 million , began on August 18 , 2010 and opened on October 28 , 2013 . This section is currently designated US 206 Bypass . In spring 2015 , work on grading and utility relocation for the ends of the bypass was slated to be completed . Work on constructing the northern and southern ends of the US 206 bypass of Hillsborough is planned to begin in spring 2017 , but may be delayed as the state 's Transportation Trust Fund is anticipated to run out of money in 2016 . The Hillsborough Bypass is named for Peter J. Biondi , a former Assemblyman and Hillsborough mayor who died in 2011 . US 206 was widened in Byram Township to six lanes . This construction follows a decade of controversy , including concerns that the widening would violate the Highlands Water Protection and Planning Act passed in 2004 ; an exemption to this act allowed the construction to proceed . The widening is being done in order to eliminate backups on the current two @-@ lane stretch during rush hours . The project was slated to be finished in November 2013 . = = Major intersections = = = = Bannered routes = = U.S. Route 206 Bypass ( US 206 Byp . ) is the designation for the incomplete Peter J. Biondi Bypass , a bypass of the section of US 206 through Hillsborough Township in Somerset County . The road currently begins at an at @-@ grade intersection with Hillsborough Road and heads north as a two @-@ lane divided road . The bypass passes through farmland and woodland with some nearby development , coming to bridges over Homestead Road and CSX 's Trenton Subdivision . The current northern terminus of US 206 Byp. is at an interchange with CR 514 . A stub of the roadway continues north of the interchange . The first section of US 206 Byp . , running from Hillsborough Road to CR 514 , opened on October 28 , 2013 . The route is currently 1 @.@ 66 mi ( 2 @.@ 67 km ) in length . Major intersections The entire route is in Hillsborough Township , Somerset County . = = = Related routes = = = U.S. Route 6 U.S. Route 106
= Mitchell Red Cloud , Jr . = Mitchell Red Cloud , Jr . ( 2 July 1925 – 5 November 1950 ) was a Marine in the United States Marine Corps during World War II , and later a soldier in the United States Army during the Korean War . Corporal Red Cloud posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions near Chonghyon , North Pyongan Province , North Korea on 5 November 1950 . Born in Hatfield , Wisconsin , Red Cloud , a Ho @-@ Chunk Native American , dropped out of high school to enlist in the US Marines during World War II . He served first with Carlson 's Raiders during the Battle of Guadalcanal before health problems forced him stateside to recover . Red Cloud avoided discharge , and served with the 6th Marine Division during the Battle of Okinawa . Red Cloud enlisted in the US Army shortly before the beginning of the Korean War . Serving with the 24th Infantry Division , he was among the troops who fought the first battles of the war , being pushed back with the 19th Infantry Regiment during the Battle of Taejon and the Battle of Pusan Perimeter . He was then a part of the Eighth United States Army advance into North Korea . On the night of 5 November 1950 , Red Cloud was manning a forward observation post when he spotted an imminent surprise attack by Chinese forces . Red Cloud singlehandedly held off the Chinese forces despite being shot eight times , at one point ordering his men to tie him to a tree because he was too weak to stand by himself . His company found him the next morning , surrounded by dead Chinese troops . He was credited with alerting his company to the ambush and saving them from being overrun . For these actions , he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor . = = Early life = = Mitchell Red Cloud , Jr. was born on 2 July 1925 in Hatfield , Wisconsin . He was the eldest son of Mitchell Red Cloud and Lillian Red Cloud . The family were ethnic members of the Ho @-@ Chunk Native American tribe . Red Cloud attended Nellsville High School in Black River Falls , Wisconsin . The school taught primarily Native American students , a large portion of whom joined the military after finishing school . At age 16 , Red Cloud dropped out of high school and , with his father 's approval , decided to enlist in the United States Marine Corps . He entered service on 11 August 1941 , the earliest date on which he was legally allowed to enlist . The family may have relocated to Merrillan , Wisconsin , which was where Red Cloud enlisted . = = Career = = = = = World War II = = = With World War II looming , Red Cloud joined " Carlson 's Raiders , " the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Evans Carlson . As a light infantry special forces unit , the raiders held high standards of physical and mental fitness , and was known to perform very well with this unit . His only major deployment with the raiders was the Battle of Guadalcanal . Red Cloud landed on Guadalcanal on 6 November 1942 . The 2nd Raider Battalion conducted a number of mopping up operations to assist in the clearance of the island and to cut off troops from the Empire of Japan who had been attempting to escape . However , his time on Guadalcanal was plagued by several bouts of tropical disease , and he left the island a month later , on 4 December 1942 . Red Cloud contracted diseases frequently during his time overseas , and he was returned to the United States to recuperate . The US Marine Corps offered him a medical discharge , but Red Cloud refused . Instead , he recovered from illness and requested reassignment to a combat unit . This request was granted , with Red Cloud subsequently assigned to the 29th Marine Regiment , 6th Marine Division . In this unit , he participated in the invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945 . In the ensuing Battle of Okinawa , his unit saw intense fighting in the campaign to secure the island . After several months of fighting , the unit was withdrawn to Guam to prepare for Operation Coronet , the second phase of the anticipated invasion of mainland Japan . However , these plans were scrapped following the surrender of Japan . Red Cloud left the Marine Corps in 1946 during the demobilization that followed the war . He left the military as a Sergeant . = = = Inter @-@ war years = = = In December 1945 , Red Cloud published an article in the Wisconsin Archaeologist , an account from his tribe 's traditional stories about the 1832 surrender of Sauk leader Black Hawk to US authorities after the short Black Hawk War . In the article , he expressed support for historical theories that Black Hawk had voluntarily surrendered . He also assisted anthropologist Nancy Lurie , informing her studies of how childcare customs among Native Americans were changing over time . Red Cloud decided to return to the military two years after he left , in 1948 . He enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to E Company , 2nd Battalion , 19th Infantry Regiment , 24th Infantry Division . The regiment was part of the Occupation of Japan , and Red Cloud was assigned to Kyushu . During this time , training opportunities were limited , many of the troops were inexperienced and their equipment was of low quality due to budget cuts . On joining the army , Red Cloud was not permitted to retain his sergeant rank from the Marine Corps . In the inter @-@ war years , Red Cloud married and had a daughter , Annita . = = = Korean War = = = With the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 , the 24th Infantry Division was the closest unit to the Korean Peninsula , and so Red Cloud 's company was among the first units into the country . The division was heavily engaged throughout July 1950 by North Korean troops as it attempted to stem their invasion of South Korea , and the 19th Infantry saw action in the Battle of Taejon , fighting at the Kum River before being forced out of Taejon . The unit subsequently moved back to the Naktong River , and was involved in the subsequent Pusan Perimeter campaign during August and September 1950 . During the First Battle of Naktong Bulge , the 19th Infantry was moved up from reserve positions in to combat the NK 4th Division , which was attempting to break through their lines . Having been badly mauled in these fights , the division was moved into reserve along the Pusan Perimeter on 23 September . It was replaced by units of the US 2nd Infantry Division . In the subsequent Great Naktong Offensive , the 19th Infantry served as a reserve force to help units under attack in the Second Battle of Naktong Bulge . It would later participate in the Battle of Kyongju , assisting troops of the Republic of Korea Army to help push back North Korean troops from the Kyongju area . During these battles , Red Cloud 's experience as a combat veteran made him a valued member of his unit for leading the less experienced troops . Following the Battle of Inchon and subsequent Second Battle of Seoul , the North Korean Army was largely defeated , and the 19th Infantry was one of the units of the Eighth United States Army which pursued the fleeing North Koreans north of the 38th Parallel with the intention of reuniting the country . However , beginning in October 1950 , the People 's Republic of China conducted the First Phase Offensive , a surprise attack against the advancing United Nations forces , which were unprepared to counter the offensive . By early November , Red Cloud and his unit had advanced to the Ch 'ongch 'on River . = = = Medal of Honor action = = = On the night of 5 November , 2nd Battalion was holding positions on Hill 123 , near Chonghyon , just north of the river . Red Cloud , then a Corporal , was manning a forward listening post in front of E Company 's position . In the middle of the night , he began hearing suspicious noises , before spotting a number of Chinese troops intent on surprising the Americans . Red Cloud raised an alarm and began firing on the advancing Chinese troops with an M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle . The Chinese returned fire , wounding him . In spite of these wounds , he refused to withdraw from his post , continuing to attack the Chinese troops with accurate fire which caused significant casualties among their advancing force . Crucially , his actions alerted the American troops to the impending attack , preventing an ambush . Red Cloud propped himself against a tree to continue firing , exposing himself to intense Chinese fire . He was shot at least eight times in this battle . Suffering from severe injuries , he ordered his troops to tie him upright to the tree , as he was too weak to support himself , before he ordered them to withdraw to the main positions . Eventually , the Chinese overran his position . Red Cloud 's actions gave E Company time and warning to blunt the Chinese offensive , eventually repelling the attack . His actions are also credited with allowing the company to evacuate several others wounded in the attack . When the troops of E Company returned to his position the next morning , his body was reportedly surrounded by a large number of dead Chinese troops . = = Burial and honors = = In April 1951 , Red Cloud 's mother received the Medal of Honor from General of the Army Omar Bradley in a ceremony at The Pentagon in Washington , D.C .. Red Cloud was initially buried at a UN cemetery in Korea . However , in 1955 , his body was exhumed and moved to Wisconsin where he was buried in accordance with Ho @-@ Chunk tribal customs . He was interred at the Decorah Cemetery at Winnebago Mission , Wisconsin , and in 1967 a monument was erected for him in the cemetery . Another plaque honoring Red Cloud was subsequently erected in Black River Falls . In La Crosse , Wisconsin , a park was dedicated in Red Cloud 's honor in 1957 . A memorial park was also dedicated in his memory that year , the Red Cloud Highway Memorial Park adjacent to the Black Hawk Powwow Grounds in Komensky , Wisconsin . A portion of Wisconsin Highway 54 was also renamed Red Cloud Highway . The American Legion post in Adams , Wisconsin was renamed for him . The Ho @-@ Chunk Nation observes Corporal Mitchell Red Cloud Jr . Day on July 4 . On Armed Forces Day , 18 May 1957 , the United States Army named Camp Red Cloud after him , in recognition of his actions . Additionally , in 1999 the United States Navy named the newly commissioned USNS Red Cloud ( T @-@ AKR @-@ 313 ) , a Watson @-@ class vehicle cargo ship and Large , Medium @-@ Speed Roll @-@ on / Roll @-@ off ship , in his honor . The ship was christened by his daughter Annita , who was dressed in traditional regalia . It was attended by several men who served alongside her father as well as several flag officers . = = Finnigan 's War = = Mitchell Red Cloud Jr. is one of the featured Korean War heroes honored in the 2013 documentary " Finnigan 's War " directed by Conor Timmis . Actor Mark Hamill narrates Red Cloud 's Medal of Honor citation in the film . = = Awards and decorations = = Red Cloud 's awards and decorations include : = = = Medal of Honor citation = = = Red Cloud was the third of four Native Americans to be awarded the Medal of Honor in Korea . Charles George of the Cherokee and Raymond Harvey of the Chickasaw were also awarded medals . Woodrow W. Keeble of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate was also honored with the Medal of Honor in 2007 , after a long campaign by members of his family . Cpl. Red Cloud , Company E , distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy . From his position on the point of a ridge immediately in front of the company command post he was the first to detect the approach of the Chinese Communist forces and give the alarm as the enemy charged from a brush @-@ covered area less than 100 feet from him . Springing up , he delivered devastating pointblank automatic rifle fire into the advancing enemy . His accurate and intense fire checked this assault and gained time for the company to consolidate its defense . With utter fearlessness he maintained his firing position until severely wounded by enemy fire . Refusing assistance he pulled himself to his feet and , wrapping his arm around a tree , continued his deadly fire again , until he was fatally wounded . This heroic act stopped the enemy from overrunning his company 's position and gained time for reorganization and evacuation of the wounded . Cpl. Red Cloud 's dauntless courage and gallant self @-@ sacrifice reflects the highest credit upon himself and upholds the esteemed traditions of the U.S. Army .
= Great hammerhead = The great hammerhead ( Sphyrna mokarran ) is the largest species of hammerhead shark , belonging to the family Sphyrnidae , attaining a maximum length of 6 @.@ 1 m ( 20 ft ) . It is found in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide , inhabiting coastal areas and the continental shelf . The great hammerhead can be distinguished from other hammerheads by the shape of its " hammer " ( called the " cephalofoil " ) , which is wide with an almost straight front margin , and by its tall , sickle @-@ shaped first dorsal fin . A solitary , strong @-@ swimming apex predator , the great hammerhead feeds on a wide variety of prey ranging from crustaceans and cephalopods , to bony fishes , to smaller sharks . Observations of this species in the wild suggest that the cephalofoil functions to immobilize stingrays , a favored prey . This species has a viviparous mode of reproduction , bearing litters of up to 55 pups every two years . Although potentially dangerous , the great hammerhead rarely attacks humans . It sometimes behaves inquisitively toward divers and should be treated with respect . This shark is heavily fished for its large fins , which are extremely valuable on the Asian market as the main ingredient of shark fin soup . As a result , great hammerhead populations are declining substantially worldwide , and it has been assessed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = The great hammerhead was first described as Zygaena mokarran in 1837 by the German naturalist Eduard Rüppell . The name was later changed to the current Sphyrna mokarran . However , for many years the valid scientific name for the great hammerhead was thought to be Sphyrna tudes , which was coined in 1822 by Achille Valenciennes . In 1950 , Enrico Tortonese determined that the specimens illustrated by Valenciennes were in fact smalleye hammerheads , to which the name S. tudes then applied . As the next most senior synonym , Sphyrna mokarran became the great hammerhead 's valid name . The lectotype for this species is a 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) long male from the Red Sea . Older studies based on morphology have generally placed the great hammerhead as one of the more derived members of its family , reflecting the traditional view that cephalofoil size gradually increased over the course of hammerhead shark evolution . However , this view has been refuted by phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA , which found that the great hammerhead and the smooth hammerhead ( S. zygaena ) form a clade that is basal to all other Sphyrna species . These results also show that the first hammerheads to evolve had large rather than small cephalofoils . = = Distribution and habitat = = The great hammerhead inhabits tropical waters around the world , between the latitudes of 40 ° N and 37 ° S. In the Atlantic Ocean , it is found from North Carolina to Uruguay , including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea , and from Morocco to Senegal , and the Mediterranean Sea . It is found all along the rim of the Indian Ocean , and in the Pacific Ocean from the Ryukyu Islands to Australia , New Caledonia , and French Polynesia , and from southern Baja California to Peru . It may occur off Gambia , Guinea , Mauritania , Sierra Leone , and Western Sahara , but this has not been confirmed . Great hammerheads may be found from inshore waters of less than 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) deep , to a depth of 80 m ( 260 ft ) offshore . They favor coral reefs , but also inhabit continental shelves , island terraces , lagoons , and deep water near land . They are migratory ; populations off Florida and in the South China Sea have been documented moving closer to the poles in the summer . = = Description = = The streamlined body of the great hammerhead with the expanded cephalofoil is typical of the hammerhead sharks . Adult great hammerheads can be distinguished from the scalloped hammerhead and the smooth hammerhead by the shape of the cephalofoil , which has a nearly straight front margin ( as opposed to arched ) , with prominent medial and lateral indentations . The width of the cephalofoil is 23 – 27 % of the body length . The teeth are triangular and strongly serrated , becoming more oblique towards the corners of the mouth . There are 17 tooth rows on either side of the upper jaw with 2 – 3 teeth at the symphysis ( the midline of the jaw ) , and 16 – 17 teeth on either side of the lower jaw and 1 – 3 at the symphysis . The first dorsal fin is distinctive , being very tall and strongly falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) , and originates over the insertions of the pectoral fins . The second dorsal fin and anal fin are both relatively large , with deep notches in the rear margins . The pelvic fins are falcate with concave rear margins , in contrast to the straight @-@ margined pelvic fins of the scalloped hammerhead . The skin is covered with closely placed dermal denticles . Each denticle is diamond @-@ shaped , with 3 – 5 horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth in smaller individuals , and 5 – 6 in larger ones . The great hammerhead is dark brown to light gray to olive above , fading to white on the underside . The fins are unmarked in adults , while the tip of the second dorsal fin may be dark in juveniles . The average great hammerhead measures up to 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) long and weighs over 230 kg ( 510 lb ) . A small percentage of the population , mostly or all females , are much larger . The longest great hammerhead on record was 6 @.@ 1 m ( 20 ft ) . The heaviest known great hammerhead is a 4 @.@ 4 m ( 14 ft ) long , 580 kg ( 1 @,@ 280 lb ) female caught off Boca Grande , Florida in 2006 . The weight of the female was due to her being pregnant with 55 near @-@ natal pups . = = Biology and ecology = = The great hammerhead is a solitary , nomadic predator that tends to be given a wide berth by other reef sharks . If confronted , they may respond with an agonistic display : dropping their pectoral fins and swimming in a stiff or jerky fashion . Juveniles are preyed upon by larger sharks such as bull sharks ( Carcharhinus leucas ) , while adults have no major predators . Yellow jacks ( Carangoides bartholomaei ) have been seen rubbing themselves against the hammerhead 's flanks , possibly to rid themselves of parasites . Schools of pilot fish ( Naucrates ductor ) sometimes accompany the great hammerhead . The great hammerhead is parasitized by several species of copepods , including Alebion carchariae , A. elegans , Nesippus orientalis , N. crypturus , Eudactylina pollex , Kroyeria gemursa , and Nemesis atlantica . = = = Feeding = = = An active predator with a varied diet , known prey of the great hammerhead include invertebrates such as crabs , lobsters , squid , and octopus , bony fishes such as tarpon , sardines , sea catfishes , toadfish , porgies , grunts , jacks , croakers , groupers , flatfishes , boxfishes , and porcupine fishes , and smaller sharks such as smoothhounds . At Rangiroa Atoll , great hammerheads prey opportunistically on grey reef sharks ( Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos ) that have exhausted themselves pursuing mates . The species is known to be cannibalistic . The favorite prey of the great hammerhead are rays and skates , especially stingrays . The venomous spines of stingrays are frequently found lodged inside its mouth and do not seem to bother the shark as one specimen caught off Florida had 96 spines in and around its mouth . Great hammerheads primarily hunt at dawn or dusk , swinging their heads in broad angles over the sea floor so as to pick up the electrical signatures of stingrays buried in the sand , via numerous ampullae of Lorenzini located on the underside of the cephalofoil . The cephalofoil also serves as a hydrofoil that allows the shark to quickly turn around and strike at a ray once detected . Off Florida , large hammerheads are often the first to reach newly baited sharklines , suggesting a particularly keen sense of smell . Another function of the cephalofoil is suggested by an observation of a great hammerhead attacking a southern stingray ( Dasyatis americana ) in the Bahamas : the shark first knocked the ray to the sea bottom with a powerful blow from above , and then pinned it with its head while pivoting to take a large bite from each side of the ray 's pectoral fin disc . This effectively crippled the stingray , which was then picked up in the jaws and sawed apart with rapid shakes of the head . A great hammerhead has also been seen attacking a spotted eagle ray ( Aetobatus narinari ) in open water by taking a massive bite out of one of its pectoral fins . The ray thus incapacitated , the shark once again used its head to pin it to the bottom and pivoted to take the ray in its jaws head @-@ first . These observations suggest that the great hammerhead seeks to disable rays with the first bite , a strategy similar to that of the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) , and that its cephalofoil is an adaptation for prey handling . = = = Life history = = = As with other hammerhead sharks , great hammerheads are viviparous : once the developing young use up their supply of yolk , the yolk sac is transformed into a structure analogous to a mammalian placenta . Unlike most other sharks , which mate on or near the sea bottom , great hammerheads have been observed mating near the surface . In one account from the Bahamas , a mating pair ascended while swimming around each other , mating when they reached the surface . Females breed once every two years , giving birth from late spring to summer in the Northern Hemisphere and from December to January in Australian waters . The gestation period is 11 months . The litter size ranges from 6 – 55 pups , with 20 – 40 being typical . The young measure 50 – 70 cm ( 19 @.@ 5 – 27 @.@ 5 in ) at birth ; males reach maturity at 2 @.@ 3 – 2 @.@ 8 m ( 7 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 2 ft ) long and 51 kg ( 112 lb ) and the females at 2 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 0 m ( 8 @.@ 2 – 9 @.@ 8 ft ) and 41 kg ( 90 lb ) . The young differ from the adults in having a rounded frontal margin on the head . The typical lifespan of this species is 20 – 30 years ; the record Boca Grande female was estimated to be 40 – 50 years old . = = Human interactions = = With its large size and cutting teeth , the great hammerhead could seriously injure a human and caution should be exercised around them . This species has a ( possibly undeserved ) reputation for aggression and being the most dangerous of the hammerhead sharks . Divers underwater have reported that great hammerheads tend to be shy or nonreactive toward humans . However , there have been reports of great hammerheads approaching divers closely and even charging them when they first enter the water . As of 2011 , the International Shark Attack File lists 34 bites , 17 of them unprovoked and none fatal , attributable to hammerhead sharks of the genus Sphyrna . Due to the difficulty in identifying the species involved , it is uncertain how many were caused by great hammerheads . This shark has been confirmed to be responsible for only one ( provoked ) bite . The great hammerhead is regularly caught both commercially and recreationally in the tropics , using longlines , fixed bottom nets , hook @-@ and @-@ line , and trawls . Though the meat is rarely consumed , their fins are becoming increasing valuable due to the Asian demand for shark fin soup . In addition , their skin used for leather , their liver oil for vitamins , and their carcasses for fishmeal . The great hammerhead is also taken unintentionally as bycatch and suffers very high mortality , over 90 % for fisheries in the northwest Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico . Entanglement in shark nets around Australian and South African beaches is another source of mortality . = = = Conservation status = = = The great hammerhead is extremely vulnerable to overfishing due to its low overall abundance and long generation time . Assessment of its conservation status is difficult as few fisheries separate the great hammerhead from other hammerheads in their reported catches . This species is listed as globally Endangered on the IUCN Red List . It is Endangered in the northwestern Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico , where though it is a non @-@ targeted species , populations have dropped 50 % since the 1990s due to bycatch . It is also Endangered in the southwestern Indian Ocean , where large numbers of longline vessels operate illegally along the coasts for hammerheads and the giant guitarfish ( Rhynchobatus djiddensis ) . The great hammerhead catch rate in Indian Ocean has declined 73 % from 1978 to 2003 , though it is yet undetermined whether these represent localized or widespread depletion . The great hammerhead is Critically Endangered along the western coast of Africa , where stocks have collapsed with an estimated 80 % decline in the past 25 years . The West African Sub @-@ Regional Fishing Commission ( SRFC ) has recognized the great hammerhead as one of the four most threatened species in the region , though fishing continues unmonitored and unregulated . Off northern Australia , this species was assessed as Data Deficient but at " high risk " . Concern has arisen there over a substantial increase in illegal , unreported , and unregulated ( IUU ) fishing , reflecting the raising value of this shark 's fins . No conservation measures specifically protecting the great hammerhead have been enacted . It is listed on Annex I , Highly Migratory Species , of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea , though no management schemes have yet been implemented under this agreement . The banning of shark finning by countries and supranational entities such as United States , Australia , and the European Union , and international regulatory bodies such as the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ( ICCAT ) , should reduce fishing pressure on the great hammerhead .
= New York State Route 120 = New York State Route 120 ( NY 120 ) is a state highway in southern Westchester County , New York , in the United States . It begins in the city of Rye at an intersection with U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) and runs for about 18 miles ( 29 km ) north to the hamlet of Millwood , where it ends at a junction with NY 100 . The route intersects with several limited @-@ access highways , including Interstate 684 ( I @-@ 684 ) and the Saw Mill River Parkway , and serves the Westchester County Airport in North Castle . Portions of the route have been signed ceremonially in remembrance of American serviceman killed in the 2000s and 2010s during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . NY 120 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , but only to the portion of its routing north of Westchester Avenue . It was extended south to Rye c . 1938 , then rerouted to follow Westchester Avenue east to Port Chester by the following year . Most of NY 120 's former routing to Rye became part of New York State Route 119A at that time . NY 120 was rerouted to serve Rye again c . 1961 , replacing NY 119A . = = Route description = = = = = Rye to Harrison = = = NY 120 begins at an intersection with US 1 ( Boston Post Road ) in the city of Rye . The route proceeds northward along Purchase Street as a two @-@ lane street through the Locust Avenue Business District , intersecting a handful of local streets and serving Rye 's station on the Metro @-@ North Railroad 's New Haven Line . Past the station , the highway passes under the New Haven Line , Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor line , and I @-@ 95 in quick succession ahead of the Purchase Street Business District . The commercial surroundings give way to residential neighborhoods after three blocks as NY 120 winds northward through the northern part of Rye to the adjacent village of Harrison . In Harrison , NY 120 passes several mansions on both sides of the highway as it gradually turns northwestward and approaches I @-@ 287 ( the Cross Westchester Expressway ) . The route parallels the western edge of the freeway for several blocks to Westchester Avenue , where NY 120 meets the southern end of NY 120A , an alternate route through the easternmost part of Westchester County . While NY 120A heads east toward Port Chester , NY 120 takes on the Westchester Avenue name as the two directions of the route split to follow collector / distributor roads running northwestward along both sides of I @-@ 287 . The route remains on the frontage roads for about a half @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) to another section of Purchase Street , where NY 120 turns to follow a slightly more northward track through another residential section of Harrison . Less than 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from I @-@ 287 , NY 120 connects to the Hutchinson River Parkway by way of exit 27 , a diamond interchange just northeast of the parkway 's interchanges with I @-@ 287 and a reference route spur leading to I @-@ 684 . Continuing northward from the parkway , the highway enters the hamlet of Purchase , where NY 120 runs along the eastern edge of Manhattanville College 's campus and passes a short distance west of the State University of New York at Purchase . Part of Purchase Street near the entrance to SUNY Purchase at Anderson Hill Road is named the Specialist Anthony N. Kalladeen Memorial Highway in memory of United States Army Specialist Anthony Kalladeen , a SUNY Purchase student who was killed in Iraq in 2004 . A dormitory at the school is also named for him . Another stretch of homes north of Purchase leads to Westchester County Airport , situated between NY 120 and the New York – Connecticut state line about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the east . Here , I @-@ 684 begins to run alongside NY 120 as both roads pass by Rye Lake , an offshoot of the Kensico Reservoir . NY 120 widens to four lanes ahead of the airport 's main entrance in the town of North Castle , where the road connects to I @-@ 684 via Airport Road ( unsigned County Route 135 or CR 135 ) . = = = North Castle to Millwood = = = Continuing northward , I @-@ 684 and NY 120 head due north toward the state line , where NY 120A rejoins its parent route at a junction with King Street just north of the airport . From here , I @-@ 684 continues north into Connecticut while NY 120 takes on the King Street name and turns northwest to straddle the state line for roughly 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) as a two @-@ lane road . The route passes over I @-@ 684 and the northern tip of Rye Lake and serves an industrial complex in the Connecticut town of Greenwich before the state line turns 90 degrees to the northeast . NY 120 remains on a northwesterly alignment , however , and it crosses the Delaware Aqueduct prior to meeting NY 22 ( Mount Kisco Road ) on the edge of another Kensico Reservoir inlet . The two routes briefly overlap to cross the inlet on a causeway before splitting on the water body 's north shore . From here , NY 120 heads through substantially less developed , mostly wooded areas as it traverses the northeastern edge of the reservoir . North of the reservoir , NY 120 crosses the northernmost part of the Bronx River and traverses the northeastern corner of the town of Mount Pleasant , where the woods give way to a handful of residential neighborhoods . The transition in surroundings continues into the adjacent town of New Castle , home to housing tracts that become less isolated as the road veers westward toward the hamlet of Chappaqua . NY 120 proceeds west through residential and commercial areas to Chappaqua 's central business district , where it meets the community 's main north – south route , NY 117 ( Bedford Road ) . NY 120 heads north through the center of Chappaqua , overlapping with NY 117 to reach another section of King Street one block to the north . Past NY 117 , NY 120 continues generally westward through Chappaqua , changing names to Quaker Road a short distance east of Chappaqua 's station on the Metro @-@ North Railroad 's Harlem Line . After crossing the Harlem Line , the route dips under the Saw Mill River Parkway and intersects two parallel local streets leading to the parkway 's exit 32 . NY 120 turns northward here , crossing over the Saw Mill River and leaving Chappaqua for less densely populated areas of the town of New Castle . At 0 @.@ 6 miles ( 0 @.@ 97 km ) north of Chappaqua early 19th @-@ century farmhouses that clustered around the Quaker meeting house that was then the center of Chappaqua , line the road . Today these are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Old Chappaqua Historic District . Roughly 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) past the historic district , NY 120 makes a gradual turn to the west to reach a junction with NY 133 ( Millwood Road ) . NY 120 turns onto NY 133 , following Millwood Road westward into the hamlet of Millwood and its commercial center . Here , the two routes cross the right @-@ of @-@ way of the former Putnam Division of the New York Central Railroad and pass by the site of Millwood 's station , which was demolished in May 2012 after years of neglect . Just after the railroad right @-@ of @-@ way , NY 133 turns southwestward onto Station Place while NY 120 proceeds northwest as Millwood Road for one more sparsely developed block before terminating at a junction with NY 100 ( Saw Mill River Road ) at the northern edge of the hamlet . = = History = = The segment of modern NY 120 between Westchester Avenue and the north end of the overlap with NY 22 was originally designated as part of Route 1 , an unsigned legislative route , by the New York State Legislature in 1908 . Route 1 approached Purchase Street from the west on Westchester Avenue and continued north from Armonk on what is now NY 22 . NY 120 , meanwhile , was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to the portion of its modern alignment north of the junction of Purchase Street and Westchester Avenue ( then NY 119 ) in Harrison . It was extended south to US 1 in Rye c . 1938 by way of Purchase Street and Highland Road . NY 120 was altered again by the following year to follow NY 119 east along Westchester Avenue to US 1 in Port Chester . Most of NY 120 's former routing south of Westchester Avenue became part of NY 119A , a new route assigned to all of Purchase Street between NY 119 and NY 120 in Harrison and US 1 in Rye . NY 120 was realigned once more c . 1961 to follow Purchase Street south to Rye , supplanting NY 119A . At the same time , NY 119 was truncated on its east end to Purchase Street while the portion of Westchester Avenue that had carried NY 119 and NY 120 between Purchase Street and Port Chester became an extension of NY 120A . The two @-@ lane bridge carrying NY 120 over the Metro @-@ North Railroad in Chappaqua was rebuilt as a four @-@ lane bridge in 2012 for $ 19 million . Once completed , the bridge was named the SSG Kyu Hyuk Chay Memorial Bridge in memory of Army Staff Sergeant Kyu Chay , whose family owns a dry cleaning business adjacent to the bridge . A plaque was also erected in his honor at the war memorial by the Chappaqua train station . Chay , a Special Forces linguist and Korean immigrant , was three credits shy of his law degree at Brooklyn Law School when he was killed in Afghanistan . = = Suffixed routes = = NY 120 once had two suffixed routes ; only one still exists . NY 120A ( 8 @.@ 55 miles or 13 @.@ 76 kilometres ) is an alternate route of NY 120 between Harrison and North Castle . The northern half of the route straddles the New York – Connecticut state line , and two portions of the route are physically located in Connecticut . It was assigned c . 1931 . NY 120B was an alternate route of NY 120 between Rye and North Castle . It was assigned by 1932 and partially replaced by NY 120A c . 1939 . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Westchester County .
= Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More = " Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More " is a double @-@ length episode of the American television series Will & Grace 's fifth season . It was written by Jeff Greenstein and Bill Wrubel and directed by series producer James Burrows . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on November 21 , 2002 . Guest stars in " Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More " include Harry Connick , Jr . , Katie Couric , Judith Ivey , and Debbie Reynolds . The episode focuses on Grace ( played by Debra Messing ) impulsively accepting a marriage proposal from her boyfriend Leo ( Harry Connick , Jr . ) despite that the two have only known each other for a short time . They get married and tell their friends about the news , despite Grace 's best friend Will 's ( Eric McCormack ) unease about the whole idea . Grace and Leo decide to host a wedding reception for themselves , but at the festivity , Grace learns unsettling details about Leo , which gives her reason to wonder if she has made a mistake . Before the episode aired , some critics worried that bringing Leo into the storyline would disrupt the friendship between Will and Grace . Co @-@ creator David Kohan , however , believed the two characters had to " move on forward in their lives in some way " , and sought to assure the worrying critics that a third individual added to the mix would be unlikely to replace Will as the best friend of Grace . NBC was also in full support of creating a triangle between the three characters , stating that it was a way for the producers to find a new " spark " for the series . Once the episode aired , it received generally mixed reviews from television critics . Despite this , " Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More " was watched by 24 @.@ 3 million households in its original airing , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode also garnered Will & Grace 's second @-@ largest audience ever among adults aged 18 to 49 . The Nation magazine commented that this was the first time that a prime @-@ time sitcom showed a Jewish protagonist ( Grace ) marrying inside the faith . = = Plot = = When Grace ( Debra Messing ) and her boyfriend Leo ( Harry Connick , Jr . ) take a walk around Central Park , they notice a tent and a van parked nearby , after a bride and groom ran past them . Eager to know what is happening , Grace stops by the van , sees Katie Couric , and asks her what is going on . Katie tells Grace that The Today Show is having massive televised weddings in the park for ratings sweeps week . When Katie asks Grace and Leo if they would like to get married , Leo says yes , but Grace believes he is being sarcastic , only later realizing that he is serious . Leo explains to Grace that because they originally met in a park , they should also get married in a park . Leo proposes and Grace accepts , despite that the two have only known each other for two months . Upon arriving at Will 's ( Eric McCormack ) apartment , Grace and Leo reveal to their friends , Will , Jack ( Sean Hayes ) , and Karen ( Megan Mullally ) , that they have gotten married . The friends ' reactions to the news are not positive ; in particular , Grace 's gay best friend Will is uneasy about the whole idea . Leo and Grace , however , assure Will that they will have a wedding reception in honor of him , which improves Will 's relationship with both Grace and Leo . During the reception , Grace learns many things she did not know about Leo , including that his first name is Marvin ( revealed by his mother , Eleanor ( Judith Ivey ) ) . So many unsettling details about Leo come to light that Grace becomes uneasy and leaves the reception ; Leo follows her . The two run into Katie in the lobby who tells them that The Today Show has scrapped the wedding segment because the judge who performed the ceremony was not licensed in New York so their marriage is not valid . Upon learning this , Grace tells Leo that she needs time to think about their relationship . Leo returns to the reception and announces to everyone that his marriage to Grace is not legitimate . Grace returns to the reception later , and reveals that she does want to marry Leo . At a Jewish synagogue , where Grace and Leo 's wedding is to take place , Grace learns from her mother , Bobbi ( Debbie Reynolds ) , that her father will not be able to walk her down the aisle . Grace panics , but Karen suggests that Will should walk with her instead . She agrees and calls upon him . Although Will at first declines to give her away because of the prior argument , they make up and he finally escorts her down the aisle . After the wedding reception , Will , Grace , Leo , Jack , and Karen walk through Central Park enjoying Grace and Leo 's marriage . = = Production = = " Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More " was written by Jeff Greenstein and Bill Wrubel and was directed by series producer James Burrows . It was the one @-@ hundredth episode of Will & Grace , and the producers celebrated the milestone by planning an hour @-@ long episode followed by a clip show featuring highlights and outtakes from past seasons . In an interview with The Jewish Journal in 2001 , David Kohan , the co @-@ creator of Will & Grace , in discussing the lead characters , stated that a marriage could be a problem for the dynamic between the two characters : " I 'd love for [ Grace ] to find a Jewish love interest , but that relationship might actually work , and then there 'd be no more ' Will & Grace ' . " Kohan , however , changed his mind by the time of a follow @-@ up interview in 2002 : he noted that the characters had to " move on forward in their lives in some way " and it would be unlikely that Grace 's possible husband would displace her gay best friend , Will . In July 2002 , reports surfaced that a possible wedding involving Grace would happen , but the staff were not allowed to reveal anything . Musician Harry Connick , Jr . , was cast in the role of Leo . He received a call from co @-@ creators Kohan and Max Mutchnick asking him to appear on Will & Grace , and agreed to do it after learning that it was his wife 's favorite show . According to Debra Messing , who plays Grace , Kohan and Mutchnick had a specific vision of Grace 's husband from the start . They thought it was important that Grace meet a " menschy , nice Jewish man who happens to be a hottie , and that 's what we got with Harry Connick Jr , " she said . According to The Nation magazine , this was the first time that a prime @-@ time sitcom showed a Jewish protagonist ( Grace ) marrying inside the faith . Connick , who is part @-@ Jewish , said he enjoyed the fact that he was not asked to sing on the show , because " it throws you out of character a little bit when that stuff happens . It 's been great just doing the acting thing . " Messing , in discussing Grace and Leo 's relationship , commented that it is " unlike anything that Grace has ever been a part of before and just the little that we 've done so far , it feels wonderful to be playing with Harry . " In another interview , also discussing the characters ' relationship , she explained , " ... bringing Leo into it and making it a viable and potent relationship for Grace , that 's never happened before . I think she 's a little less frenetic and neurotic , and I think that really being in love markedly changes Grace . That sexual energy in a great way has shaken things up , because it is the greatest threat to the friendship of Will and Grace to date . " Before the Grace and Leo storyline was written , NBC worried that the show 's characters never seemed to move forward or mature . They wanted the show to be more like Friends , which received higher ratings because of its romantic storyline cliffhangers . Greenstein commented that " there was an interchangeability among the episodes from season to season . We wanted to create more continuing story arcs ; we wanted to deepen the predicaments the characters are in , get the audience kind of rooting for something from week to week . " In November 2002 , negotiations were made for Connick to play a series regular on Will & Grace ; he originally signed on for only 13 episodes . Jeff Zucker , who at the time served as President of NBC Entertainment , commented that creating a triangle between Will , Grace , and Leo was a " brilliant " way to give the series a new spark . He was confident that it would be well received by the audience and the fans . The episode was filmed over three days at the end of October and beginning of November 2002 . It was supposed to take only two days , but the filming of the wedding scenes was postponed after Messing got sick on the first day . On November 3 , 2002 , the rooftop terrace scene was filmed at the New York Palace Hotel . In November 2002 , the scene in Central Park was shot in New York . The wedding ceremony was filmed , in part , at Temple Israel of Hollywood . As the actors performed their lines in front of a studio audience , the writing staff stood behind the cameras taking notes in the script and watching the audience 's reaction to jokes . The writers often stopped the cameras and added new inflections to the dialog . According to the Knoxville News Sentinel 's Terry Morrow , the cast handled the changes quickly , and scenes were routinely redone up to three times even if the actors executed their lines properly . Debbie Reynolds and Judith Ivey guest @-@ starred in the episode as the mothers of Grace and Leo , respectively . Reynolds had played Grace 's mother in the episode " The Unsinkable Mommy Adler " in season one , while Ivey played Connick 's mother in the previous episode , " The Needle and the Omelet 's Done " . Katie Couric portrayed herself in the episode . Vera Wang designed Grace 's wedding dress , which cost approximately $ 20 @,@ 000 . The show 's costume designer , Lori Eskowitz @-@ Carter , provided Sergio Rossi boots worth $ 1 @,@ 750 for the episode , while Grace 's jewelry was supplied by Martin Katz . = = Reception = = " Marry Me a Little , Marry Me a Little More " brought in an average of 24 @.@ 3 million viewers during its original airing on November 21 , 2002 , the second @-@ largest audience ever for a Will & Grace episode ; as a result , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation received its smallest audience that season . The episode received an 11 @.@ 8 rating / 27 % share among viewers in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic , making it Will & Grace 's second @-@ largest audience ever in that demographic . Editor Peter Chakos was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category of " Outstanding Multi @-@ Camera Picture Editing for a Series " at the 55th Primetime Emmy Awards . The episode received a mixed reception from television critics . Alan Pergament of The Buffalo News commented that " like all hourlong episodes of comedies , this one becomes a little bloated in the middle . But it holds up for the most part and has some very funny and poignant moments , including an emotional rooftop scene between Will and Grace that defines their friendship . " Whitney Matheson of USA Today said she " was bored to tears " by the episode , while Jeffrey Robinson of DVD Talk thought it was a " fun episode " . Seth Davis of Sports Illustrated was not complimentary towards Connick , " Whoever came up with the idea to cast Connick on Will & Grace should be fired . " A writer from Entertainment Weekly , however , commented that Leo " fits right in to the antic Will & Grace world of Will , Grace , Jack , and Karen . " Matt Roush of TV Guide was not thrilled of the idea of Grace getting married , writing : " Well , is the show called Will & Grace & Leo ? I don 't think so . " The Star @-@ Ledger 's Alan Sepinwall commented that Will & Grace " has already been infected with a sense of cattiness and despair , as the writers try to top each other 's nasty one @-@ liners . A happy , healthy relationship could be just the cure for what 's ailing the one @-@ time Emmy winner . " Bill Carroll , Vice President and Director for the Katz Television Group , a consulting firm , wondered where the show would head after Grace got married : " The real question now is , where is the critical development of that show going to be ? Now that they 've married her off , where is the show 's focus ? " The Hartford Courant 's Roger Catlin did not think Grace 's and Leo 's marriage would last long . " Are we to believe Will & Grace will now be about a married woman , her husband and her gay roommate ? That they 'll all still live together ? That Connick will no longer have merely special @-@ guest status ? The inevitable breakup and annulment to come are as obvious as the sweeps @-@ timing of the ceremony . "
= Framingham Railroad Station = Framingham Railroad Station is a historic Boston and Albany Railroad station located in downtown Framingham , Massachusetts . Designed by noted American architect H. H. Richardson , it was one of the last of the railroad stations he designed in the northeastern United States to be built . The station , built in 1884 – 85 , served as a major stop on the B & A Main Line as well as a hub for branch lines to Milford , Mansfield , Fitchburg , and Lowell . After years of deterioration , the station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 , and restored a decade later . In 2001 , MBTA Framingham / Worcester Line and Amtrak operations were shifted to a new set of platforms nearby , which have high @-@ level sections for handicapped @-@ accessible boarding and a footbridge for crossing the tracks . This new Framingham station is among the busiest on the MBTA system , with 41 daily MBTA and 2 Amtrak trains on weekdays . The H. H. Richardson @-@ designed station building remains largely intact and is currently used as a restaurant . = = History = = = = = Boston and Worcester Railroad = = = The Boston and Worcester Railroad , which had opened from Boston to Newton in April 1834 , opened to South Framingham in August 1834 . The village 's first major station , a 2 @-@ story wooden Dutch Colonial structure , was constructed in 1848 . After being replaced , it was moved slightly west and converted to a freight house – a function it served until it was demolished in the 1960s . Over the next several decades , South Framingham became an important regional rail hub . The Boston and Worcester built its 12 @-@ mile Milford Branch from South Framingham to Milford via Holliston in 1848 . The next year , the B & W built a short branch to Framingham Center , which the B & W mainline had bypassed . This line , later called the Agricultural Branch Railroad , was realigned near Framingham Center and extended to Pratts Junction in Sterling in 1855 . Franklin Street was built on the former branch right of way . The Agricultural Branch and the Framingham & Lowell ( which branched off it at Framingham Center ) were the northernmost section of the Old Colony Railroad , which took over the lines in 1879 . The Old Colony 's access to South Framingham was the Mansfield & Framingham , which opened in 1870 and was also acquired in 1879 . By the time of the Old Colony takeover , South Framingham featured the 1848 @-@ built station , a freight house , a car house , and three separate engine houses serving the various branch lines . Through service on the mainline operated as far as Albany ; the B & W had joined with the Western Railroad in 1867 to become the Boston and Albany Railroad . Framingham began to be used occasionally as a short turn terminus for Boston @-@ bound commuter trains in the early 1860s and continuously as such after 1864 . As of August 2015 , a small number of Framingham / Worcester Line trains are short @-@ turned at Framingham . = = = H. H. Richardson depot = = = Beginning in 1881 , the Boston & Albany began a massive improvement program that included the building of over 30 new stations along its main line as well as the Highland Branch , which it bought in 1883 . Famed architect H. H. Richardson was hired to design nine of these stations , including South Framingham which was commissioned in October 1883 . The $ 62 @,@ 718 station , built in 1884 – 85 by the Norcross Brothers company , was the largest and costliest of the nine . The station is a prime example of the Richardsonian Romanesque style , built of rough @-@ hewn granite with contrasting details . The dominant roofline , dormers , arched bow window , and wooden interior are typical of the style . Like many of Richardson 's designs , the station was well @-@ praised ; Henry @-@ Russell Hitchcock called it a " better and somewhat more personal work " in The Architecture of H. H. Richardson and His Time . A small square baggage room was built in the same style just east of the station , near the Concord Street ( Route 126 ) grade crossing . The station 's importance remained through the first half of the 20th century . After the Boston & Albany was acquired by the New York Central Railroad in 1900 , third and fourth tracks were extended in 1907 to South Framingham from Lake Crossing station in Wellesley . In 1911 , the NYC considered laying third rail on the main line as far as South Framingham , as well as on the Highland Branch , to allow more frequent electric service on the lines . This would have been the only electrified commuter service directly into Boston , as neither the later @-@ electrified Boston , Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad nor experimental electric service on the South Shore Railroad went directly to downtown . However , the plan was abandoned because the infrastructure cost would have exceeded the annual savings on fuel . ( In 1959 , the Highland Branch received catenary wire and was turned into the Green Line " D " Branch ) . Due in no small part to the presence of the station , South Framingham eclipsed Framingham Center in size ; by the 1940s , the village and the station were simply known as Framingham . Traffic on the B & A and its various branch lines , though , had been decreasing since World War I. In 1919 , Agricultural Branch trains were cut to Framingham requiring a transfer to continue Boston or Mansfield . The line was cut back to Marlborough in 1931 , and passenger service ended in 1937 . Passenger service on the Mansfield & Framingham ended in 1933 . The Milford Branch lasted the longest of the Boston & Albany branch lines ; it was cut to one daily trip in 1953 and terminated in April 1959 . = = = MBTA era = = = In January 1960 , the New York Central planned to end all service on the line , due to the opening of the Green Line " D " Branch to Riverside in July 1959 . However , that April , following public outcry over the planned discontinuation of service , the railroad was ordered to continue limited service , leaving Framingham with 8 daily round trips . When the extension of the Massachusetts Turnpike to downtown Boston began in 1961 , the third and fourth tracks were removed . The NYC merged into Penn Central in 1968 ; by 1969 , Framingham saw just 4 daily round trips . The MBTA began subsidizing service as far as Framingham in January 1973 ; the last Worcester round trip ended on October 27 , 1975 , leaving Framingham as the terminus of the line . The modern Amtrak Lake Shore Limited was established 4 days later , and has provided intercity service via Framingham ever since . From 1996 to until their 2004 discontinuation , Amtrak Inland Route trains also stopped at Framingham . By the 1970s , the station had fallen into disrepair ; part of the roof collapsed in 1978 . On January 17 , 1975 , the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Framingham Railroad Station . The building was restored in 1985 , and has been occupied by various restaurants since . The original interior is no longer extant , but the exterior is mostly complete . The small baggage office east of the station building has been converted into a bank ATM . When the Needham Line was closed in October 1979 for Southwest Corridor construction , service on the Framingham line was increased considerably as partial compensation . By April 1984 , the MBTA operated 12 @.@ 5 daily round trips from Framingham . Service was restored to Worcester on September 26 , 1994 as mitigation for delays in reopening the Old Colony Lines ( the first two of which finally opened in September 1997 ) – the first time in 19 years that commuter rail service extended beyond Framingham . = = = New station = = = The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 mandated that all new construction on transit stations including making the stations handicapped accessible . Because the 1885 depot is very close to the tracks , such upgrades at the old station location would have been difficult . New platforms , with mini @-@ high platforms on their west ends for level boarding , were built just west of the former station . A footbridge with two elevators was built to allow passengers to reach the outbound platform without crossing the tracks , which carry slow @-@ moving CSX freight service as well as MBTA and Amtrak trains . The new station was built in 2000 and opened in early 2001 . Framingham currently sees 24 weekday MBTA round trips to Boston , with 8 to 9 round trips on weekends . On weekdays , Framingham is the only station west of Yawkey at which all trains stop . Most trains run to / from Worcester , but some terminate at Framingham instead . Average weekday inbound ridership is 1 @,@ 299 passengers , making Framingham the second @-@ busiest station on the line ( after Worcester ) . Framingham also has Amtrak intercity service via the daily Lake Shore Limited , which runs to Chicago 's Union Station via Albany – Rensselaer . = = = Grade crossings = = = The crossings at Beaver Street and Concord Street ( Route 126 ) near the station are the first grade crossings on the line heading westbound ; there are only three others on the largely grade @-@ separated line east of Worcester . The Concord Street crossing was one of the last in the state with a crossing guard ; he was replaced by an automated system in 1986 . The crossing is problematic because passing freight trains often result in delays both on Route 126 , as well as Route 135 which crosses it just south of the tracks . The frequent blockage of the crossing by passing trains reduces capacity in the intersection by 21 % during the morning rush and 16 % in the afternoon , resulting in delays and traffic jams in the downtown area . Increased service levels planned by the MBTA would result in morning capacity reduction of 34 % and afternoon reduction of 28 % . The first discussion of improving the intersection and grade crossing was a study in 1898 , since which there have been about three dozen more . The most recent , a 2009 study of the downtown area , examined the possibility of depressing Route 126 under the grade crossing and intersection as well as several other alternatives including bypasses . The Route 126 depression was deemed to create barriers to walkability downtown , and the recommended alternative was to depress Route 135 under the intersection to prevent it from being affected by trains passing through the grade crossing . Funds have not yet become available for final design and construction . = = = Other Framingham stations = = = Besides the main depot at the South Framingham junction , Framingham has been served by a number of stations inside or just outside its borders . The Agricultural Branch included three of these stations . One , variously known as Montwait , Mt . Wayte , and Lakeview , was located just north of Mt . Wayte Avenue at the north end of Farm Pond . The station served the Montwait neighborhood as well as the Montwait Camp Ground , a worship camp used by Methodist , Chautaqua , and later Pentecostal groups from the 1870s to the 1910s . The Framingham Centre station – at times known simply as Framingham – located at Maynard Street adjacent to Route 9 . It was opened in 1849 when the branch to Framingham Center was completed . A new station was built in 1855 when the branch was realigned and extended . It also served the Framingham & Lowell after that line opened in 1871 . A freight house and coal shed were located nearby to the north . Fayville station was located just over the Southborough border in the Fayville village and also served the western reaches of Framingham . The station was placed at Central Street between Route 9 and Route 30 at or after the 1855 opening of the line . The three stations closed with the end of passenger service on the branch in 1937 ; none of the buildings remain . The Framingham & Lowell shared the South Framingham and Framingham Centre stations after its 1871 opening . An additional station , variously known as North Framingham and Nobscot , was located between Water Street and Edgell road , near the modern Nobscot Shopping Center . The station closed with the end of passenger service in the 1930s and was later destroyed . The former Nobscot post office and library building , which also served as a railroad ticket sales office , has been restored near its original site . The Saxonville Branch – the only line in Framingham not connected to South Framingham – opened from Natick to Saxonville in July 1846 . Two stations on the branch line were in Framingham . Cochituate station was at Commonwealth Road ( Route 30 ) on Framingham 's eastern border with Natick . The terminus station at Saxonville was a " typical B & A granite station " located off Concord Street north of School Street ( Route 126 ) . The lightly @-@ used line never saw more than three daily round trips ; in 1936 , passenger service was discontinued . A " bus " – in reality , a car driven by the Saxonville station agent – ran to Natick station until 1943 . Neither station is extant , but the Saxonville roof may have been reused on a nearby carriage house which still stands . No stations other than the South Framingham hub were located on the Boston & Albany mainline within Framingham . The stations in Ashland ( still @-@ extant downtown station closed in 1960 ; nearby park @-@ and @-@ ride station opened in 2002 ) and West Natick ( opened 1982 ) serve some peripheral sections of Framingham . = = Bus connections = = Eight of the 17 bus routes operated by the MetroWest Regional Transit Authority ( MWRTA ) serve Framingham station . Five routes stop at the " banana lot " , a curved parking lot on the north side of the tracks : Route 2 Route 3 Route 4 Route 7 Framingham Commuter Shuttle One route stops on Concord Street at Howard Street : Westborough Commuter Shuttle Two routes stop on Waverly Street on the south side of the tracks : Route 5 Route 6 The central hub for the MWRTA is the Blandin Hub in Framingham , a 3 @,@ 000 foot ( 910 m ) walk from Framingham station . Six of the MWRTA 's numbered routes plus the Boston Hospital Shuttle serve Blandin Hub . Three numbered routes , all five commuter shuttles , and the Boston Hospital Shuttle serve Waverly Hub , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the east of the station . = = = Modern station = = = Amtrak – Stations – Framingham , MA MBTA – Framingham Great American Stations – Framingham , MA ( FRA ) Framingham Amtrak @-@ MBTA Station ( USA RailGuide – TrainWeb ) Modern station on Google Maps Street View = = = 1885 station = = = Historic American Buildings Survey entry with pictures and data pages Framingham Railroad Station at Northeast Architecture 1885 station on Google Maps Street View
= Siege of Tyana = A Siege of Tyana was carried out by the Umayyad Caliphate in 707 – 708 / 708 – 709 in retaliation for a heavy defeat of an Umayyad army under Maimun the Mardaite by the Byzantine Empire in c . 706 . The Arab army invaded Byzantine territory and laid siege to the city in summer 707 or 708 . In fact virtually each of the extant Greek , Arabic and Syriac parallel sources has in this respect a different date . Tyana initially withstood the siege with success , and the Arab army faced great hardship during the ensuing winter . Emperor Justinian II sent a relief army in the next spring , but the Umayyads defeated them , whereupon the inhabitants of the city were forced to surrender . Despite the agreement of terms , the city was plundered and largely destroyed , and according to Byzantine sources its people were made captive and deported , leaving the city deserted . = = Background = = In 692 / 693 , the Byzantine emperor Justinian II ( reigned 685 – 695 and 705 – 711 ) and the Umayyad Caliph Abd al @-@ Malik ( r . 685 – 705 ) broke the truce that had existed between Byzantium and the Umayyad Caliphate since 679 , following the failed Muslim attack on the Byzantine capital , Constantinople . The Byzantines secured great financial and territorial advantages from the truce , which they extended further by exploiting the Umayyad government 's involvement in the Second Muslim Civil War ( 680 – 692 ) . However , by 692 the Umayyads were clearly emerging as the victors in the conflict , and Abd al @-@ Malik consciously began a series of provocations to bring about a resumption of warfare . Justinian , confident in his own strength based on his previous successes , responded in kind . Finally , the Umayyads claimed that the Byzantines had broken the treaty and invaded Byzantine territory , defeating the imperial army at the Battle of Sebastopolis in 693 . In its aftermath , the Arabs quickly regained control over Armenia and resumed their attacks into the border zone of eastern Asia Minor , that would culminate in the second attempt to conquer Constantinople in 716 – 718 . Furthermore , Justinian was deposed in 695 , beginning a twenty @-@ year period of internal instability that almost brought the Byzantine state to its knees . = = Arab campaign against Tyana = = As part of these Arab raids , an invasion under a certain Maimun al @-@ Gurgunami ( " Maimun the Mardaite " ) took place , which raided Cilicia and was defeated by a Byzantine army under a general named Marianus near Tyana . The dating of this expedition is unclear ; although the primary account , by al @-@ Baladhuri , places it under Abd al @-@ Malik ( who died in 705 ) , it is commonly dated to 706 by modern scholars . According to Baladhuri , this Maimun had been a slave of Caliph Muawiyah 's sister , who had fled to the Mardaites , a group of Christian rebels in northern Syria . After the Mardaites had been subdued , the general Maslama ibn Abd al @-@ Malik , who had heard of his valour , liberated him and entrusted him with a military command , and later swore to avenge his death . As a result , Maslama launched another attack aimed at Tyana , with his nephew al @-@ Abbas ibn al @-@ Walid as co @-@ commander . The chronology of the expedition is again unclear : the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor puts it in A.M. 6201 ( 708 / 709 AD , and possibly even 709 / 710 ) , but Arab sources date it to A.H. 88 and 89 ( 706 / 707 AD and 707 / 708 AD respectively ) . As a result , the siege has been variously dated to 707 – 708 AD and 708 – 709 AD . The Arabs laid siege to the city , employing siege engines to bombard its fortifications . They managed to destroy part of the wall , but were unable to enter the city . Despite launching several assaults , the defenders successfully drove them back . The siege continued into winter , and the Arabs began to suffer greatly from shortage of food , so that they began contemplating abandoning the siege altogether . In the spring , however , Justinian II , who had been restored to the Byzantine throne in 705 , assembled a relief army under the generals Theodore Karteroukas and Theophylact Salibas and sent it towards Tyana . The Byzantine chroniclers record that the regular troops were complemented by armed peasants , numerous but lacking in any military experience . This may point to the dire straits the regular Byzantine army was in , partly as a result of Justinian 's purge of the officer corps after his restoration and partly due to the losses suffered in the war with the Bulgars . As the relief army approached Tyana , it was confronted by the Arabs , and in the ensuing battle , the Byzantines were routed . According to Theophanes , the two Byzantine generals quarrelled among themselves , and their attack was disorderly . The Byzantines lost many thousand dead , and the captives also numbered in the thousands . The Arabs captured the Byzantine camp and took all the provisions they had brought along for the beleaguered city , allowing them to continue the siege . The inhabitants of Tyana now despaired of any succour , and as their own supplies dwindled they began negotiations for a surrender . The Arabs promised to allow them to depart unharmed , and the city capitulated after a siege of nine months ( in March according to Michael the Syrian , in May – June according to al @-@ Tabari ) . Theophanes reports that the Arabs broke their promise and enslaved the entire population , which was deported to the Caliphate , but no other source confirms this . After looting the town , the Arabs razed it to the ground . = = Aftermath = = The chroniclers report that after sacking Tyana , Abbas and Maslama divided their forces and campaigned in Byzantine territory . Again the chronology , as well as the identity of the targets , is uncertain . The primary sources give 709 or 710 as the dates , which could mean that these raids happened in the immediate aftermath of Tyana or in the year after . Abbas raided Cilicia and from there turned west as far as Dorylaion , while Maslama seized the fortresses of Kamuliana and Heraclea Cybistra near Tyana , or , according to another interpretation of the Arabic sources , marched also west and took Heraclea Pontica and Nicomedia , while some of his troops raided Chrysopolis across from Constantinople itself . Arab raids continued for the next years , and were carried out even while a huge army under Maslama was besieging Constantinople in 717 – 718 . After the failure of this undertaking , Arab attacks continued , but they were now concerned with plunder and prestige , rather than outright conquest . Although the Umayyad attacks of the early 8th century were successful in gaining control of the border districts of Cilicia and the region around Melitene , and despite their destruction of Byzantine strongholds like Tyana in the following decades , the Arabs were never able to permanently establish a presence west of the Taurus Mountains , which thus came to delineate the Arab @-@ Byzantine frontier for the next two centuries .
= James T. Aubrey = James Thomas Aubrey , Jr . ( December 14 , 1918 – September 3 , 1994 ) was a leading American television and film executive . President of the CBS television network from 1959 to 1965 , he put some of television 's most enduring series on the air , including Gilligan 's Island and The Beverly Hillbillies . Under Aubrey , CBS dominated American television the way General Motors and General Electric dominated their industries . The New York Times Magazine in 1964 called Aubrey " a master of programming whose divinations led to successes that are breathtaking " . Aubrey replaced CBS Television president Louis Cowan , who was slowly dismissed after the quiz show scandals . Despite his successes in television , Aubrey 's abrasive personality and oversized ego – " Picture Machiavelli and Karl Rove at a University of Colorado football recruiting party " wrote Variety in 2004 – led to his firing from CBS amid charges of improprieties . " The circumstances rivaled the best of CBS adventure or mystery shows , " declared The New York Times in its front @-@ page story on his firing , which came on " the sunniest Sunday in February " 1965 . He earned the nickname " Smiling Cobra " for his brutal decision @-@ making ways . Aubrey governed CBS with a firm grip , and it did not go unnoticed . He was suddenly dismissed in February 1965 . Aubrey offered no explanation following his dismissal , nor did CBS President Frank Stanton or Board Chairman William Paley . After four years as an independent producer , Aubrey was hired by financier Kirk Kerkorian in 1969 to preside over Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer 's near @-@ total shutdown , during which he slashed the budget and alienated producers and directors but brought profits to a company that had suffered huge losses . In 1973 , Aubrey resigned from MGM , declaring his job was done , and then vanished into almost total obscurity for the last two decades of his life . Hollywood executive Sherry Lansing , a close friend of Aubrey 's for two decades , told the Los Angeles Times in 1986 : Jim is different . He does his own dirty work . Jim is one of those people who are willing to say , " I didn 't like your movie . " Directness is disarming to people who are used to sugar @-@ coating . It 's tough for people who need approval to see somebody who doesn 't . Myths and legends begin to surround that kind of person . = = Early years = = Born in LaSalle , Illinois , James Thomas Steven Aubrey was the eldest of four sons of James Thomas Aubrey , Sr. , an advertising executive with the Chicago firm of Aubrey , Moore , and Wallace ; and his wife , the former Mildred Stever . He grew up in the affluent Chicago suburb of Lake Forest and attended Lake Forest Academy , Phillips Exeter Academy in Exeter , New Hampshire , and Princeton University . All four boys , James , Stever , David , and George , went to Lake Forest Academy , Exeter and Princeton ; his brother Stever became a successful advertising man at J. Walter Thompson before heading the F. William Free agency . While at Princeton all four brothers were members of the Tiger Inn eating club . " My father insisted on accomplishment , " Aubrey recalled in 1986 . In college , Aubrey was a star on the football team , playing left end . He graduated in 1941 with honors in English and entered the United States Army Air Forces . During his service in World War II , Aubrey rose to the rank of major and taught military flying to actor James Stewart , who was a licensed civilian pilot . While stationed in southern California , he met Phyllis Thaxter ( born November 20 , 1921 ) , an actress signed to MGM , whom he married in November 1944 . Thaxter 's first role was as Ted Lawson 's wife in Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo ( 1944 ) , and her final film was as Martha , in the 1978 Superman . They had two children , Susan Schuyler " Skye " Aubrey ( born c . 1946 ) and James Watson Aubrey ( born c . 1953 ) . The marriage ended in divorce in 1962 . Aubrey was " 6 @-@ foot 2 @-@ inch with an incandescent smile " with " unrevealing polar blue eyes , " said The New York Times Magazine in 1964 . The next year Life Magazine described him as " youthful , handsome , brainy , with an incandescent smile , a quiet , somewhat salty wit and , when he cared to turn it on , considerable charm . He was always fastidiously turned out , from his Jerry the Barber haircut to his CBS @-@ eye cuff links . " One producer said , " Aubrey is one of the most insatiably curious guys I know . " = = = Enters broadcasting in radio = = = After Aubrey was discharged from the Air Force , he stayed in southern California ; before his marriage , he intended to return to Chicago . In Los Angeles , he sold advertising for the Street & Smith and Condé Nast magazine companies . His first broadcasting job was as a salesman at the CBS radio station in Los Angeles , KNX , and soon went to the network 's new television station , KNXT . Within two years Aubrey had risen to be the network 's West Coast television programming chief . There he met Hunt Stromberg Jr . , and they developed the popular western Have Gun , Will Travel . They sent their idea to the network 's chief of programming , Hubbell Robinson , and as Oulahan and Lambert put it , " the rest is TV history . " Aubrey was promoted to manager of all television network programs , based in California , until he went to ABC in 1956 . = = = Goes to ABC = = = On December 16 , 1956 , American Broadcasting Company president Oliver E. Treyz announced Aubrey would immediately become the network 's head of programming and talent . ABC , the weakest of the three networks , was a perennial also @-@ ran with a weak roster of affiliates and programs , something comparable to the early days of the Fox Network . Aubrey later said " at that time , there was no ABC . The headquarters was an old riding stable . But I went because [ ABC chairman ] Leonard Goldenson in effect said , ' Look , I don 't know that much about TV , I 'm a lawyer . ' And he let me have autonomy . " As vice president in charge of programs ( a title he gained before March 1957 ) , he brought to the air what he recalled as " wild , sexy , lively stuff , things that had never been done before , " shows such as Maverick , a western with James Garner , and 77 Sunset Strip , a detective show with Efrem Zimbalist Jr . ( However , by the time Strip went on the air in October 1958 , Aubrey had already left the network . ) Oulahan and Lambert said Aubrey scheduled " one lucrative show after another ... and for the first time the third network became a serious challenge to NBC and CBS . " Among the successes he scheduled were The Donna Reed Show , a domestic comedy ; The Rifleman , a western with Chuck Connors ; and The Real McCoys , a rural comedy with Walter Brennan and Richard Crenna . = = CBS = = Despite his success at ABC , Aubrey saw a limited future at the network and asked to return to CBS , doing so on April 28 , 1958 , initially as assistant to Frank Stanton , president of CBS , Inc . , the holding company which owned the network . ( Thomas W. Moore would take his ABC job . ) Aubrey was made vice president for creative services in April 1959 , replacing Louis G. Cowan , whom CBS promoted to network president . Aubrey was named executive vice president on June 1 , 1959 , a newly created post that was the number @-@ two official at the network . His responsibilities encompassed general supervision of all departments of the CBS Television Network . On December 8 , 1959 , Cowan resigned , having been damaged from his connection to the quiz show scandals . ( He created the show The $ 64 @,@ 000 Question and owned the company which produced it for the network , though Cowan denied he knew anything about the rigging of the program . ) Cowan 's letter of resignation to Stanton declared , " you have made it impossible for me to continue . " Aubrey was named president the same day and elected to the board of directors on December 9 , 1959 . = = = Named president = = = Aubrey was president of the CBS Network for the next five years , and made it tremendously successful , substantially increasing ratings and doubling the company 's profits . In the 1963 – 64 season , all twelve of the top daytime programs and fourteen of the top fifteen prime @-@ time shows were on CBS – the lone evening exception was NBC 's Bonanza , ranked number two . After he was fired , journalists Richard Oulahan and William Lambert wrote in a Life Magazine profile : In the long history of human communications , from tom @-@ tom to Telstar , no one man ever had a lock on such enormous audiences as James Thomas Aubrey , Jr. during his five @-@ year tenure as head of the Columbia Broadcasting System 's television network ... He was the world 's No. 1 purveyor of entertainment . = = = Aubrey 's formula = = = His formula was characterized by a CBS executive as " broads , bosoms , and fun , " resulting in such shows as The Beverly Hillbillies and Gilligan 's Island , despised by the critics – and CBS chairman William S. Paley – but extremely popular with viewers . While Aubrey had a great feel for what would be successful with viewers , he had nothing but contempt for them . " The American public is something I fly over , " he said . His former boss at ABC , Oliver E. Treyz , said at programming " Jim Aubrey was one of the most effective ever , from the standpoint of delivering what the public wanted and making money . He was the best program judge in the business . " Aubrey said in 1986 of Paley and his programming choices : I 'd gone to CBS , and I 'd become convinced Beverly Hillbillies was going to work . Bill Paley wasn 't convinced . Bill has this great sense of propriety . Putting aside the Sarnoffs and all the other great names of broadcasting , Paley stood – stands – head and shoulders above everyone else . He had this blasting genius of instinctively looking at a show and knowing if it should be on the air . He could also be ruthless and distant ... But Bill was intuitive about both the business and creative sides of TV . And he genuinely disliked Beverly Hillbillies . I put it on the schedule anyway . " The hucksters ' huckster , " David Halberstam labeled him , " whose greatest legacy to television was a program called The Beverly Hillbillies , a series so demented and tasteless that it boggles the mind " Columnist Murray Kempton described The Beverly Hillbillies as , " a confrontation of the characters of John Steinbeck with the environment of Spyros Skouras , " the extravagant chairman of Twentieth Century Fox . But regardless of what anyone said about Hillbillies , the public loved it . The Nielsen ratings showed 57 million were watching the show – one in three Americans . When Skouras was forced out of Fox by the company 's board of directors in July 1962 , Aubrey was widely mentioned to be his successor , but he openly denied he had any intention of leaving CBS . Another part of Aubrey 's formula was making sure that the commercial interests of CBS 's sponsors were kept foremost in their minds . In 1960 he elaborated on this idea more when he told The Office of Network Study : " There is relatively little that is incompatible between our objectives and the objectives of the advertisers .... Before sponsorship of a program series commences there is often a meeting between production personnel and representatives of the advertiser at which time the general areas of the advertiser 's interest and general attitudes are discussed . A breakfast food advertiser may , for example , wish to make sure the programs do not contain elements that make breakfast distasteful . A cigarette manufacturer would not wish to have cigarette smoking depicted in an unattractive manner . Normally , as long as these considerations do not limit creativity , they will be adhered to . " = = = Influence on the competition = = = CBS 's dominance was so great that when the fall schedules were announced , ABC and NBC would wait until CBS announced its plans before making their own announcements , effectively making Aubrey programmer for all three networks . CBS had great success with rural @-@ themed programs such as the Hillbillies , The Andy Griffith Show , Mister Ed , Green Acres , and Petticoat Junction . Yet another CBS hit Paley hated was The Munsters , part of a trend of fantasy shows at the time that included CBS 's My Favorite Martian and Gilligan 's Island . Aubrey 's " unwritten code " for programs was described in Life : Feed the public little more than rural comedies , fast @-@ moving detective dramas and , later , sexy dolls . No old people ; the emphasis was on youth . No domestic servants , the mass audience wouldn 't identify with maids . No serious problems to cope with . Every script had to be full of action . No physical infirmities . Life acknowledged there were exceptions , such as The Defenders with E.G. Marshall and Robert Reed as socially conscious attorneys , and quoted Aubrey 's defense to charges of pandering to the public . " I felt that we had an obligation to reach the vast majority of most of the people , " he said . " We made an effort to continue purposeful drama on TV , but we found out that people just don 't want an anthology . They would rather tune in on Lucy . " In 1962 , a United States Senate committee investigating juvenile delinquency held hearings on sex on television and called executives from the three networks . The chairman , Senator Thomas J. Dodd ( D @-@ Connecticut ) , blasted " an unmistakable pattern " and informed the executives " you all seem to use the same terminology – to think alike – and to jam this stuff down the people 's throat . " Dodd accused Aubrey of putting " prurient sex " in the CBS program Route 66 to boost ratings , and confronted him with the " bosoms , broads , and fun " quotation from a memorandum by CBS executive Howard G. Barnes following a meeting with the program 's producers . Aubrey denied saying the phrase . He said that people in the business often shorthanded " wholesome , pretty girls " as " broads " , and " attractive " as " bosoms " . Another memo summarizing the same meeting , written by Screen Gems executive William Dozier , read as follows : " There is not enough sex in the programs . Neither lead has gotten involved even for a single episode with the normal wants of a young man , namely to get involved with a girl or even to kiss her . " = = = " The Smiling Cobra " = = = Aubrey was a controlling man and a workaholic , putting in twelve @-@ hour days six days a week . He endlessly read scripts , screened episodes , and ordered reshoots or changes made in the furniture and dressing of a set . Murray Kempton wrote that he would see six movies every weekend and read three books on transcontinental flights . Kempton quoted a CBS executive saying : He read everything . Like he saw every movie . But he had the smallest world there could be . He 'd watch a movie and , while everyone else was involved in the story , he 'd say out loud " that kid could be the lead in a television program . " He read everything sure . All the new fiction . What he didn 't like was Bellow , Updike , Cheever , Salinger , Capote , and Mailer . He didn 't know how to use them . Kempton claimed Aubrey : [ He ] was the fourth president of CBS @-@ TV as Caligula was the fourth of the twelve Caesars . Each carried the logic of his imperial authority as far as it could go . Each was deposed and disappeared suddenly leaving bad press behind him . Oulahan and Lambert claimed " Aubrey exercised his tremendous power with the canny skill and the ruthlessness of a Tatar khan . " Aubrey 's treachery led the producer John Houseman in 1959 to dub him " The Smiling Cobra . " Houseman in public was less direct . In December 1962 , CBS announced it was spending $ 250 @,@ 000 an episode on Houseman 's hour @-@ long drama on American history for the next season , The Great Adventure , but on July 25 , 1963 , CBS announced Houseman had resigned . The producer told The New York Times " The kind of show they want is not what I wanted to produce " but attributed his departure to a simple difference of opinion , the Times reporter stating Houseman " expressed no criticism of CBS . " ( The show ran for one season , 1963 – 64 . ) In Only You , Dick Daring ! , his humorous yet damning account of the five and a half months he spent trying to make a show with CBS for the 1963 – 64 season based on an idea of Aubrey 's about a county agent , writer Merle Miller described how Aubrey would simply walk out of meetings without offering any substantive comments on Miller 's program and the nineteen rewrites he did of the pilot episode . Miller was assured by other CBS executives that Aubrey 's silence meant things were fine – Kempton quoted a CBS producer telling Miller " this has nothing to do with a good script or a bad script . It has to do with pleasing one man , Jim Aubrey . Don 't ever forget it " – and Miller later learned of efforts by Aubrey to force him out . ( A pilot for the show , known as Calhoun and County Agent , to star Jackie Cooper and Barbara Stanwyck , was shot and put on the fall schedule , but the series was canceled before it ever aired . ) Miller quoted an independent producer : " Aubrey 's the most important man in television , in the history of television , maybe in the history of entertainment . He out @-@ Mayers Louis B. Mayer ten times over . " = = = Abrasive toward many = = = Aubrey 's success seemed to have gone to his head and he became even more arrogant . He was abusive to the network 's affiliates , advertisers , producers , and talent . Friends of Aubrey 's such as producers Dick Dorso of United Artists , Martin Ransohoff of Filmways , and David Susskind , who had each sold several series to CBS , suddenly found themselves shut out . " He 's a friend of mine , but he cut me stone cold last year , " Susskind said . " I was hanging there with my pants down , wondering what I 'd tell the stockholders . " Gossip columnist Liz Smith , who worked as CBS during Aubrey 's time there , called him a " a mean , hateful , truly scary , bad , outré guy . " Garry Moore , a popular personality in the 1950s , wanted to make a comeback on CBS , but Aubrey casually dismissed him : " Not a chance . " ( Moore finally got his chance , long after Aubrey left the network , in the fall of 1966 , with a short @-@ lived revival of his weekly variety series ) . John Frankenheimer , critically acclaimed as the number one director of live TV dramas during the 1950s , was shown the exit door by Aubrey in 1960 . Frankenheimer was forced to find a new career as a movie director ( for which he is now arguably best known ) , although he had wanted to continue in television . In 1996 , during a personal appearance at the Museum of Television & Radio , Frankenheimer described Aubrey as " a barbarian . " The star of CBS 's The Lucy Show had problems with Aubrey . " Lucille Ball couldn 't say his name without calling him an S.O.B. , " Stanton said – though Kempton quoted her after Aubrey 's firing as saying " he was the smartest one up there . " Aubrey fought with Red Skelton , Danny Thomas , Judy Garland and Arthur Godfrey as well . The treatment of Jack Benny was typical . Aubrey first rescheduled Benny 's long @-@ running series without consulting the star . Benny , a good friend of Paley 's since he lured the comedian to CBS in 1948 , objected to his new lead @-@ in on Tuesdays for the 1963 – 64 season , Petticoat Junction , instead of the previous season 's The Red Skelton Hour . Then in the summer of 1963 , Aubrey told Benny his show would not be renewed at the end of the forthcoming season , Aubrey having decided that Benny was out of step with current tastes and no longer relevant . " You 're through , old man . " Aubrey told the star . Benny took his show to NBC , his home before 1948 , where it was cancelled after only one season , proving Aubrey 's point if not his tactics . = = = Favoritism alleged = = = There were charges of favoritism in purchasing programs . Aubrey 's friend Keefe Brasselle , who had bit parts in several movies in the 1940s and 1950s and met Aubrey when they both worked at KNXT , had no experience as a producer . " A 1965 edition of George Raft , " said David Susskind , particularly apt as there were also rumors Brasselle had ties to the Mafia . Nevertheless , Aubrey scheduled three shows from Brasselle 's Richelieu Productions for the 1964 – 65 season , all without pilots , still an almost unheard @-@ of practice . ( The shows were The Baileys of Balboa , a sitcom with Paul Ford ; the newspaper drama The Reporter ; and The Cara Williams Show , a sitcom starring red @-@ head Williams , billed as the next Lucille Ball . ) Brasselle would personally supervise The Reporter , shot in New York City . Costs skyrocketed on Brasselle 's shows – after nine episodes , The Reporter was $ 450 @,@ 000 over budget – and all three bombed – The Reporter running only three months , Baileys until April 1965 ; and Cara Williams finishing the season . Aubrey was later asked why he aired three untested programs . " Arrogance , I guess " he responded . In his book The Other Glass Teat , media critic Harlan Ellison alleges that a Mafia don had put out a contract on Aubrey for beating his daughter during consensual sex at a Las Vegas , Nevada hotel , and that Brasselle demanded the shows in exchange for his using his own Mafia connections to smooth things over . But , as his critics acknowledged , Aubrey could be charming and go to great lengths to please talent . To keep Jackie Gleason happy when he moved his show from New York City to Miami Beach in 1963 , Aubrey had CBS buy Gleason 's futuristic home in Peekskill , New York – The New York Times called it " a flying @-@ saucer like cabana " – for $ 350 @,@ 000 . The network was still trying to sell it years later . = = = News and sports = = = Aubrey , who on May 9 , 1963 , warned the network 's affiliates the high cost of rights for professional sports could price them off television , nevertheless in January 1964 agreed to pay $ 28 @.@ 2 million to air the games of the National Football League for two years , seventeen games each season . " We know how much these games mean to the viewing audience , our affiliated stations , and the nation 's advertisers , " Aubrey told The New York Times . In April , he agreed to extend the deal for another year for a total of $ 31 @.@ 8 million . In the spring of 1964 , The New York Times Magazine declared CBS " for the 10th year in a row ... was the undisputed champion of the television networks . " The Times quoted an analyst who said CBS was " almost comparable to what General Motors did in autos or what General Electric [ did ] in electrical equipment . " Aubrey fought constantly with officials of CBS News , especially its chief , Fred W. Friendly , who was just as demanding and controlling as Aubrey . Friendly felt Aubrey was insufficiently concerned with public affairs and in his memoir , Due to Circumstances Beyond Our Control , recounts one budget meeting at CBS when Aubrey talked at length of how much money the news was costing the company , a sea of red ink that could be stopped by replacing news with more entertainment programs . However , Paley supported the news and protected Friendly 's division from Aubrey 's proposed budget cuts . Aubrey in 1962 ordered that there would be fewer specials , both entertainment and news , because he felt interruptions to the schedule alienated viewers by disrupting their routine viewing , sending them to the competition . Friendly resented this move . That fall , CBS Reports , a news / documentary program at 7 : 30 ( et ) on Wednesdays , was blamed in the press for the sharp drop off in the ratings of The Beverly Hillbillies – the comedy had been number one in its first two seasons , but dropped to eighteenth when CBS Reports became the Hillbillies lead @-@ in for its third season . ( Hillbillies had aired at nine o 'clock before moving up a half hour in 1964 . ) CBS responded by moving CBS Reports to Mondays . = = = Dismissal = = = In the spring of 1964 , charges were printed in the April 16 issue of Close @-@ Up , a celebrity tabloid , which claimed Aubrey was taking kickbacks from producers . The Federal Communications Commission made inquiries , and CBS learned that despite his $ 264 @,@ 000 annual salary from the company , Aubrey 's apartment on Manhattan 's Central Park South was owned by Martin Ransohoff , the head of Filmways , the producer of the Hillbillies , Petticoat Junction , Mister Ed , and other CBS programs . And though he had a chauffeur @-@ driven car paid for by the network , Brasselle 's Richelieu Productions was paying for another chauffeured car for Aubrey , done so Paley and Stanton would not know what Aubrey was doing after hours . CBS had not known of either the apartment or the car . The company was also concerned about the money spent to buy Gleason 's former home . In late 1964 , Aubrey approached Stanton with a proposal . Claiming he had investors lined @-@ up and ready to buy the company , Aubrey said once in control , they would fire Paley , install Stanton as chairman , and promote Aubrey to Stanton 's post , CBS corporate president . This did not come to pass , but Aubrey 's contempt for Paley knew no bounds , Aubrey even showing his disregard for Paley in public . The Internal Revenue Service filing a tax lien against Aubrey for $ 38 @,@ 047 @.@ 93 was another irritant for Paley . Aubrey also seemed to have lost his touch , the early ratings for the 1964 – 65 season showing the new shows that fall were flops . Aubrey panicked , noted Life , and " by that time Paley had made his decision to fire Aubrey , though he had yet found no plausible excuse . " " Aubrey was torpedoed at last , " wrote The New York Times Magazine , " by a combination of his imperiousness , the ratings drop , and a vivid afterhours life culminating in a raucous Miami Beach party – details of which no one ever agrees on – the weekend he was fired . " ( Aubrey had been in Florida for Jackie Gleason 's forty @-@ ninth birthday party . ) " I don 't pretend to be any saint . If anyone wants to indict me for liking pretty girls , I 'm guilty , " Aubrey said at the time , one factor in his divorce in 1962 , which freed him to , " live the high life around New York , Hollywood , Miami , and in Europe with such companions as Judy Garland , Julie Newmar , Rhonda Fleming – and with other dolls who were only faces and figures , not names . His late dates and early morning parties were the talk of several towns . " Paley ordered Stanton to fire Aubrey , and he did so on February 27 , 1965 , though the announcement was delayed until the following afternoon , a Sunday . Stanton 's statement declared : Jim Aubrey 's outstanding accomplishment during his tenure as head of the C.B.S. television network need no elaboration . His extraordinary record speaks for itself . In 1986 , Paul Rosenfield of the Los Angeles Times wrote : There are at least 13 @,@ 000 theories on why he got the ax , some of them lurid , but none as obvious as the fact that CBS was starting to slip in the Nielsens . " And there was a basic dissatisfaction with me , " as he put it . If Aubrey understood ratings and revenue , he also was no stranger to a kind of after @-@ hours recklessness that mirrored the Camelot of its day . Nobody questions that Jungle Jim had a good time in the playgrounds of Manhattan and Hollywood . Rosenfield also claimed " for years gossip columnists had to bite their tongues because the fodder on Aubrey was so tempting , but mostly unprintable . How much was hearsay and how much was fiction is not clear . " Aubrey 's successor was announced as John A. Schneider , the general manager of WCBS @-@ TV in New York City , who had no experience in network television . Aubrey was so despondent at losing his job Stanton feared he would kill himself . Wall Street took the news badly as well : CBS stock plunged nine points over the following week . The stock tumble " puts my net value to the network at $ 20 million , " Aubrey noted . Aubrey continued to be a CBS employee until April 20 . Jack Gould , television critic for The New York Times , wrote two days after Aubrey 's dismissal that Aubrey symbolized an era in television that has been and is too much rooted in calculated and insensitive preoccupation with making more money this year than last ... Automated situation comedies that wooed the young and did not drive away the old were the mainstay of his philosophy and they paid off . = = The interregnum = = Aubrey , who left CBS with $ 2 @.@ 5 million in network stock , moved to the Sunset Strip and set up a production company , The Aubrey Company . His attorney , Gregson E. Bautzer , in 1967 tried to buy the American Broadcasting Company for another client , the Las Vegas @-@ based millionaire Howard Hughes . Aubrey was to have run ABC after the takeover , but the reclusive Hughes refused to testify in person at hearings before the Federal Communications Commission , which had to approve the purchase , and the deal collapsed . Aubrey 's outsize reputation – beaming smile , dapper dress , endless womanizing – and his dramatic exit from CBS inspired characters in three novels . His former friend Keefe Brasselle wrote The CanniBalS : A Novel About Television 's Savage Chieftains ( 1968 ) , the title of which had very unsubtle capitalization and was , in Nora Ephron 's assessment , " unreadable . " Harold Robbins 's The Inheritors ( 1969 ) and Jacqueline Susann 's The Love Machine ( 1969 ) also contained characters based on him . In Susann 's book , Aubrey is network executive Robin Stone . Paul Rosenfield said Aubrey had " quietly cooperated " with Susann , " giving her background on TV , " although Susann 's husband , Irving Mansfield , had been a busy TV producer himself , before switching to managing his wife 's career full @-@ time . Susann said Aubrey , her neighbor , was " one of those people who are born to run the works . A natural for a novel . " In June 1967 , Aubrey agreed to a two @-@ year contract to produce films for Columbia Pictures . Despite being frequently rumored as a candidate for many posts in the entertainment industry , Aubrey told Vincent Canby of The New York Times he had " no desire ever again to become involved in the corporate side of the entertainment business " and had been , in Canby 's words , " dabbling in a number of enterprises , including the acquisition of films for TV , real estate , and cultured pearls . " In 1965 , Oulahan and Lambert had noted he had " extensive investments in everything from copper mines to a chain of waffle shops . " His first project for Columbia was to be an adaptation of a Patricia Highsmith book , Those Who Walk Away . " The criteria is profitable entertainment , " he told Canby . Before the deal collapsed on January 1 , 1968 , Aubrey had been rumored to be the leading candidate to be hired as ABC television entertainment chief if International Telephone and Telegraph 's takeover of ABC , which was announced in March 1966 , had been completed . = = Picked to run MGM = = Aubrey resurfaced in 1969 when Las Vegas businessman Kirk Kerkorian took control of the Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer studio for the first time , ousting Canadian liquor magnate Edgar M. Bronfman , who had gained control earlier that year . Aubrey 's attorney Gregson E. Bautzer also represented Kerkorian , and Bautzer recommended Aubrey for the MGM post . Aubrey , announced as MGM president on October 21 , 1969 , was Kerkorian 's third choice after Herb Jaffe of United Artists and independent producer Mike Frankovich both declined the post , while producer Ray Stark was also considered . Aubrey replaced the fired Louis F. Polk , Jr . , who had been MGM president only since January 14 , 1969 . Aubrey was the studio 's third president that year . Polk told The New York Times , " no one likes to leave a job unfinished , " and said he had started much @-@ needed reforms at the studio , which suffered a $ 35 million loss in the fiscal year ending August 31 , 1969 . Aubrey received a salary of $ 4 @,@ 000 a week , but had no contract . He said in 1986 , " I wanted Kirk to be able to say , ' Get lost , Jim , ' without obligation if it didn 't work . " Like most of the big studios in the 1960s , MGM was struggling and Kerkorian said his new president would bring the company roaring back to its former glory . Instead , Aubrey largely liquidated the company as Kerkorian transformed it into a hospitality company with the MGM Grand Hotel he was building . " We 've been using old @-@ fashioned methods here , " Aubrey said at the time . In 1986 , he said the company was " total disarray . Until you were in a position to lift up the rug , there was no way to know how much disarray . The crown jewel of studios had become a shambles . " Within days of his hiring , twelve films were canceled because of financial issues , among them director Fred Zinnemann 's Man 's Fate , days from starting principal photography . = = = Restructures the company = = = Aubrey eliminated hundreds of jobs when he relocated corporate headquarters from New York City to Culver City to be closer to production facilities , a move which was announced on April 29 , 1970 . Aubrey ordered the sale of MGM 's historic collection of costumes and props such as the Ruby Slippers worn by Judy Garland in The Wizard of Oz and the suit Spencer Tracy wore in Inherit the Wind . ( It was bought by one of the defense attorneys defending Charles Manson , who regularly wore it to court . ) The studio 's camera department was auctioned . Most of the studio 's Culver City backlot and its 2 @,@ 000 acre ( 8 km ² ) ranch in the Conejo Valley were sold to developers , moves already planned under Polk . Aubrey literally threw the company 's valuable archives into the trash and brought production to a standstill . Composer and conductor André Previn , in his memoir , No Minor Chords . My Days in Hollywood , describes how Aubrey had MGM 's collection of film music manuscripts discarded into the trash . [ citation needed ] Aubrey was criticized for these actions . In 1986 , he recalled , " the buck had to stop somewhere , and it was with me . Nostalgia runs strong out here , so we were criticized for selling Judy Garland 's red shoes . To us they had no value , and they had no intrinsic value . " These moves were effective in restoring the company 's finances . In his first nine months on the job , he cut MGM 's debt by $ 27 million , nearly one @-@ quarter the total , and the company posted profits of $ 540 @,@ 000 for those nine months compared to a $ 18 @,@ 372 @,@ 000 loss in the comparable period in the preceding fiscal year . = = = Changing tastes = = = Losses were so great because Polk wrote off as total losses many films made under his predecessors ; the company posted a $ 35 @,@ 366 @,@ 000 loss in the fiscal year ending August 31 , 1969 . " Basically what we 're really concentrating on at the moment is to really streamline this operation . There isn 't much else to do when you 're losing as much money as we are , " Aubrey told The New York Times in December 1969 . Aubrey said , " we have determined that we 're not going to continue to produce on the basis of forty acres and acres and acres of standing sets . Young people who are the major movie audience today , refer to that as the plastic world and that is almost a deterrent in the business today . " Aubrey announced plans for faster and cheaper movies , none of which would have a budget above $ 1 million , but many of these inexpensive films bombed with critics and audiences . One notable success was the Richard Roundtree film Shaft , which cost $ 1 million and grossed around $ 12 million at the box office . Agent Sue Mengers said he was a very tough dealmaker . " I 'd rather go to bed with him than negotiate with him . " Upon assuming his MGM post , Aubrey almost immediately canceled production on two Julie Andrews pictures , She Loves Me and Say It With Music , the late 1960s fad for musicals having ended . He also clashed with David Lean , whose production of Ryan 's Daughter was running overbudget , in early 1970 , attempting to cancel or at least scale down the film ; but Lean held too much sway for Aubrey 's actions to have any effect . = = = Return to profitability = = = In the first half of fiscal 1970 , the company had profits of $ 6 @,@ 531 @,@ 000 despite sizable write @-@ offs . The company had significantly cut its operating losses from $ 6 @,@ 547 @,@ 000 to $ 1 @,@ 594 @,@ 000 . Aubrey told the press in April 1970 the company would have made money if not for four films : Herbert Ross 's musical version of James Hilton 's novel Goodbye , Mr. Chips starring Peter O 'Toole and Petula Clark ; Michelangelo Antonioni 's Zabriskie Point , a film Pauline Kael called " a huge , jerry @-@ built crumbling ruin of a movie " ; the adventure Captain Nemo and the Underwater City with Robert Ryan and Chuck Connors ; and Sidney Lumet 's The Appointment with Omar Sharif , Anouk Aimée , and Lotte Lenya . These four pictures cost almost $ 20 million to produce and had they broken even the company would have been profitable . In The New York Times , Vincent Canby noted that same month " the fickle tastes of the movie @-@ going audience have made a large part of [ studios ' film ] inventory obsolete . " By the end of the fiscal year , the company had made $ 1 @,@ 573 @,@ 000 in profits ; a remarkable turnaround for a company which posted a $ 35 million loss one year before . In January 1971 , Aubrey declared , " we are pleased that the company has been turned around . Through the policies of this management , including a complete reorganization , substantial economies , consolidation of operations and through better performance of recent films , we have been able to operate substantially in the black . " That same month , Aubrey announced the company was in merger talks with Twentieth Century Fox , days after Fox fired its top executives , Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown . Two weeks later he announced the talks had ended . However , Darryl F. Zanuck , chairman and CEO of Fox , publicly denied any negotiations . " There have not been and are not now and are not scheduled for the future any discussions concerning a merger or any other type of combination between our two companies , " he told the press . = = = Hands @-@ on = = = Aubrey again took a hands @-@ on approach to MGM 's products , personally ordering cuts on films . The New York Times Magazine wrote , " Aubrey 's heavy involvement with every creative detail of MGM 's pictures far surpassed his immersal in CBS 's scripts . " After he made edits to the film Going Home starring Robert Mitchum , its director , Herbert B. Leonard , protested publicly . " He unilaterally and arbitrarily raped the picture , " he told Time in 1971 . Director Blake Edwards was incensed by changes Aubrey made to his film The Wild Rovers with William Holden , telling The New York Times Magazine , " Cuts ? He doesn 't know as much as a first @-@ year cinema student . He cut the heart right out of it . " Television producer Bruce Geller , who created Mission : Impossible , had his name removed from the credits of his first film , Corky , because " It 's not my picture any more . " The producer of the film Chandler , Michael S. Laughlin , and its director , Paul Magwood , took out a full page ad , bordered in black , in the trade papers declaring : Regarding what was our film Chandler , let 's give credit where credit is due . We sadly acknowledge that all editing , post @-@ production as well as additional scenes were executed by James T. Aubrey Jr . We are sorry . Laughlin told Time Magazine , " You just can 't deal with Aubrey . He realizes that litigation can be a great expense , and that because of legal delays the film will have disappeared long before your case comes to court . " Aubrey engaged in another infamous feud with Sam Peckinpah , who in 1973 began work on the Western Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Aubrey clashed with Peckinpah immediately , the two men 's notoriously difficult personalities leading to a long @-@ lasting feud . Aubrey slashed Peckinpah 's budget early in production , refusing to allow him to reshoot crucial footage , pushing back the release date to Memorial Day , and editing out nearly 20 minutes of the film . Editor Roger Spottiswoode said that " Aubrey was ordering scenes cut out for no other reason except he knew Sam didn 't want them cut . " MGM had disagreements with the Motion Picture Association of America and its rating system for films , which had been instituted in 1968 . MGM resigned from the MPAA in 1971 over the issue of ratings and " exorbitant dues charges , " Aubrey said . In October 1971 , MGM announced that it was to build the world 's largest hotel in Las Vegas , what would become the MGM Grand Hotel , and was to enter the cruise @-@ ship business . The next month , the company announced fiscal 1971 profits of $ 16 @,@ 358 @,@ 000 , up sharply from the $ 1 @.@ 6 million in fiscal 1970 and the highest in a quarter century . After four years at MGM , Aubrey announced his resignation , declaring , " The job I agreed to undertake has been accomplished . " Kerkorian was named as his successor on October 31 , 1973 . Time Magazine declared , " Under Aubrey , MGM churned out profitable , medium @-@ budget schlock like Skyjacked and Black Belly of the Tarantula ; directors often charged him with philistine meddling , and he alienated many of them " but " as a financial auteur , Aubrey may have deserved an Oscar . " Aubrey and Sherry Lansing , who entered the movie business as a script reader at MGM under Aubrey , were struck by a car while crossing Wilshire Boulevard in the mid @-@ 1970s . Both were badly hurt and Lansing had to use crutches for a year and a half . Aubrey nursed her back to health . " He came every day . He would say , ' You 're not going to limp . ' My own mother and father couldn 't give me more support , " she told Variety in 2004 . = = Final years = = Aubrey became an independent producer after leaving MGM , producing ten films , none memorable . His greatest success was a 1979 television movie about the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders starring Jane Seymour – " broads , bosoms , and fun " once more . In the mid @-@ 1980s , he was chairman of Entermark , a production company which made low @-@ budget films and was backed by several wealthy Texans – including former Governor John Connally . " Our theory is that with today 's ancillary rights , there is real profit in a movie that costs $ 3 million . We don 't need to gross $ 40 million , or open on Christmas Day , " he said . To publicize this venture , he granted a rare interview to the Los Angeles Times in 1986 . Reporter Paul Rosenfield found him unrepentant : Aubrey doesn 't deny that he shoots from the hip , in a style that can unhinge the fragile egos of show business . " If I was in the tire business , " reasoned Aubrey , " I wouldn 't be hurt if the customer didn 't buy my tires . I 'd think , ' So what ? ' But in my business , if I don 't buy the script , then the writer kicks the dog and beats his wife . So you learn to pay attention to personal relationships . But that doesn 't mean you lie to people . I 've been the screwer and the screwee , and I know which is better . It 's better to be the screwer , and it 's very difficult to do that with honesty , but it 's how I prefer to be treated . I don 't want power now , or authority , so I suppose my candor can 't hurt me . Gossip columnist Liz Smith reported this profile of Aubrey had led to rumors he would again return to head CBS after Paley was forced out in 1986 when Laurence Tisch acquired the network . Aubrey worked as a consultant for Brandon Tartikoff during the 1980s , while Tartikoff worked to restore the reputation of NBC , but by the time of Aubrey 's death he had been largely forgotten .
= Stop Crying Your Heart Out = " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " is a song by the English rock band Oasis . The song was written by Noel Gallagher and produced by Oasis . It was released on 17 May 2002 as the second single from the band 's fifth studio album , Heathen Chemistry ( 2002 ) . Liam Gallagher is the lead vocalist on the track , with Noel on backing vocals . The power ballad was heavily compared to the band 's previous single " Slide Away " . While some praised Noel 's ability to lighten the mood of his target audience , others felt that the song was disappointing and forgettable . " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and reached a peak of number six on the UK Indie Chart . It peaked at number one in Italy , and reached the top @-@ twenty in Belgium , Denmark , Finland and Norway . " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 12 July 2002 , denoting shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 copies . British singer @-@ songwriter Leona Lewis recorded a cover version for her second studio album Echo ( 2009 ) . She performed her version on the sixth series finale of The X Factor , and it peaked at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart and number 11 on the UK R & B Chart . = = Composition and lyrics = = " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " was written solely by Noel Gallagher , and was produced by Oasis . Noel and his brother Liam are the lead vocalists on the track . The song was recorded at Wheeler End Studios and Olympic Studios in England , and was mixed by Mark Stent . It was engineered by David Treahearn , Jan " Stan " Kybert and Paul " P @-@ Dub " Walton . Several instrumentalists were used for the song 's melody , including Andy Bell as the bass player , Oasis drummer Alan White , Noel Gallagher and Gem Archer on guitar , and Mike Rowe on piano . " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " is a motivational power ballad which lasts for a duration of five minutes and five seconds , Its melodic structure bears strong resemblances to " Slide Away " , one of their songs from their debut studio album Definitely Maybe ( 1994 ) , while its hook is reminiscent of the chorus of their 1996 song " Don 't Look Back in Anger " . Liam Gallagher " croons " the lines " All of us stars / We 're fading away / Just try not to worry / You 'll see them some day " as an orchestra plays in the background . " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " was composed in the key of B minor using common time at 76 beats per minute . = = Critical reception = = Jason Fox for NME felt that " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " was Oasis 's return to the " long lost humanism " of their 1996 single " Don 't Look Back in Anger " , because of Noel Gallagher 's ability to lighten the mood of his audience when they are in need . He further wrote that the listener is transported back when " Don 't Look Back in Anger " was released . Simon Evans for musicOMH also compared the song to " Don 't Look Back in Anger " , writing that they have the same " defiance " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine for AllMusic was brief in his review of the song , simply writing that it is a " pretty good power ballad " . Evan Chakroff for Stylus Magazine wrote thought that the song was forgettable , adding that while writing his review of the album , he could not remember the melody of " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " . Victoria Segal for NME wrote a single review when it was released , and believed that it was difficult to take the song seriously . Segal wrote that it is a " disappointing " song that when " looked at in the sober light of day , it 's nothing but a lachrymose slur through the Big Noel Book Of Emotional Cliches and some truly shameless piano , but you just know that come closing time , it could make a breeze block cry " . = = Chart performance = = " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart on 29 June 2002 . The following week on 6 July , it fell two positions to number four , and again down to number 13 in its third week . It charted at number 23 and 28 in its fourth and fifth weeks , respectively . In 2009 , the song re @-@ entered the UK Singles Chart at number 71 on 14 November . It remained on the chart for a further week . In 2010 , it re @-@ entered the chart for a third time at number 50 on 9 October . On the UK Indie Chart , the song leaped from number 192 to number 30 on 10 October 2009 . The following week it rose to number nine , but fell to number 26 the week after . On 14 November 2009 , " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " rose from number 85 to number nine again . It feel to number 25 again the following week . On 26 December 2009 , it ascended from number 51 to a new peak of number six . On 2 January 2010 , it fell from number six to number 22 , but rose to number 18 the following week . " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 12 July 2002 , denoting shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 copies . In Europe , " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " debuted and peaked at number 41 on the Austrian Singles Chart on 7 July 2002 . It fell to number 45 in its second week , and to number 62 in its third . However , it ascended to number 56 in its fourth week . It psent a total of five consecutive weeks on the chart . In the Wallonia region of Belgium , the song peaked at number 13 on 3 August 2002 , remaining on the chart for three weeks , and re @-@ entered the chart for one week at number 44 on 26 February 2011 . The song charted for one week on the Danish Singles Chart at number 17 on 28 June 2002 . " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " debuted at number 11 in on the Finnish Singles Chart and fell to number 17 the following week . It peaked at number 48 on the German Singles Chart and at number six on the Irish Singles Chart . In Italy , the song debuted at number one on 20 June 2002 . It fell to number five in its second week , and to number 17 in its third week . It spent a total of nine weeks on the chart . In the Netherlands , it spent a total of two weeks on the chart : it debuted at number 76 on 6 July 2002 and rose by three positions to number 73 the following week . " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " peaked at number 23 on the Swedish Singles Chart and peaked at number 48 on the Swiss Singles Chart . In 2012 , the song debuted and peaked at number 135 on the French Singles Chart for one week . Outside of Europe , the song peaked at number 48 on the Australian Singles Chart . = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Wheeler End and Olympic Studios , England . Personnel Songwriting – Noel Gallagher Production – Oasis Engineering – David Treahearn , Jan " Stan " Kybert , Paul " P @-@ Dub " Walton Bass – Andy Bell Drums – Alan White Piano – Gem Archer Guitar – Noel Gallagher Mixing – Mark Stent Vocals – Liam Gallagher , Noel Gallagher Credits adapted from the liner notes of Heathen Chemistry . = = Track listing = = CD single / EP " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " – 5 : 02 " Thank You for the Good Times " – 4 : 32 " Shout It Out Loud " – 4 : 20 DVD RKIDSDVD 24 " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " - 5 : 03 " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " ( demo ) - 5 : 09 10 Minutes of Noise and Confusion - pt two - 7 : 24 The demo version of " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " is sung by Noel . The " 10 Minutes ... " documentary is the second part of a unique feature covering 48 hours on the road with Oasis during the Tour of Brotherly Love which took place in the US with the Black Crowes during May and June 2001 . = = Charts and certifications = = = = = Yearly charts = = = = = = Certifications = = = = = Use in other media = = The song was used as the ending theme for the 2004 film The Butterfly Effect . Also featured in " Maid of Honor " = = Leona Lewis version = = " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " is a cover song recorded by British singer @-@ songwriter Leona Lewis for her second studio album Echo ( 2009 ) . Originally written by Noel Gallagher of rock band Oasis , the song was produced by Lewis and Steve Robson . Lewis decided to cover the track as she is a fan of Oasis and rock bands in general , and she really liked the song 's sentiment . The strings were performed by London Session Orchestra , who were organised and arranged by Will Malone . The musical structure of the song is different from the conventional style which is normally used , as the song 's melody does not gain momentum until the end of the song instead of by the first chorus . Her version of " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " garnered mostly negative reviews from music critics . Aside from comparisons to her previous singles " Bleeding Love " and her cover of Snow Patrol 's " Run " , reviewers felt as though she was too emotive and did not reflect the simplicity of the original . Although the arrangement of the song was criticised , Lewis 's vocal performance was highly praised . The song peaked at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart , number 11 on the UK R & B Chart and number 31 on the Irish Singles Chart . Lewis has performed the song live on the BBC Radio 2 show Live Sessions with Ken Bruce , MTV Unplugged and on the sixth series finale of The X Factor . = = = Background and recording = = = In an interview with Rick Edwards titled Under the Skin of Leona Lewis on 28 February 2010 for 4Music , Lewis revealed that she is a fan of Oasis and that " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " is a " great song " with a " beautiful sentiment behind it " . She continued to say herself and label boss Simon Cowell discussed the possibility of Lewis recording a discussed cover version . Lewis cited her reason for wishing to record her own version as being a " massive " fan of rock bands , and that she wanted to put a " different spin on it " . When asked the question of if she knew what Gallagher thought about her version , she replied saying that she had not spoken to them and that she did not know if they had listened to her version . Originally written solely by Gallagher , Lewis 's cover version was produced by Steve Robson . Both Robson and Lewis were the vocal producers on " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " . It was engineered by Richard Flack , who was assisted in the process by vocal engineer Seth Waldmann . It was mixed by Jeremy Wheatly at Twenty @-@ One Studios , located in London , England . A range of instrumentalists were bought in for the song ; Karl Brazil played the drums , while Luke Potashnick provided guitar . John Garrison played the bass and Robson the piano . The London Session Orchestra performed the strings on " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " and it was arranged by Will Malone , while the choir was organised and arranged by Lawrence Johnson . Background vocals were performed by Sara @-@ Jane Skeet and Beverly Skeet . = = = Composition and critical reception = = = " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " appears as the tenth track on Echo and lasts for a duration of four minutes and eight seconds . However , it is not included on the North American version of the album . The structure of the song is not conventional in its style , as most songs have gained momentum by the first chorus . However , Lewis 's version of " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " remains down @-@ tempo for the majority of the song . Andy Gill for The Independent noted that it does not possess the " rapidly acquiring melodramatic heft and momentum by the first refrain " . Lewis 's version of " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " garnered mostly negative reviews from music critics . Nick Levine for Digital Spy complimented her version , writing that it is " as satisfying as a sponge pudding on a chilly winter evening " . Michael Cragg for musicOMH wrote that " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " is another song to be given the " Leona treatment " , and compared it to her cover of Snow Patrol 's " Run " , which she recorded for her inclusion on her debut studio album , Spirit . He felt that her cover of Oasis 's song appeared to serve as a " replacement " for covering Snow Patrol . He continued to criticise the production and vocal performance of Lewis 's version , writing " On this occasion the kitchen @-@ sink style production – stirring strings , acoustic strums , and inevitable appearance of a choir – feels hollow , like being aurally attacked by a ( admittedly very impressive ) karaoke singer " . As part of his review of Echo , Matthew Cole for Slant Magazine wrote that too much of the album is dominated by " thoughtless " ballads , which he highlighted in the form of " Don 't Let Me Down " and " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " . While he noted that Lewis gives a " technically unimpeachable " vocal performance , he wrote that it does not compensate for the " dull arrangement " and lack of emotion in her delivery . Andy Gill for The Independent described her cover as " sententious " . Neil McCormick for The Telegraph was critical of her decision to cover the song , writing that she is too emotive for the " direct and simple " lyrics , and concluded by saying that her version does not compare to Gallagher 's " raw @-@ thorated sincerity " . = = = Chart performance = = = Upon the release of Echo , " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " debuted at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart due to strong digital download sales on 28 November 2009 . Following Lewis 's performance on The X Factor finale , the song re @-@ entered the singles chart at number 29 on 26 December 2009 , rising 101 chart positions from the previous week . On 4 September 2010 , the song re @-@ entered the UK Singles Chart for a third time at number 63 . On 19 December 2009 , the song rose from number 41 to number 34 on the UK R & B Chart . The following week on 26 December , it ascended to number 11 . On 2 January 2010 , it fell to number 15 , and again to number 34 the next week . It remained inside the top 40 R & B chart for a further two weeks . The same week on the UK Download Chart , the song leaped from number 114 to number 27 for the chart issue dated 26 December 2009 . In Scotland , the song rose from number 74 to number 24 on 26 December 2009 . In the first week of 2010 , it feel to number 36 . In Ireland , the song debut and peaked at number 31 on 17 December 2009 . Over the following two weeks , it fell to number 33 , and again to number 48 before exiting the top 50 . = = = Live performances = = = On 3 December 2009 , Lewis performed her version on the BBC Radio 2 show Live Sessions with Ken Bruce , as part of a set list which also included " Bleeding Love " , " Better In Time " , " Happy " and " I Got You " . She performed an acoustic version of the song on MTV Unplugged in Germany . A reviewer for Neon Limelight felt that her acoustic performance lacked emotion and passion . The singer performed the song again on the sixth series finale of The X Factor in December 2009 . On 21 January 2010 , Lewis performed " Stop Crying Your Heart Out " and " I Got You " on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . = = = Credits and personnel = = = Recording Mixed at Twenty @-@ One Studios , London . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Echo . = = = Yearly charts = = =
= Metformin = Metformin , marketed under the tradename Glucophage among others , is the first @-@ line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes . This is particularly true in people who are overweight . It is also used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome . Limited evidence suggests metformin may prevent the cardiovascular disease and cancer complications of diabetes . It is not associated with weight gain . It is taken by mouth . Metformin is generally well tolerated . Common side effects include diarrhea , nausea , and abdominal pain . It has a low risk of developing low blood sugar . High blood lactic acid levels is a concern if prescribed inappropriately and in overdose . It should not be used in those with liver disease or kidney problems . While there is no clear harm if used during pregnancy , insulin is generally preferred for gestational diabetes . Metformin is in the biguanide class . It works by decreasing glucose production by the liver and increasing the insulin sensitivity of body tissues . Metformin was discovered in 1922 . Study in humans began in 1950s by French physician Jean Sterne . It was introduced as a medication in France in 1957 and the United States in 1995 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic healthcare system . Metformin is believed to be the most widely used medication for diabetes which is taken by mouth . It is available as a generic medication . The wholesale price in the developed world is between 0 @.@ 21 and 5 @.@ 55 USD per month as of 2014 . In the United States , it costs 5 to 25 USD per month . = = Medical uses = = Metformin is primarily used for type 2 diabetes , but is increasingly being used in polycystic ovary syndrome . = = = Type 2 diabetes = = = The American Diabetes Association recommends metformin as a first @-@ line agent to treat type 2 diabetes . = = = = Efficacy = = = = The UK Prospective Diabetes Study , a large clinical trial performed in 1980 @-@ 90s , provided evidence that metformin reduced the rate of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes relative to other antihyperglycemic agents . However , accumulated evidence from other and more recent trials has reduced confidence in the efficacy of metformin for cardiovascular disease prevention . Treatment guidelines for major professional associations including the European Association for the Study of Diabetes , the European Society for Cardiology , and the American Diabetes Association , now describe evidence for the cardiovascular benefits of metformin as equivocal . According to the American College of Physicians in 2012 , low @-@ quality evidence indicates metformin monotherapy is associated with lower cardiovascular mortality than sulfonylurea monotherapy and metformin monotherapy is associated with fewer cardiovascular events than metformin @-@ sulfonylurea combination therapy . Evidence for other comparisons is described as unclear . A 2014 review found tentative evidence that people treated with sulfonylureas have fewer non @-@ fatal cardiovascular events than those treated with metformin ( RR 0 @.@ 67 ) but a higher risk of severe low blood sugar events ( RR 5 @.@ 64 ) . There was not enough data available to determine the relative risk of death or of death from heart disease . Metformin has little or no effect on body weight compared with placebo in type 2 diabetes , although it causes weight loss compared with sulfonylureas , since sulfonylureas are associated with weight gain . There is some limited evidence that metformin may be associated with weight loss in obesity in the absence of diabetes . Metformin has a lower risk of hypoglycemia than the sulfonylureas , although hypoglycemia has uncommonly occurred during intense exercise , calorie deficit , or when used with other agents to lower blood glucose . Metformin modestly reduces LDL and triglyceride levels . = = = Prediabetes = = = Metformin treatment of people at risk for type 2 diabetes may decrease their chances of developing the disease , although intensive physical exercise and dieting work significantly better for this purpose . In a large U.S. study known as the Diabetes Prevention Program , participants were divided into groups and given either placebo , metformin , or lifestyle intervention , and followed for an average of three years . The intensive program of lifestyle modifications included a 16 @-@ lesson training on dieting and exercise followed by monthly individualized sessions with the goals to decrease the body weight by 7 % and engage in a physical activity for at least 150 minutes per week . The incidence of diabetes was 58 % lower in the lifestyle group and 31 % lower in individuals given metformin . Among younger people with a higher body mass index , lifestyle modification was no more effective than metformin , and for older individuals with a lower body mass index , metformin was no better than placebo in preventing diabetes . After ten years , the incidence of diabetes was 34 % lower in the group of participants given diet and exercise and 18 % lower in those given metformin . It is unclear whether metformin slowed down the progression of prediabetes to diabetes ( true preventive effect ) , or the decrease of diabetes in the treated population was simply due to its glucose @-@ lowering action ( treatment effect ) . = = = Polycystic ovary syndrome = = = Antidiabetic therapy has been proposed as a treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) , a condition frequently associated with insulin resistance , since the late 1980s . The use of metformin in PCOS was first reported in 1994 , in a small study conducted at the University of the Andes , Venezuela . The United Kingdom 's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence recommended in 2004 that women with PCOS and a body mass index above 25 be given metformin for anovulation and infertility when other therapies have failed to produce results . However , two clinical studies completed in 2006 – 2007 returned mostly negative results , with metformin being no better than placebo , and a metformin @-@ clomifene combination no better than clomifene alone . Reflecting this , subsequent reviews noted large randomized controlled trials have , in general , not shown the promise suggested by the early small studies . UK and international clinical practice guidelines do not recommend metformin as a first @-@ line treatment or do not recommend it at all , except for women with glucose intolerance . The guidelines suggest clomiphene as the first medication option and emphasize lifestyle modification independently from the drug treatment . In a dissenting opinion , a systematic review of four head @-@ to @-@ head comparative trials of metformin and clomifene found them equally effective for infertility . Four positive studies of metformin were in women not responding to clomifene , while the population in the negative studies was drug @-@ naive or uncontrolled for the previous treatment . Metformin should be used as a second @-@ line drug if clomifene treatment fails . Another review recommended metformin unreservedly as a first @-@ line treatment option because it has positive effects not only on anovulation , but also on insulin resistance , hirsutism , and obesity often associated with PCOS . A Cochrane Collaboration review found metformin improves ovulation and pregnancy rates , particularly when combined with clomifene , but is not associated with any increase in the number of live births . = = = Gestational diabetes = = = Several observational studies and randomized , controlled trials have found metformin to be as effective and safe as insulin for the management of gestational diabetes . Nonetheless , several concerns have been raised regarding studies published thus far , and evidence on the long @-@ term safety of metformin for both mother and child is still lacking . Metformin is safe in pregnancy and women with gestational diabetes treated with metformin have less weight gain during pregnancy than those treated with insulin . Babies born to women treated with metformin have been found to develop less visceral fat , making them less prone to insulin resistance in later life . = = Contraindications = = Metformin is contraindicated in people with any condition that could increase the risk of lactic acidosis , including kidney disorders ( arbitrarily defined as creatinine levels over 150 μmol / l ( 1 @.@ 7 mg / dl ) , ) , lung disease and liver disease . According to the prescribing information , heart failure ( in particular , unstable or acute congestive heart failure ) increases the risk of lactic acidosis with metformin . A 2007 systematic review of controlled trials , however , suggested metformin is the only antidiabetic drug not associated with any measurable harm in people with heart failure , and it may reduce mortality in comparison with other antidiabetic agents . Metformin is recommended to be temporarily discontinued before any radiographic study involving iodinated contrast agents , ( such as a contrast @-@ enhanced CT scan or angiogram ) , as the contrast dye may temporarily impair kidney function , indirectly leading to lactic acidosis by causing retention of metformin in the body . Metformin can be resumed after two days , assuming kidney function is normal . = = Adverse effects = = The most common adverse effect of metformin is gastrointestinal irritation , including diarrhea , cramps , nausea , vomiting , and increased flatulence ; metformin is more commonly associated with gastrointestinal side effects than most other antidiabetic drugs . The most serious potential side effect of metformin use is lactic acidosis ; this complication is very rare , and the vast majority of these cases seem to be related to comorbid conditions , such as impaired liver or kidney function , rather than to the metformin itself . Metformin has also been reported to decrease the blood levels of thyroid @-@ stimulating hormone in people with hypothyroidism , The clinical significance of this is still unknown . = = = Gastrointestinal = = = In a clinical trial of 286 subjects , 53 @.@ 2 % of the 141 given immediate @-@ release metformin ( as opposed to placebo ) reported diarrhea , versus 11 @.@ 7 % for placebo , and 25 @.@ 5 % reported nausea / vomiting , versus 8 @.@ 3 % for those on placebo . Gastrointestinal upset can cause severe discomfort ; it is most common when metformin is first administered , or when the dose is increased . The discomfort can often be avoided by beginning at a low dose ( 1 @.@ 0 to 1 @.@ 7 grams per day ) and increasing the dose gradually . Long @-@ term use of metformin has been associated with increased homocysteine levels and malabsorption of vitamin B12 . Higher doses and prolonged use are associated with increased incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency , and some researchers recommend screening or prevention strategies . = = = Lactic acidosis = = = The most serious potential adverse effect of biguanide use is lactic acidosis ( " metformin @-@ associated lactic acidosis " or MALA ) . Though the incidence for MALA has been measured at about nine per 100 @,@ 000 person @-@ years , this is not different from the background incidence of lactic acidosis in the general population . A systematic review concluded no data exists to definitively link metformin to lactic acidosis . Lactic acidosis can be fatal in some cases . Phenformin , another biguanide , was withdrawn from the market because of an increased risk of lactic acidosis ( rate of 40 @-@ 64 per 100 @,@ 000 patient @-@ years ) . However , metformin is safer than phenformin , and the risk of developing lactic acidosis is not increased by the medication as long as it is not prescribed to known high @-@ risk groups . Lactate uptake by the liver is diminished with metformin administration because lactate is a substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis , a process which metformin inhibits . In healthy individuals , this slight excess is simply cleared by other mechanisms ( including uptake by the kidneys , when their function is unimpaired ) , and no significant elevation in blood levels of lactate occurs . When impaired kidney function is present , however , clearance of metformin and lactate is reduced , leading to increased levels of both , and possibly causing a buildup of lactic acid . Because metformin decreases liver uptake of lactate , any condition that may precipitate lactic acidosis is a contraindication to its use . Common causes of increased lactic acid production include alcoholism ( due to depletion of NAD + stores ) , heart failure , and respiratory disease ( due to inadequate oxygenation of tissues ) ; the most common cause of impaired lactic acid excretion is kidney disease . Metformin has also been suggested to increase production of lactate in the large intestine ; this could potentially contribute to lactic acidosis in those with risk factors . However , the clinical significance of this is unknown , and the risk of metformin @-@ associated lactic acidosis is most commonly attributed to decreased hepatic uptake rather than increased intestinal production . = = = Overdose = = = A review of intentional and accidental metformin overdoses reported to poison control centers over a five @-@ year period found serious adverse events were rare , though the elderly appeared to be at greater risk . A similar study where cases were reported to Texas poison control centers between 2000 and 2006 found ingested doses of more than 5 @,@ 000 mg were more likely to involve serious medical outcomes in adults . Survival following intentional overdoses with up to 63 @,@ 000 mg ( 63 g ) of metformin have been reported in the medical literature . Fatalities following overdose are rare , but do occur . In healthy children , unintentional doses of less than 1 @,@ 700 mg are unlikely to cause any significant toxic effects . The most common symptoms following overdose appear to include vomiting , diarrhea , abdominal pain , tachycardia , drowsiness , and , rarely , hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia . The major potentially life @-@ threatening complication of metformin overdose is lactic acidosis , which is due to lactate accumulation . Treatment of metformin overdose is generally supportive , as no specific antidote is known . Lactic acidosis is initially treated with sodium bicarbonate , although high doses are not recommended , as this may increase intracellular acidosis . Acidosis that does not respond to administration of sodium bicarbonate may require further management with standard hemodialysis or continuous venovenous hemofiltration . These treatments are recommended in severe overdoses . In addition , due to metformin 's low molecular weight and lack of plasma protein binding , these techniques also have the benefit of removing metformin from blood plasma , preventing further lactate overproduction . Metformin may be quantified in blood , plasma , or serum to monitor therapy , confirm a diagnosis of poisoning , or assist in a medicolegal death investigation . Blood or plasma metformin concentrations are usually in a range of 1 – 4 mg / l in persons receiving the drug therapeutically , 40 – 120 mg / l in victims of acute overdosage , and 80 – 200 mg / l in fatalities . Chromatographic techniques are commonly employed . = = = Interactions = = = The H2 @-@ receptor antagonist cimetidine causes an increase in the plasma concentration of metformin , by reducing clearance of metformin by the kidneys ; both metformin and cimetidine are cleared from the body by tubular secretion , and both , particularly the cationic ( positively charged ) form of cimetidine , may compete for the same transport mechanism . A small double @-@ blind , randomized study found the antibiotic cephalexin to also increase metformin concentrations by a similar mechanism ; theoretically , other cationic medications may produce the same effect . = = Mechanism of action = = Metformin decreases hyperglycemia primarily by suppressing glucose production by the liver ( hepatic gluconeogenesis ) . The " average " person with type 2 diabetes has three times the normal rate of gluconeogenesis ; metformin treatment reduces this by over one @-@ third . The molecular mechanism of metformin is incompletely understood : inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain ( complex I ) , activation of AMP @-@ activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) , inhibition of glucagon @-@ induced elevation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) with reduced activation of protein kinase A ( PKA ) , inhibition of mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase , and an effect on gut microbiota have been proposed as potential mechanisms . Activation of AMPK , an enzyme that plays an important role in insulin signaling , whole body energy balance , and the metabolism of glucose and fats , was required for metformin 's inhibitory effect on the production of glucose by liver cells . Activation of AMPK was required for an increase in the expression of small heterodimer partner , which in turn inhibited the expression of the hepatic gluconeogenic genes Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose 6 @-@ phosphatase . Metformin is frequently used in research along with AICA ribonucleotide as an AMPK agonist . More recent studies using mouse models in which the genes for AMPKα1 and α2 catalytic subunits ( Prkaa1 / 2 ) or LKB1 , an upstream kinase of AMPK , had been knocked out in hepatocytes , have raised doubts over the obligatory role of AMPK , since the effect of metformin was not abolished by loss of AMPK function . The mechanism by which biguanides increase the activity of AMPK remains uncertain ; however , metformin increases the concentration of cytosolic adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) ( as opposed to a change in total AMP or total AMP / adenosine triphosphate ) . Increased cellular AMP has also been proposed to explain the inhibition of glucagon @-@ induced increase in cAMP and activation of PKA . Metformin and other biguanides may antagonize the action of glucagon , thus reducing fasting glucose levels . Metformin also induces a profound shift in the faecal microbial community profile in diabetic mice and this may contribute to its mode of action possibly through an effect on glucagon @-@ like peptide @-@ 1 secretion . In addition to suppressing hepatic glucose production , metformin increases insulin sensitivity , enhances peripheral glucose uptake ( by inducing the phosphorylation of GLUT4 enhancer factor ) , decreases insulin @-@ induced suppression of fatty acid oxidation , and decreases absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract . Increased peripheral use of glucose may be due to improved insulin binding to insulin receptors . The increase in insulin binding after metformin treatment has also been demonstrated in patients with NIDDM . AMPK probably also plays a role in increased insulin , as metformin administration increases AMPK activity in skeletal muscle . AMPK is known to cause GLUT4 deployment to the plasma membrane , resulting in insulin @-@ independent glucose uptake . Some metabolic actions of metformin do appear to occur by AMPK @-@ independent mechanisms ; the metabolic actions of metformin in the heart muscle can occur independent of changes in AMPK activity and may be mediated by p38 MAPK- and PKC @-@ dependent mechanisms . = = Chemistry = = The usual synthesis of metformin , originally described in 1922 and reproduced in multiple later patents and publications , involves the one @-@ pot reaction of dimethylamine hydrochloride and 2 @-@ cyanoguanidine over heat . According to the procedure described in the 1975 Aron patent , and the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia , equimolar amounts of dimethylamine and 2 @-@ cyanoguanidine are dissolved in toluene with cooling to make a concentrated solution , and an equimolar amount of hydrogen chloride is slowly added . The mixture begins to boil on its own , and after cooling , metformin hydrochloride precipitates with a 96 % yield . = = Pharmacokinetics = = Metformin has an oral bioavailability of 50 – 60 % under fasting conditions , and is absorbed slowly . Peak plasma concentrations ( Cmax ) are reached within one to three hours of taking immediate @-@ release metformin and four to eight hours with extended @-@ release formulations . The plasma protein binding of metformin is negligible , as reflected by its very high apparent volume of distribution ( 300 – 1000 l after a single dose ) . Steady state is usually reached in one or two days . Metformin has acid dissociation constant values ( pKa ) of 2 @.@ 8 and 11 @.@ 5 , so exists very largely as the hydrophilic cationic species at physiological pH values . The metformin pKa values make metformin a stronger base than most other basic drugs with less than 0 @.@ 01 % nonionized in blood . Furthermore , the lipid solubility of the nonionized species is slight as shown by its low logP value [ log ( 10 ) of the distribution coefficient of the nonionized form between octanol and water ] of -1.43 . These chemical parameters indicate low lipophilicity and , consequently , rapid passive diffusion of metformin through cell membranes is unlikely . The logP of metformin is less than that of phenformin ( -0.84 ) because two methyl substituents on metformin impart lesser lipophilicity than the larger phenylethyl side chain in phenformin . More lipophilic derivatives of metformin are presently being investigated with the aim of producing prodrugs with better oral absorption than metformin itself . Metformin is not metabolized . It is cleared from the body by tubular secretion and excreted unchanged in the urine ; metformin is undetectable in blood plasma within 24 hours of a single oral dose . The average elimination half @-@ life in plasma is 6 @.@ 2 hours . Metformin is distributed to ( and appears to accumulate in ) red blood cells , with a much longer elimination half @-@ life : 17 @.@ 6 hours ( reported as ranging from 18 @.@ 5 to 31 @.@ 5 hours in a single @-@ dose study of nondiabetic people ) . = = History = = The biguanide class of antidiabetic drugs , which also includes the withdrawn agents phenformin and buformin , originates from the French lilac or goat 's rue ( Galega officinalis ) , a plant used in folk medicine for several centuries . Metformin was first described in the scientific literature in 1922 , by Emil Werner and James Bell , as a product in the synthesis of N , N @-@ dimethylguanidine . In 1929 , Slotta and Tschesche discovered its sugar @-@ lowering action in rabbits , noting it was the most potent of the biguanide analogs they studied . This result was completely forgotten , as other guanidine analogs , such as the synthalins , took over and were themselves soon overshadowed by insulin . Interest in metformin , however , picked up at the end of the 1940s . In 1950 , metformin , unlike some other similar compounds , was found not to decrease blood pressure and heart rate in animals . That same year , a prominent Philippine physician , Eusebio Y. Garcia , used metformin ( he named it Fluamine ) to treat influenza ; he noted the drug " lowered the blood sugar to minimum physiological limit " and was not toxic . Garcia also believed metformin to have bacteriostatic , antiviral , antimalarial , antipyretic , and analgesic actions . In a series of articles in 1954 , Polish pharmacologist Janusz Supniewski was unable to confirm most of these effects , including lowered blood sugar ; he did , however , observe some antiviral effects in humans . While training at the Hôpital de la Pitié , French diabetologist Jean Sterne studied the antihyperglycemic properties of galegine , an alkaloid isolated from Galega officinalis , which is related in structure to metformin and had seen brief use as an antidiabetic before the synthalins were developed . Later , working at Laboratoires Aron in Paris , he was prompted by Garcia 's report to reinvestigate the blood sugar @-@ lowering activity of metformin and several biguanide analogs . Sterne was the first to try metformin on humans for the treatment of diabetes ; he coined the name " Glucophage " ( glucose eater ) for the drug and published his results in 1957 . Metformin became available in the British National Formulary in 1958 . It was sold in the UK by a small Aron subsidiary called Rona . Broad interest in metformin was not rekindled until the withdrawal of the other biguanides in the 1970s . Metformin was approved in Canada in 1972 , but did not receive approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for type 2 diabetes until 1994 . Produced under license by Bristol @-@ Myers Squibb , Glucophage was the first branded formulation of metformin to be marketed in the United States , beginning on March 3 , 1995 . Generic formulations are now available in several countries , and metformin is believed to have become the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug in the world . = = Formulations = = Metformin is the BAN , USAN and INN . It is sold under several trade names , including Glucophage XR , Carbophage SR , Riomet , Fortamet , Glumetza , Obimet , Gluformin , Dianben , Diabex , Diaformin , Siofor , and Metfogamma . Liquid metformin is sold under the name Riomet in India . Each 5 ml of Riomet is equivalent to the 500 @-@ mg tablet form of metformin . Metformin IR ( immediate release ) is available in 500 , 850 , and 1000 @-@ mg tablets . All of these are now available as generic drugs in the U.S. Metformin SR ( slow release ) or XR ( extended release ) was introduced in 2004 . It is available in 500 , 750 , and 1000 @-@ mg strengths , mainly to counteract the most common gastrointestinal side effects , as well as to increase compliance by reducing pill burden . No difference in effectiveness exists between the two preparations . = = = Combination with other drugs = = = When used for type 2 diabetes , metformin is often prescribed in combination with other drugs . Several are available as fixed @-@ dose combinations , also with the purpose of reducing pill burden and making administration simpler and more convenient . = = = = Thiazolidinediones ( Glitazones ) = = = = = = = = Rosiglitazone = = = = A combination of metformin and rosiglitazone was released in 2002 and sold as Avandamet by GlaxoSmithKline . By 2009 it had become the most popular metformin combination . In 2005 , all current stock of Avandamet was seized by the FDA and removed from the market , after inspections showed the factory where it was produced was violating good manufacturing practices . The drug pair continued to be prescribed separately , which was available again by the end of that year . A generic formulation of metformin / rosiglitazone from Teva received tentative approval from the FDA , and was expected to reach the market in early 2012 . However , following a meta @-@ analysis in 2007 that linked the drug 's use to an increased risk of heart attack , concerns were raised over the safety of medicines containing rosiglitazone . In September 2010 the European Medicines Agency ( EMA ) recommended that the drug be suspended from the European market because the benefits of rosiglitazone no longer outweighed the risks . It was withdrawn from the market in the UK and India in 2010 , and in New Zealand and South Africa in 2011 . From November 2011 until November 2013 the FDA in the U.S. did not allow rosiglitazone or metformin / rosiglitazone to be sold without a prescription ; moreover , people were required to be informed of the risks associated with its use , and the drug had to be purchased by mail order through specified pharmacies . In November 2013 , the FDA lifted its earlier restrictions on rosiglitazone after reviewing the results of the 2009 RECORD clinical trial ( a six @-@ year , open label randomized control trial ) , which failed to show elevated risk of heart attack or death associated with the drug . The combination of metformin and pioglitazone remains available in U.S. and Europe . = = = = DPP @-@ 4 inhibitors = = = = Dipeptidyl peptidase @-@ 4 inhibitors inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase @-@ 4 and thus reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels . DPP @-@ 4 inhibitors combined with metformin include a sitagliptin / metformin combination ( Janumet ) and a saxagliptin combination ( Komboglyze / Kombiglyze ) , and with alogliptin as Kazano . In Europe , Canada , and elsewhere metformin combined with linagliptin is now sold under the trade name Jentadueto . = = = = Sulfonylureas = = = = Sulfonylureas act by increasing insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas . Metformin is available combined with the sulfonylureas glipizide ( Metaglip ) and glibenclamide ( US : glyburide ) ( Glucovance ) . Generic formulations of metformin / glipizide and metformin / glibenclamide are available ( the latter being more popular ) . = = = = Meglitinide = = = = Meglitinides are similar to sulfonylureas . A repaglinide / metformin combination is sold as Prandimet . = = = = Thiazolidinedione = = = = The thiazolidinedione pioglitazone may be used in combination with metformin ( Actoplus Met , Piomet , Politor ) . = = Research = = Metformin has been studied in non @-@ alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) and premature puberty ; however these uses are still experimental . Tentative evidence supports an anti @-@ cancer effect for metformin . As of 2015 metformin was under study for its potential effect on slowing aging in the worm C.elegans and the cricket . Its effect on otherwise healthy humans is unknown .
= Treehouse of Horror IX = " Treehouse of Horror IX " is the fourth episode of the tenth season of The Simpsons . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 25 , 1998 . This is the ninth Treehouse of Horror episode , and , like the other " Treehouse of Horror " episodes , contains three self @-@ contained segments : In " Hell Toupée " , Homer gets a hair transplant and is possessed by the spirit of an executed criminal ; in " Terror of Tiny Toon " , Bart and Lisa are trapped in a special , extremely violent episode of The Itchy & Scratchy Show ; and in " Starship Poopers " , Marge reveals that Maggie is the product of a one @-@ night stand with the alien Kang . " Treehouse of Horror IX " was written by Donick Cary , Larry Doyle and David S. Cohen , and directed by Steven Dean Moore . " Terror of the Tiny Toon " includes a live @-@ action segment starring Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford . Jerry Springer and Ed McMahon also appear in the episode , voicing themselves , while Robert Englund provides the voice of Freddy Krueger from the Nightmare on Elm Street film series . The episode also features Jason Voorhees from the Friday the 13th series while various characters visit the talk shows Live with Regis and Kathie Lee and The Jerry Springer Show . In its original airing on the Fox Network , the episode had an 8 @.@ 6 Nielsen rating . In 1999 , composer Alf Clausen was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for his work on the episode . = = Plot = = = = = Hell Toupée = = = Snake is arrested for smoking inside the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart . Chief Wiggum explains that as this is Snake 's third strike , he will be executed in accordance with the new law . Before hauling Snake away , Chief Wiggum helpfully points out that Apu , Moe , and Bart are all witnesses ; Snake vows to kill all of them . Snake is executed in the electric chair on World 's Deadliest Executions , hosted by Ed McMahon and proudly broadcast on Fox , while Homer , who 's watching on TV , complains that they only do crucifixitions during sweeps . Chief Wiggum sends the body to the hospital to be used up for organ donations ( Barney calls out " dibs on the liver " ) . Shortly afterward , Homer visits Dr. Nick , who transplants Snake 's hair onto Homer 's head . When Homer goes to sleep the following night , it plants its roots in Homer 's brain . With the hair controlling his mind , Homer ( who begins to speak with Snake 's voice ) murders Apu by drowning him in his own Squishee machine . The next day , Homer goes to Moe 's Tavern , where he removes Moe 's heart with a corkscrew . Bart realizes that the other two witnesses have been killed , and Homer vows to protect him . Homer locks himself and Bart in a room , but Snake 's hair takes control of him . Homer tries to kill Bart with a sledgehammer . Bart begs Homer to fight the hair and , after a struggle , Homer rips the hair off his head . The hair tries to smother Bart ( like the Facehugger ) and Homer tries defending Bart by punching the hair , though due to it being attached to his face , all this does is hurt Bart. Wiggum bursts through the door with the intention of arresting Homer for the murder of Moe ( not being able to say Apu 's last name , he settled for just the murder of Moe ) . Homer states the hair is the killer , and it makes a jump for the window . Wiggum opens fire and the hair is shot dead . Maggie picks up the hair and cuddles it close like a stuffed animal . Chief Wiggum jokes " now that 's a bad hair day " ; everyone laughs except Marge who reminds everyone that two well known people of Springfield have been murdered , only to suddenly get the joke , and joins in with the laughter . = = = The Terror of Tiny Toon = = = When Marge leaves , Bart finds a small piece of highly unstable plutonium in Homer 's toolbox and hammers it into the remote 's battery slot . When they use the remote , the kids actually enter the world of Itchy and Scratchy after they accidentally press the Enter button while Lisa tries to get the remote control from Bart. They watch Itchy decapitate Scratchy and use his head as a jack @-@ o ' -lantern . While the two laugh , Scratchy 's head asks why Bart and Lisa are laughing to which Itchy replies that they are laughing at his pain . Because of this , Scratchy reattaches his head and forms a partnership with Itchy to " teach them a lesson " . Back in the Simpson house , Homer enters the living room and watches the show . Bart and Lisa go through life @-@ death situations such as Itchy lighting up a cannon while Scratchy loads it with various weapons . Homer ( oblivious to what he sees on the TV ) decides to change the channel , and Bart , Lisa , Itchy and Scratchy wind up on Live with Regis and Kathie Lee . Afterward , they end up back at Itchy 's house and urge Homer from inside the TV to use the remote to get them out . While Homer is figuring out which button to press , Itchy and Scratchy unleash a hose full of piranhas at Bart , which eat away at his body until it is a skeleton ( although his head remains uneaten ) . Homer finally picks the right button and zaps them both out and Lisa then presses the rewind button to return Bart 's body to normal . Unfortunately , Itchy and Scratchy also escape from the TV into the real world , armed with axes . At first , the family is screaming , but realize how small the two characters are ( the size of a regular mouse and cat respectively ) and decide to keep them as pets . Itchy ends up in a hamster cage and Scratchy has fallen in love with Snowball II . = = = Starship Poopers = = = When Maggie refuses to eat her oatmeal , the Simpsons discover she has gotten her first baby tooth , which appears to be a sharp fang . Later , when Homer is playing ' This Little Piggy ' with Maggie , her legs fall ( which Homer believes she lost her ' baby legs ' ) before growing green tentacles and climbing onto the ceiling while hissing , swinging Homer around the room when he tries to get her down with a broom . Dr. Hibbert , who can 't explain what 's happening to Maggie , prescribes lots of fire to Homer and Marge ( which Marge says is his cure for everything ) . As Lisa comments that she wish Maggie could tell them what was happening to her , Maggie begins sucking on her pacifier in a rhythmic way , which is actually a message to the alien duo , Kang and Kodos to inform them her larval stage is complete . They arrive at the Simpson house , coming to retrieve Maggie . Marge reveals that Kang is Maggie 's real father , much to Homer 's shock and anger ( and worry that Kang was a better lover ) . Marge retells the story : Kang and Kodos abducted her while she was doing laundry , selecting Marge for a cross @-@ breeding program . She says the aliens used mind @-@ control techniques on her . In reality , the entire process consisted of Marge and Kang sitting on a couch , Kang quoting terrible pick @-@ up lines only to suddenly pull a " look @-@ over @-@ there " and use a ray which impregnates Marge as she looks . She recalls that nine months after the abduction , Maggie was born . Kang and Kodos demand that the Simpsons give Maggie to them , and Kang and Homer start to fight over Maggie until Bart stops them and tells them there is only one place where something this bizarre can be resolved : The Jerry Springer Show , where the episode is entitled " My Daddy is a Space Monster " . On the set , Homer and Kang continually fight , throw chairs , and curse ( which is naturally bleeped out ) . When an audience member criticizes Kang for not being around for Maggie after he impregnated Marge , Kang vaporizes her , much to Jerry 's chagrin , and when he says that Kang can 't do that to his audience , Kang takes it as a challenge and vaporizes the rest of the audience and the film crew . During Jerry 's " final thought " , Maggie attacks Jerry Springer , upon which he swears at the baby , resulting in an angry Kang beating him to death while Homer continues to punch Kang . After leaving the studio , Kang and Kodos threaten to destroy every politician in Washington unless given Maggie . Marge and the Simpsons slyly imply that the aliens could not possibly destroy every politician , and they fly off to do so . = = Production = = Like the other Treehouse of Horror episodes to that point , the segments of " Treehouse of Horror IX " were credited to different writers . " Hell Toupee " was written by Donick Cary . " Terror of Tiny Toon " was written by Larry Doyle . " Starship Poopers " was written by David S. Cohen and was the last writing credit he ever received for the show . The episode continues the Treehouse of Horror tradition of having the credits re @-@ written as " scary names " . David S. Cohen 's executive producer credit is " David ' Watch Futurama ' Cohen " is a reference to the show Futurama , created by Cohen and Matt Groening , which premiered the following year . " The Terror of Tiny Toon " includes a live @-@ action segment starring Regis Philbin and Kathie Lee Gifford of Live with Regis and Kathie Lee . The segment was directed by Donick Cary . In the sequence , Itchy , Scratchy , Bart and Lisa fall into a pot of soup that Regis and Kathie Lee are making . The soup splash was created by dropping an item into the pot , then adding the animated characters over it . The taping of this segment took longer than expected , so a broadcast of WABC @-@ TV 's Eyewitness News that was to take place ( the show was and continues to be taped at the facilities of WABC in New York , where it originated in 1983 ) had to be moved to another studio . Jerry Springer also guest stars in the episode as himself . His lines were recorded by Julie Thacker . Much of the animation in " Hell Toupée " was worked on by assistant director Chris Clements . Moe 's death scene was originally more violent , but it was toned down at the request of Mike Scully . The animators looked forward to working on " The Terror of Tiny Toon " because they were fans of Itchy & Scratchy . In " Starship Poopers " , there is a shot of sound waves emanating from Springfield . At one point , there is a shot of North America and it appears that Springfield is located in Louisiana . The mystery of the location of Springfield is a running joke in The Simpsons , and a number of fans assumed that Louisiana was where the family lived . However , the animators had drawn the waves so that there were coming from the center of the screen , and they never intended to have them emanate from a specific location . In one scene , Marge is abducted by Kang and Kodos , who lasso her then pull her into the ship . According to David Cohen , it is a running gag that Kang and Kodos ' abduction methods are never the same . Maggie has a line at the end of the episode , where she sounds like Kang . She was voiced by Harry Shearer . Poochie from the Simpsons episode " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " is seen during the " Terror of the Tiny Toon " segment . Also , the title of the segment " Terror of the Tiny Toon " , is a reference of the Animated television series Tiny Toon Adventures , as well as the movie The Terror of Tiny Town . The couch gag features Freddy Krueger from the Nightmare on Elm Street film series and Jason Voorhees from the Friday the 13th series . Freddy is voiced by Robert Englund , who portrayed the character in eight films . Two talk shows appear in the episode . Bart , Lisa , Itchy and Scratchy accidentally visit Live with Regis and Kathie Lee , while the Simpson family and Kang appear on The Jerry Springer Show . The title of the third segment , " Starship Poopers " , is a reference to the film Starship Troopers . David X. Cohen is credited as " David ' Watch Futurama ' Cohen " . Futurama , an animated science fiction sitcom also created by Matt Groening and executive produced by Cohen , premiered on Fox in 1999 . = = Reception = = In its original airing on the Fox Network , the episode had an 8 @.@ 6 Nielsen rating and was viewed in approximately 8 @.@ 5 million homes . It finished the week ranked 35th . It was the fifth highest rated show on Fox that week , after two games of the 1998 World Series , a World Series pre @-@ game show , and Ally McBeal . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote , " Another collection of horrors , of varying degrees of wit . The Itchy and Scratchy one is by far the best , and Starship Poopers is only really amusing once the Jerry Springer segment begins . " Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide gave the episode a positive review saying " The series usually rises to the occasion of its Halloween episodes , and “ IX ” doesn ’ t disappoint . Each of the three stories satisfies , as they offer a lot of clever , amusing moments . " Toupée " is probably the best , though , as it ’ s the most creative of the bunch . While funny , the other two can be a bit predictable . " Kay McFadden of The Seattle Times wrote that the episode is " certainly not on a par with that all @-@ time doppelganger classic , " Treehouse of Horror VII " , [ ... ] still , No. 9 's dialogue is sharp and there 's reassuring continuity to such beloved institutions as Itchy and Scratchy . " In 2008 , " Starship Poopers " was named the tenth best Treehouse of Horror segment by IGN . They wrote that " While [ it is ] not the best Kang & Kodos segment , " Starship Poopers " delivers consistent laughs and a great ending , as Kang & Kodos vow to destroy all the politicians in Washington ( to the Simpsons ' delight ) and Maggie creepily laughs and says , " I need blood . " In 1999 , composer Alf Clausen was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for his work on the episode .
= 420 ( Family Guy ) = " 420 " is the 12th episode of the seventh season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It premiered on Fox in the United States on April 19 , 2009 . The title of the episode is a reference to the term " 420 " used in cannabis culture ; " 420 " premiered the day before April 20 ( 4 / 20 ) , on which a counterculture holiday is celebrated centering on the consumption of cannabis . " 420 " focuses on the character Brian after he is arrested for drug possession , which prompts him to launch a campaign to legalize cannabis with help from Stewie ; the liveliness of their campaign convinces Mayor West to legalize the drug , and most of Quahog 's population begins using it . The episode was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by Julius Wu . While it received positive reception from critics for its storyline and cultural references , it generated controversy from the Venezuelan government for its topic and received criticism from the Parents Television Council during a rerun . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 40 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Phil LaMarr and Kerrigan Mahan , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . = = Plot = = Peter , Brian , Cleveland and Joe are annoyed when Quagmire adopts a stray cat named James and prefers to spend more time with him than with them . When Quagmire goes to Vermont to buy him a birthday present , they decide to shave James as a prank , but it backfires when Peter accidentally kills him . He and Brian decide to hide his body , but are pulled over by the police , who ignore Peter 's blood stains and beer , but arrest Brian when they find him in possession of cannabis . He is bailed out by the family and put on probation for drug use . He attempts to use Stewie 's urine when Joe arrives to perform a drug test , only to be caught by Lois , who chastises him for going to such lengths and tells him that he has to change if he intends on doing so . However , Brian decides to start a campaign to legalize cannabis in Quahog . He and Stewie perform an enthusiastic musical number , and soon after the entire town rallies behind them in their cause . Mayor West passes a law to legalize the drug , and everyone starts smoking it ; the town has improved as a result , with milestones such as an increase in productivity and a decrease in crime . However , Lois 's father , Carter , begins to lose money in the timber industry since hemp is being used to manufacture many products , particularly paper , and he bribes Peter to help him with an anti @-@ marijuana campaign . Lois , however , points out that their methods are uninspired , explaining that Brian only succeeded because he was passionate about legalizing cannabis . Carter decides to bribe Brian to join his cause by publishing and shipping his novel , Faster Than the Speed of Love . Brian resists at first , but Stewie suggests he at least perform a number about the health risks of cannabis , since the book does not have enough merit to sell on its own . Brian reluctantly complies , and the drug becomes illegal once more . Unfortunately for Brian , when his novel is released , it is universally panned by literary critics and does not sell a single copy . Brian laments that he sacrificed his core beliefs for nothing , but Lois intervenes because he helped ban cannabis ( and she also points out how Stewie got to build a nice fort from all of Brian 's unsold books ) . A distraught Quagmire arrives at the household and informs Peter that he is still looking for James and offers a reward of $ 50 . Peter nonchalantly takes the reward , admits that he killed him and slams his door before Quagmire has a chance to react . = = Production = = The episode was written by series writer Patrick Meighan in his second episode of the season , the first being " Road to Germany " , and directed by former King of the Hill and The Oblongs director Julius Wu before the conclusion of the series ' seventh production season . " 420 " has been noted for being the final appearance of the recurring character Kevin Swanson , the son of characters Joe and Bonnie Swanson . Since the fifth season episode " Saving Private Brian " , series creator Seth MacFarlane and other staff writers had planned on writing out the character . MacFarlane recalls not having ideas to write for the character . During the episode 's production , the character of James the cat was originally colored white , but MacFarlane decided that it bear orange fur after he thought that white was a fairly dull color . The featured musical number , " A Bag o ' Weed , " was based on the Chitty Chitty Bang Bang song " Me Ol ' Bamboo " . In addition to the regular cast , voice actor Phil LaMarr and voice actor Kerrigan Mahan guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Lori Alan , Chris Cox , actor Ralph Garman , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener also made minor appearances . " 420 " , along with the seven other episodes from Family Guy 's eighth season and seven from the seventh season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on June 15 , 2010 . The DVDs included brief audio commentaries by Seth MacFarlane , various crew and cast members from several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes , a special mini @-@ feature that discussed the process behind animating " Road to the Multiverse " , and a mini @-@ feature entitled Family Guy Karaoke . The set also includes a reprint of the script for the episode . = = Cultural references = = Peter , who tries to shave Quagmire 's cat in the episode , ends up killing it and cutting it six times because of the legend of cats having nine lives . As he is arresting Brian , one of the police officers states that he will not release him since he is a " family guy " . In their campaign , Brian and Stewie perform their musical number , ' " A Bag o ' Weed " , to the tune of " Me Ol ' Bamboo " as featured in the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . During the song , a picture of Woody Harrelson is shown . Harrelson also wanted marijuana legalized . After cannabis is legalized , its effects include phenomenal ratings for Doctor Who . Peter then tries to remember something but ends up remembering the names of celebrities whom he does not like . While helping out with Carter 's smear campaign , Peter comes up with an advertisement that involves Adolf Hitler claiming that the Holocaust was started by smoking cannabis ; the campaign is dropped , however , because supposedly Fox News holds Hitler 's image rights and they cannot smear it . He later tries to film a new advertisement which informs that unlike the events of the film Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , he made it there earlier since he was not stoned . He then says Neil Patrick Harris was cast on How I Met Your Mother based on his work in that film , and brings up a point that confuses him : since Josh Radnor is already an adult , why is the narrator of the show voiced by Bob Saget ? Carter later tells Brian that he will release his novel with an Oprah 's Book Club induction . = = Reception = = " 420 " was viewed by 7 @.@ 40 million viewers on its original airdate , receiving a rating of 4 @.@ 3 / 6 in Nielsen ratings . The character Brian was awarded the 2009 Stoner of the Year award by the magazine High Times due to this episode , marking the first time an animated character received the honor . The episode received generally positive reviews from critics . Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode an 8 @.@ 5 / 10 , commenting that it " worked out quite well mainly due to the superb musical number " . He called the storyline " pretty cohesive " with a " very few truly random jokes thrown in here " , though he did criticize the killing of the cat as " over @-@ the @-@ top " and the large amount of blood which he called " disturbing " . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club stated that the episode " showed admirable restraint [ ... ] with its pot @-@ centric plot " , and called the musical number " truly spectacular " . She graded the episode B , behind the Simpsons episode “ The Good , the Sad , and the Drugly ” which received a rating of B + ; and the American Dad ! episode “ Delorean Story @-@ an ” which received a rating of A. The TV Critic 's Robin Pierson gave the episode a 54 / 100 ; in his review , he appreciated the plot structure , especially the randomness of Peter 's list of hated cultural icons . He did , however , criticize the featured musical number ; he referred to it as a " waste of time " and claimed that " jokes about Texans , Michael Jackson , and Helen Keller are so obvious . " The Parents Television Council , a frequent critic of Family Guy and series creator Seth MacFarlane , branded a June 6 , 2009 re @-@ airing their " Worst TV Show of the Week " , due to its emphasis on the legality of cannabis . = = = Controversy = = = The Venezuelan government reacted negatively to the episode and banned Family Guy from airing on their local networks , which generally syndicate American programming . Local station Venevisión was threatened with financial sanctions for broadcasting the show , which was avoided by airing an episode of Baywatch instead and they aired public service films as an apology . Venezuelan Justice Minister Tareck El Aissami stated that any cable stations which refuse to stop airing the series would be fined and he also claimed that it promoted the use of cannabis . The government then displayed the clip of which featured Brian and Stewie performing the featured number and then stated that Family Guy is an example of how the United States supports cannabis use .
= Sky Scrapper = Sky Scrapper ( also known as Starry Sky Ripper ) is a flying roller coaster at World Joyland in Wujin , Changzhou , Jiangsu , China . Sky Scrapper was one of World Joyland 's opening day attractions , officially opening on April 30 , 2011 . The 2 @,@ 805 @.@ 1 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 855 @.@ 0 m ) ride stands 131 @.@ 3 feet ( 40 @.@ 0 m ) tall , and features a top speed of 54 @.@ 7 mph ( 88 @.@ 0 km / h ) . Designed by Swiss firm Bolliger & Mabillard , Sky Scrapper restrains riders in the prone position and features five inversions . = = History = = World Joyland officially opened to the public on April 4 , 2011 . The park opened with the custom @-@ designed Sky Scrapper , a Flying Coaster model from Bolliger & Mabillard . The ride is located in the Universe of Starship area of the park . The park is derived from the World of Warcraft and Starcraft franchises . = = Characteristics = = The roller coaster 's steel track is approximately 2 @,@ 805 feet ( 855 m ) in length and the height of the lift is 131 @.@ 3 feet ( 40 @.@ 0 m ) . Sky Scrapper operates with two steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has seven cars that seat four riders in a single row , for a total of 28 riders per train . Sky Scrapper features a total of five inversions , which ties it with The Flying Dinosaur for the most inversions on a B & M Flying Coaster model . These include a zero @-@ g roll , a vertical loop , a " Lie to Fly " / " Fly to Lie " pair , and two inline twists . A " Lie to Fly " element is when riders are on their backs , facing the sky and they are flipped and face the ground . A " Fly to Lie " element is the opposite . As of August 2013 , Sky Scrapper is the only Bolliger & Mabillard Flying Coaster to feature a vertical loop , and is one of only two to feature a zero @-@ g roll . = = Experience = = = = = Station and loading = = = Once in the station , riders of Sky Scrapper board a train sitting down , in a similar style to inverted roller coasters . Riders are restrained through a padded over @-@ the @-@ shoulder harness and a lap bar . At the ankles , two flaps hold the legs in position and close as the harness is locked in place . After the train is fully locked and checked , the trains are raised into the flying position and depart the station . = = = Ride layout = = = The train travels out of the station and up the 131 @.@ 3 @-@ foot ( 40 @.@ 0 m ) lift hill . The train then drops , reaching a top speed of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) before entering an overbanked turn . This is followed by a zero @-@ g roll and " Fly @-@ to @-@ Lie " element that turns riders from a face @-@ down prone position to a face @-@ up lying position . It then goes through a small tunnel and enters the vertical loop . Riders are then transitioned back to a prone position after entering the following " Lie @-@ to @-@ Fly " element , which travels over water . Riders then experience a double inline twist element , and a helix that turns to the left . The train enters the final brake run and follows a short path back to the station .

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